ANCIENT AND AMOTDEB-N.
BY  GEO.. D. MATHEWS.
ILLUSTRATED W~ITII SEVERAL HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS OF
THE! PRINCIPAL COINS.
SCOTT & CO., 146 FULTON STREET.
I876.




Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1876, by SCOTT & CO., ill the offlice of the
Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
JOHN POLHEMUS, Printer,
102 Nassau St., N. Y.




INTRODUCTION.
NUTMJISMAITICS, or the science whose aim is the study of coins,
might be considered as a branch of Archmology, were its enquiries
confined to the coins of by-gone days.  As coins of modern periods, however, fall within its range, Numismatics must stand as an
independent study. Still, to the student of history, coins are ever
of interest. They furnish him with notices of the religious and
political systems of ancient nations, as well as of the geography
and history of communities of which written traditions give him
but the name. The devices on early Greek coins always express
some historic or religious tenet in the national belief. A recently
discovered series of Bactrian coins tells of a Greek Empire in Central Asia, whose very existence had been previously unknown.
"The Roman Imperial coins," says Sir J. Bowring, " in addition
to their individual character and interest, possess a general historical interest in consequence of being for the most part struck to
commemorate remarkable events.  The difficulties of history are
consequently cleared up by these contemporary records, which are
so complete until the time of Constantine that histories have been
compiled from them.  They form the most authentic data in the
Roman annals, the years of the consular and tribunitian offices
held by the Emperors appearing in the front, and on the reverse,
representations of the events whose dates are expressed on the
other side. The coins of Trajan, of Hadrian and of the Antonines
are remarkable for this and for the accurate data which are thereby
supplied to history, by which the mistakes of chroniclers are often
corrected. "
Nor are coins of less value to the artist. To him, as an illustrator of history, they give fairly reliable representations, otherwise
unattainable, of persons, places, incidents and objects, to which
reference is being continually made, and concerning which men
desire to have some authentic information.  Who can look on a
collection of Roman bronzes without feeling that he has before
him the exact likenesses of men, at " whose names the world grew
pale "-likenesses whose fidelity is proved by the persistency with
which certain features appear, however varied as to metal, size,
date, or place of issue, may be the coins themselves? To such an
one, coins are also monuments of the art ideas and attainments
in mechanical skill of different nations at successive periods in
their histories.




iv                             PREFACE.
To the antiquarian, coins are priceless memorials of the past.
They form  a genuine portion of that Flotsamr  and  Jetsam  of
former days which lhe so loves to gather  up.  As he contemplates
the precious relics, he recalls the national and social circumstances
under which they came into  existence; he plictures to  himself
through  what endless variety of lhands these coins must have
passed; what changes in the world's condition they  nlmust have
witnessed;   what desolations they have sur-ived.  Such power of
suggestion give, in his eyes, a peculiar value to coins and lead to the
forming of those collections that are studied with such delight by
men of kindred taste.
From  whichever of these sources, then, has come that impulse
vwhich has awakened in our reader an interest in Numismatics, we
shall suppose him to be in possession of a number of coins of different countries, dates and conditions.  tHis first business is, of
course, to classify them  according to their countries, placing the
cities or states  of these alphabetically, and arranging the issues
of each mint in chronological order.* Next, as opportunity offers,
replacing those of an inferior by  others of a superior condition
or preservation, he will look out for specimens of the different
types or devices that are sometilnes found on pieces of the same
issue or series; he will also add varieties or coins of a common
type, but differing  from   each  other in minute  details according  to  the taste  or skill of the different die cutters.  Of the
American cent of 1793, for example, we have the wreath, the
chain, the liberty  cap  types, -with  trivial differences in  their
details, giving  rise to  varieties.  The young  collector should,
however, interest himself not so much in the gathering of a full set
or series of coins of a particular issue, as in the making of a collection of diverse types. Twenty-five coins of different dates and dissimilar devices will yield vastly more pleasure and instruction
than so many all of one date and device, and unlike only in unimportant mechanical details. He should also remember that a small
collection  of superior pieces is preferable  to a larger one of
poor and defaced ones.  The eye has no pleasure in studying the
latter, while the former is a source of constant gratification.
Nor is it wise to run much after rarities. Ancient coins are generally found in large masses,the owners of specie in former days hav -
* According to Eckhel, ancient coins should be arranged in the order of the following countries: Spain, France, Great Britain, Italy in its states, Sicily, the Danubian districts of Eastern Europe, Greece, in its kingdoms, with its islands, Asia
Minor, Syria, Parthia, Persia, Bactria, Egypt and Northern Africa. Having thus
completed a geographical circle we should return to Rome for its Family coins, placing next those of the Enlmperor's with their Gothic and Vandal successors in Italy.
The Byzantines commence' a new line, running out with the fall of Constantinople,
and overlapping the coinages of modern civilization which took their rise in the
downfall of Rome. In the following pages, while seeing many advantages in the
above order, we prefer speaking of coins according to their age, noticing first those
of the source of all coinage, Greece and its colonies, till these were all swallowed
up by the great Roman people.




PREFACE.                                             V
ing no other way of hoarding it than by burying it in the ground.
In  many  cases these hoards have lain undisturbed till our own (lay.
When discovered, the pieces on the outside are generally found to
be deeply corroded and rust eateln;  some farther  in  have  escaped
the clamp, but have felt the  atmosphere  and  are  covered  with  a
greatly  admired thini  green coating, hard  and  polished  as  enamel,
called the pactinact, while a small number  in the  centre, completely
protected  from  the air, may be as bright and clean  as  on  the  (lay
that they  were buried.*   The pieces, therefore, that are  rare  and
costly to-day, may, owing to the discovery of somne large collection,
become exceedingly common to-morrow and fall prloportionately in
value.   BIesides, the fancy  prices often  paid  for "rare"  coins  is  a
great inducement to counterfeiting.  Some collectors, we may
add, confine themselves to the  coins of a single  country  or  of a
single class, such  as the  Autonom.ous,  or issues  of  the  early  free
Greek States, or the JIm)erial  Gree, the Roman FIr.nily Impericl
or  Colon?.ial  issues,  the   modern   Obtsidioncltl  or  Siege   pieces,
* A word may be said here about cleaning  coins. A young collector will often spoil a fine
coin by handling it improperly. Silver coins should never be touched with any kind of acid.
Soap and warm water, with a soft brush, will remove all that should be removed from them.
Colp)er coins should have only soap and water applied to them.  When the grease and dirt
are removed, polish gently with powdered soapstone on flannel. Never use ammonia or acid.
Brass coins can be cleaned by using a mixture of one part of prepared chalk with two of
spirits of hartshorne.  Mix these well in a bottle, and apply with flannel or a tooth brush,
washing the mixture off with water and polishing- with flannel.
t Obsidional or Siege pieces were issued generally in connection with a' siege of some
town or fortress. to supply the want of a regular coinage. Frequently they were of base
metal, in such cases, like the Gun money of James II. of England, bearing values that belong
to gold or silver. Their legends, devices and forms are altogether irregular.  Our oldest
Obsidional are those issued in the beginning of the Fifteenth century, by Francis I., when
enlgagred in his Italian wars. It does not come within the plan of this work to give any account of such special issues, but it may be of interest to our readers to have a list of some of
the Inore common Siege pieces, with the date of their issue.
Aire...............  1......1641-1710    Kinlgdom of Italy............. 1805-1814
Alemaer....1.................3573    Landau..................... 1702-1711
Aivers...........................1814    Leydeni........................... 1574
Baden.............................1808    Lille..............................1708
Barcelona.............1641, 1808-1814    Lyons.............................
Beam............................M..     I alta.......................... 1799
Beeston Castle, England...........1645 1     antua................n......... 1802
Bolschain.....................1702-1710.Middleburg........................1573
Carlisle, England.................  1645    Navarre............................
Catalonia (Reals and Liards).....1645    Newark,  Enland..................    1646
Cisalpine Republic............ 1800-1802    Palma Nova, Italy............... 1814
Cattaro in Albaniia................. 1813    Pavia..............................1524
Colchester. Enland...1......... 1645    Perpio'nan.........................1641
Cracow, nwith likeness of Napo-             Pontefract Castle, England........1648
leon II...................... 1829     Quesnoy......................1712
Cremona........112.......... 1526    Rome..............................1809
Dantzic............................1813    Scarborougrh, England............ 1645
Egypt........................ 1798-1801     St. Dolminlo......................
Flanders...........................        St. Ventan...................1.... 1657
Geneva........................... 1654    Striasblurg................... 1687, 1814
Genoa.........8..............1813          Tournay.........................1709
Gironne (Five Reals)..............1641    Turill.......................1808, 1809
Hlarleml................1............1573  Utrecht........................... 1812
Irvin.......................... 18-1809    Veice............................1813
Isles of Frace.................  1810    Vichy..............................1641
Italian Republic..............1802-1805    Vienna...........................1529
Kaml pen..............1573    WValcheren.........................1813
[On these pieces were the words:        Zara., in Dallnatia............... 1813
Eltrentuint.subl.si diju2i-the lCst resomoce. Hence the phrase-Pieces
of Necessity.]




Vi                       PREFACE.
Patterib pieces, and so on.  Others make skeleton collections,
filling up the gaps as they have opportunity; while yet others, of
more fastidious tastes, pride themselves on the character and condition of their coins, refusing to admit into their collections any
but those of the rarest issues, or of the highest degree of
preservation. On such matters each collector must be guided by
his own taste or ability.
h~~~ 
~~9~~~9;U(4(




THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD.
CHAPTER I.
Our earliest coins were evidently struck, that is, made by a
punch or hammer, driving the metal into a die. As art progressed,
a double impression was made; a die being fastened to either claw
of a little instrument resembling a nipper or pincers. The unequal force of the blows of the hammer by which these were closed
upon the metal accounts for the great variety in the distinctness
or accuracy of the impression, and also for the irregularities and
ragged appearances of the edges. Not a few coins were cast in
moulds; chiefly, however, it is supposed, by forgers, or, if by authority, by the Roman Emperors themselves when they had debased
the coinages. Plated coins, fraudulent, of course, and most ingeniously manufactured, are also numerous. The Greeks, the Gauls, the
Romans, were all adepts in this business, the temptations to engage in it being very great. The Roman laws punished counterfeiters with infamy and death, but when the State money was itself
of mixed metal, how could forgers be detected?
The hammer and die continued to be the only instruments used
in coining until the middle of the Sixteenth century, when the
French aMIint applied the screw in place of the hammer as a power.
This change was first adopted in England in the reign of Elizabeth, part of whose money is hacmnmered and part milled or the result of the screw. Among the advantages of this new method are a
smooth edge, a form really circular, and great evenness of
impression. To prevent clipping or paring the edges of the coin,
a common mode of cheating, a circle was now stamped on the
coins as near the edge as possible, as may be seen on Elizabeth's
early milled money. Another mode of preventing this fraud was
the placing a legend on the edge, a plan possible, however, only on
the thicker pieces of money. The saw-like edge possessed by modern coins is called the milling. On some English coins of last
century, the milling is diagonal to the edge, and on others it is
at right angles.
The only mode of exchange among the primitive inhabitants of
the earth must of course have been simply that of barter-a mere
exchanging of articles between individuals. From a very early date,
however, there has been employed a metallic medium of exchange,
the value of the medium depending on the metal employed, its
weight and purity. We do not know when coins (from the French
coigner, to strike with a coigne or wedge),-that is, pieces of metal
whose weight and value would be guaranteed by the parties issuing




8               THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
them, and which would therefore be simply counted and not woeighed,
-were first used, nor by whom. The credit of inventing such
money (from the Latin mon eta) has been claimed for the Persians,
for the Greek Colonists of Asia Minor (who migrated thither
from the Peloponnessus about the 11th century B. C.), and for the
inhabitants of the island of Egina; yet, as the oldest coins we
have are the gold pieces issued by the Asiatic Greeks, these
may possibly be our earliest coined money. These pieces were
called States, —that is, stand'ards, —and were equal in weight to two,
and in value to twenty, drachms of silver. There were also -Distaters or two staters, and lenmi-staters, or half ones with smaller
subdivisions. These coins, as might be expected, are very rude in
workmanship, being little more than pieces of metal of a certain
weight driven by a strong punch into a mould or die, so that on
the one side is the design and on the other the indent of the
punch.
Since the earliest coins do not bear the year of their issue, and
their devices for the most part are only some national symbol, it
is impossible to fix their age with accuracy. Numismatists, however, seek to determine their dates by noting the different styles
of the punch mark on the reverses. The oldest coins are supposed
to be those on which the punch mark is simply an uneven indent.
The next are those on which it is regular in form, and with edges
sharply and distinctly cut. Then those on which it is divided
into sections. Next, those on which the punch is found to make
an incused or bas-relief pattern, and then, the latest, when the indent itself becomes a field, on which important devices or symbols
appear.  Since the punchmark passed through these changes,
at different periods in different countries, we can use these
facts to some extent as a guide to the relative ages of coins
of the same country, and then, by careful comparison with the
coins of other countries, may learn something as to their actual
date.
As there can be very little difference of age, if any, between
the earliest coinages of Greece and those of Asia Minor, we shall
commence with describing, briefly, the coins of some of those
States or Cities whose fame has shed a glory on their common
Greece. It is impossible, however, for us to describe the coins of
every Grecian City or Colony. MIany of these States were of very
limited extent, and would be content to use the coin of some
friendly neighbor, countermarking them with some stamp that proclaimed a new owner, while, on the other hand, every free city in a
State might, and often did, exercise the right of coinage, impressing on the coins issued some symbol of local significance. Hence,
there exists a far greater variety of devices on Grecian coins than
would be possible under our modern system of having a common




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                        9
device for a whole land.  On Greek coins, representations of natural objects, such as plants, fishes, animals, birds, that might
abound in a locality, be connected with some local incident, or be
sacred to some local deity, are among the earliest devices.  Sometimes, again, certain attributes, distinctive of their guardian deity,
were symbolized to the initiated by figures of animals in which
similar characteristics existed.  The Bull, for instance, was the
symbol for strength; the Eagle, for penetration; the Lion, for
courage.  These devices were succeeded by ideal representations
of the deities themselves.  The popular mind was thus prepared
for having on the coins the likenesses of their fabled heroesHercules, Ajax, Castor, and Pollux.  The way wnas thus opened
for the likenesses of living hleroes.  At first, divine qualities were
attributed to these; Alexander was represented as Jupiter; Lysimachus as the horned Bacchus.  This class of coins served as a
connecting link between the previous classes, to which is given the
general name of Autooizomos, as being the coinage of free States,
and those issued subsequently and known as Regal, because bearing the effigies of living rulers.
The inhabitants of the island of LEGINA are supposed to have
been the first to issue a silver coinage.  This they did about the
Eighth century B.C., using the device of a tortoise, an animal sacred
to Mercury, the God of weights and measures.  This remained as
their national device' for several centuries, while the purity or
value of these pieces, familiarly known as " tortoises," soon secured]
for them so general a circulation as to render it impolitic, if not
impossible, to change the symbol.  The original device was therefore retained, though with such modifications and changes adopted.
in the course of time, as reveal a progressively ornate and cultiI)RACII\IS OF JEGI-A.
vated style of art.  Our illustrations represent coins of zEgina of
different periods, the difference between the rude simplicity of
the oldest, and the elaborate and finished appearance of the latest
being very great.  The Ai and F on either side of the tortoise are
the first two letters of zEgina.




10              THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
Few cities have a reputation for artistic taste of culture equal
to that of ATHENS,* and yet its early coins, while celebrated for
their weight and purity, are by no means attractive. The general
device these bear is that of an owl, a bird sacred to Minerva, the
patron deity of a city that bore her name, A0iv-r-Athens.
ATHENIAN DRACHM'[ OF THE EARLIEST DATE.
Tile reverse of our illustration has simply a rude indent of irregular shape, caused by the blows of the punch in driving the metal
into the die. The knobs or beads on the breast of the owl resemble those on the back of the tortoise of the second period of the
coins of IEgina, to the period of whose issue this Athenian coin
may therefore be assigned.
ATHENIAN DIDRACHM, 470 B. C.
This didrachm belongs to the time of Pericles. The head is that
of Minerva, while the reverse presents us with a deep indent having a circular top, in which is the traditional owl, with the letters A  9 E (Athense) on the one side, and on the other a sprig of
olive, a tree sacred to Minerva, and abundant in the neighborhood
of the city.
* It may be of service to the Collector to have here a copy of the Greek Alphabet
in capitals and small letters, with their English equivalents.
A-a  __A   H-i   -            I.E N — v   N      -r  __  T
B-fi__ B          -- 0    Th I        --   X   F -v  -   T
F-y  __ G   I-z  __  I   O-o               O   0 —   Ph oF
-6' __ D   K-x;t  __ K   H-7r  __ P   -X-X -_  Ch
E —     _ E    --    __ L   P -p  __R             -     _   Ps
Z —    _  Z   M-I-, -_     M i      a  __  S    2I     __ O
On Roman Colonials having Greek legends, K is often used for C, and C for S. See p. 16.




AN-(IENT AND MIOI)ERN.                 11
ATHENIAN TETRIAIDACHIIM, 230,. c.
The highest attainment of Athenian art is shown in the above
engraving.  The head of Minerva is magnificent, while the owl is
as ungraceful and uncouth as ever. The olive wreath round the owl,
and the vase on which it stands, suggest the olive groves and their
famous oil. The small figure represents -Esculapius, the God of
Healing, in reference to one of the uses of the oil, and is probably
intended as a sort of mint mark, while the incription reads across:
A40  Mr,-E6d Enrzy~Yo OQE8so.
meaning ATHENS (name of issuer). MENEDOS (possibly name of
the mint-master or engraver), son of Epigenos and Ophelon.
One naturally asks why the Athenian coinages should on one
side be so inferior in point of artistic taste, to those of many other
less famous localities. Perhaps the commercial inconvenience that
would result in such an age, from any change of a national device
so well known as the owl, may in part account for the very slight
modification allowed during several centuries in its figure. National
taste may have had something to do with it, just as oni the English
florin of the present clday, the characters and even the designs
of former days reappear.   Iay not the Athenians in like manner
have preferred that one side of their coin should retain in all its
archaic rudeness, that device which had been so long associated
with their national history?
B.LEOTIA, one of the earliest states to issue a silver coinage, had
adopted at a remote date as its symbol the device of a shield or
buckler.
D1IACHM OF BA'OTIA, WITH THE HEAD OF THE INDIAN BACCHUS.




12               THE COINAGZES OF THIE AOIRLD;
To this it adhered throughl all its history.  At first the B3eotian
coins bore simply the shielcd, but subsequently they bore in addition, 0, the initial letter of their chief city, Thebes, while those of
the latest date bore the letters GE B.
None of the Greek coin, however, are so disappointing as those of
CORINTI, a city of the highest fame for devotion to the fine arts,
yet whose numismatic taste or skill was of an exceedingly poor
character.  The device on Corinthian coins is that of Pegasus, in,,,I ItILY CORI'NTIII1A_ N_ DRACIIM.
remembrance of the victory over it of I3ehlerophon, and of his victory again by means of it over the imonster, the Chlrimara.  The
designs are exceedingly rutde and the execution most wretched,
while on the reverse is a series of four punlch marks so arranged
and of such a shape as to suggest the wards of a key.
Apart from that celebrity which IMACEDONIA possesses because
of the fame of Alexander the Great, its coinage entitles it to a
special notice.  To Macedonia belong the earliest coins on which
dates or the names of living Imonarchs appear, as well as the first
gold coins that were issued in Europe.  Up to the Sixth century,
B1. C., the rude punch mark was to be found on the reverse of
every coin; but about that period Alexander the First, King of
Mlacedonia, engraved his name round an inner square that was in
the centre of the indent.  The device on the obverse is the national'"ERIP ADR, AIIM -A I i, 1 X A XADEI. () 0'1IA(_'CI)O0N, 500 13. C.
one of a horse —Macedonia and Thrace bei'lcr farnnmous for their
horses-led by a man wearing    a            p cu3li.! 7 a:i)e1d head-dress,
known as " the 3Macedonia:l hiat" and C'1:'yia  tnwo spenars, in a111



ANCIENT AND MODERN.                        18
sion, it is thought, to the competing, by the King, at the Olympic
games.*
The coins of Archelaus, about 400 B. C., resemble, on their obverse, those of Alexander-a horse and a warrior armed with two
spears, and wearing the peculiar hat.  Now, however, the warrior
is mounted and sits with the utmost ease and grace.  On the reDRACHAIM OF ARCHELAUS OF MIACEDONIA, 400 B. C.
verse there is still the punch mark, within which, however, is the
fore-part of a goat, alluding, it is thought, to the capture of Edessa
by Caranus, the founder of the Macedonian dynasty, following a
flock of goats, as they entered the city in the dusk of the evening.
In 336 B. C., Alexander III. known as the Great, succeeded his
father, Philip II. During the wonderful career of this hero, coins
were issued, both in Europe and in Asia, in such abundance that they
are still very easily obtained.  Our illustration is that of a tetradrachm or four drachma piece, having on the obverse a head, either
of Hercules with the skin of the Nemean lion for a head dress, or of
Alexander himself. On the reverse is a figure of Jupiter, seated,
with the inscription AIAEANzJP02   (mnoney  of Alexander).
Jupiter is holding an eagle while the Lyre is the crest or symbol
of Colophon in Ionia, part of whose name, KOOA 0, appears.
TETRADRACHIM OF ALEXANDER THE GII E (AT.
* The Olympic Games were instituted, it is said, by Heracles or Hercules, about
the year 1227 B. C. They took their name from the place where they were held,
Olympus, a town in the Peloponnessus. For more than 400 years they were held at
irregular periods; but in 776 B. C. there commences what is called in history the
Era of the Olympiads, the games being held thereafter every fifth year.




14              THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD.
The death of Alexander at Babylon in 323 B. C., was followed
by a division of the empire among his generals. Macedon itself
was seized by Cassander, whom Alexander had left as governor.
Cassander's dynasty terminated in Perseus, with whom, after his
defeat by the Romans at Pydna, in 168 B. C., the celebrated
Macedonian Phalanx-Alexander's great military formation —
having broken, the Macedonian monarchy ended, and the coun try
became a Ronman Province.
TETRADRACHI[ OF PERSEUS, TIlE LAST OF THE KINGS OF
MACEDON, 168 B. c.
Many petty kingdoms and independent States lay in the neighborhood of Macedonia, whose coinages greatly resemble those we
have already described. About 480 B. C., Getas, King of the
Edoneans, issued money resembling that of Alexander I., but
bearing the inscription BA2IAETJ22 the earliest coins on which
this word occurs.  The Kings of Thrace, Epirus, Illyria, and
other less famous districts, all issued coins that from their great
rarity have been repeatedly counterfeited.  Caution must therefore be exercised in dealing with what appear to be the coins of
these localities.




CHAPTER II.
If the coins of zgiiCna are the earliest known of the European
series, those of MiILETUS in loqiia are the earliest" of the Asiatic.
GOLD ST1T:TE  OF AMILETUS, ABOUT S00 B. C.
The device on this stater is that of a lion's head with open mouth,
a symbol expressive of strength and courage, in other words, of
royalty. The rudeness of the design and execution, reveals a condition of artistic taste not very creditable to the inhabitants of
Miletus.
Similar in metal and in weight is the Daric or Persian stater,
struck by Darius Hystaspes, the Persian conqueror of the Greek
colonies. These staters are found in gold, but more frequently in
silver. On some the royal archer is represented as kneeling, on
DARIC OR PERSIAN STATER, ABOUT 520 B. C.
others he is standing. It is thought that these staters were struck
for the use of the conquered colonists, affording them what they
were familiar with-coined money-yet such having, instead of
the national or local Grecian devices, the Persian symbol of a
crowned archer. The rudeness of the punch mark on the reverse
would suggest a remoter date for them, but it is possible that, as
elsewhere, commercial and political reasons may have led to a retaining of the early style. In our own day the Austrian Govr nment issues yearly thousands of dollars from the MIaria Theresa
dies of last century, such alone being freely taken by the inhabitants of her Mediterranean provinces.




l6              THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
EPHESUS stands without a peer for its reputation for wealth and
culture among the Greek colonies in Asia MAIinor. It was one of
the twelve Ionian cities in Asia Minor  of mythic times, having
been founded by the Amazons and then taken possession of by colonists from Athens.  It is said that the iM-uses assumed the shape
of bees, and, flying before the emigrants, guided their vessels to
their future home.  In grateful remembrance of this service, the
Bee was adopted as the national symbol.
DRACHM OF EPHESUS, AI3OUT 330 B. C.
The stag on the reverse of our illustration was sacred to Arterius
or Diana, whose worship was so magnificently observed at Ephesus.
On the earliest Ephesian coins we have simply the device of the
bee; on those of a later period, but still autonomous, we have on
the reverse the stag, the emblem of Diana the huntress, while on
those of the Roman period we have the figure of Diana MIultimammia with her stags.
BRONZE COIONIAL  OF COIMLMODUS, STRIULCIK  AT EPHESUS.
Passing over other Grecian colonies, but following up the line
along which Greek influence, through the presence of Alexander
the Great, would be felt, we come to BITI-IYIA.  Nicomedia, the
capital of this counti y, was founded by Nicomedes the First, about
250 B. C. His grandson, Prusias, dared the hostility of the Romans by giving a shelter at his court to Hannibal.  The head of
Prusias is remarkably life~like, and is evidently a good portrait.
The figure on the reverse is that of eJhpiter iSoter —Jupiter, the Saviour-while the Greek inscription is simply (money) " of the King




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                    17
TETRADR ACHAM OF PRUSIAS, KING OF lBITIHYNIJ,  180 B. C.
Prusias."  The other characters are presumably mint marks.
Coins of PERGAMtUS and of ARMrENIA are also found.
EGYPT.'-,The most illustrious of the Generals of Alexander was Ptolemy Lagus, the son of Arsinoe, a concubine of Philip.  On the
death of Alexander and the division of the Empire, Ptolemy took
possession of EGYPT,and was at first content to rule under the shadow of his great leader's name. He secured that Alexander's funeral should be celebrated at Alexandria, and thus made himself the
guardian of his ashes. One of his great works was the formation
at Alexandria of its famous library, containing, when burnt about
the year 400 A. D., some five hundred thousand volumes. The coins
of Ptolemy bore at first the devices of those of Alexander, with
his own name added. Next, those on which his own likeness was
placed without the title of King.  Then, those on which he is
styled BA2IIEP2, or King. Afterwards, those struck by his son,
and on which his portrait, with or without that of his wife, Berenice, appears,-those bearing the inscription 2f2TIHPO2, those
struck at Cyrene, in connection with the funeral of Alexander, and
those having for a reverse the portrait of Berenice.
I)IDRACHMA OF PTOLE:MY SOTERP.




18             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
In 285 B. C., his son, Ptolemy Philadelphus, ascended the throne.
The effigy on his coins differs from that of his father merely by
its youthful appearance.  On the reverse is Arsinoe, his wife. The
coins of Ptolemy III. Euergetes, the Benefactor, 245 B. C., differ
only in the expression of the features from those of his predecessor.
Ptolemy IV., or Philopater, the father-lover, called so in irony,
from being suspected of having murdered his father, Euergetes,
marked his accession to the throne in 222 B. C. by the murder of
his mother, Berenice II. In sacred history this Ptolemy is distinguished for having been stopped by a miracle, when forcing his
way into the sanctuary of the temple at Jerusalem.  The coins
of Ptolemy V., or Epiphanes, 181 B. C., are distinguished by
the radiated crown, emblem of divinity.
The course of the Ptolemeian dynasty was soon rapidly downward. In 49 B C., Cleopatra, having quarrelled with her brother
Ptolemy XII., invoked and obtained the aid of Julius COesar, when
Ptolemy was drowned as he sought to swim across the Nile. Cleopatra, now 28 years of age, reigned alone, but after C sar's death
was summoned by lIarc Antony to explain why she had failed to
assist the Trriumvilrs in their struggle. The famous interview took
place, at whieh'Cleopatra so fascinated her judge that he became
hel husband and fled with her to Egypt.
TETRADRACHM OF MI. ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA, 33 B. C.
By the death of Cleopatra, who poisoned herself in her 39th
year, to avoid capture by Augustus, the line of the Ptolemies became extinct, and Egypt was reduced to a province of Rome.
THE SYRIAN KINGDOM.
To Seleucus, surnamed Nicanor the Victorious, another of
Alexander's generals, BABYLON fell as his share of territory.
There, he laid the foundations of the great Eastern Empire
known as the Syrian, issuing coins in his own name in the year
312 B. C. These coins have at first, like those of Ptolemy in
Egypt, the usual types of Alexander, with the simple name of
SELEUCUS.  Afterwards he assumed the title of BA24IzlET2,,
or King. On several of his coins the figure of a bull occupies the




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                    19
reverse, in allusion to the overpowering by Seleucusi of a bull-that
had escaped from Alexander when he was about to offer it in sacrifice. In 282 B. C., Seleucus was succeeded by his son Antiochus
I., called Soter, from his rdpelling of the attacks of the Gauls on
Asia Minor, who boldly placed his portrait on the coinage, a custom which about this time became very general.  In 223 B. C.,
the throne was occupied  by Antiochus III., called The Great,
from the wonderful prosperity of the earlier portion of his reign.
By sheltering Hannibal, however, and by his unjust war against
Ptolemy V., the King of Egypt, he, like Prusias of Bithynia, became involved in war with Rome. This ultimately led to his death
in 189 B. C., when plundering the treasures of a temple that he
might pay the fines imposed on him by Scipio Asiaticus.  This
monarch's coins are the first of his dynasty that bear a date. In 176
B. C., Antiochus IV., surnamed Epiphanes the Illustrious, sought
to suppress the Jewish mode of worship, and to force the Greek
religion on the Jews, thus leading to the great MIaccabean rebellion in Judea. On his coins we find not only the name and title
of the monarch, but his surname, the first instance of the custom
on this series.                                   -
Wearied of the wars of their Selencian Kings, the- Syrians, at
last, SO B. C., offered the throne to Tigcrazes, King of Armenia.
TETRADIACIIM   OF TIGRANES.
For some fifteen years this monarch reigned, when at length he was
defeated in 65 B. C., by Pompey the Great, and the throne of the
Seleucidme passed away by the annexation of Syria to Rome.
The dominions of Seleucus had consisted at first only of Babylonia. To this, however, was soon added Susiana. Media was
next conquered, and the monarch's power extended to the Oxus
and the Indus. After his overthrow  in 306 B. C., of Antigones,
the most powerful of Alexander's generals, and one that had assumed
the title of King of Asia, Asia MIinor and the whole of Syria
were also added to his territory. The whole Asiatic conquests of
Alexander may therefore be held as included in the Kingdom
of Syria. The principle, however, on which it was founded-that




20             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
of establishing a Grieco-MNlacedonian Empire in a foreign country
-was fatal to its permanency. Unused to foreign modes of rule and
oftentimes ill-treated, the natives of the Eastern portion at length
revolted, and under Arsaces, 250 B. C~, established the Parthian
Kingdom. Though Greek rule had so bitterly galled the Parthians, so firmly had Grecian influences affected them, that the inscriptions on the coins now issued were in Greek, the types were
from the Greek mythology, and the word ll JEAlHNO2() —lover
of the Gree/ks oftentimes appeared.
PARTHIA.
One of the most distinguished of these Parthian Kings was
Arsaces VI., 150 B. C., known as Mithridates I.  Under him
Media, Persia and Babylonia were added to the Empire, which
thus extended from the Cauncasus to the Euphrates. During the
reiogn of Arsaces X., 80 B. C., a great religions revolt took place with
a view to the overthrow of the Greek Polytheism and the re-establishment, as the religion of the State, of the ancient faith of
Central Asia. Coins of the king's rival-Arsaces Phraates-exist
with the inscription on them of 2 vvtyopoo Za'pafrpecoa —Defen<der of Zoroaster'. In the ypear 55 B.C., Arsaces Orodes, one of the
most powerful of the line, ascended the throne. Crassus, at the
head of 30,000 Roman soldiers, sought the restoration to the throne
of an elder brother, but was defeated by Orodes, and his whole
army slain or captured.
About the Christian era, Artabanus, king of Media, but one of
the Arsacidae, was called to the Parthian throne, and recovered
Armenia from the Romans.  The victories of Arsaces XXIII.,
about 60 A. D., caused such alarm at Rome itself, that eventually
Armenia was declared ceded to Arsaces for his brother, a favor acknowledged by an offer from Arsaces to aid Vespasian in his Jewish wars with 40,000 troops. Arsaces XXV., about 120 A. D., became involved in war with Rome, and was ultimately defeated by
the Emperor Trajan. For the next hundred years there was a continuous embroilment of Parthia with Rome, till at length its resources were so wasted that in 226 A. D., a revolt of the native Per-:sian population under Ardshir (or Artaxerxes) proved successful,
and the Parthian monarchy became merged in the SECOND PERSIAN
EMPIlRrE, under the dynasty of the Sassanidme.
SECOND PERSIAN EMPIRE.
In this revolt, Artaxerxes obtained the support of the people by
claiming to be the heir of the great Cyrus, and by announcing his
intention of restoring the national religion-that of Zoroaster.
On his coins, therefore, we do not find either Greek characters or




ANCIENT AND:MODERN.                  21
Greek titles, but, in Arian characters, Shahshinsha-the equivalent
for the Greek King of K:ings. The boundarie- of this kingdom
changed greatly according to the varying fortunes of its monarchs.
One while, they embraced the vast region between the shores of the
Hellespont, on which, at Chalcedon, the Persians under Chosroes
II., 620 A. D., maintained themselves for ten years fighting
against the usurper Phocas, and the banks of the Indus. At other
times, the Roman eagles were carried tried umphntly triumphantly throughout
almost the whole territory. For many years a great struggle was
waged between the rising power of Christianity and the national
religion, symbolized by the flaming altar of the fire worshippers
on the national coinage.
In 640 A. D., the reigning monarch was summoned by the Caliph Abu Bekr, to embrace the Mahommedan religion. War followed on his refusing, and, in the struggle which followed, the
monarch of the Second Persian Empire perished, his son fled to
China, his territory becoming a province of the MIahommedan
dominions.
THE BACTRIAN EMPIRE.
The Syrian Empire, as founded by Seleucus Nicanor, embraced
the whole territory from the Hellespont to the Punjaub. The
more eastern portion was, however, held by but a feeble tenure,
so that Diodotus, the Governor of BACTRIA, the modern Bokhara,
was able, about the year 260 B. C., to make successful his revolt
against Antiochus II. For nearly five hundred years the empire
thus founded continued in existence. The coinage of its monarchs
bore at first inscriptions in Greek alone. Then they became bilingual or Arian words spelt in Grecian characters, with indications of a long struggle for supremacy, when finally all traces of
Grecian influence disappeared, so far as characters, titles or symbols
are concerned, these being replaced by such as are found on coins
of modern date.
These coins have been brought to light only within the last 40
years, and reveal what had been previously unknown to historythe existence of this Grseco-Bactrian Empire.
KINGDOM OF PONTUS.
In the extreme south-eastern corner of European Russia is the
district now known as the Crimea, but formerly as the Cimmerian
Bosphorus. The sovereignty once existing here goes back to the
earliest dates of history, or about 480 B. C. Coins have come down
to us from Leucon, who lived about the year 390 B. C., bearing on
the one side a head of Hercules, and on the other a bow and a
club, with the name and title of the monarch in Greek characters.




22             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD.
About the year 300 B. C., owing to its inability to resist and keep
back the hordes of warrior emigrants that poured westward from
Scythia and Central Asia, the throne of the Bosphorus was yielded to Mithridates, the Satrap or Persian Governor of Pontus. In
the break-up of the Persian Empire, consequent on the victories
of Alexander, the kingdom of Pontus became fully established, so
that about a century before the Christian era, its monarch MithTETIRADRACHMA OF MITHRIDATES, KINGG OF PONTUS.
ridates VI., known as the Great, was a formidable rival to
Rome for the supremacy of the Eastern NVorlld.  A series of
dealings now ensued between Romne and the sovereigns of Pontus, ending, however, in the reducing of Pontus proper to a Roman
province,while the Bosphorus porition was recovered from its Pontic
rulers by a descendant of the former native sovereigns. Of this
restored monarchy there exists an interesting series of coins, on
which, while the names of the native princes appear, there is also
the fullest acknowledgment made of Roman sovereignty, by the
presence of the likenesses of the Roman emperors, with their
names and eras. The Empire maintained its existence down to
about the year 330 A. D., the era of Constantine the Great,
when it was overthrown by a neighboring barbarous people, and
a nationality that had existed for nearly eight hundred years,
became obliterated forever.




CHAPTER  III.
JUDEA.
IN the earliest account of commerce in PALESTINE, SO far back as
iS5O B. C., we find that the medium  of exchange was silver, not
gold, and'hat this was weighed, not counted. " Abraham weighed
to Ephron four hundred shekels of silver current money with the
merchant."' Gen. 23, 16. The bars or blocks of silver thus used,
though not coins in our sense of that word,* would possibly soon
come to be of a particular shape or size, or have some stamp or
impress on them that would declare their weight and thus secure
for them a fixed commercial value.  A half shekel piece was the
Atonement money, (Exod. 30, 15), while Saul's servant had a
quarter shekel, (1 Sam. 9, S).  Such pieces would long supply
the few necessities of an agricultural people like the Jews.  In
David's time, eight hundred years after Abraham, we find silver
and gold still weighed, not counted.  By degrees, however, the
coinage of surrounding countries entered Palestine.  The conquest of Israel by Assyria, 721 B. C., led to a considerable circulation of Assyrian money, while Persian money flowed in on the
return of Judah from the Babylonian captivity.  Cyrus gave large
sums from " the king's house," that is, the royal treasury, for the
rebuilding of the temple at Jerusalem. These gifts would doubtless be in the form of the thick Persian gold coins called Darics
or Archers.
In the year 325 B. C., Alexander the Great took possession of
Palestine, when Greek money, consisting of gold staters, and silver
drachms and tetradrachms came into use.  Many of Alexander's
tetradrachms were struck in Palestine and bear the names of the
places of their coinage. On the death of Alexander, Palestine
became part of the dominion of Seleucus. An interesting series
of coins, in many respects resembling the Alexandrine, was issued
by the kings of this dynasty, some of which bear the mint mark of
J)iospolis, the Lydda of New Testament times.
About 185 B. C., the Jews rose in revolt, and engaged in a
heroic struggle for liberty under the lead of Mattathias of the
*In Gen. 33:19, we read that Jacob bought a field from Hatnor for one hundred
pieces of money. A similar phrase is found in Job 42:11. The word in these passages translated pieces means, properly, lamzbs, and it is now thought denotes
pieces of gold with the figure of a lamb stamped on them, denoting that they were
of value sufficient to purchase such. Such seems to have been the style of money
used in Babylon. It reminds us at once of the figures stamped on the early
Roman As.




24 4           THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
Asmonean family, and founder of the Maccabean dynasty. In
139 B. C., their independence of the Seleucidae was practically
acknowledged, when Antiochus VII. authorized Simon, successor to
Mattathias, "to coin money for the country with thine own
stamp," a privilege, however, that Simon is believed to have previously exercised on his own responsibility. Simon now issued
the famous shekel, weighing half an ounce, and intrinsically worth
about half a dollar, and the half shekel in silver, with quarters and
sixths in copper, the first and only national coinage the Jews ever
had.
SHEKEL OF SIMON MACCABREUS, 140 B. C.
These shekels are a little larger than a two cent piece; on the
obverse is a cup or chalice, suggesting the water-drawing ceremony at the Feast of Tabernacles, the season of greatest national
joy, while the triple lily on the reverse is more suggestive of the
Divine promise that " Israel shall bloom as a lily," than of Aaron's
almond blossoming rod.  Round the cup is the legend, in
Samaritan or old Hebrew characters, " Shekel of Israel," a letter over
it denoting the year of its issue, while round the lily is the legend,
"Jerusalem  the holy."  Imitations of these shekels, with the
legends in square or modern Hebrew characters, are very common.
Simon was succeeded in 135 B. C., by John Hyrcanus, on whose
coins we find in the legend " Johanan, High Priest, and the Confederation of the Jews," a distinct acknowledgment of a popular
sovereignty. The reverses of these pieces have, as a type, a double
cornucopia with a poppy head between them. This symbol is
found on Egyptian coins of an earlier date, so that Hyrcanus may
either have simply borrowed this design, using it as an emblem
of national prosperity, or have assumed it to denote some intermarriage, as the coats of arms of allied royal or noble families are
frequently quartered on each other's shields.
This double cornucopia remained the type of Jewish coins for
about a century, when, in 37 B. C., and by the aid of Roman Legions, the Idumean or Herodian dynasty, in the person of Herod I.,
or the Great, ascended the throne. Coins were now issued with the
legend, for the most part in Greek characters, of " Herod the King,"
round a caduceus, the emblem of peace, round a helmet, the emblem of war, or most frequently round an anchor, with reference,




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                    2&
possibly, to Herod's well known concern for maritime interests..
Coins of Herod Archelaus have on them, in part or in whole, the
word "1 Ethnarch," a title of less extent than that of king. Those
of Antipas have the word Tetrarch, denoting that he was governor of but the fourth part of what had once been one kingdom..
On the coins of Philip, 34 A. D., we have for the first time in:
Jewish history, a human effigy, that of the Emperor Tiberius, a
daring departure from Jewish law and custom.   Herod, however, would readily set such aside that he might flatter a Roman
Emperor, or perhaps obey an edict by acknowledging himself a
vassal of Rome. Herod Agrippa, grandson of Herod the Great,.
issued a series of coins purely Jewish, that is, free from any references to a foreign power, having on the obverse an umbrella or
canopy, with the legend in Greek characters "King Agri9ppa,'"
and on the reverse, three ears of wheat with date of issue. This
monarch outlived the destruction of Jerusalem and the remainder'
of his coins bear the heads of the Emperors in succession down to
Domitian in 96 A. D. Such are the coins that form the Herodian
series, and which were struck principally at Cesarea Philippi.
In the year 33 A. D., Judea was reduced to a Province, and came
under the control of " Procurators," such as Pontius Pilate, who were,
appointed by the Roman Emperors. These persons had too great
a personal interest in maintaining peace in their territories to allow
of any wanton outrages against Jewish feelings or prejudicesThey therefore omitted " images," that is, human likenesses, from
their coins and placed on these merely some ordinary symbol, the
name of the Roman Emperor, and the date of its issue. Such
coins were issued down to the year 65 A. D., when there took
place that first revolt of the Jews against the Romans which
ended in 69 A. D., in the siege and destruction of Jerusalem by
Titus. During this four years war, silver and copper shekels were
issued by the Jewish leaders, having on them such symbols as a jug
or pitcher, a palm tree, a palm branch, a vine leaf, a bunch of grapes,
SHEKEL OF SIMON, PRINCE OF ISRAEL; round the vine leaf is
" First year of t(he redemption of Israel."
a lyre or a temple, with the name Simon and the date of its
issue, which is described as being such a year of "the deliverance:
of Israel," or " of the redemption of Israel."




26              THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD.
In the year 69 A. D., came the end in the fall of Jerusalem, when.a remarkably interesting series of coins known as the Judcea Capta
series, and referring to this event, was struck at Rome.
In 131 A. I)D., the Emperor Hadrian resolved to rebuild Jerusalem. The second revolt of the Jews now took place, when Bar*cochab, claiming to be the 4Messiah, and at the head of 200,000
men, for a time swept all before him. During his power he issued
money, for the most part restriking Roman coins, with the symbols'SHEKEL OF SIMON BARCOCHAB, Second Revolt of the Jews.
and legends of the coins of the first revolt.  After two years
this revolt was suppressed, when Hadrian completed his project
of restoring Jerusalem, giving to the new city, however, the name of
_Alia Capitolina, combining his family name of AElia with that of
Jupiter Capitolinus, and thus by rendering the locality profane and
polluted in the eyes of the Jews, shattered their hopes of a national kingdom with Jerusalem for its capital.
A new series of coins was now struck at Jerusalem, or rather in
Colonia Azlia Capitolinct Commodiana, the colonial town of ~lia
Capitolina Commodiana, with the heads of the respective emperors
down to Hostilianus, 251 A. D., when the Imperial Jewish issues
ceased, to be succeeded in 695 A. D., by the Cufic coinages of the
Mahommedan conquerors. The coins at present in use in Palesti.ne are those issued by the Turkish rulers.




CHAPTER IV.
GRIECIA MAGNA.
The coins of Macedonia having served as a connecting link between those of Greece and the different Eastern Empires that
were more or less affected by its art, we now return to consider
those of the Western World, for the maritime and commercial
energy of the Greeks had led to a migration in a westerly direction
simultaneous with that to Asia Minor.  At a very early date,
Italy, Sicily, France, Spain, Carthage, had received so many colonies
from Greece, that what was till lately the Kingdom of the Two
Sicilies, was known formerly as Grcecia Jfallna.  These colonies
soon received additions from the Asiatic settlements, so that the
coinages of Grmcia M3agna, while having features national and distinctive, frequently remind us by their style and devices, not merely
of Greece, but of Grecian art as modified by Asiatic influences,
some, at times, bearing symbols that are purely of Asiatic origin.
At this distance of time, we are unable to state in every case,
the parent land of each of these settlements, but when in the
midst of devices known to be local, the well-known symbols of
certain Grecian States or Cities appear, we have no hesitation in
inferring a connection. PIIocis, for instance, in Greece, sent out a
colony that founded Phoceca in Asia Minor. The legend of the
shoal of seals or rather of porpoises that attended the ships in
their voyage, secured the adoption by the colony of the old
name, while as Obcoucl7 (Phoce) is the Greek word for a seal, the
device of a secal stamped on money proclaimed the state by which
it had been issued. The presence of the seal or of the porpoise
on coinages of Gr-ecia Magna thus tells of connection with Phocis,
either direct or indirect, through Phoce.  That the Phoceans
were a very maritime people is plain also, from the fact that there
frequently appears on their coins the figures of the Dioscuri.
The coinage of Grtecia Magna is probably the oldest to which
dates can with any confidence be assigned. SYBARIS, afterwards
called THUR.IUMA, was founded by a colony from Achaia, about
720 B. C., and destroyed in the year 510 B. C. When destroyed its
coinage was of a peculiar style, and one that had long replaced a
coinage of a different type. Specimens of this earlier type have
come down to us, and we cannot be far wrong in ascribing them
to about the year 600 B. C., while those of Alexander I. of
Macedon, date only from about 480 B. C.




28             THE COINAGES OF THE WTORLD;
This earliest known type is thin, flat and large in surface, having
the design on the obverse'-incused or sunk in on the reverse, resulting from the use of a punch on which was the counterpart of
the design in the die.
DRACI-M OF SYBARIS, 600 B.C.
The bull is the symbol of strength, and appears on all the coins
of Thurium, alluding to the river on which the city was built.
The city we have said was founded in 721 B. C., about the time of
Numa Pompilius in Rome, or the invasion of Judea by Sennacherib, and destroyed in B. C. 510. It was rebuilt in 453 B. C., but
destroyed again in 448 B. C., by the Crotonians.
CReOTONA was another Achaian colony, and founded by Myscellus about 710 B. C.  The most frequent of its types is the tripod,
DIDRACH-M OF CROTONA.
Apollo having directed Myscellus to the site of the new city.Hercules is often met with on these coins, because he founded
those Olympic games at which the Crotonians had carried off thirteen out of twenty-six prizes.  The ancient coinage of Crotona
has the tripod with letters K P 0.  On later coins we have no
incused designs, but in place thereof a regular reverse, such as an
altar with a figure of Hercules beside it.
METAPONTUAI was founded about 710 B. C., by a Pelasgic colony
from the north of Greece. The distinguishing symbol on its coins,
whether gold or silver, is the full ear of corn, a grateful recognition of Ceres, for the fertility of their soil. Later coins bearing the




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                    29
ancient type, the ear of wheat along with a grasshopper, have a
reverse consisting of a bearded figure typical of the river god,
with a dolphin beneath, and when used in certain games, the inscription AXEAOIO AC 0~ON.
i)1DIRACIIA[ OF METAPONTUM.
TARENTUAI lay at the southern extremity of the Italian Peninsula, and was founded by the Lacedemonians about 707 B. C. It
was not subject to the lItonmans until it fell into their hands on the
defeat of Pyrrhus in 272 B. C. For long after that change of fortune Tarentum  retained its self-government and the use of the
Greek language. It is said to have received its name fr om Taras,
a son of Neptune, by whom it was founded. The coins of the
earliest period have for design a youth kneeling on one knee and
striking a lyre, with the inscription Taras written reversed so as
to appear 2APA T.*
The first or ruder period of its coinage extends from 707 B. C.474 B. C. The seconzd or more advanced extends from 474 B. C.
down to its capture by the Romans, while the third covers its
gradual decay under Roman rule. There are two great divisions
of the coins of Tarentum; on the first we have Taras on a dolphin on the obverse, and on the reverse a wheel, symbol of Apollo's tripod; Taras on a dolphin, and on the reverse a female head
encircled by a nimbus-Satyra the mother of Taras; Taras on a
dolphin incused or in bas relief on the one side, and in alto on the
DRACHI I OF TARENTU3M.
other. On the second, we have Taras on a dolphin, and on the
reverse a man seated with a great diversity of objects beside him.
These being chiefly the natural products of the locality, the man
*The coins whose inscriptions are so written are known as Boestrephecloi.




30              THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
is supposed to represent the People, and all these latter coins are
assigned to the second period of Tarentum coinage.
The coinage of Tarentum is next to that of Syracuse in variety
of designs, artistic excellence and extent of issues, the known
varieties of the silver alone amounting to nearly a thousand.
Of all these colonies, however, the most famous was that of
SYRAcusE in Sicily, founded by the Corinthians at a very early
date. The earliest reliable of its coins are those issued by the
oligarchy of the Geomori at the close of the 6th Century B. C.
The tetradrachm we engrave was struck previous to the reign of
Gelon, and presents us with the design of a quadriga or fourhorse chariot, while on the reverse there is an incuse square divided
into four quarters, having a female head-possibly that of Proserpine or Koras (Ceres) as the Syracusans called her-in the centre.  On these ancient coins the "k "in Syrakosios is represented
by the Punic Q.
DTDR CxIM OF SYxnCvUSE.
In 488 B. C., Gelon, a citizen of Gela, won the Olympic prize,
and having been appointed General in Syracuse, became supreme
in 485 B. C. His coins ale distinguished by the abandonment of
the incused stamp, and the surrounding the enclosed head with dolphins, rendering it the main featuire. zNike or Victory is now seen
crowning either the horses or the charioteer. In 480 B. C., Gelon
gained a great naval victory over the Carthaginians.  At the solicitation of his wife Demarete, he granted the vanquished more
favorable terms than they expected, when they in gratitude presented her with one hundred talents of gold. This Gelon coined
into the famous pieces known as _Demaretia, from his wife's name,
or Pentekontcalitrca, from their weight. The head, on the obverse,
faces to the right, and is enclosed in a circle, outside of which
are dolphins, while on the reverse there is a charioteer and quadriga,
Nike crowning the horses, and in the exergue, a lion, possibly as the
symbol of a victory in Africa.
In 478 B. C., Gelon was succeeded by his brother Hieron, whose
coins have a sea serpent in the exergue in place of the lion, in allusion, it is thought, to his victory in 474 B. C. over the Etruscans,




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                     31
DRACHIM OF HIERON OF SYRACUSE.
previously the acknowledged rulers of the sea.  On the expulsion,
in 466 ]B. C., of the Gelon dynasty, the Democracy was established,.
lasting until 412 B. C., during which time a number of tetradrachms.
were issued whose exergues are void of symnbols, save one, which has
a locust. To this period have been attributed copper coins, supposed
to be the first issue in that metal, with a head resembling Hieron's
on the obverse and a cuttlefish on the reverse. In 412 B. C. the
Athenians besieged  Syracuse. Their failure to capture it was
marked by the issue of a small gold coinage, with the head of
Pallas Athneme. These coins show a great advance in the style'of
art. In place of 2vpr:uoz'zov the final syllable becomes cov;
the horses in the quadriga are represented as in high action, while
the names of the die engravers are signed to their work. In 406
B. C., supreme power was in the hands of Dionysios, who issued
the finest specimens we have of the Syracusan coins.
SYRACUSAN TETRADRACHMI OF DIONYSIOS, 406 B. C.
In 344, Timoleon was sent from Corinth and the Dionysians expelled, when a large issue of an electrum coinage, that is, of a mixture four-fifths gold and one-fifth silver, was made. These electrum coins resembled and passed for gold staters.  On the obverse
was the helmeted head of Pallas with kSyractasiooz, and on the reverse, the Corinthian Pegasus.  Timoleon issued a large sized copper coinage, on whose pieces, as restrikes, are often found the symbols of other colonies.




.3 2           THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
The Timoleon Democracy or Republic was overthrown in 317
B. C., by Agathocles, on whose earlier coins the triquetra or threelegged symbol of Sicily, similar to that on the coinage of the Isle of
Man, first appears, while the name of the city is also found, replaced,
however, on his later coinage, by his own name, AF4A@OKAElEAO2,
BA2IA]EF2~.  Among the subsequent rulers were Hiketas,
Pyrrhus of Epirus, called in by the Syracusans to resist the
Carthaginians, on many of whose coins is the head of Hercules on the obverse, with the figure of Pallas Promachos on the
reverse, and Hieron II., whose coins, however, bear not so often his
own name as that of his son Gelon, or his wife Philistis, known by
the veiled head with the quadriga drawn by horses walking or galloping. On some coins of this period occur Roman numerals,
showing thus early the influence of the Republic, a fact still more
clearly shown by the word, 21H1AIL(&2 TAiN, a bravado flung in the
face of the rapidly extending control of Sicily by the Romans.
In 214 B. C., Syracuse was besieged by the Romans under Marcellus, and, despite the wonderful mechanical contrivances of
Archimedes, was captured 212 B. C. Two years afterwards the
whole of Sicily was declared a Roman Province, and the free
States of Graecia IMagna passed out of' existence.
CHAPTER V.
ROME.
ROME was founded by Romulus in the year 753 B. C., and we
have every reason to believe that so early as the year 715 B. C.
its people were using a metallic currency. The famous copper
mines of the Italian peninsula would furnish copper, while the
Greek miners seem to have anticipated modern science by discovering such amalgams as rendered this metal suitable for a coinage.
At first the Romans made the Libra or pound of twelve ounces
their standard. A piece of copper of this weight was called an AEs
or As, a term  afterwards used to denote either the value —a
pound weight, or the metal —bronze. In the time of Servius
Tullius, 578 B. C., the As was a rectangular piece of metal, while
he is said-though this is doubted-to have been the first to stamp
these blocks with the images of domestic animals, a practice that
has given us the word pecunia (frompeczus, cattle), money. When
these bars were of more than one As value, they were suitably
stamped. About 395 B. C. the As which had hitherto been rectangular and passed by weight, became circular and passed by
count. At the same time it was reduced in weight, a usual Roman
expedient for meeting hard times. The devices also were changed,




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                   33
and the As was divided into the Sepmis or Semi-As —the halfj As,
bearing generally the head of Jupiter, and stamped with the letter S, and on the reverse, the prow of a ship —common to all the
pieces. The Quincunx, or five unciae, with its five dots, unique as a
Roman, but only scarce as an Italian issue. The Triems, or third,
having generally the head of Minerva, but on the rev. four dots to
denote the four ounce weight-the third of the twelve ounce
pound. The Quadrans, having the head of Hercules and three dots
to denote the one-fourth of the As. The Sextans, with the head of
Mercury and two dots, to denote the one-sixth of the As; and the
Unzcia, or ounce, with Minerva's head and one dot, to denote the
one-twelfth of the As,-whence the term Uncial is used as descriptive of the whole series. A similar division of the bronze money
prevailed in the other Italian States, the devices being different.
ROMAN UNCIA oR ONE-TWELFTH OF THE AS.
The first reduction in weight of the As was caused by financial
distress, the result of the capture of Rome by the Gauls, 390 B. C.
Subsequently further reductions were made, so that at the date of
the First Punic war, 264 B. C., the As weighed only one ounce,
and the national currency was at a sad discount in the money
market. In the time of Pompey, 50 B. C., the As, weighing about
an ounce, resembled in size the pieces known as the First bronze.
In the days of Augustus, 27 B. C., the Second bronze was known
as the cdupondius or two As piece, and the diminutive Third bronze
as the assarius, the ancient name for the As itself. This copper
coinage was adhered to by the Romans through all their history
till the Western Empire fell to pieces, the last piece struck at the
mint being similar in name and metal to the first...
As this copper coinage was the national money, all its issues
were controlled by the Senate, whose authorization was shown by
the presence of the letters S. C.-2Senatus Cons'ulto-by order of
the Senate. Then, as now, of course, private individuals or families issued money, but, not bearing these letters, such pieces possessed no legal value, and depended for their circulation on their
intrinsic value, or, like our tradesmen's tokens, on the credit of
those who issued them.  Very interesting collections may, however, be made of these, of which we will speak again.




34                THE COINAGES OF THE WVORLD;
While thus the copper coinage alone received the national sanction, gold and silver pieces were also used, the issuing of which
became afterwards the prerogative of the Emperors.
The intercourse between Rome and those native Italian States in
which silver coinages existed, would necessarily lead to the presence of silver money at Romue, yet it was not till the interval between the defeat of Pyrrhus and the engaging in its first Punic
war, that Rome adopted a silver currency.   In 278 B. C. was issued the Dencarius- a silver coin equal in weight to the Greek
drachm, and in value to ten Ases, as is shown by its name-den
or clecem c(ris; on the obverse was the head of Pallas, with X, the
numeral of value, behind it, and on the reverse generally a likeness
of the Dioscuri* with the word Roe or Romna in the exergue. The
quinarius or five As piece bears the numeral V, and the sestertius, or two-and-a-half As piece has the stamp SII.  The sestertills is really the senmi-tertizus, the Romans describing two-and-ahalf as two and half way to the third.
The first appearance of a Roman gold coinage was in the year
207 B. C., when what is known as the Scrupelctar coinage was issued.t  The obverse of these pieces bears the head of Mars with
the numeral of value according to size, while on the reverse is an
eagle with the word ROMA. This simplicity of device, however,
soon disappeared, and the name of the moneyer or mint master
added to the word  onma, or the presence of the Dioscuri made
way for some device connected with the moneyer's family-a
change, doubtless, partly complimentary and partly precautionary
against a debasing of the coinage.  These coins were minted at
Capua by Greek artists, and were the predecessors of the true Roman
Aureuts, or gold piece.  This latter coin resembled the Scrupulurm.
in appearance, and weighed about 130 grains, equal to our own
five dollar gold piece, though it soon fell short of this weight.
The issuing of these pieces was transferred by Constantine to
Byzantium. The Eastern Emperors continued the issue, and under
the name of Bezants or Byzants, these pieces circulated throughout Europe during all the dark ages, when no other gold coinage
existed.
*The Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux, twin sons of Jupiter and Leda, were the earliest
guardian deities of Rome, so that their figures repeatedly occur on Roman coins,
each one generally standing beside a horse. On their removal from earth they were
changed into the constellation Gemi~ni, hence the star that is seen on their helmets.
fThe Sc} puhlutm was the one-twenty-fourth part of an ounce. The English Sovereign weighs a little over a quarter of an ounce, so that the Scrupulum was a coin
worth about one-sixth of a Sovereign, or twenty Sesterces. This valuation is confirmed by our knowledge that in the reign of Augustus, the Sestertius was worth about
eight farthings and a half, which, multiplied by twenty, gives forty-two pence and
a half, or a little over one-sixth of an English Pound. If the Sovereign is worth
$4.86 of our money, then the value of the Scrzsl)ulum would be exactly 61 cents.




ANCIENT AND MIODERN.                    35
The wonderful career of foreign conquest pursued by Rome, is
apt to divert attention from the domestic difficulties that oftentimes imperilled her very existence.  Among her great struggles
must be mentioned, because of its bearing on Italian coinages, the
Social or Marsian war of 90 B. C., when the leading Italic States
combined to obtain from Rome political rights and powers, equal
to those of her own citizens. The dreadful contest lasted for two
years, involving the loss of 300,000 of the very flower of the population.  Through the generalship of Marius, Sulla and others, it
terminated in the triumph of Rome, but was followed by the bestowment, as a favor, of that "Roman Franchise " whose possession
had been contended for as a right. During this struggle the allied
States issued coins, chiefly silver Denarii, bearing a female head
with the national Itctlica in place of the provincial BRomzct in the
exergue, and on the reverse eight figures (supposed to represent the
States) taking an oath over a sow; with below them the name
Q(uinzto Pomracedius) S(ilo), the chief leader of the confederacy.
Others have the Dioscuri, while on many there are figures of animals used symbolically.
The early coinages of the Republic at first bore simply some
national symbol such as Roma, the head of Pallas, or the Dioscuri.
After a time, names of individuals appear on the coins. Formerly these names were supposed to be those of the Consuls under
whose administration the coins were issued, and the term  Consular was employed to denote the whole class. The term is still indeed employed as a matter of convenience, though, as many names
appear belonging to persons not of consular dignity, it is seen that
such a reason for its use has no foundation in fact. It is probable,
therefore, that, in some cases, these are the names of the moneyers
at the date of issue; that in others they are the names of the persons, Families* or individuals, that had sent to the mint the metal
to be coined for their own use; of local officers in some of the
provinces, many of the pieces being provincials; while in yet other
cases, the pieces may be like our own complimentary or political
medals-struck off in connection with some particular incident.
This coinage may be roughly classified as consisting of pieces
that bear a name only, without anything to inform us as to the
individual, and of such as have, in addition, some significant symbol, or that refer to some well known incident in the history of the
individual or family whose name appears on the coin.  The First
Triumvirate-Crassus, Pompey and J. Ccesar, 60 B3. C.-placed their
names on the coins they issued, while ten years later, on Cesar's
assumption of supreme power, the Senate placed his portrait there.
On CMasar's assassination, coins were issued bearing the names and
* The Roman Fea)li:t, or Family, was something like a tribe.'" Its members had a
common surname and were supposed to be more or less related by blood.




36              THE COINAGES OF THE WITORLD;
portraits of Cassius and Brutus, the successful conspirators, and
were soon followed by others issued by the second TriumvirateAntony, Lepidus and Octavius.
GOLD COIN OF BRUTUS.
Brutus and Cassius both struck coins, on the murder~of Ccesar; at
least coins in silver and gold exist of the above device, and are
now generally considered to be genuine.
CHAPTER VI.
Hitherto the distinctive feature of the Roman coinage had been
its copper or bronze issues, and, despite the silver denarius or the
golclen aureus which in imperial times were freely issued, the
bronze sestertius, or, as collectors call it, the first Brass, with its
divisions, the second and third Brasses, were still the most distinctive features of the national mint. The historic value of the
devices and inscriptions on these coins, with their not infrequent
high artistic execution, have attracted to them the greatest attention. From such legends as.zEgypta catta, JZudea capta, Rex Parthis datus, Rex Armen dat, Germania subacta, Armenia et Mesopotamia in potestatem -R. HR. redactce, we could almost prepare, as
Addison has said, a State Gazette.
The Second Triumvirate soon broke up. After triumphing over
their opponents, the confederates quarrelled among themselves.
This ultimately settled into a contest between Octavius and Antony. Antony united his fortunes with those of Cleopatra, Queen
of Egypt, perishing with her in her war with Rome, and thus left
Octavius in sole possession of the Empire of the world.
CAIUS OCTAVIUS, grand nephew and adopted heir of Julius
Casar, was born in 63 B. C. In 27 B. C. the Senate conferred on
him that title of AUGUSTUS, or " Consecrated," by which he is now
personally known. On the earliest sestertius he issued, we find
the portrait of Julius Cmasar, with the inscription Divus Julius,while
the reverse bore that of Augustus himself, with the legend Divi
Filius-son of the God, with reference to his adoption by the
deified Caesar. By this politic act he connected himself with the
fame of the great Julius, and sheltered the placing of his own portrait on the coin by the precedent of that of Cmesar's.




ANCIENT AND MIODERN.                    37
FIRST LBIONZE OF AUGUSTUS.
On later issues the inscription is often simply Divwes Augustus,
with head, while the reverses are almost countless. As the inscriptions or legends on the Roman coins consist generally of the names
and official titles of the rulers, we place in the Appendix full lists
of all these.
Coins were frequently struck during an Emperor's reign bearing
the portraits of members of his family, all of which are generally
included in the series of the Emperor himself; thus, of Augustus
we have coins of his wife, Livia -Drusilla, who is always called
Julia Augusta on Latin coins; of JTlia, his profligate daughter; of
Agrippa, his  son-in-law, and of Caius and Lucius, his grandsons. After a career of wonderful prosperity, finding Rome, it is
said, built of bricks, and leaving it of marble, and having so fostered art and literature that the Augutsta)n Age has become a proverbial phrase, Augustus died 14 A. D., aged seventy-seven.
TIBERIUs Claudius Nero, son of Augustus' second wife, Livia,
succeeded to the empire on his step-father's death. His career
was so infamous for its vice and debauchery, that after his death
(he was smothered, when 78 years old, by his successor) the Senate
called in all the issue of the first bronze, which is, therefore, now
FIRST BRONZE OF TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS, BORN B. C. 42.
rather scarce, though the second and third bronzes are very plentiful.  There are also coins of his son, Drusus J1ioor, on whose




38              THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
coins we always read DRUSUS CAESAR; of the Emperor's brother,
Drusus Senior, whose titles read DRusus, or more frequently,
NERO CLAUDIUS DRUSUS; of Antonia, the wife of Drusus Senior;
of Germanicus, son of Drusus Senior, described on coins as Germ.
Caesar, or Germanicus Coesar, Ti Aug., and so on; of his wife,
Agrippina Senior, and of their eldest children, Nero and )rusus.
Tiberius was succeeded in 37 A. D. by Caius, youngest son of
Germanicus and Agrippina, but better known as CALIGULA. In the
early period of his reign he was lavishly generous and merciful,
but he soon far surpassed Tiberius in his crimes and infamy. In
his case, also, the Senate, after his death, called in the first bronze,
so that, as his reign was short, but few have come down to us.
The one that we engrave has figures of the Emperor's three sisters
on the reverse.
FIRST BRONZE OF CALIGULA.
The title Imperator as a surname, is found on Caligula's colonial coins.
It was this Emperor who wished that all the Roman people had
but one neck that he might decapitate Rome at one blow. In
his madness he stabled his favorite horse in the palace, fed it on
gilded oats, made it a member of the college of priests, and raised
it to the consulship! He afterwards proclaimed himself a god,
and had temples erected and sacrifices offered to himself.
In 41 A. D., Caligula was succeeded by Tiberius Claudius
Drusus, the youngest son of Drusus Senior. Owing to his delicate health and studious habits, CLAUDIUS had escaped Caligula's
jealousy, but, on his death, was proclaimed Emperor by the Prmetorian guards. The rewards he gave to these troops gave the first
example of that fatal custom which afterwards subjected Rome to
a military despotism.
In public matters the government was wholly in the hands of
the Emperor's infamous wife, lilessalina, and, on her execution, in
those of her as profligate successor, Agrippina. During this reign
the conquest of Britain was commenced and the great Claudian




Ai;'CIENT AND MODERN.                            39
FIRST BRONZE OF TIBERIUS (CLAUDIUS DRUSUS.
aqueduct, employing some 30,000 men for ten or twelve years,rwas
pushed forward.  On the latin coins of Claudius the legend reads,
Ti. Claud. or Claudius Csesar, with Imperator as a surname, while
on the Colonials* this title is found only as a prenomen.
* The Roman C(olonia had its origin in the settlement in some conquered country of
troops whose military services were requited by grants of land. To encourage emigration into such localities and to attach the inhabitants to Rome, certain political
privileges, such as Roman or Italian citizenship, were conferred upon them. The
Colony means, therefore, the whole district, while the 71/funicipality denotes its chief
town. Money was issued sometimes in the name of the former, sometimes in that
of the latter. The following is a complete list of these places, the Municipalities
being in italic:
Abdera.                   Corduba.                   Osicerda.
Acci.                      Corinthus.                Puestum.
3Elia Capitolina.         Cremna.                    Panormus.
Agrigentum.               Damascus.                  Parada.
Agrippina.                Dortosa.                   Parium.
Alexandrina.              Deuthum.                   Parlais.
Antioch (Pisidia.)        Dim.                       Patra.
"   (Syria.)          Ebora.                     Patricia Corduba.
Aparmoea.                 Edessa.                    Pax Julia.
Arva.                     Emerita.                   Pella.
Asta.                     Emisa.                     Philippi.
Asturica..Emporia.                  Philippolis.
Babba.                    Ernia.                     Ptolemais.
Berytus.                  Ercavica.                  Rhesoena.
Bilbilis.                  Gades.                    Romula.
Bostra.                   Germe.                     Ruscino.
Brundusiun.                Graccuris.                Sagunztum.
Burthrotum.               Heliopolis.                Sebaste
Cabellio.                 Junium.                    Sidon.
Csesaraugusta.            ]lercavonia.               Singara.
Ccesarea (Libanus.)       llerda.                    Sinope.
Ccesarea (Judea.)         Ilici.                    Stobi.
Calagurris.               Italica.                   Tarraco.
Carrhoe.                  Julia.                     Thessalonica.
Carteia.                  Laodicea.                  Traducta.
Carthago Nova, Taragon.   Leptis.                    Turiaso.
Carthago Vetus.           Neapolis.                  Tyana.
Cascantiurm.              Nemausus.                   yrus.
Cassandrea.        _       Nisibi.                   Valentia.
Celsa.                    Norba.                     Vienna.
Clunia.                    Obulco.                   Viminiacum.
Ceela.                    Ocea.                      Visontimn.
Comana.                   Olba.                      Utica.
Copia.                     Osca.




40              THE COINAGES OF THE'-VOR.lD;
Claudius was poisoned in 54 A. D. by his wife, Agnrippina, when
his step-son, Lucius Domitius Nero, whom he had adopted as his
heir in 50 A. D., and who had then taken the names of Tiberius
Clauclius NERO -Drusus, succeeded him. In many respects, the
reign of Nero was one of the most wretched that ever Rome endured. At last the legions rose in revolt, and after a reign of
fourteen years Nero ended his days by suicide.  Aith all his
FIRST BRONZE OF TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS NERO DRUSUS.
baseness, Nero was a great lover of the fine arts, and the coinage
of his reign is perhaps the best in the whole Roman series, the
designs being interesting, the metal hard, and the devices
well cut. One of the most interesting of his coins commemorates
the great peace in the reign of Augustus, when, for the third time
in Roman history, the Temple of Janus was shut. On this coin
the Temple is represented with its door shut, the inscription being
Pace P. R. Terra AIarique parta Janum clusit-Peace prevailing on Land and Sea, the Roman People closed the Temple of
Janus.
Nero's family coins are those of his wives Octavia-Poppcea, and
her daughter Claudia, and Messrlinza, all colonials, and exceedingly rare.
Nero was succeeded in 68 A. D., by GALBA, a member of an ancient Roman family. Failing sufficiently to pay the Praetorians
FIRST BIRONZE OF SERVnIUS S-LPICIUS -TALB,.




ANCIENT AND 3MODENS.                   41
for their services, these soon revolted, and a short reign of seven
months was closed by the Emperor's murder as he was addressing the mutineers. His coins are very abundant.
The figure of  nomca, in our illustration, is exceedingly bold and
striking, and is probably the original of the figure of Britannia on
English money, unless, indeed, we are to suppose a combination
by the English mint-master of this coin and of that second brass
of Hadrian's, which has on the reverse a female warrior seated on
a rock, holding a spear, with a shield beside her, the word _Britcnlnia forming the legend round the field.
On the death of Galba, MIarcus Salvius OTI-IO, who claimed
descent from the ancient Kings of Etruria, was proclaimed Emperor by the Italian troops. The German Legions, however,
proclaimed their General, Aulus Vitellius, Emperor.  Civil war
ensued, when Otho, having received a crushing defeat, committed
suicide after a reign of some ninety days. Of Otho, a few gold
and silver coins exist, but as yet at least no bronze ones have
been discovered.
AvLUS VITELLIUS ascended the throne in 69 A. D. Devoid, as
Emperor, of the energy and ability he had shown in a subordinate position, he gave himself up to the lowest and coarsest
indulgences, and after a reign of eight months fell in a military
revolt. His coins in Gold are rare, in Silver common, and in
Bronze scarce. A few family coins exist, of his father, Lucius
Vitellius, to whom the title of Censor is given-a fact unmentioned in history. The titles CGesar and Pater Patrice never
occur on the coins of Vitellius.
Nero had appointed Titus Flavius Vespasianus to be commander of the troops fighting against the Jews. On the death of
Otho, the Eastern legions, indignant that the Praetorians should
have chosen a sovereign without consulting them, proclaimed
VESPASIAN Emperor, an act concurred in by all the armies in the
East, and, on the death of Vitellius, by Rorne itself.  Vespasian's
reign lasted for ten years, and ended with his dying from natural
FIRST BRONZE OF JULIUS FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS.




42              TiHE COINAGES OF TIlE AORLLD;
causes, the first time since Augustus that a Roman Emperor
had so died.
Vespasian's reign is chiefly famous for his wars with the Jews
and the final overthrow of their power. This he commemorated
by a very interesting and rather extensive series of coins, with
reverses that are descriptive of the event. There are a few family
coins of this reign, some of which are of the greatest rarity,
such as of his wife Flavia Domzitillac, who died before her husband
became Emperor, and also of Domitilla their daughter, who died
young.  Those of Titus and Do~mitian,, his two sons, are abundant.
On the death of Vespasian in 79 A. D., his eldest son, TITUS
Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, who had been associated with his
father in the government in 71 A. D., was proclaimed Emperor.
His early training and experience as a soldier qualified him for the
chief command in Judea when his father was proclaimed Emperor.
His successes, crowned by the capture and destruction of Jerusalem, 70 A. D., and the annihilation of the Jewish nation, were rewarded by a special triumph at Rome. An arch, which still survives, was erected in his honor, different incidents of his career
being depicted on it. On many of his coins there are reverses like
those of the Jducea C(Capta series of his father.
FIRST BIRONZTE OF TITUS FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS.
Titus, for his great benevolence, was called " The love and delight
of the human race," but, in the third year of his reign, died suddenly-poisoned, it was believed, by his younger brother, Domitian. The coins of Titus are very numerous, and in all metals,
though the Colonial and Imperial Greek are somewhat rare.
Titus reissued in bronze many of the finer coins of his predecessors. These restored ones, or _Restitzuti, as they are called, are
rather rare, and much sought for. The legend of T. Ccesar Vespa
proclaims the coin to be one of Titus'; but if it read Ti. Ccesar
Vesp., it is a reissue by Titus of a coin of Tiberius.  A few coins
of his daughter Julia, in all metals, have come down to us.




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                    43
Titus was succeeded by his brother Titus Flavius DOrIITIANUS,.
the last of those commonly called the Twelve Cmesars, and in whom
the Flavian and Cmesarian families ended. At first his reign promised to be a continuation of that of Titus, but, soured by great.
military losses in Germany, he vented his wrath at home, murdering or banishing almost every citizen of rank or standing. After
a reign of sixteen years Domitian was assassinated by the sanction, if not order, of his wife Domitia, whom he had doomed to
death.
The coins of Domitian are very common, and in the legend the
name Domitian  or its initial letter D,  is always present;
while Germ. or Germanicus frequently occurs in support of his
fictitious German conquests, a fiction which he carried so far as to
parody the Jdcta Catpta of Titus, by issuing some coins with
the legend Germaniac Ccpta on them.
FIRST BRONZE OF TITUS FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS.
The reverse of our illustration records an incident of the Saecular Games: the Emperor, seated on a throne whose pedestal bears
the word FRUGES —corn, is distributing bread in the form of ringshaped loaves, to two citizens.  Coins of his wife Domitia are
very abundant.




CHAPTER VII.
In 96 A. D., Marcus Cocceius NERVA was chosen Emperor by
the Senate, and during his short reign conducted public affairs
with great' wisdom  and uprightness. Finding himself unable to
keep the Prdetorian Guards in check, he adopted Trajan, then
commander of the German Legions, who becamne his successor in
98 A. D.  On his accession, Nerva issued a coin or medal with
the device of two hands joined and the legend Concorcdia Exercitum, a device that occurs on many of his coins with a great
variety of details.
FIRST BRONZE OF NERVA.
Nerva's adopted son Marcus Ulpius Trajanitus Crinitus, a Spaniarcl by birth, become Emperor in 97 A. D.  He personally led
the legions that subdued Dacia, Armenia and Mesopotamia, adding those countries to the Roman territories. His foreion career
was one of continuous conquest, and his domestic government one
of benevolence and justice, contributing greatly to the improvement and beautifying of Rome.  The many important events
of Trajan's lengthened reign are recorded on his bronze coinage.
On the coins of Trajan a new title appears, Optimnts Princeps,
given to this Emperor by the Senate in acknowledgment of his
virtuous character and equitable administration.
Trajan made a large reissue of the gold and silver coins of his
predecessors, and though his own coins are very plentiful, the former are very scarce.
Trajan was succeeded in 117 A. D., by his adopted son and half
1ousin, Publius ~Elius HADRIAIxus, whose coin issues surpass in number, variety, and execution those of any other Emperor.  Many
perils threatened the Empire at this period, but by a judicious
conciliating of some tribes and rigorous repressing of others he




ANCIENT AND MTODENx.                  4a
extricated Rome from her dangers, and received from the Senate
the title of Palcter Pctrtie. To keep back the Picts who were pressing down on the Roman garrison in Britain, he built a great wall
from the Solway to the Tyne, right across the whole country.
In Turkey he founded what is still the second city of that Empire,
and which continues to bear his name, while in many other localities abundant remains are found of the great energy of this distinguished ruler.
In 138 A. D., Hadrian adopted as his heir Titus Aurelius Fulvius
ANTONINUS, a native of NYegnaiusus, now Nimzes, in Gaul, and who
then assumed the names of T. zElius Hadrianus Antoninus, and
ascended the throne the same year. The private character of this
monarch was worthy of all praise, while as a ruler he acted as the
father of his people. " Happy the nation," it has been said, "that
has no history," and the annals of Rome during the reign of A. are
singularly free from the records of wars or revolts, and are occupiedcl almost altogether with the accounts of domestic improvements.
The title Pius, reminding us of Virgil's Pius _Eneas, was conferred
on Antoninus by the Senate because of his filial attachment to
Hadrian.
FIRST BPROxNZE OF ANTON-INXS.
When Hadrian adopted Antoninus as his successor, Antoninus
adopted Marcus Aurius Verus as his heir. Hadrian, who had the
highest estimate of the truthfulness of Verus, conferred on him the
title of Verissimus, playing on his name Veit's.  In 101 A. D.,
Verus succeeded to the throne as MARcus AURELIUS ANTONINUS,
when his career, both in public and in private, proved him to be
one of the most illustrious ornaments of our race. His coins are
very numerous, and, from the fullness and v ariety of their legend,
would almost enable us to construct a history of his reign.
Aurelius, having died at Vindebono, now Vienna, in 180 A D.,
was succeeded by his son Lucius 3MIarcus Aurelius Co3rrODus Antoninus, whose character and career were as infamous as his
father's had been illustrious. In his fourteenth year Commodus
received from the Senate the new title of Prince2)s Juventutis, and




46             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
in his fifteenth was associated with his father in the government.
The coins of this half monster, half madman, rank next to Trajan's
for number, variety and beauty, and from their legends have been
classified thus: those struck from the time when he was created
Coesar, 166 A. D., down to 180 A. D., and bearing the names of
Lucius, Aurelius or Commodus; those sti-uck between 180 A. D.
and 191 A. D. having on them Marcus, Commodus, or Antoninus,
and sometimes Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus; and lastly,
those struck between this period and his death, having the name
~Elius added to the others.
FIRST BRONZE OF COMMODUS.
After a reign of twelve years, Commodus was strangled, and
Publius Helvius PERTINAX raised to the throne. By attempting,
however, to reform the military service, Pertinax incurred the enmity of the troops, and after a short reign of eighty-seven days
was assassinated by a band of Prmetorians.  Owing to the short
duration of his rule, the coins of Pertinax are very scarce. They
bear the legend Imp. Caes. P. Helv. Pert. Aug.
On the murder of Pertinax in 193 A. D., the army put up the
throne for sale, when it was purchased by Marcus DIDIUS Severus
JULIANUS. After, however, a reign of but sixty days, the Senate,
alarmed by the approach to Rome of Lucius Septimius Severus,
who claimed the throne and was supported by the legions of
Gaul and Germany, ordered Julianus to be put to death, so that his
coins are very scarce.
The purple was now conferred on CAIUS PESCENNIUS NIGER,
commander of the army in the East, by the troops under him.
The coins of this monarch are all colonials and of the highest
degree of rarity. While the Asiatic Legions had proclaimed NIGER,
Emperor, those of Britain proclaimed Decimus CLODIUS Septimius
ALBINUS, and those of Gaul and Germany proclaimed SEVERIS.
Severus promptly secured Rome and conciliated Clodius Albinus
by making him Ccesar. He then marched against Niger and completely routed him in a battle on the banks of the Issus, 195 A. D.
Turning then on Clodius, he finally defeated him at Lyons, 197




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                  47
A. D., remaining thus, without a rival, in the possession of the
throne. Coins of Clodius Albinus are exceedingly rare, those
with C(esar being alone considered Roman.
The career of Lucius Septimius SEVERUS was that of a soldier.
He personally commanded the legions alike in their conflicts with
the Parthians in Central Asia, and with the Picts and Scots or in
the wilds of Britain. His coins are very numerous and record
many notable events.
On the death of Severus at York in A. D. 211, his sons Marcus
Aurelius Antoninus BASSIANUS, nick-named CARACALLA, and Publius Septimius GETA Caesar conjointly occupied the throne. This
joint sovereignty lasted for a year, when Caracalla murdered his
brother. His subsequent career was one of frightful cruelty and
vice, closing with his murder in 217 A. D., by a Pr-etorian.
The vacant throne was now occupied by Ilarcus Opelius Severus
MAACRINUS, by whose orders Caracalla had been assassinated, and
who was proclaimed Emperor by the Plretorians. His reign was
brief and unmarked by events of national importance. His coins
are not common.
While lMacrinus had been proclaimed Emperor at Rome, the
Eastern legions had proclaimed their general Varius Avitus Bassianus, nephew of Julia Domna.  In his youth this individual had
become a priest of the Syro-Phcenician Sun-god El-gabal, whence
his own popular name of ELAGABALUS. The rivals met at Antioch,
when, MIacrinus having been slain, Elagabalus became monarch,
taking the names of Caracalla Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, claiming to be his son. His career was one of unspeakable debauchery,
and lasted for less than four years, when he too fell by the Prsetorians. His coins are moderately common and are often mistaken for
those of Caracalla. A singular device on many of his coins is that
of a conical-shaped stone ornamented with stars, or with stars in
the field, the symbol of his deity El-gabal.
Elagabalus, having perished in a mutiny of his troops, was succeeded in 222 A. D. by his adopted son, known in history as.SEVERUS ALEXANDER. Alexander paid great attention to the
coinage, and the issues of his reign show that Rome had now
reached the second stage of national life —that in which men, having
ceased to do great deeds, erect memorials of qualities or principles
that are no longer current in society.  Personally one of the best
of R-toman Emperors, SEVERIUS soon became hateful to the fierce
Prsetorians, and in a revolt headed by Maximinus, he and his mother,
Julia Manmuea, perished, civil liberty at Rome perishing  with
them, the Empire changing into a military despotism.
Caius Julius Verus MIAXI.AINUS, who ascended the throne in 235
A. D., was by birth a Goth, and being a man more than eight
feet in height, was possessed of immense physical strength. His




48             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
reign lasted for but a couple of years; his coins are prettyiabundant, the legends on those issued at Rome being sinlplyUJfazimirus; on the Latin colonials, Julius Maximinus; and on the Greek,
Caius Jul Verus Maximinus.
Great anarchy now prevailed in the Roman Empire. Everywhere the legions elected their favorite general as Emperor, only
after a few days or months possession of the titles, to replace the
victim of their election by some other. The coins of such persons
possess neither artistic nor historic merits, yet are much sought for
because of their excessive rarity.   WVe shall therefore simply
mention the names of a few of the better knownv Emperors.  The
GoRDIANs, father and son, both bearing the same legend, Imp. C.
M. Ant. Gordianus Afr. Aug., and distinguishable only by the difference between the effigies, are much sought for. Coins exist of
Decimus C-elius BALBINUS, and of Marcus Clodius PUPIENUS,
both of whom were declared Emperors, and both perished within
a year. Marcus Antonius Gordianus, commonly known as GonDIANUS III., ascended the throne in 238 A.D., as:[I. Ant. Gordianus,
the absence of the Africanus from  the legend sufficiently distinguishing his coins, which are very numerous, from those of his
father or grandfather.
DENARIUS OF GORDIANUS III.
The legend on the reverse reads, Provincia Mcesia sqperioris, Col
Vim An. IIII.
In 244 A. D., Gordianus was killed in a revolt and Marcus
Julius PHILIPPUs, prefect of the Pretorians, ascended the throne.
His reign lasted for five years. His coins and those of his wife,
Marcia Otacilia Severa, are abundant. In 247 A. D., Philip associated with him in the government his eldest son, also Marcus Julius Philippus, whose coins ae  inscribed MA. Jul. Philip Ce.M. Jul. Philippus nob. Coes.-Imp. M. Jul. Philippus Aug. The
coins of Caius Messius Quintus TRAJANUS DECIus, who reigned
in a military character 249-251 A. D., are very common and
are inscribed Imp. C. M. Q. Trajanus Decius —Imp. Cas. C. 3Mess.
Q. Decius Traj. Aug.-while coins of his son Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Trajanus Decius, who had shared the throne with
his father and perished with him, always bear the whole or part




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                      49
of his name, tHerennius.  Coins of his brother, Caius Valens
Hostilianus Messius Quintus are scarce, his reign lasting but a
few months. The coins of Caius Vilius Trebonianus Gallus, 251254 A.D., are easily distinguished by their inscriptions, as are those
of Volusianus. During the reign of Publius Licinius Valerianus, there were many issues of coins that are still abundant, while
of his son, Publius Licinius Gallienus, and of his wife, Cornelia
Salonina, we have also many, but most of them greatly debased.
The reign of Gallienus was marked by a large number of restorations or memorial coins in honor of the early Emperors, inscribed
Divo Augusto, Divo Vespasiano, Divo Tito, Divo Nervec, Divo
Trajano, ladriano, Pio, (Antoninus Pius,) Marco, (Marcus Aurelius,) Marco Antonino, Severo, (Septimius Severus), Alexandro,
(Severus Alexander), most of which have the word CONSECRATIO,
to denote that these persons had been enrolled among the gods, on
the reverse, and thus form what is known as the Consecration series.* These coins are made in billon, an alloy of a very little
silver to a large amount of copper, largely used now-a-days in the
coinage of Central Europe.  The object of the alloy is to avoid
the bulkiness of large copper coin, but it is easily counterfeited
and soon acquires a dirty look and feel.
CONSECRATIO DENARIUS, OF MARINIANA, WIFE OF VALERIANUS AND
MOTHER OF GALLIENUS.
GALLIENUS was succeeded by his son SALONINUS, of whom we
have much billon or base silver money, but whose bronzes are very
rare.  On the murder of this monarch, the purple was assumed by
Marcus Cassianus Latinius POSTUAMUS, who  issued  many first
bronzes, after which that coin disappeared from the Roman mintage. The reign of Postumus marks the commencement, 258 A. D.,
of that season of dreadful confusion and disorganization known as
the period of the Thirty Tyrants. History has not preserved for
us the names of all those persons, so we must take the figure as
a round number.
* Consecratio, answering to the Greek Apotheosis, was the deification of an individual, and was frequently denoted by three different designs, a funeral pile, generally found on gold coins; an eagle ora peacock, generally found on silver or billon,
and an altar with fire, generally found on brass.




50             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
BRONZE OF POSTUMUS, 258 A, D,
Of some of these, coins have come down to us, and of others so
many counterfeits are in circulation, that the collector must exercise
much care in dealing with them.
The Roman Empire was now apparently tumbling to pieces.
The Huns swept across its provinces in the west; the Goths desolated Achaia, sacking Athens and Corinth; while the Persians,
under Sapor, laid waste the Asiatic territory. The catastrophe
was, however, delayed through the efforts of men like Marcus Aurelius CLAUDIUS, surnamed GOTHICUS from the great victory, 269 A.D.
in which he drove back the Goths; of Lucius Claudius Domitius
AURELIANUS, one of the greatest of Roman Emperors, and to whom
the title "Restorer of the Roman Empire" was given; of Marcus
Aurelius PRoBus and of Marcus Aurelius CARUS. When Caius Valerius DIOCLETIANUS ascended the throne, in 284 A. D., the danger
seemed past. The consciousness that no one man could administer
the affairs of so vast an Empire led Diocletian to divide the Government into East, which he kept in his own hands, and into West,
which he assigned to MAXIMIANUs HERCULIUs, whom he had asassumed as colleague.
The floodgates of intrigue and revolt were now opened. A
stream of civil dissension overspread the Empire till the strong
hand of Flavius Galerius Valens Constantinus, son of Chlorus,
adopted son of Maximianus Herculius, in 323 A. D., held the
BRONZE OF CONSTANTINE I., 323 A. D.
sceptre. CONSTANTINE I., or THE GREAT, transferred the seat of
Empire to Byzantiunm, which he named Constantinople, and declared Christianity to be the religion of the State. This change led
to the presence of Christian symbols on the Imperial coinage.
The coins of Constantine are exceedingly abundant, and distin



ANCIENT AND MODERIN.                    51
guishable from those of his son Flavius Claudius Julius Constantinus, known as Constantine II., by the absence from them of the
Claucldius, always found on those of his son, on whose coins also
appears the labarurm or sacred banner, having on it the monogram
of Christ.* In 361 A. D., Flavius Claudius JULIANUS I., known as
Julian the Apostate, nephew of Constantine the Great, ascended
the throne, and the Christian symbols disappear, to reappear,
however, on the coinages of his successors.
In 395 A. D., Theodosius divided the Empire, bestowing
Rome and the Western Provinces generally on his second son,
HoNORIUS. The coins of Honorius, whose capital was Ravenna, are
not scarce, most of them having CONOB in the exergue.  During
this reign, the Roman authority was rapidly disappearing, Spain,
Gaul and Pannonia, (the modern Austria), becoming occupied by
invading German and Gothic tribes, driven from their homes by
the Huns, some of these latter even crossing the Alps. At the head
of his Visigoths, Alaric, who had previously swept Greece and plundered Athens, captured, in 410 A. D., Rome itself, when the Senate
placed upon its throne PRIscus ATTALUS, of whom a few coins remain. For fifty years after this, the history of Rome is but a
record of court intrigues and conspiracies, of ecclesiastical dissensions, and of feeble and futile efforts to keep back the ever advancing power of the barbarians. Alaric and his Goths having shown
the way to Rome, Attila and his Huns followed in 452 A. D.,
and a second capture of the city was averted only by the wise
submissiveness of Pope Leo the 1st. In a few  years, however,
Genseric, King of the Vandals, who had crossed from Spain into
Africa, recrossed the Mediterranean, captured Rome and  so
effectively destroyed its treasures as to lay a foundation for the
word Vandalism.
Gaul, Britain, Spain, Northern Africa, the Mediterranean Islands,
had now all been wrested from Rome and were being ruled or misruled by the fierce chiefs of fiercer tribes, when, in 475 A. D.,
RoMULus AUGUSTUS, sneeringly called Augustulues by the people,
who had been placed on the throne by his father Orestes, was
deposed by Odoacer, King of the Heruli, and the Roman Western
Empire ceased to exist.
THE GOTHIC KINGDOM.
With ODOACER, A. D. 476, begins the Gothic Kingdom of Italy,
lasting for nearly a century. During this time we have the names
of THEODORIC, who assumed the title of King of Italy, and ranks
*In the exergue of many coins, the word or letters Cornob may be found. As the
name of the mint is generally on that part of the coin, these letters are supposed
to stand for constantinoypoli Rorce NovUce officince B: B being the Greek numeral for 2,
denoting probably the second department or officer of the mint.




52            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
among the greatest of monarchs; of ATHALARICUS, 526 A. D.,
grandson of Theodoric, and of THEODOHATUS, 534 A. D., of whom
we know very little. The coinages of these princes are known
only by a few pieces of silver or third bronze, bearing simply the
name of the monarch, and the title Rex. On the death of Theodohatus, the crown fell to WITIGES, who, after a brief career, was
defeated and captured by Belisarius. With Baduela, or Baduila,
his successor, 552 A. D., on whose coins, as on those of his predecessor, the head of Justinian appears, the Gothic Kingdom of
Italy ended, and the Provinces of the West, emerging from their
dependent condition, took form and shape as independent communities-the parents of the modern nations of Europe.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE EASTERN EMPIRE.
From the permanent division of the Roman Empire, on the
death of Theodosius the Great in 395 A. D., is to be dated a new
coin period. The symbols, devices and legends on the Roman
Eastern coinage had hitherto been purely Heathen. But now
Christian symbols,-such as the effigy of Christ, the Monogram,
the Cross, the Virgin Mother, new titles, different letter characters,
a different artistic style,-appear, to all of which the term Byzantine has been applied. This Byzantine period extended from the
reign of Theodosius the Great, down to 1453 A. D., when Constantinople was captured by Mahommed the Second and the
Eastern Empire swept away. The first section of this period extends down to ALEXIUS COMNENUS in 1081 A. D. Anastasius,
(491 A. D.), greatly modified and improved the coinage, issuing
in gold the Solidzus, a modern name for the Roman Aureus, and
worth about five dollars in gold, and the Triens, or the one-third of
-the Solidus, and in copper, pieces resembling the Roman Sestertius.
_Domnizus Noster ANASTASIUS, 490 A. D,




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                           53
The As of the Roman Empire had gradually been debased in
weight, till it was represented only by the third bronze. This
again in the East had been brought down to the weight of ten
grains, and known  as the nomnia, had yet become the  standard of value. To the copper coinage of the East, the term
follis, the name given by Dioclesian to a new piece he issued,
was applied, stamped so as to declare how many noumia were contained in it. On these Byzantine coins, accordingly, we frequently
find the whole field of the reverse covered by a large coarse letter, used as one of the Greek numerals, according to the following
table:*
Units,    A  B  r   J  E   S  Z  H   0
1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9
Tens,         I  K  A  M  N                      0  H  T
10   20   30   40   50   60   70   80   90
Hundreds,  P    2        T    T      0   X       f   12   7t
100  200  300  400  500  600  700  800  900
The letter M, therefore, is the numeral of value for forty, while
K, also frequently met with, is that of ten-noumia.  In the exergue, the letters CON, standing for Constantinople, frequently occur. By degrees Greek characters became employed, and were
mixed up in a barbarous manner with Roman ones.
No history in the world presents us with such a record of crimes
on the part of rulers and of sufferings on the part of people, as that
of the Byzantine Empire. Ambition, intensified by religious fanaticism, led to a series of outrages against humanity that are without
a parallel.  While the Empire was thus torn by internal dissensions, it was little able to cope successfully with foreign assailants.
In A.D. 636-641, the Caliph Omar, at the head of his Saracen hordes,
LEO III. WiTiI HIS SONS CONSTANTINE V., OR COPRONYMUS,
A-ND LEO IV. 7 2 0 A. 1).
* On Greek regal coins we frequently have the date expressed by combinations of the
letters given above. There being, however, no universally recognized starting place, such as
we have in the creation of the world, or the Birth of Christ, the dates denote the year of a
certain epoch or period, according to the country and dynasty, such as the Pontic era, wshich
dates from the accession of the Kings of Pontus and Bosphorus, and corresponds to our 301
B. C., the Seletcidan era dating from Seleucus, 312 B. C. Dates on the Ptolemy coins denote the year of the king's reign.




54             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
shattered the Asiatic power of the Empire, and commenced that
series of attempts on Constantinople which was afterwards so successful. In 720 A.D., Leo III., a man of obscure birth, had become
General of the Eastern Army. Having successfully conspired
against Theodore III., whom he drove into a monastery, Leo ascended the throne and reigned for twenty-four years. From 857
to 867 A. D. the Byzantine sceptre was held by Michael III., son
of Theophilus and Theodora. During the minority of her son,
MIICHAEL AND HIS MOTHER THEODORA, 57 A. D.,
WITII BUST OF CHRIST.
Theodora had reigned, but on Michael's accession he consigned her
to a convent, in which she died.
In 1081 A.D., Alexius Comnenus deposed Nicephorus.  The
reign of Alexius is memorable in Byzantine history, as it was the
era in which those transactions began that led ultimately to the
overthrow of the empire.
ALEXIUS COMINENUS, 1081 A. D., WITHI FIGURE OF CHRIST. *
In 1081 A. D. came the Crusaders marching towards Jerusalem.
Necessarily they took part in Byzantine politics, but did not at
first meddle with the Empire.  Soon, however, their hosts
became mere mercenaries, and in 1203 A. D. assisted Alexius IV.
in recovering the throne from his uncle, who had usurped it. Having thus learned their power, the Latin soldiers next year took
* Michael was afterwards murdered by Basilius I., whom he had associated with him ill the
empire.




ANCIENT AND IMOIDERN,                55
possession of the throne themselves, and placing Baldwin, son of
the Count of Flanders, on the throne of Constantinople, divided
the territory among their four leading chiefs. The Byzantine
court removed to Nicea and watched its opportunity. The varying
fortunes of the Crusaders gave to the Byzantines an opportunity of
recovering their capital. In 1207 A.D., Michael Paleologus, aided
by the Genoese, recovered Constantinople, and the last chapter of
Byzantine history began. The failure of the Crusaders to retain
Jerusalem had been followed by a Turkish invasion of Europe.
The hour of destiny, long delayed by the Western help given to
the Byzantines, at last arrived. Offended by the insults offered
to their Church, the Latin princes refused to help any longer. On
May 29th, 1453 A. D., Constantine Palheologus being on the
throne, Constantinople was captured by the Turks, and the last
representative of the great Roman Empire passed away.
Mints of the Eastern Emperors.
Alexandria,   -   -   -   -   AAE, AAE,, (St. Pierre.)
Antioch in Syria, (Thenopolis), - ANT, THEVP, THEV.
Carthage, -   -   -   -   -   CAR, KAR, KART.
Heracleia,                    - H.
Catania, -   -   -   -   -   CAT.
Tiberias,   -   -   -   -   - TIBERIAJOC.
Constantinople,    -   -   -   CON, CONS, CONST, KON.
Cyprus,    -   -   -   -   - KVR.
Constantia in Cyprus,   -   -   KcoN.
Cyzique,            - -   -   -   - CYZ, KYZ.
Cherson, -                      XEP, (St. Eugene.)
Milan, -   -   -   -   -   - MD'PS.
Marseilles,    -   -   -   -   MA.
Nicomedia, -   -   -   -   - NIG, NIKO.
Nice,    -   -   -   -   -   ST. DEMETRIUS.
Ravenna,   -   -   -   -   - RA RAYV RAVENNA.
Rome,.            ROM ROMA.
Thessalonica,    -   -   -   - TES, OEC.
Vienna,  V-   -                 VIENNA.
Sicily, -                        SCL.
THE CRUSADERS.
The Crusades, planned with the view of securing to Christians
the right of worshipping at the Holy Places in Palestine, soon became diverted into seeking the recovery of the whole territory
from the Turks. As the Crusading armies began gradually to




56             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD.
spread themselves throughout Syria and its adjacent districts, they
established local sovereignties, in almost all of which money was
struck. We have thus, coins of the Princes of Antioch, the series
lasting from 1100 A. D., of the Counts of Edessa and of Tripoli,
of the Kings of Jerusalem and of Cyprus, and of the Lords of
Sidon and of Beyrout. To these may be added the coins of the
western princes who assumed eastern titles, such as the Princes
of Achaia, the Dukes of Athens, the Lords of Corfu, Ithaca,
Cephalonia, and the like. On these coins there is generally
some religious emblems, with the name of the place and of the
prince in the legend on the reverse.




MODERN COINTAGES.
CHAPTER IX.
FRANCE.
The coinages of modern Europe date from the break up of the,
Roman Empire, and especially from the setting up of a comparatively strong government in France.  The conquests of the French
monarchs soon included a large part of Europe. The great divi —
sion of this territory that took place during the Carlovingian dynasty into the German Empire, Italy, and Spain, furnishes us with
a natural order to be followed, the other European nations assuming importance at a date somewhat later.  In treating, therefore,of
modern coinages, we shall proceed, in the pages that follow, along
the lines now indicated. Our readers, we trust, will keep ever in
mind that our present custom of confining the devices and legends on coins* to the likeness, with name and titles of the
sovereign, is of very recent origin, and is even yet not universal.
During the Middle Ages a large part of European coin was
medallic in its character, which, along with the frequent changes.
of territorial limits, has resulted in an endless variety of designs.
In attempting any approach to system in our arrangement of
modern coins, we must therefore adhere as closely as possible to,
historical lines.
While, then, the modern coinages of Europe commence on the
overthrow of the Roman Empire, yet the numismatist will remember
that there was a coinage in Gaul previous to that event. This
native coinage was evidently suggested by the Staters of the
Macedonian Philip, the coins of Northern Spain, and those of the
Greek colony of Massilia or Marseilles.  Roman influence, as resuiting from commerce and war, was also felt and is shown. The
metals employed were gold, silver, electrum, bronze and potin;
the characters were Greek, Celtiberian, or Latin, and the designs
* The names of modern coins are much more varied than were those of antiquity. A few
of these names are connected with the coins of former days; many are taken from the names
of the issuers, as the Edwarlds, the lCilicms, the Louis, &c.; others from the locality or city;
some from the devices they bear, while others are derived, simply from. their intrinsic value,.
or their proportion to the national standard.




,5 8           THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
were a blending of the mythology of the strangers with that of
the natives.
In 510 A. D., Gaul was recognized by Anastasius as an
independent kingdom under Childeric. The Franks (or Freemen,
a name assumed by a confederation of German tribes), had not
merely invaded Gaul, but had taken such instant and absolute
possession of it, that the framework of society remained unbroken, and desolations like those of Italy were unknown.
Among the great chieftains of that period were _erovceus, who
had risen to such pre-eminence as to possess in 448 A. D. a national leadership which he transmitted to his children, thus founding the powerful Merovingian dynasty, whose representatives
were Clovis, Childebert, Clotaire, Dagobert and others. During
the continuance of this family several independent Royalties or
Kingdoms were formed.
AQUITAINE, the South-eastern part of France, was, in 507,
taken possession of by Clovis, and divided among his sons. In a
few years all Aquitaine belonged to the kingdom of Austrasia.
In 628 A. D., Dagubert was the sole possessor of all the lands
that had belonged to the MIerovingians.  Two years after his accession, he gave one portion of these dominions to his half-brother
Caribert. By a treaty in 630, Caribert gave to Dagobert certain
estates, and thus arose the Merovingian Kingdom of Aquitaine,
whose rulers were known as the Dukes of Gascony and Aquitaine,
Counts of Fesenzac and Armagnac and the ancient Kings of
Navarre. There are coins of all these rulers.
BURGUNDY.-The Kings of Burgundy were of the same race as
the Ostrogoths in Italy and the Visigoths in Spain. Roman dignities at first were conferred upon them, so that they appear to
have issued coins previous to 540 A. D., bearing the names and portraits of the Roman Emperors.  Gradually, however, these were
replaced by their own, and the powers of independent monarchs
were thus quietly assumed.
NEUSTRIA, or western France, containing, therefore, Armorica
or Brittany, became, about 574 A. D., an independent territory.
Brittany had its local chiefs or Kings, down to about 830, when
Louis Le Debonnaire succeeded in obtaining a nominal recognition. On the cession of Normandy to the Normans in 912, the
name Neustria fell into disuse.
AUSTRASIA consisted of the Trans-Rhine portions of France,with
the cities between the Rhine and the Meuse, Thuringia and Bavaria. In 546, Theodebert, grandson of Clovis, who had been reigning in Austrasia for about 20 years, abandoned the usual custom of
placing the likenesses of the Roman Emperors on his coins, and
placed there his own. It is said that this was done in retaliation




ANCIENT AND 3MODERN.                   59
against Justinian, who had assumed the surname of Franciscus,
to indicate his sovereignty over the French. Before another century, however, Pepin V., son of Charles Milartel, and founder of the
Carlovingia2n  dynasty, compelled Theodoric III. to appoint
him  Mayor of the Palace in each of the kingdoms of Neustria,
Austrasia and Burgundy. The real power was thus in Pepin's
hands  In 752 A. D., Pepin's grandson, Pepin the Short, assumed
the crown and was formally crowned king of the Franks. On
Pepin's death, in 768 A. D., his sons Carloman and Charles, afterwards the Great, reigned jointly, the whole power falling to Charles
on his brother's death. In 776, Charles was accepted by the Saxons
as their sovereign. In 778 he successfully invaded Spain and in 800
A. D. was crowned at Rome by Leo III., as Carolus Augustus. This
dynasty effected a great change in the coinage. Silver was used
in place of gold, and devices national and christian replaced the
names of moneyers. To bishops, monasteries and petty principalities was granted the right of issuing money, the church authorities using generally the device of a church building with the legend CHRISTIANA RELGIO.
PENNY OF CHARLEMAGNE, ISSUED AT BITURIGAS, OR BOURGES.
The coins of Charlemagne bear simply a cross with the
name CAROLUS REX, and on reverse, a cross with  place
of mintage. It is said that one of the Frankish customs on the
election of a king, was to elevate him on a shield and to place in
his hand, in place of a sceptre, a reed or lily in blossom. On some
coins of these first two dynasties, therefore, the monarchs are
represented with a fleur de lis in their hands, the flower that became eventually the armorial figure of France. The number of
flowers on the shield was reduced by Charles VI. to three, a number since adhered to by the Bourbons. Charles died in 814 A. D.,
and was succeeded by his son, Louis I.-Le Debonnaire, 814-840 A.
D. In 843 Louis gave to his eldest son, Lotharius I., the Imperial
Crown, with Italy and the eastern French provinces; to his second
son Louis the German, the German part of his dominions; and
to Charles the Bald, who may be considered as the founder of the
French dynasty, Neustria, Aquitaine and the Spanish mark or
territory.
On the death of Louis V., in 987, Hugh Capet seized the throne
and founded the third dynasty, surviving till 1328. During the




60             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
early years of this Capetian line, the coinage remained unimproved,
the barons issuing what they pleased. An immense amount
of money was issued by the Abbey of St. Martin de Tour, giving
rise to the tournois. Louis IX., (St. Louis,) 1250, A. D.,
made the sou, previously a coin of account, one of value; the
silver sou, worth about four silver pennies, he called the gros,
while the denier was called the little tournois.  He issued a few
gold pieces, but made a free use of billon or black money in the
form of the Liard or Hfardi-ranking as three silver pennies, the
Maille or half denier, and the bourgeoise or quarter.
In 1327, the House of Valois, a branch of the Capetian family,
occupied the throne. The English armies now so overran the country, that Edward III. placed on his coins the title  kingq of
France. The gold pieces of Charles VII., with a crown on their
reverses, introduced the silver Ecu or crown pieces into the coinage
CROWN OF CHARLES VIII., A. D. 1483.
of Europe.  The billon pieces bear the Arms of Anjou-three
fleur de lis with SIT NOMEN  )omini Benedictugn, while the silver
teston, (from TEST-proof or witness), or great head of Louis XII.,
(1498-1515), received its name from the king's portrait, identifying the coin as national money. Henry III. was assassinated in
1588, when Charles, Cardinal of Bourbon, was put forward as
Charles X., by the League under the Duke of Guise. Coins of
" The Pretender " were struck by the League for six years after
his death. In 1593, however, Henry of Navarre, of the House
of Bourbon, ascended the throne as Henry IV. of France. In
LOUIS D'OR OF LOUIS XV.




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                   61
1614, on the coins of Louis XIII., who had been betrothed to Ann
of Austria, daughter of Philip III., king of Spain, there appeared
the legend CATALONIE PRINCEPS, the reverses sometimes showing
six L's, so placed as to form  a central triangle. The Louis d'or
was issued in 1640, after which date no important change was made
in the coinage until the Revolution of 1788.
CROWNS OF LOUIS XIV., 1643-1715 A. D., KING OF FRANCE AND
NAVARRE, KING AND DUKE OF BEARN.  (The cow in
the centre is the standard of Bearnm.)
[ In 1791 the coins bore the head of Louis XVI., with ROI DES
FRANCAIS, and on the reverse Liberty writing the word CONSTITUTION on a tablet, with the year of Liberty below, or, a fasces and cap
within branches, with LA NATION,' LA LOI, LE ROI, with the year
of our era. Some coins of 1793 have simply the tablet with
REPUBLIQUE FRANCAIS and year of Liberty, and on reverse a
wreath resting on a pair of scales, with LIBERTE, EGALITE. Others
have Liberty with a Phrygian cap, with REPUBLIQUE FRANCAIS,
and on reverse a wreath, with value. The money issued in France
between 1791 and 1795 is called the Constitutional currency, be



62              THE COINAGES OF THE WVORLD;
SIX LIVRES PIECE OF 1793.
cause issued under the Constitution proclaimed by Louis XVI. in
1791.
On the coins of Napoleon as Premier Consul or Emperor, there
is his head with name and titles. After his fall in 1815, the head
CROWN OF LOUIS XVIII. DURING THE HUNDRED DAYS.
of Louis XVIII. is on the coins, with a crowned shield containing the arms of Anjou on the reverse. In 1831, on the accesREPUBLIC OF 1848.  (HERCULES UNITING Liberty AND Equal7ity.)




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                                   63
sion of Louis Philippe, the reverse bore simply the values, while
in 1848 the Republican symbols again appear, to be replaced by
the head of Napoleon as President of the Republic, and in 1852.
FIVE  FRANC  PIECE  OF NAPOLEON  III.
as Emperor.*   On his overthrow, in 1870, the large head of Ceres
was placed  on the coins, with LIBERTE, EGALITE, FRATERNITE  on
FIVE-FRANC PIECE  OF  1871.
*A very valuable collection of coins was offered for sale in Paris, the other day, and among
them was a five-franc piece with the effigy of Prince Louis Napoleon, president of the French
Republic, and the date of 1851. The coin, much to the surprise of a bystander who was not in
the secret, was run up to 113 francs. Curious to know  why a coin which, from its recent
date, could not, he imagined, be a rarity, fetched such a price, he asked the unsuccessful
bidder why he had offered as much as 110 francs, and was met with the somewhat contemptuous reply, " Why, don't you see it is a piece with the lock of hair?" (une piece a la meche.)
More and more puzzled he was obliged to ask for an explanation, and was told that one of the
first decrees issued after the coup d'etat on the second of December,referred to the coining of
new money,which was to be stamped with the effigy of the prince president. One of the fivefranc pieces was brought to the Elysee for approval, but the late Emperor, having his attention taken by other things, forg.ot all about it for afew days. When he came to examine it,
he noticed a lock of hair curled forward near the right temple, which displeased him, and he
gave orders to have the mould altered. But, taking his silence for consent, the director of'
the mint had commenced the issue, and twenty-three five franc pieces could not be withdrawn from circulation. These are the coins which are now so highly prized by collectors.




* 4               THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
TWO-FRANC OF REPUBLIC OF 1870.
the reverse*, as on the 5 franc pieces of 1791 and 1848. The letter
A is the Paris mint mark: during the Commune of 1870, its mint's
private markswere an anchor and trident one on each side of the A.
In the Appendix the reader will find a full list of the Sovereigns
of France, with a list of the different coins issued by each of
them.
The death of Charlemagne was followed by the existence, as
semi-independent governments, of many feudal chiefs, each of
whom was soon found issuing money in his own name. Of these
our space allows us simply to mention a few. Within the
kingdom   of Neustria, for  instance, lay  the  Dukedoms  of
France, Brittany, Normandy, Flanders and Champagne.  There
were Counts of Anjou, of Maine, Blois, Vendome, Artoise,
Namur, Soissons, Valois, and  others.  The rulers, often bearing more than one title, issued money sometimes under one title
and sometimes under another. The Principality of Sedan, founded in 1379, by Chas. V., became connected, in 1591, with the
house of de La Tour D'Auvergne, when its coins tell of this
union.
*It may interest our readers to have a list of the French mint marks
A. Paris.                         P. Dijon.
A.,). Compeigne.                   Q. Chalon surSaone.
~B. Rouen.~                    ~ ~R. Villeneuve St. Andre les Avignon.
33Be. D:ouenar. a     t      rn   iR. with crown and wolf-Rome.
B. D. BeaL n.                        R. and a flur de lis-Londres in Gard.,B. and an acorn-Boulogne.        S. Noyes.
C. St. Lo, near Caen.           T. St. Menehold.
D. Lyons.                         V. Turin.
E. Touers.                        V. and an anchor-Venice.
-F. Angers. pX. Villefranche.
G. and a lion-Geneva.              Z. Dauphine.
M. Toulolouse.  In 1803 V was addedA.. Marses.
M  buit 9dropped in 810. MB.. Ba  h ne., as
M. with an inverted cup-Milan.... Strsrgenc.
N. Montpellier... Boeanu.
0. St. Pourcain.                AR. As Urnea t.s.
T. wot aF tnrechrted. cu.




ANCIENT AND MIODERN.                65
CROWN OF HENRY DE LA TOUR, VICOMITE TURRENNE, DUKE DE
BOUILLON AND PRINCE OF SEDAN AND RAUCURT, 1614.
The Dukedom of Burgundy was founded in the Eleventh century, and terminated in 1477 A. D., when i[aria, the last Duchess,
married the Archduke Maximilian of Austria, carrying with her
into that house her vast patrimony.
AtRIA, DUCHESS OF BURGUNDY: Rev1., ST. ANDREW.
The Kingdom of Aquitaine embraced a large number of fiefs,
among which was the famous Kingdom of Navarre, whose monarch Henry is better known as Henry IV. of France.
The Kingdom of Burgundy must be distinguished from  the
Duchy of the same name, this latter being a portion of Neustria.
Among the celebrated territories of Burgundy were the County
of Provence and the Principality of Orange. Within the County
was Avignon, the seat of the Papacy from the year 1229 to 1348,
though money was struck there, in the Pope's name, down to the
year 1690.
The Seignory of Dombes formed part of Burgundy. At the
commencement of the 14th century Dombes was acquired by the
Duke of Bourbon. In 1560 it passed to the Duke of Montpensier,
the sovereign line ending with the lady whose coin we engrave.




66             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
THALER1 O1 FIVE SOL PIECE OF ANNA MARIA LOUISA, (MADEMOISELLE) PRINCESS OF DOMIBES, 1673.
SWITZERLAND.
The present Switzerland was originally part of the dominions
of tho Kings of Burgundy. Under Charlemagne it formed part
of his Empire, and in 1032 was given by Rudolph to the German
Empire. As early as 1100 A. P. its bishops and semi-independTHALER OF THE MONASTERY OF ST. GALL, 1622.
ent nobles and towns issued money. In 1315, under the lead of
Uri and Unterwalden, the Forest Cantons threw off the German
connection, and Schwyz, Uri, Unterwalden, Lucerne, Zurich,
Glarus, Zug and Berne entered into a perpetual league, the foundation of the Swiss Confederation. In 1415 the league took Aargau,
Thurgau and Ticino from Austria, adding these to the Con



ANCIENT AND MODERN.                   67
CROWN OF ZURICH (CALLED TIGUTRUM BY THE ROMANS).
federacy. Freibourg and Soleure were next admitted. In 1510
Bazel, Schaffhausen and Appenzell were admitted.  St. Gall,:~WlII-~            Xt              I 
1817
MIONEY OF THE CANTON OF ST. GALL.
Mullhausen and Bienne, and afterwards Geneva, Neufehatel,Valais
CROWN OF GENEVA.
and the Grisons were also admitted. In 1536 Berne wrested the
Pays de Vaud from Savoy and became the leading State.




TIlE COINAGES OF THE WVORLD);
MONEY OF CANTON BERNE.
In 1798 these States were constituted by France into the Helvetian Republic, and the Cantonal issues being suppressed, coins
BASLE.                            HELYVmAN REPUBLIC.
were issued with the device of a soldier carrying a standard with
legend, Helvetische Republik.
In 1815 the Confederacy was restored and the Cantonal issues
resumed. In 1848 a general device was adopted of Liberty seated,
with value and date on the reverse. Neufchatel, at first part of
Burgundy, had been ceded in 1288 to the House of Chalons. In




ANCIENT AND MIODERN.                  69
FOUR FRANC OF LUCERNE.
1707 Frederick 1. of Prussia, as representing that House, obtained
the Duchy. In 1806 Napoleon bestowed it as a Grand Duchy on
Berthier. In 1814 it was restored to Prussia, but in 1857 revolted,
and while the title of Prince of Neufehatel is borne by the King
of Prussia, the State-now forms an integral part of the Swiss
Confederation.
FIVE 3.ATZEN OF AARGAU.      TVWENTY BATZEN LUCERNE.




CHAPTER, X.
ITALY.
During the long interval between the reign of Honorius, 394
A. D., and the entrance of Victor Emmanuel into Rome in 1866,
Italy was but a geographical expression. On the overthrow of
that Gothic kingdom, 472-559 A. D., whose rulers had mainly
made Ravennca their residence, JUSTINIAN conferred on Nares
the title of Ecxarch, the term EExarchate being applied to the territory over which he ruled. The coinage of these Exarchs consists
of a few pieces of small copper with the inscription FELIX RAVENNA.
Among the invaders of Italy were the Longobardi or Lombards,
a tribe of the German people, and who had previously been masters
of Pannonia. In 570 A. D., under their King Alboin, these took
possession of Northern and Central Italy and soon reached an advanced degree of refinement. Their rulers sought to unite all the
Italian tribes under one sceptre. This policy was hindered by the
opposition of the papal power, aided by the Frankish kings, among
whom was PEPIN, who had been anointed by Stephen II., Patriciate
or Governor of Rome, and had thus, as well as from the dissensions
among the Lombards themselves, a pretext for interfereing.
In 773 A. D., Charlemagne crossed the Alps, and in the decisive
battle of Pavia crushed the Lombard power. In 800 A. D. Charlemagne was crowned by the Pope as Carolhs Auzgustus, Emperor
of the Romans, when he issued a few silver coins with a rude
bust, and on the reverse R. F., having previously issued from
Milan, coins with a cross in place of the bust and on the reverse
his monogram,-though before this date Pope Hadrian, 771-795
A. D., had already issued a silver penny on the model of the
Roman Denarius.
On the division of the Roman Empire many petty sovereignties
arose in Italy, and as among these there was no bond of union,
the evils resulting became so intolerable that during the years
1856-66 State after State rose in revolt against their respective
princes and connected themselves with Piedmont as ruled over
by the House of Savoy. In 1866 Rome itself opened its gates, and
Victor Emmanuel II. took possession as King of a United Italy.
We shall now describe the coins of some of the leading Italian
States, as these existed previous to the late unification of that
country.




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                  71
SILVER FIVE LIRE OF VICTOR EIMAN UEL II.
SAVOY.
In the year 1000 A. D., Rudolph of Burgundy bestowed Savoy
and MIaurienne on Berthold, maling him Count of Savoy. The
Bishops of Maurienne were already issuing money, but the earliest
Savoy pieces are those of Humbert III., 1148 A. D. Other estates
TESTON OF CHARLES I., DUKE OF SAVOY, 1470 A. D.
were gradually added, until, in 1417, the Principality of Piedmont
was gained, and the family title became that of Duke of Savoy. In
1489 Charlotte of Lusignan, Queen of Cyprus, transferred all her
crown rights to Charles, Duke of Savoy, whose descendants have
since then claimed to be Kings of Cyprus and Jerusalem.
In 1713, Duke Victor Amadeus II. obtained Sicily, surrendering
it, however, in 1720, to Austria, in exchange for Sardinia and the
erection of his States into a kingdom.
In 1796 Savoy and Nice were annexed to France, while Piedmont
was called the Sub Alpine -Republic. On the fall of Napoleon, in
1814, Emmanuel IV. recovered his dominions, having Genoa
added  to  them.  The  coins issued after this date will be
found to have quartered on the shield, the Arms of Sardinia,




72             THE COINAGES OF THE WVORLD;
GOLD TWENTY LIRE OF C-IARLES ALBERT.
Cypria and Jerusalem, Genoa and Savoy, with legend Dux Sar,
Janvae et Montisf. Pric.. Ped. -D.
In 1860, Victor Emmanuel ceded Nice and Savoy to France, in
exchange for the aid through which he ultimately became King
of Italy, and now the coins for all the Peninsula bear his head with
name and title.
MONACO.
With the coins of Savoy should be classed those of Monaco. To
the Prince of this little territory Louis XIV. gave permission, in
1643, to issue gold and silver coin, and the next year these coins
were current in France. Copper coins are still issued by its
Prince.
GENOA.
Our earliest coins of Genoa were struck at Padua, in the Eleventh century. In 1138 Conrad II. conferred on the Genoese the
right of a coinage, in which they were confirmed, in 1194, by
Henry IV. They then adopted a device that is a speaking type a
sort of gateway with the legend Janva. From  1339 the money
CROVWN OF CONRAD II., KING OF TIIE ROMANS AND GOVERNOR OF
THE GENOESE REPUBLIC, 1630.




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                   78,:
bore the seal of the Republic. The name of Conrad is found on
the coins of the Island of Chios, which had been ceded to theGenoese by the Emperor Michael Palheologus, and which remained.
a Republic till 1566. On the mediaeval coins are religious figures
and emblems, with the legend, Dvx ET GvB REIP GENVA. In 1798
the Duchy of Genoa was constituted by Napoleon part of the
Ligurian Rejpublic. Coins were now issued, having the Goddess
of Liberty crowned and seated, her arm resting on a shield bearing
the arms of Genoa; on the reverse the fasces and cap between,
branches, and date.
NINETY-SIX LIRE OF GENOA.
In 1814 Genoa was given to Piedmont, retaining its liberty of
issuing its own coinage, which bore the bust, with name and titles,
of the Piedmontese King on the obverse, and on the reverse the
crowned shield, with arms, with the legend, Dux Sab Genvae et;
Montisf. Princ. Ped. sc.
SILVER FIVE LIRE PIECES OF GENOA.
LOM1BARDY.
The portion of Northern Italy, known as Lombardy, formed
part of the territory assigned in 901 A. D. to the German Empire.
A number of independent duchies, such as Mantua, Susa, Pied



'74            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
mont, and of free or republican cities, as Venice, Genoa, Milan, Pavia, soon arose, and, for a time a Lombard League maintained its
independence. In 1540 Spain became master of the territory, but
in 1706 was compelled to yield to Austria the portion lately known
as Austrian-Lombardy.  Coins were issued by the  Austrian
COINS OF AUSTRIAN LOMBARDY.
Emperor under his titles of Duke of Burgundy and Count of
Tyrol., In 1797 Napoleon proclaimed Lombardy to be a free
State, under the name of the Cisalpine -Republic.  In 1805 it
became Napoleon's Italian kingdom, issuing coins having Napoleon's head on the obverse, and on the reverse a French eagle,
TWO LIRE OF THE KINGDOM OF ITALY.
with a shield on its breast. On the lower values of these issues
there is simply a large N, surmounted by the iron crown of Lombardy, said to be made out of the nails of the true cross, enTEN SOLDI OF THE KINGDOM OF ITALY.




ANCIENT AND MICDERN.                  75
closed in a wreath, and on the reverse the value and date with
legend, Napoleome Inmperatore E. -Re.  In 1814 Lombardy and
Venice, hitherto governed by its own Doges, were given to Austria
as the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, when coins were issued
having;the Austrian two-headed eagle surmounted by the imperial crown, those of low value having a ducal crown surmounted
by the imperial one, with  eygno Lombardlo Veneto, and on reverse
value and date.
In 1859 Lombardy was ceded to Piedmont, and since then its
coinage has been the general one of Italy.
MILAN.
Milan was originally a Gallic city. Conquered by the Romans
222 B. C., it received the Roman franchise in 49 B. C. After 981
it was governed, in the names of the Emperors, by Dukes bearing
the Roman name of the city-Mediolanum. Subsequently it came
under the power of the Ghibellines, by whom it was made the
master as well as capital of Lombardy. From 1545 to 1714, Milan
was subject to France, Spain, or to Austria. In 1805, within its
CROWN OF THE DUKE OF MILAN AND MANTUA.




~76            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
cathedral, Napoleon was crowned King of Italy, it being in succession the capital of the Cisalpine Republic, of the Italian Republic, and lastly of the Kingdom of Italy. In 1815 Milan was
restored to Austria, but in 1859 was ceded to Piedmont.
On the coins of the Spanish monarchs the Milanese arms fill all
the shield; on those of the Austrian they are frequently only on
a shield of pretence.
VENICE.
The earliest inhabitants of Venetia were great traders, exchanging European products for those of the East.  In 452 A. D. the
Huns invaded the territory and drove the natives into those swamps
on which Venice now stands. In 697 A. D., this settlement,
already powerful through commerce and republican in government, gave to its chief magistrate the powers of a Dictator and the
title of Doge or Dux-Duke.
PENNY OF DOGE ANDREAS DANDOLO, 1343 A. D.
In 829 A. D. the body of St. MSark was brought to Venice, which
then placed itself under the Saint's protection. Venice soon became
the mistress of the sea. In 1486 A. D.,however,the Portuguese rounded the Cape of Good Hope and secured the Eastern trade, while
maritime activity among the nations of Western Europe, consequent
on the discovery of America, decided the downfall of Venice. On
DOGE FRANCISCO MORIPSINI, A. D. 1690.
the gold sequins and ducats or silver crowns of Venice there is
generally a figure of the reigning Doge, and on the reverse some




ANCIENT AND MODERN.
ireligious devices connected with St. MIark, or the national arms,
a winged lion with or without a book, the ecclesiastical symbol of
the Saint.
CROWN OF LUDOVICUS MIANIN-THE LAST OF THE DOGES.
In 1797 Napoleon Buonaparte took possession of Venice and
annexed it to Austria. In 1806, however, the territory of Venetia
was joined to that of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy, but on Napoleon's overthrow, in 1814, was transferred back to Austria, when
it was joined to Lombardy as one of the Austrian crown lands.
From this it was separated in 1859, remaining still subject to Austria, but in 1866 Venice was ceded to the present Italian Kingdom.
TUSCANY
May be regarded as the ancient Etruria. In the days of Charlemagne its chief city, Florence, was governed by a duke. In the
Eleventh Century Florence was bequeathed to Pope Gregory VII.
by the Countess Matilda,and soon became not only a free but a Republican city. In the beginning of the Thirteenth Century Florence,
whose wealth and commercial influence throughout Europe was
already unequalled, sided with the Guelphs, the friends of the
Papacy, in their struggle against the Ghibellines, the friends of the
Emperor. In 1252 Florence issued the famous golden Florin,
weighing a drachm, having on the obverse a lily and the word
Florentia, and on the reverse a figure of John the Baptist. In
1406 it became master of Pisa, long its great rival. At last, in
1528, Clement VII. formed a league with Charles V. of Germany,
by which Florence was to become a Principality for the Pope's
son, Alexander de MIedici. In 1530, after a fearful seige, Florence
fell, and was reduced to being simply the capital of the Grand
Duchy of Tuscany.




s78            THE COINAGES OF TIHE WORLD;
MEDAL OF COSMIO MEDICI, DUKE OF THE FLORENTINE
REPUBLIC, 1569.
The singular device on the reverse of the above is copied from
a piece of Augustus, whose faith in astrology had led him to issue
a medal bearing the figure of Capricornus, the constellation of
which the star of his destiny formed a part. By thus reproducing
the device, Cosmo likened himself to Augustus, a comparison not
inappropriate when the splendors and refinements of their respective
administrations are considered. Since this loss of its independence,
LEOPOLD, OR TEN PAUL PIECE, AND HALF LEOPOLD OF TUSCANY.
the coins of Tuscany have generally borne on the obverse the bust,
name and title of the sovereign, and on the reverse the Arms or a
religious figure or design. In 1803 Tuscany was erected by
Napoleon into a kingdom, under the name of Etruria, when [the
coinage bore a crowned shield with various inner shields bearing
the arms of Spain and those of Anjou and Tuscany. In 1814
the Grand Duchy was restored to Ferdinand III., but in 1860,
under the Garibaldian revolution, the State was annexed to Pied



ANCIENT AND ]MODERN.                  79~
mont, the Provisional Government striking coins having on obverse a crowned shield bearing the Cross of Savoy, with VuIronIo
EMaANUELE RE ELETTO, and on reverse value and date, with GovERNO DELLA TOSCANA.
LUCCA.
Lucca was a free republic so far back as 1370. Its early coinage
bears a crowned shield enclosed by branches, with ResIpublica Lucensis and date, and on reverse St. Martin on horseback dividing
his cloak with a beggar. In 1805 Napoleon erected Lucca into a
Principality for his sister, in 1815 transferring it to Maria Lousia
of Spain. Her son ceded it to Tuscany in 1847, and in 1860 it;
was annexed to Sardinia.
FIVE-FRANC PIECE OF LUCCA.
MODENA.
The city of this name is of great antiquity, being mentioned by
Cicero and other Roman writers. In 960 A. D., to the House of
Este was given the Marquisate of Modena, a title changed into
a Dukedom in 1452 by the Emperor Frederick III. In 1796 it
formed part of the Cisalpine Republic, but in 1814 was restored to
the reigning family.  In 1860 its inhabitants drove away their
Ducal ruler, and joined themselves to Piedmont.
BOLOGNA
was founded by the ancient Etruscans, and is therefore an older'
city than Rome itself. In 189 B. C. the Romans made the city a
Colony under the name of Bononia.  Charlemagne made it a free
city, and in 1112 Henry V. confirmed its independence. The success of the Guelphs-the Papal party-was fatal to the existence
of the Bolognese R1epublic, which then became simply a city of




;80            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD
the States of the Church. In 1796 Bologna was made the capital,of the Cisalpine Republic, and in 1860, despite the opposition of
the Vatican, it transferred itself to the rising power of Piedmont.
TWAO PISTOLES OF BOLOGNA.
AA                t
TEN PAULS OF BOLOGNA.
ROME.
The energy and perseverance of the early bishops of Rome in
asserting the dignity and supremacy of their See, naturally led the
citizens to regard them as their protectors. In 720 A. D., Pope
Gregory III., having quarrelled with the Emperor Leo, declared
Rome independent. Pepin and Charlemagne added to its terriCOIN OF AGAPITUS, PApa (POPE) A. D., 946.  (The monogram
contains Alberici, the Pope's family name.)
tory. On the coins of this period we have generally on the one
side, the legend Scvs (Scnctus) PETRUS, and on the other side the




ANCIENT AND MODEIN.                   F 1.
name of the ruling Pope. This period lasted for nearly three centuries, during which additions were gradually made to the Papal
territory. From 1100 to 1300 A. D., the coinage is that of the
Roman people, having a figure of Peter, with RoAraN. PRINCIPE,
and on reverse, SENAT. POPvL. Q. R. Sometimes the name of
the'civil governor is found, and on the reverse a female figure with
ROeIA CAPUT UIJNDI. In 1470, Sextus IV. placed his profile likeness on the coins, an example since followed by his successors in
the Papal See, down to the present day.
CROWN OF POPE ADRIAN VI., 1522 A. D.
The general device on Papal coins (those of the States of the
Church) is a shield bearing the arms of the reigning Pope, surmounted by a tiara with insignia, and some religious or benevolent
motto on the reverse. During the interregnum occasioned by the
death of a Pope, the Cardinal Cammerling issues money which
then always bears the legend SEDE VACANTE.
CROWVN-SEDE VACANTE) 1667 A. D.
During all this period coins were issued by Episcopal authorities in various districts and also by many of the cities within the




82             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
Papal territory, but which still possessed a measure of municipal
freedom —Mantua, Bologna, Ferrara, Aquileia and many others
enjoying this liberty. The coins thus issued are of value and
denomination like those of Rome, but bear the name of
the issuing city.
In 1798, Napoleon formed the Papal States into the Roman
Republic, issuing gold and silver crowns, and a copper coinage bearing the fasces and cap, with Repubblica Romana, and on the reverse the value within a wreath. In 1800, Pius VII. recovered his
States and retained them till 1809, when they were incorporated
with France, and Rome declared to be Second city of the Empire.
In 1814 the Papal rule was re-established.
TWAO LIRE, PIUS IX.
In 1848, Pius IX. fled to Gaeta, and the Second Republic, under
Mazzini,was proclaimed, issuing a coinage —the 1 Bajocchi-(apparently cacst) having _Bcjocchi, 1849, in 2 lines across the field, with 1,
in a small wreath above it, and on the reverse the fasces and legend, while the 3 Bajocchi is remarkably fine-a large eagle enclosed in a wreath, and standing on the fasces with legend round
DIo E POPOLO, and on reverse 3 BAJOCCHI within a beaded circle,
outside of which is REPUBBLICA ROMANA, 1849.
In 1849 Pius was restored by the French troops, but in 1866
Rome set aside the temporal sovereignty of the Pope, and became
the metropolis of the new kingdom of Italy.
NAPLES  AND  SICILY; or, THE  KINGDOM  OF  THE
TWO  SICILIES.
After the overthrow of the Lombards, Arigisus II., Duke of
Benevento and Salerno, sought to become independent of
Charlemagne's authority. In 1077 Italy was invaded by the
Normans, who formed the Kingdom  of the Two Sicilies and
the Dukedom  of Calabria.  Taking possession thus of Sicily,
Salerno, Amalfi, Benevento, Capua, and all the Grecian and Arabian
territories in Southern Italy, the Norman lords issued money
on which they copied the Byzantine and Saracen devices-such as
having on the obverse: JEsus CHRIST, THE CONQUEROR OF THE




ANCIENT AND MODER-N.                  83
WORLD; and on the reverse: THERE IS BUT ONE GOD, AND HE IS
ALONE WITHOUT A COMIPANION.
The coins of Naples and Sicily thus constitute as many
distinct series as there have been rulers. Commencing as early as
the Ninth century then, we have the coins of the native Dukes;
JOHANNA, QUEEN OF JERUSALEM AND SICILY, 1382 A. D.
then those of the Crusader Kings; then those of the Spanish
rulers-House of Aragon, —the sons of that country always placing
on their coins, through whatever line they came to the crown,
SILVER PIECE OF THE NEAPOLITAN REVOLUTIONISTS, UiNDER HENRY
OF LORRAINE, DUKE OF GUISE, 16-48 A. D.
Ilispcanicautm  Infans; then those of the German or Austrian
rulers.  From  1700 A. D. we have the coins of the Spanish
Bourbon line, whose coins have either a bust or a crowned shield,
CARLIN OF CHARLES II. OF SPAIN, 3BIT V. OF NAPLES, 1692 A. D.
with D. G., HISP. NEAP. REX, or UTRIiSQUE SICILIm  HIEROSOLYM{~E.
In 1713, Victor Amadseus II., of Savoy, became King of Sicily,
but in 1718 exchanged the island for Sardinia, Sicily reverting to
Charles VI. of Austria. In 1735, Charles VII., of Bourbon, became




84              THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD.
King,-Sicily, thereafter, though politically separate from  Naples, becoming a family appanage. In 1799, the French  drove
Ferdinand  fronl  Naples, which  was  declared  to  be  the
N-ecapolitcrn or Par-thenopicti _Re1p9blic. The coinage now had the
Goddess of Liberty with staff and cap, with the fasces and the
legend ]eipublice A\c/a 7politanca, having on the reverse the value,
and the year of the French Republic. Several changes took place
during the Napoleonic period; the coins of Joseph, afterwards
King of Spain, have a crowned shield with devices; those of
liVurat have abust, with name and title.  In 1814, Ferdinand was
restored as Ferdinand I., King of the two Sicilies, having previously borne on his coins such titles as F. IV. of Naples, F. III., of
Sicily, so that his titles are apt to perplex the student. In 1860,
owing to the Garibaldian revolution, this monarchy was overthrown, and the Kingdom  of the Two Sicilies annexed to Piedmont.
CROWNS OF FERDINAND IV.
DUCAT OF JOSEPH NAPOLEON',       CROWN OF FERDINAND,
KING OF NAPLES, 18()5-8.             OF SICILY.




CHAPTER XI.
SPAIN.
Until the irruption of the Moors in 714, Spain existed as a compact and powerful kingdom, to which the Emperors of the East
had conceded the privilege of a coinage.  Hence its early gold
triens.  Of the coins of the Gotho-Iberian princes, a series exists
coming down to the year 711, when the line terminated with
Roderic, "the Last of the Goths," the Moorish power becoming
masters of Spain. The coins of the Moorish rulers bear Cufie
legends with the names of the monarchs or chiefs that issued
them, from such places as  Cordova, Saragossa, Seville, Toledo,
Almeira, Valence, Granada and others.  The Gothic natives, however, who had taken refuge in the mountains of Asturias and Leon,
so stubbornly resisted the Moors, that about the year 1000 there
existed the three Spanish monarchies of Navarre, Aragon  and
Ccastile, each issuing silver pennies, resembling those of the other
countries of Europe. At last, in 1492, Ferdinand V. of Aragon,
and his wife Isabella of Castile, took Granada, the last Moorish
stronghold and became sovereigns of a United Spain.*
('PROAVNT  OF FERDIN AND V., 1495 A. D.
Spanish coins consisted of the gold doubloon, its half, quarter or
pistole, eighth or escudo, and sixteenth or gold dollar.  Latterly
the doubloon alone had been issued.'lhe silver consisted of the
dollar of twenTlty reals vanlue, its half, quarter, eighth and sixteenth.
*Pope Alexander VI. conferred on Ferdinand, because of his fierce enmity against
the Moors, the Jews and other opponents of the Holy See, the title of Caatholic-one.
still borne by the monarchs of Spain.




86             THE COINAGES OF THE WVORLD;
Now we have the dollar and its half, the peseta of four reals, its
half and the one real. Of the real there are three kinds: first, the
Mexican, of which eight make a dollar; second, the real of new
plate, (cdeplata ntueva) of which ten make a dollar, and third, the
vellon, used in Spain, of one hundred centimos, of which twenty
make a dollar. The copper coinage consists of the two and the
one centos of eight and four maravedi, (each worth three centimos)
and the ochavos of two maravedis.
The Arms of United Spain consist of a lion rampant, the emblem of Leon, and of a castle, the emblem of Castile, on a shield or
shields between two pillars, representing the pillars of Hercules,
as Gibraltar and Ceuta were called. In 1513 Charles, Duke of
Austria and of Burgundy, exercised sovereign power in Spain,
his mother Johanna, queen regnant being insane, but her name
always appearing along with his on the coinage.
DOUBLE REAL OF CHARLES AND JOHANNA, 1513 A. D.
In 1516 the thrones of Austria and Spain were united by
Charles I., afterwards Charles V., Emperor of Germany. In
01 Ru1            ~~~
CROVIWN OR SEVILLE PIECE OF  FOUR REAL,S, WAITH THE ARMIS OF
PHILIP V.            ANJOU ON SIIIELDII OF PRETENCE.




ANCIENT AND 3MODERN.                  87
1700 Charles II. died without issue, when the throne was claimed
by Philip of Anjou, and by Charles, second son of Leopold of Austria. Philip stepped into occupancy,-the first of the Bourbons.
Coins were now issued by the friends of Charles-now Charles III.
of Austria, the Pretenzcer, carrying the Austrian arms instead of the
Spanish. Those of Philip have on the obverse a crowned shield,
bearing the Spanish arms along with those of Anjou and llegend PHILxPPusV. D.G., and on reverse the Spanish arms, with HISPANIARUM
REX. In 1808 FerdinandVII.was proclaimed king,but the same year
CROWNS OF CHARLES IV., 1788-1808 A. D.
Napoleon bestowed the throne on his brother Joseph. From this date,
down to 1812, we have coins of Joseph. During the same period,
CROWN OF JOSEPH NAPOLEON.
Pieces of Necessity were issued by Ferdinand. Ferdinand, restored
in 1813, issued coins with his bust, name and date, having on the
reverse a crowned shield with the arms of Spain and Anjou. The




88             THE COINAGES OF THE WVORLD;
CROWN OF FERDINAND VII, 1808-1833 A. D.
coins of Isabella II., 1834-68, are of the usual style-bust, name,
title and date. During the Republic of 1870 the coins bore-a figTWO REALS OF ISABELLA II., 1833-1868 A. D.
FIVE PESETAS, OR DOLLAR OF THE REPUBLIC.
ure of Liberty reclining, with ESPANA for legend, and on the reverse the arms surmounted, not by a crown but a turret. Amadeus I., son of the King of Italy, succeeded, to be replaced, after an




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                                        $9
FIVE PESETAS OF AMADEUS I.
interval, by the present monarch, Alonzo XII., son of the late
Queen Isabella II.*
FIVE PESETAS OF ALONZO XII.
PORTUGAL.
About the year 1100, Alphonso VI., King of Castile, bestowedc
Portugal, as a dependent fief, on Henry of Burgundy.  This
dynasty possessed the throne for four hundred years-the most
glorious period in Portuguese history.
*MONARCHS OF SPAIN FROM 1474 A. D.
Isabella of Castile, and Ferdinand V. of       Charles II., King of Castile, Arragon and
Aragon                                         Portugal......................  1665Johanna of Arragon, and Philip I, of          Philip V., of Anjou, King of Spai....... 1700
Austria..............................1504 Louis, afterwards the second Philip V....1724
Charles I. of Castile and Arragon, after-      Ferdinand VI........................... 1746
wards the Emperor Charles V..........1516  Charles III...................1759
Philip II., King of Castile, Arragon and       Charles IV.............................1788
Portugal...........................1556 Ferdinand VII..................1808:
PhilipIII., King of Castile, Arragon and      Joseph Napoleon........................1808
Portugal...............................15981 Isabella II.............................1833
Philip IV., King of Castile, Arragon and      Amadeus I..............................1870,
Portugal............................1624 Alonzo XII.............................. 1874




~q0                     THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
GOLD CRUSADO OF EMMANUEL, A. D. 1521 —THE LEGEND READS: ReX
EMANVEL PORTVGALIE ALgYCviorv'n CitraC VLtrCaq'ue IN Africa
DOmingvs CVINEE, ETHIOPIE, ARABIE, PERSIE, INDIE,
conqvistce  Navigationvm   commnercii.
The last of the Burgundian family was Sebastian I., who perished in Africa in 1578. On his coins there is a crowned shield
with the arms-five shields crosswise, bordered with seven castlesthe arms of Algcarve, with name and title, and on the reverse a
large cross with IN HOC SIGNO VINCES. Philip II. of Spain now
seized the throne, and for 60 years Portugal was subject to that
country and involved in all its wars with the Netherlands.  In
1640 the Portuguese revolted and placed the Duke of Braganza on
MOIDORE OF ALFONSUS VI. A. D. 1656.*
the throne, under the title of Joam (John) IV. The golden moidore, a four thousand rei or four dollar piece, was replaced in
1722 by the Joe or piece of 12,800 reis.
*MONARCHS OF PORTUGAL.
Emanuel................................1490  John V................................  1706
John III................................1521  Joseph I.................................1750
Sebastian..............................1557 Don Pedro III...........................1777
Henry I.............                     1578 Maria Frances Elizabeth................. 1786
Antony................................. 1580  John VI................................1816
Philip I., of Spain.................... 1580 Maria II., of Braganza.................... 1826
Philip II., of Spain.......................1598  Peter IV................................ 1826
Philip III., of Spain....................1621  Don Miguel.........................1828
John IV., of Braganza................... 1640 Maria II.................................1833
Alphonzo VI............................ 1656 Louis I.................................
Don Pedro II...........................1683




ANXCIEN-T AND MIODERRN.                91
JOANNES V., A. D. 1106-1750.
In 1797 Queen Maria became imbecile, when her eldest son,
John AMaria, was appointed regent. In 1803 Joan substituted his
own for his mother's name on the coinage, with the title of P.
Reyens, retaining this even after the queen's death in 1810.
JOAN 3ARIA, P. REGENS, A. D. 1808.
In 1807 John was defeated by Napoleon, and removed his whole
court and capital to Rio Janeiro, in Brazil. In 1820, however, he
returned to Lisbon, leaving his son Dom Pedro in charge. Brazil
having shortly afterwards become independent, its name was taken
off the Portuguese coinage.
500 REIS OF LOUIS I.




CHAPTER XII.
NETHERLANDS.
THALER OF CHARLES OF EGIMOND, 1530.
The Belgt were well known to the Roman armies. Toward
the end of the Third century, the Franks, the Saxons and other tribes
began to make inroads, so that by the Fifth century the Belgm
had disappeared. The Franks now held the soil, and Dagobert I.,
one of their princes, erected at Utrecht, a church which in 695
became a bishopric. Charlemagne's conquest of the territory led
to the rise of a great number of petty Lordships or States, the
chief being the Duchies of GuCeldres, Brabant, Luxemburg and
-Limburg, the Marquisates of Anvers (Antwerp), the Counties of
_Holland, Zealand, Zactphen, Flancders, Artois, fHainault and
Niamur, and the Lordships of UTtrecht, Groningen, Overyssel,
_Friesland and MlMechlin, afterwards forming the provinces of the
Netherlands. In 1384, the important county of Flanders, and
with it the chief authority among the other States, passed to the
Duke of Burgundy. In 1477, along with Burgundy, the Provinces
passed to Austria. On the abdication of Charles V., in 1555, they
passed to his son and successor on the Spanish throne, Philip Il.
GOLD DUCAT OF THE BEL.GIC CONFEDERACY.




ANCIENT AND MIODERPN.                93
In that year came the revolt itof ollfacnd, Zecaland, 5trecht, Gueldreslancd, Overyssel, Groningen and Fiiesicand against Philip, ending in the independence of the United Provinces, with the Princes
of Orange as hereditary Stacltholders, the other or Belgic Provinces remaining in connection with Spain. The coins from this
period have generally on obverse, a man standing with drawn
sword in one hand and arrows in the other, with date and legend,
and on reverse a square tablet with legend.
a 
THALERS OF THE NETHERLANDS.
In 1)793 the French declared the Provinces to be the _Batavian
Repiublic, but in 1806 Napoleon made his brother Louis Napoleon,
King of Holland, subsequently declaring the Kingdom to be a
province of France. On the fall of Napoleon, the Northern and
Southern Provinces were formed into the iKingdom of the Netherlcands, to be divided in 1830, by the secession of Belgium, and
its establishment as a separate kingdom.
CROWNS OF UTRECHT.




94             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
Holland or the Netherlands having had such a checquered history, its coinages are hopelessly complicated.  Each province issued money in its own name of value and names sometimes like
and sometimes unlike that of the other Provinces, while individual cities frequently struck money. Generally speaking, however, the name or crest of the issuing province is on the money,
thus enabling us to identify its coins. On the earlier issues of
Utrecht we find its Latinized name, CIVITAS TRAIECTEN, accompanied by various devices, while on those of last century we more
requently find STAD UTRECHT, and on reverse the crowned shield,
C ROWN OF GUELVDRES.
with or without lion supporters. On those of Gutelcres, again, we
have its arms, a crowned shield with two crowned lions rampant
and fighting, with legend, Ix DEO EST SPES NO0STRA, and on reverse,
GELI.RLE. The arms of Zealandct are a crowned shield with wavy
DOUBILE THIALER A-D SIX STIVERS OF ZEALAND.
lines to represent water, with a lion rampant rising from it, and




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                  95
DOUBLE THALER AND SIX STIVERS OF WEST FRIESLAND.
the legend, LUCTOR ET EIERGO. The arms of West Friesland are
a crowned shield with two lions running. Holland has a lion rampant within a circular fence with gateway, holding a liberty:pole
and hat.
s    LAN
TWO STIVERS OF HOLLAND.
During the short reign of Louis Napoleon, the coinage bore his
head, name and title, with a crowned shield and date on the reverse. On the accession of William I., his head, name and title
appear, the crowned shield on the reverse exhibiting the arms of
the Kingdom, a crowned lion rampant, with sword and bundle of
arrows.
TOADA ALFnLE O  \LIM  I.N;T   LN/
%f ~n~
TWO AND A HALF GULDEN OF WILLIAM III NETHERLANDS.




096            THE COINAGES OF THE WVOIMLD
BELGIUM.
On the division of the Belgian Provinces, at the revolt of the
Netherlands, the southern or Celtic districts adhered to Spain.
In 1598 Philip II. ceded these to Austria, when Belgium became
DUCAT OF BRABANT, 15 8 4.
an independent kingdom. In 1621 it fell back into the hands of
Spain, where it remained till 1713, when the peace of Utrecht
terminated the war of the Spanish succession. It was then restored to Austria, and remained subject to her till 1797, when it
was united to France. On the fall of Napoleon it was separated
from France and joined to Holland to constitute the Kingdom of
the Netherlands, only to separate in 1830 and become an independent monarchy under Leopold of Saxe Coburg, its present ruler.
The coinage of Belgium subsequent to 1598 is largely Austrian,
BRABANTs               FLANDERS.
bearing the names and titles of the sovereigns, as Archdukes of
Austria and Dukes of Burgundy, Lotharingia, Brabant, and
Counts of Flanders. Toward the close of last century, while the
bust, &c., was on the obverse, the reverse had simply AD USUM BELGII, AUSTR. In 1790, during a revolt against Austria, a gold and




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                  97
silver Iion florin, half, c and quarter (known as the Lion series),
were struck, having for their device a lion rampant, holding a sword
or planting a liberty pole, with various Latin mottoes, such as AD
USUM F(EDERATTI BELGII.
Q                   U
SILVER LION OF BELGIUM.
No coins were issued by Belgium after its conquest by the
French in 1794 till 1830, when the present series appeared with
head and legend, LEOPOLD, PREMIER ROI DES BELGES, and on
reverse, value and date within a wreath. On the copper coins a
large ornamental L, surmounted by a crown, fills the obverse, and
on the reverse a lion is seated holding a tablet with the inscription,
CONSTITUTION BELGE, 1831, with legend, L'UIJlo.' FAITr LA FORCE.
On the nickle pieces, of later date, the lion is rampant,without the
tablets.
BELGIAN GOLD PIECE OF TWENTY-FI IE FRANCS.
LUXEMBURG.
About the Twelfth century, Luxemburg, an old German County,
came into the hands of the Counts of Lirburg, who then assumed
the titles of Counts of L. Passing into the hands of Burgundy it
became, in 1477, connected with Austria. In 1797 it was given to




98             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD.
France, and in 1814 raised to a Grand Duchy and given to Holland.  In 1830 its territory was divided between Belgium and
Holland, the title of Grand Duke of Luxemburg going to the
King of Holland, while a separate coinage was still issued for the
Duchy. On the obverse of these coins is the crowned shield, having a crowned lion rampant, called the Bohemian lion, from its two
tails, the House of Luxemburg having given kings to Bohemia
from 1310 to 1440 A. D.




CHAPTER XIII.
THE GERMAiN EMPIRE.
By the treaty of Verdun in 843, Lothaire, son of Louis le I)eb)onnnaire, received all the eastern part of France, the Alps, and
the French Rhine provinces and so formed the Kingdom  of
Lorraine. At the same time, all the German territories of Charlemagyne, forming the Kingdom of Germany, were given to Louis the
German. On the death of Lothaire, France took possession of
Provence and Burgundy, while the remainder of his territory joined
itself to the Kingdom of Germany, and thus laid the foundation
of the first German Empire.  In 953, Lorraine ceased to be a
royalty, and became an Imperial province with two Duchies:
3foselle, with the inner divisions of Lorraine, Luxemburg, the
Palatinate of the Rhine, and the Bishoprics of Strasburg, Metz,
Toul and Verdun, and Lotharingia or Brabacnzt, with its divisions
of Brabant Guelcldres, and the Bishoprics of Cambrai, Liege and
Cologne. At this time the Kingdom  of Germany comprised Sax*ony, Thuringia, Suabia, Bavaria, Bohemia, Corinthia and Carniola.
The rulers-spiritual and secular-in these two kingdoms being
the Electors of the Empire.
On the death of Louis IV., in 912, the Electors of the Empire
assembled at Worms, chose Conrad, Duke of Saxony, Franconia,
and Hesse, to be Emperor. In his family the crown remained
down to the death of Frederick Barbarossa, in 1190 A. D. After
the election of Conrad, money was struck freely in all the States
and principalities, the Emperors seeming to possess no right of
issuing money except for their own domains. The name of a
German Emperor, therefore, appealing on a coin issued by another
prince, is simply to be regarded in the light of a date, or as a
symbol of membership in that aristocratic confederation called the
German Empire.
The German Empire continued as a bond of union among the
sovereigns and princes of Central Europe until the wars of Napoleon. The frequent redistributions then of European territory
enriched some of the members of the Empire at the cost of others,
while the Confederation of the -Rhine so weakened the Empire
that at last it was formally dissolved in 1806. In 1814, however,
it was reorganized by the Congress of Vienna, but died from natural causes in 1848.




100                      THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
THE SECOND GERMAN EMPIRE.
The great successes of Prussia in her war with France, in 1870,
led to the occupation of Paris by the German armies. When in
Paris, in April, the assembled princes and generals proclaimed the
revival of the Empire, placing its crown on the head of Frederick
WVilliam of Prussia.  The Empire then formed has led to an extensive surrender of sovereign rights by States previously exercising them.  Among other results, there is now but one coinage
for all those petty States and Principalities that lie in Central
Europe all having been merged in one great Empire.
In arranging the coin issues of the several States of the German
Empire, it will be found impossible to form any such systematic
series as is possible with those of some other countries. Territories
changed masters, boundaries altered, titles appeared and disappeared so rapidly, that no one can keep the coins of different States
from intermingling. Some knowledge of heraldry and of history
will be needed in arranging these pieces, for on many of them the
student will find on the one side simply certain initials, and on the
other, perhaps, a coat of arms unlike, through the number of its
quarterings, anything he ever saw before. On studying the devices in detail, however, be may have the satisfaction of tracing
the  coin to its issue.*
* List of the German Emperors, with the date of their accessions.
A. D.                                            A. D.
Adolphus, of Nassau..................... 1292  Henry V................................ 1106
Albert I., of Hapsburg................... 1298  Henry VI., King of the Romans.......... 1191............II., of Austria...........1438  Henry VII., of Thuringia............... 1266
Alphonso X., King of Castile............ 1257  Henry VII., of Luxemburg...............1308
Arnulph................................ 887  Joseph I..............................1705
Charlemagne............................. 800 Joseph II...............................1765
Charles II................................ 875  Jossus, of Luxemburg....................1410
Charles III.......................... 880 1 Leopold I...............................1658
Charles IV., of Luxemburg..........1....347  Leopold II.............................1790
Charles V...............................1519  Lothaire I...............................     840
Charles VI...............................1711  Lothaire II.. Duke of Saxony............ 1125
Charles VII., of Bavaria................. 1742  Louis I., Le Debonnaire.................. 814
Conrad I................................. 911  Louis II.................................. 855
Conrad II................................10241 Louis III..........................          899
Conrad III, of Hohenstauffen............1138  Louis IV., of Bavaria................1314
Conrad IV.........................1237  Maria Theresa.......................... 1740
Ferdinand I............................1558  Matthias..........................           1612
Ferdinand II................1619  Maximilian I........................... 1493
Ferdinand III.........................1637  Maximilian II.......................... 1564
Ferdinand I..............................1835  Otho I................................... 911
Francis I., of Lorraine............1745  Otho II................................. 936
Francis I., Emperor of Austria........... 1804  Otho III...........9713
Francis II..................1............1792  Otho IV................................. 983
Frederick I., of Barbarossa..............1152  Otho V., of Saxony.....................1208
Frederick II.............................1212  Philip, Lord of Tuscany..................1198
Frederick III...........................1300  Robertus.................................1400
Frederick IV........................... 1440  Rodolph I., of Hapsburg.................1293
Frederick William, of Prussia...........1870  Rodolph II...............................1576
Henry I................................. 918  Rupert..................................129
Henry II.................................1002  Sigismund, of Luxemburg........... 1410
Henry III...............................1039  Wenceslos, of Luxemburg.1378
Henry IV..............................1056  William, of Holland........ 1........1250




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                           101
SILVER MARK OF THE SECOND GERMAN EMPIRE.
PRUSSIA.
The inhabitants of the modern Prussia first appear in history
about the  Tenth Century, and  were then  known as the Borussi.
From the Eleventh Century,the Prussians were subject to the Dukes.of Poland until the Twelfth, when they secured their independence.
About the Thirteenth Century, the Teutonic Knights attempted the
conversion of the Borussi to Christianity, and after fifty years
fighting had well nigh them  all killed off, replacing them  by German  colonists.   In the Fifteenth Century, Sigismund, King of
Poland, took West Prussia from  the Knights, while East Prussia
was formed into a Duchy to be subject to Albert of Brandenburg,
who had become Grand Master of the Order.*
TPENNY OF WUNRICS, GRAND MASTER OF THE KNIGHTS OF THE TEUTONIC ORDER, 1370, A. D.
In 1417, the Brandenburg lands were bestowed on Frederic I.,
who was at the same time raised to the Electorate. The Markgraf,
Albert of Brandenburg, became, in 1525, Duke of Prussia.  By
the energies of the Electors of the Seventeenth century, Prussia
*During the Crusades, but specially at the siege of Acre, inhabitants of Lubeck and Bremen devoted themselves to nursing the wounded soldiers. For this conduct Frederick of
Swabia formed them into the Teutonic Order of the Knights of St Mary of Jerusalem, only
Germans of noble birth being admissible as members. In the Thirteenth century the Knights
sought to Christianize the heathen tribes on the Southern shores of the Baltic, and thus became possessors of Prussia, Livonia, Courland, and other places. The Order was finally dissolved in 1809, by Napoleon, its estates passing to the sovereigns within whose territories
they lay.




102            THE COINAGES OF THE MWORLD;
and Brandenburg so prospered that in 1701, the Electorate became a Kingdom, under Frederick III., who then became Frederick I., of the royal house of Prussia.
THALER OF WILLIA3M III, ELECTOR OF BRANDENBURG, 1688-1713, A.D.
Of the coins of,his earlier period our space forbids more than a
general statement. On the obverse will be generally found a bust,
with the name and titles, which will sometimes read-D. G.
M. B. S. R. I., Are. and El., meaning A2archio Brandenburg
Sacri Romani Imperii Archithesaurius et Elector; on the reverse is a crowned shield with date, the legend reading REX BoRUSSI.E, or BORUSSORUM REX, with the Black Eagle, single headed
REVERSES OF PRUSSIAN THALERS OF LAST CENTURY. THE OBVERSES
HAD SIMPLY THE KING'S BUST.
and crowned, having a sceptre in the right talon and an orb in
the left one. Toward the close of the century the legend is in
German, and reads, KOENIG VON PREUSSEN, in which language it
still appears.
In 1870 the German Empire was revived, and the Imperial




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                                        103
THIALER OF FREDERICK WILLIAM III., OF PRUSSIA.
crown placed on the head of Frederick William IV. Since then
the moneys of Prussia have been merged in the uniform coinage
issued under the sanction of the new German Diet.*
GOLD TWENTY MARK PIECE OF PRUSSIA, 1872.
SAXONY.
So far back as the year 850, Saxony (Sachsen) was created a
Dukedom, with Lubeck for its capital. In 912 its Duke, Henry
"The Fowler," obtained the Imperial throne, and founded the
Saxon line of German Emperors, lasting till 1024, A. D. In 1423
Saxony became an Electorate. In 1500, in the family of the then
*RULERS OF PRUSSIA.
Margraf Albert I.........................1134  Otho I...............................1170
Margraf Albert II........................1206  Otho II..................................1184
Margraf Albert III.....................1470  Otho III..................................1221
Frederick I..............................1415 Otho IV.............................1282
Frederick II.............................1440 Sigismund......1378
Henry I..................................1319  Waldemar...............................1309
Joachim  I..............................1499  Wenceslos...............................1373
Joachim  II..............................1535 Duke Frederick..........................1688
Joachim  Frederick......................1592  Duke William...........................1640
John I................................1221 Duke George William....................1619
John II............................ 1266 Duke John Sigismund...................1616
John III...............................1476  King Frederick I.........................1701
John George............................ 1571 King Frederick lI........................1740
John Sigismund.........................1698  King Frederick William I................1713
Jossus..................................1388  King Frederick William II...............1786
Louis I..................................1323  King Frederick William III............. 1797
Louis II................................1352 King and Emperor Frederick William IV 1840




104            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
Elector, Frederick the Warlike, it was transferred to the younger
branch of his children, as represented by Duke Maurice. The devices on the coinage of Saxony are for the most part of the usual
CROWN OF FREDERICK WILLIAZM, DUKE OF SAXONY, 1594.
character-a bust, with name and titles, on the obverse, and on
the reverse a crowned shield with arms or value and date.
John George I., 1611-1636, joined with Gustavus Adolphus and
took part in the Thirty Years War. Subsequently joining Austria, he added largely to his estates, and raised the Electorate to
its highest point. Succeeded by his son, John George II., his other
THALERS OF JOHN GEORGE I.
sons divided certain estates among themselves and founded cadet
houses, all of which, however, ran out before 1750. In 1697,
Duke Frederick Augustus became King of Poland.  On his
Polish coins he was now called REX POLONIARUM, a title that never




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                 105
/\S-IRMPARCHLMELECT
ATQiPO STEXCESS DIWI
(E }} uIN-IIATaGVICARI9
ANDG-TIR-MMAR.MI S,N3I -SUPI (KINELTTIUS  A_
9   RGG MAGD-COM DF
uc;   S MARC.&RAVE NSJ X
N DOMJINRkVE
THALER OF JOHN GEORGE II, 1650-1680, A. D.
appeared on the Saxon coins. On their reverses are two shields
bearing arms-the one of Saxony, the other of Poland and LithuTHALER OF THE SONS OF JOHN GEORGE I.
ania. In 1704 he was deposed from this rank, through the influence of Charles XII., of Sweden, yet continued issuing coins as
King. After the overthrow of Charles at Pultowa in 1709, Frederick was restored to the throne, which remained in his family till
the dismemberment of Poland, in 1795, by Russia, Prussia and
Austria.
In 1711, Frederick issued a ducat, on the reverse of which are
two altars, one holding the imperial vestment, sceptre, crown and
orb; the other the regal mantle, sword and crown. By this he
showed his claim to the succession to the imperial throne. On




106            THE COINAGES OF THIE W5ORILD;
OBVERSE OF CROMWN AND REVERSE OF X PIECE OF FREDERICK I,
1694-1733, A. D.
some of the coins of last century we have on the reverse a shield
with two fields, one containing the arms of Saxony, the other his
personal arms, those of the House of Wettin-the cross swordsarms that appeared on coins of Saxony for the last time in 1807.
REVERSES OF THALERS OPF SAXONY, WVITH AND WITHOUT THE
ARMS OF WETTIN.
In 1806, Frederick Augustus III. joined Napoleon, and was rewarded by the rank of King and the gift of the Polish Duchy
of Warsaw. On the fall of Napoleon, however, though allowed
to retain his new rank, he lost all his new territory.
In 1870 Saxony became part of the second German Empire.
SAXE-COBURG GOTHA.
The Principality of Coburg formerly comprised Saxe-Saalfeld,
Saxe-feiningen, Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Hildburghausen.  In 1826
Hildburghausen and Saalfeld were formed with Meiningen into the




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                 107
Duchy of that name, while Coburg and Gotha were anited in
a Duchy, carrying the arms of Saxony. The coinages of these
connected States is of no merit, and can easily be classified by
means of the legends.
MARK PIECE OF SAXE-COBURG GOTHA.
SAXE WEIMAR-EISENACH.
When Frederick was deprived of his Electorate of Saxony, in
1547, he was made Duke of Weimar or Weimar-Eisenach. In this
family the Dukedom remained till 1815, when, for his services
against Napoleon, Duke Charles received an accession of territory
and the rank of Grand Duke. The State now forms part of the
German Empire. The device on the coins is the bust or crowned
shield, with GROSHERZOGTHUM SACHSEN, and the Saxon arms on a
shield of pretence.
HOHENZOLLERN.
The Hohenzollern family trace their pedigree back to the Ninth
Century, when Count Thassilo built a castle near Hechingen, on
the heights of Zollern. In 1105 the House divided into the Elder
or Swabian line, and into the Younger or Franconian. In 1576
the Elder line divided into the two principalities of Hohenzollern
Hechingen and Hohenzollern Sigmaringen. In 1415 the Younger
or Franconian branch received from the Emperor the Electorate
of Brandenburg, and now, as King of Prussia, occupies the
throne of Germany. In 1842 the houses of the Elder line surrendered their States to Prussia, but retained the titles and
receiving pensions. On the coinage we have the legends, HOHENZ.
HECH. or HOHENZ. SIG., according to the State that issued them.
BAVARIA.
This territory was originally occupied by the Celtic Boii, from
whom the old Latin name Boiaria, and its German name of
Baiern or Bayren is derived.  Charlemagne having added it to




108                THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
his territories, bestowed the  Dukedom  in  1180  on  the  Count
of Wittlesbach, from whom  its present ruler is descended.  On
coins issued during this period, we have shields with the Bavarian
arms, religious figures and legends, while the titles of the Dukes
often  read  as follows:   Dei  Gratia,  utriusque, Bavarice, and
Palatinatus superioris Dnux  comes ralatinus Rheni sacri Romani
Imperii Archidapifer (cup-bearer)  Elector  Landgracvius Leuchtenbergce.  In the case of some coins issued on  the  marriage  of
BUST OF KING ON OBVERSE.  DOUBLE THALER OF MAXIMILIAN JOSEPH.
Maximilian  Joseph, in  1747, we have  acded  to the  above the
words Maria Anna Regia Princeps Polonice et saxonice.
From the Fifteenth to the Seventeenth centuries the limits of
Bavaria were frequently changed, so that many petty States,
Bishoprics and Free Cities, all of which issued money in their own
names, were within its limits. In 1642 Bavaria became an Electorate, and in 1772 the  Rhenish Palatinate was added to it.*
DOUBLE  DUCAT OF CHARLES AL-               CAROLINE OF THE RHENISH
BERT, 1729-1745, A.D.                       PALATINATE.
*Under the Merovingians the Comes Palatinus was a high judicial officer of the King's
palatizum or palace. He was in fact the King's Law Adviser.  Charlemagne conferred this
title, with its natural authority, on powerful feudal Lords in frontier districts. Hence the
territory subject to such persons was known as a Palatinate or county Palatine.  Sometimes, therefore, the Rhenish Palatine formed part of Bavaria, when it is mentioned on the
Bavarian money; sometimes it was an independent territory, and issued its own money.




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                 109
In 1806, Napoleon erected Bavaria into a Kingdom, under
Maximilian Joseph, its Duke, 1798-1825, a rank it still retains,,
though now part of the Second German Empire.
N=G
~VE.
DOUBLE THALER OF BAVARIA.
BRUNSWICK.
In the days of Charlemagne, Brunswick formed part of Saxony.
In 1235, along with Luneburg, it was made a Duchy under
Duke Otho.  In 1569, Henry, son of  Ernest the Confessor,
founded the house of Brunswick- Wolfenjbittel, or Brunswick, his
younger brother William founding that of Brunswick-Litneburg,
BELL THALER OF BRUNSWICK, 1643.
This Thaler was struck to commemorate the victory of Gustavus
Adolphus of Sweden, and his ally, Duke George, of Brunswick,
over the Imperialists at Duthlingen, and is a good specimen of
the medallic coinage of the German and other European States,




110           THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
DOUBLE THALER OF LOUIS RUDOLPH, DUKE OF BR. AND LUN, 1734.
On the coins of Brunswick we have generally the customary
bust, with name and titles. Sometimes there is the device of the
wild man of the Hartz, a coarse savage with a cloth around his
loins, and holding a pine tree in his hand; on the reverses will be
the crowned shield or the values.
THALER OF PHILIP.
In 1806 Brunswick was seized by Napoleon, and used to make
up his Kingdom of Westphalia. After the battle of Leipsic however, in 1813, it was restored to the son of the late Duke. In
1815, Duke Frederick William fell at Quatre Bras, when his heir,
Charles Frederick, then a minor, was placed under the guardianship of the Prince Regent of England, so that on the coins issued
between 1817 and 1823, the legend reads, Georyqius A. G. Princ.
Regens, and on the reverse, Tutor norn. Caroli DIucis Bruns et
Lun, with the white horse of Hanover or the wild man of the
Hartz.




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                  111
Northeims is, or rather was, a small State within the limits of
Brunswick.
THALE R OF NORTIEIIMS 1671.
HANOVER
On the division of the House of Brunswick in 1569, the Duchies
of Luneburg and Zell became the property of William. In 1692
Hanover became an Electorate, and in 1714, oni the death of Queen
Anne, Elector George Lewis, the nearest Protestant heir of that
deceased sovereign, ascended the throne of England as George
I., retaining his Lordship of Hanover.
TW'O-THIRD PIECE OF BiRUNSWVICK, WITH HANOVERIAN REVERSE,
1764.
Pieces of various value were now issued, bearing either the bust
and legend of the English sovereign, or the royal arms, along
with some Hanoverian device, such as the horse running, the wild
man of the Hartz, St. Andrew and his cross, having on them the
Hanover value in thalers, MIarien grosehen, ducat, or pistole.




112            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
g A "  BSPECIES'
_  1   T}LALER 
CONVENTION THALER OF 1788.
In 1814 Hanover was raised to a Kingdom, but as the Salic law
prevented the Queen of England from assuming the Hanoverian
REVERSES OF COINS OF BRUNSWICK WITH ENGLISH ARMS.
crown, this passed in 1838 to Victoria's uncle, Ernest Augustus,
Duke of Cumberland. On his death, in 1851, the throne was
occupied by his son George, but the Kingdom has lately been
absorbed by Prussia.
The coinages of Brunswick and Hanover seem to have been, to
some extent, interchangeable, the titles of the sovereign on either
being Dux BR ET LUNEB.
WESTPHALIA.
Westphalia, now a province of Prussia, derives its name from
the West-falen, a Saxon tribe. Charlemagne, having subdued the
Saxons, allowed their leader to remain Duke of the Engern, and
Westjfalen. In 1179 the electoral Archbishop of Cologne brought
the district under his control, where it remained till 1802, when the
larger part of it was given to the Hesse Darmstadt family. In 1807
Napoleon formed the Kingdom of Westphalia by taking portions
from Hesse, Hanover, Brunswick and Upper Saxony, appointing




ANCIENT AND ~MODERN.                 113
his youngest brother Jerome, its monarch. On the battle of Leipsic in 1813, this kingdom ceased to exist, and the Duchy itself was
united to Prussia. On the recent coins of Westphalia we have
therefore a bust with king's name, HIERONYIIJUS NAPOLEON, and
on reverse value ^and date.
EINE FEINE *
0     /           0             +1 8 14
THALER OF JEROMIE NAPOLEON OF WESTPHALIA.
W-URTEMBERG.
WVurtemberg was under the control of Cotunts till 1495, when
the Emperor Maximilian made it a -Dukedom. On the peace of
Luneville in 1800, it was raised to an Electorate.  In 1805 Napoleon conferred on its ruler the rank of KAing, adding largely to
DOUBLE TtIALER OF JOHN FREDERICK OF WURTEMBURG, 1623.
his dominions, a change confirmed by the Congress of Vienna.
The State is now part of the German empire.
On recent coins of WVurtemburg we have the king's bust, with
names and titles, such as Dux WURT or WIRT enlburg ET TEcensis
(Teck) and the arms as usual on a crowned shield with supporters.




114            THE COINAGES OF THE WORID;
DOUBLE THALER OF CHARLES OF WURTEMIBURG, 1869.
STUTTGART.
0  -
THALER OF STUTTGART, 1522 A. D.
Stuttgart is the capital of Wurtemburg, its history going back to
the Twelfth century. In 1285 it was taken by the House of Hapsburg, and has since then been frequently the seat of war.
HESSE.
The territory of Hesse was occupied originally by the Catti.
On their migration to Gaul the Saxons took possession, whence
its name of Saxon HTesse. In 911 the Duke of Franconia and
Hesse was elected Emperor of Germany. In the year 1300 the
domains were portioned out among different branches of the ruling
family, but in 1562 a final division was made into HIesse-Cassel
(whose Landgraf was made an Elector in 1803), Hesse Darmstadt




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                  115
(Grand Duchy in 1806), and Hesse Homburg (Landgraviate),
each being so distinguished from the name of its capital.
The coinages of the three States are interchangeable, those
since 1803 being distinguished only by the titles of the ruling
prince. The arms of Hesse are a lion rampant, surmounted by a
crown, the devices on the coins being generally a head or bust on
the obverse, with name and titles, and on reverse the shield with
arms or value and date.
BADEN.
In 1130 Herman II., the ruler of the Baden territory, assumed the
title of.Mc'rkgrcf. In 1475 Baden was divided, according to the
German custom, into Baden-Bactden and Bcaden-Dourlach. In 1771
these were united by Duke Charles Frederick of Baden becoming
Duke of Baden-Baden. In 1803 the Duchy was advanced to an
Electorate. In 1806 the Elector received the title of Grand Duke
(Grbsherzog), the heir apparent being known as the Hereditary
Grand Duke and the other sons and daughters as MlVargraves and
Margravines. The coins are of the usual designs-busts, names and
titles, with crowned shields with arms, value and dates.
THALER OF BADEN.
MECKLENBURG.
In the Twelfth century the Mecklenburg territory was made a dependency by Henry the Lion. In 1349 the Emperor Charles raised
it to a Dukedom. In 1701, after several divisions and reunions,
the State was divided into the Dukedoms of.iecklenburg Schwerin
and of Mecklenburg Strelitz. In 1815 the Duke of Mecklenburg
Schwerin was made a Grand Duke. Each of the Duchies has its
own coinage, needing no description, as the name of the State
always appears.




116            THE COINSAGIES OF THE AVORLD;
LIPPE.
The House of Lippe dates from 1129, thlough in 1013 it followed
the usual German custom and divided its territory. Thie coins
of Lippe bear a full-blown rose, filling up nearly all their field.
ANHALT.
The Principality of Anhalt consists of the Duchies of A. Bernburg, A. Dessau and A. Kbthen. The independence of Anhalt
dates from the 13th century, and the present threefold division
goes as far back as' the 17th century. The coins of Anhalt are
easily recognized by their device of a bear with a ducal crown
fastened on its collar, walking along a wall, while beneath it is an
arched doorway.
OLDENBURG.
The present Oldenburg was in early times subject to Saxony,
but in 1180 independent States were formed by the Counts of
Oldenburg and Delmenhorst. The dynasty then founded has remained in possession of this territory till the present time, besides
giving royal houses to other lands. In 1448, Christian of Oldenburg became King of Denmark, and founded the Danish house of
Oldenburg. The Russian royal family is a branch of the Oldenburgs, as also was the late royal family of Sweden. On the coins
of this Duchy the legend is generally OLDESBURG COURANT
M5UNZE.
LORRAINE.
Lorraine was originally part of the German Empire, and dates
from 855 A. D., when Lotharius II. obtained its lands. What is
now called Rhenish Prussia was separated from it in the Tenth century, and in 1044 A. D., the remainder was divided into Upper and
lower Lorraine. In 1477 Lower Lorraine came into the hands of
Austria, and now forms part of the Kingdom of Belgium, and the
provinces of Brabant and Gelderland in Holland. In 1736, Upper
Lorraine, which had previously been governed by its own dukes,
was given to Stanilas, ex-King of Poland, but in 1766 was united
to France as its province of Lorraine. As a result of the FrancoGerman war of 1870, Lorraine was ceded by France to Prussia,
and its present coinage is now included within that of the German
Empire.
METZ,
Metz, an old Roman town, became, on the death of Clovis, in 511
A. D., the capital of Austrasia and later, of Lorraine. In 985 it




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                   117
became a free Imperial city. By the treaty of WVestphalia in 1648,
it was ceded to France, but is now connected with Prussia. From
960 A. D. clown to 1666, both the Bishop and City of Metz issued
coins.
THALER OR LARGE CROWN OF METZ, 1632.
ORANGE.
The early home of the'House of Orange is said to have been on
the banks of the Rhone.
In 1178 A. D., Frederick I. granted the right of coining money
to the Count of Orange. The earlier issues bear the name of
Frederick on the obverse, and on the reverse the arms of Orange
-a cornet or horn. During the sixteenth century the House of
THALER OF WILLIAir, PRINCE OF ORANGE, 1649.
Nassau succeeded that of Chalon, which was then in possession of
the principality.  In 1673 the King of France confiscated the estates of Nassau, restoring them, however, in 1678. They were
again taken during the French War and, in 1702, given to the
Prince of Conti, the title, Prince of Orange, passing to the descendants of the Prince of Nassatu-Dietz.




118            THE COINAGES OF THE WVORLD;
NASSAU.
This Duchy is one of the southern States of Germany, and receives its name from the Castle of Nassau, the chief stronghold in
the Twelfth century of the Counts of Laurenburg. A younger
branch of this house, by marriage with the heiress of Gelders,
founded the line of Nassau-Gelclers, represented at present in the
royal family of the Netherlands. This junior line, having also
obtained the principality of Orange, is now known as the ruler of
that principality. In 1806, Nassau was rendered a Duchy, but is
now part of the German Empire. The coinage is of the usual
monotonous style: a bust on the obverse, with name and titles of
the sovereign, and on the reverse a crowned shield,with date and
value.
THE HANSE TOWNS.
In the Thirteenth century, Hamburg, Lubeck and Bremen
formed a mutual covenant or -Hansa for trading purposes. The
advantages of this League were so obvious that it soon included
every commercial city in Holland and Livonia. By 1630, however, its general mission had been accomplished, and its power
rapidly declined, so that it soon consisted only of the three first
named cities and Dantzic. These formed free republics till 1810,
when Napoleon added the first to France. In 1813, however, they
joined with Frankfort-on-the-Main in forming what are now known
as the Free Hanseatic Cities.
HA-MBURG THALER OF 1553.
Of these cities hambgurg is the largest. So far back as the
Twelfth century Hamburg was raised to the rank of a Free City by
Otho IV. Its coinage is very easily recognized from its arms-a
wall and gateway surmounted by three towers. On the old coins
the fort was shown surrounded by water, referring to the Elbe.




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                  119
As the city forms a member of the German Empire, the crowned
double-headed eagle with the imperial orb on its breast, and holding sword and sceptre, with name and titles of the reigning Emperor is often found on the reverses.
GOLD DUCAT OF HAMIBURG, 1840.
LUBECK.
Lubeck, one of the oldest North German towns, was declared,
in 1226, a free city. As a member of the Empire, its coins bear
the two-headed eagle, having on the breast the numeral of value,
with IMPERIALIS CIVITAS. On the reverses are the date, value,
and name of the city.
(I'/I",.li /\,,%~?'..~
I/0
DOUBLE THALER OF LUBECK.
BREMEN.
Bremen was erected, in the Eighth century, into a bishopric by
Charlemagne, and has always been a city of importance. Its arms
consist of a key diagonal-wise on a shield, surmounted by a coronet, with value in grotes, and on reverse the two-headed eagle
having an orb on its breast sustaining the imperial crown, with the
name and titles of the Emperor for legend. As Bremen was an




120           THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
Episcopal city, we sometimes find on the reverses, in place of the
eagle, a cross pattee with the legend Cnux CHRISti NOS SALVS,
when the legend on the obverse will be MoNeta Nova REIPUmbicic
BReemer.
TWELVE GROTE OF BREMEN.
NUREMBERG.
Nuremberg was made a Free Imperial City by the Emperor
Henry V. in 1219. In 1417 its inhabitants purchased their civic
independence from the House of Hohenzollern.  During the
middle ages it held an important position as a trading and manufacturing city, but having joined the Confederation of the Rhine
in 1806, was annexed to Bavaria. On its early coins is found
the figure of its patron saint, St. Lawrence, with such legend as
MONETA REIPUB. NURENBERGENSIS.  Subsequently this device
was replaced by the busts of the Emperors. Some of its gold
coins-ducats-have on the obverse a lamb carrying a banner,
bearing the word PAx. Such, with similar pieces from other
countries, constitute a class of coins known as Agnus pieces.
FRANKFORT-ON-THIE-MAIN.
Frankfort is the oldest of the free cities of Germany.  In
1356 Charles IV. appointed it as the place in which the election
of the Emperors of Germany should take place.  Its coinage
bears either the Emperor's bust, with name and title, or a view
of the river Main, with Frankfort on the bank and a bridge
crossing the river, and the crowned eagle on the reverse, with
FREIE STADT FRANKFURT.




ANCIENT AND _MODEPN.                  121
FRANKFORT THALER OF 1628.
COLOGNE.
This city was founded by the Ubii about 40 B. C., and about a
hundred years later received, in honor of Agrippina, the wife of
Claudius, the name of Colonia Agrippina, whence its modern
name of Cologne. It entered the Hanse League in the Thirteenth
century and contended with Lubeck for the first place. At first
a bishopric, in the Eighth century Cologne was made an archbishopric. Some of the occupants of the See became distinguished
as princes of the Empire, so that a struggle arose between them
and the civic rulers, resulting in the removal of the archbishop's
residence to Bonn. In 1801 the See was secularized, and in 1815
the whole territory was handed over to Prussia.
The coins of Cologne resemble, in general style, those of the
other cities-the Emperor's bust, with name and titles, &c., or that
of the archbishop, with such legends as Auchiescopus (or ARchi
EPIsco2pzs), Coloniensis PRINceps ELecto9r, and on the reverse a
crowned shield, with date and legend, EPiscopets ET PRINcejPS
D-ux BuLeMsis MAnchio Fracncice Coloniensis, &c., &c.
It is, however, both needless and impossible for us to attempt to
describe the coinages of the other Episcopal or free cities. What
we have said indicates their characteristics, each of course havingthe peculiarity of the name and rank of its ruler, and often some
distinctive device.  Those of Salzburgy, for instance, are covered
with ecclesiastical emblems and designs. Stralsund has for its
arms a brocad arrotw.  Stolberg has a stag with antlers, passing in
front of a crowned pillar that is surmounted with the orb. lAugysbturg has a fir cone. Dcanzic, two crowned Maltese crosses in a




122            THE COINAGES OF THE WVORLD.
shield. Corveylacnci (Corbei nova), Pcaderborn, giameln, and so on
all of which can easily be distinguished and classified by the collector.
TWENTY MARKI OF STOLBERG, 1764.




CHAPTER XIV.
SCHLESWIG HOLSTEIN.
The arms of Schleswig are two lions running to the left. As
connected with Denmark the coins of Schleswig have, on the
obverse, the Danish arms, while on their reverses is found a
crowned shield with the national arms, and on the Scheidrznze, or
provincial currency of low values, the name of the State, value
and date.
THALER OF SCHLESWVIG HOLSTEIN, WVITH DANISH ARMIS, 1787.
In 1864, Schleswig, which had previously formed with Holstein one Principality, was formally taken possession of by
Denmark. Prussia and Austria then attacked Denmark and took
both States from it, finally quarrelling over the spoil.
DENMARK.
GROAT OF CHRISTIAN II., 1535.




124            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
The earliest known coins of Denmark are those struck in England and Ireland. Those of Canute, 1015 A. D., have his head
with CNVT R., and on the reverse SIvORD I RocI. In 1389 AIargaret of Denmark added Sweden to her dominion, which, then, in
1448, when the House of Holstein, the present occupants of the
throne, obtained supreme power, consisted of Denmark proper,
Sweden and Norway. The coin system of Denmark is rather
complex, there being distinct and contemporaneous issues for each
of the three countries, Denmark retaining on her coins the arms
of Sweden, though in 1528 that country, under Gustavus Wasa,
secured its independence.
THALER OR FOUR MIARK PIECE, 1659.
Struck to commemorate the suppression of a conspiracy against
the crown.
%S~:ILLING AND RU.GSA:X b ALER, 011 RIG'S1DAL:E  SI)ECIES
SIKILLING  AND RIGSBAKi( DALER,~ 0It OIR' [Gi)AIEP'$I'7([IIFS:




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                  125
This shield bears the arms of Denmark, Norway, Sweden,
Schleswig, Gothen and WVenden. The shield resting on the cross
carries the arms of Holstein, Stormarn and Ditmarsen, while the
shield of pretence has those of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst.
The Danish coins have generally on the obverse the bust and
name of the ruler, and on the reverse a crowned shield with the
royal arms, three lions and nine hearts, or perhaps, as on recent
issues, only value and date.
TW1O PIGSDALER, 1868.
2 KIRONER, 1875.
NORWAY.
Our earliest coins of Norway are those of Onlaf, 1066, having for
legend ONLAF REX NOR., the title being sometimes Dzux rather
than -Rex. Toward the close of the Fourteenth century, Norway had been annexed to Denmark.
The Danish-NorweTian coins bore on the obverse the bust,
name, and titles of the Danish king, and on the reverse the Nor



126            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
THALER OF DUKE JOHN ADOLPHUS, HEIR OF NORWAIY, DUKE OF
SCHLESWIG HOLSTEIN, 1611.
wegian arms, a lion rampant, climbing a battle axe. In the exergue are two hammers crossed, the Norwegian M. M, with reference to the mines of Konigsberg. Up to 1818 the coins of Norway resemble those of Denmark; since then they belong to the
Swedish series.
DANISH THALER, STRUCK FOR NORWAY.   NORVAY TIIALER, ] 796.
SWEDEN.
COIN OF STEPHEN, ISSUED AT STOCKHOLMI, 1512.




ANCIENT AND TMODERN.                   127
The arms of Sweden are three crowns, and as there is no gold
coinage the siivtr money consists of the Rixsdaler or Government
IIXDALER OF SAVEDEN.
dollar of 48 schillings. This dollaris worth 100 copper bre or aere,
(Lat., aerum).  Lately this 6re has been replaced by skillings of
which there are two issues; the one, the government money, having
a large crowned monogram of the King within branches, and on
the reverse a large I on circular disk, with legend, SIILLING RIGSMONT. The other skilling is only half the value of this, and is
called SKILLING BANCO.
On the coins of the Wctasca family, 1528-1658, there is always a
religious symbol, the obverse presenting, with bust, a legend, consisting of the king's name, and titles, D. G. SvEGORumq GOTHORmur
VANDALoRuM, Rex, while the reverse is a crowned shield with
arms.
During the wars of Charles XII., Sweden was greatly impoverished. As a measure of necessity, during 1715-1719, the Baron
Goertz, the Prime Minister, issued a series of eleven dalers of copper to circulate at the value of silver. The reverses of these coins
all bear "I. -Daler S. M." in three lines, and on the obverse of
each there is a different design, as follows:
A Crown, 1715.                 Jupiter, 1718.
Pallas, 1716.                  Mars, 1718.
Publica fides, Wett och Wa- M3ercurius, 1718.
pin, 1717.                   Hoppel, 1719.
Saturn, 1718.                  Phlebus, 1718.
Flink och Fardig, 1718.
The series was closed by one bearing the baron's own effigy, a
circumstance that led, ultimately, to his being indicted and executed for treason.




12 8           THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
SWEDISH DALER OF NECESSITY, 1718.
From 1736 until 1751, the arms of Hesse Cassel were on the coins,
when the house of Holstein came to the throne, retaining it till
1810. Napoleon then appointed Bernadotte, one of his Marshals,
Crown Prince, and in 1813 annexed Sweden to Norway. In 1818
Bernadotte ascended the throne as Charles XIV., his coins bearing
his bust, and legend, SVEnIGES NORR. G(othland) ocH (and) westmanland Konung, with, on reverse, a crowned shield or two
arrows saltire, with value and date.
RIXDALER1 OF OSCARn 1844.
RIXDALER OF CHARLES XV.




ANCIENT AND 2IODETr]N.                129
RUSSIA.
In 9S1 A. D., the Byzantine Emperor, John Zimisces, having
conquered the Russians, sealed a peace with them by giving his
daughter in marriage to their Duke Vladomir.  In 1328 the Tartars overthrew the rising civilization, but in 1462 their yoke was
thrown off, and the modern PRussian system began. During the
earlier period of its history Russia consisted of many petty States,
ruled over by the sons of the dominant Duke, each of whom issued
money. In 1534 many of these States were brought together by
Ivan, who then assumed the title of Tsar or Czar, while in 1721
Peter the Great assumed the title of Emperor. Russian money
consists of the yoldc Imperial, with ten silver roubles, each of
which is divided into 100 copper cents or copecks. From 1828 to
I837 platinumq  was used, but found to be unsuitable. The Russian
SIX ROUBLES.  (Platin2um.)
letters, so like and yet so unlike the Roman, render the coins very
noticeable, while, at the same time, there is very little variety in
the designs.  On the obverses may be found the bust of the mon-'6OLD PIEC;E 01 DEYIET:ICUS, 15S0 A. O).




130            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
arch, and on the reverses, generally, the Russian two-headec
eagle, each head crowned, with the Imperial crown above. On the
eagle's breast is generally a shield, with figure of St. George and.
the dragon.
POLAND.
The name of Poland is found upon the earliest pages of Eu —
ropean history. Specially famous for military prowess, it exhausted
its energies on battlefields, and when torn by internal dissensions,
became an easy prey to its allied adversaries, so that now it has
ceased to exist. In 1573 Poland became an elective monarchy,
and chose Henry of Valois for its ruler. Next year Henry abandoned his Polish crown on succeeding to the throne of France, as
Henry III.
THIRTY GROS PIECE OF JOHN CASIMIR, 1665.
In 1772, the first partition of Poland took place at therhands of
Russia, Austria and Prussia, these powers dividing among themselves nearly one-fourth of her territory, despite the protests of the
people, the Diet and the King. The Polish coins of this date have
on their obverse a head,with legend,STANILAUS AUGUSTus D.G.REx.
POLziCe Magnus Dux LITU (Lithuanice), with a crowned shield on
the reverse, having the arms of Poland and Lithuania. In 1793
the second partition, and in 1795 the last partition, or final division
THREE GROS PIECE OF SIGISMOND.
of Poland, was effected by the same powers. In 1807 Napoleon
formed the D?'chy of WTarsaw, but in 1815, this, as the Kingdom




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                 131
of Poland, was given to Russia, by the bond of a personal union.
On the Russian coins now issued the Czar was called King of
Poland. In 1830 the Poles revolted and revived the Kingdom of
Poland, declaring themselves independent, issuing the coins that
bear on the obverse a crowned shield with the arms of Poland and
Lithuania, and on the reverse, the value within branches, and the
date below. The revolt was soon afterwards suppressed, and
Poland declared to be an integral part of the Russian Empire.
-ZOT 
FIVE ZLOTS OF THE KINGDOM OF POLAND, 1830.
In 1832 Russian silver one-and-a-half rouble pieces were issued.
These correspond exactly in value to ten Polish zlotys. That
these coins might circulate freely in both countries, their Russian
value was stated in Russian, and their Polish value in Polish characters.
lUSSIAN-POLISH ONE-AND-A-HALF ROUBLE.




CHAPTER XV.
AUSTRIAi.
Austria" receives,its name from  its position in Europe —OstReich-the East Country. This portion of his dominion was
placed by Charlemagne under a.aMcrk-Graf, or Lord of the
Marches. Additions were made to the territory, so that in 1273
the House of Hapsburg (from Habsburg or Hawk's Castle on the
Aar), its rulers, rose to the Imperial purple.
The Arms of Austria consist of a double-headed eagle, surmounted by the Imperial Crown, the eagle having on its breast a
shield with arms, and holding a sword in the right talon and a
sceptre in the left one. During the present century the sceptre
has been replaced by the globe. On the obverse of Austrian
coins is generally the Emperor's bust, with name and titles, and on
the reverse the Austrian Eagle, with remainder of titles, or value
and date. These titles are Emperor of Germany, Archduke of
Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Count of the Tyrol, King of Hungary
and of Bohemia, Count of Styria,&c., &c.
CROWNT O' 0PIII,Jl' III. OF AUSTRIA, KING OF CASTILE, 1621-1665 A. D.
Through Charles V., the Austrian monarchy became ruler over
well nigh all Europe, and an immense variety of titles are found
on the coins, according to the country for whose use such were
specially issued.
In 1804 Francis II., Emperor of Germany, proclaimed himself
hereditary Emperor of Austria, laying down, in 1806, his titles of




ANCIENT AND MIODERN.                1. 33
Emperor of Germany and King of the Romans.  In 1815, Lombardy and Venice were added to Austria, and the names of
these territories, with or without Galicia cand Illyria, appeared
CROWN OF FRANCIS JOSEPH I., OF AUSTRIA.
on the Austrian coinage, while at the same time coins
were issued for Lombardy and Venice, having the Austrian Eagle,
with the values, dates and locality. In 1866, when Lombardy
and Venice were annexed to Piedmont, this latter series ceased.
GOLD FOUR FLORIN OF AUSTRIA, 18  1.
UIUNGARY.
The lMagyars, as the old Hungarians are called, are of Scythian
origin, and entered their present home under the leadership of
Arpacd, about 890 A.D. About the year 1000, Arpad's descendant, St. Stephen, was crowned King of HIunary, his descendDUCA'T( OF ISABElLIA, QUELEN OF HIULG.\iGY, ]y 155.




134            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
ants retaining the throne till 1301. From this period the rulers
were chosen from foreign houses till 1526, when, on the prostration
of Hungary by the Turks, the Hapsburg family ascended the
throne. Hungary never formed part of the Austrian Empire, but
THALER OF MARIA THERESA, A. D. 1742.
has always been connected with it by a personal union with its
sovereign, retaining a large amount of independence.  Hence,
the coins struck for Hungary and Bohemia have on the obverse
either the crowned shield, with arms, or the sovereign's bust, with
name and Hungarian title, and on the reverse, religious emblems.
During the struggle of Louis Kossuth in 1848, coins were issued
by the Revolutionary Government, having on the obverse a
crowned shield bearing the Hungarian Arms with legend, and on
reverse the value in Hungarian and date. In 1867, a new arrangement was made between Austria and Hungary, securing the
more perfect autonomy of the latter.
AUSTRO-IIUNGARIAN F]LORIN, 1869.




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                      135
BOHEMIA.
The name Bohemia comes from the old Celtic tribe of the Boii,
that having crossed from France into Italy was for several centuries at bitter war with Rome. On its final defeat by Scipio in 191
B. C., a portion of the tribe leaving Italy settled north of the
Danube, hence the name of the territory Boiohemium-home of
the Boii-contracted to Biohwen-B ohemia.  In 937 A. D., Otho
made Bohemia tributary to the German Empire, and in 1061 Henry
VI. conferred the title of King of Bohemia on the Duke of Prague.
In his family the throne remained till 1306 A. D. During this
period, or from about the year 1200, Ottocar began the issue of
_Bracteates,* cup-like coins of very thin silver, with the type on one
GIZOS OF THIE CITY OF PRAGUE, ISSUED BY CHARLES I. OF
LUXEMBURG, 1347.
side and the indent on the other, like the incused coins of Grtecia
Milagna.  From  1310 to 1437 Bohemia was ruled by kings of the
CROWiN- OF FE-RDINAND I. OF GERMANY,  LAST INDEPENDENT KING
OF BOHEMIA.
*These coins are now regarded as a feudal money, their one-siledness proclai.ning the dependent rank of their issuers, for the German Emperors at that same date were issuing solid
money bearing a double impress. A large amount of it was issued at Strasburg.




136             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
House of Luxemburg. In 1440 this dynasty was expelled, and the
throne made elective. In 1490 Ladislaus, its sovereign, was made
King of Hungary. Under the reign of Ferdinand I., Bohemia
was joined to Austria, and has remained so ever since.
With Bohemia is connected our familiar word -Dollar, which is
merely a corruption of Thaler, a name given to the silver pieces
that, in 1517, were made from the mines in the Bohemian Thlial
or valleys.
RAGUSA.
Once an independent aristocratic Republic, like Venice, this State
is now an Austrian dependency on the Adriatic. In 1358 Ragusa
placed itself under the protection of Hungary, and afterwards under
Turkey. In 1808 Napoleon abolished its Republican government,
and incorporated it with the province of Dalmatia, when in 1814 it
came into the possession of Austria. On its coins there is on the
obverse a bust with legend ]Rhacus Respubl, and on the reverse a.
crowned shield, enclosed by crossed branches and religious motto.
TURKEY.
The coins of Turkey are devoid of interest. The Mahommedan.
religion forbids the making of any likeness of a natural object for
any purpose, so that the coins bear simply Arabic inscriptions on
either side. The monogram of the Sultan, called the Toghra, is
very conspicuous on the obverse, while on the reverse is generally
DUCAT OF MAlITTOaMET IV., A. D. 1680.
the name of the mint, the Sultan's year of reign, and the date
from the Hegira. The standclard piece is the liastre, found with its,
multiples in gold and silver, and worth about 4 cents, while ten
paras are worth one piastre. The Turkishl billon dollar, oftentimes
met with, is either a counterfeit, or was struck for T'ripoli, whose
coins resemble those of Turkey. The little flower beneath the
Toghra is the State mint mark, guaranteeing the value of the coin.
Among the copper coins of low value issued by Turkey, chiefly
for circulation in North Africa, is one that is easily recognized.




ANCIENT AND IMODERN.                 13 7
PIASTRE OF MEHEMET AlI.
by a double triangle on the obverse, and on the reverse Constantinople, in coarsely designed Arabic, and the date of the Hegira
in Roman letters. These coins seem to be cast by the yard, and
broken off in lengths; they often perplex young collectors by the
apparent anomaly of Arabic letters and Ronian numerals. 
ROUMIANIA.
Among the provinces of Eastern Europe subject to Turkey are
the Danubian States of Moldavia and Wallachia. In 1859 these
principalities for med a monarchical union, taking the name of Roumania, and calling their ruler Prince Hospodar. The coinage of
Roumania is altogether modern, and has no interest, consisting
chiefly in copper _Bani.
GREECE.
In 1829 modern Greece, having successfully revolted from Turkey, adopted the monarchical form of government, and in 1833
called Otho of Bavaria to the throne. Greek money consists of
gold pieces of 20 or 40 drachm; of silver, 5, 1,,  1and  drachme,
each drachme having 100 copper cents or lepta, of which there are
10 the diobolus, 5 or the obolus, with 2 and 1 lepta pieces. On these
coins there is the bust, name and title of the King, and on the re



138            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD.
verse, a crowned shield with the Greek arms; on the copper coins
the reverse bears the value within branches.
A few years ago Otho abdicated and was succeeded by Prince
George of Denmark, whose coins are almost a counterpart of
Otho's.
TEN LEPTA OF OTHO OF GREECE.
IONIAN ISLANDS.
In the Thirteenth century the Ionian Islands formed one of the
principalities of the Crusaders. About the Fifteenth, they became
subject to Venice, with whom they remained till 1797, when France
took possession. In 1809 they fell into the hands of Britain, by
whom they were formed, in 1815, into the Septinsular Republic.
In 1819, copper coins-penny, halfpenny and farthing-were struck
in England for the Ionian Islands, having on the obverse Britannia
seated with an olive branch in her hand, with the word BRITANNIA,
and on the reverse, the arms of the Ionian States, the winged lion
holding arrows and a shield, with the Greek words IONIKON
JPA TOZ  and date. In 1834 there was a coinage both of silver
and of copper. On the obverse of the silver is a figure of Britannia,
as before, but on the reverse an oak wreath encloses the numerals
XXX, making the value equal to half a crown. The obverse of
the copper called an obolus, was similar, but on the reverse has
the winged lion of St. Mark as on old Venetian coins, with the
inscription as before, and date.
In 1863 Great Britain ceded the islands to Greece, when its
local, yet really British coinage, was replaced by the ordinary
money of Greece.




C IIAPTIElt XVI.
GIREAT 11 T'l'AINT.
The coinage of Great Britain goes back to the very verge of
prehistoric times. Cxsar, writing about the year 55 B. C., refers
to the use by the Britons of some medium of exchange, but in
terms so general as to leave it uncertain whether this were coined
money or simply rings or plates of metal. Many coins indeed exist
which are ascribed by zealous numismatists to the prehistoric
period, but the coins themselves bear neither legend nor device by
which they can be confidently assigned to Britain. They may,
however, have been struck there by native workmen in rude imitation of Greek money. On one of these so-called British coins
there are characters supposed to be the letters LEGO, considered
to be an abbreviated form of Legona'x, the name of one of Cesar's
assailants on his second invasion, in 54 B. C. On others are the
letters c v N, C V N O, C V N O B E LI, with such other letters as
C A M V, C A M V L, doubtless denoting Camulocdunum, now  Colchester in Essex, the capital of the territory ruled over by a native
prince called Cunobeline, the Cymbeline of Shakspeare.
Shortly after Cunobeline's death, and the re-conquest of Britain,
54 A. D., all the native mintages were suppressed. During the
Roman period of British history, from the Christian era to about
the year 450 A. D., large quantities of coin, bearing Imperial devices, and known as Colonials, were struck. The number of
molds for casting money, and the many dies for different rulers
that have been found, show that counterfeiters must also have
been all the time busy with their nefarious arts.
On the withdrawal of the Romans, the enfeebled British sought
the aid of the Saxons to defend thehm against the assaults of the
Northern tribes, the Picts and Scots. This led to the permanent
occupancy of Britain by Saxon tribes, and the formation of those
seven distinct kingdoms known in history as the Hleptarchy,
namely, K:ent, South Saxons, 7East Saxons,.Last Angles, West
Saxons and BT orthumberland, itself consisting of two principalities, Deiva and -Bernicia.  Of these kingdoms, many coins (silver)
have come down to us. To the tiniest of these pieces, some
of which were struck previous, and others subsequent to the conversion by St. Augustine, in 606 A. D., of the Saxons to Christianity,
the term Sceatta or Skeatta is applied. Others are known as the




140            TI-E COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
Penny, that coin whose weight, one two-hundred-and-fortieth of a
pound, has furnished a name for that proportion of value which
is characteristic of the modern coinage of Great Britain, the
Hcalf-penny, and the fourth part of the Penny —the Fourth-inq or
Fcarthing.  Brass or copper money known as Stycas were also
used, each piece being equal in value to half a farthing. Such
subdivision of values was needful when, as in the reign of (Ethelstan, thirty pennies could purchase an ox, and twelve of them a
sheep.
Of the coins of these Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, those of Kient
are the most ancient, some of them being ascribed to Ethilbert,
who reigned from  568 to 616 A. D. On some of these early
coins not only the name of the king, but that also of the moneyer,
may be found, while on a coin of Baldred, the last king of Kent,
823 A. D., we have for the first time the place of the mintage;
the device being, on the obverse, a bust of the king, with the
legend, BALDRED  REX CANT., and on  the  reverse, DIOemteOD
nMONETA, with DOVE CITS, a contraction for.Dorovernia civitas or
Canterbury, the place of mintage.
The kingdom of AMercia seems, from the number of its coins
that have come down to us, to have been the most moneyed of
all the States of the Heptarchy. The coins of Offa, 758-796 A.
iD., are the most artistic of the Anglo-Saxon series.  Offa visited
Rome two years before his death, and is supposed to have brought
back with him some Italian artists. On these coins there occur
the king's name, with his title, REX rlIERCIORUMr, with that of
the moneyer on the reverse, while the mint is left unnamed. A
few coins of his queen, Cenetreth, have also been preserved. The
coinage of Burgredl, 855 A. D., was not only debased to the lowest
point in its style of art, but also in its standard, the metal used
being an exceedingly coarse alloy.  This is supposed to have
arisen from national poverty, caused by the inroads of the Danes,
who, in 874 A. D., drove Burgred frotn his throne, when he fled to
Rome, where he died.
No coins of the kingdom of the cEast Anbgles are known of an
earlier date than 690 A. PD. One of the famous kings of this territory was Eadmund, 855 A. D., whose coins bear the king's name
and his title, nREX AN. Murdered by the Danes in 870 A. D., Eadmund became subsequently known in the Church calendar as St.
Eadmund, while Guthruim, a Dane, was then placed upon the
throne by Alfred. Guthrum having embraced Christianity in 878
A. D., assumed the name of Ethelstan.
Nlorthunmberland is the only Anoglo-Saxon kingdom that issued
the mixed metal money known as Stycas, which seem to have
fallen into disuse about 780 A. D., for none of later dates have
been found. On some of the coins of Onlaf or Aulof, 937 A. D.,




ANCIENT AND 3IODERN.                        141
we find the Siaxon Caticnc —the source of the Ge1rman Kcenio and
English King, in place of the Roman Rex.
Early in the nintth century, Eegbeorlht ascended the throne of
the West Scaxol kingooonl, and soon 1made hinmself imaster of the
whole of the  Heptarlchic States.   To  him, therefore, belongs
properly tihe glory of being' 6" the first sole monalrch of England,"
though several of the kingdoms still retained 1 feudal independence.
In  872 A. D., on the death  of iEthelred, the  throne became
occupied by his brother ZElfred, known in history as Alfred the
Great, whose ce.reer was remarlk-.able for vicissitudes that surpass
the dreams of the novelist, and the impress of whose mind is borne
by the England of to-day.  The necessities of AJlfred drove him
to greatly debase the coinage, on which he is styled iELFED or
ELFRwED  REX, while the  reverses have not only the moneyer's
name, but frequently a monogram of the town in Nwhich the mint
was situated, these towns being  DoRo-Dorovernia or Canterbury,-Lox mDINTIALondon; onsNAonRDA —Oxford.
In 924 A. D., (Ethelstan, Alfred's grandson, ascended the throne,
and enacted that there should be but one kind of monevy for the
whole realm.  His design  in this was to deprive noblemen and
burghs, archbishops and abbeys alike of the privilege of issuing
money.  This law was steadily enforced till the reign of Edward
I., when  letters and  other distinguishing  marks were used to
indicate  by  whonm  the  current money  had been coined.   On
(Ethelstan's coins appear, the title not assumed by any of his predecessors, REX TOTIUS I3RITANNIA —one, however, hardly justified by
fact. CEthelstan had mints at more than twenty of the principal
cities in the kingdom, showing the extent of his authority and the
activity of his government in caring for the coinage of the realm.
During the reign of Edgar, 960 A. DI., the coin had become so reduced in value by clipping that a Penny would pass only for a
Halfpenny.  So seriously was social life affected by this dishonesty,
that St. D1unstan* refused, on a certain Whitsunday, to celebrate
mass until the moneyers found guilty of dishonesty had been
punished in the usual manner by cutting off their right hands.
In 975 A. D., Eadmund the Martyr ascended the throne, placing
on his coins the title REX ANGLORUMf, having a rude, ill-drawn portrait on the obverse, and on the reverse the name of the moneyer
and the place of the mint.
After a reign of four years, Edward was murdered by his step*St. Dunstan was of noble birth. a.d a man of extraordinary ability and accomplishments.
As Abbot of Glastonbury he acquired the highest credit for personal saanctity and courage,
having come of' conqueror in a great contest with the Prince of Dalrkn-ss. Ilis public career
was most checkered; one while he was high in favor at the court, domiiecrinc over king and
people, and again fleeing to the Continent to save his life. He lived for towo objects, the civil
unification of Britain and the complete subjection of its church to that of Romle. Malny
great reforms wrere effected by him, not the least of which was the improvement of the
coinage. In 960 A. D. he was made Archbishop of Canterbury, and died in 988 A. D.




142            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
mother Elfrida, that her son JEthelred might wear the crown. The
character of the usurper was so weak, and his incompetency so
flagrant, that the Danes swept the country as they pleased, extorting from the king, at different times, the sum, truly enormous
for that period, of one hundred and sixty-seven thousand pounds.
Still the coins of Ethelred are pretty numerous. On some of
them the king is clothed in armor, and wears a helmet strengthened by ribs that give it the appearance of a spiked crown, the
legend being IETHELRED PREX ANGLO.  On the reverse is our
earliest example of a voided cross, with what are known as martlets in the angles, and with the name of the moneyer and of the
mint around the edge. On another variety the king holds a sceptre, its first appearance on British coins. On one variety there is
a hand on the reverse, with the Greek letters A and X2, the only
instance in which such characters are found on any of the AngloSaxon coins.
In the conflict between ~Ethelred's son,Edmund Ironside and Cnut
(Canute) the Dane, son of Suein, fortune eventually favored Cnut,
who became established in the kingdom in 1017 A. D. On his
coins the title King of England is almost always to be found,
though on a few very rare ones we find him styled REX DANORUII.
Cnut had a larger number of mints than any of his predecessors,
partly because of an increase of national wealth, and partly because certain burghers were willing to pay for that reputation
which the presence of a mint within their towns would give them.
In 1042 A. D. the Saxon dynasty was restored, and Edward
the Confessor obtained the throne. Edward soon introduced the
French custom of moneyage or changing the device on the national
currency, a custom  bringing considerable profit to the crown.
HIence, probably, the large number of types, amounting to nearly
five hundred, of this monarch's coins. On some of these coins Edward is represented as wearing a large beard, an unusual feature
on the coinage of this period. On others, for the first time in
Anglo-Saxon coinage, the king is seated on a throne, crowned and
holding the orb and sceptre, with the legend EADPARD Rex
Anglo, the Saxon r being equivalent to the w of the Romans.
On the death of Edward, in 1066 A. D., Harold took possession
of the vacant throne, claiming it as a gift made to him by Edward,
in his dying hour. During his brief reign of nine months, Harold
issued many coins bearing on the obverse his name and title, and
on the reverse the name of the moneyer and of the place of
mintage.
In 1066, the Saxon Harold fell at Hastings, in one of those
decisive battles that give a new direction to human affairs. The
Norman William, known as the Conqueror, then ascended the
English throne, and a new period of European history commenced.




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                 143
William's reign was not marked by any considerable change in the
coinage. The Penny and its divisions remained as before, but the
money of account was modified. The Saxon Scilling or Shilling
-money of account-was now ordered to represent twelve Pennies.
The value of the Danish Mark, also money of account, was fixed
at one hundred and sixty Pennies. The coins of William resemble
closely those of Harold. On the obverse is a bust crowned, either
full faced or profile, with crosses of different designs on the
reverses.
PENNY OF WILLIAM 1., 1066-1087.-P. A. x. s. type.
In 1087 A. D. William Rufus ascended the throne. His coins
are comparatively few, and so closely resemble those of his father,
William the Conqueror, that we are often at a loss to distinguish
between them.
On the death of Rufus, in 1100 A. D., his younger brother,
Henry, seized the crown. Though called Beauclerk, from his
scholarly tastes and attainments, the coinage does not seem to
have had much attention paid it.  Moneyage however, was
abolished, and the severest punishments threatened against counterfeiters. The church also tried to protect the purity of the coinage
by denouncing such persons as oppressors of the poor and disturbers
of the state. Still, the practice went on. At length, in 1125,
Henry inflicted on all the moneyers who had been guilty of
debasing the coin-94 in number-the horrible punishments of the
law, while to the honest moneyers was committed the task of
recoining the whole money of the realm. There is considerable
similarity among the coins of the first three Henrys. Those however that bear the greatest resemblance to the coins of the
Williams are generally considered to belong to Henry the First.
PENNY OF HENRY I., 1130-1165-STRUCK IN SOUTIWAN'i,XK




144           THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
On the death, in 1135 A. D., of Henry, leaving no son, the
direct male line of the Normans became extinct. The throne was
therefore seized by Stephen, son of a daughter of the Conqueror,
to the prejudice of Maude or Matilda, Henry's daughter, an act
that naturally led to war and turmoil during all Stephen's reign.
Many of the barons, with or without the King's sanction, now
issued money. The standard of value seems, however, to have
been on the whole well maintained. On the obverse of Stephen's
coins, which are very rare, is a bust, full-faced or profile,
frequently facing the right, crowned, with sceptre or flag in the
right hand, with legend.  On the reverse is a cross, with name of
moneyer and mint; oftentimes a number of ornaments take the
place of these.  The crown that Stephen wears is now  fully
developed into that fleur-de-lis pattern which continued to be
depicted on the English coinage down to the reign of Henry the
Seventh.
UNTIQUE PENNY OF STEPHEN, WITH OBVERSE OF HIS BROTHER HENRY,
BIShOP OF WINCHESTER.
In 1154 A. D. Stephen died when by arrangement, he was
succeeded by Maude's son, Henry the Second. Henry was, perhaps,
the most powerful sovereign of his time.  From his father,
Geoffroy Plantagenet Count of Anjou, he inherited the Principalities of Anjou, Tourraine and Maine; from his mother, Normandy; through his wife, the County of Poitou and Dukedom of
Aquitaine; so that, in addition to the throne of England, he had
immense territorial possessions in France. His early coins are
exceedingly rude, but about 1180 A. D. he procured a French
artist, Philip Aymary of Tours, under whose care considerable
improvement was effected. The type of the first coinage is the
usual one-a bust, full-faced, or profile, with fully defined fleur-deUis crown, a sceptre in the right hand, generally resting on the
shoulder, but sometimes held upright, with legend, and on the
reverse a cross pattee, with small crosses in the angles. In 1180
the second issue took place, having on the reverse a short double
cross. The dies of this issue are supposed to have been used
during the reigns of Richard and of John, and to have been the
used for the first coinage of Henry III.
In 1189 Richard the First-Cceur de Lion-succeeded his father.
Though he reigned for ten years, not a single English coin bear



ANCIENT AND MIODERN'.                 1 5
ing his name has come down to us. Either none were struck, or
so many were melted down or exported to pay Richard's ransom
-that none now exist.
On Richard's death, in 1199, his brother John seized the
throne. There exist a number of John's Irish coins, but none
of his English issues have been preserved. John, having died in
1216 A. D., was succeeded by his son Henry the Third, who, so
soon as his possession of the throne was secured, issued extensively Pennies, Halfpennies and Farthings. These resembled the
coins of previous reigns, having the King's head, with a front
face,with afteur-de-lis crown; on the reverse is a short double cross,
PENNY OF HENRY III. —Fi'st I-ssue.
whose limbs were within the inner circle. The clipping, however,
continued so mercilessly that in 1248 A. D. there was a great recoinage. The old money was called in and melted down. On this
second coinage a new  type was adopted, one that was retained
more or less down to Henry the First.  The double cross on the
reverse was extended, with only three pellets in each quarter,
to the outer edge of the circle containing the legend, so that
any clipping would be obvious at once; while following the
King's name on the obverse are either the Roman numerals III.
or the word T E R C I.
In 1257 A. D., the first coinage of English gold-the Ryal (or
Royal)-took place; the King, though in great straits for money,
issuing a gold Penny-that is, a coin of that size and style-,ordering that it should be current for Twenty Pennies.




CHAPTER, XVII.
In 1272 A. D., Edward the First succeeded his father, IHenry,
and sought to improve the coinage. Clipping and counterfeiting
seem, however, to have been as prevalent as ever. The Jews, ever
the victims of medieval ignorance and prejudice, were assumed to
be the chief actors in these dishonesties, and in 1290 A. D. were
banished from the kingdom, never to return. At the same time,
one-fifth part of all their movables was confiscated to the king
by Parliament, a measure which was doubtless the real purpose
of their banishment. The coins of Edward, and of his successors
down to Henry the Seventh, all bear the king's bust, with a fullfaced effigy wearing a crown fleurie-that is, one whose band has
three fleur-de-lis projecting from it, and between these fleurs are
other fleurs not rising so high.  The effigy is merely a conventional king's head, and not a portrait. Owing to the absence of
any numerals, the coins of the Edwards of the Saxon dynasty are
PENNY OF EDWARD I.
possibly intermingled, a similar absence of numerals having long
caused great uncertainty about the coins of the Norman Edwards. As a general rule, however, we are warranted in thinking that all the coins having only EDW. on them belong to Edward the  First; those having EDMnARDVS, to Edward III and
all others to Edward II. The coins of this reign are the Penny,
Halfpenny and Farthing.
To this reign belongs, it is thought, the issue of the first Groat,
a word that combines the sounds of the French gros and of the
English great. So few of these pieces were put into circulation
that those we have are considered to have been merely patterns.
The device consists of a full-faced effigy wearing the crown
fleurie; the drapery round the neck is fastened with a rosette; while the legend reads EDWARDVS: DI: GRA: REX:
ANGL:. On the reverse there is the long cross fleurie, with
three pellets in the angles. Round the pellets are the words,
"Londonia civi," while in an outer circle is the legend, DYX
AQVT: DNS HBNIE: Duke of Aquitaine and Lord of Ireland.




ANCIEN'T AND MIODERN.                 147
Edward the First died in 1307 A. D., and was succeeded by
his son, Edward the Second, whose weak character, making him
dependent on favorites, repeatedly involved himn in trouble with
his nobles, and whose great invasion of Scotland was effectually
checked at Bannockburn (1314 A. D.), by Robert the Bruce.
His coins-Penny, Halfpenny and Farthing-differ from those
of his father only in their legend, which reads EDYWA, or
ED VAR.
In one of the contests with the nobles, in which his wife joined
their ranks, Edward the Second was taken prisoner, and put to
death in 1326 A. D. by order of his queen, Isabel, sister of
Charles the Fourth of France. His son, a lad of fifteen years,
was at once proclaimed king as Edward the Third, the power
during his minority being really in the hands of the queen-mother
and her paramour. On attaining his majority, three years afterwards, Edward threw off this yoke, punished all who had been
concerned in his father's death, and confined his mother as a
prisoner to her own house for the remainder of her life.  His
Scottish wars, consequent on Baliol's recognition of him as king
of that country, led only to great bloodshed, for the Scottish
people would not brook a surrender of their independence. He
also claimed to be king of France, upholding his claim by his
most splendid victories at Cressy, in 1346 A. D., when his son,
a lad of sixteen, took what is still the crest of the Prince of
WNales, three ostrich feathers, with the motto, Ich.Diem%, from
the helmet of the King of Bohemia, whom he had slain, and
at Poitiers in 1356 A. D., when the French king was taken prisoner. The king's closing days were clouded. Losses in Scotland,
losses in France, dissensions with his Parliament, opposition from
the Black Prince (who died in 1376 A. D.), formed a sad contrast
to the prosperity of his early years, so that he sank into the grave
in 1377 A. D., having reigned fifty-one years.
The coinage of Edward was very varied. His first issue of gold
consisted of Florins, having a device of the king crowned and
robed and sitting under a canopy, with Halves and Quarters.
GOLD) NOBLE OF EDNWAIRD III., FOURTH ISSUE, 1347-1360.




148            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
On a second issue, one of Nobles and their Quarters, the king isrepresented armed and standing up in a ship; a third issue differs
from the second only in having an E in place of L in the centre
of the reverse, while a fourth issue, consisting of Nobles, halves
and quarters, has AVTEAM in the legend on the reverse. Our
engraving is of a noble known to belong to the first period of the
fourth issue, by the spelling TRANCIENS, and using' IBA for IBAT.
The words DEI GRATIA appear now for the first time on the
coinage of England.
On his silver coins, consisting of Groats, Half-Groats, Pennies,
Halfpennies and Farthings, the device is a bust of the king
crowned, with full face; on the reverse of groats and half-groats
there is an inner circle containing the place of mintage; the
long cross with three pellets in the angles is on all the silver coins,
while the king's name reads EDWARD or ED WA RDVS.
GROAT OF EDWVARD III., 132'7-1377 A. D.
In 1377 A. D. Richard the Second, son of the Black Prince,
succeeded his grandfather.  His reign is notable for the rise
of the power of the House of Commons, by means of its right
of taxation-a power that led to Wat Tyler's rebellion in 1380
A. D. During this reign every goldsmith was required to have
his distinguishing mark, so that his work could be traced.
Richard's coinage consisted of the gold Noble, with its Half
and Quarter, with device of a ship like that of Edward III., and
the silver Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, Halfpenny, and Farthing,
having the king's bust, crowned, with full face; the name reads
RIcARD or RICARDUS, with the REX ANGL Z FRANCIE.
On the death of Richard, in 1399 A. D., his cousin Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster, usurped the crown as Henry the Fourth.
The victories in 1402 A. D., of Henry Percy or Hotspur, over the
Welsh and Scotch, did not prevent other revolts, and, after a
troubled reign, Henry died in 1413 A. D., of epilepsy.
The first issue of Henry's gold coins consisted of Nobles, Halves
and Quarters, with four fleur-de-lis on the shield of arms, the
noble weighing 120 grains, and a second issue of nobles weighing only 108 grains, and quarters with, possibly, only three flowers.




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                   149
The first issue of his silver coin consisted of Groat, Half-groat,
Penny and I-Ialfpenny, having the king's bust crowned, and full
face. Of the second issue, there is no Halfpenny known. The
first issue is called the heavy money, the Groat weighing 72
grains, and the second, the light, the Groat weighing only 60 grains.
The coinages of the Henrys IV., V., VI. so closely resemble each
other, that numismatists seldom  attempt to distinguish between
them. It is thought, however, that the light money, on which
the crown is broad and flat, resembling that of Edward III., may
belong to Henry VI., and that that on which it is high and large, resembling that of Richard III., may belong to Henry VII., before
the recoinage of his fifth year. Among the coins of the Henrys
are some having annulets between the pellets on one or two of
the quarters on the reverses. Some of these were issued in London and others in Calais. They are generally regarded as a late
issue of Henry V., or an early one of Henry VI. The first issue
of Henry VI. (1422-1461 A. D.) is heavy, the second (1470
A. D.) is lig/ht money.
In  1461 A. D. Edward IV. ascended the  throne to reign
twenty-three years. His first issue of gold, made in 1464, consisted of the Noble of the usual device; his second, made in 1465,
consisted of the Noble or Real, with its halves and quarters.
The Angel, with a device of Michael transfixing the dragon with
his spear, and on the reverse a ship, and the Angelet or Half Angel. On the side of the vessel, on these coins, is a rose, badge
of the House of York, while the sun in the center of the reverses is a memorial of the strange appearance of three suns in
the heavens, called by astronomers a parhelica, which appeared
just before the battle of Mortimer's Cross in 1465. Edward's silver
coinage consisted of Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, Halfpenny and
Farthing, all of the usual style.
GROAT OF EDWARD THIE FOURTH, 1461, STRUCK AT YORK.
Edward's coins, previous to the fourth year of his reign, were
heavy; those issued subsequently were lig/ht.
Of Edward V., 14s3 A. D., the reign was too brief to admit of




150             TIE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
any coinage, or the issues too few to admit of any being preserved, as no coins of any denomination have come down to us.
In the middle of June, 1483 A. D., the Duke of Gloucester
took possession of the throne as Richard III. His coins are of same
type as those of his predecessors. The gold consisted of the Angel
and Angelet, and the silver of Groats struck in London or York,
Half-Groats struck in London, Pennies and Halfpennies.
GROAT OF RICHARD THE THIRD.
Richard having perished in 1485, at Bosworth field, was succeeded by the Duke of Richmond as Henry VII. The first issue
of gold consisted of the Noble or Rial, the Angel and the Angelet; the second consisted of the Sovereign and the Double
Sovereign, a name taken from the device-that of the sovereign
in his robes and on the throne. On the reverse of this coin is a
double rose, emblem of the union of the houses of York and Lancaster in the monarch and his queen. The first issue of silver,
1485-9, consisting of Groat, Half-Groat, Penny and Halfpenny,
has a device of the full face and open crown, resembling that of
his predecessors.
GROAT OF IIENRY VII., FIRST COINAGE, YORK.
The Secondissue of Groat, Half-Groat, Penny, Halfpenny and Farthing,with the front face, but high arched crown, with a reverse similar to that on the previous type, but with forked ends to the cross.
The Third, issued in 1504, and consisting of Shillings, Groats, HalfGroats and Pennies, of superior workmanship and of types wholly
different from any      therto used. This Shilling was the first
coin of that value in England, and was declared to be equal to
twelve Pennies. It presents us with the first true portrait on an




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                   151
English silver coin. These Shillings are now extremely scarce.
The Groats and HIalf-Groats of this coinage were of a similar
GROAT OF HENRY VII., SECOND COINAGE.
device, while the Pennies have the king seated on his throne, with
orb and sceptre. They resemble the first coinage of Henry VIII.
SHILLING OR TESTOON OF HENRY VII., THIRD COINAGE.
In 1509 A. D., Henry VIII. ascended the throne to reign for
nearly forty years. - The first issue of gold (1527), consisted of
Double Sovereign, Sovereign, Rose Noble, George Noble, Angel
and Angelet. On the George Noble we have the now familiar
device of St. George and the dragon, the reverse bearing a ship.
The second issue (1544), consisted of the Sovereign-Angel, Angelet, Quarter Angel, Crown and Half-Crown. The device on the
Crown consists of a double rose between the crowned initials of the
Iking and his successive queens. On the Half-Crowns the letters
are not crowniied. The third issue (1545) consisted of the Sovereign, its half, the Crown and its half, with devices as before. For
the first silver coinage (1509), consisting of Groat, Half-Groat,
Penny, Halfpenny and Farthing, the dies of the third coinage of
Henry VII. were used, the numerals VII. being changed into VIII.
tGROAT OF H     IENRY VIII., TOURNAY COINAGE; HEAD OF HENRY VII.




152             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
In 1513, Henry captured Tournay, in France, when special coins:
were issued.
GROAT OF HENRY VIII., STRUCK ON THE CAPTURE OF TOURNAY IN
1513-FIRST APPEARANCE OF ARABIC NUMEIRALS ON
ENGIISH COINsS.
The second issue (1527) presents us with the side likeness of the.
king himself, encircled with his titles of King of England and
France, variously abbreviated. The third coinage (1543) consisted
of Testoon, Groat, Half-Groat, Penny and Halfpenny. Some of
this issue is of fine silver, others of base metal. The device is a
bust, full-faced, crowned, with beard and mustache; and, on
reverse, a double rose, crowned sides.
Thefourth coinage (1545) Shilling, Groat, Half-Groat and Penny, differ from the third only in its extremely debased character-being half silver and half alloy.  The fifth coinage (1546)
was the most debased that was ever current in Great Britain —onethird silver and two-thirds alloy. The devices resemble those of
the  earlier issues, but the members of this are known by the
amount of alloy.
Edward VI., 1546, issued, in his first gold coinage, a Half-Sovereign, with device of the king crowned, and seated on the throne,
holding the sceptre and orb; and a Crown and a Half-Crown,
having the royal arms crowned. The second issue, 1549, consisted
of the Treble Sovereign, having the king as before, but with a
sword; the Sovereign, the Half, the Quarter or Crown, and the Half —
Crown. The third issue, 1550, consisted of the Six-Angel piece, with
Michael vanquishing the devil; Double-Sovereign, Sovereign, or
Double-Royal, Angel and Angelet. On the fifth issue there is a'half-length figure of the king in armor, crowned, and standing with
sword in one hand and the orb in the other. The first issue of silver, consisting of Groat, Half-Groat, Penny and Halfpenny, had
the king's profile to right. The second consisted of two kinds of testoons or shillings, the one being half silver and half alloy, the
other,one part silver and three parts alloy. The type is the king's
face in profile, with four varieties in the legend, one bearing;
MDXLIX, or MDL, the first English silver coins bearing date.>
Of the third coinage we have the Crown and Half with the king




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                 153
in armor on horseback; Shilling, Sixpence and Threepence, with
bust of king, full-faced and crowned, with values; Penny and.
Halfpenny with king on throne, and Farthing with a portcullis.
PATTERN SHILLING OF EDWARD VI., 1547 (NEVER CURRENT).
In 1553 Edward was succeeded by his sister Mary, whose gold
coins consisted of the Sovereign, having the queen crowned and
seated onher throne; the Rial, the queen crowned and standing
in a ship; the Angel and Angelet, with Mtichael and the dragon.
Her silver consists of the Groat, Half-Groat and Penny.
GROAT OF QUEEN MARY, 1553.
In 1554, Mary married Philip of Spain, when an Angel and Angelet were issued, like those of 1553, but with Philip's name in
the legend. On the first issue of silver, consisting of Groat, Halfgroat and Penny, we have the queen's bust alone, with Philip's
name in the legend; but on the second, consisting of Shilling
and Sixpence, we have busts of Philip and Mary facing each.
other, with the Neapolitan and British arms on the reverse.
SHILLING OF PHILIP AND MARY, 1554.




154            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
Elizabeth succeeded her sister in 1558.  Her first gold coins
were the Sovereign, the queen crowned and seated on the throne;
the Rial, the queen with high ruff standing in a ship; the Angel,
Angelet and Quarter Angel, with device of Michael and dragon.
During the same year she issued of hammered money, a Sovereign
with bust in robes and high crown, and of milled money, with bust
in mantle and a low crown of two arches, a Half-sovereign
hammered, like the sovereign. This year she issued of hammered
money, a Sovereign, Half-sovereign, Crown, Half-crown with bust
to left, in robes and high arched crown; of milled money, a Sovereign, Half-sovereign, Crown and Half-crown, with small bust in
mantle and low crown of two arches.
SHILLING OF ELIZABETH, 1582 (HAMMnURRED MONEY).
Elizabeth's silver, hammered, consists of the Shilling, Sixpence,
Groat (or fourpence) Threepence, Twopence, Three halfpence, Penny, Three Farthings, Halfpenny. On all these except the Three-half
penny, which has a portcullis, we have the queen's bust crowned,
with long hair and ruff. Of the milled money we have the Crown,
Half-crown, issued only in the years 1601-2, Shilling, Sixpence,
Groat, Threepence, Twopence and Three Farthings, having a bust
of the queen crowned, with sceptre and orb. As the coins of
low value were of nearly equal size, to avoid mistakes a rose was
placed behind the head of the alternate values; that is, on the
Sixpence, the Threepence, the Three-halfpenny and the Three Farthing; the other coins —the Shilling, the Groat, Half-groat, Penny and Halfpenny are without it.
SIXPENCE OF ELIZABETH (MILLED MONEY).




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                  155
The reader will notice the absence of any inner circle on
this piece. This is characteristic of its mode of manufacture.
In 1561 A. D., a Frenchman of name unknown employed a mill
and screw for striking coins in place of the long used hammer
and die, the result being much neater coins, sharper impressions,
rounder forms, while various patterns could be struck on the
edge. Milled money is known also by the absence of any inner
circle between the legend and the device. This, however, did
not lead to the discontinuance of the hammer, so that for some
years both modes were employed.
In 1603 James VI. of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth as James
I. of England. His first issue of gold consisted of Sovereign, Half,and Quarter or Crown, having a bust of the king in armor, crowned,
with legend, D. G. ANG. SCO. FRA., etc. During the same year he
issued the Unit or Sovereign, Double Crown or half-sovereign,
Crown and half, all similar to the coins of the first issue, but with
the legend D. G. MNAG. BRIT. FRA., etc. A Crown of this issue is
known as the Thistle crown, from having a crowned thistle on the
reverse.  In 1605 the gold consisted of the Rose Rial or Sovereign,
having the king in his robes and seated on the throne; the Spur
Rial, with  the king in armor; the Angel and Angelet with
Michael and the dragon. In 1620, James issued a Rose Rial or thirty-shilling piece, having the king seated, with ruff and collar
of the Garter; the Spur Rial, of fifteen shillings, with Scottish lion
sitting crowned; the Angel, the Unit, the Double Crown and the
Crown, with the king's bust in profile. Of the silver issued in 1603,
the Crown and Half have the king on horseback; the Shilling, Sixpence, Fourpence and Penny have the king in profile, while the
IHalfpenny has a portcullis.
SHILLING OF JAMES I., 1603, FIRST COINAGE.
The silver of 1604 consists of the Crown and half as before,
except that the ANG. SCOT. of the legend is replacedby MAG.
BRIT. On the Shilling and Sixpence there is the bust with profile;
the Half-Groat, Penny, and Halfpenny have a rose crowned.




156            THE COINAGES OF THE WVORLD;
Some of the Crowns, Half-crowns and Shillings have the Prince
of Wales plume over the shield, indicating that they were
made of silver from the Welsh mines, and as we know that
these were not opened till 1621, we know at once a date before
which, at least, these crowns were not issued.
This reign witnessed the issue of the first copper coins in
Great Britain. The absence of small coins had led private persons
to issue in great numbers what are now called Tradesmen's tokens.
Partly to relieve this national want, and partly to obtain the
profit of the issue, James, in 1613, issued copper farthings, to,
be current in England, Wales and Ireland. On the obverse is the
crown over sceptres crosswise, with and without Mf. M., with
legend JAco. D. G. MAG. BRIT., and on the reverse the Irish harp
crowned with continuation of title FRA. ET HIB. REX.
Charles I. succeeded his father in 1625, when gold coins were issued
from  the mints of London, Oxford, Bristol and by Nicholas Briot,
those of London consisting of the Unit or Broad, or Sovereign.
The Half and Quarter are distinguished by the king wearing either
a ruff and collar or a falling lace band. The Oxford pieces, the
treble and single Unit and Half, have the king in armor, while
Briot's coins-the Unit, Half and Angel-have the king's bust
with the falling band.
A good-sized volume would hardly suffice for a detailed description of Charles' silver coinage; our space allows us to describe only a few pieces. Charles is the only English king
that issued Twenty and Ten Shilling silver pieces; the device is of
the king on horseback, with legend and dates, 1642-3-4. From
the Tower mint come Crowns and Half-crowns with the king on,
SHILLING OF CHARLES I., 1634, TOWER MINT.
horseback; Shillings and Sixpences with bust; Half-groat, Pennies:
and Halfpennies, with rose crowned on both sides or rose on
one and thistle on the other. The Oxford mint also issued Crowns
and Half-crowns; with the king on horseback, but the most desired of its series is that with a view of the city between the
horse's legs.




ANCIENT AND 3MODERBN.                157
THE OXFORD CROWVN OF CHARLES I.
Onthe Shillings, Sixpences, Groats, Three-pennys, Half-groats
and Pennies, we have simply the bust crowned and facing right or
left. On the coins from Aberyswith, we have the Prince of Wales
plume, to show that the metal came from the Welsh mines.
YORK HALF-CROWN OF CHARLES I.
During the great Rebellion, Charles was often unable to use
his regular mints. He therefore issued pieces of irregular shapes,
values and devices, according as his necessities required and
which, because of their intrinsic worth, passed for money. Of
these Obsidional or siege pieces, many survive, a full list being
found in our Introduction.
HrALF-CROWN SIEGE PIECE OF CHARLES I.




158            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD.
The copper Farthings of Charles' first issue resemble those of
James; on the second issue, in 1635, the device is the crown with
crossed sceptres, and legend CAROLus D. G. MA. BRI., and on reverse a rose crowned with FRA ET HI REX. To prevent counterfeiting a small piece of brass was inserted- in the centre.




CHAPTER XYVI1J.
On the execution of Charles, in 1649, the Parliament issuedwhat is known as the money of the Commonwealth-Twenty, Ten
and Five-shilling pieces in gold; with Crown, Half-crown, Shilling,
CROVTWSN PIEICE OF THE COTMMION~WEA;LTH.
Sixpence, Half-groat and Penny in silver, all of the same design;
the Halfpenny having on the reverse only the shield with the
Irish harp.
During the Commonwealth, copper and pewter farthings appeared bearing the arms of the Commonwealth, but they never
became very common, and it is uncertain whether they were issued
by the government or by private parties.
In 1656 Cromwell prepared a gold Fifty shilling, Broad or
Twenty-s             Hlf-brod or hillingada Half-broad or Ten-shilling piece; as well;
CROWN OF OLIVER CROMWELL, 1658.




160             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
as silver Crown, Half-crown, Shilling, Ninepenny and Sixpenny
pieces, all of precisely the same design and legend; the coins are
beautifully engraved, but never came into general use.
In 1660, Charles II. ascended the throne, issuing at once gold
Broad or twenty-shilling pieces, Half-broad and Quarter, with a
laureated bust in profile facing the left. Next year coins of similar
denominations and design were issued, having the value in letters
behind the head; both of these issues were hammered money, the
restoration of the king being thus marked by a return to the old
method. In 1662, there were issued Five-guinea, Two-guinea and
Half-guinea pieces, with obverses like the earlier issues, but reverses have four C's interlinked in the center of a cross. This issue
was of nilled money. To denote that the metal came from the
coast of Guinea in West Africa, the term guinea was now made
use of, and an elephant or elephant and castle placed below the
king's bust.
Silver Half-crown, Shilling, Sixpenny, Half-groat and Penny
pieces were issued in 1660, all of one device.
SHILLING OF CHARLES II., 1660;  HIAM3ERIED MIONNEY.
A second and third issue of coins of similar denomination and
devices were issued, with values in letters placed behind the king's
head. These three issues were all of haemmered money, but in 1662,
CROTWN OF CHARLES II.




ANCIENT AND MODElRN'.                      I 6 1:1n Crown with a rose under the king's head, supposed to indicate
that the metal came from  the West of England mines, HalfCrown, Shilling and Sixpence, were issued of  milled money.  The
design is a laureated bust to right with mantle over the shoulders;
with interlinkedc  C's in the angles of the crowned cross on the
reverse, with an elephant and castle on some of the pieces and
the Welsh plumes on others.
There might be said to have been another coinage, one of the
smaller pieces, 4d., 3d., 2d., id., all of which have the numerals, but
not the inner circle, and an AM. MI on their reverses.  These are the
last specimens of hammered money, and were probably struck,
not for general circulation, but as Maunday money.*
In 1663, Shillings were issued, milled with straight lines, and
resembling in device the Crown pieces; in 1670, the milling lines
were placed obliquely.  The first Sixpence was struck in 1674.
SIXPENCE OF CIARLES II.
Charles also issued a copper Halfpenny, having laureated bust
in armor, with legend CARoLus A CAROLO, and on reverse, Britannia seated holding spear and olive branch, with legend QvATvoR.
MARIA. VINDICO., and in exergue BRITANNIA.  The Farthing of
same design had the date 1665.  In 1672 he issued a Halfpenny
and a Farthing of similar device, with BRITANNIA for legend on
the reverse, and the date, 1672, in the exergue. In 1684 there
was an issue of tin Farthings, similar in design to the above, with
the legend on the edge, NvmImoavr i FAxIvLIus, 1684.
In 1685, James II. succeeded his brother, and soon issued gold
Five, Two, One, and Half-guinea pieces, having the king's bust
laureated and facing the left, with legend JAconus IT., DElI. GRATIA;
on the reverse four shields crosswise, each crowned, with elephant and castle on many of the coins.  In 1686-7-8, James issued
silver Crowns, Sixpences, Groats, and Two-pennies with Halfcrowns, Shillings and Pennies in 1685-6-7-8. Coppfer money was
* Miaunday money, so called from being given on Maunday Thursday (randatum, Pilate's
order for the crucifixion of our Lord), as royal bounty or alms to the poor. A small white
leather bag containing as many sets of groats, three-pennies, two-pennies, and pennies, as
there have been years m the sovereign's life. The custom is still observed, and the pieces so
given are easily distinguished from ordinary currency by the <absence of any milling on their
edges.




162             THE COINAGES OF THE -WORLD;
not issued by James. In addition to such, in 1685, he issued a tin
Farthing, having a laureated bust in armor; on the reverse is Britannia, and on the edge NviTwloRivr FArTLUS, with date. In 1687
he issued a tin Halfpenny, differing from the design on the Farthing
only in the bust being draped.
ItALI-CROiWN AND Ti AEE-PENNY OF JAMES II., 1686
In 1688 William and MAary occupied the English throne, and
issued gold Five, Two, One, and Half-guinea pieces, with busts and
names. Silver Crowns were issued in 1691, bearing the busts of the
king and queen facing right, with a cross of shields on the reverse,
with a monogram of W. and M. in the angles, and the arms of Nassau in the center. Half-Crowns were issued in 1689, having on
the reverse a square shield, with the national arms quartered, and
the date, 1689. Another of the same year has a shield of the
same general design, yet different in detail. The reverse of the
Half-crown resembles that of the Crown.
HALF-CROWN OF WILLIAM AND MARY, 1693.
The Shillings and Sixpences resemble the above design, wJhile
on the smaller money, the MIaunday money, there are the Iloman
characters to indicate the value.
During this reign, tin Halfpennies were issued with buits taid




ANCIENT AND -MODERN.                   163
names, with Britannia on the reverse as before, with the date in
exergue, 1689 or 1691. On Farthings of similar metal and design
the dates are 1690-1 or 2. These were the last tin coins issued
in England. In 1694, copper Halfpennies and Farthings of similar
designs were issued.
In 1694 Queen Mary died, when William issued gold coins as
before, the legend reading: GVLIELMVS ITI., and with reverses of
shields crosswise with arms of Nassau in the centre.  The silver
Crowns resembled the gold Crowns; the Half-crowns, Shillings and
Sixpences were similar, one Half-crown having the elephant and
castle under the bust; another has the Welsh plume in each angle
of the reverse; on some of the Shillings we have a rose in the
angles, and on others roses and plumes, indicating a mixture of
English and Wlelsh silver.
In 1696 all current hammered money was called in by the government, and to facilitate the isssue of the new money, mints were
established in different parts of the country. The coins thus issued
have, below the busts, the initial letter of the mint where they
were struck as Bristol, chester, Exeter, xorwzich,  York. Those of
London have no distinguishing letter.
SHILLING  1' OF WITALLI   HII.
Copper Halfpennies and Farthings were also issued, having bust
of tie King in armor with GVLIELMYvs TERTIVS, and on the reverse, Britannia, with date 1695 to 1701 inclusive.
Ann succeeded to the throne in 1702, and issued gold Five, One
and Half-guinea pieces, having bust of queen with ANNA DEI
GnATIA, and on reverse four shields crosswise with rose in the center; from this four sceptres issue, each tipped with a harp, a thistle, a fleur-de-lis or an orb. The pieces of 1703 have Vigo under
the bust, denoting metal taken from the Spanish galleons in Vigo
Bay in 1702. After the union with Scotland in 1705, Ann issued
Five, Two, One and Half-guinea pieces, with obverse as before,
but on  the  reverse, the arms of England and Scotland are
united oin the lst and 3d quarters, and the 2d is given to France.




164             TIIE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
The silver Crown, Half-crown, Shilling and Sixpence of 1702 and
1703 resemble the gold coins of those dates, the word T'iqo being
also found. Those issued after the Scottish union resemble the
gold of the same dates.
SHILLING OF QUEEN ANN, 1705.
Ann issued a copmper Farthing -\ with bust on the obverse, and on
reverse Britannia seated, with date 1714 in the exergue. The coin
is handsomely engraved and is pretty common.
In 1714 the Elector of Brunswick Lunenburg succeeded Ann
as George I. To the usual titles of the sovereign was now added
that of F. D. for Fcidei Defensor, a title conferred on Henry VIII.
by Pope Leo X., and though since then always on the great seal,
never hitherto placed on the coins. The fourth shield on the re-verse was now filled with the arms of the king's German dominions,
the two lions being the arms of Brunswick; the lion rampant
that of Lunenburg; the horse that of Saxony; while the central
crown is Charlemagne's-the symbol of the Elector's office as ArchTreasurer of the Holy Roman Empire. The legend on the reverse
in full is: BRUNsvicensis ET Lunenburgensis Dvx sacri romani Ifmperii, ArchiTnesazrrarius ET ELeCt9:', the angles being filled in with
plumes or roses, with s.s.c. (South Sea Company), or with C. C.
or WY. C. C., to denote the Welsh Copper Company.
The gold coinage consisted of Five, Two, One-half and Quarter
guinea pieces, leaving on the reverse the four shields crosswise,
and the star of the Garter in the center. The Quarter guinea
HALF-CROWN OF GEORGE, 1.1720.




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                  16 
was issued only in 1718. The silver Crown, Half-crown, Shilling
and Sixpence resemble the coins of the gold issue. The Maunday
money was issued as usual, having the large numeral of value
crowned with the king's British title alone.
SHILLING 01' GEORGE I.
The copper money consisted of Halfpennies and Farthings, having king's bust laureated and draped, with Britannia on reverse.
The dates are from 1717 to 1724 inclusive. Those of 1717 and
1718 are thicker and smaller than those of later years.
In 1727 George II. issued gold Five, Two, One, and Half-guinea
pieces, having king's bust with the young head, hair long and
neck bare; on the reverse the shields are no longer arranged
crosswise, but united as quarters of a single shield, as on the gold
of William and Mary. In 1739 the bust has what is called the
old head, in other respects the issue resembles that of 1727. The
word LIAIA is found on several pieces of this issue, signifying
that the metal had been captured at Lima, in Peru.
The silver Crown, Half-crown, Shilling and Sixpence have the
bust in armor with drapery over it, with the shields on the reverse crosswise.  In 1743 the second issue of silver took place,
with the old head design-in other respects resembling that
of the first issue. Many of the coins of 1745-6 have Lima below
the bust.  The Maunday money is of the young head type alone.
The copper coinage consisted of a young head Halfpenny and Farthing, from 1729 to 1739 inclusive, and an old head Halfpenny and
Farthing from 1740 to 1754.
HALF-CROWN, WITH GROAT AND THIREEPENNY OF GEORGE II.




166             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
In 1760 George III. succeeded his grandfather. His gold coins
consist —1760-1786-of Guinea with bust, Half and Quarter, issued
only and for the last time in 1762. From 1787 to 1800, a Guinea,
Half, and One-third or Seven shilling piece were issued, with the
arms on a shield of s'pade-ace pattern, and hence, commonly
called the spade guinea. From 1801 to 1813 we have coins of
GUINEAS OF GEORGE III.
the same denominations-the Guinea being issued, however, only
in 1813, the last issue of that value.  These coins were issued
for the troops embarking for France, and were not circulated
in England.  In 1817 a sovereign was issued having on the
reverse St. George and the dragon, and a Half-sovereign with the
arms on a shield.
-lIn 1763, silver Shillings (called Northumberland shillings) were
issued, having the king's bust, and on reverse, four crowned shields
crosswise. In 1787 a Shilling and a Sixpence were issued, resembling
the preceding, but with more drapery and armor, and a crown between the angles on the reverse; in 1798 another shilling, differing
only in date from that of 1787. In 1801 the legislative union between
Great Britain took effect, when the title King of France was quietly dropped from the list of those titles previously given to the
BANK OF ENGLAND DOLLARL, 1304.
English sovereign.  Owing to the great sccarcity of national
money, while the Government was strangely unwilling to issue any




ANCIENT AND SMODEERN.                 167
from the mint, it yet authorized the Bank of England to issue a
Five-shilling piece, or dollar-a name taken from the Spanish coinage, and the only one ever issued in England, followed during several years by Bank tokens of the values of Three Shillings and of
Eighteenpence.
At last, in 1816, a great new coinage was issued. The Crowns in
1818-19-20, with the king's bust on the obverse and the figures of
St. George and the dragon on the reverse. The Half crowns
were issued in 1816-17, the obverse having the king's bust looking away from  the spectator, with legend GEORGIUS III. DEn
GRATIA, and on the reverse, a handsome armorial shield encircled
by the collar of the Garter, with badge. In 1817-8-9 and 20, a
new type was used showing less of the king's shoulder. Shillings and
Sixpences of this type were also issued. Of the Maunday money,
there were four varieties; 1st, that which resembles the Northulmberland Shilling; 2d, that with bust resembling the Shilling of
1787, the numerals of value being in scrip and crowned, issued
only in 1792; 3d, that with obverse like the last, but with Arabic
numeral of value crowned; and 4th, that with the bust of 1816.
This reign was marked by an extensive and peculiar copper
coinage. In 1770 a Halfpenny and Farthing were issued, having
the king's bust in armor and the legend GEOnGIUS III. REX, with
Britannia on the reverse. In 1797 there was an issue of Two-penny
and of One-penny pieces, the first of these values ever used in England, weighing respectively two and one ounce avoirdupois. These
have a sunk centre and a raised rim on which is the legend with the
king's bust on the obverse, and on the reverse Britannia seated.
In 1799 there was a further issue of Twopennies, Pennies, Halfpennies, and Farthings of the previous design but without the
raised rim; another issue of all except the Twopennies being made
in 1805, of a somewhat similiar design but of lighter weight. In
1817 all the copper coin circulation was called in with the
view to a recoinage.
In 1820 George IV. issued golcd Two, One, and Half-sovereign
pieces, having a head of the king with short curly hair, and on reverse St. George and the dragon, with date in the exergue. The
Half Sovereign has on1 the reverse a shield like on the other coins,
or a plain shield with rose, thistle and shamrock below it. In 1826
a Sovereign and Half-sovereign were issued having date below the
bust. In 1821-2 silver Crowns were issued having the king's
bust with bare neck and on reverse St. George and the dragon. In
1820-21-23, Half-crowns were issued, having on the reverse a
crowned shield with rose below, thistle and shamrock on either
side. A Shilling and a Sixpence of this design were issued in 1821.
Others of this same year resemble the half-crown of 1823. In
1823-4, Half-crowns, Shillings and Sixpences were issued, having




168            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
on reverse a plain square shield crowned. In 1825-26-28 and 29,
there was an issue of a Half-crown with small bust and without
ClROWvN OF GEORGE IV., 1821.
drapery, and on reverse a square shield crowned. On the reverse
of the Shillings of 1825-6-7 and 9 and the Sixpences of 1826-7-8
and 9, a (rowned lion is standing on a crown. The Maunday
SHILLING OF GEORGE IV.
money has the head of the Crown of 1821, Pistrucci's, on the,
earlier pieces. The head of the Three-penny of 1822 is from the
punch of the two-penny of the same date.
The copper coinage consists of a Farthing engraved by Pistrucci,
and issued in 1821-2-3-5 and 6, having draped bust, and on
reverse Britannia seated. In 1825-6 and 7, a Penny was issued
with bare neck to the bust, and in exergue of reverse, a rose, thistle
and shamrock. In 1826-7 Halfpennies, and in 1827 to 30 inclusive,
Farthings of similar design were issued.
William IV. succeeded his brother in 1830, issuing a gold Sovereign, 1831 to 7 inclusive, with bust, and on reverse a square shield.
He also issued a Half-sovereign of similar design for years 1834-7
inclusive. Silver Half-crowns were issued in 1831-4-5 and 6;,
Shillings and Sixpences of similar obverse, but the value in words
across the centre of the reverse, the whole enclosed by branches.
The Groats of 1836 and 7, have on the reverse Britannia seated.
The Maunday money has crowned numerals and the coppergPenny, Halfpenny and Farthing are all of the usual designs




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                 169
In 1837 Victoria succeeded her uncle, and issued gold Sovereigns
having bust, and on reverse, a square shield with rose, thistle
HALF-CROWN OF WILLIAM IV.
and shamrock below; the Half-sovereign has an ornamental
shield, without the flowers. As the German dominions of the
GOLD FIVE-POUND PIECE OF VICTORIA.
late king passed to his brother, the arms of Hanover were now
dropped from the English standard. On later coins, St. George
HALF-CROWN OF VICT'ORIA.
and the dragon appears on the reverse. A very beautiful Fivesovereign piece has also been struck, but has never come into




170             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD.
circulation. The silver Crown and Half-crown have the queen's
head filleted, with arms on plain shield within branches, rose,
thistle and shamrock below.  The issue of these pieces ceased
in 1851.
In 1847, a very splendid Gothic Crown was prepared, but
has never got into circulation.
GOTHIC CROWN OF VICTORIA
In 1848 a Florin, resembling the above Crown, was issued, but
owing to the absence of the letters D. G., had to be recalled by the
Government. Another was therefore prepared with those letters
and is now in general use. The Shilling, Sixpence and Groat,
resemble on the obverse those of William IV., while the
Three-penny has on the reverse a large numeral of value,
crowned. The Maunday money is like that of the previous sovereigns. Victoria's coppger coinage consists of a copper Penny,
Halfpenny and Farthing, with bust, the hair braided and the
neck bare, with Britannia on the reverse. On the reverse of
a Half-farthing, there is HALF-FARTHING in two  lines across
the field, with crown above and date below.  The issue of
these ceased in 1856.  The current issue, struck in 1860, is of
bronze, and consists of Penny, Halfpenny and Farthing, having
laureated draped bust of the queen, and Britannia on reverse.




CHAPTER XIX.
COINS OF ENGLISH DEPENDENCIES.
ANGLO GALLIC.
Among the earliest foreign possessions of the English monarchs,
were those French Provinces that through ancestral right, marriage or conquest, formed part of British territory. This sovereignty was exercised in part, by the establishing of local mints, whose
names are frequently to be found on the coins of English sovereigns.
Perhaps the earliest of these is a Penny of Henry II. (1170
A. D.), struck in Aquitaine, and on1 which the king's title, HENnIcvs
REX, runs as a legend round the coin, while on the reverse is Aqvi
TANI E in three lines. On the coins of Richard I. sometimes his
name and title run across the coins in two or even three lines, as /Dux
Aqvitanie or Pictaviensis (Poitou).
On the coins of Henry III. and Edward I. the lion of Aquitaine,
with or without a crown, occupies the centre of the reverse.
Edward II. also issued money for the Dukedom, for we read that in
1314 the French King closed Edward's mints. Edward III., having
assumed, in 1339, the title King of France, placed that on his coins,
omitting the lower one of Duke of Aquitaine. In 1360, however,
he resumed the title of Duke, but in 1369 again employed the title
of king, which thenceforth remained on the English coinage
till 1801. Several succeeding monarchs also issued money for these
French estates. Gradually, however, the French monarchy overran these districts until, at length, on the loss of Calais in 1558,
the last vestige of England's early authority on continental Europe disappeared.
TH_! E CHANNEL ISLANDS.
These are the only remains of the immense continental possessions of England. Among the peculiarities of thlese islands
is a coinage distinct from that of the sovereign country,
though of course, struck in London. On the obverse is a shield
with three leopards or lions; the legend is STATE OF JERSEY, and
the date 1813, while on the reverse, inclosed in a wreath, are the
words THREE SHILLINGS TOK:ENT. On a cojpper coinage issued in
1844, is found the Queen's head, with inscription and date, and
on reverse the arms of Jersey as before, with - OF A SHILLING.




172            TIlE COINAGES OF THE WVORLD;
GUERNSEY  has also its coins.  On the obverse is a shield
with the three leopards, and the word GUERNSEY below it; and
on the reverse, the value, TWO, FOUR, SIX or EIGHT DOUBLES, with
date. On the high values, the word Guernsey is above the shield,
and the lower part of this is placed in a wreath.
ISLE OF 2M1AN.
In 1786, the British government purchased the Isle of Man from
the duke of Athol. As the island had a peculiar history and constitution, Pence and IHalf-pence were at once struck for its local
currency. On the obverse is the king's bust, with the legend
GEORMGUS III. DEI GRATIA, 1786, and on the reverse the arms of
Man, three legs in armor joined at the thigh, with the legend on
a broad band or border, QUOCUIQvE JECERIS STABIT.
Similar coins were struck in succeeding reigns till 1839, when
the separate coinage was abolished.
IRELAND.
Previous to the conquest of Ireland by the Danes and by the
Finns, as the Northmen are popularly called, the national money
consisted of gold, silver and brass rings of a high degree of purity
and of carefully graduated weights, reminding one of the animal
weights found in Babylon. The earliest known coins are those of
the Danish period, 850-1200 A.D. These coins, issued from mints
EARLY IRISH COIN OF DONALD, KING OF MIONAGHAN, 850 A. D.
at Dublin, Limerick and Waterford, seem to be rude copies of
Anglo-Saxon pieces, having, like the early Danish money, merely
strokes,!j11111111's, to represent letters. During this period certain native princes are supposed to have issued a few bracteate and other
coins that are evidently copied in their style from those of the
Danes. The authority of the Anglo-Saxon and Danish rulers of
England was already so powerful in the eastern portion of the
island known as the Pale, that there are coins of Ethelred, Edred,
Edgar and of Canute, 886-1035 A. D., struck in Dublin.
In 1185, during the Norman period, John, then Lord of Ireland,
issued for use in Ireland,Halfpennies and Farthings having the short
double cross with an annulet in each angle on the reverse. Those




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                     1 73
struck then are called, from the full face design, full moon pieces.
The legend is IOHANN-ES DOM (inns), and on the reverse TOMAS ON
DnY (Thomas of Dublin).
IRISH HALFPENNY OF JOI-iN,1 I.185 A. P.
After his accession to the English throne, John issued Pennies
for Ireland of a wholly different design. The triangle, thought
by some to reappear in the Irish triangular harp, is probably the
symbol of the Trinity. It is so employed in church aichitecture,
and as is known the conversion of Ireland from paganism to Christianity is connected with St. Patrick's advocacy of that mystery
of the Christian faith, and his use of the trefoil as a natural
analogue. The legend on the reverse is ROBSERTON DIVE. Halfpennies and Farthings were also issued.
IRISH15  PENNY OF KING JON.
In 1248, Henry III. issued his second coinage of the long double
cross with the three pellets in the angles on the reverse. His
Irish Pennies,with the king's head in the triangle, belong, from their
obverses, to this period. On the coins of his successors, the first
three Edwards, the title DNS. HYr.-2Dominus Hibe'mice-first appears, while the triangle was inverted. Our readers will remember
that on the coins of Edward I. we have simply EDW., on those of
the II., EDmA. or EDWAn., and on those of the III., ED)wARn)VS.
IRISH P:ENNY OF EDWAVAD I.
On the Groat of Henry VI. there is on the obverse a large crown
surrounded by a tressure, and on the reverse a long cross with




174              THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
pellets, and CIVITAS DVBLINI:E.  On a Groat of Edward IV. there
are rays proceeding from a rose, to an outer circle in which
is CIVITAS DV3LINIE divided into four sections by roses, the
badge of the house of York, and by suns, the king's own crest.
On another, there are  the Irish arms, "three crowns impale,"
that is, one above the other, with a sword or spear passing upward through them, and on the reverse the British arms on a
shield, with legend -Rex liibernie, Edward being the first to assume
this title.  Another has the large crown of Henry VI.  Pennies and Halfpennies were alsoissued. The Groat of Richard III.,
and that of Henry VII. resemble the second one of Edward IV.
Of Edward VI. there are no  coins.  The Sixpence  of Henry
VIII., base metal, issued in 1541, has the English arms on a
crowned shield with Hfenric 8, D. G., Anyl. _Franc, and on reverse,
Et Ilibernie Rex, 38.  The device on the reverse is the Irish
harp facing left crowned, with H. R. on either side, also crowned.
ieny's marital relations can be followed by his Irish Groats,
which were apparently issued on each new  marriage, and bear beside the harp the initial of the new queen.  On a 6d., 3d., ld.,
and'd., issued in 1544, minted in Dublin, there is a full face of
the king, and on the reverse the English shield.  In 1553, Mlary
issued a Shilling, Groat, Half and Penny, with her bust, and on the
reverse a crowned harp. Next year Shillings, Groats and Sixpences,
base, with busts of Philip and MIary facing each other, were
issued; the Groats resemble the Shillings, but have the date above
the heads.  In 1558, Elizabeth issued various base silver pieces,
and also a coplper Penny and Halfpenny, the first Irish copper
coinage, differing from the device on the silver only in having a
shield between the letters E Rt, and the harp between the years of
the date 16-01 or 16-02.  In 1602, James I. issued several base
silver pieces with his bust on them, and in 1613, two varieties of a
copper farthing, having a crown with sceptres crosswise, and legend Jctco D. G., Mlag. _Brit., and on reverse 1_;'ra et fib. Jle:, with
crowned harp. While these coins were of equal intrinsic value,
and to be used both in England and in Ireland, that possibly for
England has a rose for M. MI. above the crown, while that for Ireland has a trefoil for MI. M. on the reverse, the crown and harp
being smaller and of different design from that on the other. In
1625, Charles I. issued copper Farthings resembling those of
James in design, with the legend  Caro or Carotls a   G. G. lfag.
-Bri. or Brit., and on reverse Fra et Ilib. Rex.  During Charles'
Irish troubles, what are known as the St. Patrick's pence were
coined.*:  On the Halfpenny is a harper with legend Floreat Rex;
* The history of these pieces is very obscure; that they circulated in Ireland as halfpence
and farthings, and were in common use as such till a century ago, shows that a very large
amount must have been issued. Their device on both sides being ecclesiastical, shows that
they either sprung from an ecclesiastical source or appealed to some ecclesiastical sentiment.




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                           17.5
on reverse St. Patrick, mitred, and with crosier, holding out the
trefoil, with the arms of Dublin at his side, with legend Ecce Grex.
On the Farthing is a similar obverse,but on reverse the saint,holding
a double or metropolitan cross, is driving venomous animals before  him; a cathedral is in  the  background, and  the  legend
Qviescat Plebs.  The Ormond money was coined  in  1643, and
is obsidional.   Charles II. issued, in  1660, a copper Farthing
having  legend  Carolvs II.,  D.  G.. 11  B., and  on  reverse a
crowned harp, with  Fra et  lib. -Rex., and in 1680, a Halfpenny
with bust of king facing left, legend Carolvs II. D)ei Gratia, and
on  reverse  a crowned  harp, dividing  the  date  1680; legend
Hfag. Br. iF'a. et hib. Rex.   James II. issued a copper Halfpenny in 1686, with his bust facing left, with reverse like that of
Charles II., the crown and harp being somewhat larger. In
1689 came his Gun money, coined  in  Ireland  from  old metal,
SHILLING OF JAMES 11.  GUN  M-.ONEY.
and consisting of Crowns, having the king'  on horseback with
drawn sword, legend Jac. AI..Dei G'ra.  Jllac/. Bri. Tra. et flib.
Rex.  On the reverse are the national arms on four crowned shields
placed crosswise, with a crown in the center; legend Christo victore triumipho, and in the angles of the shields lAno   romn 1690.
The Half-crowns, Shillings and Sixpences have laureated bust facing left, with legend Jacobvs If.; Dei Gratia, aind on reverse, crown
and sceptres crossed with I. R. with the value, xxx, XIi, vi, in the
upper angle, and the month of issue in the lower one, with legend,agy. -Br. aIa. et. flib. Rex 1689'3.  White metal Penny and Halfpenny pieces in 1689.  In 1690 a Five shilling piece in the salme
metal, and copper Halfpennies resembling those of 1686, but with
date above the crown, and with date divided  by the upper part
of the crown, and also by the lower part of the harp.  After.James' flight from  Ireland some of his followers issued  from
They therefore have no connection with the royal mint, and were probably struck for use
in the Irish rebellion of 1640, by or for the Catholic party. Now remembering that on the
silver piece there are on a shield the arms of the city of Dublin, and that on the copper piece
there is a figure of a cathedral, and that the famous St. Patrick's Cathedral is in Dublin, it is
more than probable that these coins owe their origin to Dublin. In 1681, a man named
Newby arrived in New Jersey from Dublin, bringing so many of these with him as to justify an Act of the Jersey Legislature in sanctioning their use as a New Jersey currency,
a fact that strengthens the theory of their Dublin mintage.




176              THE COINAGES OF THE WORLDD;
Limerick, Halfpenny pieces with obverse as on the Gun money,
and reverse a seated woman resting on a harp and holding up a
cross, with legend Hibernia 1791.*  In 1692 William and Mary
issued a copper Halfpenny and Farthing  with  their busts in
profile, with crowned harp on reverse dividing the date.
Anne issued no Irish money. The well known Wood Pennies
and Halfpennies of 1722-3-4 were the only issues of George I.
George II. issued a Halfpenny and a Farthing in 1736, having simply  Georgius II. Re, with, on the reverse HIibernia, above a
crowned harp, and date below.  George III. issued a Halfpenny
in 1766: bust to left, and a Penny, I-Ialfpenny and a Farthing in
1805, with bust clothed, while in 1822 George IV. issued a Penny
and a Halfpenny and a pattern Farthing, and thus closed the
series of Irish money.
SCOTLAND.
The earliest reliable Scottish coins are the very few ascribed to
Alexander I., 1107-1124, A. D.  These have a rude profile with
sceptre, facing right, and on the reverse a cross with pellets in
the angles.  Of his successor, David, that "sair sanet for the
crown," as he was styled because of his large donations of crown
property to the Church, there are many coins, all of which
resemble those of Alexander-the  name being generally spelt
DAVIT.  We have no coins of the next monarch, Malcolm  IV.,
but of William  the Lion, 1166-1213, there are:  1st. Those
with King's head to right, with short single cross; 2d. Those witlh
~i~i~
PENITNY OF WTILLIAM.
same head, but short double cross; and  3d. Those with head to
left, all coined at JBerewzic (Herwick),  cienhbv (Edinburgh), Pert
(Perth), or BRocesbu (Roxburgh).
The coins of Alexander II. 1213-1249, are exceedingly rare, and
were all minted at Roxburgh.  Of those of Alexander III. 12491286, there were several issues.  In 1250 it was ordered that
the cross on the reverse should pass through the circle, making
* The Gun money of James II. was issued at the following dates: Sixpences 1689, July,
Aug., Sep., 7ber, Nov., Dec., and 1690, Jan. and Feb. Shillings 1689, July, Aug., Sep., Oct.,
Nov., Dec., 8bor, 9ber, 10ber, 1690, Jan., Feb.. Mar., Ap., May,, June and Sep., with large
and small for Mar., and Ap. Half-crowns 1689, July to Aug., 1690, inclusive, and one for Oct.,
with large and small for Mar., Ap. and May.




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                   177
what is called the longf cross.* We have thus on some coins a long
double cross, and on others a long single one, with a six-pointed
mullet or star with open center in each angle. On the obverse
is a crowned head with sceptre, facing left. On the Pennies and
Halfpennies the legend is Alexander.Dei Gra., with continuation
on the reverse, Rex Scotorum. The Farthings all belong to the
single cross issue, and bear merely Alexander -Rex Scotoruzm.
Margaret, the Maid of Norway, Alexander's successor, having
died before her accession, the period of confusion that followed
the king's death ended in the placing, by Edward I. of England,
of John Baliol on the Scottish throne. On Baliol's coins-Pennies, Halfpennies, and possibly Farthings, there is a bust with
sceptre, and with the legend Johannes Dei G. -Rex Scotorznm.
In 1306 Robert the Bruce occupied the throne, and issued Pennies, Halfpennies and Farthings, with a profile likeness and ZRex
Scotorum.
David II., 1329-1370, issued Pennies, Halfpennies and Farthings,
and added the Groat and the Half-groat to the money of Scotland.
These have on the reverse an inner circle with place of mintage
and an outer circle with legend such as Dns Protector meorzmn. David
GROAT OF DAVID IT.
issued the first Scottish gold money.  His coins are numerous
and very varied. Having been captured by Edward, the payment of the heavy ransom of 100,000 marks greatly impoverished
his country and led to a depreciation of Scottish money. Robert
II., 1370-1390, issued Groats, Half-groats, Pennies and Halfpennies. Art must have been at a low ebb at this period in Scotland, for
the likeness on the coins which stands for Robert, also represents
David. The coins of Robert III., 1390-1406, with a full face onthe obverse, are easily recognized by the pellets, in place of the
mullets in the angles of the cross on the reverse, a change again
copied from the coins of England. Robert was the first to issue
billon coins, and did so from Inverness. James I. issued Groats
small in size, Pennies and Halfpennies, all having pellets in the
* A similar device was employed in England, byHenry III., in 1249.




178             TIlE COINAGES OF THE V'ORtI);
angles of the cross.  On James' assassination, in 1437, James II., a
minor, was declared king. In his first issue of Groats, Half-groats
and Pennies, made previous to 1451, there is in the angles of the
cross a fleur-de-lis alternating with a sceptre.   On the second
issue, the king has no sceptre, and his neck is bare, with crowns
in the angles on the reverse, an issue consisting of Half-groats
and Pennies. 1And on the third issue, the king's neck is clothed.
The Groats of this reign are as large as an English Shilling.
In 1460 James III. ascended the throne, and issued silver
coins; Jfirst, having pellets in the angles of the cross; second, having one large six-pointed mullet alternating with three pellets,
with an annulet in their center; third, havinga small mulet and
pellets without the annulet and known as the Borage Groat;
fourth, having mullet of five points and pellets; fifth, with crowns
and pellets alternating, and sixth, with crowns and fleur-de-lis
opposite, and pellets between, with legend _Dns Protor mevmn et
mevor.  James' billon groats have on the obverse the Scottish
lion on a shield, and on the reverse an open cross with small
St. Andrews cross in the centre, and crowns in the angles. IHis
billon Farthings have the king's head crowned, and on the reverse
a cross with pellets and villa ]dcinbvrgyi.
Of James IV, 1488-1513 we have, first, coins with a full face
and an open crown, and second, those with a three-quarter face
and  an arched crown.  The billon Pennies, Halfpennies and
Farthings resemble those of the previous reign.
On the death of James at Floddel, his son, James V. was declared king. His first issue has the three-quarter face, with open
crown, thistles and mullets in the reverse; the second, known as
the Douglas Groat, of very fine workmanship, has a single arched
crown, and the third has a double arched crown. On the reverses
of the latter two are the national arms, the lion rampant.  James'
billon Groats or Placks have a large thistle crowned with I. 5, on
either side, and a St. Andrews cross with two fleur-de-lis on the
reverse. Iis gold pieces are known as -Bonnet pieces from the
small cap on the king's head.
The coins of Mary, Queen of Scots, are very numerous, and may
be classified thus: 1st. Those issued previous to her marriage with
the French Dauphin; in 1553, Testoons and half-testoons, with the
queen's bust, and on the reverse the arms of Scotland and of
France.  3larkcs were also issued.  2d. Those issued during her
married state.  3d. Those during her widowhood.  4th. Those
during her marriage with Darnley; and 5th, those subsequent to
his murder. In 1565 the first Scottish issue of silver Crowns, or
Mary Ryalls, took place. These weighed one ounce, and passed
for 30 shillings Scots. Smaller pieces of xx and x shillings value
were also issued. These xxx shillings are commonly called Cruickston dollars, the palm tree on the reverse suggesting to the pop



ANXCIENT AND MODERN.                  1X9
ular mind a yew tree at Crnuickston Castle, the seat of Lord
Darnley. Owing to the poverty of the crown, the issue of silver
Groats and Pennies was replaced by one of billoln, or rather of
copper, washed with silver,  rlle Two-penny piece was now
called aBodle, a corruption of Lord Bothwell's name, by whom
it was prepared.
James TVI., having succeeded his mother in 1571, revived the
issue of Marks and Half-marks.  His First issue was that of the
Sword Dollar and its Half, with the national arms on the obverse, and on the reverse an erect sword crowned, with value and
(ldate.  This is called the James Riall.  Seconcd, the Noble:nd
its Half, having the arms as before, but on the reverse a cross, fwith
crowns and thistles in the angles.  Thirdct, in 1578, the Thistle
Dollar, from the large thistle crowned, its motto, "Nemno mie
impu.n;e latcesset," now appearing for the first time.  Fotrth, in
1582, the XL, xxx, xx and x PeInny pieces, havingo the king in
TE-I  C1[UICKSTON DOLLAR.
armor and crowned, and on the reverse the arms. In 1589 the
value of the XL Penny'piece was raised to L, and in 1601, when
the last Scottish crown was issued, it was raised to LX, as being
worth sixty shillings Scots. Fifth, the Balance Mark, so called
from the pair of scales and sword point on the reverse. Sixth, the
Bare-headed Mark, having the king in armor and with head uncovered on the obverse, and on the reverse a three-headed thistle
crowned; and, Seventh, the Thistle MAark, from the large single thistle crowned with arms on the reverse. James' billon money was.
extensive, and very much resembled that of his mother. For tile
first time a pure copper coinage was now issued, consisting of a
Penny piece, with the bare-headed bust of the king and three
thistle heads on the reverse. The billon Penny has I. R. under
a crown, with legend, Jacobus, D.. R., Scoto, and on the reverse the arms, with one dot behind the lion, and place of




180             THE COINAGES OF THE W~ORLD;
mintage, while on the billon bodle, or Turner, as it was now
called, a corruption of the French Tournois, are two dots with
legend, Vincit veritas.
On the death of Elizabeth, in 1603, James VI. succeeded to the
throne of England under the title of James I. The coins henceforth struck for use in Scotland resemble in design those of England, except that in the shield on the reverses, the arms of
Scotland-the lion rampant-occupy the first and third quarters,
while on those of England they appear only in the second quarter.
The gold pieces of James consist of the Sceptre, the Double Crown,
the Crown, the Thistle Crown and the Half-Crown. On the silver
Crown and Half-crown pieces there is also a thistle in place of a r ose
CROWN OF JAMES I.
on the trappings of the horse.  The copper HWardhead has the
three-headed thistle with Jacobus D.. G ag..Brit., and on the reverse the lion rampant.
The gold of Charles I. consisted of the Quarter, the Unit, its
Half, Quarter and Half-quarter.  On the silver Shillings and Sixpence, there is the value in numerals behind the head.  Halfmarks were issued resembling the English shillings, also Forty
and Twenty-penny pieces, and a Two-shilling piece with the
arms on the reverse, Scotch value.
FORTY-PENNY PIECES (SCOTS), CHARLES I.
The copper Bodle has a large C. R. crowned, with Cactr D. G. Scot
Ang. Pr. et Hib. R., and on the reverse a large thistle with Nemo
Me, etc.




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                    181
Charles II. issued a Four, a Two, a One and a Half-mark piece,
having the king's bust in armor to left, and on the reverse four
shields arranged crosswise, with crowned interlinked C's in the
angles, with legend Jag. Bri. Fra. et Hib. Rex. 1672.  There
was also a Dollar, Half, Quarter and Eighth, with bust to right, and
legend Sco. Ang. Pr. et Hib. Rex. 1676, with thistles in the angles
on the reverse. The Sixteenth of the dollar was issued in 1681,
having on the reverse a St. Andrew's cross, crowned with national
emblems in the angles. On that of Charles II., in place of the C.
R. there is the sword and sceptre crossed, and on the reverse the
date. On the copper Bawbee,the King's head with legend,and on the
reverse the crowned thistle with date.
In 1687 James II. issued a Forty-shilling piece, with British
shield crowned on the reverse, and a Ten-shilling piece, with St.
Andrew's cross on the reverse, the value being expressed beneath
the bust.
TEN SHILLING (SCOTS) PIECE OF JAMES II.
In 1689 and 1691, William  and Mary issued pieces of Sixty,
Forty, Twenty and Ten shillings value, bearing both their busts,
facing left, and on reverse the British shield, with the Arms
FORTY SILLING (SCOTS) OF AVILLIAM AND MARY.
of Nassau in the centre, and a Five-shilling piece with a monogram of W. and M1. on the reverse. The copper Bawbee has both
busts with the large crowned thistle on the reverse, the Ifaif-bawbee




182             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD.
has the crowned monogram  of W. and M., with reverse as before. After Mary's death, William issued pieces of similar value
and design, but bearing only his own bust, his Five-shilling piece
TEN-SHILLING (SCOTS) P'IECE OF' WILJIAM III.
having on the reverse a three-headed thistle crowned. William's
copper Bcawbee, of 1695, has his own head, the fIalf, in place of the
monogram, having the sword and sceptre crosswise, crowned.
In 1705, Ann issued a Ten-shilling piece resembling that of her
predecessor, the Nassau shield being removed from the arms, and
a Five-shilling piece with the three-headed thistle, and thus terminated the series of the coins of Scotland.
MALTA.
Malta has ever been one of the great strategic points of the Miediterranean, and has passed in former ages successively through the
hands of the Phcenicians, Greeks, Carthagenians and of the Romans,
by whom it was placed under the rule of the Praetor of Sicily. On
the division of the Empire in 395 A. D., Malta fell to the Easternl
section, to which it was attached till about the Ninth century.
In 870 the Arabs drove out the Greeks, and in. 1090 were themselves expelled by Count Roger of Sicily, who gave the inhabitants a comparatively free and popular government. During the
Crusades, Malta became subject to the houses of Anjou and Castile.
In 1530 Charles V. granted Malta, along with Gozo and Tripoli,
in perpetual sovereignty, to the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem,
who had been driven by the Turks out of Rhodes, where they had
issued money. Tha coins now bore the name and effigy of the
Grand Master of the Order, with legend Frater, (name) Mffagcwnv,
Jffayister Htospitcclis, &c., &o. The arms are on a shield that
covers the head and body of an eagle; the value is in Scudos of
twelve tarins each. In 1798 Malta was captured by the French,
and the order of St. John dissolved.  Soon after, however,
it was taken by the British, in whose hands it still remains. In
1827, and again in 1835 and in 1844, there were coined for Malta
copper pieces, in value one-third of a farthing, the device being a
reduced copy of the English penny of those years.




AMERICA.
CHAPTER XX.
DOMINION OF CANADA.
From the early occupancy of Canada by France, a French coinage in that country was to be expected. In 1670 Louis the Fourteenth issued a silver piece of five sou value, having on the obverse a bust of the king with old head, laureated, surmounted by
a small figure of the sun, with the legend LvD. III D. G. FR.
ET. NAV. REX; on the reverse, the royal arms crowned, and the
legend GLORIA-I. REGNI. TVI. DICENT. 1670. There is also a copper DOUBLE or two-denier piece, having on the obverse a large
Roman L crowned dividing the date, 1670; with the letter A (Paris
mint mark) below it, the legend being LvDovicvs. XIII. D. Gm.
FRAN. ET. NAV. REX. On the obverse is the inscription, in four
lines across the field, DOVBLI DE. L AMEIrIQUE. FRANCOISE, with
the mint mark A in the exergue, and on either side of it a fleur-deuis.
On the conquest of Canada (which then consisted of little else
than the present Lower Canada), by the British in 1760, French
money, of course, was in circulation in the form of the Sou,
the Livre or Franc, and the Escu or Crown. In 1790, a British
colony or settlement at a place called Kentucky issued in
silver and in copper a coin that is often supposed to be connected with the United States Kentucky, but which is really a local
token of Canada.
As we have nothing to do with the tokens of Canada, we omit
all description of the
NOVA SCOTIA
tokens of 1814, and mention only its provincial coinage of
Pence and Halfpence in 1823 and 1824, with the head of
George IV. and legend, PROVINCE OF NovA SCOTIA, having on the
reverse a large thistle with legend, HALF-PENNY TOKEN 1823.
Some of these coins bear the date 1832, the old ones with dates
changed, being used under William IV. In 1840 we have the
head of Victoria on coins otherwise mere duplicates of those of
1823, while coins of 1843 and 1856 were struck from very much
superior dies. In 1856 the elaborate Mayflower Penny and Halfpenny were issued, having VICTORIA D: G: BRITANNIAR: REG: F:




184            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
D. with coroneted head and date, and on the reverse a large
bunch of flowers with, PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA and PENNY or
HALFPENNY TOKEN. In 1861, 1862 and 1864, thin bronze Cent and
Half-cent pieces were issued having laureated bust and legend
as before and on reverse a wreath of flowers, surmounted by
ONE CENT, and in exergue, NOVA SCOTIA inclosing a Crown with
date below it.
Coins of a Cent value appeared in
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
having the name PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND round the obverse,
and the date 1855 and 1857, while on the reverse are the
words SELF-GOVERNIENT AND FREE TRADE, in five lines. In 1871
there was issued a Cent, having on obverse the Queen's head with
diadem, and in a circle round the device the words, VICTORIA
QUEEN. On the obverse we find a large and a small tree with
PARVA SUBINGENTI below them, and  in outer circle PRINCE
EDWARD ISLAND ONE CENT.
In 1843
NEW BRUNSWICK
issued her beautiful Frigate Pence and Halfpence, with diademed Queen's head with inscription and date, and on the
reverse a Frigate  at anchor with  sails furled, and inscription: NEW BRUNSWICK, ONE PENNY TOKEN. In 1854 a better shaped head with the hair fastened by a ribbon, and
Frigate as before, with the words, on the reverse, ONE PENNY
CURRENCY. Silver 5, 10 and 20 Cents and bronze Cents and Halfcents were issued in 1861-64 from dies that were used in the same.
year for NOVA SCOTIA, the name on the obverse being changed.
NEWFOUNDLAND
was the most ambitious of these maritime provinces. Not issuing any
separate coinage till 1865, it then issued a Two dollar gold piece,
GOLD TWO DOLLAR PIECE OF NEWFOUNDLAND.
the only Canadian gold, a 20, 10 and 5 Cent silver and a 1 Cent
copper piece. In 1870), a 50, and 20 cent silver, having queen's head




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                 185
laureated, with NEWFOUNDLAND below and on reverse value and
date Inclosed in a circle, and in 1870 a copper cent were issued.
The coinage of
CANADA
itself, whether Upper or Lower, is very scanty, the wante
of the country having been met till lately by an immenss
issue  of private tokens.   The coins having CANADA with
the date, 1830, 1841, 1842 and 1844, with IIALFPENNY on the
reverse, were all private ventures.  So was the CANADA HALFPENNY TOKEN with the Ship on the reverse. The first government
issue, was the coin having the head of George IV. with legend
PROVINCE OF UPPER CANADA, and on reverse Britannia seated,
with HALFPENNY TOKEN and date 1832, the obversebeing from the
die of the Nova Scotia copper of same date. In 1858, were issued,
a silver 20, 10 and 5 cent piece, and a bronze Cent with a large
head wreathed, having in outer circle, VICTORIA DEI GRATIA REGINA
CANADA, and on the obverse, a wavy wreath of maple leaves, inclosing the words ONE CENT 1858.
E~               3       5
CANADIAN SILVER TWENTY CENT PIECE.
Canada has added a 25 and a 50 cent piece in silver to her coinage, but the copper is still confined to the cent.
UNITED STATES.
No coins in the world are so rare and costly when in good condition as those of the American series. Of many of the pieces the
issue was extremely small, and as when issued they were at once
used in business transactions, they speedily became worn and defaced. The poverty of the colonists, moreover, and their deficiency
in art tastes, account for the absence in those days of collectors,
so that specimens in fine condition of the early coins of America
are very rare. As the circle of collectors enlarges, the demand
for these coins will necessarily increase, while perhaps, the total
supply is already in the market.
The earliest medium of exchange that we find in use between
the European colonists on these shores and the Indian natives, was




186             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
wampum, or strings of shells, ground down to about the size of a
grain of corn. These were used by the Indians for ornament and
for barter, so that for trading purposes the settlers also required
to deal in them.
By 1652 colonial life had so advanced that a metallic currency
was demanded. In that year the General Court of Massachusetts
issued at Boston some silver pieces, having stamped on them on
the one side the letters N,. E. (New England), and on the other
the values, XIId., VId. and IIId. respectively.  Of the Threepenny pieces only two, that are known to be genuine, can now be
NEW ENGLAND SIXPENCE.
traced. These pieces have no date, and, despite their rude execution, possess considerable interest as being the earliest American
coinage. The absence of any design gave such offense, however,
that another series was issued in October, 1652. The design on
these coins is an Oak tree with scraggy branches, inclosed in a
circle of dots, the outer edge having a similar ring, and between
the rings the words, MASATHUSETS, IN, and continued on the reverse, NEw ENGLAND.  AN: DoI.'.'  the date, 1652, being ill
the centre, with the numerals of value immediately below, XII.,
VI. or III.  In 1662, Penny and Twopenny pieces of this oak trec
design were issued.  A second series of this tree money bears a
Pine tree, but in other respects resembles its companion.
PINE TREE SHILLING.
This tree money, once known as Boston or Bay shillings, was
issued at different intervals for nearly thirty years, yet the original
date, 1652, was retained on every piece. No genuine Penny




ANCIE-NT AND MIODERN.                 187
pieces of either type are now known; the genuine having been
struck on a die, all that are cast must be counterfeits.
In 1685, the Boston mint was closed by order of Charles II.
No more issues of Massachusetts money were then made until
1766, when the colonists, in expression of their gratitude to
William Pitt for his exertions in obtaining the repeal of the
Stamp Act, issued a medalet or token, which soon became used as
current money. On the obverse is a bust of Pitt, with wig and
queue, with the legend, " THE RESTORER OF COMMERCE, 1776;"
and below the bust, the words No sTAMPs.  On the reverse is a
ship sailing to the right, with the word Ar~MERICA on the field behind it, with the legend, THANNKS TO TIlE FRIENDS OF LIBERTY AND
TRADE.
In 1787, Massachusetts, in order to lessen the drain on the resources of the Federal Government, issued a copper Cent and Halfcent. The device is that of an Indian chief with his bow and
arrow, a star to left of his face, with the legenid, COMarMAON~WEALTH;
on the reverse is an American eagle,  having in its right talon a bundle of arrows, and in the left an olive branch, on the
breast is a shield, bearing the word CENT.  The legend is MASSACJITTSETTS, and in the exergue is the date, 1787 or 1788. Of the
Cent of 1787 there are three marked varieties; on the 1st the
eagle holds arrows in the right talon, and an olive branch in the
left; on the 2d, a long tapering branch of olive in the right, and
arrows in the left, and on the 3d, a wide branching olive in the
MASSACHUSETTS CENT.
right, and arrows in the left. The Half-cent, for each year, bears
the same general device, with the words HAiTF CENT on the shield,
but has many varieties.
In 1788, the Federal Government prohibited any further State
coinage, and so, for the second time, the mint of Massachusetts
was closed.
The New England issues of coin were, however, not confined to
Massachusetts.  Other of the colonies having their State rights,
availed themselves of these in issues of money. In 1785, CONNECTICUT issued a copper Cent having a bust, passing for Wash



188            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
ington, with the legend AUCTORI CONNEC, and on the reverse, the
Goddess of Liberty, with the legend IND. ET LIB, the date 1785
being in the exergue. Of this issue there were eight distinct
types, distinguishable from each other by differences in the punctuation, before, between, and after the legend on the obverse, by the
bust facing right or left, draped or in arnior, or by the head being
laureated or filleted.  In 1786 there was another issue of as many
types with the same general device. The edges of the planehet
hlaving been carefully milled, the pieces of this date are generally
found in a better condition than those of 1785. In 1787 another
issue took place, and one that, judging from the frequency with
which coins of this date are found, must have been very extensive.
CONNECTICUT CENT.
The differences of the punctuation may denote different die cutters,
or the different purchasers of the coin from the mint. Of this issue
nearly fifty distinct types are known, making more than a hundred
varieties. Some of these types are extremely rare, especially such as
have any peculiarity in either of the legends; for sometimes we read
AUCION, AUTOPI, AUCTOBE, AUCTOBI, in place of AUCTORI; very fre(luently obverse dies are found with a variety of reverses, and.again reverses with a variety of obverses. Such pieces are known
as mules.
Though the General Congress prohibited in 1787 any further
State coinage, yet we have Connecticut Cents of 1788. As their
VERAMONT CENT, 1786.
number is comparatively small, it is supposed that the mint remained in operation long enough to work off the stock of metal on




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                                   189
hand.   There are some fifteen or twenty types of this issue, differing as before in the style of the effigy, punctuation, etc.*
VERMONT has also an honorable place on the list of States
possessing a local coinage, having had such a coinage even before
she  was  formally  recognized  as  a State  by Congress.   In  1785
there appeared under State sanction a Cent with a device both poetical and patriotic.   On the obverse the All-seeing Eye with radiating lines, thirteen of which  have  shot out further and  are  more
conspicuous  than  the  rest,  between   each  of  which  is a  sixpointed star, while the legend reads QUAnTA DECIIMA STELLA, with
reference to Vermont's claim  to be the fourteenth star in the Union.
VERMONT CENT, 1788.
On the reverse is the sun radiated, but only partly visible as he rises
over mountains that slope to the right, and are crowned  by eight
* Among the unauthorized pieces whose history is somewhat uncertain, but which we think
may belong to Connecticut, is one having a large bust, with the legend AUCTORI PLEBIs,
with the Goddess of Liberty seated on the reverse, with the legend  INDE. ET LIBER
and the date 1787; a coin rather rare, consisting of but one type, with a few varieties. There
is also one known as the Granby Copper, issued in 1737. In that year a Mr. Highley, of
Granby, issued a coin having on the obverse a deer standing inside a circle, with the legend,
tWALUE. ME. AS. YOU. PLEASE.,    with the letters III. in the exergue. On the
GRAN:BY COPPER.
reverse, are three  sledge hammers crowned  with the legend  C         I. AM. GOOD.
COPPER.,   with 1737 in the exergue. Another issue of this piece is equal in size to half a
cent, with the legend on the obverse'U  THE. VALUE. OF. THREE. PENCE., with the word
CONNECTICUT above on the reverse. On another piece with a similar obverse, the reverse
bears the head of an ox, with the legend R           I. CUT. MY. WAY. THROUGH. On some
pieces of this type the date 1737 is omitted. An issue of the first mentioned type seems to
have been made as late as 1739. These pieces were, of course, only private tokens. Their issue
was limited; specimens are only occasionally met, while the metal was poorly alloyed,
so that those in good condition are extremely rare.




1 90               THE COINAGES OF THE AVORLD);
trees.  Below  the mountains is a plough, in the exergue, the date.
The legend is VERMONT.t RES. PUIB:LIC(A or VERMIONTIS RES. PUBLICA. Next year the legend reads rd rIONLENSIUrU   RES. PuL,ICA.
The number of trees varying front seven to nine. A second design
appeared this year, having bust of 7Washington in armolr -with VEiMON AUCTORI, and on the reverse Liberty seated, with INDDE ETr
Lie. and dates 1786-7-8.  Fromrl its peculiarly  large head an issue of 1 86 is known as the " baby head " variety, and specimens
in good condition are rare.*
NEWV JERSEY, or, as it was first called, I~ovaLt C(tesactea, in
honor of its first governor, Lord Jersey, whose title came from the
English Channiel Islands, ( called by tile Rtomans Ccesareea), does not
seem to have had any local mint until 1786. On the coins then issued
the device on the obverse is a plough slurmounted by a horse's head,
-with the legend Nova CmESARnEA and in the exergue the dates
1786 or 7.  On the reverse is a heart-shaped shielcd, with bars or
stripes in the upper part running across the shield, and in the lower
part running lengthways, with the legend E Pli'IT tTI:[is lINUrM.  Of
NEAv JE IS E Y CENT.
this issue there are a dozen varieties, with a large number of va1riations, differing on such points as the length of the plough's
handle, long or short, equal or unequal, round or square, the beara
straight or curved, the horse's head raised or not, the shield b)road
or narrow, the ploughshare large or small, the coulter present or
absent.   On one issue of 1787 the legend  readls E  PLuMIBs.
1.788, the year so fatal to local issues, saw the last of the New
Jersey cents. This issue resembles those previously issued, but must
have been very limited, as only some ten varieties are known, on one
of which the horse and plough face the left; one or two being called
the dog or fox cent from  a very small figure of such an animal,
a mint mark we suppose, preceding the legend on the reverse. f
* Connected with these genuine Vermont pieces are those having a bust of George II1. with
legend GEORGIus III. REX, with Britannia seated on the reverse and the legend VYevnonAuctori,
mnd those having the king's bust with the legend on the reverse of IMMUNE COLUMBIA, some
of which, however, were State money.
t In 1787 some one issued a piece, bearing on the obverse a figure of Justice, seated on a
globe, holding a pair of scales in the left hand and a flag in the right, with a wonderful life,




ANCIENT AN) MOD)ERXN.                     191
Among the genuine native issues we must include what is known
as the Annzapolis money of MARYLAND.  Of these pieces the
Shilling has on its obverse for device a wreath inclosing two hands
clasped, with the name of the issuer, J. CHAUL:IERS, ANNAPOLIS. On
the reverse are the figures of two birds pecking at a plant growing
out of water, (canvas-back ducks?) with value and date 1783.  The
obverse of the sixpence is similar to that of the shilling, but on the
reverse is an ornamental cross, with SIXPENCE anCd date 1783, while
the Three-penny piece with obverse as before, but without wreath,
has on the reverse a laurel branch surmounted by a wreath, with
value.
In  1659 Lord Baltimore, proprietor and Governor of Maryland, issued silver Shillings and Sixpences for that colony.  These
pieces are now all rare, while a silver Groat and a copper Penny
I-ALTIMIORE SHILLING, 1659.
may be called unique.  On the obverse is a profile bust of Lord
Baltimore facing the left, with the mint mark over his head and a
cross patee, and the legend C ECILIUS, DNS. TERmRAE-MARLE &ct. On
the reverse, are the arms of the Palatinate surmounted by a crown
with Roman letters of value at the side, and the legend CCESCITE:
ET: IIULTIPLICAMrIINI:
Another Colonial piece of the utmost rarity is that known as the
CAROLINA halfpenny, having the device of an elephant with a
legend across the reverse of the coin of " GOD PRESERVE CAROLINA
& THE LORDS PROPRIETORS," the date 1694 being below it. The history of this piece is unknown.  The device of the elephant is found
on a token known as the London halfpenny, and issued in London
(turing the reign of Charles the Second, bearing on its reverse the civic arms. Such a device would very naturally be adopted by some of
the East or West Indian trading companies of that date, and thus become a kind of symbol of foreign trade.  Another specimen  of
this elephant halfpenny, bearing the same date 1694, has for legend the words, " God preserve New England." The device of
in the attitude, the legend being ImMUNIS COLUMBIA with the date. On the reverse is the
Jersey shield and legend. This may have been a currency, but from its rarity and the fine
condition in which it is generally found, it was more probably only a pattern. The similarity
between the style and condition of the lettering on many New Jersey cents and that on some
of Vermont and Connecticut, would indicate that the same die-sinker worked for the three
States.




192.           THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
an elephant appears, we may observe, on the coins issued till
lately by the British Government for use in Ceylon.
THE LORDS
CAROLINA CENT.
In 1722, William WVood, the author of the Irish Wood Halfpence of the same elate, issued under a Royal Patent, for use
in the Colonies, Two-Penny, Penny, and Halfpenny pieces.
These pieces are known from their device as the ROSA AMERICANA series.  On the obverse is a well-cut head of George the First,
the counterpart of that on the Irish pennies, with the legend: GEORGIUS n: G: NFAG: BRI: FRA: ETI H:B: REX, and on the
ROSA AMERICANA TWO-PENNY, 1733.
reverse a full-blown rose in the centre. Above it are the words
ROSA AMERICANA, 1722 (though two varieties are without a
date), and on a ribbon below it, are the words, UTILE DULCI.  On
the obverse of the Penny and of the Halfpenny the legend is Georcgins. D)ei. Gratia. Rex, with the reverse as before.  In 1723, the
rose was surmounted by a crown, and, the date being changed, in
other respects the issue resembled that of the preceding year.
In 1733, there was another but very small issue of the TwoPenny piece, the head being that of George the Second, and the
rose having leaves and a bud. Only some three or four specimens
of this are known; probably only a few patterns were struck.
Another of the foreign struck pieces is the VIRGINIA Halfpenny, which bears on the obverse a bust of George the Third,




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                   193
facing the right with the legend GEORGIUs  III. REX. On the
reverse are the arms of Great Britain, quartered, surrounded by the
crown, which divides the date, 17-73, while the legend reads
VIRGINIA HALFPENNY, 1773.
VFrgingia. Of this piece there are large and small planchets
and a number of varieties. In 1774, a silver issue was made with
the Virginia arms crowned.
It is not believed that any coins were ever issued by authority
of the Legislature of NEW  YORK, or that even any legal mints
everexisted in the State. A number of copper coins do indeed exist
called New York pieces, but all of these were struck in England
and sent to this country as a trading speculation. The earliest of
these pieces has on the obverse a bust of Washington in army
dress, with the legend NON Vi VIRTUTE VICI; on the reverse is
Liberty seated and holding a pair of scales with a staff surmounted
by a liberty cap,lying on her right arm. The legend is NEO EBORA
CENSIS, and the date 1786, We have also a coin bearing on the obverse a design, legend and date, the exact counterpart of the New
Jersey IMMUNIS COLUMIBIA piece, while on the reverse is a large
eagle upright, with arrows in one talon and a laurel branch in the
other, and the legend E PLURIBUS UNUM.
In 1786 there appeared the Excelsior cent, having on the obverse the New York arms, an oval shield with device of the rising
sun, the shield surmounted by an eagle with open wings and supported by Justice and Liberty, with the word EXCELSIOR in the exergue.   On the reverse is a roughly designed eagle, holding
an olive branch in the left talon and arrows in the right;
on the breast is a shield, while the head is surrounded by thirteen
stars with the legend E PLUBIBUS UNUAI, and in the exergue
1786.  Another issue of this coin, ]aving a similar obverse,
but the reverse altered in a few particulars, eleven stars in place of
thirteen surrounding the head, arrows in the left and olive in the
right instead of the reverse, and bearing the date 1787-was issued
the next year. Of the same date is another piece with a bust in armor




194            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
on the obverse, and the legend NOVA EBORAC, and on the reverse,
Liberty, bearing a most suspicious resemblance to the Britannia on old English money, with the legend  VIRT. ET LB.o
date 1787.  Of this piece, two types with several varieties are
known. There is another piece of this date having a fine device.
On the obverse is an eagle with expanded wings standing on a
rock, with the legend NEo EBORACENSIS, 1787, while round the
base of the field is the word EXCELSIOR. On the reverse is an Indian chief, standing with a bow in one hand and an uplifted tomahawk in the other; the legend reading LIBER NATUS LIBERTATEM
DEFENDO. A variety of this coin has on the obverse a small oval
shield with the sun rising; this is surmounted by a small eagle
with expanded wings, and is supported by the figures of Justice
and Mercy; at the base is the date 1787, and below this the
word EXCELSIOR.  There is, however, beyond the agreement in design with the preceding piece, nothing special about this coin to
connect it with New York.
Among the other tokens or local cents connected with New
York, are those having on the obverse the device of a ship in full
sail, and with TALBOT ALLUM AND LEE, NEW YORIK, and in the exergue ONE CENT. On the reverse is an erect figure of Liberty,standing beside a wool bale and holding a staff with liberty cap. The
legend being LIBERTY AND COMMERCE, and the date 1794, while on
the edge we read, PAYABLE AT THE STORE OF. This was plainly
what we now call a store card or tradesman's token, an advertisement from its legends, a coin from its intrinsic value. A second
issue, with some variation in the design, was made the next year.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Toward the close of the Colonial perio da large amount of copper
tokens of thin planchets and light weight was in circulation, with a
grreat variety of legends and devices, some interesting, not a few
very stupid.  Many of these were imported from England by
traders of doubtful honesty, while not a few were of home manufacture, and struck, it is feared, mainly in Philadelphia. On the
obverse of one of these is a laureated bust facing the right, with
the legend GEORGIUS TIuMIPHO. On the reverse is Liberty holding a staff in her left hand, a laural branch in her right, while in
front of her is a grate or paling of thirteen bars, with the legend,
VOCE POPOLI, and the date 1783.
In 1783 there also appeared a copper piece, having on the obverse, in the center, the All-seeing Eye, with radiating beams,
among which are thirteen stars, the legend being NovA CONSTELLAIIO.  On the reverse is a wreath inclosing the letters u. s. in
Roman characters, with the legend IIBERTAS -JUSTITIA, and




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                   195
the date 1783. The three types of this issue have different punctuations:   In the first type CONSTELATIO is spelled with only
one L; the rays have blunt ends, while on the others these
GOLD IEMMUNSE COLUMBIA.- Costellatio Series
are pointed. There was another issue of these pieces in 1785, with
similar devices.  The legend on the obverse, however, has now
CONSTELLATIO, while on the reverse the U. S. is in scrip, and the legend reading LIBERTAS ET JUSTITIA, 1785.  Of this also there' are
NOVA CONSTELLATIO, 1785.
three types, differing as before by the spelling in CONSTELLATIO,
and by the punctuation.  The ends of the second type of this
year's issue are blunt, those of the others pointed. There was also
an issue of this piece in 1786, having the U. S. in Roman eliaracters, while the legend reads LIBERTAS ET JUSTITIA.
IENTUCIY CENT 1791.
What is called the Kentucky Cent is a very pretty and tasteful
piece, struck at Lancaster, in England, in 1791. On the obverse




196            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
are fifteen stars, forming a. triangle, each star bearing the initial
letter of one of the States, Kentucky, whence its name, being at
the apex. On the reverse is a hand holding an open scroll on
which we read, OUR CAUSE IS JUST, while the legend is, UNANIMrITY IS THE STRENGTH OF SOCIETY. Round the edge of the coin
we read, Payable in Lancaster, London or Bristol. Some were
struck on a thin and some on a thick planchet.
Akin in some respects to this Kentucky piece is the Confederatio Copper. On the obverse, a circle of rays whose center is
occupied by thirteen stars, the legend being CONFEDERATIO, and the
date 1785. On the reverse is the figure of an Indian standing beside an altar, with bow and arrow in his hands, and his foot on a
crown, with the legend, INIMIICA TYR.NNIS AMIERICANA.
Another of these imported coins bears on the obverse a female
figure seated, with her left hand resting on a harp, the legend
being, NORTHI AMERICAN TOKEN, and the date in the exergue,
1781. On the reverse is a brig sailing to the right, with the
legend, COM:MIERCE.
To this same period and to the same origin we must ascribe the
XWashington Cents. On the first of these, known as the Smallhead Washington, we have a bust of Washington in military
dress, facing the left, with the legend, WASHINGTON AND INDEPErNDENCE, and in the exergue, 1783. On the reverse is Liberty
seated, holding in her right an olive branch, and in her left a liberty pole with cap, the legend being, UNITED STATES, the exergue
blank, but the letters T. w. I. in one corner and K. s. in the
other. On the second type, the Double-headed Washington, we have
Washington as before, with simply the word WASHINGTON, and
in the exergue an oblong star of eight points. The reverse is the
same as the obverse, with the legend, ONE CENT. The third
type, called the Uhzity Cent, has on the obverse the bust of
Washington  laureated, facing the  left, with  WASHINGTON
AND INDEPENDENCE, and date 1783, the reverse consisting of a
laurel wreath inclosing the words, ONE CENT, while the legend
LOUISIANA CENT.
is, UNITY: STATES OF AMIERICA, allnd in the exergue, 1-100.  The
fourth of this series, known as the Lcarge-head Washington,




ANCIENT AND ]MODERN.                   1 97
has Washington, legend and date as before, its reverse being a
copy of that on the first type.
In the beginning of last century copper coins were struck in
Paris for the use of the French Colonies generally.  As at that
time Louisiana belonged to France, certain of these pieces are
known among collectors as Louisiana Centrs.  Of those issued1721 and 1722-the obverse presents two L's saltire wise, sur
mounted with a crown, with the Anjou legend, Sit Xomen Doinimi Benzedictulm, and on the reverse, Colonies ir(anloise, 1722.
Another issue was made in 1767. These coins are found with and
without a counterstaml).
LOUISIANA CEN'T.




CHAPTER XXI.
FEDERAL CURRENCY.
Although the Declaration of Independence had been adopted
in 1776, it was not until several years afterwards that a Federal
coinage was issued. Up to that period the Colonies had either
minted on their own account, or private individuals had struck or
imported copper coins for currency.  In 1787 the Government
/t -
FRANKLIN PENNY, 1787.
issued the FIRST UNITED STATES CENT —110W called the 1Franklin
penny, because one of his terse sayings was inscribed upon it.
On the obverse is a sun-dial in the centre, shone upon by the sun,
with the word FUGIO on the right, and 1787 in the left, and in the
exergue MIND YOUR BUSINESS. On the reverse is a circle formed of
thirteen rings, representing the original number of the States;
the small circles on one type, plain, and on another, each bears the
name of one of the States. The large circle incloses a smaller one,
on which are inscribed the words UNITED STATES; on one varietythere are seven-the order is reversed, and the words read,
STATES UNITED, while in the centre is the legend, wE ARE ONE.
With the issue of this solitary but interesting piece, the Federal
mint contented itself from  1787 to 1791, when the present
mint was established and at once proceeded to prepare dies for
new issues. In 1791, there appeared three pattern pieces, now
called the Eagle cents. On the obverse of the first is a bust of
Washington, facing to the left, with the legend, WASHINGTON
PRESIDENT, with the date, 1791, in the exergue. The reverse resembles that of the Massachusetts cent, an eagle with expanded
wings, the body nearly covered with a heart-shaped shield, the right
talon holding a laurel branch, the left a bundle of arrows, and on
a scroll, held by the beak, are the words UiNulr E PLURIBUS, with




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                  199
the legend, ONE CENT.  On the edge we read, UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA.  This is now known as the -Large eagle cent. On
the second of these pieces we have a similar obverse, without the
(date, however; on the reverse is an eagle, with upraised wings,
that rise above its head and are connected by a cloud-wreath,
between which and the eagle are eight stars; on the eagle's breast
is a shield with stripes, crossways at the top; the date in the
exergue and legend as before. This is known as the Small eagle
cent. The third has an obverse similar to that on the large eagle
cent, while on the reverse the eagle's wings are upraised, but are
only level with the head; the clouds are wanting; the stars are
six in place of eight in number, and the legend above is CENT, in
place of ONE CENT. There was a small experimental issue of these
pieces, which are now much sought for by collectors, butWashington so determinedly opposed the placing of his effigy on the
national coinage that the device was rejected, and the dies themselves, it is said, were broken.
In 1792 another piece was issued having on the obverse a bust
of Washington, with the legend, G. WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT I.,
and the date in the exergue. On the reverse is an eagle with
upraised wings, between the tips are fifteen stars; on the breast a
shield, as before, the legend being UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
Washington, it is said, was much pleased with this service, but his
fatal objection to it was the numeral after the word President.
On another piece of the same date we have a naked bust of
Washington, filleted, facing right, with date below, and a reverse
copied from the third pattern of 1791.
There is yet one other pattern piece of this year that is sometimes met; the obverse is apparently a copy of that of the Cent
or second pattern piece of 1791, while the reverse is a copy of that
on the large eagle orfirst pattern of that date, with one star resting on the head of the eagle and a row of twelve stars connecting
the wings in place of the legend CENT.
GOLD COINAGE.
EAGLE.-Of the gold coinage of the United States there is considerable variety. The first piece struck was an Eagle or Ten dollar
gold piece, in 1795, having on the obverse a female head
with large liberty cap. The legend is LIBERTY. Round the edge
of the field are five six-pointed stars to the right, and ten to the
left. On the reverse is an eagle with expanded wings, holding a
wreath in its beak and a long olive branch in its talons, the legend
being IUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
In 1796 the Eagle had sixteen stars to mark the admission of
Tennessee into the Union. In 1797, the obverse being unchanged,
the eagle on the reverse has a large shield on its breast, the wings




200             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
are uplifted and their tips connected by a wreath of clouds with
thirteen stars; a scroll across the eagle's neck has E PLURIBUS
UNUMI, while the legend round the edge of the field is UNITED
STATES OF AMIERICA. From 1798 to 1804, inclusive, the stars on the
obverse were reduced to thirteen. No Eagles, properly so called,
were issued after this date. In 1838, however, a piece of equal
value, but called a Ten Dollar piece, was issued, having on the
obverse Liberty facing left, having her hair tied up into a knot, and
on a band the word LIpERTY, with thirteen stars round the field, and
date in the exergue; and on reverse an eagle with shield and uplifted wings. The legend is UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, and below
the eagle we read, TEN D. In 1839-40, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8
similar pieces were issued.  In 1849 a Double Eagle or Twenty
Dollar piece was issued, and continued to be issued clown to; 1857t
TWENTY DOLLAR PIECE.
HALF-EAGLE.-The Half-eagles of 1795 to 1804, inclusive, resembled the Eagles of those years, the device of 1804 remaining in use
HALF EAGLE OF 1795.
during 1805, 6, and 7.  In 1808 we have the Matron  head,
facing left, wearing a loose cap with LIBERTY on its band, with
date below and thirteen stars round the edge of the field. On the
reverse is an eagle, shield, and uplifted wings, connected by a
scroll having E PLURIBUS UNUr and 5 D. in the exergue. This
device appears on the Halves of 1809 to 15 inclusive. During
1816 and 17 there was no gold coinage. The old device was then
resumed, and is found on the Halves of 1818 to 1833 inclusive.




ANCIENT AND 31ODERN.                  201
On the Half of 1834 the scroll with its legend, E. PLURIBUS UNUM, is omitted, the device being  otherwise unchanged
from  the preceding years, and so remained for 1835-6, and 7the last year of the HALF EAGLE.  In 1838 "FIVE DOLLAR"
pieces were issued, with device similar to that on the Ten dollar
pieces of this year, and so again from 1839 to 1857 inclusive.
QUARTER-EAGLE.-ThThe   first QUARTER EAGLE was issued in
1796, and in device and legend resembled the other gold coins of
the same year. Toward the close of the year another device was
employed, the stars being left off the obverse, and on the reverse
the eagle is entirely changed, its wings are expanded, on the
breast is a shield, the wings are uplifted and their tips connected
with a wreath of clouds, below which are sixteen stars, while a
scroll in the beak of the eagle has the words, E PLURIBIUS U -Nur.
lIn 1797-8 and 9 the device was unchanged.  In 1800-1 and 2 no
Quarter-Eagles were issued. In 1803-4-5-6 and 7 the Quarter reappeared, with device as before. In 1808 its device resembled
that on the Half-Eagle of this year, when it was dropped till 1821.
Dluring 1822-3 it was absent, but was present from 1824 to 1827.
In 1828 it was again wanting, re-appearing again in 1829-30-3132 and 33. In 1834-5-6-7 it bore the device of the IIalf-Eagle
of this year, again in 1838 changing to become like the Eagle of
the same date. There was no change in 1839-40 or 41, (except
that in this year the letter C appears on the reverse, indicating
that the issue was intended for California), nor in 1842-3-4-5-61-8-9-50-51-2-3-4-5-6-7.
QUARTER-EAGLE, 1 S70.
TI-IREE-DOLLAR PIECE. —In 1854 a Three-Dollar piece was issued, having a female head to represent an Indian princess, with
THREE-DOLLAR PIECE.
upright wreath of feathers, on whose band is the word LIBERTY,
while round the field we read, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. On




202            THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
the reverse is a tobacco wreath, inclosing value and date.  Similar coins were issued in 1855-6 and 7.
ONE DOLLAR. —In 1849 a One-Dollar piece was issued, having
an obverse like the other coins of the date, but on the reverse a
ONE DOLLAR.
wreath enclosing, 1 DOLLAR, 1849. So also in 1850-1 and 2. In 1853
the dollar was wanting, but re-appeared in 1854 with an obverse reCALIFORNIAN FIFTY-DOLLAR PIECE ISsUED IN 1851 BY THE ASSAY
OFFICE IN SAN FRANCISCO.
sembling that of the Three-Dollar piece of the same year, a device
it continued to bear down to the present.
SILVER  COINAGE.
SILVER DOLLAR OF 1794.




ANCIE'NT AND aMODERN.                  203
DOLLAR. —In 1794 a Silver Dollar was issued having on the obverse a female head facing right with flowing hair; the date
is in the exergue, seven stars are on the one side and eight on the
other of the word Liberty. On the reverse, an eagle as if about
to fly is standing within a wreath, while the words UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA are round the border of the field. On the edge of the
coin are the words ONE, DOLLAR, OR, UNIT, HUNDRED, CENTS.  In
1795, the Dollar was of last year's type till near the close of the year,
when Liberty's bust was made larger and draped, and the hair tied
by a ribbon or fillet at the back of the head. On the reverse the
eagle is smaller and is standing on a cloud. The Dollar of 1796 bears
SILVER DOLLAR OF 1795, (2d TYPE,)-AND OF 1796.
the same device. In 1797 the device is unchanged, but on some
dollars there are fifteen stars, the effigy facing seven; on others
there are sixteen, the effigy facing on some six and on others seven.
SILVER DOLLAR OF 1798.
In 1798, the obverse is unchlanged, except that there are only
thirteen stars, six in front of the effigy.  On the first issue, the




204             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
reverse still bears the small eagle, but on a second issue later in
the year the device resembles that on the second type of the gold
quarter eagle of 1796.
The dollar of 1799 has always 13 stars on the reverse,
resembling that of 1798, having however, on one type eight
stars in front of the effigy and seven behind, and on another
seven in front and six behind. In 1800-1-2-3-4-5 dollars were
issued resembling that of 1799, and then none were struck till
1836, when the beautiful Gobiecht pattern was prepared, having
Liberty seated beside a shield, and holding a spear and cap, with
date, and on the reverse an eagle flying across a field studded with
twenty-six large and six small stars, and legend " UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA, ONE DOLLAR."*
In 1837 there were no dollars issued; but in 1838, Gobrecht's
device was adopted, differing from  the pattern of 1836 only in,
having thirteen stars round the edge of the field of the obverse
while the field of the reverse is without stars. It is said that only
eighteen of this design were issued. The dollar of 1839 resembled
that of the previous year, while on that of 1840 there is a new
device. The obverse is as before, Liberty seated, facing right,
SILVER DOLLAR OF 1840.
but the reverse is an eagle about to fly, with expanded wings,
and holding in its talons arrows and laurel branch, with legend
UNITED STATES OF A3MERICA, ONE DOL. From this date down to 1873
the dollar was regularly issued, and always of the one device.
TRADE DOLLAR.-In 1873 there was issued what is known as the'rrade Dollar, a piece somewhat heavier than the ordinary coin, and
having a device somewhat different. It is intended chiefly for cirulation abroad, and has been issued every year since.
*On one variety, Gobrecht is engraved on the base of Liberty; on another, extremely
rare, it is on the field, between Liberty and the date.




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                    205
/.
TRADE DOLLAR OF 1873.
C IHALF-DOLLAR. —The first Half-dollar was issued in 1794 and resembled in device the dollar of that year. The Half-dollar of
1795 bears the same device as that of 1794. In 1796 and 7 it resemlbledcl the Dollars of these years respectively.  There was then
SILVER HALF-DOLLAR POF 1794.
no Half issued till 1801-2-3-4-5-6 and 7, when it resembled the
Dollars of these years respectively. Toward the close of this year
IIALF-DOLLAR OF 18903.
there (1807), was a cormplete change of the design; Liberty faced




206             TIHE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
left, wears a loose cap with LIBERTY on the band, having seven stars
in front of the effigy and six behind, with date in the exergue.  On
the reverse an eagle preparing to fly and holding arrows and olive
branch in its talons, over its head a scroll with the words E. PLURIBUS UNUM, while around the edge of the field we read UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA, and below the eagle 50 CENTS, a device continued each year down to 1815 inclusive. In 1816 there was no silvrr
coinage, but in 1817 the Half-dollar was resumed and continued
to be issued regularly down to the year 1836 inclusive, without any
change except that in 1826 the stars were small and in 1827 were
large. In 1834 there were large and small dates. In 1837 the scroll
SILVER HALF-DOLLAR OF 1837-8-9.
with its legend was removed from the reverse and 50 CENTS took
the place of 50 c, while the edge was milled. Ona late issue of
1839 and duringc the whole of 1840 Liberty is seated, with date
below and six stars in front of the effigy and seven behind. -The
reverse is as before with HALF DOL. substituted for 50 CENTS. This
HALF-DOLLAR OF 1840.
device was continued down to 1852 inclusive. In 1853 a barbed
arrow was placed on each side of the date on the obverse and
the background of the reverse was covered with rays. In 1854
the rays were wanting, and in 1856 the barbed arrows were re



ANCIENT AND MODERN.                    207
moved.  In 1866-7 a scroll was placed on the reverse bearing I2t
God we Trust. In 18'73 on a second issue, and in 1874, an arrow
head was placed on each side of the date in the exergue.  In 1875
and 1876 the arrow-head was absent.
SILVER QUARTER-DOLLAR OF 1796.
QUARTER-DOLLAR.-The first Quarter-dollar was issued in 1796,
with device resembling the dollar of the same year. The next issue of the Quarter took place in 1804, again resembling the dollar
of its year, the same device being used on the issues of 1805-6-7.
There were then no Quarters issued until 1815, when a new isSILVER DOLLAR OF 1815.
sue resembled the Half-dollar of same year. In 1816 there was no
coinage. In 1817 the Quarter was absent, but in 1818 it re-apSILVER QUARTER-DOLLAR OF 1831.
peared with device of 1815, which it retained each year till 1825
inclusive. In 1826 there was no Quarter issued. Re-appearing in




208             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
1827 and 1828, it was again wanting in 1829 and 1830. In 1831
the size was reduced, the scroll left off, the edge raised, and remained so down to 1839 inclusive. In 1840 Liberty was seated,
with the datebelow, while on the reverse QUAR. DOL. took the
SILVER QUARTER I)OLLTAR OF 1840 TO 1852.
place of 25 c. This continued for each year down to 1853, wllhe
the background of the eagle was filled in with rays, and on a later
issue of same year an arrow was placed on each side of the date on
the obverse, a device retained during 1855 and 1856, then dropped
to re-appear in 1874 alone. In 1854 the rays were dropped, and ill
SILVER QUARTER DOLLAR OF 1853.
1867 a scroll appeared, with the words, I, God wve trust, since
which time the Quarter has been issued each year with the same
device. In 1873 arrow heads were placed beside the date.
THE DIME. —The first Dime or Ten-cent piece was issued in 1796
and resembled the Dollar of that year. In 1797 there was a
SILVER DIME OF' 1796.
complete change on the reverse, as our illustration shows, and on the
obverse in place of the fifteen stars that had appeared on the Dine




ANCIENT AZNI) MODETIN.                       209
of thel previous year, only thirteen, with  reference to the "Old
Thirteen" were placed  on  the  obverse.  In  1 799 there were no
Dimes issued.  In 1801-2-3-4-5 the early device was resumed, with;1-,;1\V    DE)IME OF 1  97-S.
thirteen stars iiin -lace of sixteen on the reverse.  Iln 1800-7-8 there
-were no Dinmes,  In 1809 the device resembled  tha~t of the HallfSITLVI':, I):I3Ei: oF 18i()9-1l814.
PDol11l' ofl thio s  atl', andl remainedi so in use each' year (down to'1814.  T01then no )i;  were issue  unti l    1820,        -when  one  appeared
with the old device, w-hich was contiullled on ti1e Dimes of 1821
to  1833  inclusive, exsepting 18 0, i1i which there waS 1o0 Dime
S1I, LVAEI'I DI11 O  1838-1870.
issued.  In 1837 the dlevice  was untIhanlged,  bt on a se(ond. issue,
as our illustration shows, both obverse and reverse were chlanged,




210              THE COISAGES OF TIIE ATORLD;
while the stars reappear on the obverse of that of 1838,* thought
in all other respects the device is similar, the Dime of every year
since bearing it unchanged.  In 1853 the device was unchanged,
but on a second issue an arrow-head was placed on either side of
the date, and retained during 1854 and 1855, but removed in 1856,
since which time the Dime has been issued every year with device
unchanged, except in 1873-4, when the arrows reappeared.
SILVER HALF-DIME1, 1794-5.
HALF-DIirE.-The first Half-Dime was issued in 1794, and resembled the dollar of the same year, that of 1795 being similar.  Inl
1796 the fillet-head of Liberty is use(l,:nd the I-Half-Dinme resenSILvER HALF-DIME, 1796.
bles the dollar.  In 1797 the salme device is used, but there arc
now eight stars facing the effigy, and seven behind it.- In 179s
and 1799 there were on Half-Dimes. In 1800 the stars were reduced
to thirteen, six facing the effigy and seven behind it; and so, also,
on the Half-Dimes of 1801-2 and 3.  In 1804 no HIalf-Dime was,
issued, and that of 1805 bore the old device.  The Half-Dime
was then discontinued until 1829, whenl a new  device appeared.
SILVE  HIIALF-DIYME OF 1829.
used every year down to 1836 inclusiv-e. In 1837 the Half-Dime appeared at first with the device unchangc ed, but, on a second issue it resembled the Dime of this year, having Liberty seated, without
stars.  In 1838 thirteen stars are placed round the edge of the
* The New Orleans mint retained the starless obverse oi the Dimlne of 1838.




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                      211
obverse, a device that has since been used every year to the
present.  On a second issue in 1853, an arrow was placed on each
SILVER1 HALF-DIMIE, 1838-1876
side of the date, and retained during 1854 and 1855, absent in
1856, but reappearing in 1873, when the issue ceased.
ThIREE CEN-T PIECE. —In  1851, the first Three Cent piece was
issued, having on the obverse a large star, with UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA, and date, and on the reverse a large C, with the numnerals III in the center and thirteen stars around the edge of the field.
SIHXVIR THR11I'EI-CENT PIE(:I:, 1.851.
In 1853 arrows were pllaced below,, and an olive br'anch placed
(bovre the   uinmerals inside the C, and  were on each year's
SILVER TIREE-CENT PIECE, 1853.
issue dow-nl to 1873,  when the further issue of the piece was
stoppled, after only at few of that year had got into circulation.
PATTERN OIBVERSE SILVER TWrENTY CENT PIECE.
TWENTY CENT PIECE.-In 1873 a Twenty Cent piece, without
milled edge, was issued with the old device of Liberty on the ob



212               THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
verse, but on the reverse a very high-shouldered eagle resembling
that on the Trade Dollar.  The legend reads UNITED ST-ATES OF
AMERICA, wmith TWENTY CENTS ill the exergue.  This coin has been
issued chiefly for use in the Pacific States, and has appeared in
873-4-5-6.
COPPER COINAGE.
CENT. —In 1793 appeared the first of our national copper Cents.
This Cent was issued in three distinct forms; first, as thc  (.ht/iam Cent,
having on the obverse a circle  composed of fifteenl links forminll, a
chain inclosing the word  ONEI CE:NT  — r-, with tlle legend TiNIr'ED
S'rxTS ovI?' A:Lnm]RI(.:A; on the reverse is a headl of Libelrt  facilln
rigillt, with  the hair Illbound  and streaming, the legend b)eing
7c I
CHAIN CENT OF 1793.
LIim3EnT'1, a1d in the exer(te tlie date'1793.  O()  tlis form t1le're
1are folrl types, on one of which  the  legIend  -l(eals Astnis:,  w\itlh
several v-arlieties.  The,ecolldl form is know\ln  a the iT1Ve/,tl  Centt,
hlavin1g  on  the  obverse,   in  place of  tij    (ai, a  w rea t
with  mlany  berries   iniClosing  thle  VworLs Oxs:N   CE-`EN'T.  rlC'
stelils"Iof;   the  xwreath  are tied  with  rilboii, and  between
their  en(ds' we  read n        rit]t    l tenld t   before.  O()   the
1<.             \- T'{)    N"
LIBERTY CAP CENT OF 1793.
reverse ijs head of Liberty  with  hair  unbound   and   flo-w —
ing loosely, and in the exergae a twig with leaves.  Of this Cent
there are two types —asmall le:lcd with many varieties and a l'arge




XANCIENT AN-D MlODERN.                   213
head with only a few.  The third form  is the Liberty Cap Cent,
having, as before, a wreath inclosing the words oNE:l ('ENT; but
now, thrown over the left shoulder of Liberty is a pole surmounted by a Liberty cap.  In 1794 and 1795 this was the device used.
It also appeared in 1796, but on a second issue was replaced by
the F'illet-head. Froml this the cap and pole were dropped, the hair
tied at the back of the head by a ribbon, while the bust was dlraped.
Of this pattern are the Cents of the years 1797 to 1808, inclusive. In
the latter part of this year, however, a very matronly head of Liberty, with her forehead encircled by a band bearing the word
ImBE:RITY, was placed on the coins, while thirteen stars took the place
of the legend and the date in the exergue.
Onl the reverse of this Cent, the wreath has become a circular
garland inclosing the words ONIE CENT. T'his (levice was used from
1808 to 1838 with the following variations.  In 1815 there were
no Cents issued.  Of the Cent of 1817, there were two issues, one
~having thirteen and  the other fifteen stars  on  the obverse.
In 1819 and in  1825 the date appeared in both large and small
issues.  In 1826, the hair of Liberty, which had resembled a loose
cap, was made up into a double knot, according to the fashion
of that day.  Of the Cent of 1839, there iwere four varieties,
one having the head of 1838, the hair being tied with twine; for:nother,  beads were used; on the third, the head is somewhat
small, while on the fourth and last, the hair has a peculiar arrangement, the dot under the ONE, and the line under the CENT being both
a.bsent.  In 1840 and 1844 the dates are in large and small figures.
Of 184.3 there are three varieties: 1st, resembling that of 1842,
)but with date 1843; 2d, with obverse of'42, and reverse of'44,
and sdl, with devices of the Cent of 1844.  Of 1855, we have the
dates in straight and in slanting figures, and in 1857 the last of the
large Ceints was issued with the dates in large and small type.
NICK1EL CEYNT OF 1856.
In 1856, there was issued a small nickel Cent, having on the
obverse an eagle flying across the field, the legend being UNITEr:
STATES OF AMERICA, and in the exergue the date of 1856, while on
the reverse are the words ONE ('EN1' inclosed by a tobacco wreath.
This device was retained for 1857 and'58, but was changed in 1859
for the head of an Indian wearing a coronet of feathers, LIBER'Y




214             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
being printed round their base, with the legend as before, and
date to suit, while on the reverse the wreath is oak. In 1860, there
was another change, the obverse remaining as before, but on the
NICKEL CENTS —1858 A-I  1860.
reverse there was an oak wreath with arrows at the!base, and a
small shield at the top, with the words ONE CENT enclsed.  In 1864
the qmetal was changed from nickel to bronze.  Since then the device has remained unchanged to the present.
HIALF-CNET.-The first Half-cent was issued in 1793, and resembled the Liberty Cap cent of that year, except that Liberty faces
left.  In 1794, 5, 6 and 7, a similar device was employed- Liberty
facing right.  In 1798, no Half-cents were issued, and of 1799
none are known. In 1800 the fillet-head is employed.  In 1801
there was no Half-cent, but in 1802-3-4-5-6-7-9, there were HIalfcents of the old device. In 1809 the Half-cent had the matron head
of Liberty, as on the cent of the previous year, a device retained for
1809, 1810, and 1811. There was now no issue of Half-cents till
1825, when the same old device re-appears, as also on that of 1826.
In 1827 there was no Half-cent, but in 1828 it appeared, having thirteen stars on one issue and only twelve on another. In 1829 the
Half-cent appeared, but not in 1830. It did so, however, in 1831-2
3-4-5 and 6. It is then absent until 1840, when it appeared with
the ]K.otted-heacd, the hair being tied on a double knot on tile back
of the head —a design it retained each year down to 1857-when
the issue of Half-cents was discontinued.
Twvo CENT. —In 1864, there appeared a very pretty TwAO-CENT
piece in bronze, having on the obverse a large 2 with CEN-T\S belowIit, inclosed in a wheat wreath, with the legend UNITED STATES OF
AIMERICA; on the reverse is a large shield with crossed arrows
behind, and above, a scroll with legend Ix GoD AWAE TRUST, with date
1.864 in exergue.  These pieces were issued regularly till April
1873, when they were discontinued by Act of Congress.
WHITE METAL.-In 1865, there was issued a TIIREE-CENT PIECEI
in a white metal composition, having large numerals III, inclosed by
an olive wreath on the obverse and a female head with bandeau
bearing the word LIBERTY on the reverse with legend Us~NITED)
STATES OF AMERICA and date 1865. Since that date this piece has
been issued regularly down to the present year.




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                  215
FIVE CENT. —In 1866, a Five-cent nickel piece was issued having
on the obverse a large 5 surrounded by a circle of thirteen stars and
separated from  each other by rays, with the legend UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA, and in the exergue the word CENTS. On the
reverse is a shield, with olive branches overhanging, and the legend
IN GoD wE, TRUST, with the date 1866 in the exergue. In 1867,
the rays were omitted from the obverse, and since then, these
pieces have been issued unchanged down to the present year.




CIHAPTEIRt XXII.
MiEXICO.
The coinec money circulating through Spanish America, dowtn
to about 1820, consisted of pieces coined either in Mexico or in
Spain itself. From  1690 to 1770, flat, irregularly-shaped pieces
of hammered silver, roughly stamped with the arms of Spain, andc
MIEXICAN GLOBE DOLLAR OF CIIlARLES III.
of all values, from the doubloon down, and known as Cob'money.
were in circulation.  The date on these pieces is always defective,
the numeral of the 1000 being always omitted-T150, for in~,4 -
MEXICAN PILLAR DOLLAR, 1807.
stance, reading as only 750, and so on. Toward the close of last
century the Globe dollars of Charles III.-the two globes repre



ANCIENT AND MIODERnN.                   217
senting the old and the new worlds as subject to Spain —and the
Pillar dollars of Charles IV., were coummon.  In the beginning
of this century Ferdinand  VII. issued at Caraccas his well('APACCAS 2 REAL 1PIECE, FERDINAND)  VII., 1821.
known pieces of four and two IReals.  He also issued thin copper coifis having a lion and a shield, with cross crowned, and ANO
DE  1818. CARACAS, and  on reverse his mlonogram.  In  1810
Hidalgo, a Mexican priest, commenced that revolutionary struggle which lasted till 1821, 7wbhen national independence was seDOLLARS OF ITURBUD-.
cured. During all this period the royalist mints kept issuing dollars bearing a bust of Ferdinand VII.,and the Spanish arms, while
C>5~
//   0    ~~                               l
~~~-;DOLASOJ ILLI)
cue  uin   llti pio  telyaitmit  ep  suigdl




`21 i           THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD
the Republican leaders  also kept issuing money, each party
restamping the coins issued by the other. We have thus dollars
of the Zacactecas mint down to 1821, with the Spanish arms-thle
crowned shield between pillars.  On the obverse of one of 181 1
there is a rude impression of a volcano and the letters L. V. 0.
beneath it. In 1812 the Republican General Vcargacs restruck thie
obverse of dollars with his own name, placing the date across thle
field, and on the reverse effaced the royalist inscription by tlhe
legend I1. CAXA DE SOMBRERETE, his headquarters. In 1813 the
Republican leader Morelos issued a cast dollar, half and quarter,
hlaving on the obverse a bow and arrow within branches, and
below the word SUD, denoting the Army of the South; while on the
reverse are the value and date within a wreath.
In 1821 we have the coinage of Iturbide-AuGUSTUS I.  On1
the medal money is a military bust, and on reverse are trwo wolves
climbing a tree. On his ordinary money the bust is bare, and on
reverse a small crowned eagle erect on aI cactus; and on a variety
a larger eagle stooping to fly.
CROOK-NECK QUARTER DOLLAR OF 3EXICO, 1824.
In 1823 this monarchy was replaced by a Republic, when the
mints of ieTxico, Durcm'zfo and Guanaxcato issued dollars havinlo
MEXICAN DOLLAR OF 1844.
on the obverse a liberty cap and rays, and on reverse a large
crook-neclced eagle with snake. From  1824 the eagle was small,




ANCIE:NT AND 3iIODERPN.                  219
trac(ight-necked, and stood upright, a Liberty cap resting on rays
b)eing on the reverse.
Durincg 1864-5-6 and 7 the bust of Alctzimiliazn was on the coilis,
with his a-nrms on the reverse, the 10, 5 and copper 1 cent pieces bearinoDOLLAIR OF Tile a EMI[P]ERlLOI[R MAAXIMALIAN.
n1 crownled eagle. Republican dollars were, howevere, also issued in
1866 and 1867, having the liberty cap and rays with uncrowned
eagle. On the overthrow of the Empire, the new Republic adopted
the device on the preseent coins.
A:MEXICX(AN D)OLLAlR (OR PESO) Ohl 1869.
On Mexican dollals with the liberty cap, the legend consists of
-the valre, pclace of  thZictage, yecr of issue,?int mcaster's initiads
anl  degree of fne-aess.  The following are the principal mint
marks: 3 or M~, E~,  1~, or GC. for Jlfexico.  Zs for /acactecas,
1810.  G~ for GaimaxCato, 1812.  D~ for Dzurccngo, 1811.  Pi for.S9a12 LriS Potosi, 1829.  CA for Chihuqchzta, 1811-14; 1822.  G-'
for Gc1CadacdlaxaCrta, 1814.  ME. for Ilalan.   G.C. for Gua(izq)pe
Y CaIllao, 1844.  C. for Czuliccan, in Sinaloa, 1846.
Copper coins have been issued at Jalisco having bow and quiver,




220             THE COINAGES OF TIIE AVORLPI)D
Awith an unfurled flag, and legend EYstacdo Lib'e cie Jcalisco, 1829,
qalnd on reverse Liberty seated, holding pole aCnd cap, with ito
actarto.  At Sonora, with Liberty seated, holding pole and cap
with a cornucopia at her feet, with  lna qtcartilla (de real 185 9? alinld
on the reverse tile _Mexicanl eagle with E7sta Libl Y Sobo de,Soor a.,
At Sinora, with small head of Liberty between branches.  At
Chihuahua, with figure of Indian chief, wnith bow and aarrow, etc.
CENTRAL AMERICA
Embraces the States of Guatemala, San Salvador, Honduras, Nic —
aragua and Costa Rica.  On the golh coins bearing the names of
these States and circulating throughout the confederacy, the device
is that of the sun in the sky, shining above a row of moultain
peaks, with the legend REPUBILICA DEL CENTRO DnE AMERICIA.  On
the reverse, a tree, with value, and legend LII:E (RnE]ScX' PE(C-UNDO.
On the'siver' and coppe'e coins, the sun is represented as just riisinl
DOLLA   OF /' ETRAL AMERICA.
from behind the mountains, but in other respects the devices are
similar. Those of Costa Rica, 1865, have its arms oIl a plani
shield resting against a trophy of spears.
NITED STATES OF COLOMERICA,
Is the present title of what has been Colombia, and then consisted
of New Grenada, Venezuela and Ecuador, but'now embraces the
States of Panama, Bolivar, Canca, Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Boyaca, Santander and Magdalena. In 1819, New Granada (Nlueva
tGranactda) issued a dollar, having an Indian head, with crown of
feathers, and on the reverse a pomegranate (the arms of Gralnada
in Spain).  The same device is on the coins of Cundinamarca, is



ANCIENT AND  MIOD)ERN.                               221
-)1I,XAI1  (F'1' N) iATt[Ai.
suedCl'in 1820-1. 1In  1 $27, tl-le RPepulic of Colomtbia n1aude use of
the female bhst of Liberty;  1and on reverse, the falsces, clossed by
b)owT  a. ndnarrll'ow    at/',   betweel two cornucopi(as.
I)O1AR  011 Eli v lT  i'EALS 01 J  (s0 LOM1IA.
In1  ]s7,:, ]ihe  dollar of thle I:I'PUBILICCA  DE; LA       E      lOR[ iADA,
b)ole a:>oitcted  snii:l(.d lwit, l  ft.e  arn'lls  ill  tll'ee, fields;  tdhat  of
i(I,L)\:', (Il'.NIS,11V I.XA I).




222             THE COINAGES OF THE W-ORLI);
DOLL&EA OF NEW G(-ANAI)A..
1839, a cornucopia, above which is a condor flying. On that
of 1848, the shield rested on four flags, surmounted by the condor.
VAENEZUELA
Is the diminutive of' 7enezia-Venice, and was the name given in
1499 to an Indian village, built like the British cranoges on piles
set in the water.  During the war of Independence, Venezuela
formed part of the Republic of Colombia. In 1815 the republican
leaders issued from Caracas a cob-like peseta of two reals. In 1821
there was the same from Ferd. VII., having the Spanish arms, wit]}
F. 7, and on reverse two pillars, with the inscription 2 (Reals) PLVSVL-TRA. B. 1821 —S, while below is Caracas.  The Republican money of 1824 has only part of this inscription, 2-u-svi-.
-TR-24. In 1843 one, one-half and quarter copper centavos were
issued, having a female bust of Liberty, and on reverse value and
date. In 1852, a copper centavo and half-centavo were issued,
having large head of Liberty and REPUBELICA DE VE-NEZUELA,, Awith.
on reverse, value and date, between branches.
ECUIAD)OR,
Under the name of Quito, was formerly part of Venezuela, and
as such included in the Republic of Colombia.  On the break up
of that union, in 1831,'Quito became independent, taking the name
of Ecuador, its territory lying on both sides of the equatorial
line. The coinage is very limited, the money of the surrounding
States circulating freely. On the gold coins is a fellmale bust of
Liberty, and on reverse two mountain peaks with a condor onl
each, the sun above.  On the silver coins of 1836 there are a
fasces crossed by bow and arrow, between two cornucopias, with




ANCIENT AND MODERN.                    223
reverse like that on the gold. On a doubloon of 1847 there
is a bust of Bolivar. The coins of Ecuador are a gold Condor,
c-OLD DOUBLOON OF ECUADOR, FORMERLY CHILI.
o)r  en Dollar piece, with its half, the Escudo; silver Peso, and
copper Centavo and half.
PERU
Commlenced its revolt against Spain in 1821, and issued its owls
first dollar in 1822. Spain, however, did not acknowledge its independedence till 1824, and continued issuing money for Peru until
that year, so that for this period we have two sets of coins, often
restamped, confusing the collector.
On the Peruvian dollar of 1822, the obverse bears the arms,
with Per z Libre, and on the reverse there is a column and scroll
DOLLAR OF PERU, 1822.
supported by Virtue and Liberty. In 1825 the obverse had Liberty standing, in her right hand sometimes a staff and cap, and
sometimes a spear, with her left hand resting on a shield, and




92 4'rTHE COINAGES OF THE  WVORLD;i:reverse, the arms on a shield, with  Repjub Peruczacn.  In  1836 the
P lepublic divided into  North and  South  Peru.   The dollar for
-N'orth Peru retained the last-mentioned device, but bore the words,
PEIUV I A-1 J)ol0       01 F)Ji:t  \Toi'- P..ervtca  Witl for -A[. r., a monoo'l lra     of 1Lina.  Iil
L87'SouL-th Peru issued froml  t Cuzco t dollai l.v.i  a sun nid stars,
Withll Pepu'b  Sadt_ e' P(tc;(_, anld Ol revercse t: castle -rd volcano,
ino            _
DOLLAR OF SOO'Th TI'i'ii  [L,.
wvith shtip an(d cornucopi-:t.  On the doilar of 1864, Liberty, hlold(i1:g
tpole  C(ln  ap, is seated beside an:l al' wnith reverse  arms  on a
shiel(l.  ()Oe and two centav        o ieceS otf nickle have sull anid rays
o1  s1 oVrse, with lI eplblic,  Pecric(,, ancd on  reverse, two cornueopits inelosing value.  Thegeneral coinage consists of the gol Sol of
Twenty  )ollars value, and its division:s, MAedio Sol, Doblin, Eseudlo, cad [Aedio Escudo; silver Dollar, Half, Peseta-, Dinero and
Aledio Dinero; coppeJ' Centavo and Half.




ANCIENT ANTD MODERN.                   225
BOLIVIA, OR UTPPER PERU,
Effected its independence in 1824, through the labors of EIlibertador, General Simon Bolivar, fromn whom it takes its name.  On
its coins of 1827 is a military bust of Bolivar, with his name below,
and on reverse, two lamas lying under a tree, with six stars
above.  On those of 1842 the bulist is laureated and bare, and withDOLLAF (OF LOLIVIA.
out name  In 1850 the bust is that of General Belzu, nith reverse,
IHIercules treading down a dragoni.  In 1858 the dollar had a
legend within a wreath, and on reverse the arms of the Republic.
In 1865 the bust of General MIelgarejo was placed on the coinage,
while the present issue resembles that of 1858. The Nr. -:. is P. T.
s. I. (Potosi,).
CHILI
Began its struggle for liberty in 1810.  The Republican dollar of
Sclantiacgo (rI. ri. S.), bears a volcano in action, and inl wreath
above, us'PESO, with reverse, a high column surmounted by globe
DOLLAR OF CHILI.




226'THE COI1NAGES OF TIHE v ORLD;
and star, with date, 1817, in exergue.  In 1834 the device was
chzanlged on the reverse to a condor with broken chailn,  adcl on
obverse, a: star on a shield, surmounted y)Y a plume alcd inclosed in
C1IILIAN DOLLATR, ] 848.
i:branlches, with REPUJLItCAX DE CHILE.  In 1]853 the condor supp}orted ani oval shield, while the half dollars of 1856 represent the'
condor flying with a blroken chain.  Tlle copper centavo and half -
centavo have a large star on obverse, with value inclosecl 1,)briainches on reverse.  I1 1875 the device  wa:s again chlnlgeed.
DOLLnTl OF 1875.
LA 1PLTA1i  (A )  TtIE ARGENTINE  CONI'EDEtACIY,
As it is now called (the former being the Spanish and the latter
a Latinized  word for silver), was formed in 1810 by the unllion
of provinces tllat had been subject to the Spanish Viceroy of Peru.
On a dollar of 1813 the device is that of the sun, writh legen(dl
PTROVISCITAS DEL RIO DlE LA PLATA, and oni reverse, the arms of the
(Confederacy, two hands supporting a Liberty pole and cap.  The




ANCIENTr A-!) roDERN.                  2 2
chief inllt is at?tiqjo; t.r.:,.  A_., or n.  In 1822 B:enos Ayres
issued a copper d(I(?mo,, haviing tihe atlrlns between bralcfees cross ed,
REVERSE OF DOLLAR AND OBVERSE OF DI)\-ERO OF LA PLATA, 1832.
and on reverse, BUENOS AYRES, 1822, UN DECIMO; and in 1827, a
ten decino piece, having a phloenix in a ring, and on reverse, BANCO
ARIGENTINE CONFEDERACY
NTACIONAL, BUENOS AYRES, 1827. The Dollar of 1838 has a bust of
General Rosas on the obverse, or the Arms of the Confederacy,
with the mountain of Potosi on the reverse, as in our illustration.
URUGUAY, OR BANDA ORIENTAL,
once fornmed part of  Buenos  Ayres, but  in  1825  seceded.   On the  dollar  are the arms  (scales,  a  castle, a
horse, and a cow, in quarters), surmounted by the rising sun, and
inclosed by oak branches with REPUBLICA ORIENTAL DEL URUGUAY
and date in exergue, and on reverse nine stars in a ring inclosing
value, and SITIO DE MONTEVIDEO. A copper twenty centesimas
was issued in 1854, and a forty and a twenty centesimas in 1857.




228             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
HONDURAS.
HIoncluras is the middle state of Central America.  Formerly it
was subject to Spain, but is now an independent l'epublic, havling
its own coinlage. The nickel coins consist of 1,    an,  nd 1 reals.
The copper peso of 1862, Provincial Government, has the sea,
two turrets connected by an arch, liberty caip; on reverse a
mountain with feathered crown above and cornucopias at the side.
Those of 1871 have on the obverse the legend ioes  UXION LIBERTAD,
15 DE SEPT. 1821. In the centre are two branches that enclose a
tree whose stem divides the value, while above the tree are eleven
stars; on the reverse are two inverted cornucopias, forming with
the flags a trophy and oval centre; outside of this are the words
REPUVBLICA DE nIONI)UiAs round a small pyramid, below which is tlle
date, 1871, while a coronet of feathers surmounts the whole design.
PARAGUAY,
under the leadership of Dr. Francia, threw off the Spaniill yoke
in 1814, and formed one of the original Argentine Republic provinces. On its coins are the arms-a lion guarding, or supporting,
a Liberty pole with cap.
BRAZIL
was taken possession of by the Portuguese in 1500. In 1806, on
the entrance of the French troops into Portugal, the Regent
John removed his court from  Lisbon to Rlio (le Janeiro.  On Ilis
PORTUGUESE DOLLAR, lESTAMPED BY 1I-RAZIJ,, 182().
return to Europe in 1821, Brazil, under the leadershil) of John's
son, D)om  Pedro, revolted, and in 1822 becamneindependent.  Pre



ANCIENT AND MODERN.                   229
vious to 1833 the silver coinage consisted of Spanish-American
dollars, restamped with the Brazilian arms. On the present coinage are the arms-the belted globe surmounted by al crown and
incloseci by branches, with value and date on reverse.
THREE PATACl, On 960 REIS OF BRAZIL, 1826.
CAYENNE
is the name given to that whole district of French Guiana, within which is the famous penal colony of FrTance. During the
last century, coins were struck in billon, washed in gold and silver,
by Louis XV. and Louis XVI., in Paris, for use in the French
colonies. On those for Cayenne the legend is COLONIE DE CAYENNE,
the coins themselves, in other respects, resenmbling those in use
in the Island of Reunion.
DEMERARA AND ESSEQUIBO.
For these two divisions of British Guiana there were issued
in 1809, a silver Three-shilling or Guilder token, having on the
obverse a bulst of G('orge -III., with leocen(l Go]:crGus III. DIE
TIhREEl->HILIlN-NQ (OR (CUILDEK OF D)EMERARGA.




230              THE COlINAGES OF] TIIE  VORLI);
GlATIA, and on the reverse a wreatlh inclosing a large 3 slurmounted by a crown, while on a broad band or bl-order are the
words, COLONI.S OoF' EssEQUE3BO AND DEMYEAIY TOKEN, 1809,
with copper coins of same device, but of 2, 1, - and I sti-ver (or
penny), value.  In 1813 a copper stiver was issued, with the head
of previous issue, but with a different reverse, an oak wreath inclosing the words oN-l i S TIVmI, crowned, and no inner circle to the
legend;  - and I stivers were also issued.  In 1816 another silver
Three-shilling token was struck, having the King's bust, with
legend, GC-(iC)Rcius III., D. G. BPIITTNl\ANJNARAI REX, with a reverse
like that of the stiver of 1813, excel)t that instead of ONE STJ:V:E,
we have a large 3 inclosed by the wreath, with legend, coTo~:N_
oF DEMER:E.ARX AND EESSsEQUEBO.  There were also issues, in 1831
and 1833, of 3, 2 and 1 guilders, with the ~, I and -} values, with
ailndl without the crown.
ATLAN TIC AND AVEST INDIAN ISLANDS.
RI'lITISII lPOSSESSIONS-I EI3MUDA.
The earliest of the coins of these islands is that known as the
Sommer Island piece, struck in England preyviozs to 1616.  Of this
coin only 2 pieces, one the size of an English penny, and the other
of a halfpenny, are known.  On the obverse is a hog and above it
the numerals XII. with the legend SoAriEn, IsLAN)S *, while oil
the reverse is a full-rigged ship under sail with a flag from each of
her four masts. Tlie smaller piece has the same device, but witll
the numerals VI.  These pieces were struckl for use in the Bermuclas, called at first the Sommer Islands? becaluse colonized Ibozit
SO-AfMER ISIJAND PEINNY.
1609 from Virginia by Sir George Sommers, wlho afterwards died
there.  In 1793 a halfpenny was struck in England for Bermuda,
having the head of George III. facing the right, and on the reverse a ship in full sail going to the left, with the legend IBE~:rUDA and the date 1793 in the exergue.
For the BAHAMAS, a halfpenny -twas struck in 1806, having a




ANCIIENT AND AMOD)ERN.                 231:-,mall head of George ITI. with date 1806, and on the reverse a
ship i1n full sail —two small vessels in the offingl, with the legend
I3AHAMA, and in the exerlgue,  ExPULSIS PI: Is REsSTITUrTA CoMrMrERCIA, a device copied from that great seal of the island -which
had lbeen adopted in 1717, when the Crown resumixed the governnient of the islands, and appointed a Captain Rogers as Governor.
In 1788, there  were issued penny and halfpenny pieces for
BIARIBADOES, with obverse, a negro's head with coronet of Prince
of Wales, and under the neck, the words I SErVE; on the reverse a
pine apple with legend, BAnsxDo EsS PENNY, and date 1788.
In 1792 another penny and halfpenny were struck, with ol,verse like the last, but on the reverse King George as Neptlune
seated in a car and driving two sea horses, with legend and date,
being a copy of the great seal of the island.
For ANTIGUA, farthings have been issued having a palln
tree for the device.
TH 1838-9-40 large numbers of English threepennies, two-pennies
and three halfpenny silver pieces were expl-orted to JAMAICA
and the colonies generally, for currency.
In 1869 a nickle penny and halfpenny were struck in England
for this island, having on the obverse the Queen's head, with a
diadem  smrlounded by a circle of beads, outside of which are the
words VICTORIA Qu:EEN, with date.  On the reverse is a shield, 5
pineapples on a cross, an alligator surmounting, it, and below a
badge with legend cNDus UTEiQUE SERVIET UNI. Outside a circle.of beads are,the words, JAMArXAC ICIALF-PENNXY.
D[UTCH WEST INBDIA  ISLANDS.
SUYRiNAM  and CURACAO in the West Indies, belong to the
Netherlands.
REAL OF CURACAO.
FRtEINCH WEST INDIA ISLANDS.
For Martinique and Guadaloupe, small coins of silver anid of goldwlvashed billon were struck in France during parts of last century.




232             THE COINAGES OF THE AWORLD;
On the obverse is a bust of Louis XV. or of Louis XVI. laureatedc
and on the reverse, the locality for which issued.
D 
TWELVE-SOU PIE( E OF THE WINDIVARDi) ISLES.
DANISH WEST INDIA ISLANDS.
To Denmark belong the islands of St. Croix, St. Thomas and St.
John. For these there was issued, in 1763 and 176 7,a colonial coinage of silver and copper, having usually the royal monogram on the
obverse and a ship of war on the reverse, with legend DANSIK
AMERIKANSK MYNT. The more recent issues have the Danish
arms on a shield crowned, with name and title of the sovereign,
and on reverse the value within branches, with legend DANSKI
VESTINSDISK MONT.
SKILLING PIECES OF DANIS1 WEEST INDIES.
IIAYTI.
IHayti, or St. Domingo, revolted from French rule in 17 91, finally
securing its independence in 1803,when Dessalines became Emperoro.
His death, in 1806,was followed by a monarchy in the southern
part of the island under Henry I., and by a republic in the northern part under Petion, a rival of Henry's. Petion's coins have his
head and onl reverse tree and arms. In 1820 J. P. Boyer, Petion's
sluccessor, effected a union of the Spanish and French portions of
the island, but in 1843 was compelled to flee thle island. On his coins
also is a tree with warlike imiplements and year of the Republic, and
on reverse a snake.  In 1840-6 the copper coins have the fasces
and liberty cap with legend, value and date, and on reverse, value
with year of Republic.  In 1843 Eastern or Spanish Hayti broke off




AXNCIENT AND MODERN.                  233
from  this union and formed itself into the Dominican Republic,
issuing brass one-fourth pieces of 1844 and 1848, under the protection of Spain.  Western or French Hayti remained Republican
until 1849, when General Soulouque became Emperor as Faustin
COINS OF IIAYTI.
I., issuing coins with his crowned bust, legend and date, and on
reverse arms with legend and value.  In 1859 Soulouque abdicated and again a Republic was proclaimed with Geffrard for
President. The present coins bear Geffrard's head, with name,
title and date, and on the reverse a tree with arms and value.




CHAPTER  X  IlT.
ASIA.
P E R S I A.
Persia, called by the natives Iran, is substantially  the anlcient iMedia.  During the period of the Sassanidce,  or Second
Persian Empire, 226-620, A.D., this Power was at its height. On its
eonqclest by the Saracens, its native coinage was replaced by one
with Culfi  inscriptiors.  The history of Persia from that period
down to the present day is the most extraordinary record the
world possesses of success:ve revolutions or invasions.  During
this period thle Persian arms, a sun shining over the back of a
lion armed with a sword, has been placed on its copper coins, with
an extract fronm the Ioran on the reverse.  Gold and silver coins
-still have such extracts on both sides.
Persian coins a. e the gokl Toman and Half-Toman; the silver,
Sahib-loran andits half, the Penebad, and the cop2p2er shahee and
its half. The proportion of values is somewhat decimal: Ten Shahees, one Penebad; Two Penebads or Twenty Sahib-Korans, one
BINDIA.
Tlhe coinages of the native States of India. resemble those of other Eastern powers in their neglect of artistic devices.  So far as the
lUnssulman Powers are concerned, their Koran forbids any likenesses; on their coins, therefore we have only inscriptions of thle
-llamle and era of the ruling prince.  Not until we come to thle
period of the East India Company which so long controlled India,
do we come to a coiltag'e that is of general interest.  This famous
Conmpany was founded in 1600 o  y Charter from Queen Elizabetih,
for the plurposes merely of tradle.  By that deed a monopoly of the
traffic of the -whole East was obtained.   In 1612, it obtained
from  native princes leave to establish agencies or factories at
several points.  In 1.662, Charles II. virtually conferred on it a
sovereignty in India, by empowering it to make peace ol war
with the native princes.  In 16,7, Charles permitted the Company to coin money at Bombay, provided such did not interfere
with the coinage of Great Britian.  At a later date a mint was
set up at Madras, and at a still later date at Calcutta.  In the
mints of the native princes the dies were twice the diameter of the
coin, so that only a portion of the inscription couldcl be presented.




ANCIENT ANI) MOD)ERN.                    235
Tlhe coins in ordinary currency ha-ve all, therefore, imperfect legends.  When native coins are found with complete legends it is
because such have been struck, not for currency, but for sonic
festive occasion.
If the early French and English sovereigns sought to enrich
thenlselves by their custom  of changing the devices on their
coins, the Indian rulers secured the same result by declaring that
the rupee, one year after its date, was depreciated three per cent..
and fivd per cent. by the second year, a system that led to a frequent
recoinagoe, with proportional profit to the govermnent.  This was,
however, so burdensome that in 1773 the government ordered that
coins, no matter at what period they might be issued, should be
always of par value, unless reduced  in weight.  In 1790 new
machinery was empnlloyed at the mints and the size of the die so reduced that the whole device could appear on the money.
The earliest of what may be called the East Indian Company
series, are silver crowns, half-crowns, shillings and sixpences, issuedin 1601 by Elizabeth, expressly for the use of the Company.
ELIzAlET'LIT'S EAST  INDI  IIALF-CROW\'N.
This is commlonly called Elizabeth's irortc(ullis nmoney, because
having the royal armls on the obverse withl. ER. crowned on either
side, and on the reverse a large PorteLllis crowned.  (The Port(ullis was the badge of the Beaufort family because of their idescent from the Tudors.)
Ii 16 71, the India Companly established, on their own responsibility,
a mrint at Bombay, form:erly a Portuguese settlement, but whicll
had been given to Charles II., on his marriage, in 1662, with tlhe
Port- lguese Princess Royal. This money was for use only in India,
and therefore consisted of Rpjees e - and Fancmams. In 1677 this mlint
secured the royal sanction, and its money, while bearing the coimpany's arms on the obverse, by the words AfoN- BoiMBAYI ANGrce T: EGcirs 1687, sufficiently acknowledged the supremacy of the crown.
Copper money of somewhat similar devices was struck inl the same
reign, in the brief one of James II., and also in that of George II.,




236              TIIE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
bearing date 1728.  The Bombay Rupee was marked with Persian
characters and was at first very imperfect in its impression and
differs but slightly from that for MAladras.
iBO()M1AY' RUP'+EE.
Up to 1791 the copper coinage for this Presidency had been
struck in England, but after that date it was manufactured at,
Blombay.  The earliest of these issues is the Jclt-.lAnna or 4 pie
piece, having on the obverse a large heart surmounted by the numeral of value, with the date 1791, and on the reverse a pair of
scales with the word in native characters, A(7il-Just weight or
Justice.  On that struck since 1832, are the Company's arms, with
legend above, EAST INDIA CoMPANr, and in scroll beneath, Aur.
REG. ET SEN. AxNG. with date, while on the reverse are the scales
with the value, HALF-ANNA 01 PIE ill English characters above
them, and Aldil, in native, below them.
As at Bombay, so at Madras, coin had been struck previous to
the formal legalizing of the mint there in 1 743. A very beautiful
gold piece of this Iint is known from the design uponsit, as thle..\UARTEI1Z P AGODA (C(I)) STIUCK( AT.\i)lP S. -(EOI-G(]  I1I.
P,,god:t.  ()n the reverse is a representaltion of Vishnu the'Destroyer, olle of the great deities of Hindoo mythology.  In 180S
this design:ippeared ill silver,but in 1820 the or dinuary Madras Rupee
was issued, but replaced in 1S35 by the Conipany's Rupee.  Previols to 1807, the copper coinage of Madr as had been struck in
Englald, hai igu, an obverse like that of tlhe 1Bollmay Half-Anna,




ANCIENT AND MIODERN.                    23 7
with date 1794, and on the reverse the Company's arms, with the
legend, AusPicIO  REGIS ET SENATUS ANGJI, E on a broad band
edging the  piece, and  with  the  figures 48  below the arms,
and referring TO ONE RUPEE in the band, while on a narrow
scroll bleneathl the arms are the words UNITEJ-D E1AST INDIA COiM-.
B[ADRAS IUI'EE.
PANY. In 1803 Cash pieces were struck, having on the obverse the
arms, the legend, EAST INDIA COMr~PANY and the date, and on the
reverse, a Persian inscription with the value, xx, x, or v, cash in the
exergue.  The small I Cash has simply the Company's crest.  The
lion rampant, with the value, on the reverse.
In  166  a mint was established  at Calcutta  for Bengal.
The  gold  mobhurs issued  here  resembled  the  silver rupee,
having  the same design and legend.  The copi)er Pice  was
G(OLD M:[OIlUR OF R1EN-GAL.
struck in Englandllup to 1792, after which date it was issued
from  Calcutta.  AXt first this lhadl  simply a date on one side




3S            THE COINAGES OF THE WVORL);
cid a shield on the other, but after 1795 it. bore native legelnds with date. Later in the century, the Half- Anna was issued
h-aving the Company's arms on the obverse, with AuSP. RIEGIS ET
Sbx. ANGLI3, on a waved scroll below, with date 1825, and on the
reverse a wreath inclosing words HALF-ANNA, with legend EAST
INDIA COMPANY. In 1833 a Four Pie piece was issued with obvemse
like the last, with wreath on the reverse inclosing large numeral 4.
After 1835 nothing was issued but the Half-Anna and the one Pie.
In 1845, however, the denomination was changed from Annas
to Cents and in that year there was an issue of Cents, Halves and
Quarters, having on the reverse a large head with diadem with
VTICTOnIA QUEEN, and on the obverse simply a wreath enclosing
O(NE CElT, and having outside EAST INDIA COMPANY, with date.
SILVER IHALF RUPEE OF INDIA.
Inl 1858 the British Government abolished the great Company
that for more than two hundred years had monopolized the
traffic of the East. Since then, all the money issued for circulation
in India has born, the crowned bust of Queen Victoria.
RECENT COPPER COINAGE OF INDIA.
There is a lar ge amount of copper coin current in the East issued
at different times by the East India Company for their possessions
outside of India, all however of the same general type; the Annas
for the one side, and on the other some device with native inscriptions. Those of Bombay, for instance, were also used at
SUMATRA, while there were also pieces struck in 1804 with the
Ii




ANCIENT AND 1MOD)IREN.                 42239
legend ISLANd) OF SUMATA on011 themn; thlose fo  the PRINCE
OF  WALES  ISLAND, have the  arms with  date 1810 in
the exergue, and on the other side difierent kinds of wreaths ilnclosinog the words Palo Peqang,,~ in native characters.
CEYLON.
The modern coinage ofCEY:IoN has always been struck )by the' British Government, the distinctive device b)eillg an elephant, alike
on the silver and on the copper money. On the coin of 1815 the bust
of George III. was placed on the obverse, the elephlant remaining as
before on the reverse; while on the silver coinage of 1821 there is
the bust of George IV.  In 1828 and in 1837 there was struck in
England, a copper half farthing for Ceylon.  There has recently
been issued for Ceylon a very handsome series of coins, copper
and silver, of the style here given.
COPPER FIVE CENTS OF CEYLON.
STrRAITS SET'TLEMENT.
In 1 862, there -was issued a cent having obverse like the E ast
India Company's Cent of 1845, with reverse a wreath and words,
)ONE CENT, INDIA, STRAITS, 1862, in five lines.  A  later issue has
the Queen's head, with coronet, and on reverse a large I, inside a.
beaded circle, round which are the words, STAITS SETTLE:IAIERNT,
ONE CENT, 1874.  Goa belongs to Portugal, and Pondicherry to
France, for which rupees and fanlams were issued by Louis XV.
and Louis XVI.
EAST  INDIA  ISLANTJIDS.'ro the Kingdom  of the:Netherlands belong tle islands of
Java, Snmatra, Borneo, Celebes, the  Spice Islands  alld New7




240             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
Guinea. For these, as grouped together under the name of
NEDERLANDISCHE INDIE, or for the Colonial settlements among
them, coins have been issued. On those of early dates, gold and
silver rupees, with their halves and quarters, issued by the Dutchl
East India Company, we have Oriental inscriptions, but with dates
in Arabic numerals. The copper coins of this series bear the arms of
Utrecht or of Guelders. From 1811 to 1816 these islands were ill
the hands of the British, and the coins were issued by the East India
Company. (See East India series.)  In 1816 they were restored to
the Dutch, when the modern Dutch series begins, having on the
obverse the king's head, or NEDERL. INDIE, with date across the
field, with arms on the reverse. The latest issue have the
Royal arms crowned, with date and value, and on the reverse,
inscriptions in two Eastern languages.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
In 1521 Magellan discovered these islands, which lie to the
north of Borneo, losing his life soon afterwards in a struggle
with the natives. Some years ago they received their present name
in honor of Philip II. of Spain. In 1581, Manila was founded, andl
has since then continued to be the capital of the Spanish colonies
and settlements throughout the islands.
FOUR PIASTRES OF PIH'IIIPIPIN  ISLANDS.
BOR NEO.
One of the most important settlements on Borneo is tha.t of
Sarawak, where, in 1841, Sir James Brooke established himself as
Rajah, and has marked his supremacy by an issue of copper cents.
On the obverse is an excellent likeness, with BnooKEi RAJAH, and
on the reverse the words ONE CENT, encircled in a wreath, between
which and the edge of the coin we read SAItATXwAK and the date.
Sarawak is at present governed by the nephew of its founder-, and
in his name also coins are issued.
SIAM.
The money of Siamn is bullet-shaped, andl is fornmed by bril.gii'
together the ends of oval pieces of silver.  Each piece bears a




ANCIENT AND 3MODERN.                  241
minute stamp declaring its value. The manufacture of this money
shows wonderful skill on the part of its workers, for, while it consists of seven pieces-the Sibat, Songbat, Tical Bat, Song Salung,
Salung, Fung Sung Pie, and Pie —each piece is perfectly symmetrical, and its weight carefully proportioned to that of the other pieces.
There has, however, been lately struck flat money resembling that
of other countries,-the dollar, half-dollar, ten and five-cent pieces,
having a pagoda on the obverse, and the elephant, a sacred animal
in Siam, on the reverse.
The coins of
CAMBODIA
resemble the cash of China, but are chiefly made of lead.
CHINA.
The coinage of China, according to the chroniclers of that
country, dates back to the remotest ages before the Christian era,
and consisted at first of oblong, razor-shaped pieces. The present
style of coinage is said to have been adopted about 250 B. C. The
cash pieces are of brass or copper, and cast, the square hole in the
middle being for the convenience of placing them on strings. As the
Chinese are accustomed to characterize the reigns of their monarchs by some particular phrase, instead of the monarch's name,
this phrase is placed on the coins issued during his reign. Others
of the characters mean " current money," while others are the mint
marks of the officials by whom the coins have been issued.
In, 1856 a native silver dollar was issued which has become
already very rare. The gold coin resemble the cash.
In 1863 there were issued for the British colony of Hong
Kong, copper coins having bust crowned with, VICTORIA QUEEN,
and on the reverse, four Chinese characters in a circle of dots, with,
outside, HONG KONG, ONE CENT, 1863. A very small coin was
issued next year for the same colony; on the obverse, a square, perforated like the Chinese coins, with crown above, v. R. below, and
date 1863-4 and 1866 on either side, with the words HONG KONG,




242             THE COINAGES OF THE WORLD;
ONE MILL, round the circle, and on the reverse a Chinese character on
each side of the square. There has also been issued in silver a dollar, half, quarter, ten and five-cent pieces, with the queen's head.
JAPAN.
The early gold coinage of Japan consisted of large, but very
thin, oval pieces of pure gold, the surface being slightly corruGOLD AND SILVER ITZEBU OF JAPAN.
gated or waved, called the Cobacng, with its rectangular quarter,
the Itzebu, with the value written on them with Indian ink. The
silver Itzebu and its quarter are also of the domino shape, while
the brass or copper Temnpo is thick and oval, with a hole in the centre; the round four and one P'senny pieces resemble the Chinese
Cash.
The latest Japanese gold, silver and copper money is circular
in shape, having on the obverse the royal arms, a large chrysantheGOLD TWENTY  YEN, JAP AN.




ANCIENT AND MIODERN.                   243
mum flower enclosed in a circle occupying the centre, and on the
reverse a nondescript figure with Japanese characters in a border.
SILVER YEN OR DOLLARI OF JAPAN, 18771e
AUSTRALIA.
The gold fields of Australia have been so  productive thatEngland jucdged it desirable to establish a Colonial mint. In 1852,
therefore, a gold sovereign was issued, bearing on the obverse a
crown with date, and legend, GOVERNMXIENT ASSAY OFFICE, ADELAIDE,
and on reverse, VALUE ONE POUND in the center, with weight of
metal for a legend.  Next year, two and a half ounce pieces
were issued, having a large Kangaroo, with date and legend, Ponl
PHILIP, AUSTRALIA; with reverse, a large numeral of weight.
In 1855 the Sydney mint issued a sovereign, with queen's head
and name, and on reverse, AUSTRALIA, within branches, and SYDNEI: ~
[MINT above.
For
OCEANICA,
Generally, there are as yet no other distinct issues, English moneycirculating, while a large lnumber of tokens of penny and halfpellily
value, issued by store-keepers in the various settlements, are freely
used. The Sandwich Islands may be regarded as an exceptioln,
their rulers having lately issued a copper cent, with bust of thle
king and native inscription, with date.
AFRICA.
There is no necessity for illustrating the coinages of the countries
of North Africa, such as Egypt, Tunis or Tripoli, for all these,
being dependencies of Turkey, either receive their coins from the'Turkish mint or resemble in their inscriptions the Turkish devices.




244            THE COINAGES OF THE ATOORLD;
Formerly, Algiers also belonged to Turkey, when its coinage
resembled that of its neighboring States, but in 1830 it became a
French possession and now receives its money from France.
Morocco has a coinage of its own, but for the most part uses
Spanish coins.
WEST AFRICA.
On the West Coast of Africa, European nations have at different' times planted trading or Colonial settlements. In 1791 the
ce
SIERRA LEONE SILVER,, 191.
SIERRA LEONE SILVER DOLLAR) 1791.
English Sierra Leone Company, trading to the west coast of
Africa, and connected with the early Guinea Coast Company,
issued a Dollar, half, 20 cent and 10 cent pieces in silver, and a
one penny and a one cent piece, having a lion on the obverse,
with legend, SIERRA LEONE COMPANY, and in the exergue,
AFRICA.  On the reverse are two hands joined, with value
and date. Another issue was made in 1796.
To Portugal belong the Cape Verde Islands, Senegambia, some
islands of Guinea, Angola, Benguela and Mozambique. For
these there have been issued silver and copper pieces of so
many iMacutce value. The device is the arms of Portugal, resting on a crowned globe, with the monarch's name-as P. REGENS
DOMIINUS GUINE.E, and on reverse, PORTUGUEZIA AFRICA, with
value and date in the center.
LIBERIA
Was founded in 1820 by the American Colonization Society as a
colony or settlement of free persons of color from the United
States. In 1833 the Society issued a copper cent, with name and
date of origin-1816, on the obverse and on the reverse a man
planting a tree by the seashore, while the sun is rising from the
waves, with date. In 1847, the settlement having adopted a republican form of government, was recognized as a free and inde



ANCIENT AND MODERN.                   245
pendent State, and then issued coins of one and two cent value.
On these coins, the obverse has a head of Liberty, wearing the
Phrygian cap, and on a raised rin, IIEPI3ULIC OF LIBERIA.  On
the reverse is a large palm tree on the seashore, with oNri or T-wo
CENTS, and date 1847 on the rim.
ST. HELENA.
This lonely island, famous only for being the prison of Napoleon, had a copper coinage struck for it by the East India Company. On the obverse is, ST. HELENA 1821, HALFPENNY, inclosed
by a wreath, and on the reverse the arms of the Great Company.
REUNION.
In 1649 the French took the Isle of Bourbon from the Portuguese, changing its name to Reunion in 1789, and to Isle Bonaparte in 1809. In1720, they took posession of Mauritius, which
was then named the Isle of France, but this, in 1810, was taken
by the British and remains in their hands. For these islands,
France issued, during the reigns of Louis XV. and Louis XVI.,
small silver and billon pieces, bearing the crowned arms of Anjou,
with the King's name and title, and on the reverse, the value
and date, with ISLES DE FR. ET DE BOURBON. On those issued of
late years, we have on the reverse, value and date within branches,
with the legend COLONIES FRANCAIS.
MAURITIUS.
In addition to all the English issues for particular localities, there
wasa silver coinage struck specially for Mauritius, but current
through all the Colonies. On the obverse is a large shield with the
royal arms, with legend GEORGIUS IV., D.  BR. ITANNIARL:U REX,
and on the reverse the arms of the British Admiralty, an anchor and
cable with crown above, with legend COLONIAR: BRITAN: MONET:
1822.
ENGLISH COLONIAL SILVER.








APPENDICES.
SOVEREIGNS OF FRANCE,
WNrITH THE YEARS OF THEIR ACCESSION AND NA-MES OF THE COINS
rWHICH THEY ISSUED.
iI-ugh Capet -................ 987  Gold —Crown, Franc, Royal,
Deniers and Oboles.                   Mouton, Chaise.
Carloman I -------------------- 768     Silver-Gros.
"   II -.................. 879  Billon-Large Blanc, Double
Charebert-. —.                 561        and Denier Paris, Double
Charlemagne ------—.-.........768         and  Denier T o u r n o i s,
Charles  I-The Bold ---------- 840         Obole.
"   II-The Fat ----------- 884 Charles VIII -----------------— 1483
III" IU —----------------— 893   Gold-Crown.
IV-The Handsome ---- 322         Silver-Gros.
Gold —Agnel, Florin, Royal          Billon —White Crown, White
and Half.                            Sun, Carolus, Liard, Hardi,
Silver —Gros Tournois, 1 and          Double and Denier Tourj Gros, Denier Tournois.            nois, Maille, Denier TourBilloni-Double Paris, Denier          delais.
Paris, Double Denier,Obole        [Coins were struck during
Tournois.                           this reign for Italy.]
Charles V ------------ ------— 1364 Charles IX -.............15.60
Gold-Royals, Francs, Fleur          Gold-Crown.
de lis, Florins.                  Siler —Teston.
Silver-Gros Tournois.               Billon-Double Sun, Paris,
Billon —White Gros, Denier            Sun Paris, Douzain, Liard,
and Double Tournois.                Double and Denier TourCharles VI -.............1380  nois.
Gold-Royal, Crown, Mou-         Charles X-Cardinal de Bourbon_1589
ton, Chaise, Salut.               Gold —Crown.
Silver —Gros Tournois.              Silver-      -
Billon-Blancs, Double and           Billon —Denier Tournois, Double       Charles X -------------------— 1824
and Denier Paris, Liard,          Gold-Pieces of 100, 40, 20
Obole.                              and 10 Francs.
[Henry V. and VI. of England        Silve —Five Franc, with its
struck money in France              divisions.
and for France during this        Bronze-10  and  5  cents,
reign.]                             struck for the colonies.
Charles VIII                   14........144 2 Charles Martel ---------------- 737




248                           APPENDICES.
Childebert  I -. —------------ 511'    Billon-Large White Crown,
" II -.......  -- 575  large VWhite Fleur de lis,
"     III-I.......-....... 695  large  White  Star, Gros,
Childerice  I ------- ----------- 716       Double and Denier Tour"    II-70.1........'720-  nois, Double and Denier
Clodion.-4....      -—.   427:           Paris, Obole.
Clodomir --------------------  511 j Lothaire ------------------  954
Clotaire  I ------—. —--------- 511 Louis  I-ILe Debonnaire ----- 814
"     IL:.......... —-—.  584   "     II -. —---------------- 877
"    IT II............. —.  566   "   III ----------------  879
"    IV....... —------—....719    "   IV —-. —--------------- 936
Clovis  I -------—..            481    "   V-. —----------------   986
"    II 6.88                             V....... -  638  - "   VI -.....1108
"   III............. - - 691    S&lver-Denier and Obole.
Dagobert  I -. —--—..          628 Louis VII ------------------- 1137
II ------ ------------ 670     Silver-Denier and Obole.
"    III --—..- ----------- 711 Louis VIII ------------------— 1223
Eudes or Hugh ----- --           887      Silver-Denier and Obole.
Francis I -------- —. —- -1515 Louis IX --------------------— 1226
Gold-Crown.                           Gold-Chaise, Royal, Reine,
Silver-Teston.                          Agnel, Franc or Crown.
Billo —Blancs, Liard, Dou-            Silver —-Gros   and   Denier
ble and Denier Tournois,              Tournois, Denier Paris.
Denier Bourdelat, Coronat.     Louis X —                         1314
Francis II --------------------.1559     Gold-Agnel.
[The coins of Henry II. were         Silver-Gros,  Denier  and
issued down to 1561.]                 Obole Tournois.
Gontram ---------------------- 561        Billon-Denier and  Obole
Henry I --—..-  -.        1031        Tournois
Silver-Denier.                  1 Louis XI --------------------— 1461
Henry II -----------------— 1 —1547       Gold-Crown.
Grold-Crown, Henry.                  Silver - Gros.
Silver —Teston.                       Billon-Blanc, Denier Paris,
BillGn-Gros de Nesle, Dou-              Hardi, Maille, Denier Tourzaine, Double and Denier              nois, Denier Bourdelais.
Tournois.                      Louis XII -------------------- 1498
Henry III ------- ------------- 1574      Gold-Crown of Queen Ann.
Gold —Crown.                         Silver-Gros, Teston.
Silver-Franc,  Teston,  j            Billon-Large White, Double
Crown.                               and Denier Tournois, Liard,
Billon-Six Blanc, Douzaine,             Hardi, Coronat, Patard.
Liard, Double and Denier       Louis XIII -------------------— 1610
Tournois.                           Gold —Double,  Single  and
Henry IV ----------— 1610                   Half Crown, Louis d'or.
Gold-Crown.                          Silver-Franc, Crown, Half
Silver-Franc,,    and                 and  Quarter.
Crown.                             Billon-Douzaine.
Billon-Douzaine and Liard.           Bronze-Double and Denier
Bronze-Double and Denier                Tournois.
Tournois,  Double  Dau-        Louis XIV ---— l —----------.1643
phine.                              Gold-Crown,  Louis  and
John I ----------------------— 1316         Louis d'or.
Gold-Royal.                          Silver-Six Franc, Fleur de
John II ---------------------—.1350        lis, Crown and Quarter.
Gold-Crown, Fleur de lis,            Billon-Six White, 4 and 2
Mouton, Royal, Franc.                 Sols.
Silver -Gros Tournois.               Bronze-Liard, Double and




APPENDICES.                            249
Denier Tournois, pieces of          Tournois, Double Paris and
2, 4, 6 and 30 Denier.       i      Obole.
Louis XV -------------------— 1715  Philip I!I. ——.................-12 70
Gold-Quinzain, Louis, Half          Gold —Agnoel, Royal, Denier
Louis.                              and Crown Chaise.
Sdlver-Crown and Quarter,           Silver-Gros   and   Denier
pieces of 10 and 20 Sous.           Tournois, Denier Paris.
Billon-2 and 1 Sou.             Philip IV -------------------— 1285
Bronze-Sou, ~ and L.                 Gold-Large and Small RoyLouis XVI.-................. 1774  als, Chaise, Agnel.
Gold-2, I and 4 Louis.              Silver-Gros, ~ and 4 TourSilver-Crown, ~, 4 and I6.           nois.
T -a        _FBillon —Double and Denier
Billon-Pieces of 3, 15 and          Billon-Double and Denier
30 Sous, Six Blanc.                 Paris, Double and Denier
Bronze-2, 1, 4 and I Sou,             Tournois, Bourgeois, DouLiard.                              ble and Single Obole or
Louis XVII -......1793 Ph  Maille.
Assignats of 100, 400, 500      Philip V                        1316
and 1500 Livres.                   Gold-Agnel.
Silvuer —Gros Tournois.
Louis XVIII ----------------— 1814      Billon-Denier  Tournois.
Gold-Pieces of 20 and 40        Philip VI-.      1327
Francs.                            Gol —1 and 2 Royal Crown
Silver-Pieces of 5 Francs             Paris,   Angelot,   Lion,
and its divisions.                  Chaise, Pavillion, Florin,
B3ronze-                               George.
Louis Philippe —-------- ----— 1830     Silver-Paris,  T o u r n o i s,
Same as Charles X.                    Fleur de lis, Crown.
Meroveus- -------------------- 448      Billon —Double  and Denier
Napoleon Bonaparte      - ------— 1804    Paris, Double and Denier
Gold-20 and 40 Francs.                Tournois, Obole.
Silver-5, 2, 1, ~ and ~ Franc.  Robert I -.........928
Bronze-10 Centime.                 C   II996
~Napoleon II  ~-__1821        Silver-Denier.
Napoleon III ---------------—. 1852 Rudolph-   -----.923
Gol d. —.            Siegebert I...........__ —--..  561
Silver —                             "    II........... 638
PBr~onze —         t            Theodebald-. —--—..    548
Pepin-The Short —----------—.752 Theodebert I -................534
Pharamond ------—.. ---— 418            "     II —------------- 596
Philip I ---------------------- 1060 Thierry  I -...........511
Silver-Denier and Obole.            "           - II-         --—.596
Philip II -----------------— 1180    "   III --—................670
Silver-Double  and  Denier         "   IV —------------------ 720




ABBRE-VIATIONS ON ROMAN COIlN S.
WITH THEIR EXPLANATION, AND ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS.
A.                     alluding  to  an  address to  the
A. Axlus. Name of a personage; ADLOiC tary.T'"'""";  ADLOCVT.    COli..   PzELTOIR    AI)or Annmsi, a yeai.                   LOCVTZO  COIiOrtirnz   PRAFTORMiA.rA. nAi7i), O1r AUoS.   The Jyear,    nor}um.  Adlocution to the Praor years.                            torian cohorts.
A.A. A.A.A.  AAgztlsti.  Two,  or
three Augustuses.                 ADVENT. AUG.  [UD.  or  AYV. O1
A. A. A... FF.  Ao, Argento, Aere Fltc6-    ACHA. or AFRIC. or ASI. or sic.
do Ferirludo.  An inscription  in    or GA.. or  sP.l      -
allusion to the flandi or planchets,    Gesti,uuDeae, or   Aurit;anice, or
of gold, silver and copper, from     ACITA&id, 01 AFRIC1C, or ASICe, Or
which the coins of the respective    s~cilice, or GALlUI, or nisPan/cx.
metals were struck, generally fol-    The arrival of Augustus in Julowing the name of the monetary    dlea, or Mauritania, or Achaia,
triumviri for the time being. The    or Africa, or Asia, or Sicily, or
triumviri monetales were the three    Gaul, or Spain.
chief officers of the Roman mint.  AED. cvR.  AEDi'S culuzdis.  The
ABi. AB3Npos. Grand-nephew.             curule  aedile appointed  by the
AccI.  xccitacna.  Accitana, a Ro-    Patricians.
man colony in Spain, now  Gua- AED.   DIVI.  AVG.  REST.  AEDCS
dix, in Grenada.                     DIAVI AuGusti  REsTitutae.   The
ACCI.L.II. ACCItana Lego III.  The    divine temples restored by  Authird Legion of Accitana.            gustus.
ACT. ACTiCCUS, ACTiCe or ACTiUm. AED. P. AEDilitia  rotestas.   The
Actiacus or Actium, a town  of    Aedile power.
Epirus, now Prevenza.             AED. PL. AEDilitia PLEb'dS.  Aedile
A. ACT. A. ACTiacUS  Apollo. The    of the people.
Actiatic Apollo.                  AED. S. AEDC8 sacraee, or AEDibls
AD. FRV. E-MV. AD  Fnuyes  EsAlUl-    sacris  Tile sacred edifices, or to
dus.   For buying  corn; allud-    the sacred edifices, (in the dative
ing to the public purchases of    case).
corn for the people, for which AEM. AEA.  il'ius. or AEAiiia.  Name
money was expressly struck.          of a personage.
ADI.  ADJUtri~. Relief, alluding to  QO'VIT.  AVG.  mEQVIwT0S  AUGUSUt
a legion distinguished for sonle    Thle equity of Augustus.
signal assistance afforded in time ArT.  AETdit(aS. Eternity.
of need.                          A. F. Azldi riNiis. The son of Aulus
ADLOCVT.  AUG.  ADLOCUTiO  AUG- A. N.  A'Zi Nxepjos.  The  nephew.sfti.  Adlocution  of Augustus,    of Aulus.




APPENDICES.                            251
AGRIP. F.  AcmRrpae FiNUS.   The  /10oni SALUTanr/ CONSERVATORI. To
son of Agrippa.                     Apollo, the Saviour and Preserver.
AcIrIPPA  M. F. MA. C. CAESARIS. AQ. o. B.  AQuigUTe officine  B.  Of
AVGVSTI.  AGRIPPA  M~rICi Filia    Aquilia, the second division of the
MAter  cani  C2ESARIS  AUGIJUSTI.    mint.
Agrippa, the daughter of Marcus, AQ. r. s.  AQu.iliae Pecunia signata.
and mother of Caius Ci-esar Au-    Money struck at Aquilia.
gustus (the emperor Caligula).    Aq. P. AQUiliae Percussa.  Struck at
AL or ALE. A;LExauldri't. Alexandria.    Aquilia.
AL    IT.    A ITAL. ALIMCdtG ITAvIcCe. The Aq. s.  AQuizla signata.  Struck at
provision of Italy, in allusion to    Aquilia.
the public purchase of corn, forl AQV. ML. AQUA Aiarcia.  The Marcdistribution in Italy.               ian water, alluding to water brought
ALivIT. ALYITiUS.   Name of a per-!   to the city through the care and libsonage.                              erality of Marcus.
Axrc.. ANlCicUS. Name of a person- AQVA. TRAJ. AQVA  TRAJana.  The
age.                                 Trajanian water.
A...  An. tiochile MaonTeta  off- AR. or ARL. Acelate or ARLate. Aries.
cina    secunda.    Money    of ARA. PAC. AnA PACis. The altar of
Antioch  B,  that  is,  of  the    peace.
second  office  or  division   of ARAB.  ADQVI.  ARABia  ADQuISita.
mne mint; the officers being dis-    Arabia conquered.
tinguished by A, B, for first and ARIEMEN. CAP.  AMnIEhN-i  cAPta. Arsecond; a system common in Roman    menia subjugated.
monetary nuinerals.               ARMETNIA  ET  MESOPOTAMIA  POTESAN. IB. or AXNT. B. ANtWc]?.i[e oficina. ATEM[ P). R. REDACT. ARMENIA
secunda.  The second division of    ET   MESOPOTAMIA  POTESTATEMA
the naint of Antioch.                Popu11i Itonani FEDACTae. ArmeA. N. v. F. Anv1.rm Novume  Feliceon    nia and  Mesopotamia  reduced
Faustetm. A happy and prosperous    under the power of the Roman
new year; wished to the Emperor.    people.
ANN. DCCCLXXIIT. XAT. vaB. P.     ASI. As. Asia. Asia.
CON.  ANNO  DcCCCIXXII.  NATTai   A.  SIsc. A. srscile.  Of Sescia A.
UrBi, rop0?lo cnclzases coNsNtit.ti    signifying that it was of that
In the year of the city, 872, the    town; struck in the first division
Circensian games were established    of the mint.
for the people.                   AST.  ASTqi'tiaa.  Astigitana, now
AhJNONA. AVG. ANINONA AJUGU'Sti. The    Ecisa in Andalusia, Spain.
provision  of Augustus, alluding Avc. AUITGUo  or AUGUStUS, or AUGto a yearly distribution of corn    usta, or AUGUStalls.  Augur or
among the people.                    Augustus, or Augusta, or of the
ANT. P. ANTiOcliae Percussa. Struck    august.
at Antioch.                       AVG. DF..  AUJGUStus DiVi FiliUS.
ANT. s. ANTiOC7li(le sinata.  Struck    Augustus, son of the deity.
at Antioch.                       AvoG. or AVGGG. AULGUsti. AugusA. P. F.  AUWV'O PopU0o FeritnCdo or!  tus: two or three G's after AV,
Argento ropulo Ferisa do.  Gold or    signified  that two or three emsilver (coins) struck for the people. i  perors were reigning jointly.
A. P. rIv.  PecMni(,  LVGdunW  A. AVR. PIX. SIDON. COLONIA. AURelia
MIoney of Lugdulnum, now Lyons I  PIA  SIDONiS COLOCNIA.  Aurelius
in France; A of the first division    Pius, a colony of Sidon.
of the mint.
A POL. M:ON. APO-lJO MioNetalis.  The                 B.
monetary Apollo.
Apor.. PAL. APOILJO rPAL(ttints. The B.   eryfthus or  3ono, or nraccara
Palatine Apollo.                     or officina secunda.  This letter
ArPO. SIALYr. COSSERVATORI. ArPOL-    B by itselg, is used  to  signify




252                           APPENDICES.
either  Berythus,  a Phoenician      august colony of Aroe Patrensis;
town, or BoxNus, the adjective good,    or the Agrippine colony.
or BRACCARx, or the second office I CAnE. CABEUi0.  Cabellio, now  Caof the mint, being sometimes used    vaillon, in France.
as a numeral, and signifying 2.    C. A. BVT. cCOloZiCL  AqlU1aStCa BVT7'TOB. A..   raccara  Augustalis.   The    trmn. The colony Augusta ButhAugustalian    Braccara,    now      rotum  (of Butrinto, now  of tile
Brague, a town in Portugal.          same name in Epilus).
BAEBT. BAEBIUS  or BAEBia. B3bius, C.. c. C. C0Io:ti Al'lgl/st(  CCaesareaCl.
a man's  name,  or Biebia, the    The august colony of Caesarea.
name of a Roman family.           C. A. E. colotiaiu   Augcusta  EMeriit(.
BALB. BALBus.  Balbus the name    The  colony  Augusta Emerita,
of a personage.                      now Merida in Spain.
BON. EVENT.  BONUS EVENT'US, or C. A. E.  AVG.    PATER.   COtO?1;G(
BONO EVENTUi. A  good  event,    Auglsta EMnerita AUGUStUS PAvTElR.
or to a good event.                  Augustus, the father of the colBI3ET.  BRITaBnnCUS  or BEITannia.    ony Augusta Emerita, in Spain,
Britannia, or the country Britain.    now MIerida.
BRoc.  BRocchus.   Brocchus, the CAES.    CAESarea    or   CAESAR.
name of a personage.                 Caesarea, a town in Palestine, or
B. IR. P. N. BOnO RePUblieo Nate.    Caesar
Appointed (to be struck) for the CAESS. or CAESSS.  CAEsares.  Caegood of the public.                  sars; ss signifying two, and  sss
BRVN.  B3RVNdussum. Brundusium.         three Caesars.
a town in  the kingdom  of Na- CAESAR. AVG.. DES. IMP. AVG. COS.
ples.                            I  ITE.  CAESAR AUGGusti FiliLS DES5qB. SIRM. B. SIRMii. B., struck at Sir- |  natus  IAilerato? AUGustlus consul
mium in the second office of the  ITE'UMn.  Caesar, son of Augustus,
mint, as signified  by  the nu-    chosen Emperor, Augustus, and
meral B.                             Consul for the second time.
B.  S.  LG.  B  (officina  secunda) CAESAR. DIVI. F. CAESAR DIVI FilieS.
signata LiGv(dnum.  The second       Caesar, son of the God. This in(monetary  office),  coined   at    scription most frequently occurs
Lyons.                               on the coins of Augustus Caesar,
B. T. T Beta T1Canqullirtas.  Happy    the adopted  son of the deified
tranquility.                        Julius Caesar.
BVT'IR.  BUTHROtSMn.   Buthrotum, CAESAR. PONT. MAX. CAESAR POXnow Butrinto in Epirus.              TfJeX  M _AXSins8.  Caesar the High
Pontiff.
C.A.i. 01 C.I.A.  colona010    AIgUstCa Julia.
C.                     The colonyAugusta Julia, in Spain,
now Cadiz.
C.  clius  or  caesar.   Caius  or CAL. CALG6(g/u'rS or CALiditS or CALCaesar.                              idiCa.  Calaguris, atown in Spain,
C. carthag(/o or censor or centumn or    now Calahora.  Calidius, name of
cites or  clypeus  or cohors  or    a personage.  Calidia, name of a
colonia or consultumn or cornelius.    family.
Carthage, or  censor, or a hun- C. A. o. A. F.  colonia Augustc6 oca
dred, or citizens, or a buckler,    Antoniniana Fetix.  The happy color a cohort, or a colony, or a    ony Oca Augusta Antoniniana, in
decree, or Cornelius (name of a    Africa, now Tripoli.
personage).                        C. A. PI. MET. SID. Colonia Aurelia
C. A. A. P.  colonia Axugusta Aroe    PICa METropolis SIDOn. The colony
Patrensis  or colonice  A.  Augusta    Aurelius Pius. the metropolis of
Patrensis  or  colonia  Agrippina.    Sidon, in Syria.
(Cologne) the  august colony  of C. A. E. coloni Augusta Rauq'acoruZm,
Aroe Patrensis; or A  (the first)    or colonia Augustc nRegia.   The




APPENDICES.                            25 3
colony  Augusta  Rauracum, in CER. SACR. PER. OECVME. ISELA.
Switzerland;  now  Augst, near    CErta-mina SacvRia PERiodica OECUBasle; or the royal colony of Asta,    MEnictC   ISELAstica.  The  sacred
in Spain.                            periodical  oecumenic  contests,
C.  c. Numeral letters  signifying    called Iselastica.
hundreds.                          CERT. QVIN. ROM. CON. CERTamina
C. c. A.  C0olo0ia caesal)ea Augusta.    qUINquennalia, ROMae CONstituta.
The colony Augusta Caesarea.         The fifth year games of Rome
C. CAESAR. AVG. PRON. AVG. P. i.    established.
TR. P. 1I. P. P.  cahisS CAESAR C.  E. s.  cumr  Exercittu suO.  With
AUGUSLti PRON1)C0S AUgUStus POll-   his army.
tifex Maitnlus  TRllibuit'ia Potestate CEST.  CESTiUS, or CESTia.  Name
IIII. Pater' Patricte. Caius Caesar,    of a personage or family.
great grandson of Augustus;  Au- C. F. caius Fabius. Name of a pergustus, High Pontiff, exercising    sonage.
the tribunitian power for the fourth C. F. caii Filius.  Son of Caius.
time; father of his country.      C. N. caii Nep9os. Nephew  of Caius.
C. C. COL. LVG.  claudia copia COL- C. F. P. D. colonia Flavia Pacensis
onia LIGdunum. The colony Clau-    Develtum.  The colony Flavia Padia Copia Lugdunum, now  Ly-    censis Develtum  now Develto, a
ons.                                 small town in Turkey.
C. C. I. B.  colonia caimlpestris Julia C. o. I. H. P. A.  coionia  Gemella
Babba. The rural colony of Julia    Julia Iradrianca Pacriana Augusta.
Babba, in Mauritania.                The colony Gemella Julia HadriC. C. I. B. D. D.  colonia campestris    ana Pariana Augusta, a town in
Julia Babba Dereto  Decurionunm.    Mysia.
The rural colony of Julia Babba, C. I. c. A.  colonia julia concordia
by the decree of the Decurions.    Apamaea, or colonia Julia carlthaC. C. I. H. P. A.  colonia  concordia    go Antiqua.  The colony  Julia
Julia iHadrumetina Pia  Augusta.    Concordia Apamaea; or the colThe colony Concordia Julia Ha-    ony Carthago Antiqua, now Cardrumetina Pia Augusta, in Africa.    thagena, in Spain.
C. CIV. D. D. P. corona CIvica Data C. I. C. A. GENIO. P. R. D. D. colonia
Decreto Publieo. The civic crown    Julia  concordia  Augustat  GENIO
awarded by public decree.            Populi Romani  Decreto  DecuirioC. c. N. A. colonia carthago Nhova    num. The colony Julia ConcorAugusta.  The colony  Carthago       dia Augusta to the genius of the
Nova Augusta, in Spain.              Roman people by the decree of
C. c. N. c. D. D.  colonia  concordia    the Decurions.
Norba  caesarea Decreto  Decurion- C. I. A. D.  colonia Julia AugUSta
urnm.  The colony Concordia Nor-    Dertonw. The  colony Julia Auba Caesarea, by the decree of the    gusta Dertona.
Decurions,  Caesarea  Norba,  a C. I. AV. colonmia JUlia AYgusta. The
town in Lusitania.                   colony Julia Augusta, now Cadiz,
C. R. centlissina Remissa, or circen-    in Spain.
ses Eestituti.  The hundredth re- C. I. AVG. F. SIN. colonia Julia AUmitted; or, The Circensian games    Gusta Felix sINope.  The colony
restored.                            Julia Augusta Felix Sinope.
C. C. s.  coloniac  claudia  salaria. C. I. B. colonia Julia Balba.  The
The colony Claudia Salaria.          colony  Julia Balba, in MauriC. cvP.  caius cuPiennius. Name of    tania.
a personage.                      C. I. C. A. P. A. colonia Julia carthago
CEN. CENSor.  Censor.                   Augusta Pia, Antiqua, or colonio
CENS. PER.  CE NSO  PERpetuus, or    Julia corinthus Augusta Pia AntoCrEsaris  PEREmissu.   Perpetual    niniana.  The colony Julia CarCensor, or by permission of the    thago Augusta Pia Antiqua, in
Censor.                              Spain, now  Carthagena; or, the




25 4                          APPENDICES.
colony Julia Corinthus Augusta C. M. L. colonia Metr-opolis Laodicea.
Pia Antoniniana, now  Corinth,    The colony AMetiopolis Laodicea.
in Greece.                        CN. ATEL. FLAC. CN. POMP. FLAC. II.
C. I. CAES.  CaUS  JUliUS CAESar'.    VIRIS. Q. V. I. N. C. cNaeo ATELName of a personage.                 Iio FLACCO CNaeO  POMPeio FLACCO
C. I. CAL. colonia Julia CALpe. The    II. VIRIS Quinquennalibius vietricis
colony Julia Calpe, now  Gibral-    juliae Novae carthaginis.  Under
tar, in Spain.                       Cneius  Atellius  Flaccus  and
C. I. F.  colonia Julia  Felix.  The    Cneius  Pompeius  Flaccus,  the
colony Julia Felix.                  Duumvirs for five years of the
C. I. G. A. colonia Julia Gemella AU-    victorious Carthago Julia Nova.
gusta. The colony Julia Gemella CN. DOM. AMP.  cNaeius  DOMitiUs
Augusta.                             AMPlus. Name of a personage.
C. I. I. A.  colonia  Immunis illice CN. DOM. PROCOS.  CNaeo  DoMitio
Augusta.  The free colony Illice    PRoconsule.  Under Cnaeus DomitAugusta.                             ius, the Proconsul.
C. I. IL. A. Q. PAPIR. CAR. Q. TER. CN.  Ca   Filius.  The son of
MONT. II. VIR. Q. colonice Immunis    Cnaeus.
ILlice Augusta Quinto PAPIRiO CAR- CN. MAG. IMP. cNaeUS MAGnUS IMbone Quinto TERentio MONTanO II. IPe'rator.  Cnaeus the Great, the
VIRis Quinquennalibus.  The free    commander; that is, Cnaeus Pomcolony  Illice  Augusta,  under I  pey, the son of Quintius Pompey.
Quintus   Papirius  Carbo  and Co. DAM. METRO.  colonia DAaIaScus
Quintus Terentius Montanus, the    METROp01iS.  The colony DamasDuumvirs for five years.             cus Metropolis.
C. I. N. G. Coloniae Julia Norba cae- CoH.  PR2ET.  VII. P. VI. F.  COsariana. The colony Julia Norba  I t071es PRToriacna e VII. Piee  Ir.
Caesariana.                          Fideles.  Alluding to the piety and
C. I. N. C.  colonice JuliaI Nova car-   fidelity of the Prsetorian Cohorts,
thago.  The colony Julia  Nova    in the usual manner.
Carthago, now   Carthagena,  in COH. I. CR. coo0rtis I. cRetensis.  Of
Spain.                               the first cohort of Crete.
CIR. CON.  CIRCenses CONsttutiU; or CorH. PR. PHIL.  COIIOrT  PR=ETOcmcenses CONsessit. The games of I   ianac  PHILipppensiurn.  The Prmethe Circus  established; or, he    torian cohort of the Philippians.
celebrated the Circensian games.    A  town in  MIacedonia, famous
C. I. v. coloniac ruli  vaelentia. The    for the battle fought there, B. c.
colony of Julia Valentia, in Spain.    38.
CL. CLaudiUS or CLaudia or CLypees. COL. AEL. A. IT. MET. COLonia AEL'ic
Name of a personage or family,    A/ugustc nadrumnetince. The colony
or a buckler.                        Aelia Augusta Hadrumetina, i'
CILASS. PR.  CLASSCiS PMI/aCctuS  or    Africa.
CLASSiS PR(etoriana.  The PrIae- COL. AEL. CAP. CO:M3M. P. F. COLo0nal(
feet of the fleet, or the Praetorian    AEL.a cxpitolina coo',Ildiance Piia
fleet.                               Felix. The  colony  Aelia  CapiC. L. AVG. F. F. cas LUCW.US AUGUStit   tolina  Commodiana  Pia  Felix.
Fizius.  Caius Lucius, the son of    The modern Jerusalem.
Augustus.                         COL. ALEX. TROAS.  COL0,niC ALEXC. L. CAESS. CaCi;S et LUCZUS CAEsareS.   iandriacna  TROAS.   The  colony
Caius and Lucius, the two Cac-    Alexandriana Troas in Phrygia,
sars.                                now Carasia.
C. L. I. COR. colonia Laus Julia COR- COL. ABIAS. or AMS. COL0nZC AMASinthus.  The colony Laus Julia    trianorum  or coLonia AMstrianoCorinthus, in Greece.            I  rum. The colony Amstrianorunm
CL. v. cLypeus votivus.  The votive    in Paphlagonia, now Amstre.
shield.                           COL. ANT. or ANTI. COLon0ia ANTW0



APPENDICES.                          255
chia or ANTIOChia.  The  colony    colony Berythus, now Beyroot in
Antiochia in Asia.                Phoenicia, the fifth or eighth legion.
COL. ARELAT.  SEXTAN.   COLOnia COL. CABE. COLooia CABEIZO. The
ARELATe SEXTANOrUum.  The col-   colony Cabellio in France.
ony Arelate Sextanorum, now Ar- COL. CAES. ANTIOCI-I.  COLoni(a CAEles in France.                    sarea ANTIOCIIiba.  The  colony
COL. AST. AVG. COLonia ASTigitana    Caesarea Antiochia in Syria.
AUGusta. The colony Astigitana COL, CAES. AVG. COL0ia cAEsarea AUAugusta, now Exija in Spain.      Gusta. The colony Caesarea AuCOL. AVG. FEL. BER.  COLOnZli  AU-   gusta.
GUSta FELiX BERithUS. The colony COL. CAAIALODV:NYVI. COLonia CAMAAugusta Felix Berithus, now Bey-    LODUNUIJ.  The colony Camnaloroot.                              dunum, now Colchester.
COL. AVG. FIR.  COLOfnia AUGUSta COL. CAStEIN. COLolia CASILINU7n.
FIRma. The colony Augusta Fir-    The colony Casilinum, now Casma Astigitana, now  Exija  in   tellazzo.
Spain.                          COL. CL. PTOL. COLOnia CLaudia PTOCOL. AVG. IVL. PHILIP. COLonia AU-   Lomais. The colony Claudia PtoGusta JULia PHILIPPensiS. The col-   lomais, now Acre in Phcenicia.
ony Augusta Julia of Philippi, a COL. DAMAS. TMETRO. COLonia DAMAStown in Thrace.                   cus METROpolis. The colony DamCOL. AVG. PAT. TREVIR.  COLona    ascus Metropolis, the capital of
AUGUSta PATer1la TREVIROr7tm. The    Syria.
colony Augusta Paterna Treviro- COL. F. J. A. P. BARCIN.  COLOnia
rum.                              Flavia JuliaCG AUgUUta Pra BARCINO.
CoL. AVG. TROA. or TROAD. COLonia    The colony Flavia Julia Augusta
AUGUSta TROAdUensis or TROADensis.    Pia Barcino, now  Barcelona in
The colony Augusta Troadensis,    Spain.
built on the site of the ancient COL. FLAV. AV.  COR. COLOnia FLAViC
Troy.                              AUs Gulsta co-Iintlts.  The colony
COL. AVGVSTA. EMERITA.  COLOnia    Flavia  Augusta  Corinthus in
AUGUSTA EMERITA.  The colony    Greece.
Augusta Emerita, now the town of COL. FL. PAC. DEVLT.  COLOnia FLCaMIerida in Spain.                 via PAceMsfis DEVLTUIA. The colCOL. AVR. ANTONI. AVG. TROA.    ony Flavia Augusta Pacensis DecoLonia AURel'ia ANToNIniacna AU-   ultum, now Zagara or Zagoria, a
Gusta TRoAdeniiS. The colony Au-   town in Thrace.
relia Antoniniana Augusta Troa- COL. H. COLOnitGa Heluopois. The coldensis, founded  on the site of    ony Heliopolis.
Troy.                           CoL. HA. MER.  coLonia HAdria'na
COL. AVR. KAR. COMM. P. F. COLOLZia MI ERCUri.  The colony Hadriana
AUtelica KART71Che COMrodMciana cPill   M Iercuri, now Fermo in Italy.
Felix. The colony Aurelia Karrhe COL. HEL. i. O. HI. H. COLOrtia HELiOComimodiana Pia Felix, a town    polis Jovi opti7no rctaxiio  neliopoliin Asia, now Carrhes.          i  tana. The colony Heliopolis Jovi
COL. AVR. PIA. SIDON. CoLonia AU-    Optilno 3MIaximo Heliopolitana.
elia PIA SIDON.  The colony Au-; COL. IVL. AVG. C. I. r. COAtXAN. COLrelia Pia Sidon.                  oniC JULiC AUGUSta Claudia InviCta
COL. AVR. P. M. SIDON. COLOniaC Au-   Fdeli, COAlANoru1z. The colony JuRelia Pia Aietropolis SIDON.  The   lia Augusta Claudia Invicta Felix
colony Aurelia Pia Metropolis Sild-    Comanorum, now Comane in Capdon, now Seid or Sayde in Syaia.  padocia.
COL. B. A. coLonia Braccara AUCUSta. COL. IVL. AVG. FEL. BER.  COLOnia
The colony Braccara Augusta,   JULia AUGUSta FELiX BERythlutS.
now Brague in Lusitania.          The colony Julia Augusta Felix
COL. BERIT. L. V. or VIII. COLtonia    Berythus, now the town of BeyBERIT/tIS LeyiO V. or VIII.  The    root in Phcenicia.




25 6                        APPENDICES.
COL. IUL. AVG. 1EL. CREEMNA. COL-   colony Prima Flavia Augusta Caeonlia JULia AUGiUSta FELiX CREEMNA.    sarea, in Palestine.
The colony Julia Augusta Felix COL. R. F. AVG. FL. C. AMETROP. COLCremna, now of the same name in    on1ia Ro07zana FeliVc AUGUsta FLav/a
Pamphilia.                        caesarea MIETROPoliS.  The colony
COL. IVL. CER. SAC. AVG. FEL. CAP.    Romana Felix Augusta  Flavia
OECVI. ISE. EEL. COLonia JULia    CTcsarea Metropolis, the capital
cERtamen SACTUa AUTGUStUM FELI2    of Syria.
cAPitolinm? OE ocvMenicum   ISElasti- COL. ROM. COLonica RoMulensis. The
cum lHELiopolitanum. The Julian    colony of Romula, now Seville,
colony; the Sacred Augustan Feli-   in Spain.
cian contest; (Ecumenic Iselastic COL. OM.LGD. COLufua  EOMafOeLcm
Heliopolitan (certain games cel-   LvGDLynum. Lugdunum, the colebrated at the Julian colony of    ony of the Romans, now Lyons.
Heliopolis in Syria).          COL. RVS. LEG. VI. coLonZi Rvseino
COL. IVL. CONC. APAM. AVG. D. D.    LEG  VrI. The colony Ruseino, the
coLona' JuiaC CONCor7dia APAM6a    sixth Legion, now  Ruseino  in
AUGUSto Dereto Decuionum.   The    rance.
eCUnum.  he COL. SABAR. COLonia SABARiae. The
colony Julia Concordia Apamea by    colony of Sabaria, in Pannonia,
the august decree of the Decurions.    now Sarwar in Hungary.
COL. rVL. LAV. COR.  COLOn ia JUL    I0Ii;
CL. IL. LA. COR.  CoLonia JULta COL. SEBAS. COLOnia sEBAstiae.   The
LADS Coninthus. The colony Julia  OL
Laus Corinthus.    colonyJulia    colony of Sebastia, in Palestine.
COL. SER. G. NEAPOL. COLOnZ'  SERVia
COL. IYL. PATER. NAR. COLO07iaJULt    Galba NEAPOLiS.  The colony of
PATERnna NARbonenSis. The colony    Servius Galba Neapolis, now NaJulia Paterna Narbonensis, now    blous in Palestine.
Narbonne in France.            COL. TYR. METR. COLOnia TYRUS MECOL. ANT. COM. COLoniae ANTonininae    TROp)OliS.  The colony Tyrus MecoMnwdiano3. The Antoninian and    tropolis.
Commodian colonies.            COL. V. I. CELSA.  COLonia vietrix
COL. NEM.  COLOIl/a NEMIIaSUS, or    julia CELSA.  The colony Victrix
NEMausensium. The colony Ne-   Julia Celsa, thought to be now
mausus, or Nemausensium, now    Kelsa, in Spain.
Nismes.                        COL. VIC. IVL. LEP. COLonid vIctrix
COL. NICEPH. COND. COLOnia NICEP-   JULiad LEPtiS. The colony VicHariUm coNDita. The Nicephorian    trix Julia Leptis, in Africa, now
colony, founded upon the Eu-    Lebida.
phrates, in Mesopotamia.       COL. VIA. AN. I. coLonia VIAIiUCiUn
COL. PATR.  COLOnia PATRensis, or    ANlno I. The Viminacian colony, in
PATRiCia.  The colony Patrensis,   the first year.
or Patricia.  This latter town is COL. VLP. TRA. COLOnia ULPia TRAnow Cordova, in Spain.            jana. The colony Ulpia Trajana,
COL. P. F, AVG. F. CAES. MET. COL-   now Kellen or Varhel, in Tran6onia PTrimza Flavi   AUGusta Felix   sylvania.
CAEscarea METrO1pOliS. The colony Co]I. ASI. ROa. ET. AVG. COMnmuWe
Prima Flavia Augusta Felix Cae-   AsIae Rociae ET AlJGUSto. For the
sarea Metropolis, in Palestine.   community of Asia, of Rome, by
COL. P. FL. AVG. CAES. METROP. P. S.   Augustus, meaning Roman monP. COLOniC  Prima FLavia AUGUSta   ey struck by Augustus for the use
CAEsarea:METrOPOliS Proc ncioe sy-   of the Asiatic provinces.
riae Palestina. The colony Prima Cor. IEIP. AVG.  coMies IMPeratori
Flavia Augusta Caesarea Metropo-    AUGUsti. The deputy of the aulis of the province of Syria, in    gust Emperor.
Palestine.                     COMIM.  coBiModus, or cOMhiocCana.
COL. PR. F. A. CAESAR. cOLonia PRi-   Commodus, an Emperor's name,
ma Flavia Augusta CAESARea. The    or Commodiana, a colony.




APPENDICES.                            257
Co. M. o. B. or Co. Ml. OB. Conl-    A. Struck at Constantinople, office
stantinopoli Moneta qoiicina B. or    A. (See above.)
constantinopoli  ronetac oBsignata. CONS. SUO. coNservatori suo. To his
Money  struck  at Constantino-    preserver; a title given to several
pie, B. that is, of the second of-    emperors.
fice or division of the Mint; the CooPT. COOPTatOs.  Chosen, or adopoffices being distinguished by the    ted, or associated.
letters A. B., for first and second, COOPT. IN. OMN. CONL. SVPLA. NVM.
a system common in Roman mon-    EX. s. C. COOPTatlS IN oMINe CONE
etary numerals; or, money struck    eqi2?on SUPRA N-UMeZ'UlM EX senatu.S
at Constantinople.                   coiiszlto.  In all the colleges by
CoN. or CONS. or CONST. CONSTanfti-   the majority, and by Senatorial
nople. Constantinople in Turkey.    decree.
CON. AVG. VIII. CONgfCP'ia?7n  AUGUtiS Co. P. F. CAE. METRO.  Colo0nia Primn(
ViII. The eighth gift of corn of    Flavia cAEsar ea  rETrropoolis. The
Augustus.                            colony  Prima  Flavia  Caesareta
CoNC. coNcordia.  Concord.              Metropolis, the capital of PalesCONC.  APAM3.  coNcordiCa APAMeae.   tine.
The Concord of Apamea, a town of C. o. P. I. A. colonia octavianoraugn PaBithynia.                            censis Julia Augusta.  The colony
CONG. DAT. POP. CONGiarium DATUM        of Octavianorum  Pacensis Julia
POPulo. A gift of corn to the peo-    Augusta.
ple.                              Co. R. N. B. constantinoopoli Itomac
CONGIAR. PRIMIUM. P. R. D. CONGIAR-    Novaen B. Struck at Constantinople,
izmn PRIMUMi Populo Rornano DatuLrm.    the new  Rome, B.
The first gift of corn bestowed on Cos. ITER. ET. TER. DESIGN. COnsul
the Roman people.                     ITERIUm  ET TERtiuuT/l  DESIGNatUS.
CONG. P. R. or CONG. PR.  CONG-    Appointed consul for the second
iariumn Populo Romano; or, CONG-    and third time.
iariutm PRiZmun. Tile gift of corn Coss. consules.  Consuls.
for the Roman people; or, the first Cos. VI. consul. vi.  Consul for the
gift of corn.                        sixth time.
CONG. TER. P. R. IMP. MAX. DAT. C. PAET. caius PAETUS. Caius PaetcoNGiarium TERtiuLm   Populo  Rorna-    us, name of a personage.
o0 IMPensis MAXitiS DATUaM. The C. P. FL. AVG. F. G. CAES. METRO. P.
third gift of corn for the Roman    s. P. colonia prima FLavia AUGustC
people for great benefits.           Felix Gernanlica CAEsarea, METROCoN.  M.  coNstantinopolis Moneta.   p2olis iroviwncie syriae Palestina. The
The money of Constantinople.         colony Prima Flavia Augusta Felix
CON. o. n. coNstanCtisopoIi officina B.    Germanica Caesarea, -Metropolis of
The money of Constantinople; offi-    the province of Syria in Palestine.
cina B; that is, of the second office C. R. claritas Reipublicae. The glory
or division of the mint.             of the Republic.
CoN. OB. coNstantihopoli OBSignfata. CRAS. CRASSUS.  Crassus, name of a
Struck at Constantinople.            personage.
CoNSRsEU. SENAT. ET. EQ. ORDINIS. P. C. R. I. e. S. colonia Romana Julia
Q. R. CONSENSU SENATML ET E&?QUS-    Felix sbiope.  The colony Romana
ti8s  ORDINIS  Populiqsue nocsani.   Julia Felix Sinope.
By the consent of the Senate, of CRISPINA. AVG. COMMODI. CRISPINA
the equestrian order, and of the    AUGustaU COMMODIa. Crispina Au —
Roman people.                        gusta, wife of Comrnmodus AuCONs. O. A. coNSttNatinop0li qf)Ciina A.    gustus.
Of Constantinople, the office A., C. SACR. FAC. censor SACRis FAcundis.
that is, of the first office or division    Censor for performing the sacred
of the mint.                         duties.
CONS. P. A. coNstantinopoli Percussa C. T. T. Colonia Tocata Tai'aco.  The




2 58                            APPENDI)CES.
colony Togata Tarlaco, now Tarra-    To  the vanquisher of  barbarous
gona in Spain.                          nations.
C. v.  clyp2ls vYoivtls.  The votive DECI   DECIUtS or DEceT1nalia.  Decius,
buckler.                                or the decennial games.
C. VAI. HOST. cI VTUS.  C   VA.,- i DE. GcEnMr, 1  G1)1 cE oasb..  Of the Geren  ilosTi(iains Mressis QUINTUS.  Imats, -that is, relating to that naCaius Valens HIostilianus Messius    -tion.
Quintus, nalme of a personage.  D No. De r.   E0D o i r NEr(l/sz1s.'0 thl)c
C. VET. L,.\NG(.  C(titS iETtio LAN.WI(j.     i'od Nemaunsus, the tutelar divinity
To Caillus  ettius Languidus, namle     of Nismes.
of a personage.                          D    ENT.  IWT08osa.  Dertosa.
C. VI. IL.  co0lo0'(1 VICt`iZ ILwice.  Thle D. 1P. D vcini iilius.  The son of Decicolony Victrix Tllice., mus.
C. Q. P. P.  cosz/l qlizLt'm PaVterD 1 D. N. DCccimb Nx)os.  The nephew of
Patriace.  Consul for the fifth timne,  Decinmus.
Father of his country.              Dxs s.  Dominus.  Lord or Emperor.
CX-R. X. F.  cutIa/olo  x. Fl(.ldol'gil.. D IIAN A.  PERlG.   DIANA  PEtRGeIni&
An officer for striking a certait      Diana of Peiga.
class of coin.                      DICT.  PER.   DICTator  PERIetUUS.
C. v. T.  colo0iia, victriZ  T'araco.  The'   Perpetual dictator.
colony Victrix Taraco, now Tarra- i Dii. PAT.  DII PATTfi.  The gods of
gona in Spain.                         the country.
C. V. T. T. AETERNIT. AVG.  coln'ia DIIS. CVs. nS.   CVSTodibus.  To the
victrc Toat Tog Ta acco,ETERNITati    guardian gods..xuGustae.   The  colony  Victrix  DIIS. GENIT. DTIs GENTalibUS.  To the
Togata Taraco to the 2Eternity of    genital gods.
A.ugustus, now Tarragona in Spain. D..   s.. DeO Ivito I Mithras saccrio.
Sacred to the invincible god A3iD.                       thras.
I)ISCIPLJINA, Or DISCIPVLINA AVG. DISD. A.   DiVesL8 AuUStels.  The divine i   CIPLIN-A, or DISCIPULINA  AUG1ISt(I,
Augustus.                               or0 Ac(lsti.  The august ldiscipline,
DAC.  DAxc2. DACzCYs.  Dacia or Da-    or the discipline of Augustus.
cicus.                              DIvI. F. DiVI F'ilS.  The son of the
DAc. CAP.  DACCa CAPta. Dacia taken.       god.  This inscription genlerally
DACIA AVG. PROVINCIA.  DACIA AUG-    appears on the coins of Augustlus
usti PROVINCIA.  Dacia, the provw    thle adopted soni of Julius Ca(sals
ince of August us.                      who was deitqid by the Senate.
DAMA. DAMAscus.  Damascus in Sy-  DIAro. AVG.  VESP. DIVO  AVGcl4tl1i
ria.                                i    vr spazs/iao.  To the divine  AuD. C. x.  Div/S CSCaIar A/tZlStUS.  The    gustus Vespasian.
divine Augustus Catsar.             DIvo. AVG-. u1IVO AVGUStO.  To the
D. C. C. N. c.  Decutriones coloniae    divine Augustus.
concoodie  rbae caesariancae. The T. DIVI. VESP. F. VESPASIANO. Ti/t
Decurions of the colony of Con-    DIVI VESPascnia' Filio VESPASIANO.
cordia Norba Cwesariana.                To Titlus Vespasian, the son of the
C). CL. SEPT. ALBIN. CAES.  Decinmls    divine Vespasian.
CLodius  SEPTti'?r'I1S ALBINUIS CAEsar. DIV. PIO. DIVO. PIG.  To the divine
Decimus Clodius Septimus Albinus        Pius (Antoninus).
Ctesar.                             D)IVVS. T{AIAN. AVG. PARTH. PATER.
D. c. s. De consulum sententia. By         DIVUS TRAIANUS AUGoUSLS  PARTIIthe decree of the consuls.             ic1s  PATER.  The divine Trajan
D. D. N. N. Donfini Nostri or Domino-    Augustus Parthicus, thle Father.
1'um Nostro'rum.  Our Lords, or of Do-M. or DOMIT.  DOMitiUs, or DOMIour Lords.                              Tiarius.  Domitius, or Domitian.
DEBELLATOR. GENT. BARBAR. DEBEL- DOMITIA  AVG. IMP. CAES. DIVI. F.
LATORi GENTiUm   BARBAROrI'Un.    DOMITIANI AUG. DOMITIA AVGUSt-a




APPENDICES.                               259 
IMAPeraYbtx.c CAES(liS DIVI, Filii DOMT-  EXERC. PERS.  EXERCit?/8 PERS&'CUS.
ITIANA AUGUSti.  Domitia Augus-    The Persian army.
ta, mother of the divine Ctesar, Ex.. c.  EX see2ztus COnseltO.  By
son of the a lgust Domitian.            order of the Senate.
D. P.  Di0?(s Pilets.  The divine Pius, Ex. s. D.  EX Sen2ates DeCreto.  By demeaning Antoninus.                      cree of the Senate.
D. P. P.  DiU Peractes.  The household
gods, the Penates.                                     F.
DR. CIzES Q. PR.  DRitSneS  CrESC6' QutiL?quennalis PRaefectls.   Drusus Ca- F. Fabius, or FCilndum,   01 Fecit, or
sar, the five years prsfect.            Fe7ix, or Fi/i/fs,  or  Flatenlt, or
DRvsvs. CAIESAR. TI. AVG. F. DIrI    Forte1 IS.  The name of a, person,
AVG. N'.  DRVSVS   CzESAR  TIber'ii    or the future participle of the verb
AUGY/Sti Fi/1oS, DIrI AUGlsti N)epo.    to  make, or the  perfect tense
Drusus  CUesar, son  of Tiberius        of the same verb, made; or, hapAugustus, and grandson of Au-    py, or, a son, or, a high priest,
gustus CUesar.                          or, fortune.
D. s. I. Mr.  Deo soti rnvicto    Iithrae. FAB.  FABhtlS. Fabius, a man's name.
To Mithras, the invincible god of FABRT.   FABRICiLs.   Fabricius,  a
the sun.                                man's name.
Do-r. N. First given to Licinius, Jr., FAD.  FAD8iUS. Fadius, a man's name.
317 A. D.                          l FEcvND.   F ECUNDitas.   Fruitfulness.
FAN.  FANnica.  Fannia, the name of
E.                       a Roman family.
FATIS  VICTRI.  FATIS  VICTRICbUtS8.
To the victorious fates.
EGN. GAL. AVG.  EGNCCtS18 GALieffGSlI  FAVSTINA.  AVG. ANTONINI AVG. PII.
AUGustGs.  Egnatius Gallienus Au-  P. P.  FAUSTINA  AUG?1StCa ANTOgust us, name of a personage.           NINI AUGItStl PII Patris:Pcatz(ae.
EID. AARnT.  ElDibtls/ AIRTri.  To the     Faustina  Augusta  (the wife of)
Ides of March.                          Antoninus  Augustus Pius, father
Eq. coH.  EQ:/test)ls  COIIaos.   The      of hhis country.
equestrian cohort.                  F. B.  Fet'citacs  Beata.  Blessed happiEq. M. EQaiton Mea/istri.  The mas-    ness
ters of the cavalry.                F. c.   FaCcielwzdsoli C'/a''iat,  or Fv'7eEQ. ORIDI.  EQUlitell    ORDINiS.  The      mewnto con2vehe dets.  The making
order of Knights.                       (of coin) superintended, or, conETR.  ETrI'eSCeS.  Etrurian.               veying corn.
EvR.  EUROpeC.  Europe.                 FELICITATI AUG.  FELICITATI AUGEX. AR.AR.  P.  E1X A//gellto P1'i?', or'?sto, or AUG/S/ta.  To tle august
Pmobato, or Peilico. IMoney made'   happiness,  or the happiness of
from  fine silver, or the approvedcl   Augustus.
silver, or the public silver.       FEL. PRO.  FELiCitaCs PROV'i'lCit't/1ia.
Ex. CONS.  EX CONSensu.  By consent.    The happiness of the provinces.
Ex. D. D.  EX  De/'eto  Decurionum. i FEL. TEMP. REP.  FEL'L' TEIMPI0?'/?L
By the decree of the Decurions.         EEPCaratio.  The  happy  amendEx. EA. P. Q. I. S. AD. AE. D. E.    mlent of the age.
EX EA PeCCUlt/2ia Q/,ae JtiSSue se/natus FER. D. FERO0?zai   Dea.  The Goddess
AD  AEi'a~un/ob Dnelita Est.   The      Feronia.
money which, by the command of FIDEI LEG.  FIDEI LEGoionum.  To
the Senate, has been remitted to    the fidelity of the Legions.
the Treasury.                       FIDES MILIT.  FIDES MILITum.  The
EXERCITVS. VAC.  EXERCITUS VAC-    fidelity of the soldiers.
ceus.  The Vaccenian army.          FID. EXERC.  FIDes EXERCit&s   The
EXERCITVS. YSC. EXERCITUS Yscanus.    fidelity of the army.
The army of Isca.                   FL. FLamenC/, or FL/avi/s.  The flamen,




26()                          APPENDICES.
or high priest, or, lavius, avius, a man's G. D. Germc2nic21s Dacicks. German
name.                                icus, Dacicus, titles bestowed  on
FLAM. D.  FLAMteA  Divi.  The high    the  emperors for their victories
priest of the god, the deified em-    over the Germans and Dacians.
peror.                           IGE3I. L. GEMifnCa Legio. The Double
1LAMi. DIAL.  FLAMIe)C DIALiS.  The    Legion.
high priest of Jupiter.           GENT. COL. COR. GENio cOLoniae coRILAM. MART.   FLAMenl MARTiCt1is.    inthicte. To the Genius of the col
The high priest of Mars.             ony of Corinth.
]FL. FEL.  FLCa6v'(te, FELiCiS.  Of the GEN. ILLY. GENiUS ILLY~?'Ci.  The
happy Flavian (Legion).              Genius of Illyria, now Dalmatia.
FonR. FORntIc?,. Fortune.            GENIO.  COL.  NER. PATR.  GENIO
FORT. P. 1R.  FORtuna or FoRtitUcdO    COL02oiTc  NEIRoaianCae  PATRensis.
Pop2li inom)2ani. The Fortune, or    To the Genius of the colony of
the strength  of the Roman peo-    Neroniana Patrensis.
pie.                              GEWNIT. ORB. GENITriX ORBiS.  MothFORT. PRIaI.  FOIRTUfna PRIifgenita.    er of the world, a title conferred
The Fortune of the first-born.       on empresses.
FORT. RED.  FORTUnae REDUX, or GEF.N. LYVG. GENiO9 LUGdunensti.  To
FORTUlnae RED1UC. The return of    the Genius of Lugdununm, now
Fortune; or, to the return of For-    Lyons.
tune.                             GERM. CAPTA.  GERMNaI6ieC   CAPTA.
FoeR.  FouIRius. Fourius, a man's    Germany conquered.
name; FOUIRIA, a Roman Gens.    GER. P.  GERilntcZniCa6 Pq'0)oviCia6, or
FRVG. AC.  FRUGes Acceptae.  Sup-    GERmaniae PopTClus.  The German
plies of corn received.              Province, or, the German people.
F. T. R. Felix Temporum  Rnepaatio. GL. E. R. GLOrZ(b Exerceit'ls Roin~am.
The happy re-establishment of the    The glory of the Roman army.
times.                            GL. P. R.  GLOriC  Populi Ronoani.
FVL. FULViUS.  Fulvius, a  man's    The glory of the Roman people.
name.                             GL.  Ri. GLoriaC  Romcaw10rin.  The
FVLG. FULGUaCetor. (Jupiter) Fulgu-    glory of the Romans.
rator.                            G. L. S.  GeCio Loci sacruzm.  ConFVLM. FULjLifnator. (Jupiter) Fulmi-    secrated  to  the Genius of the
nator.                               place.
G. M. V. e. a. eiC  Mifiierva victix.
G.                     The colony Gemina Minerva Vietrix, in Italy.
G. GaliniCUS, or GaudiUm, or e01 n- GOTI. GOTIIiCYS.  Gothicus, a title
ius, or Geicnan1us, or Gnctea. Galini-    given to several emperors.
cus, surname of Volusianus; or G. P.  C'Cr'Ci  Perra(?Lta, or Gvrceict
Joy, the name given to one of    Populuts. Greece traversed; or, the
the Roman Legions; or the Ge-    people of Greece.
nius of good or evil, a divinity; G. P. it. Gcelio P0ouli RomaniZ.  To
or Germanus, the name of a per-   the Genius of the Roman people.
sonage;  or  Gnea, a woman's GnAc. GrAcCh0Us.  Gracehus, name
name.                                of a personage.
GADIT.  GADITCa1a.  Gaditana, now  G. T. A.  Gcenius TUztelanis Aegypti,
Cadiz, in Spain.                     or Gcemi2ae Tutato'  Aft'icae.  The
GAL. GALindicus, or GALe"iIIs. Ga-   tutelary genius of Egypt, or the
lindicus, or Galerius, both names    protector of the two Africas.
of personages.
G. or GEN. AVG. Genio AUGUSti. To                    H.
the genius of Augustus.
G. COR. SVPER. Gnea coRnelia sUP- H. nastati.  Hastati, a name given
ERa. Gnea Cornelia Supera, the    to a certain portion of the Roname of an empress.                  man army.




APPENDICES.                                 261
HADIAN;vs   AVG.  COs. III.. P.  P.    three officers for striking the preHADRIANUS AUGestus CONSUl1 II.           pared metal into gold, silver, and(
raPteis Paltriae. Itadrianus Augus-    brass coins.
tus,  Consul for the  thirdci  time, I. IT.  Ipl)]rj('(l'IO' 1T61esrl.  Ilperator
father of the country.                   for the second time.
IIA. P. or IH. P.  IIAstttlOR'?    P/'il - II. VIR. Q2YINQ. DuumVIR QTUINQ5ezcipsn.  Of the Hastati and of the       Ictlis.  -Duumvir for five years.
princes.                              IMP. CA:ES. SANTONINUS AVG. P.P.P.
HEL. IIELsiOois. Heliopolis, the city      IA1PruClora' C. ES29' ANTONIN-US AUof the sun, in Egypt.                    (elssts Pi.s8 Pcate  Patriae.   The
HIELV.  PERT.  IIELV',s  PERT&nCa;5L.    elmperor Ctsar Aintoninus AugusHIelvius Pertinax, name of an em-        tus, Pius, Fcather of the Country.
peror.                                IaIP. CAES. AVG. COMiM. CONS.  IMPIlER. tIERCZles, or IHEReenlntes.  Her-   selcator CAESarW  AIUGeSttS Co3IAM1i/z
cules,  the  name of  a god,  or         cox-sezszt.  The  emperor  Caesar
Herennius, a man's name.                 Augustus, (chosen) by the consent
HERAC.  IIERACnclus.  Heraclitus, a         of the community.
man's name.                           INIP. CAXES. C. VIB. VOLVSIANO. IM3PIHERC.  COMAIMOD.  IiERClli  COIaIMO-    e?crato  CAES(/~~ caio VIB'iO VOLusiano.
Diano.  To  Hercules Commodia-           To the emperor Ciesar Caius Vibius
nus.                                     Volusianus,
HERC. GADIT.  THERCU1?g  GADITaCvZO. IMIP. CAES. DIVI. TRAIANI. AVG. F. TRATo Hercules Gaditanus.               I   IAN. HADRIANO. OPT. AVG. DAC.
HIERC. ROMI. CONDrT. HERCULi ROAM-    PARTIIICO. P. M. TR. P.COS. P. P.
Cano coNditori. To Hercules Rom-          iM.iPCretori  CAESr'i DIVI TRAJANI
anius Conditor; the Roman  Her-          AUGtuSti Fsioi  TRAJANI HAIADRIANO
cules, the founder.                      OPTbo10 AUGZLStO DACiO PARTHICO
HILARIT.  TEMIP.   HILARITC6S  TEI-          PonIZtfiti Maxoiso TREibonitie  PotesPorenra.  The hilarity of the times.    tate coNsuli PCttii patriae.  To the
HIP.  HIPpi2hts.   Hippius, a  man's    emperor Caesar Trajanus Hadrianname.                                    us  Augustus, son  of the  divine
HTisp.  iiispaliS, or IISPanCa, or IIIP-    Trajanus Augustus, the Best, DaalasI?, a town in Spain; or Spain; or    cicus Parthicus, I-igh Priest, exerHispalus, tile name of a person.         cisino-the Tribunitian power,  ConlHo.  mionor, the divinity Honour.           sul, Father of the Country.
Hs. a sign for sestertium; tile Ses- IMP. CAES. DIVI. VESP. F. DOIi. LG.
terce, a piece of Rolman money.          P. MI. TR. P. P. P. IM[Pe)'t[f' CAESU;'
DIV! VESPat,?'ll? Oil F[ios DOMITI tI; n.
I.                        AUG? S't21S' POn tlfeC _nICrrs.,n /uls TIib)?t2'itica PotestCate Poate? P1attie.  Thi
I.  imnperator, or Joais, or Jdzo, or       emperor Caesar Domllitianus AuaJussie, or I. or 1. Imperator, oi        ustus, son of the diviine N espasiJupiter, or Juno, or by the corn-        anus,Pontiffex Iaximus, exercising
mand, or the first, or one.              the Tribunitian powver, Father of
1. A. A impe~ratol Aufqusstl, or indcl-    the Country.
geltic Auaclsti.  The emperor IAu- IIP. C-ES. G. Ar. Q.  IMPe'lCtosW  CJS(4'/'
gustus, or by  the permission of         GneGes MerssicaS qiaftas.   The emAugustus.                                peror Caesar Gneus Messius Quin1. C.  imrpercato   caesar, or J?ltles    tus, name of a usurpel.
caesar.  The Emperor Caesar, or IhIP. CAS. L. AVREL. VERVS. AVG.
Julius Caesar.                           ARS_. PART. IMPrC(toi' CES/i' L/CI'[.US
Ii.  IMP. CC. PIIIIPPIS.  AVGG. II.    AITRELiZuS VERITS AUG?,tOSl18 ARMSi?eziInIperatoribUs  Caesaribus  PI-IILIP-    C1GS  P.ARTTiCacS.   The  emperor
PIS AUGustis.  To the two Philips,       Caesar  Lucius  Aurelius  Verus
Caesars, and Augusti.                    Augustus Armeniacus Parthicus~
Ii. VIR. A. A. A. FL. F. Tr1'isull \VRiAurao    the dissolute associate of Marcus
Alrgento Aere FLeldo F'elrindo.  The     Aurelius.




26 2                              APPENI)ICES.
IMP'. CAS. 1. SEPT. SEV. PERT. AUG(.    AVG. IMiPee'ator' C('./t!S P'01l7it8S LICTR. P. COS.  IANMPe' (t0O' CES'S(I' L2-   Zl'es 8VALERIANUS P'/bS F(ld'1t' AUG/.8ScizO   SEPTin/i/,S  SE Ver'l U   PERT/ino',i   ttl.  The emperor  Caius Publius
AUGust1tOS Tnb1)702nittai POtestfrte co C —    Licinius Valerianus Pius Felix Ausul.  The emperor Caesar Lucius           gustus.
Septimnius Severus Pertiniax AugusI-.  TE.   IMPCP. i/fto  IT' rER.tm. Intus,  exercisino   the  Tribunitian       perator for the second time.
power, Consul.                          I. M. IVIr.. IV ILIPPV S AVG. IMIPeC'ISIP'. CES. M. ANT. GORDIANUS.  tFR. tO'IM(t'C' JUlUi0S Pl111fLIPPUS AUGAVG.  IMPerot'o  CzSA1     MCS AN-?IStIS.  The elmperor 1 larcus  JuToiz lZS   GORDIANUS   AlFEICCe IsN   lius Philippus Augustus.
AUGutlst?/.  The  emperor  Caesar IMP. T. AEL. AE-NTONI. NTOINO.  IMPeoi
IMarcus  Antoninus   Gordianus,    Tit AEL,/i ANTON-INO.  To the emlAfricanus, Augustus.                      perol Titus Aelius Antoninus.
IMP. C2ES. M. OPEL. SEV. MACIIINUS. IMP. T. CAES. DIVI. VESP. F. AVG. P.
AVG. IMPeat'CLtO' CJESaS' Mat;r'CS OPE-    M. TR. POT. COS. REST.  IMPe'CaL?1/S SEVe/'28 MIACRINVS AUG/T.Sttls.    toe' Tittsl CYES(Cr' DIVI VESPeOSiII/ii
The emperor Caesar Marcus Opeli-    Filzets   AUGl'tst05s ProatifeX Miaxcint
us Severus MAlacrinus Augustus.           Tl'iblitiia  PoTestkate  CONsu11   RESIMP. CeES. NERVIF.  TRAIANO. AVG.        TiU/It.  The  eml)elor Titus CaeGER. DAC. P. -1. TR. P. COS. V. P.        sar, son  of the divine Vespasian,
r.  MPeratoeiczAsa?'iNE'RVAE TA-         high pontiff, exercising the TriJANO  AUG/UStO  GERmaC'niCO  DACiCO       bunitian  power, and  Consul, rePoZtifci MaOaxhino Tnibunitia Potestate    stored.
oNsxsul V. Pate' iPtirlae.   To the IIMP.  VI.  IMPeercto/  VI.  Imperaemperor  Caesar Nerva  Trajan,            tor for the sixth time.
Augustus, Germanicus   Dacis, cius, INDVGENT. AVGG. IN. CARTH. INDULhigh pontiff, exercising the Tribu-       GENTia AUGestor'Um  IN CARTHaginitian power, consul for the fifth        nenses.  The clemency of the two
time, father of the country.              Augustus's in favor of the CarthaIMP. C] S. P. HELV. PERTIN. AVG.             ginians.
IMPe'eato,?r c ESar Publiu8 HELV/S  INDVLG. PTA. POSTVMI. AVG.  INDULPERTrINaX AUGUStUS. The emperor           Gentia PIA POSTUMI AUGUSt.  The
Caesar Publius Helvius Pertinax           pious clemency of Postumus AuAugustus.                                 gustus.
IrlP.  C. C.  VA. F.  GAL.   VEND. IO. CANTAB.  JOVi  CANTAB'i/CO.   To
YOLVSIANO.  AVG. IAmPG. ieatO/ caesarl    Jupiter Cantabricus.
caio  VAlindico  Fiinico   GALindico I. o. M. D.  Jori  Optino  Max/me
VEIND()diCO  VOUIJSIANO  AUGUStO.         DEDiCatl/7n.  Dedicated to Jupiter,
To the emperor Caesar Caius Va- I   the best and greatest.
lindicus Finnicus Galindicus Ven-  I.. o.  I. H.    ovti optimo   tiaximo
-dendicus  Volusianus  Augustus,          neliopolis. To Jupiter, the best and
-titles  which Volusianus assumed         greatest, of H-leliopolis.,after his conquests.                 I.  M. S. Joi/i ojptihno arax/i/?o sacervm.
IMP. C. MI. CASS. LAT. POSTVMVIS. P. F.      Sacred  to  Jupiter, the  best and
AVG.    IMPeeator  caesar  Mrarctus       greatest.
CASSi//8  LATieWzU8 POSTUMUS Pi//S I. 0. M. SPONS. SECVRIT. AVG.  JOV?
Felix AUGhtStatS. The emperor Caesar      optillo MAIrClnO SPONSO)'i SECURITat/is
MIarcus Cassius Latienus  Postu-          AUG1lsti.  To Jupiter, the best, the
mus, Pius, Felix, Augustus, Imper-        greatest, the sponsor of the secu-.ator, one of the thirty tyrants.         rity of Augustus.
IMPI. C. MI. TRAIANVS. DECIVS. AXG. I. O. M. s. i. V. R.. S. lPR. S. IMP.
IMPeer'Cato./  CC(LSOO' 3C(1?'C'1GS  TRAJA-    CAES. QXOD. PER. EV. EIP.  IN.
NUS DECIJUS AUCGsfls.      The em-    AMP. ATQ. TTAN. S. E.  JO'0i opt0iino
peror  Caesar  AIearcus  Trajanus         Miarimo slctat//s Popl/Ris/Q/e RomaDecius Augustus.'ns vot/(, soscejta PRo sal/ute rIPe'IMP. C. P. LIC.   TALEIIIAN~S. t'P. F.       /tO)'iS  CAES/'iS (UOt()1)  PER  EUm




APPENDICES.                            263
TRESPrbl[c(t IN AMPli0,o'i ATQtle T1lAN-    Maxinms Cnesar, name of a perquilliorti statut7 Est. The Roman peo- i   sonage.
ple  and  Senate  (hlave) offered IvN.   JuLior or JUNiUtS or JUNo.
thanksgivings to Jupiter, the best,    The younger, or Junius (name of
the greatest, for his preservation    a personage); or Juno (the godof the Emperor Caesar, and that    dess).
througll   him  the republic is in a Iv,.  rAMART.  JUNmoii MARTmali.  To
richer and more tranquil state.      Juno  ilartialis.
1. 0Ni. Mv. v c.,' optinto Actaxilmo victolris Ivs.. G-. i  JUNo nlEGciaz. Juno, tllhe
conservatoiri. To Jupiter, the best,    queen.
the greatest, the victorious, the
preserver.                                         K.
IOv. OLYAr. JOVS OLY~pico. To Jupiter
Olympius.                         K is often used for C on coins struck
Iov. STAT. JOVi STATOri. To Jupiter    in the Grecian provinces.
Stator.                           K.  cartliago or xaeso.  Carthage, or!ov. TON.  JOVi ToNanti. To Ju-    Kaeso (a Christian name).
piter, the Thunderer.             KAP. cAPitolfna.  Capitolina.
ISEL. OECVM. ISELaStieCC OECUM1e1icat. KAR. CARtVa/(o.  Carthage.
The Iselastican and Oecumenican KAR. o. CARntagcineasis officina. The
games (held sacred at Rome).         Carthagenian monetary office.
I. M... Juno sosp ita ~ragna Regina, KIART or KRT. E. CARThago offlcina
or Juno sospita mater Romanormli.    quinta.  The fifth Carthagenian
Juno Sospita, the great queen; or,    monetary office.
Juno Sospita, the mother of the KON. or KTONS. coxstantinopolis. ConRomans.                              stantinople.
ITAL. ITALila. Italy.
ITAL. MIVN.  ITALCUrIn  MUN-Ciipiun,.                L
The Italian municipality.
IVD. CAP. JUDnea CAPta. Judea taken. L. Laus or Legatus or Legio or LIuCiUs
IvI. Julius or Julia, or Juzianus.    or Ludi.  The colony Laus, or an
Julius, or Julia, or Julianus, all   ambassador, or a legion, or Lucius,
names of personages.                 name of a personage, or the games.
IYL. AVG. CASSANDREN. JULia AU- L. C. Lugdn1unur  colonia.  The colGtLsta CASSANDRENSiS. Julia Au-    ony Lugdunum, now  Lyons in
gusta Cassandrensis, a Roman col-    France.
ony, formerly a town in Greece; LAPHR.  LAPItRif.  Laphria, a surCassandros, supposed by some to    name for Diana.
have been founded by Cassander, L. AUREL. COMMSO.  GERM. SARM.
one of the generals of Alexander    Lucius AURELiS COfMIOdUS GERthe Great, who, on the death of   ICan'icus SAlniaticus.  Lucius Authat monarch, seized upon the ad-    relius Commodus Germanicus Sarministration of Greece.              maticus, titles given him for the
IVL. AVG. GENIT. ORB. JULia AU-    victories.
Gusta GENIT7 SX oRBis. Julia Augus- L. CAN. L. cius  cAinius. Lucius,
ta, mother of the world.             Caninius, the name of a personage.
IVrLIA. AVGVSTA. C. C. A.  JULIA LEG. LEGio. A legion.
AUGUSTA colonia? caesarea AqquLsta. LEG.  AUG. PR. PR.  LEGatS AUGJulia Augusta, the colony of Caes-    usti PRO Praetore.  The ambassaarea Augusta.                        dor of Augustus for the pretor.
IVLIA. IMP. T. AVG. F. AVGVSTA. I LEG. GEMI. PAC or PAITIT. or NEP. or
JULIA  MPeratoris Titi AUGustti Fil?'i    VLP. LEGOr GEMNrizaC  PAcifica  or
AUGUSTA. Julia Augusta, daugh-    PAraTITrcc or NAEPtania or ULP/I.
ter of the Emperor Titus Augus-    The double  legion  Pacifica, or
tus.                                 Parthica, or Neptunia, or Ulpia,
IVL. V. MAxIrMVS. C. JULiuS Ver1us    all distinctive titles of this RoMAXrNIMUS  caesar.  Julius Verus    manl legion.




2(64                            APPENDICES.
LEG. I. ADI. P. F.  LEGiO I. ADJUt'i]T LEN. CVR. X. F.  LENtUWl/S cURatooe
Pia Fidelis.  The first legion, Pia,    x. Flandclorim.  Lentulus, an ofFidelis, Adjutrix. Thislegionpro-    ficer for striking  a certain  class
bably obtained these names from         of money.
coming up in a needful moment to LEP.  LEPid'MS  or LEPtiS.  Lepidus,
the help of another legion.             name of a personage, or Leptis,
]LEG. II. PART V. P. V. F.  LEGiO II.    name of a town.
PARThiTC  v. Pi  FiCdelis.  The see- L. Ir. T.  LIZCIUS HOSttliS Ttbluro.
ond legion Parthicar, Pia for the       Lucius Hostilius Tubero, name of
fifth time, and faithful for the    a personage.
fifth  time,  distinctive  honorary  LIB. AVG. 111r. cos. IIII.  LIBeralil,;,
titles of this legion.                  AuUIGsti I mr.  consul iiii.  T heI
LEG. II. TiO. or TR. FOe.  LEG'iO II.    fourth liberality of Augustus, conTJtojanuls or Trajanlccn    FORtis. The  sul for the fourth time.
second legion of Troy, or Tra- L. N.  LUC'i Nepos.  Nephew  of Lujanus Fortis.                           cius.
LEG. III. PART.  LEGiO III. PARTTiCCa.. F.  LI/C'Gi Filius. Son of Lucius.
The third Parthian legion.  Le- LIBE RALIT. AVG.  LIBERALITaS AUgions, as in this case, often took      Gusta or AUGUsti.  The august libthe name of the country in which        erality, or the liberality of Augusthey had been eminently success-    tus.
ful.                                LIBERIS. AVG. COL. A. A. P. LIBERIS
LEG. IIII. VI. P. VI. F.  LEGiO  IIiI.    AUGi.,ti COLOn,0 ia AUS/tc AWoe P,;VI. Pic VI. Fidelis.  The fourth le-    trensiS. To the children of Augion, pious for the sixth time, and     gustus, the colony Augusta Aroe
faithful for the sixth time, distinc-    of Patras.
tive titles repeatedly conferred.   LIBERT. REST. LIBEnRTS RESTitUtft.
LEG. MI. XX.  LTEGO MacedoJica xx.    Liberty restored.
The twentieth Macedonian legion. LIB. IT. or II. LIB'eraitas II or ITT.
LEG. PRO. COS. or LEG. PRO. PR. or    The second or third liberality.
LEG. AVG. or LEG. A. P.  LEGiatOls LIR. P. IlBero mPatri. To Liber, tle
PRO COZStl1e or LEtGatu.S PRO PRae-    father, Bacchus.
tore, or LEGatus  AUGlJSst, or LEGio LIB.  PV-B.  LIBera'litas PURB7-'C,, or
Arm~enicae Provinciae.  Ambassador    IL3ertcls Purl/ict.  A  public liberfor the consul, or ambassador for    ality, or public liberty.
the prietor, or the ambassador of Lic. coR. SAL. VALER. N. CN ES. LICikb2o/.1
Augustus, or tle legion of the          coRnUelius  SALOeimuMS VALER&C2aUS
province of Armenia.                    NolNims CEsaO'. Licinius Cornelius
Li:u3c. VII. CL,. GEM. FIDEL. LEG/iO VII.    Saloninus   Valerianus   Nobilis
CLa.&tlc/  GEMinct   FIDELis.   The     CTesar.
seventh  faithful legion  Claudia LIC. or LCITN.  LIC'lOiU/S LICINmiCoIn-.
Gemina.                                Licinius or Licinianus.
LEG. V. AI. P. C. LEGiO V. rIiacedonZlC(  L. I.  rTIN.  Lc/co I. MeINCr/vzi?/.  The
rica constcans.  The fifth 3Macedon-    first legion of JKinerva, a town in
ian legion, pious and constant, dis-    Italy.
tinctive titles of honor.           LOCVPLET.  ORn. TERRnR.  LOCUPLEG. XI. CLAIVDIA.  LEGiO XI. CLAU-    LE I       /T(1t0o   OReBSz  TERRAIRu 22,.  To
DIA. The eleventh legion Claudia.    tihe enricher of the universe.
LEG. XVI. FEE. LEGiO XVI. FREyellCe Lox.  LONg/ts/.  Longus, name of a1
or FREfgenae.   The sixteenth le-    personage.
gion of Fregella, a town in Lat- L. P. D. AE. P.  LTCit/S PItpZ&'iUS Deium; or Fregena, an ancient town   i si~c/fgts  AEd/ilis  plebis.   Lucius
of Tuscany.                             Papirius  chosen  Aedile of  the
LEG-. XXX. NEP. VI. F.  LEGZO XXx.    people.
NEPtuOnicana VI. Fidelis.  The thir- L. SEPTIM. SEVERVS. PIVS. AVG. P.
tieth le(ion Neptuniana, faithful       r. TR. P. XV. COS. TII. P. P.
for the sixth time.                     LlitC'fS SEPTIZMiIS  SEVERUS  PIUS




APPENDICES.                                26 3
AU.-UGStuS  Poitifex  ICZaxoZUS TRi- T  AUGUSti  or  MAICclnUI     AJUGUSti.
bunsitit rotestate xv.  consul III.    The great temple  of Augustus,
rater Prctriae.  Lucius Septimius       or, the market-place of Augustus.
Severus  Pius  Augustus,   High  Mr. Er.Ar.  Araucls _iEAifius.  3Marcus
Pontiff (exercising) the tribunitian      Esinilius (a man's name).
power for the fifteenth time, con- MIAG.   DECENT.  IAG2enCt'iUS   DEsul for the third time, father of    CENTinS.  MaIagentius Decentius.
the country.                        XMAG. PIVS. MAGNlCS PIus. The great
L[. SEPTIAI. SEV. PERT. AVG. IMP.    and  pious,  awardced  to  Cneiu:s
PARTTI. ARAB. PARTIT. ADIAB. COS.    Pompey.
II. P. D. LUCiZS SEPTIMSreCl SE-EVC'8 -1S. ANN-.  M6C1uS ANN0s.   Marcus
PERRTinCTX AUGUSt1s8  IerIP0etOr' PAR-    Annius (a man's name).
THiC&US ARABiC/.iS PARTITiCUZ 8 ADIA-'I[. ANT. IMP. AVG. COS. DES. ITIER.
rENicUs   CONSzl 11. P(daer Pariae.   ET TERT.  aI0,r'C1S ANT0?h1S IMPLucius  Septimius Severus Perti-    elrtor AUGt?' CONSuzcl DESig/t{.t1
nax  Augustus  Imperator  Par-    ITERINi  ET  TERTWZU5.   MIarcus
thicus Arabicus, Parthicus  Adc-    Antoninus,  imperator,   augur,
iabenicus, consul for the second        and consul for the second and
time, father of the country.            third time.
L,. VAL.  LUCiUS  VALerius.  Lucius AM. ANTON. AVG. GElRM.    tuI'CtLS  ANValerius, name of a personage.          TONinUS  AUGustIS  GERMCanics.
Lvc. Lucanuls or LUGc'io or Lucdu-    Marcus Antoninus Augustus Gernum.  Lucanus or Lucrio, names          manicus.
of personages, or Lugdununm, now  M.  ANTONINVS.  IAMP.   COS.  DR.
Lyons.                                   SIG.  ITER  ET. TERT. IIT.  VIR.
Lye. P. S. LUcdulni Ptec!,?aZ'i  sSqnctta.    REIP.   C.  MiOc'CUS  ANTONIN-US
Money struck at Lyons.                 IroPerator CoNsul DESIGnatlS ITERLvc. AEL. LUC'I18 AELIS.  Lucius          Urm ET TERTiSzT l TRIUM~IVUI REIPUbAelius.                                 licae costizuerdae. Marcus AntoniLVCILL2s. AVG. ANTONINI. AVG. F.    nus, imperator (or commander),
LUCILTlE AUGstStte ANTONINI AIU-    consul for the second time, and
Gcusti Filt're. To Lucilia Augusta,    triumnvir for the third time for esdaughter  of Antoninus Angus-    tablishing the Republlic.
tus.                                 MARC.  NIMARIc(t, Or IMAItCUS, or M ARL4VD. S.EC. FEC. COS.  IIII.Xiii   LUD08    tll, 3Marcia, or  l1arcus,'or 1fMarSYECtlu les FECit consul xIIi. He       tius.
celebrated   the  secular  games; MtARCIA  OTACIL. SEV. AVG.  MTARCIA
consul for the fourteenlth time.        OTACILiCb  SEVera  AUOGust8.  MlJar
LVP. LUPCIerCI.  Lupercus.                 cia Otacilia Severa Augusta.
ALv. PC. S. LUgdlll  PECUcni sigcatca. MAR. PROP.   MARs  PROP uygZato)r.
NM7oney struck at Lyons.              MAt)ars, the defencder.
MiAR. VYLT. MIrxi1ti uLTori.   To Mar;
the avenger.
M.                    M1. CASS. LAT. POSTVMIVS.  MarC'CLS CASSillS LAT'CelUS POSTU3MUS.  -Marcus
A. Mvaesiau, or MIcoarcus, or Miemmeaius, or    Cassius Latienus Postumus.
AMensis, or MIinetr6a, or Mronetac, or M{AT.  AVGG.  3MATCl'  AUGU8StOr'Uia.
Iunuiceps, or  aruenitae.  Maesia, or    Mother of the Augusti.
Marcus, or Alemmius, names of MAT. SEN.   iAATer SRENatus. IMother
persons, or a month, or Minerva,        of the senate.
or money, or municipal, or mu- MAT. PAT. MATer PATW'iae. Mother of
nitae, a fortified town.                the country.
M. A.  ICar'cuS  AX'elius.   Marcus MNAT. DEVM.  CONSERVAT.    MATeS
Aurelius.                               DEU-M  CONSERVAT'rici.   To  tile
MIA. CANI.  MAfnius CANTiilns. Mani-    mother of the gods, the preserver,
us Caninius (name of a person).         Cybele.
MA. C. AVG. MAgnac (aedes) caesaris  AIAT. DEVM. SALVT. MIATe?' DEUM SA



26 6                          APPENLiICES.
LUTarI).  To the beneficent mother M. IEP. C. REG. INST. MGaCatS Leof the gods.                         pidcIs civitatein riEGhizelsinG   INMATER. AVGG. AMATER AUGUStO0rWM2.    STa?'uravit. Marcus Lepidus repairMother of the Augusti.               ed the town of Reginens.
AM. ATIVS. BALBVS. PR. Marcts AT- M. L. AMofeta LtjC/1dtneusietm.   The
IUs BALBTJS PRaet0or. M:arcs At-    money of Lugdunum (Lyons).
ius Ballbus, Praetor.            AM. MAC. MC.  iaricus M.I(arcCtlU.  MA'arcus
MIATR. CASTROR. MATRi CASTR1ORI;2L     Marcellus.
To the mother of the canmps.     AM.. I. V. Mr?OiCipCS MI,niCipiZ J1uii
M. AVF.  MarcUCs AUFidiU8.  MIarcus    Uticensis.  The municipals of the
Aufidius (the name of a personage).    municipal city of Julius Uticensis.
M. AVR. or MAR1n. AV.   iarcIts AU- NI. N. roneta NaorbonenTsis.  Money of
Retius.  MIarcus Aurtelius.          Narbonne.
MI. AVR. ANTON. Ma/'CU~S AURelbitS AN- MON. MoNetaC. Money.
TONiMts. MAarcus Aurelius Anto- MIoN. AVG. MoNett AUGUSti. Money
ninus.                               of Augustus.
M. AVREL. ANTONINVS. AVG. ARMEN. M'o. S. T.  Mooneta siq2lnatc  Treveris.
P. Ai. MtiarcLS AUTRELitUSANTONINUS    Money struck at Treves, a city in
AUGUStISt ARMENi(CUS Ponttifex Mia;-    Germuany.
minus. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus MI. PoP.   rca'rcts Popils.  Marcus
Augustus Armeniacus, high Pon-    Popilius (a man's name).
tiff..                 R.   ntaicupurn Racvennaturln. The
MAX. MAxihuntS. Maximus.                city of Ravenna, in Italy.
M. c. I. Mrunicipilm calaguris Julia. M. s. Mroesiae superioris.  Of Upper
The city of Calaguris Julia, now     Moesia.
Lahorre in Spain.                 M. s. AVGG. ET CAESS NOSTR.  Moneta
MII. COMMODVS ANTONINVS AVG. BRIT.    sacTa AUGUStlOrUL?  ET CAESaPrUWZ
Malcus COMMODUS ANTONINUS AU-    NOSTRO?'?IU?.  Sacred money of our
GUstus BRITanfnicus. Marcus Corn-    Augusti and Ccsars.
modus Antoninus Augustus Britan- M. s. T R. Mo7?Letc siqnata. TReveris.
nicus.                               Money struck at Treves.
MEs. MESSiUS. Messius.               MVL. FEL. MULtc  FELicia.  Many
MET. METropolis.  The Metropolis.        prosperities.
MET. METaCcCu. Metaccus.             MVN. AVG. BILBILIS. C. CORN. REFEC.
MET. VLPIAN. PAN.  METallUnZ  UL-    M. ELV. FRONT. II. VIR.   MUNiPIANUM PANnonicunm.  Ulpian and    cipiurn  AUG8usta  BILBILIS  ca'io
Pannonian metal.                     CoRNelio  REFECtO  Mar'CO HELYO
MET. DEL. METallUm  DEL. for DAL-    FRONTO0?  DUUMIVIRi.   The town
matianun.  Metal of Dalmatia.       of Augusta Bilbilis, repaired unMET. NOR. METaIIUSZ NoRicUtm. Me-    der Caius Cornelius and Marcus
tal of Noricum.                      Helvius Fronto, Duumvirs.
M. F. Manci Fiius.  The son of Mar- MVN. CLVN.  MUNiCipiUSm  CLUNia.
cus.                                 The town of Clunia.
M. N.  MarCi Nep)os.  The nephew  MyVN. FANE.'EL. AMUNiCZipiu  FANEof Marcus.                           stre?ELim.r. Thle town of FaneAM. H. ILLERGAVONIA. DERT. MU?ZiCi-   stre A5Elium.
piUZm  Hibera, ILLERGAVONIA DER- MVNICIP. STOB.  MIUNICIPRitMZ  STOToza.  The municipal city of Hi-    Bensium. The town of Stobenbera Illergavonia Dertoza.           sium.
MINTAT.  MINATiUS. MAinatius.       TMVNIC.  ITALIC. PER.  AVG.  MUMINER. VICT.:MINER)Cae VICTSCi.    NICSiJ)"'OL?  ITALIC~?ZSe  PERrninSSu
To the victorious Minerva.         i AuGUsti. An Italian municipality,
M. mI. v.  Mronetct cartlaginesis  r'-  by the permission of Augustus.
bis. Money of the city of Carth-  MvN. STOB., or STOBENS, or STOBENage.                                 SIVA.  MUNicf)h/liLa STOBenSC  o01
MI. L.  )IMoaett Ltgd7?ensiS.  Money    STOBENSi/2ll. The torwn of Stoof Lugdunum, Lyons.                  bensium, in Mlacedonia.




APPEN) CES.                            267
MVYN. TVR, or MV. TV. MUNiCZpUlm        Nervae Tr(jlczlae  ALEXANDRIANYE
TURCUlSSae.  The town  of Tur-    COLoriaCe BOSTcCae, or BOSTRenSis.
cussa.                               Of the colony Nerva Trajana Alexandriana Bostra, or Bostrensis, a
N.                    town in Palestine.
Nv. Nuva(. Numa Pompilius.:N. Nalalis, or -Nepos, or Nobil.is, or
iNost.V', or lr,-17e,, or NxiomLms. The.
birth; or, the nephew; or, noble;                 0.
or, our; or, money.
NAT. NAtatciks, or NAtus.  The birth, 0.  ob, or oqicinac, or oglxdnius, or
or born.                             optinmo.  The preposition ob; the
NAT. VRB. CIRC. CON. NATaCi uRB  I   mint-mark  showing  where the
CIRcenlses   coNstituti.  The Circen-    money was manufactured; Ogulsian games instituted on the anni-    nius, the name of a personage, or
versary of the foundation of the    optimo   "the best," a title of
city.                                Jupiter, sometimes bestowed also
N. c.  fero  caesar, or Nobilis caesacr.    upon the Emperor Trajan.
Nero CUesar, or noble Cesar.      OB. C. S. or OB. CIV. SER. or O. C. s. OB.
N. C. A. P. R..  NUMItns   cuSUS A    cives servatos.  For the preservers
Populo R0omano. Money struck by    of the citizens, speaking of a crown
the Roman people.                    which was given to those who had
NEP. RED. NEPtzuno REDUCi. To the    saved the life of a Roman citizen.
returning Neptune.                (Ec.  ccaumenia.  A name given to
NEP. S. NEPtU'no sacrum.  Sacred to    public games and combats.
Neptune.                          OFF. III CONST.  oFFicinae  Tertiae
NEPT.  or  NEPTVN.  NEPTUNalia,    CONSTantinRopoli.  In  allusion to
feasts held in honor of Neptune.     money struck in the third monetary
NER. NERO  or NEnva.  Nero  or    office at Constantinople.
Nerva, both names of personages.  OGVL. OGULnius. Ogulnius.
NER. I. Q. VRB.  NERO I. quaestorI OLY. OLYrtpiUs. Olympius.
URBWis. Nero, thefirst Quaestor of 1 O. M. T.  optimo  cMaximo  Tonanti.
the city.                            To the Thunderer, the best, the
NERO. CLAVD. DRVSVS. GERMAN. IMP.    greatest.
NERO CLAUDi2US DRUSUS GERMAN- OP. or OPT. PRIN. or Pi. ortimo
iclts IMperator.  The emperor Nero    PRINcipi. To the best prince.
Claudius Drusus Germanicus.       OP. DIV. ori DIvinae.  To  the
NERO. ET. DRSVSV. CAESARES. QVINQ.    divine Ois.
C. V. I. N. C.  NERO ET DRUSUS OPEI. OPEITZ'US. Opeimius.
CAESARES QuINQuennaies coloniae OPEL. OPELiUS.  Opelius.
Victricis JUli(ae Novae carthaginis. OPI. DIVIN. TR. P. COS. II.  OPI.
Nero  and Drusus quinquennial    DnvINae TRibunitia Potestate consul.
Caesars of the colony Victrix Julia,    II. To the divine Ops; exercisin og
or Nova Carthago.                    the tribunitial power, and  conN. F. Numnerii Filis. The son of    sul for the second time.
Numerius.                         OPPIVS. CAlPIT. PROPR. PRA/F,. CLA.
N. N. Nmerii Nepos. The nephew         OPPIUS CAPITO PROPRaetor PRREFof Numerius.                         ectuts  cLAssis.  Oppius  Capito,
NICEPH.  NIcEPIlloron.  Nicepho-    governor and commander of the
rium, a colony in Mesopotamia.      fleet.
NIG. NIGer'. ]Niger, the surname of IORB. TER. ORBiS TERravrm. Alludthe emperor Pescennius.              ing to the extent of the Roman
NOB. C.  NOBiUi's or  NoBi3issiols I  empire.
caes(al. Noble, or noblest Caesars. OT. or OTACIL.  OTacilia or  OTAN. T. N1?eini T/teitari.  To the tute-    CIrIUs.  Otacilia, the  name  of
lar Deity.                           an  empress, or  Otacilius, the
N. TR. ALEXANDRIANIE. COIL.BOSTR.    name of a personage.




268                             APPENDICES.
P.                    P. c. CiES.  Prate;) caii cFsar/lis.  The
father of Caius Caesar.
P.  Pater,  or  Patriae,  or Per, or p  c. L. AVLERIANYVS.   Pttbl6l1S  CrPortieLsa, or Popetuus,  or PoS1rit, or  MeLZ   L/fiU1hS VALERTAtUS. PubPoratifex' or Poiulues, or Posoaift or    lius  Cornelius Licinius  Valeriaraenfectals or Primes,  or P~'i oem,    IIus, name of an emperor.
or Flovincda  or Pibl/iS, or Pub  P. D.  PPO})O Dcat/l,.  Given to the
lico. Father, or of the county,    people.
or (thepreposition) by, or struck, PLAG.  PELG.  Pelagia, a title
or perpetual, or pious, or pon-    oi.}  to Venus.
tiff, or the  people, or he  has    in           P.
placed, or praefect, or the first, 1ooo1AEiT.   T.he  Penates  of  the
or a  prince, or a province, or           o         e
Publius, or to the public.              Roman people.
P1ER. PnERmi1ss. By the permission.
P. A.  Pietas Autusti,  or  August"a. De. A. or  PERPET.  AVG.   PERThe piety of Augustus, or Augus-    petlus AUlgtastaUs,  or PERPETU/lS
tan piety.                              AUG uSt/S.  Perpetual Augustus.
PAC.  or PACI.  PAcifico.   To  the PEMra. DIVI. AVG. COL.  ROM.  PERpacific Mars.                          ~Missut DIVI AUG/USti COLOniac ROMPACE. P. R. TERRA. MARIQ. PARTA.            idea.  The colony  Romulea, by
IANVYM.  CLVSIT.   PACE   Poput'i   the  permission  of  the  divine
Ro0mani TERRA  MARIqUe PARTA           Augustus.
JANUMA  CLUSIT.  He has shut the PERM.  IMP.  COR.  PERMiSS/  IMPtemple  of  Janus,  having  pro-    ercatoris  c.oRitlhi.   Of  Corinth,
cured peace for the Roman peo-    by permission of the emperor.
pie upon land and sea.               PERMr. IrMP. GERcM.  PERM'SS/?  IrPP. ALITIO. L. MENIO. II. VIR.  Publi[o    eratoris GERMnanici.  By the perALITTO  LTCCi  ME/NIO  DUUmVIR/.   nmission of the emperor GermaniUnder  the  Duumvirs  Publius           cus, alludin g to  Domitian, who
Alitius and Lucius Menius.              had that surname.
PANNON.  PIANNONi7,ae.  For  Pan- PER[rISSV.  L. APRONI. PROCOS. III.
nonia.                                  PERAIISSU   LU/Ci  APRONIT  PROPAPI.  PAPTIrUS. Papirilms, name of        co/sazl  irI. By permission of Lua personage.                            cius Apronius, proconsul for the
AP. Aq.   Prclclsst~(  AQdlel/(e. Struck  third time.
at Aquilia, a  town  in Italy, on! P  R. R. Peclrel/, Reonire  PFe/cusa.
the coast of the Adriatic.               Xloney struck at Rome.
P. All. Pe/'C~ISsC,  Areloate.  Struck  at PEItT.  PERTZi/clC.  Pertinax,  name
Arelate, no-wN Arles in France.        of an emperor.
[).  AR.   AD.   Pa'l'thCts    A6RabicriB  PEsCEN.   PESCEN///'i/S  Pescennius,
ADia(benicats.  Parthicus Arabicusi   name of an emperor.
Adiabenicus, titles given to emr- P..  Pi11,S Feliix, or Pia Pidelis, or
perors  for  tlleir  conqcuests  or    P'ri/zUtS Feeit.  Pious and happy,
victories obtained  in these coun-      or pious and  faithful, or first
tries.                                  done.
PAR.   PAR/tICUS.    Parthicus,   a P.  F.  PtLbli  Fiius, or  Pii Fila..
title given to  the emperors for    The  son  of  Publius,  or  the
victories over the Parthians.           daughter of the Pius, that is, of
P. ARL.  PectniaC  ARELatensis  or    Antoninus Pius.
Percussc  ARELate.  The money of P.   H.  C.   P'0ovinCiae   Hispaniae
Arles, or struck at Arles.              citerioris.   Of  the  province  of
PAT. PATel'  PAT/i(te.  Father of the       Spain Citerioris.
country.                             PIT.   COND.   PHii/ppUS   CONDito)'.
PAx.  AVG.  PAX   AUGuISta.   The           Philip the founder.
Augustan peace.                      P. I. or PRIN. IVVEN.  Princep 3 JUPAX. P. ROM. PAX  Pop/uli RoMani.    centtutis or  PRINCepS  JUVENtUtiS.
The peace of the Roman people.          The Prince of youth.




APPENDICES.                               269
PIET. AVG.  PIETS AUGUSt0a.  Au- P. ROM.  Percassa  ROMaC.   Struck
gustan piety.                          at Rome.
RP. ~.Pe'rcussa  KEartaglinc.  Struck  PioN.   PRONePos.   Grand-nephew.
at Carthage.                        PiOP. or PRO.  P.   PROPrraetor, or
PLAE.  TRAN.   PLAEtO0ZuS    TRAN-    PROPr'aeto)re.  Propr,'tor, or for
quillus.   Plaetorius Tranquillus,    the pretor.
name of a personage.                PRoq. or PRO. q., or P. provincia.
P. L. COR.  S.AL.  PubMiVUs  LfCilZiW.    PROQuCleosto?   or   PRoQuaestore.
coRnelius   SALOi,2lOs.   Publius I   PRoquestor, or for the quTestor.
Licinius   Cornelius   Saloninus, Prov. DEORI.  pnovidentiae or PROname of an emnperor.                   videntit DEonium.  To the proP L.  0.  N.  PelCuSSac1  Lugdfufnli    videnee, or  the  providence  of
of2icind  Novd' or Nond.   Struck      the gods.
at Lugdunum   in  the new,  or PROVIDENT  SENAT.   PROVIDENT t
ninth office.                           SENATUS.  By  the  foresight of
P.   iI.  Pontfex   Aaxziqnus.   The I   the senate.
sovereign pontiff.                  P. I.. P rovinciae syriae Palestind.
P. M. S. COL. VIM.  provinciae Moes-    Of the  province  of  Syria, in
P. iae s. CperiorL. VM. crovinciae vMNoesia-    Petne.
iae  superioris cooni  vinia  PR.  VRB.  PRaefectus   URBPS  o01
cuw or viiWac     m in. Thea  colonum y    PRaetor URBS.  Praefect or praeViminiacum, or Vimincium, in           tor of the city
the province  of Upper  MIoesia,.
the province  of Upper.  oesa, P. s.  Percussa  sisciae.   Struck  at
now WVidin, in Servia.
Pnow Widin, in Servia.ne  of            Siscia, in Croatia, now Sisseg.
POL.  POL   P,  name  of  a P. T.  Percussa Treveris.  Struck at
personage.                              Treves, in Germany, now Treves.
POM.  POMpeius.  Pompey.               PvDIC.  uDrcitia.  Modesty.
PORT. OST. PORTUS OSTietnsis.  ThePVDIC. PUDCia. Modesty.
port of Ostia.             PVPE.  PUPIrEnus. Pupienus, name
port of Ostia.
P. P. Pater Patriae.  Father of the        of an elperor.
country.
P..AV.   PeCrpetUs   AUGUstUS.                      Q
Perpetual Augustus.
P.  POMIPON. CR.  It. VIR.  Publo Q. QQtaestor or quinarius or quinto.o
POMPONiO  CRASpo,  01   CRispTno    or quinquennalis or Quod. A quesDuumvIRO.  IUnder the Duumvir    tor, or Quinarius  (the  name  of
Publius Pomponius  Crispus, or    a persona(e), or every fifth year,
Crispinus.
or quod, that.
P. Ri.  Percussa itomae.   Struck  at Q. CAS. Q1tdtUS CASSiNS.  Quintls
Rome.                                  Cassius, the name of a personage.
PRA.   CLAS.  ET  ORAEK.  MARIT. Q. C. M. P. I.  QUiztts Cecilis l etellzts
IP'REFeCtUS   CL iMs  z     E T.  ORAE  PiUls mlperator. Quintus Cecilius
MrARITmeae.  Pirefect of the fleet    Metellus Pius, Commander.
and of the coasts.                  Q. DES. qcuaestor  DesigZatts.  A1pIPRAF.   GERnM.    PREvectus  GER-    pointed a qu stor.
MranoreLn.  PFrefect of the  Cr-~Q. HER. ETR. T      ES. DEC. NOB.  C.
nlans.                                 QuintUS HERIetRltUS ETR7tSCUS MESPR. COS.  PRoconsul.  Proconsul.          SiUS DECoUS NOBiiS caesar.  QuinPRIMI. DECEN.  PRIMI. DECENnai6eS.    tus Herennius Etruscus Messius
The first Decennials.                  Decius, Noble Caesar.
PRINCIP. IVVENT. PRINCIPi JUVENT- Q. HISP.  Qutaestor HIsraniae.  Queutis.  To the prince of youth.         stor of Spain.
PROB.  PROBUS.  Probus,  name  of Q. M. Quintus Marcius. Quintus Maran emperor.                            cius, the name of a personage.
PROC.  PROCOnSUl.  Proconsul.          Q. o. c. FAB. Quinto ogulnio (et) caio
PROC. SIC.  PRoconsul sIcilcae. Pro-    FABio. To Quintus Ogulnius and
consul of Sicily.                      to Caius Fabius.




2'7 0                          A'PPENDICES.
Q.  qr.  qetcestol vPmaetoris.  Questol REX. ARM.  DAT.   REXS,TvAMeabiate
of the prlietor.                        DATlS.  A  kinllg  given  to  ArQ. PAPIR. CAR. Q. TER. MION-. QOUih-    menia.
to  PAPI.I1{O  CARbOO'?,i (et) qWitto REX. Pr'VRiT. DT. IIEX rE- rPAr/lSI1)AXTOS.
TERnetio MroWtwllo.   To  Quintuls    A\ kin  -iven to the Parthians.
Papirius Carbo and  to  Quinltus REEN.x  PO.    REoI.    PTs Lemlctzs. Kingl
Terentius MIontanus.                    Ptolelly.
Q. PR. o01 Q. PRO. C. or COS.  QZ(eCStor r. M'. 01o R   I.,JeIe. M:Ri )it(-i$ O1
PROi ciaCe, or q,Yaestor PzRO  COi-    Rl I MILiti iS. Military affairs.
s8le or PRO coi.St'is.  Qullstor of Ro.  ()ie.  To Rome.
the province, or quiestor of thle Rwo. iM lTER. RnoMrTce:ETi)iTERce.  To
proconsul.                              eternal Rolne.
Q. TERENT. CULLVEON. PRO. COS. IlI. ReosMA. RENASC.  R1OMA  IIE ENASOCCO.
QqifltO TERENT/0  CULLEON'i PRO-    Reviving Rome.
coNsuli  Tertiunm.   To  Quintus RobM. COL. ROM-,leaT  COLOniaC.  The
Terentius  Culleonis,   proconsul    colony Romnulea.
for the third time.                  Ro ET. AV]G. G.   OM(ae ET AVGUSt,.
QVAD.  QUADr(atUS.  Quadratus.             To Rome and to Augustus.
QVADRAG. RIEM. QVADRAGeSi7viT  RE- RO.I.  RESVRG.   ROMite  RESURGeCPS.
AMissa.  The quadragesima, a tax        Reviving Rome,
so called, remitted.                 ROMVL. AVG. ROMULO AiUGusto. To
QVIN. ITER. quIlqueltenalis ITEREUM.    Romulus Augustus.
Quinquennial repeated.              ROrIVL. CONDIT. ROMULO CONDITOr'?.
Q. v. or QYOD. V.. S.  QU. od vice    To Romulus the founder.
Aiunitate sint, or sunt.  That the Ro. P. s.  ROmaee Peenni1a signotet.
roads may be defended.                  MIoney struck at Rome.
Q.  RB..  qtaestor  JRBiS. Questor of R. P.  IoOiae Perculssa.  Struck  at
the city.                               Rome.
R. Pr. C.  ReiP?1tbllicae constittezdtc.
R.                       For the  re-establishing  of  the
Rlepublic.
B.   RenZissa,  Or RIoe, or Rzestiteiit,  1. s. C RO IsoCoe sig'ata. Struck at Rome.
orromanus. Remitted, or Rome, Ro.  r. iooa, v-ict'li;.  V7itorious Rome.
or he has restored, or Roman.. P.   ia..aS.  e PectLZiat sylat((.
IA\.  RAveln{a.  Ravenna, a city of   lMfoney struck at B-avenna.
Italy.. XLr. Reinissac  SL.   The fortieth
R. C. Romnai ceves.  Roman citizens.    remitted.
IB. cc.  Renmissa c C.  Tile two hundredth remitted.                                       S.
RECEP. -RECEPta.  Received.
RIEC. OR.B.  RECtoi OniiS.  Ruler of S. sacerdos, or sacra, or seoiSoS, or
the world.                             senatus,  or senator, or serlior, or
BREF.   REFeCta.   Rebuilt  or  re-    seLltus or soll, or spes, or suscepto,
paired.                                or sisciae.  Priests, or things to
REJIQVA. VETERA. HS. NOVIES. MIIm.    be sacrificed, or the half of the
ABOLIT.  RELIQUA  VETERA  uS.    Roman   As, or  the senate, or
NOVIES auTIIe ABOLIT.  The stat-e    senator,  or  ancient, or  Sextus
debt, to the value of nine thou-    (the name of a personage), or the
sand sesterces, abolished, by pay-,   sun, or Siscia (a town in Croatia).
ment. us. signifies sesterces.      S. A.  SAits, or SAlUS Augusti, or
RES.  RIEStitUtUS or REStituit.   Re-    SEcuritas  Autgusti,  or   sigaat.e
stored, or he has restored.            Antiochice. Salus, the goddess of
REST.  ITAL.   RESTitutor  ITALiae.    health, or the health or security
The restorer of Italy.                 of Augustus, or struck at Antioch,
REST. NVM.  RESTituta  NTUMidia or    speaking of money.
NUMmILum    RESTitUtUm.   Numidia SACERD. COOP. IN. OMN. COLL. or
restored, or the money remitted.       CONL.  SVPRA  NVM.    SACERDOS




APPENDICES.                               271
cooptatls IN  0loNi(/  COLLeqiCa (o01 SEC.  OR,.  SECioritSs   omnis.  The
coNLegqid) SUPRA NUC1 0t`'0i.  S-  security of the universe.
pernumlerary priests appointed in  SEMP.   SEMPO]ZT011S.    SEMP'oi.
all the colleges.                       Sempronius,  the  name  of  a
SAC. F.  SAicr?  FClCttldam?~ or SAcOCl'  personage,  or  Sempronia,  the
Faci.iWsO.  Sacrifices to  the  gods    name of a family.
to be performned, or being  per- SmEN.  SENior'.  Elder.
formned.                            SENTI.  SENXTIa.   Sentia, the name
SACR. PER. se scnaC  riodicc-   Periodl-    of a Roman falily.
ical sacrifices.                     SEP. coL. LA\Y.   SEPtinZia COLO?3a
SAICVLAR.  AGG.  S,,ECI TAr cS  AU-  i   TDCa.  The seventh  year of
Gustor'lia.  Secular games of the       the  colony  of  Laudicea,  for
Augusti.                                Laodicea.
S. ECVLAR.  SAC. S2ECULARiCa SACC(t. SEPT.  SEV.    SEPTWLOZtSIS  SEver~L/S.
Secular sacrifices.                     Septimius Severus.
SiECV,. FRAvGIF. SzECIJLO FRUGIFerO. SEPT. TYR. MAET.  SEPT/liae  TYRUS
To a fertile period.                    rETropolis.  The seventh of  the
SAG.  SAGI/tdtnla,.  Saguntum, a town      metropolitan   city  of Tyre, in
in Spain.                               Phoenicia.
SAL.  SAILUS, or01 sALdUlb, or SALOoi- SER.  SERen/S.  Servius, tle  name
nuzs, or sAL0oWilOi. The goddess of    of a personage.
healtl; or Salduba, a town  in  SEIEN.   SERENUS.   Serenus,  the
Spain; or Saloninus, or Salonina.    name of a personage.
SERVILI.  SERVILIW.   Servilia,  the
SALr.nci. The heaMlt  of t'le  h n- nllame of a Rolnan family.
nuMraie. The health  of the hu- SEV.  SEver01s.  Severus, the name
man race.                               of apersonage.
SALL.   BAET3.  SALLuStict   BAB           oaen.
marxL~.]m.sxmsfc            SEX. a.   sExti S vili/es.  The  son  of
(Orhiana).     Salhistia      arbia   S     rextus.
Orbiana.   The   names  of   an  S..  saect/ vei citos.  The  happiemnpress.                           f   ness of the age.
SALMT.  sxTrtinttca.   Salmantica,  a SICIL.  srcIit.  Sicily.
town in Spain.                       0IDER. IIECEPT. SIDEni.O  RE CEPTWS.
S. xnL. sEiqlzti.c, AroELate.  Struck cat |
S. ARL. iSnqW-e AcELatte.  Stiuck at    Received  among  the  constellaAries, in France.                       tions
SAxIn.  SxAEMtiC/1s.  Sarmaticus  a         1
SARAM.   SAR-MatiCU. S.  a r atic,  " ISIG. RIECEPT. SIGIT'S RECEPtiS.   The
title given to an emperor  for Iris 
conqets or th  S s        standards being received.
conuesIL.  SIL.  Silius, the name of a
SAvF.    SAUFfeia(,   1   Sor  Gsu fei(s.    personage.
Sauffeina, the name of  a Roman   S. M S..  soli InviCto  M/ith2loae.  To
family, or Sauff eius, the namne of    MIithras, the invincible sun.
a personage.                         SIR. or SII2tA. SImTl'einiL.  Sirmium,
S. c.  se?(nates conselto.  By  decrece    now Sinach in Slavonia.
of  the Senate,  which   allowed  SIsc.   sIsc/iae.   Of  Siscia,  alludmoney to be coined.                     ing to money struck there.
Sc. AF. sC. Irpo  AFiccWnls.   Scipio  SIsc. P.  srsciae Preicussa (moneta).
Africanus.                              Money struck at Siscia.
SCIP. ASIA.  SCIPiO ASIAtiCUS.  Scipio  S. AM. A.  signata,  or sacree MAxonetc
the Asiatic.                            A ltiochiae.    Money  struck   at
S. CONST.  s/7qnatct   coNsTatintlopoli.    Antioch,  or the  sacred  money
Struck at Constantinople.               of Antioch.
SCR.    scRiboZ'niaC,  or   SCRibonliUS. S. M. A. P.  sacra Mooneta(  Aquileimz
Scribonia, the name  of a Roman         Percussa.  Sacred money struck at
family, or Scribonius, the name         Aquileia.
of a personage.                      S. IM. IJER.  signata AMoneta IHEnRaleae.
SEC. or s Ec.  SECriotaS  siculum.     Money struck at ITeraclea.
Security, or the age.              S. M. o. B. Signatca Moneta oicina




'72 7 2APPENDICES.
secunda. Money struck in the sec-    pie, a grant of corn given to the
ond monetary office.                  people.
S. M. N.  sacra or signata Mioneta Nar- S. P. Q  R. v.  S. PRO. R. ceas.
bonae or Nicomediae. Sacred money    senatus Populusque  to17manus vot(/
of Narbonne or Nicomedia, or    solvunt PRo  Reditu cEsare.  The
struck at Narbonne or Nicomedia.    senate and Roman people make
S. M. P.  signCata Moneta Romae. Mon-    votive offerings for the return of
ey struck at Rome.                    Cesar.
S. if. R. Q. gQ. Snata AMonleta  Romcae S. R. sencatus Rozanus or satus Roma2nqoflcina quarta. Money struck at    orumle  or spes neipntblicae or sacri,
Rome in the fourth monetary of-    Receltis, or nestitutis.  The Roman
fice, expressed by the letter q.      senate, or the health of the RomS. M. SISC. signata Moneta  sisciae.    ans, or the hope of the republic, or
Money struck at Siscia.               sacrifices received, or sacrifices reS. M. TR.  signata Moneta TReverlis.    vived.
Money struck at Treves.            S. T.  signata  Treveriis or securitces
S. M. T. S. B. sacras Moneta TReveris    Temporum.   Money  struck   at
signata, officina secunda.  Sacred    Treves, or the security  of the
money of Treves, B signifying of    times.
the second monetary office.        STABIL.  STABILitas. Stability.
SP.  SPUrrius.  Spurius, the name of a STLL.  SULLa or sylla. Sulla or Sylla,
personage.                            the name of a personage.
SP. AVGVSTA.  sPeS AUGUSTA.  The Ss.  sestertium.  The sesterthi were
august hope.                          pieces of money valued  at two
SPES. P. R.  SPES Populi RomCZani.    as and a half.
The hope of the Roman people.
S. P. Q. R. ADSERT. LIBERT.  senIatuLs
PopUItguQiue  Romanus  ASSERTOrZ?                   T
LIBERTa tis. The Roman senate and
people to the assertor of liberty.   T. Titus, or Treveris, or Trzbi&nus, or
S. P. Q. R. A. N. F. F.  senatus Populus    Tutelaris.  Titus, name of a perQue RonmanUes Anno Natali (scilicet    sonage, or Treves, in Germany,
urbis) Fieri Fecit(optimo principi).    or tribune, or tutelar.
Which may be freely interpreted, T. AR. Tertia ARelate. Struck in the
as struck by the senate and people    third monetary office of Arelate,
of Rome, &c., in honor of the year    now Arles.
of the birth of the best prince.    T. CAES. DIVI. VEaP. F. AVG. P. a.
S. P. Q. R. IMP. C2E. QVOD. V. M. S. EX.    TR. P. P. COS. VIII. Tithus CAEsar'
EA. P. Q. IS. AD. A. D. se7natus Pop-    DIVI VESPasia2ni FimiUS AUGUSt&sr
tulusQue Rocnanus IMPerator cEsa'ri    Po0ntifex MaxineS TRZbu1itid potesqUOD viae Arzenitae sunt EX EA        tate  Pater Patviae  Conisul vIr.
Pecunzi   QGua/n  IS AD AerCariLrn    Titus Caesar, son of the divine
Detulit.  Mioney struck by the sen-    Vespasian, so styled, because he
ate and people, &c., in order that    had been deified by the Romans
the public roads might be main-    Augustus, high pontiff, exercising
tained.                               the tribunitianl power, father of
S. P. Q. R. IVLI E. AUGVST.  senatius    the country, consul for the eighth
PopulusQUe Romas22 us JULI2E AUGUS-   time.
Tae. The senate and Roman peo- TEMPL. DIV. AVG. ItEST. COS. IIII.
ple to Julia Augusta.                 TEMPLUS  DIVi AUGULsti RESTitUtuln
S.P. Q. R. OPTIMO. PRINCIPI. senatus    consul qucartumn.  The temple of
PopulusQue Romna7us OPTIMO PRIN-    the  divine  Augustus,  restored,
CIPI.  The senate  and  Roman         consul for the fourth time.
people to the best prince.         TER. TERetihus.  Terentius, name of
S. P. Q. P. SVF. P. D. senatets Populhts    a personage.
Que Romanus suFfamenta POPulo TES. TEssalonicae. Of Thessalonica.
Data.  The senate and Roman peo- T. F. Titi Filia or Temporm Felicitas.




APPENDICES.                                   273
daughter of Titus, or the Felicity I   HOSTai/LS.  Tullus Hostilius, name
of the times.                              of one of the kings of Rome.
T. FL. Tit'1tS Fl,/t1/S. Titus Flavills, T. R. S.  TREVERIS SIGNATA.
name of a personage.
T.  G. A.    Tteltlis    (.enoiis Aegyjpti.                   V.
The tutelary genius of Egypt.
TnEoPO.   THEIOPolis.  Theopolis,  a V. Qoioqe, or reats, or victri, or
name given to the city of Antioch          vi&, or  ir't1S, or voteO, or votfitus,
in the reign of Justinian, Emperorl    or urb.s.  Five, or Verus, nalme
of the East.                               of a personage, or virtue, or by
Ti.  TIbeC1'tes.  Tiberius, name of an         the vow, or votive, or the city.
emperor.                                V.  AET. ~i,'tttS  AETe0at.  Eternal
Ti.  N.  Tibelrii  -eqpos.  Nephew   of        virtue.
Tiberius.                              VAiT-. or VALER.  VITLeXi118 or VALERtTI. F. TIberl'i FiloIs.  Son of Tiberius.      ioetls, names of personalges.
T. M. AP. CL. Tit/S MOa'it/s (et) APp)iq/18  V.VR. RIiF. ~ARAil/S  RUFUS.  Varius
cLatC(ds..   Titus [,1anlius and Ap-      Rufus, name of a personag ge.
pius Claudius, names of persons.  VE-N. FEL.  ~Eer/i FEL:Ci.  To tile
T. P. or TR. POT., Or TRIB. POT. V.            happy Venus.
&c.  Tlibtnll/niti  Pot(cstacs, or TRibet- VENEJR. VICTR. VENERi VICTRiCi'.  TO
tnitiat  PrTestcas  o01   TRTIBTSITIA      Venus the victorious.
POTESTAS V. Thle tribnitian pow- VENT'. VEN-TiCi S.    VenlltidiLus, name
er, or exercising the  tribunitian         of a personage.
power for the fifth time.               VESP. NVESPa,'iGcOOts.i Vespasian, name
TR. TReev)s.  Treyeris or Treves.              of an emperor.
TRAL.  TRAJ(I/z/S.  T'rrjan (name of a  VETER. VE'1TERiOI  llt.  Of  the vetpersonage).                                 erans.
TRAN.    Tn.aqt/itlc,.   Tranquillus, VET.  IAXNG.    VET 1t8/l    LANGli(Ml/ls.
name of a personage.                        Vettius  Languidus,   name  of a
T'1'NQ. TRAN.quiltattS.  Tranquility.          personage.
TREBAN.    TREBEAN Zs.  rTrebanius, V. I.  vot imI)e1 i. a The vows of the
name of a personage.                        empire.
IEIrEBO0N  Or TREB.  TIREBON' ZtnItS or VIB. VIBx'//S.  Vibius, name of a perTItEBOiofa ZS.    Trebhonianus, name      sonage.
of a personage.'VIc. AvG. Aitoria,tAUGesti.  The vicTn. F.  TRnrcj/nL   FOl'tiS.  The legio  i   tory of Augustus.
Trajana Fortis, a distinctive title  VIC.  GERM.   VICtori/I  GERAECO1iCOt.
of this leogion.                           The Germanic victory.
TR. {IYtPH.   TRIU IPIItt/o'.    Trium- VIC.  PARt.  M3.   vICtOrli~ac PARtiC'(r
pher.                                      MIOaxia.   The  greatest Parthian'TBR. OBS. oi  0. B,. or.     l3.. i8 013-  r ictorv.
siq/nata  or  ()fflcohll  B.n.  s#qeztc. VIC. S.'ICtoi'i  sicitia.  The Sicilian
Struck   at Treves, in  Germany,           victory.
or struck in the office B.              VIC. BEATISSIBI.  CAESS. VICtOr'alC BEATli. LEG. Ir.  Tlll'bia,?.1o8 I,EGofln&S TI.   TISSIAIO/?/11  CAESCaLm.  Thle vicThe  military  tribune of the sec-    tory of the most sacred Cm sars.
ond legion.                             VIC. BRIT I..M.  VCtOri(a, BRITaGiiCto
TR. P  TReees reI/rctIssaW, or reclnzr.     rPoltijt;c,   cxn'ieus.   The  British
Struck at Treves, or the  money            victory, the high Pontiff.
of Treves.                              VICTOR. ROAI.  VICTORi(b ROM(Ia7IOflVt/?.
TR. PL. D.  TRibtnus   PeI,ebis Designa,- l    The victory of the Romans.
tIeS.  Chosen tribune for the peo- I VICT. P. GAL.  AVG.   VICTOr'ia  Pa)ple.                                       tiCa GALtcIlni AUGUSti.  The ParTR. V..M1. TRftamvin i ML oeetatles.  Mone-  thian victory of the Emperor Galtary triumvirs.                            lienus Augustus.
T'. T. Tleeirolnrt. (Coinages) of Treves. VIII. vimi. Eight, generally this figure
TYL. H. 01o  IOST.  TULtI'tS HOStlteS 01or     when  it appears  on silver coins




2 74                           APPENDICES.
signifies that they are worth eight V. v. vota. v. Quinquennalian vows.
As.
I1I.  VIi. EPV.   VII.. I EPI IItO)0/.              X.
The Epulonean Septemnvir, a sacred dignity aniong tile Romanns.: X. Decem. Ten, or Decennalia (feasts)
ViR. vintas.  Virtue, or counage, or     or denoting the value of x Ases on
valor.                               ia lRomian denarius.'Vi.    R. V.   vA.   VI.  Ii t\tgst.. F. X. F. I Fcielzdum.  An officer apThe AugLustan Sexemvi   r or Sevir,    pointed for striking silver mloney,
a titular rank amongo' the Romans.     x  signifying  the  silver denarii,
V. N-. M. i.  uribis Nicomnediae MoonteCt    wThich wTere originally worth ten
nestitaLtat.  The restored money of    Ases.
the city of Nicomedia.              XL. R. R X.. lemissa.  The fortieth,
VoL,.  voLUsiut. Volusius, llname of  a1I tax so called, remitted.
a personage.                        XvT. xv    Tile  later dclenarii are mark~OLE1n.  VOLEIRO.  Volero, nalme  of    ed thus; this coin was formerly
a personage.                           only worth ten Ases, but rose to
VOTA. Prv. vOTUe rPUBicC.  Public    the value of sixteen, with which
vows.                                  figures they were marked.
VOT.   DECEN.   VOTra, DEC]ENECtlCia. Xv.  xv.  Money worth fifteen denDecennalian vows.                      arii.
V7OT. XX. MIVL. XXX.  VOTa xx. OT.  UL- XV. VIR. SAC. FAC.. V. IR  S-C''is
tip'iCCa xxx.  The vows for twenty     FACtiUndis.  Fifteen men appointecd
years increased to thirty.             for perfornming the sacrifices.
T. r. votea PubI'ca or vot t Poautli. Xx. -v. xx. vota.  Thanks returned
Public vows or vows of tile people.   on the twentieth year.




LIST OF tROMAN4 FAMILIElS THAT ISSlUEI) COINS.
A  fewr  of these issues were  in gold, a larger number in Ibronze,
but!)yv f ar the largest were in silver denarii.
NAmx  Op                      No. OF           NAME OF                       No. o  F. 
TWIE FAMIILY.             KNOWN VARIETIES. TIIE FXAIILY.                 IKNOWSN YAIIETIES.
Aburia.....................                5 Clouli-.-.....................   6
Accoleia -----------—. —--------    1  Cocceia -----------                               1
Acilia.-.... i —.i........ 18  Coelia -------------------------  21.Aebutia. —.......... —-      -    4I Considia C —--------------—... 13
Aelia and  Allia -----------       4 —-  24  CopoUnia -. —--------------                   8
_Lemilia  -----------------------  43  Cordi.. —-----------------------.5
Afranial..-................ S  Cor1nelia ---------------—..:_   12i
A llienus    -----------------------         I    C ornuficia  ---------------------       5
Allia -....................... Coseonia ---------------- -  1
Anltestil o01  Antiitilta --— _    — _ _ -  1.2  Cossutia. —------------------           11
A.ntiaL                                    3..............-   Crepnoerei-.-...............  f6
Antonia -................. 138 Cre\osi-  23.A.ppuleia -b —--      ----— bronze__   31 (itonia. —---------------                -     1.Aproni -l.......-......bronze__   5   Cupienna. —-----------------   3
Aquilleia ----------------------  12  Curaiatia.-...................                      5.Alia -...................I... 7-  Curlila -----------------------             4
A sini ta    ------------—.. -—.  ------- 6  D> idi ta. —---------------------
Atia..........................  1  Domiti-a. —------------------                        19
Atilia   ------------------------          8   PDIurmin a  - - - -—.........           (3 — - - - 9
A ufidia ---------------— _______-          2  Egnati-a. —--------------------   10
Aurelia —..........,  - -           ----  1'7 EgtElnatuleia.................... 1
Autronia.....-1.....1  E ppia......... 2
B3aebia -s......... —-— 81  Fabricia b -.............. —-----  2
Cecilia -2...................... FaInnia -__-..                 _        -____.______      2
CO cin a    ----------------------     -   2   F arsuleia  ----------------------       I1
Ctesia. —----------------------    1  Flaminia ----------------------    4
Calidia - _1_ __- __-_-_-_-_-_-_-_    1 Flavia, 
Calpurnia ---------------------- 150  Fonteia -------------------  --    30
Canidia -----------------------   2 IFufita,,............... 1I
Caninia ---------- ------------    8S Fulvia. —-—. —----------------   11,Carisia -----------------------  23  Fundcania -.t           —.i -.....  -------   5
Carvilia --------- --— 2,3  F-uria                                                       30 —-----------   I1()
Cassia --------------------------  37  Gallia.........................                    3
Cestia. —----------------------    6  Gellia -             -    -     -    —..'3_
Cipia -........................ 2   Ie1rennia -. —-—.........  115
Claudia —----------------------  43  HIIitia ----------— _____...              _-..       1
C1ovi-a.-.......................  I  Horaia -------------------    4




2 7i6                                   APPENDICES.
NAME OF                         No. OF            NAME OF                         NO. OF
THE FAMILY.                 KNOWN VARIETIES.  THE FAMILY.                     KNOWN VARIETIES.
Hosidia. —---------------------              2  Poblicia  -----------------------   15
Hostilia. —--------------------              5  Ponmpeia  ---------------------   33
Itia ----------------------------   1  Pomponia  -------—. —---- -   33
Julia ------------------------- 122  Porcia -------------------------  26
Junia -l —----------------------   75  Postumia ----------------------  12
Licinia -' —--------------------  31  Procilia  ------------------------   2
Livineial -            ---------------------   1-3  Proculeia. --------------------             2
Lollia..h-. —..... 21 Quinctia. —------ —.-...... 12
Lucilia -----------------------   1 Renia  ----— l —--------------                              1
Lucretia- -----------------------   11  Rosci-a ---------- --------------  43
Luria. —-----------                          7  Rubellia. —--------------------                1
Lutatia. —.. —----—...1._ _-                3   ulRubria. —----------------- -_ -  10
Mfaecilia -------------------   4 Rusti-a.-.....................    3
Maenia. —---------------------    4  Rutilia. —--------------------                            1
Maiania                                       3  Salvia. —----------------------                4
Mlamilia ----------------------    18  Sanquina --------- -------------   4
Manlia ---------------------—.                8  Satrienus ----------------------  22
Marcia ------------------------  42  Saufeia ------------------------   5
Maria.-.................. 46 Scribonia ___ —------ -----------    6
AMemmia. —--------------------              15  Sempronia -------- --------—..               22
Mescinia. —--------------------              6  Sentia. —----------------------   31
Mlettia..-...................... 8  Sepullia --------------------                             6
MinatiLa —.-............... --  3 Sergia..-.........   1
Mineia. —----------------------              3  Servilia. —--------------                    25
Minucia. —--------------------    10  SestiL  -                     ------------------------   4
Mitreia ------------------------   2  Sicinia. —-------------------                         --   3
M ucia -----------------------   2  Silia. —------------------------                            4
Munatia -------------   3 Socia -............ 3
MIussidia ----------------------  20  Spurilia -------------------------   1
Naevia -. —-------------------- 27  Statia -_-                    -                              2
Nasidia -..................  3  Statilia ------------------------   4
Neria- -— 1 —------— 1 —    I  Sulpicia -----------------------  32
Nonia —-----------         -----------        3  Tarquitia. —---------------                    2
Norbanus -------------------                 26  Terentia -----------------------  14
Numitoria --------------         - --         5  Thoria. —----------------------                2
N um onia   —..    -     ------ - ----        3  Titia    --------------------------            G
Ogulnia. —-— 5 —------------                 5  Titinia ------------------------   2
Opeimia ----— 7 —---------                    7  Tituria -------------------                   33
Oppia ---------        -------------          9  Trebania ----------------------                4
Pacuvia -----------------------   1  Tullia -------------------------   3
Papia -. —--------------      ----   63  Valeria -. ----------------------   34
Papiria -----------------          -----   16  Vargunteia. —----------------                   3
Pedania.-.. —---          -------           2  Ventidia ---------------------                 3
Petillia.. —----------  ------ --            2  Vettia ---------------------- -   1
Petronia.. —--------------              ----   19  Veturia ------------------------   3
Pinaria ---------------   10  Vibia --------------------------  70
Plaetoria -------------------                57  Vinicia ------------------------   4
Plancia ------------- -                 --    8  Voconia -----------------------   3
Plautia. —---------      -       -----       9  Volteia ------------------------  34
Plolia ---------------           -     -      4




N A M E S
OF ALL OFFICIAL ORP DISTINGUISIIED ROMASAN PERSONAGES f,- Y  -HOM
COINS I-tAVE BEEN  ISSUED, OR TO WVIIO[M TI-HEY
IIAYE BEE-N ASCRIBED.
(9aeuts PaP~-weiols.  Born 106 B1. c.      coins do not b)ear the head of Cascalled by Sylla the Dictator, 5i1J2~-    sius.
/ets, a title that descended to his  fo'lcuio  _iaEio'ls Lejpiduts. Date of
son   and  is found on his coins.       birth,  unklnown   joined Cesar
Formed with Cum sar ocnd Crassus,    against Pompey, and with Octathe first Triunmvirate. Killed  48      vius and Anthony formed the sec13. c.  G.-11.'; S. —R. 1 R.2  B.  one  Triumvirate; died l13. c. G.-R. 1  Some coins represent him Hi R.  S.-R.:  HR.   Some coins rewith  his sons Cnaeus Pompeiulls        present him Awith Marl'  Antoly and
and Sextus Pompeius.  There are         Octavius.
somle silver coins restorecl  lv Tra- 1   l'Ci8 ns Atova it.S   Bo n 83 3...; Cdied
jan.                                    in Egypt 30 B. c. G. —R. 3 R.3 S.
fCxiusJulvJUS CEFSkR.    Bon111003.C.:     C.-R. - Br. 1.  1    R.4   Witl and
made Perpetual Dictator 44 a. c.; ~   without his head.  Some  coins
and assassinated the same year.    represent him withl Julius C0sar,
G.-R.1 R.7 S.-C. -R   Br.-C.            Lepidus,  Cleopatra, lMare Antonv
Many  coins represent hilll with        (his  soni), Lucius  Antonius, or
MIarc Antony and Augustus.              Augustus.
Calucus Poslapeio,is  son  of Pompey  Octavica, sister of Augustus, wife of
the Great.  Born-3. c.; killed         Marc Antony. Died 10 or 11 B. c.
45  B1. c. S. —R. S    Pt.7   Some      G. -I.8  This coin represents her
coins  represent him   with   his   awith   Mare Antony.
father Cnaeus Ponmpeius Magnus, iJcercus Antoides, son of Mliare Anand  his brother Sextus Pompe-    tony and Fulvia.  Killed 306 i. c.
ilus.  He bore, like his father, the    G. —R.    This coin represents him
surname of MI[agnis.                    with M3Lar Antony, his father.
~Se.htus Polpoeibs, second son of Po1n- Cleollrto,  queen of  Egypt.  Made
pey  the Great.  Born 65 B. c.;         queen )6 B3. c.; killed herself 36
killed 35  3. c. G. —R.   S.-II. 1      13. c.  G.-R.8  S.-R.4 Br.-R.
R. 4  With and without his head.   M3lIost of these coins represent her
Some  coins represent him  withll    witlh Marc Antonly. The gold coins
his father and  brother, Cnaeus    are doubtful.
Pompeius Maffnus  andc   Cnaeus  ('bios          Altoizus, t)rother of Iarc AInPoinpeius the Younger.                  tony, killed by Brutus 44 or 43
ctrecus Jcuntus B tls'   Born 85 B.    D. c.  G. —R G       Without portrait.
c.; assassinated C'esar andl died  TLcizts Alrtoi       hes, )lrother of Marc AI1at Philippi 40 Bi. c    G. —R.' S.    tony.  Born -; diedl-. G. —R.8
-R. 4  R.'B   With  and  without    S.-R.    These  coins represent
portrait;  with the  heads of the       him witlh Mare Antony, his brothtwo Brutuses.  There are amon(r    er.
these, some coins restored by Tra- tCcGs  Ocftvits  Caelp(-s Auciusr'us,
jan.                                i   nephew and heir of Julius Ctsar.
(Chiuls CUaSS ilSi o?0a/o1CS.    Date of birthl  Born 63 B. c.  - declared Emperor
unknown;  died at Philippi, 42          29 13. c.; obtained the name of AuB. c. G-. —R.  S. —t'1 i. These i       gustus 27B. c.; died 14 A. D. G.



278                             APPENDICES.
C.-.R.   S. —C.R.S  Bir.-C.- i   C.- -R.s  Some coins are without
R8  Some  coins  represent him          his heLad; other represent him with
with  Julius   Ccesar,  Lepidus,       Augustus and Drusus the YoungAgrippa, Tiberius,  Julia, Caius        er.  There are some coins restored
anld Julius; or Germanicus.  There      by Titus, Domitian, and Trajan.
are many of his coins restored by  Xero  CloCazoilts Drits us, Jautior, son of
Claudius, Nero, Titus, Domitian,    Tiberius. Born 1.3 B. c.; poisoned
Nerva, andll  Trajan.  The coins of    by his wife, Livia, 23 A. D. Br.Augustus are numerous.                  C. —R. 6 3Most of the coins of this.,ivcia D'tsilasCta, second wife of Auguls-    prince, and all those in silver, retus.  Born 57 B. c.; died 29 A. D.    present him  on the reverses of TiS. —C. —R.    The  coins  of this    berins. Some of them are wTithout
princess, struck in Rome, do not  his portrait.  There are coins rebear h hehr ead; she is represented    stored by Titus andcl Domitian.
as Justice, Piety, and Health. She 1 eo'o ClCCditus D rus8es, Sen1ioy, brother
is called Jliac  Augusta, on Latin     of Tiberius. Born 38 B. c.; died 9c
coins; Lilia on some Gireek ones       A..D.  G. —R.   S.-R.4  Br. —R.
Took the name of Julia after Au-    There are some coins struck by
g'ustus's death.                        Claudclius, and others restored by
Mlf(ricn.s Flp)sa8nius Ag'i1)p,19, son-in-lav  Titus and Domitian.
of Augustus.  Born 63.c.; cldied! Aitoaiac, daughter of 3Mare Antony,
12.b c.  G.IfR.   8 S.-R.. G R. 7 Br.    and wife of Drusus Senior.  Borni
-C.-R. 4  Sonice coins represenlt    38:3. c.; poisoned by her grandson
him with Auog stus.  Ther e are se-    Caligula, 38 A. D.  G. —R.    S.
cond brass coins restored by Titus,    —. 4
Domitian, and silver by Trajan.   (Gcrnmaziecs, son  of Drusus Selior',uica, dauollter of Augustus, wife of    and Antonia.   Born  15  B. C.;
Mlarnius MIarcellinus,  Marcus  Aogrip-  adopted by Tiberius and obtained
pa, and, lastly, of Tiberius.  Born    the title of Ciesar 4 A. D.; was
39 B..; dclied of starvation by com-    poisoned  19:A. D. G.-R. 4 1Lt. 1
mand of Tiberius, A. D. 14.  Her i   S. —R.4 R.   Br.-C.R.8  Nearly
name appears on a coin of Augus-    all the coins represent him  with
tus, with the heads of her sons,    Augustus, Caligula, and  AgripCaius and Lucius.  There are only      pina. There are coins restored by
Greek coins of this princess.           Titus and Domitian.
(Ci'ias et ~ucius,  sons of 3aarcus Agjipinca Senrioe, daugllhter of Agrippa
Agrippa and  Julia.  Caius, born        and Julia, wife of  Germanicus.
20 Bc. C.; sar, 17 B. c.; died 4 A. D.;  Born 15 B. c.; was starved to
Lucius, bornl 17 B. c.; Ccsar, the      death  by order of Tiberius 33
same year; diedl 2 A. D. These two     A. D. G. —R. 4 IR.  S. —R. 4 Br.princes are named together on the      B R.2 R.  Most of the coins reprecoins of Auoustus.   We do not    sent her with Caligula and  Gerfind their portraits except on Col)-    manicus. There are coins restored
nial coins.                            by Titus.
Agqrij,)pa  Postuviz2_cs, son  of Marcus Xiero oland Dr1esels, sons of GermanliAgiippa and Julia. Born l12 B. C.;    cus and  Agrippina.  Nero  born
obtainecd the namle of Ci-esar 4 A. D.;  7 t. D.; starved to death by Tibekilled by Tiberius, his brother, 14    riUs 31 a. D. Drusus born 8 A. D.;
A. D.  Of this Prince no coins are    starved  to  death  by  Tiberius.
known, except a Greek and one          33:a. D.  Br. —C.  They are recolonial..                             presented together on horseback.
TInlnlIUS CLAII:J1IUS NE1RO, son-in- CAnmus, commonly called CAI,IGUL, t
law of Auiugstus.  Born 42 ]B. c.;    son  of Gernmanicus  and Agripobltained the title of Ccesar 4 A. D.;    pina.   Born 12 A. D.;  declared
declared Emiperor 14 A. D.; smotll-    Emperor 37 A. D.; killed by the
ered, by order of Caligula, 37 A..    Praetorian  guards 41 A. D. G.(G. —C. —R.  S. —C. —B. —t nlBr.-       R.-  F'..-R. B    R. B  Br.-C.




APPIENDICES.                                   2," ft
-R.    The  lname   of  Caligulhl            Br1.-UR.    Solme  coills lrepresent
wa-s oiven  to  this  Emperor, be-           her \vitll Clluciuds and nitll Nelo.
caust lhe  hacd  wr0o     fomlll llis ill-  Cl       da(7?lio h ci oihter of  Clauldlins andt
facnt thle Calig,  or militalry tboot.       Pllutiai    Urolanillal.    Born
Somne  coins  iepiesent loini witlil    killed by1  Nci o  65  -\.  D..'Ve do
Gelrlnanicns and his mlotller Aguip-         not know  of  iny  Romiran  coinS
pina.  The  title of  fqiialpecrto)  is      of tllis prinlcess.  Hlei namne is to
fol:lnd on his Coloniali coins alone.        le foundl  on a Colonial coin, iand
Claiudian first wiife of Cligula.  D)ate   1hi1e lportalit onl tlo pieces-one a
of  birth  unllklnoTlln;   lliecl   8)'3    Colonil] lnid ti1e other of  AlexD. D.; diecd 36 A. D.  No genuiiie     andria.
co0ns.   Tlis fis st  i fite ol Calil -- T)JIs  CMY lia /(1015  Br'io-cl Icatt s8  sOil
nul is solnetimes cliletd by wrl'it'ers      of Claludiuis (and Messalina.  Boli 
JInlia Claulili l.                          41  t. w. Ivas poisoled  by Neero 55
Caeisoa)'ia.!(   tourhtll   ife  of  Callioala      I.  Br.-R. s
Booli -a; larrldlil    39 A. 1).  l killcd  LEaci/s, DOno2tois INno  thle vculnll0er
41.  D. N No reliable coins klno-ln.         soi  of  Cllaeuts   Donlitims   VlDi rsila  daculoiter' of Caesolia. Born            i o ellol iiibs   ald   Agrippina   tlie
- killed 41-    D.   Tlie coisis       Yonnger;  soii-in-law and adoptet.
ittiibuted to tlhis pincess lie f lse.      h.y  Clalcdiis  is Ieeie, tlell took
1Draosia, sistelr of Caliaula.  Born 1         iLe  iamnes of  Tiseitius  Claeloio'ols
1. D; cdiecd 388  S. D.   Tlhele  sie       NERo, Dso.    Born  37  A. D.;
Gliees but no  oroj.ot coins of thllis i   obtlinecl thle name of CCesa  50O -.
princess, tlhose lTliC11 al'e ittributed     D.;  leclalredl Elllperol  54 A. D.;
to her being false.  Sol-le say tlhat        killed  hilself 68 A. D.  G.- C.tlcl'e is the head oi Othis pieintss         B- 4  S.-C.-R. 4  Bi.-C.-Iti.
On the 1everse of  I oold coin olf           The coiss  of  this  enlpelror  ire
Caliuola.                                    iiiiilrous.  Somle of them  repre
Jlla Ltoila, sister of Calioula.  Porli       sen t  1hi1   Ivitlh   Arippina   thc
18 A. D, killed  41-. vi.   This               Onllgei.
plrincess  is  calleJd  by  historiais  O'1oc'tr.  Bolrll 42 A. D.  filst wife of
Julia or Livilla.  No Romanl coin            Ncero, by  wvlIom  shle was first dican be attiib-atec  to this primcess         vorcel alcl thenIlr killecl by opeiling
wTitll certiintv.  Julia ILivilla mlav       her   e rieils, 62 A. D.  No  Ronlan
be found onl G4reek coins.                   (oins are knoiilo of this princess.
Tib -icS  CLAUDnUS  D/ 1(50   SOis  of          Therlle are, hloweverl, some Colonial
1)rusUs  Senioil  (tlhe  bother  ot          Greek.
lTiberius) alnd illntonia.   Bolin 16) Pol)opp-(a SYobina, seconld wrife of:Nerlo.
ci. C.   dccl recl     Emnpelor 41  A. 4Bor-             cdied (66 A. D., flrom  tlhe.;  ploisoned  bl  isis lwife Aorip-         effects of a kick givel her I)y Nero.
pin a 54 A. c). G.i   1 - R.     S.-C. C    WTe (lo not know  of any cOills of
-B                I Br-o.-R.l     Solne  cosils  this pr-incess except a silvelr Greek,
I epl eselt lilml aVithl Ailrllina  thle    Twhichll is doubItful, sld t-wo  ColoYonno0er.  Some of Isis coins   tCI-(    iiial coplpers of her daugllterl Clauiestoredl  1)1   Titlis  caid  Tiijan. i     dia (also  uncettain), wllichl  bear
Clacudius  lla/ tilhree  uvil5s, Plautia     her lnaile on thie  evel'sc.
Us oulasills,Xclia Petia, ant Va-  5iat-alibi'a  tflesSalhwa  tlhirC cVife of TINero.
leiss  Mfessasliiia.                         Born -    cdied A. D. n    ol8e  Greek
TIo-M/i a loa!  ihsal,   thiud I ife of Cla11-  butt nio BoI1nain coins sle iknowil of
cliti. L01 ol    knillecd 48   -D.    No    thlis etinllicss.
coinls of tlhis pIsincesi    are kIlowvll   Clk(iic7; s l d/, d(I.llsltei ofa  Nelo and Polpexcepti sOllt Colonis l Gcek. kpae.  IB nI1 (ii4 i\. J).;  iied  tlle
fMc i)j)'a t'  f Woqc(   ssi/ster   of       saaIc  Was-ci, agedl    4 ilontls.  Tlhlere
Calsos'i 1a   adId  fIouitll  IXife   of     (tarc0  lo cilS of this prilncess ex('Cludflusm, let  nudcle.  -Boin  16 A.      cept a leadenll one, llsichli bears her
in.;  issassilated cby lice  soil Neio       headl  on the reverse of a coin of
1() A.   C).  G       -— I "2  I    R.       Nerlo 1her faltller; also two dioulbt



280                             APPENDICES.
full Colonial bronzes, which bear'   Born 41 A. D.; obtained the title of
her name.                               C'esar 69.  Shared the sovereign
Lucius ClodZis lfMaCer, Propraetor in      power with his father, with the
Africa 68 A. D.; assumed to be          title of Emperor 71; became sole
Emperor on Nero's death, but put    ellperor 79; died 81.  G.-C.to death by order of Galba.  S.-  R.' S. —C.-R. C       Br. —C. -R.4 The
R. 6 R. 8  These coins were struck      coins of Titus are nunerous; some11
in Africa.                             represent   inm  with, Vespasian,
Servius Sloilicius GAIm,3. Born 3 13.C.    1)omitian,  01or with his daulghter
declared Emperor 68 A. D.; assas-    Julia. Arricidia (who is not Alaniecl
sinated by Otho 69 A. D. G. -R.         on any coin) and MIarcia Furnilla
R. 4  S.-C.-R.    Br.-C.-R.             were his wives.
Some of these coins were restored  J;tf:ci ei tr zillca, second wife of Titus,
by Titus and by Trajan.                 Born -.  Repudiated by Titus
J/rIctsS StIcl'us  OTI1o. Born 32 A. D.;    before  his advancement to  the
declared Emperor 69 A. D.; coiln-    trone.   Died -.   No Roman
querecd  by  Vitellius  and  killed     coins  are  known  of  Furnilla.
himself the same year.  G.-R.           There is a Greek coin attributed
S.-R. l R.    There are only Colo-    to her.
nial brass of Otho.                  Jftica, daugliter of Titus and Furnilla.
AuluLs VTTELLI;TS. Born 15 A. D.  de-    Born         died -G.-C. —R.8 S.
clared Emperor in Germany  69             R.  R.  Br.-R. 
A. D).; and put to death by Vespa-i DDo.TITI r\txs 0, son of Vespasian and
sian's soldiers the same year. G.-      Flavia 1)omitilla.   Born 51 A. D.:
R. 4 R.8  S.-C.-R.   Br.  R -    obtained thle name of CO-sar 69;
R.;                                     declared Emnperor 81; assassinated.Lucius 1itellius, father of Aulus NAi-    96. G.-C. —R.   S.-C. —R 8 Br.
tellius. Born -; died 48 or 49 A. D.     -C. —R. --  The coinis of this EmG. -R. 8   S. -R. 4   Some coins       peror are nunierous, and clrepresent
represent him  with the Emperor         hilm  with Vespasiban, Titus, and
Vitellius his son.                      with his wife Domitia.
]Tlrvius VEsPASIANus.  Born 9 A. D.; DoMitie  Loigbi,,, wife of Domitian.
declared  Emperor 69, died  79.         Born —; died 140 _-.D.  G. —R.
G.-C. —R. 5  S.-C.-R.'2  Br.-I   S.-R4 R.'; Br.-R.", B. 8  Some
C.-R. ) The coins of Vespasian          coins represent her with Domitian
are numerous; some of them  re-    and wnith his soiln.
present him with his sons Titus and  A          2o?/Z%    son  of  Domitian. aind
Domitian, others bear only their    Domitia,   Born  82  A.D.;  died
names.  Some of the Ioman coins        young.  This clild, whose name
of Vespasian were struck in Anti-    is not known, is represented on the
och in Syria.  Some of these coins      coins with lis nmother.
were restored by Trajan.             Vespasiaurus thle oo.,nger, son of FlaFlbtcia Dornitilla, wife of Vespasian     vius Clemens Domitianus.  We
Born -; died before her hulsband     know only of Greek coins.
was made emperor.  G.-R.s S.  8   f'o(cIs CGcceinis NEVx. Bor1n 32 A.
-R.  H R.   Some coins relpresent       ).; dleclarced Emperol 96; died 98.
her with Vespasian.                    G. —R.2 R.   S.-C. —R.   Br.-C.
Doinitiill, daughter of Vespasian and      -R. 4 The coins of this prince lrce
Flavia Domitilla.  Born -; clied     nuilelrOlls.   Som1e represenit him
before  er fathler lbecame enlperoi.    wiithi T1 jan..
Br. —R. - Without her portrait.   foi rcus U(poiu Ci initls o01. iU  NCbi';e,
l'olla, mlother of Vespasian.   Born    TIxA,ra.n:s. Born 53 A. D.; assoCia-; died l-. The coins attributed    ted in the Empire with Nerva, with
to  the mlother of Vespasian are    thetitles of Ccesar and Emperor,
false.                                Ibnt. without that of Aug'ustus 97;
TITUS Flavius  FesPasian/es, son  of    declared sole Emperor 98;  died
Vespasian and Flavia T)omitilla.    117.   G.-C.-H.;   S.-C.R 8




APPENDICES.                                  281
i. —~. —Bi._'   Trajan restored manyl    86  A. D.; adopted  by  Hadrian.
of the coihns of tile Roman Families,     and   named  Ctesar,  138  A. D.
and  of his predecessors.  MAlanyl        declared    Emperor  the   same
coins represent hlil.wXith INervl,    year, taking the names of  itu
his father, Plotina, o01  Hadriain. I    Eliis  licadriaCs A.,  receiving
The coins of Tra jan 1are ver nume-       from the Senate the title of Pius
roUS; his c(oin is are struck witll thle  died 161 A. D. G.-C.-R.3B  S.metals of different countries, such       C.-.         Br. -C. - R.      Sonme
a:s, Dallmatia,  Pallno101ia, &c.         coins represeint hliml  vith  HladiPiotilta,  wife of Tri jin.  Bornl -          an,  Faustina,   Iaeus  Auelius,
died  129 A...-.4  R.  S.           and Lucius VerIus.  The coilns of
-R.';  Somle  coinls epresent her    this Emperor are numerous.
wIithl  Tirajan, iMati(ida, or  Had- Ain'ia  G0a,1?a   J olei l st ia,   5eaSioo).
1iacn.                                    13Borl 10.) A. D.; mloarried  AntoniI7'(j'cls P0l(rr,  fatller of tilt Er1-    n1s  bleforie hlis adoption  by Hapeeror Trajan.   Borl1;  cie      rin,  dia end ciel 141 A. D   (. -C.
100 A.  D.;  G.n-1. 4   S.-R. 4           -R.  S.(..  5 1r.-C.  R.'Tllese  coins  represent hlim  withil   Somle  coins  represent  hler with
the Eniperor Traja(n, his son.            Antoninls.  Tlle coins of FaustiMtc'i.'C&/c/,  sister' of Trajan.   Born     na, the motheri, are numerous.
-; cdied 144 A. r. G). —l.  S.- PM;- cu  Get',(i.ons Artoyoici s, son  of
R.B;  Br.-R.'; Some of lerl coins         Alntoninlus  Pilus   llld  Faustina.
bear the nalme of MIatidia.               died yonog, before  his  father.!ftOidil, dauohllter of Malrcialla.  Borln    camle  to the  throne.  There are
—' died in the ieign of Antoiiiinuls     011only  (Gl'eek coins known  of this
Pius. G.-R B; S. PR.     I   B —R. i      child.
Some  Oills represent lherl with Plo- JmIo'Cot   An2 is i,n    I'tns   G(ttiius
tina, others blear tile ncat le of 3lar-   e'ee'tin Mic titcus  I:nRELIIrs, son-illciaana.                                   law   of Antoninus  Pius.  Born
P,/Ub/its  AcI&tos  1itmmI-S,   SOll-     121 A.. i.'   adopted  by Antoniin-law  of  Mia ilidiia lnll   I Trajanil.  Ilus, 138, iwhen lie  -as adlopted
Born,76 A. D.; acopted bi) Tiraijan      1)r HIIadriani, with  the name  of
117;  madec  Emnperor  the  same          Cesar; made Emperor 161, takyear;   died  138.   G.-C. -R.            in. the iinames of  lAnRcus AunRE8. —C. —     B...          G  Some      uIUS           AxTOISU5s; died 180.   G.
coins represent hlim w   ith Traijan,    -C. —. B      S.-C.-R. I       Bir.Plotinl, Sabtia, andc  Antoninus.          C.-I-. 8  Some  coins  represent
The  coins of this Elpelror are           him il  ith Alnitoninus, Faustina the
ilnumerlous,  manyl bearlin g the names   YounI, Lucius N-Veuns, antd COlllof the  different provinces  over    modus.   Tile coins  of this  Em1Iwhich lie traveled.                      peror are lullme   rous.,ici/bida, daughter  of Matidia, wife  k'n stiit, the Y'ou,)oger, cousinl  and
of  Hadr in.   Born  -;    killeci        wife  of MIllarcus  Aurelius; died
hlerself 137 A...  G. -R    S.          1    A5   -.. CGR.5  S. —C.
C B —R.      Bri  C.- R.  4 So.le coins   -R.              3.   -. —.   Sonme
repreisenlt hier nithll hi  icain.   i   coins represent lier  withi  Ilarcus
AEi:,iSms tiict   Allretlu    Cejoziuins    Aurelius.   The  coins of FausC(omvizoddls  TrItns.  Adopted   by,   tila the IYounger are very nlimerHtadrian   1315 or   186. D.,  b hI    oils.
the iname of ltci uc s AEI1US lVtrS;  Atvi's I:'tlsc,  the youniiest son  of
died 138 A. D.  G   R.4  R.   S. Ai arcu             tui lius  and  Falustina.
-HR.  B1r.-C.-B.s                         Born 163.D.; obtained the nanme
Antinous, the  favorite  of Hadrialn;         of  CO-sar  166; died  170.  B.died  130 A. D.  There are only'   R. " Rt.
Greek coins of Antinous.                I      YLucs L       s V U  goEi'ts Mll m-C;,
7itils  Aiuelits  Fale ois   Boyjonius    iaod/s, son of  /Elius Cosar, and
Airrius A.N>,TOxINXUS   PiUs. Bornl    son-in-law-   of   Iaircus  Aurelius.




2 82                             APPENDICES.
Born  180 A. D.; adopted by An-           died.  There are only Greek coin.
tonills Pius, without the title of       of this Princess.
COsar,  1387   associated  in  the  MAiLcCus  DIDIUS Severus JULIVAUS,
empire   with the titles of C'esar        Born l    AD. D.purchased the purple
and Augustus, by A3arcus'urelius,        on the death of Pertinax, but put to
151; poisoned  169.  G.-1 C.-6R.          death after a reign of 66 days.  G.
S.-C.-. 6 Br.-C. —R. 6  Some             1 —6 S.-B. G   r1.-.  B R.,
coins  represent  inim   with  An- Malnhla Sc:amltia[a, wife of Didius Julitoninns  and   MIarcus   Aurelius.        anus. Born —   retired from pubThe coins of Lucius  Verus  are           lic life, on the deatlh of her husvery- numerous.                          iban dC. G. —R. S. —I.   1 Br.-I.4
AiLi,,b  Lrcl/a, the youlngert daughtert    R. 
of Maretls Atulelius and Faust:ina,            Cl7dia (l,   dau-o1ter of  Dilius
and nwife  of Lucius Verus.  Born         Julianus and Scantilla. Born  1,35
17 A^. Du.: exiled 183 to Coapiret,. J.D.: died -        G B. —.; S.-.-I.';
o(ider of Coinmaiodus, and put to         Br.-. 4
ldeath soon afterwards.  G. —R.I CCi   PESCEN              EIs NIoGitr    1Born - -
B    S-C~    B2 Br -( B.declared Emperor by the leoqons in
01v  I, or   ca rczts     ino  lA e ehias  Syria; killed by Severus, 194. G. —
B. s S.3 II. 5   1. B   The iobman coins
COAoImo Dus  Antoliihbs, elcler son of   R..   Th    o     cos
of Pescennius Nipei woie struck  i
AMarcus Aurelius and Faustina the          f Pser wee struc  in
Younger.   Born 161 A. D.  ohl-           SVriaL, Probbslly aiti Atiiocl.o
taiiled  the name  of Ccesar  166. DBoi2t  CLO-DIS caltme          all A'irbSeF.
associated in the empire, with the        B sorn; vLsned C1 es3 l,  hi  Septititle of Emperor, 176' obtained the       C,-ius Sees  1B3u bei lt toat tilie
lle  of  UglStUS  i77, declecl  Governor of Britain, lie took tlhe
name of Augustus 177' declarec            tile of dniptini of Butan  and
sole emperor 180, strangled  1.92        eGaule 196  defeateld and killed  by
G.-R.  ~ R. s  S.-C. —R.4  Br. —    Gf"l, 196;  defeateclnd killecl l~y.-BARB.8m S.-C.B     Br.        Septimius Severus 197'  G.-BR. 
C. —I.'  Some coins represent him         SeptRm.us Seeus 17;  i.-1  The.
with 3Marcus  Aurelius, Crispina,                2
Avith Alarcus;t~Vrelius,    Crispina',   Ploman   coins of Albinus with the
and Annius Verus. On some of his
title of Cessar, were struck at Rome
of      w oane meet withl  the  hinle.   Cdurinng the tinme that tlhere existed
of a woman without any namei.
She is supposed to be his concil-         an alliance hetweell w  im tnh   Sephbine'u arcio.   Conlmodus Ilad  a,    timius Severus, 1when6 the  latter
barticlne    draevotion  for  Haercusl    conflerred upon Albinlus the title of
particular devotion for Hercules,         Uesai   Those coins whick bear
and  is  often  representecd  witllh
land  is  often  representec   with       the title of Emperor and of uAugustihe  attributes  of this Demigod,        tle title of Elllenol lGl of nl
lcl  iv   callecl  the   Icuti ~tus were struck in Gaul, alnd perCoanltodus.      The ctlase of t1ic s6    1ihps some of them in Blritain after
Commodus    Tilhe  cois of tin  Albinus hiad taken the title of erIaemperor are very numerous.                peio
3?dtttiat Cli-piicc,   wife of Cormliodus. Ltcs, SEPTIAIUS SrEVEIRUS. ]Born 146
Born -    i; banished to Capree, ancl     A. D.; tlecle(l Enlptlor     198;3 bet.here died, 18  A. D.-GR.,  S.           came nlaster of the wAhole empire
-C.-KU.   Br.-C. —.   Somne    -197, whenl he took tihe su-rname of
coins represent her   ithl Cornuo -            tillX; ilie    1.  G.-f C.2 B.
dus.                                      S. -C.- R.  Br.-C. —R.   Some
PJhebitus Hielv~,as PERinT.IaX.   Born 120        coins represent him  with  Julia
A. 1).; tldclareid Em1nipe01l  bIy  thin   ) Domna, Coa rcalmla, anid Geta. The
P1itoriamns  192, but assassinate(d      coins of this emiperor are niinier1)y the soldiers after a reign1 of 8 I   O
(ltays.  G.-...    S. —P  R.B; Jlci  Doi,,,a, daughte  of.7'lssi S,
B. B.                                      vwife of Senptimius Severus.  bBorn
i7'tiana, wife of Pertinax.  Born  -:        -   starved herself to deatll on the
On the deanth of her husbandt she         death of Caracalla, 217.   G.-E.
eretredl filoz  public life, where she    P.8  S.- C. -R.- Br._ -._p8o




,PPENDICES.                                 2 83
Some coins represent her with Sep-  I R. 5  Br.-C. —R. 7.   The  name
timius Severus, Caracalla, and Ge-       of Elagabalus was given to this
ta.  The coins of this empress are       Emperor because he was in his
numerous.                                infancy made Pontiff to the God
l',Marcus Aulrelits Antonilnus, (or Bas-    Elagabalus, (the Sun), at Emisa in
sianus), commonly called CARAGca-  Syria, his countly. Some coins rep-,x, eldest son of Septimius Severus      resent him  with Aquila  Severa,
and Julia. Born 188 A.D. obtained         Annia Faustina, and Julia Soaeamthe name of Catsar 196, when he           ias.
took thename of Marcus Aurelius Jtic  Corieticia  _elia Pl,  filst  wife ofAntoninus; that of Augustus 198'  Elagabalus. Died in private life.
Emperor with his brother Geta 211,    G(.-R.  R.s  S. —R. 1 R. 2  Br.whom  lie killed in his imother's  B,. 3  R. 5 The name of Cornelia is
arms; sole emperor 212; asssassina-    only found on Greek coins.
tedl by~ acrinus, 217, G.-R. I Ri,8 i Aqsilia Sercr(, second wife of ElaaS.-C. —R.  Br.-C. —R.     The    hbalus.  Died  after the EmpeIor.
name of Caracalla camle from a new        G.-R. 8  S.-I. 2 R.4. Bi.-R. 2
sort of garment which he  intro-          R. 4   Some  coins reprcsent her
duced and frequently wore. Some           with Elaglabalus.
coins represent him  with Septimi- Asnziiia  tl l,  third wife of Elha aus Severus, Julia Domna, Geta,            balus. Born -        divorced as soon as
and Plautilla.   The coins of this        she was marliecl died -. G.I 
emperor are very numerous.                S.-I-. s Br.- -R. s       The llc d coin
]_/h:iria _Plattilla, married  Caracalla    is doulbtful, as it bears on the re202 A. D.; banished  to  Lipari,          verse a portrait of Elag abalus.
203; died there, 212. G. —R. 6 S. -  Julia' eat,miacz, mothller of Elagabal us,
G.-R2.  Br-.R.i R8.                       and sister of J-ulia  lesas;  killed 22
Luciuts or PdbftiS Septiaziu, s G(ETA, se(-                  S.   iR. C 5 Br. —
ond son of Septimius Severus and          C. —. 4  Some coins lepresent her
Julia Domna. Born 189 A.D.; oh-           with Elagabalus.
tained the namne of Cisar 198, and  Julia'lfe't,   sister of Julia Domlina,
that of Augustus 209;  Emperor            alunt to Elao'abalus.   Born —    clied
with his eldest brother Caracalla         223. G.-(4 I    S.-C.-R.   Br.211; assassinated  by  him  in the        C. —R. 4
arms of his mother 212.  G. -R. B    A\LEAxNDER   S:EavnnLs,.iL       SSLBSsia  Is
R. 6  S.-C. —R. 4    Br. —C.  i R.'e; Acciazls, cousin of Elaglaalus.
Some  coins  represent him   with        Born 205 A.D.;. adopted  lby ElaSeptirlius Severus, Julia Domna,    Tabalus with the name of Mi{arcus
-alnd Caracalla.  The coins of Geta       Aureliis Alexander, 221; Enipeare numerous.                             ror, 222, taking   the name SeverusMarTctUs  )Opeiius NSererts [e xcSs, MCRI    assassinate(d12; 5. G. —C. —I.8 S.Born 164 A. D.; declared Emperor          C.-R. s     Some  coins represent him
217;  killed  218.  G. —R. 4   R.      w ithl Julia.1amaea, ansd Orbiana.
S. —R. 1  R. 5.  Br. — R. I- R. s         The coins of this prince are very
I~a.rcus Opclius DiCuCIaei a Li us, soin of   umerous.
Macrinus. Born 208 a.D.; obtained jefia,oii, secondl   wife of Alexander
the names of Cesar and of Antoni-         Severus.  No par1ticuilars ale knovwn
nus, 217; and that of Augustus the        reslpectinog this  princess, and the
same year; killed 218.  G.  R.s           coin  attributed  to  1eru is  vciry
S.-1 2.   R. 6    Br.-B. 2 -I. 5          dloubtful.
Many of his coins were struck at  STalitsti Br(1,bizi T O'Tbialc, third wife of
Antioch in Syria.  Alexander Seerulls.  No details are
ELAGAALTUS, J;tiuAi, iS      11'Ct/ a ]7ssiCl e.  s   ko110wn   respeccting   this  princess.
Born 205 A.D.; declrecd ELmperor          G. —R.8  S. —R."  R.8  Bi1r. —      1218, when he took tie namnes  of          if.    Some coinis represent  her with
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus; put to         Alexander S evrus, anld MsiIamlea.
death222. G.  R. 2    s  S. -C. —         This princess is not spokCen of l)




284                             APPENI)ICES.
ancient authl'rs: sonic onsider her'   father and son were both killed.
to have b)een the wife of Dccius,       The coins attributed to this prinalthoughl she appears onl the coillns   cess are false.
with Alexalnder Severus.             Tit ts Q()2arimttru.  Proclaimed him-,Iia  iaacenlwea(, sister of Julia SoClem-  self Emperor in Germany dlurino
ias,  anid  motci  of  Alexandci    the reign of i of Maximinus;   killed
Severus. Assassinated with her son,    soon after.   There  is a coin at235 A. D. Some, coins iepriesent her    tributed to him, bearing  on one
wTith -Alexander Severus aund Orbi-    side the inscription "Divo Tito,"
tIna.   The coinls of AMnmaca are       and on the reverse "Consecratio;   "
nuIlmerous.                             but this coin is one of those struck
Zi'e, niles A, toninus.  Born -   hadi    by Gallienus in honor of his prehimsielf proclaimled  Emperor in        decessors wxho had  b)een ranked
Asi t in the town of Enlisa in Syia,   lamong the gods
dur'ilgn   the reign  of Alexan-l cli  lceus Aaztoroius GonDIANUS Al'RISeverus; but was (lefeated  anl(l    cAus I. (Pater).  Born 158 A. D.:
t hin p                    Gi.sonem  soon uftel. G.-R. 1  proclaimed Emperor in Africa, and
One piece of Romai   nioney is thel    acknowledged  by  the  Senate
only coin of his which is knlowni;      killed himself about forty days
it was struck inAsia, an ld probably    afterwarcd s on hearing of his 5on's
tit Eil-us  in 1 Syiria~.           1 death. S.-R., R.   Br.-R. BR'. R.
Ctoes u,flio8  J P'eras  A[XxIAMINus IX.    These Latin coins were struck,
Born l73 i.D.;  Emperor 235; as-    without doubt, at Carthage.
sassinated 2.8... —R.  R. 8S.-:frarces, Atntonzinus GOnIeIANus AFnrC.-    R. 7  Br.-C.-    R.s8 Sonli         e
cCx' Ss II. son of Gordianus Africoiis  epesent   Ini i   his so  canus I.  Born  192 A. D.: EmpeAxximnxuis   Oni Rootneo  coints i e    ror wVith his father 28;   killed
have only M  xxrnivs; onl Goloni~( i
iL  e only VI urxr NvS  A OIii (Al.ouLl    about forty (lays afterwards.  S. -
Greek, thenJ lie ini fuMll Cusi   JAl~ i R." R   Br. — B.  These coins were,
VEReVS. the n:ime in I.illC  IJS JU   f without doubt,minted in Carthage,
VERVS. 3fiMXiiiVS.
(ltainaC, w~if e of Mi Mxiuniuixus   No     like those of his father.
P, u~llina,  wtvife of MeAaximuinus.  BNo
particulars are known respectilg Decimlls Ccelius BALBINUS.   Born 178
this princess.  S. —R.     B. —R.  A-. D.; Emperor with  Pupienus
4R.    We blelieve this pmi cess to     238: massacred after a reign  of
be the wife  of Maiximi nus, froom    i
e the ixife of Miximins  fi o three  months.   G.-R8  S.-R.
the great reseml)lance i\1hich  the    R1.  Br. —R1.  R. "
portraiit of lIaxxilius on his coins illree(s Clodius PuPIEI;us.1]ntx/o0s.
bears to hers, and the oreat likc-      Born 164 A. D.; declared Emperor
ness b)etiween the coins of Maxi-       with  Balbinus 238; massacred
mlinus and Mlaximus and lihers. All    about three months afterwards.
the coins of Paulina r epresent her    G. —R.  S. —. 2 Br. —R. 2 R.'
consecration, so that it is believed i1/frcts Antoai es  GORDIANUS PIUS
she died before lier husband.            III., nephew  of Gordianus AfriG(ilus JuliutS T1le, s   -l-ImixC', s, soll of    c:nus.   Born 922 A. D.; Crsar
lIaximinus.   Born -;  obtalined        538; Emperor the same year; asthe name of Cesar 235 x. D).; killed    sassinated 244.  G. —R. 1 R. S S.238 A. D.  G. -R.  S -R.  R  C. —R.   Br.-C. —R.    The coins
Br. —R. I R.   Some coins repre-    of this Prince are numerous.
sent him wllithl his f ather mfasimi- t P'uoil SIVbic f)rcat;qillioe, vif-e  of
nus.                                   iGordiallus III.   Born-; -     died
Jatict, Fatdilla, betrothed to Maximus.    after her husbanid.  S. —. 8 Br.
All that is known of this princess      -1. 8
is, tiat Maximinus wished to rmacrry J:r t!trs Jol:tus P-TIIITPPUS I.  Born
his soin to her, being grand niece      204 w. u.; Emperor 244; killed ii
to the Emperor Antoninus, but this      battle by Trajan Decius 249.  G.
marria e wAas not effected, as the      -R.  R.  S. -C.-R.     Br.-C.




APPENDICES.                                285
-R. 6  Some coins represent him         her coins. G. — R.   S. —C. —-R.  Br.
with Otacilia and Philip, his son.    -C. — R.
The coins of Philip are nunmerous.   Ql'tes LTt erenni  s Etr-'sces Messibus
Marciac  Otacilia, Severn,   wife  of I          1'jrcJets Decits, son  of Decius.
Philip.  Born -; dield 249.   G.        Cesar, 249; Augustus, 251; killed
-R.5 R.'; S.-C.-BR." Br. —C.-           same year. G. —R.8  S.-C.-R.s
R.  Some coins  represent hle    B1.-R. 2 R.8
with Philip tile father and soni.    Chiu1S  J UlG.S  HOSTIIIAN   -IS  lessts
MarcsL~)'CU~ } JuLe'1'?IS PHIumPurs  II. Son ot  Qihtl,$, son of Deeius. C'esar, 24);
Philip and Otacilia   Born 237A. I).    Empeor with  allus, 2           ded
Ca-sar, 244. AssoCiated in the em-    salm-e y  ear.  G.-R. 8    -(-C 
with.~   t 1..    B1r. —R.  R.'; Some coins represent
pire  with  the title of Augustus,      him with Voiusianus.
247; killed 249.  G.-R4 R..                     TB       ANU- G-LLI,
Uai~s  WaisirS   TREBONIxIUS GxLnUs.
C. -. - r.4W-C. —R. 7 Some coins
I.present 1im  w itR  P1iciP  thi       Born 207; Emperor, 251; killed
2 54. Br. —S.
elder.  The coins of thlis prince V'OLeSIANTs, son of Gallus.  Casa1,
are numerous.                        V                                     7, larb~rsX~q~s.e numeroek~lled lus,     251; Emperor, 252; killed, 2914.
Jfaribts.  Proclahned  Emperor  ill                              -      
gMoesia and Pannonia, 339 A. D).'   (GY.R. _           I  S. B
killed soonl fterwardcs.  Tile coins                        wife of Aeil-...licll.~VC.1ii titti d to.  C'l Caia)~lzc, - ~ 5lseic,  wife of Aemilwhich have been attributed to this    ianus        This princess  is only.anus.   This  princess  is only
prince are Greek, but their attri)ution is douiltftl.  These coins       Br. B R. B
welre mintedl n Arabia, and most JlllI nl      s       A          S   -O*.
likely belong to a1 relationl of tl e
Born  190  A. I).; Emperor, 253 -
nispeo i f hictlel.                    nmlade prisoner by  the  Persians,
hfotisn?,?GS. Pl t ocll hei    Emperor ill    260; died 263.  The coins of this
oSyria, 248    -.   t tO cictllln    0  Emnpeloi aie numerous.
S   t  ar t  (i icszan, believed to be tile second
soon  af1ter  B8  [his * coi*i    vwife of Valerian.  This princess
was, witlhot lo toubt   lllltc min                    i*
was, is  xAbout  doubt, limintcc  l'   is only known by her coins.  G.
Syria.                                  4_R.1  R.a S.__R.s R.4
Tibe iwts  Cla, dits  1avis        c       -R'  SB -R S        - R 
Peblius hicoiaus  GALLIE~NmU S son  of
tialnuls.  Th1is personage w, as prO- Piibliu8 ic&iniqts GALLIENUS son  Of
(iacnsI    I nlls peirsoli c luas pl'oi  Valerian, by his first wife.  Enmclaimed   Emperor  about  this'pcI'iocl,'lmCt is onlly knownl by  ins i peror,  253;  assassinated,  268.
G. — B    B." S.-BR. "  Po.-C.coins. S. —Rs. It is thought fromi      B      B    C-BR  i R."  During
his coins that Pacatianus had li-ini                    
the  reign  of  Galliehus,' many
self proclaimed  emperor in  the                zn
self proclaimed  cmpcoi in  th. ogenerals declared themselves elmreign of Philip or Trajanus Deeiiis;n that li  icioneci in Giccc   perors; and, as their number was
bcaiuse thit coins re ic efoill Grele   about  thirty,  they  have  been
because  his coins were found there,
or that he a sfi pi ocl imeel in Mroesi     called the Thirty Tyrants.
aiid Pannoiinia.                    (orneliae 8calolnina, wife of Gallienus.
Spoasianus.   Pinch miied lmpci a.       Assassinated, 208.   G.-R. -4 R.'
Sponsiatnq.  Proclai med Emperor     s.-R.a  Po.-C. -R. 2
5.-R. ";  Po.-C.-R. ~  Br. —C.
about this pelriod, and only knowrn    — R. 4
by his coins.  G.-R. 1               Pibliuts Liciniuts Cornelitls Scalomniitux
(atiuts  Xessies  Quiodftu   TRAJAtB XUS    Vclechanus Gallienus, soi of GallieDECIUTS.  Born  201 A. D.; Em-    nus. Born242 A.D.; Cesar, 253;put
peror, 249; drowned in a bog, 251.    to death, 259.  C. —R.  R8 S. —R.
G. —R. 4        R.'  S.-C.-R. 8  Br.    Po.-C.-R.4   S.-C. —R.8  Some
-C. —R."  Some coins represent    coins represent him with Galienls.
him  with Etruscilla, Hostilius and  Qetintus Johlins Gallienus   youngest
Herennius.                              son of Gallienus.   No coins can
iere2nnia Etruscflla, (wife of Decius).    be attributed to this prince with
This princess is only known  by         any certainty.




286                             APPrENDICES.
Ideriazuzs JaJlioii breother of Gal-'   Br. —R.8  See  tlhe  observations
lienus.  Assassinated  268.   The       on Laelianus.
coins that were attributed to this M1arcus Picuro7ieuls Victoiznus  (Pater).
prince  have  been   restored  to       Associated in the empire of Gaul by
Saloninus.                               Postumus 265; killed 267. G.-R.'
L]ri'jetict    Galliezna  aunt to Gallienus.    R. s Po.-C. —R. 3 Br. C.-R. 2'le
No particulars are known of tllis  coins of the Roman standard were
princess.  The coins attributed to      struck in Gaul.
her are false.                       l1ictorlius (Filius).  Made  Cesar in
Jt/.cut- s  Cassiaoits  AJti nics PosU-r    Gaul 267; died soon afterwards.
-Nus P. (Pater). Proclaimedl  Em-    The coins formerly attributed to
peror in Gaul, 258;  killed in 267.    this prince have been restored to
G.-R. 4 R.   Po.-C. R.8 S.-  his father.
C. —I.    Some  coins  of Pos- I 7'cto?,ia or VFictorinJt, mother of Victumus  bear  also  another heald,       toinus Senior.  Died according to
whicll has long  been considered         general opinion in 268.  Br. —BR.
to be that of his son. The coins         The coin that has been published
of Postumus are numerous. All    of this princess is false.
were struck in Gaul.                  I  en)rcus Auretel.s MARIUS. ProClaimed
Jltlit.Donatfr,  believed  to  be tile    Emperor in Gaul in 267; killed afwife of Postulnus.   Nothing  is    te             n  of three    ys   G.R.8 Po.-R.2 R.B  B r.- B  R.  R-'"
known  of this  emlllpress, Twhose 1
existence is hardly proved.  The          istoiins sa'  tlat he was killec
by one of his comrades, after a
coins that hlave been  publishedlc       by  one of his coraes  afte
~are false.                             reign of tllree diays    the coinPos1wtaurcns  (Filius).   Declared   Au-    parative abundance of his coins
gu~~stu.~s (in  Gul 258e; killed  in-   ~prove they were mlinted  before lie
gustus in  Gaul  258 ~  killed  in i assumed the title of emperor.
267.  Nothing is known  of this  (bizs Pesouoes letruczs (Pater)   Proemperor,  except that there are         claimed Emperor ill Gaul in 267:
coins attributed  to himl, whllich      restored his pr ovinces to Aurelian
truly belong to his father, and the     and r ietired  into plivate life 2T3.
hIeads whicll appear on tlle revelse    G -R   1B 8 Po-R.". -C.of the coins of tile latter, are prob-    I:.P; Some coins represent him
ably those of Mars and Heicules.            Titll his son.  A  great c llam    of
All11  tlue  coins  of Postumusths      this empeiror's coins are of the
Younger  (if  any  exist)  werI    second             ss    of       aos
second   brass,   of   barbarous
struck in Gaul.                         eeculion,  and bear illeoible inU7l,'its C(ornelits ZLac-ii(ls. Little is;   scriptions.  The  coins of Tetrriknown  of  this  personagen  who         cus and his soln were all struck in
caused  himliself  to  be acknowl-    Gaul.
edged  emperor  in  Gaul cluring  C (uQ PesurvivTs Piesius _[Li'iicus (Filthe reign of Gallienus.   G. -R.        ius).  CTsar in Gaul 267; retired
Po. -R..     Br.-R.     R.      from public life on the abdication
Laelianus  and  the  two  follow-    of his father 273.  G.-R. 6 R. 8
ing-Lollianus   and  Aelianus-           Po.-R. 2 Br. —C. —R.  It is a
according  to  their  money,  ap-    question whether this emperor was
pear to be three different person-      ever made Augustus or not.
ages.  It must be observed  that  Cysriades.  Proclaimed  Emperor by
a great number  of coins attrib-    the Legions in Asia in 257; killed
(lted to these three are doubtful.    258. No coins are known.
The  coins  of  Laelianus  were 3IACIrAx,-Nus(Pater).  ProclaimedEcl -
struck in Gaul.                          peror in the East 261; was killed
Loliianzcs.   No  details are known    by his soldiers 262, -with his two
of this prince.  Br. —R. 8               sons. The coins published as those
Qt!,intus Valens Aelanuns.   No facts    of the father have been restored to
are  known  of  this  emperor.    his son.




APPENDICES.                               287
l~t,,'ocis ]i~rh/,as Jalcriiaas (Filius).   aftter-wlards.  No coins are known of
Ile was mlulde Augustus during his   Antoninus.
father's reign. Po. —R. 2 R.3 His jlf(tart8,ces fAtuiei, C'/,,8  LAUTDIUS GOTHICUS.
coins were struck in the East, per-   Born 214 A. D.; Emperor in 2(68;
haps in Syria.                         died of the plague 270.  G. —R.
Qlietus, brother of the preceding.    R. s Br.-C. -I-. 4 After the reign of
Killed Mith his father and brother    Claudius no  coins in billon  are
at Emisa.  G. —.Z 8  Po. -R2 ZR. ~   known, for at this period they were
Br. — t. 8  These coins were struck    so thinly coated with silver that it
in the East.                           has in most cases all worn off except
Baclista.   Proclaimed   Emperor  in    when the coin is in singularly fine
Syria 262; killed 264.  The coins    preservation.
published of Balista are false.      CeasGorin7zs.   Proclaimed   Emperor
iazqeel uts.  Proclaimed  Emperor in    at Boulogne 2 70'  killed seven days
31esia and Pannonia 262; killed in    after.  The coins that have been
three months.   Coins all  doubt-   published are false.
ful.                                  Jlarcits  Aus eusc i Clcaudus QUINTr,Beegaico6aues.  Proclaimed  Emperor in, us, ibrother of ChliudiUS Gothicus.
Mcisia 261; killed 263.   S. — R. 8      Proclaimed Emperor near Aquileia
These coins, if true, were struck in     270. committed suicide eio'ht days
lMcesia.                                  after.  G.-R. 8 Br.-C. IR.     The,SclpiciaC D ryantiile,wife of Regalianus.    coins of Quintillus are too nunmerNothing is known of this princess.        ous to allow  that his reigln  was
S.-R.     The fact of Dryantillabe-    so short as it is said by historians
ing the wife of Regalianus is doubt-    to have been; it is probable tLat
ful.                                     hle reigned about two mlontlls, as
V[idLfens.  Emperor in  A chaia  261;    accordinig   to Zozi/ us.
killed the same year.  The coins at" Luzciuls Cav&:,dt     Doiituis kAunrLiA,  -
present known of Valens are doubt-    t;us.   orn 2a07 A. D.;. Eimperor 2 70
ful.                                      assassinated 2753;  G. —R. R..Piso Firu/i.  Emlieror in  Thessalia       Br. - C. —R. ~  The coins of this
261; killed same year.  The knowni    emperor  are  nuierous.   Sone
coins of this Emperor are false.         coinls represent him. with Severina
Alexancider Aeia,,itiean2s.   Proclaimed    aln.d Vatalathus Athenodorus.
Emperor by the legions in Egypt  U1.)i A&i'vcrbita, wife of Aurelianas.
262; killed the same year.   The         No details are knowili of thlis eicoins of Alexander are false.            press. G.T -R.s Zl.    B r. —C. I'
Satxurni-els 1. Proclaimed Emperor
263; died shortly afterwards.  No               RICES OF ES  LIr -
authenticated coins are known of
this tyrant.                          SEIPTrI uI   s ODEw-xTIrus.  Jin' of PalTrebellaiicaus.  Proclaimed Emperor of     iiny ra 261.  associated in the elpilre
in Isauria 264; killed soon after-    by  Gallienus  2t64;  assassinated
wards.  The  coins attributed  to        266-7. There  are no true coins
this personage are false.                known of this emperor.
C(elsu.  Proclaimed Emperor of Car- SEPTiMrI a      ZENOBIA, last  wife  of
thage in 265; killed after a reign of    Odenathlus.  Queen  of Palnlym ra
seven  days.   No  true coins  are       261; vanquished  by   Aurelianus
known of Celsus.                         273.  There are sonie coins of this
Alarcus,Aciiuis AUREOLUS. Proclaimed       queen struck in Egypt but tlhere
Emperor in Illyria and in Rhetia in      are no true autonomnlous coins.
267; killed 268.  G.-R. 8 Br. —R. 8 Iaowdes, son of Odenalthus by his first
These coins were either struck in        wife.  Auoustus 264; kiled 267.
Rhetia, Italy  Superior, or in M3i-    The coins of this prince are false.
lan.                                  JTiiolcuts, son  of  Odenathus  and
u',Tipicius   Aitozrlaus.    Proclaimed    Zenobia.  Nanlled Auogustus by his
Emiperor in Syria 267: died  soon        mlother 266; tal'ii  pr isoner   by




288                             APPENDICES.
Aurelian 273.  He has notrue coin  ed, 284. G B. —I. 3 R. s Some coins
of Roman nintage, but there is one      replresent  him  with Nlumerianus
Greek coin that belongs to him.         and MIaolnia Urbica.
VABALATIJUS ATIHENODORUS, soil Of I o.g eow/io(, L'b'&i(.  T'his pr'incess is only
Zenobia.  Emperor in Syria 266;    known by her coin.  G.-R. 3 S.taken prisoner by Aurelian 273;'    1. 2 BR. 6  Supposed to be the wife
Br.-R. 2-R.   These coins were          of Carinus.
struck in Syria.                    ligliniOelS (Soll of Caillus)  hl'lli
Maifmeonii.s.  Proclaimed Emperor 067;    prince is only known by his coins.
killed  shortly  afterwards.   Thll     G.- -. s S.-R. 6 R.8
coins attributed  to Maconius are 3, Alichan, s J, LrnI-us I.  Pi nfalse.                                  claimied Emperor in PaInnllonia, 284;
ROATAN LINE riesilzaedl.           killed, 285.  These  coins were
i   most probably struck in Italy Su —
FrnPtzus.  Proclaimed  Emprr11              pero  eior.
Egypt in 275; defeated and put to.Ce(hs    Idei;'fsDI0IocLmTA\LS.  Bo11
death  the  following year.  Thlle      245; Emperol 284  adopted  Galcoins  attributed  to  Firmus care      (liUS, 22o abdicated, 30o   diel,
false.                                 G313. G.-.2  R.s  S. s-   t 1.
Jfirczles Caleatctds TCirTUS. Emperor    Br.-C. — R. 6 The coins of this elil275; assassinated 276; G. —R.`R. --    petlO arle 0nmerous. It wals intPli
Br. —C. —R.   Th1e coions of  th1is1   reigon that the Romain  emlpire was
emperlor  are numnerous.                first divided by common  consent,farcals  Avltlats  FLOnrTxALs.  13011Born   lamong four emlperors: two Augu1s232 \. D.; Emlperorl 276; killed same I   tuses and ti-o Csi1'rs.
year.  G. —R.    R.  Bri. —C. —R.  I -
AIf(Ocd5 4,)ioG) eainGs PROBUS.  Boin i232  JC     II             1          Ixoius Ike., cAleN,.  Born 2950; asson.;  Emperor 276  killed  282. -                f ferrill   Born'2aO.Issaeiated in the Empire with DinTh.e issu4s of th.is emR.peioir -C.e -R,    cletian in 286; gave to Constantius
The issues of this emperor are so i
numerous and so diverse in the          Cors te title of Ce
cated 305; retook the einpire 306 
types, that the Abb6 Rothlin had
albdicated afresh,   308' proclaimed
a collection of upwards of 2,000        himself  eldpelr, e 08ain  il 30ae
coins, all differing in some mninute       sn     elf peror aga    in 0
respect,                                strangled himself, 310.  G.-R I
R. 6 S. —R. I. C)  Br —C.  R.,"
Bo ii ots.  Proclaimed  Emperor  of 
Gaul 280; died 281.  There are no      Some cons repmescnt him  withl
trule coins of this emperor.            Galerius and Diocetian.  His coiiis
Satartczlzz ls. Emperor of Egypt andc   aLc numerous.
Palestine 280; killed shortly after- Eutropia, wife of AMaximianus.  ~No
walrds.  The coins of Saturninus        details are known of this princess.
a re false.                             No true coins are attributed to her.
Prioccdus. Emperor of Cologne 280' Amlancods.  Emperor in  Gaul a285;
put to death the same year.  The        killed 287.  The coins published
coins of this emperor are false.        of this personage arlle very suspilfrlc's    Aureliuts CAnus.  Born 230     ciouS.
A. D.; Emperor  282; killed by  Aelianls.  Emperor in Gaul 285; kill
lightning 283.  G. —R.  R.I   S. —      ed 287.  The coins of this emperC. —R.6   Some  coins  represent'   or are likewise doubtful.
him with Carinus.                    Marcus Aurelilts Va6lerius CARAUSIIuS.
M(,trcas   Aurel-anus  NuTMERIANUS.    Emperor in England 287; assassiBorn 254 A. D.; Cesar, 282; Augus-  iiated 289.  G.-R8   S.-.R.  R.
tus, 283; died 284. G. —R.4 R.';    Br. —R.3 R.8  These coins were
S.-C. —R.   Some coins represent    struck in England.
him with Carinus.                    ALLECTUS. Emperor in England 293,
fft1'cs Aureliuls CAncnuss.  Born 249 A.    killed in battle with the army of
D.; Casar, 282; Emperor, 283; kill-    Constantius, 2936; G. —(l.B     S.



APPENDICES.                            289
R.     Br. -R4 R. 6 These coins   himself Emperor at Rome in 306,
were struck in England.             and was drowned in the Tiber in 312
Achilleits. Emperor in Egypt about    A. D. G.-R. 2 R. 6  S. —R. 6 R. 7
292; put to death soon afterwards.    Br.-C. R. 6 One piece represents
There are no true coins known of    him with his son Romulus.  The
this personage.                     coins of Maxentius are very nuLucies Domitius.Dom),itians'.  Em-    merous.
peror in Egypt 805.  Br.-R. M4arcuts Aurelius Romzlus, son  of
These coins were struck in Egypt.    Maxentius. Born about the year
FIavitas Tcte ricus  CONsTANTIUS I.    306 A. DI.; named Caesar in 307;
(Chlorus). Born 250; Caesar, 292;    Augustus in a short time afterEmperor 305; died 306. G. —R.1      wards; diedin309. G.-R.8 S.IR. 5  S. —R. 1 IR.  Br. —C. R. 6    R.8 Br.-R. 4 R. 8  One coin repSome coins represent him  with    resents him with Maxentius, his
Diocletian. His coins are very nu-    father.
merous.                          Alexander.  Proclaimed Emperor at
Flavia Jalia  e lelna, first wife of Con-    Carthage in 306; defeated and put
stantius Chlorus. Born about 248    to death in 311 A. D. S. —R.8
A. D.; died about 328; Br. —C.R. 5  Br. —R. 6 R. 8 The Roman coins
Fi#lavia lIc niman Theodora, second wife    of Alexander  were  struck  in
of Constantius Chlorus.  S.-R.  Africa, and probably at Carthage.
Br.-C.                           Publius ]FAavius  Claudius  Galerius
GALERILUS VALE-RIUS MAXIMIANUS.    Valerius   Licinianus  LIcmIus,
Adopted and named Cmesar by Dio-    senior son-in-law  of Constantius
cletian, in 292; Augustus and Em.   Chlorus. Born 263 A. D.; named
peror in 305; died 311. G. —R.2    Coesar and Augustus, and associRfC  S.-R. 2 1R.  Br.-C.  R. 6    ated in the empire with Galerius
Some pieces represent him with the    Maximianus 307; conquered and
HRerculeian Maximianus and Con-    taken.prisoner by his brother-instantius Chlorus.  The coins of    law, Constantine, afterwards the
this prince are numerous.            Great, and strangled in 223. G.Galeria Valeria, second wife of Gale-    R.  R. 6 S. —R.2  R6  Po.-R.2
rius Maximianus. Put to death by    Br. —C. R. 5 Some coins represent
Licinius in 315 A.D.  G.-R6 S.-     him with his son Licinius. The
R.6 Br. -C. R.4                     coins of this prince are very nuFlavcius  VALERIUS   SEVERUS  II.    merous.
Named Coesar by the Herculeian Flavia Constantia, wife of the elder
Maximian in 305: Augustus and    Licinius.  Died 330 A. D.  The
Emperor in 306; put to death in    pieces which were published of
307.  G.-R.4 R.6 S. —R     Br.   this princess were false.
-— C. R. 4                       Flavius  Valerian/us Licinianus.  LIGalernits Valerius Ve MAxIMIN us DAZA,    cINIUS, junior, son of the elder
son of Galerius, named Caesar by    Licinius.  Born 315 A. D,; named
Diocletian in 305; given the title of    Caesar 317; deprived of the title in
the son of the Augusti in 307;    323; put to death in 326.  G.-R.4
proclaimed himself Emperor in the    R. 6 S.-R. 3 B. C. R. 6  Some
East in 308; defeated by Licinius    pieces represent him  with his
and poisoned himself in 313 A. D.    father,  Licinius  Crispus,  and
G. -R. R'. S. -R.+ R.   Br.-        with  Constantine  the  Great.C. R3. The coins of this emperor    The Roman coins of this R. 8 Br.are numerous. A  part of these    R.4 R. 6 These pieces were probpieces in Roman coin must have    ably struck in Pannonia.
been struck in the East, probably Aurelius Valerius Valens. Named Caesin Syria.                           ar, and  perhaps Augustus, by:Aarcus Aurelius Valefltus MAXENTIUS,    Licinius in 314; but was deprived
son  of  Maximianus Hercules.    of his dignities and killed. The
Born about 282 A. D.; proclaimed    supposed coin is very doubtful.




290(3                             APPENDICES.
Md:rtof vaZ,'/,n,ws.  Created (a-tsar and Au- CI onstantinople or in the dominions
gustuls at B yzantiullm  by Licinius        of his sovereignty.
in 3'23'  put -to cleatl  two   onths             Cela, ctdi/t,s Jet~lv/, ClON'STeANTcafterwards. Br. —R.';  Tllese Roln-         rnrT s II. eldest son of Constantine
ani coils were Inost probablyStully   stucd  Fausta.  Born  316  x.  ).
at Nicmeditl.                             Inamed COesar;17; obtained in the
FI, evls t, Galtc roi' 1  /r'tt,s CoNSs'    -  division  ill ii33,  Gaul,  Spain,  and
TINTus J11,')1,xs, s;011 of C o1StdIitillS      England;    n  his faither's  deltlh
Chloirus and 1l-(ena. n] i.                illn e337, nalued Emperor land  \AluD.; naimledC (esar liend  Aulustus    st         i (stusl defeated anid killed in 34().
in 3060; depriveur( oF the laist title        --; R. B   S. —R.2 R.4 Br.
again nanled A tun~tslus ly Mani-il- n. — C-.    The coins of this enlnius in 3)07i; thien onl1 son. of thle Au-  peror are numerous.  These coins
gusti; oriven. ag'ain thle Ilnle oft' nl- ol   )robatl]v, or at leaist a part, were
gxustus in  30i:   colnverted  to the        t4ruk in the countries assiogned to
Christian  religioa  in  131 d; ade          i  il the division.
sole enlperor in 823;   cin (ed the  F            J~t.s   011eoS,  Co'si  L  youn01 -
naLme of tBrziatiiu  to Conistalnnti-      est son of Constantine tile Great
nople, whlch  he miade the seat of          and  Ftausta. 3Born about;20 A. ).:
Ihis g'overnillent,'Ct8  diied in 887.     named  Cesar in,,33, obtained in
G. —R.               1.'i..' B:  Br.-  the division in 3i3,  Italy, d llyria.
C. I.'  Solne  pieces represent him         ad Afria; calledl Emperor and
withl   Crispus   Constantine   the         Augustus   in 3:';  on his brother's
younger,  dand      icinius   senior.       d  th  i   346, miade Enipe er of''rle  coins  of  this  emperior  are        tlle East,and  5iss1issinated in 8),50.
very nuimerous.                             G. —(1. —4( i   S. —R.  R.,   Br. -
7Ilia, oi i,           7,'s/,  wite   of    C(  -R. I    The  coins ot this eiaConist;itine  t lie  Great it, drownied     lpellr are nulmerous.
in; a warm bathll,!) her iusbaniil' s  at8,1,1z')1m,?,.  TI his personage is only
order, il the yeal -326 A. e ). G. —R       known by once coin; lie vwas proS.-. 4 3 i.-C.-' -  R.                     clailued Emneror undeli the reignis
pIlri"/,os,Jhla?z,$ (Cl/i)o, son  oif (on-   of Constins L or 11.  The piece
sltintinc    (   And Minevina.   3011rn  pIioclced is doubtful.
aIbolt 300 0. 1).; 1lna1meC C0esar in I'lVi~U,e  [JcUils   CONS1Tr x   UT S  11.,
317'; put to  (ldetli l)y  order of        seeonicl  son   of  Constantine the
his fatherl  in  9,.. —. 3 R. 6   Greiadt and Fausta. Born 317 A,. 1).
Br. — C. —R. 4                              named Cmesar in 323; obltained  in
Jlilela, rwife of Crispls.  This pril-    the  di.vision  in  335, the  East
cess is onlly knownV  by one coin. |   nainedl  Augustus in  337   o 01  the
Br. —R. Li  Itis not certain wh etherl     nuider   of Constans, becanme inmasshe was ever Crispus'  wife or not.    ier of all the Empire in 350; died
c{,;Rav:,s 1i   D{,Cdties, nlephewi  of     851.  G. —C.-R. 8S. —R. 1  R. r,
Constantine,  namied cl  iesar in 33;:      Br. —C. R..3   The coins of this
obtained in the division, Thracic,     emperor are  mnierous.
IMacedonia, anld  Achaia iiin  335; 1iczfsto, wife of Constantius II. Br.
killed 3)7. C-. —R. 6  S. —I' 4 Bi.          B -1.6  It is doubtful whether she
-—.    Sonme pieces represent hilrim       was ever the wife of Constantius
with ( Constantine.   It is doubtfui        or not.
whiether  these pieces were  struck  Facrtils Popelits  NEnO'rTrANnUS  C0onin sConstantinop! e o  inr the T1provili-   stnJtintS, soin of Eutropia,  sister
ces which  he  obtained   in  the          of Clonstmantine the  Great.   Prodivision.                              I   claimed Emperor at Rome in 850;
Ifanv.ibacllctt,ites, brotlher to Dellnatius.  killed after a reign  of 28 days.
Made King of Pontus, Cappadoci a i   Br.-BR.  These pieces were proand Armenia in the year 3835; died  bably struck at Rome.
837.  Br. —R.6  It is not kinown  Vtc:urnio.   Proclaimed  Emperor  in
whether these pieces were struck ili        Pannonia in. 350; abdicated  after




A'PP>ENDIOES.                                 29  I
reigning 10 months  died 35o6; G(... D. Eimp(ror in,;64; dlied 375,
-R.8  S.-S R.s Br. —R. 11.  These          G.-C..  S..         Br.- C.
pieces wiree  probcably   st ruck  in,    R.  The coins of N-aletinian were
Pannonia.                                  struck parltly at Iome, and p artly
N7oniz.  -Historians do not  i ention          in the.iast.
this personage.  lhe pieces attribu-  TVlel'ic, Secodel(, first wife of Vllentin.ted to this Nonius are doubtful.           ill. Died in the reign of G~ltili.
FlavCitsc iMa,aus XiAn-l,:TI-. t   1Born       Tlhe published pieces.aIe false.
about.303. D.; proclainied Eniper-  1;'a l(,i/e. Jo,)rti,.!,  senodl wife of Va lelor at Augustoduninl, the1 muodiern        inn I.  loi11 —.    1),; Ciedl ),8,'.
Autun, -35)0: a'nd killeci bhilself in     The published pieces are fllse.
538. G. —H. 2 R.' S.-R. 4  R. B 1Br. F ilita!i  VALENS, )1otlhii of Valecltin-C. R.  These pieces Nverei either         i an    orn A.  1).  Associatd
struck in Gaul or Italy.                   in the LEmpire and'iven tllh  nanlme,
Jfi-tcnrns Deceltiuhs, brother o:t MIagnen-   of A ugustu  s in  6(4; had the ELst,
tius.   Named Ctusal in 3)31  anci         for 11s division     -was burntl to
strangled himself in 353.  G.-R.           death in 37X.  (      C.-C.- B." S.-C
R.  S. —R.  R.'  1-r.-C. R.     —.    Br 11. —C. —-R2.
These pieces were struck:in (auln ol Ai ltti,   o,d,ca, wile of Valels. Died
in Italy.                                  in  the rein  olf T'Iheodlsius  the
Desiderivrs,  brother of MIagnentius.          Great.  The  published  piece of
Namled Cesar in 351; stflbbed by           this princess is false.
his biother in 3o53 but not killedl as'    coiu.    or n about 344. i).0'proit was thought.   Te published  clainied Aug ustus atl  Conist;litillopieces of this princne are false.          pie, inll 36   diefeated 1) V  alens  ld
F(tlvib/os (Ji5?Cliduid/n  Jaia/s (foish(t/;ltss  put to dea lth i. 3i;6. C).-1. B   S. —
Gall~,eu.  3Born  325 A. D.  I11ed        1t. (  B.-Br.  l. 
Cesar in 351; condelnied to deathl  GRATIAXNiTTS, soli (if Va'delltinllian I. and
and executed in 354.  G-R.  R. B         I   Severa.  Born 3t50  x. I).  Namted
S.-R.  R. 4  Br. -C. 1.:;       Autustus at Amiens in  3(1l; LE1mCOonstantina, dauughter of Constantille        peror in 375i  killed in 3,1)8.  G.the (Great, wife first of Hlannibailli-    C. -R.s   S B-R.-        1)r.- C.-I- l
anus and secondlly of Constanitius         The  coilns of ti.s  pi)iluce  wcere
Gallus.  Died 354 a.D.  The pub-           struchk in tllie  iest and probably
lished pieces of this priincess are        in Gaul acud Italyl.
very doubtful.                         (,olstltia,  wife of (C1atian.   13oln
Sylvamnes.   Proclaimed  Empteror   t          362  x..; died  482.  The pullCologne, in  355; killed  after  ia   lished pieces of this princess arc
reign of twenty-eight or twenty-        false.
nine days.  The published pieces                                  ILM/au/asXV;T:,rl;- s II. son of Val.of Sylvanus are false.                     entinian I. Born1 371:. D.  IlN amied
FlavCinqs Caudiits Jui:AN  S II. Julian  Augustucs  andl associatedl in  tlhe
the Apostate, son of Julius Constan-       Empirpe, 3  5; ihad t for his share
tius, the brother of C'onstantine the      Italy, Illyria, (alid Af ric   c; 1  ImperGreat.  Born  3331  A. D.   nanllt         o of ll ll the Westeirn Epie 383 
Coesar in 355; proclaimed Enilperor        w x asassassiilalei d in  392. G.c-(.at Paris, 360; sole Emperor, 361;          1. S..; B. -C.1   TlJ
killed  in a. battle against the Per-      coins of Valentti inin II. cainnot all
sians in 363.  Gold. —R.2 R.4  S.          le attributecd wit tl  certainty, an-l
— C. —IR." Br. —C. —R. 4            Thme coin s a1y be confoundled witll thlose of
of Julian are very nunmieous.             hiis father, o01 those of'Valenttiniim
F laviat Helena, wife of Julian II.; (lied     III.  These coin:s were probably
360.  G. —R.B   13r. —C.                   stluck in Italr.
F'tlai71s JOVyANUS.  Bornl;-31 A. I). TInEo)osus XIU 3I(Nus I. Born1340 A. I).
Emperor in 363; died 364. G..: j R:'       Named Augustus, and associated
R. 8   S.-B.   RB8. 8    Bir.i-(I.-  -     in the Empire, by  Giattian il 879:
vcri'SA.,S VAL':ENT]NIA:ANlIS I,  Born. 32:1    succeedecd  Vlalens  i;  the  gov.




29 2                          APPE NDICES.
ernment of the East. Died at Milan I   death 411. G. —R.2  S. —R.2 1r.
395.  G.-C.-R.1   S.-C.-R.2    -R. 6   The coins of this prince
Br. —C.-                              have frequently been confounded
Aelia Flaccilla, first wife of Theodo-    witih those of Constantine I. and
sius I. Died 388. G. —R.  S. R.,,   II.  These coins were struck in
Br.-.                                  Gaul. l.  Constantinian coins with
AMAGNUS MAxIMTus, assumed the name    Avyggg  or Avgggg belong to this
of Augustus in Britain, in 383;    prince.
acknowledged  Emperor; seized  CoNsTANS II., son of Constanttiiins
upon Italy in 387, and was put to    III. Augustus in Gaul 408; assa:sdeath in 388. G.-R. 1 R..   -R. 1    sinated  in 411.  S.-B-.    These
Bt.3 Br. —C.  These pieces were    pieces were  prohbably  struck in
struck in Britain, Gaul, or Italy.    Gaul.
Falvius Tictor, son of Magnus Miax- MlxxI\uNrus. Emllperor ill Spain 409
imus.  Named Augustus in 383          abdlicated  411.  S. —1. B   These
put to death in 388.  G. —-R.  S.    pieces were probably  struck ii
— R. 2 Br.-R. These pieces were    Spain.
struck  in Gaul.                   JovINusS. Ellpelror at lItayetlle 411;
Eagenbns, pioclaimecl Augustus 392,    beheaded  by the Goths 413.  C.
ruled in the Western provinces.   B —-. 4   S.R. B    Bi.-R. 8  These
Killed 3'94. G. 8 R. R.4 S.  R.     coins -were struck in Gaul.
S. 8 B r. —RB                      S EBASTA mNUS,  brother(   of Jovinus.
AlCADIMus,    son  of Theodosius the I     ssociated in the sovereign powr'
Great.  Born 377; made Auous-    by his brother in 412; bellehelded in
tus- in 383; Emperor of the East i   413. S. -R.   These coinls were
in  39o; died  in  Constantinople    struck in Gaul.
408.  (G. — C. — R.   S. —R. 1  B. I PrIscus ATTA LITS.   MIade enllmperor
13r. — C.  BR.                    |   by Alaric at Rome 409; deprived
Elelocia, or Eaidolia, wife of Arca- i   of that title; reassumed it in Gaul
dius.  Died 404.  The pieces at-    410; died in the isle of Liparli.
tributed to this princess have been I G.R. —. G         i.4   8. —-R.  4
restored by  Eckhel to Eudocia,   1R."  These pieces were struck at
the wTife of Theodosius II.           Rome.
1-ooinxis,  the   youn(est  son  of THEODOSIUS II., son of Ariadins Iand
Theodosius the  Great and Fla-    Eudocia.  Born  401.; Augustus
ccilla.  Born  384; named  Aun-    402; Emperor of the East 408(
gustus  393; Emperor of  the    (lied 450. G. —C. —t.    S. —I.  R. 
West 395; died at Ravenna 423.    Br. —R. 4 R. "  These coins Imust
G.-(... B. S.-C.-R "'  Br.-  not be confounded'with those of
C. —R. " These pieces were prob-    Theodosius I.
ably struck at Romne.              Eudoxia, wife  of  Theodosius  11.
CONSTxNTrUS III., namled Augustus,    Born about 393 A. D.' (lied 4(00.
and associated with Honorius in       G. —R.I    R5  S.-R.4 Br. —R.'
the Empire of the West in 421;    Some of the coins of this princess
died the same year. G. —R."  R.7    have been  attribiuted  falsely  to
S. —R.  These pieces were struck      Eudocia, wife of Arcadius.
in Italy.                          JoHANNEs.  Born 383; Emperor at
Gacll  Placidia,, daughter of Theodo-    Rome 423; died  425.  G.-R.'
sius, widow of Ataulf or Adolpus, I   R.~ S.-R.3 R.-    Br.-R.,i  These
king of the Goths, 414; wife of    coins were struck in Rome.
Constantins III. in 417; died in PLACIDIUs VALENTINTANUS III., son
433. G.-R. 5R.7  S.-R.4  R. 5    of Constantine  III.  Boln  419;
Br. -R. 5 R.7 These pieces were        Emperor 425; assassinated 455.
struck in Italy.                      G. —C. —R. 5  S. — R.    R.   Br.
Flacvis ClatudCit CONSTANTINUS III.    -.  R..  These coins  wvere
Augustus in  England  and Gaul    struck in Rome.
407; taken prisoner and  put to.Liciniat  Eudoxica, wife  of  Valen



APPENDICES.                               93,
tinia.n.  Born 423;  died -. G.- I   S.-R.   TIllese coins were struck
R.5  These coins were struck in    in Italy.
Italy.                             LEO II.  Born about 459 A. D.; Em-,vfsta Grcata, fionork/a, sister of Valen-    peror 437; Emperor of the Easl
tinian.  Born 417; Augustus 433;    474.  G. -R.    These pieces redied  454.  G. —R.    R.6  S. —    present him with Zeno.
R. 6  These coins were stiruck in I ZENO, son-in-law of Leo I., and father
Italy.                                of Leo II.  Born 426 A. D.; assoATTILA, King of the Huns.  Born —;       ciated in the Eastern Empire with
King 434; died 453.  There are   his son, Leo II., 474; sole Emlperor
no true autonomnous coins of this    in  the  samne year; deposed by
Mking.                                Basiliscus 476; e-established 477;
PETROedTUS MAxIS1AX1s.   Born  395;    died 491. G. —C.-S.-R. 2   r.Emperor  at BRome 455.  Killed    R.-R.  R. 
same  year.   G.-R. 4   S.-.     i BASILIScUS, lbrothel of VCerina, wife of
Br.-BR.   All these were struck       Leo I.  Born -; Emperor of the
at Rome.                              East 476; dethlloned by Zeno and
MARCIANUS. Born 391; Emnperor of    died of hunger 477.  G.-R.e R.:
the East 450; died 457.  G.-R.2    S. —R.4   Br. —R.    Some pieces
R.(  S.-BR. 4 Br.-iR.                 represent him with Iarcus his son.
Aetia, Pulehefria, sister of Thlleoclo- Aela Zenowiis, wife of Basiliscus.
sius II., wife of MIarcianus. Born    Born -; starved with her husband
399; died 4    G53.  G.-R.; S. —R. 4    477.  G. —. B
Br.-R. M6 rfacius, son of Basiliscus.  Born -;
Mfarcus  fcdilius A7I'TUS,  Emperor    Augustus ancd associated in  the
455; abdicated and became bishop      Empire 476; starved to death with
of Placentia  456. G.-R. 4 Br.    his parents 477.  This prince only
-R. "                                 on the coins of Basiliscus.
LEO I. Born —; Emperor of the East LEONTIUS  I.  Born-; Augustus at
457; died 474. G.-C.-Br. —R.  Tarsus in Cilicia in 482; conquered
Aelia'Verina, wmife of Leo I.  Born    and put to death 488.  G. —R. 
-; died 484. G. —R.5                  These pieces were struck in Asia,J1Uius MaAJORTANxiTS.  Born -,; Em-    Minor.
perol 457; assassinated 461. G.-  JUTIUS NEPOS.  Born-; Emperor of
R.B  R.B S. -R3  Br._ -  R.   the West 474; driven from  Rome
Lmius SuEiERliU  III.  Born-, Em-    475; assassinated 480.  G. -R. 
-L'NUSSEERU   11.  orn -; EmR 4   Br.R. s   These
peror 461; poisoned  465.  G.-        B.   S.-R.   Br..2 S.-. 2'Br.-. 8 These were    pieces wvere struck in Italy.
st. iSuck i. Ia                   RRoy.imuus Auc(,USTUS. Born -; Emperor of the West 475; dethroned
Pecopitus ANTHEIIMIUs. Emperor 467;    by Odoacer, King of the Heruli,
assassinated 472. G.-R.2 S.-R.7    who proclaimed himself King of
Br. -R. 6                             Italy, and thus terminated the EmAelia lIiarcciana Eatphemia.  Born —;    pire of the West 476.  G. —R. -
died -.   G. —R.    These were    Br. —R. 8 These pieces were struck
struck in Italy.                      in Italy.
A nicius Olybrius. Born -; Emperor
of the West 472.; died same year. THE GOTHIC  PRINCES  OF IT
G.-R. 5 R.   S —.     P1.- -R                    AFRICA, &.
These were struck in Italy.
Placidcli, daughter of Valentinianus, Tfheodoricus, the Ostrogoth.  Born —;
wife of Olybrius.  Born -; died.    occupied Pannonia and Illyria; inHer portrait is only found on the    vaded  Italy, defeated Odoacer,
coins of her husband.                 and was crowned King 493; died
Glycehius.  Born -; Augustus at Ra-    526.  S.  R.   Br. — R.   Sonme
venna 473; dethroned 474; died    coins represent him with Anasta480,  Bishop of Salona.  G.-R.4    sius and Justin.  The coins oft is




2 (.4                               APPEN I:PCE:S.
prilnce were undobiedl\y struck iln   1HildTeries; Vandal King in Africa
ItaTly.                                       7530; defeated  by  Belisarius 534,
Ldu,/lo/l,  1an  nnleertaim   killo.  HIlisto    wllich  put an end to the Vandal
rians (lo noll; menition this king, and       princes iIn  Aflrica.  S.-R.1
he mllsilo 10not  (  ( eonfoindledi with  Tol b/'l'te.  Born      -     Kino  of
lbad(uiela., 1  dla,      ( Gothlic     A\ustlrasila 5384; killed  inI huntinog,
king.                                         )48.'1T        coins  of  Theodebert
T/heio, o0  i/ie,,  ain  uncertain  kingi.        )eloii, perha)s, to  the  coins of
Not known in history.  lie is only           (Gaoul, (Meroovingin line), but they
fon-nd on the coins. of Anastasius.           ii(re ihere classecl  -with the Roman
A/ta:illi'lls, gl'racindsonl of Theodloric.       ei-iperors, because  this king toolk
lorn -;'  King of the (4othls )2(i;           the title of AllYlnstus.
died 534.  S_) r-11..-.   13R. —1.
1.' Tllcese coins.  were struck i11n EAST1 ERlXN   ORI BYZA:NTINE  EMItair.
T/lhmteo}'7l/tes,    Bov1t  -i   IKing  of theE
j(oths in italy 54'  kll.ed 5),6. S. A\'A isTASTiS I i. Born 480 A. )D.; sueI-1.... R                    (,eeded to the Eastern Empire, on
}tli'lq/Ct.   1o)1n11 -;   ing of the (Gotlls    ilnlrrrino the widow  of Zeno, 491
56(, eoniut(ied l), Belisariuis 54()         was killcd  1)yr lighlltnino  in  the
cdlicl  soon  afler  on  the  Perisian        yeir   18.  G. —C.-S.-R              R. I
front-icer.  S. —_i.    1.-.'                l.-C('
R'dllou.        oin 1 —: Kin    of  the,IJis r:mirs  I. r      3ornn  45)0    Emperor
Cot1h,  in 1Ita luv -)-,)   killed  541.      5)18   died  in;5 2.   G.-C.-P..4
No ioin.    re kOnowii of this  bar-          S. —t. R.    Br.-C.  Trllee   lare
baria.                                      sonl.  (-cOillS -which  tear  this  enia -lOt1)'i 0I,     cAortls.  Born -; Tingo    peeol  on  the   obverse,  and  the
of the ('othis in  Italy a41; killed          hid hed  of eitlher Theodoric   or Atlisatini(  ea (1.    N  (oill (.011te knowrl   a laric,  kings  of  the Ostiogoths,
of tlhiis prince.                             on the reverlse.
]( bl(oele,   or i-,l. ]Iorn -    Kin Lig    Etq)l/licl, wife  of  Justinmis I.  No
of  tlie (Goths  in  Italy  i41  cde-         decided  dlates  uiie known  of this
teated hi N- arses. Justioiian'  s gen-       irincess. Somie pieces have  been
oe         ral,   5.  S. —ll.   B r. —R. R. 1;  falsely (ittiibuted to her.
This p1 ince   is called  )y the Greeks  VnirTilLNUS.   P1roclaimnecd   Emperor
Totilt.  Tlhese coins;    Twelre strucek     in.)14';   ssassinattedl  c 20.  G.in Ital.                                      R. 
T/oih-ts.,()1'1  -; aiing of the Goths  JInUST-IN    r uS 1., nephew  of,lustinns.
il  Italr;.i   defeated    by N arses        Boirn 483:   associated  in the Eni553; his deatli put an end to the             pire 527; sole leEmperor 528; di      ed
(othli  pl'inlces in Italy.   No coins   i(;.. C                      S.-        R.  4
are I Inowin of tllis prince.                 Br.-C.  Many  coiiis  represent
Iim w-vitli  Athalaric,   Theo(lo- ANI)DAI  KIN (S.                     hLatis, XWritiges, and Baiduila, king
(;o/ /tor 7,,/d. Bornc l; oi    Vandlcald    of the Goths.
1Kingin in     ca riei 41-84; (lied 49(. S.  IusTXtS.    Born i  t  a, date  un— R.B';                                       kViinown a   EInl)elror oif the Eiast 565;
rTro   i /,,, l,/, 1ol;hl(i ()f i;le liast Nin-  (liedi in  ) 8   (    C. -R. S.   R.
11l1 It IM in:\f icia 496)~  died 52')3.     II.-i(,.-R. 
S.- -Ii. 1  Thiese  Nansll lra!   coins amre i'o;/ai!t, wife of Justin II.  Born 545;
also  clasisedl  in  tlln  coins  of tie      died ii the reign of I aunrice.  Br.
ped)ple:,  a1ml  town,   (and  were       — I i;          l x.
~strulck in (1 atlzi-e.                    1 m1  lits 11. (CoNsTrANTslTs), sonI/f ~ir:n'ot.s,   (1 oosi    of  Trisaiffl1oii-  il-llaw  of Justilnus; associated  in
(1ls' \'nd(i] Klin-, in Atfrica.l, 52;'       lte Empilre 57 4  ~ sole Emlperor of
dethroned 530.  S.I. 8                        the IIast 578; died in 582..(oie  t   oi oiinn  C O OU'iH  (f  I   P. —-I).    P4  Br.Em   C.




,? PPEN1''ICiS.                            295
MAu Rcius TI u, ERIBus, son-in-law  of    641;   was exiled.  No  coins are
Tiberius  II.   Born  539; made         known  of tIhis empress.
Emperor 582; and  put. to death Trimermts III., son of Heraclius and
together writh  his wife and chil-    Maltina.  Date of birth unknown;
dren by Phocas 602. G.-C. —R.:3    created  C( sar in 640; associated
S.-R.  R.'  IBI. —C.-R.I  Sole'   with IIeracleoias in the Enpire 641;
coins represenlt this emperor withl    year of (leath unknown. No coins
his wife Constantina and his son        are known- of this Emperor.
Theodosius.                          CONSTArS 11.. SOir of Hleraclius II.
Constantina,, wife of MIaurice.  Date    andGdregoria. I-orn 630; associated
of birth unknown; killed with her    in the Empire  w-ith  his  uncles
husband and children 602.  The            lTiberius II. and- Heracleonas in
portraits of this princess are found I   641; sole Emperor in -the samle
only on the coins of AMaurice.          year; assssassinated in 668;    G.Theodosihts, son of Maurice.   Date of      R.t R.    S.. 3. 4 Br..     A.'
birth unknown  associated in the        Some coins of this Elmnperol have
Empire  590;  killed  with  his    portlraits of La feniale, supposed to
parents 602.                            be his wife, whose name is unPHOCAs.  Date of  birth  unknown;           known, and aulso portrlits of his
succeeded to the throne 602  was    sons ( onstantine   IV., Heratelus,
beheaded  610.   On  coins  this    and Tiberius.
emperor's nanLe is -written  ro CA,  CoNsuTxRirAJus IV., surnam-Ted Pogonaor FOcAS.  Somie coills representl    tus, son of Coonstans II. 1    D1ate of
him  -with  his wife TLeontia.          birtlh unknllown, associated -with his
Leontia, wife of Phocas.  Date both         fathel (r 654.  sole  hlmperolr  68'
of birth  alnd  death  unknown.         died in 685. Ct.C.-. -  S. —R. 
The portrait of this  empress is    Br.                        Sole of his
found only on coins of Phocas.          coins bear portlraits o:f his father.
HERACuIus 1.  Born about tire year  Ileaclis ard  bibt)eus,  brothers  of.575; dethroned  Phocias ancd be-    Constantine IV.  N'arled Ciesars
canle Emperor 610; died in 641.         659; associated:in the EmpJire by
G.-C. —R.1  S.-IR.    C.-B    theil brother in 668, and put to
R.f3   On  solime coins are found       death in 674.  Porlraits of these
together portraits of this emperor    princes are  found  only on  the
and of his son Constantiine IV.         coins of Constains II., their father.
Flav6ia Fltdocia, first wife of Herac- JUeSTTANir7NLUS II. (Rhinotrnetus), son of
lius.  Date  of  birth  unknown-        Constantine  LV. and  Anastaisia.
died 612.  No coins are know n of'   Born 670, cr eated Augustus (682;
this empress.                           reigned alone in 685; dethroned
HERACLIUS II., soI1 of Heraiclus and       after oreat t ayranny in 695; restored
Flavia.  Born 612;Emperor with    in 705 by the Bulgarians; detllroned
his brother Heracleonas iin  6411   anew  and killed 711 by Bardlanes.
was poisoned  in the samne year..- 1R.:     S-  -. B i.-R. f
G. —R. 5  S. —R.'.i      Br. —R.       Soime coins represent hlill with
R.4  Some coins  represent  this  ihis son Tiberi -us I-V.
monarch  with  his father HIera- TMBERmuus IV., son of Justinian II. and
clius, his wife  Gregoria, Hera-        Theolora.:lBorn 701; declareh(i
cleonas, his brother, and Constans      ( esar and Agustlus in  (06; put
his son.                                to death in 711.  The portrait of
Gregoria, wife of Heraclius II. Date'   this prince is only found on the
of both birth and death unknowHn.    coins of Justinian, his father.
There are no portraits found of LEoNrlcis o-l1 lEOII. Date of birth unthis princess except on the coins    known; usurped the thronle against
of her husband.                         Justiniani  II.,   695;  dethroned
Mafirtina, second wife of Heraclins I.    and placed in a monastery 698;
Date  of birth  unknown; made          after havino hlad his nose and ears
regent with her son 1Heracleonas,, -lt off, I-)ut to death in T7)05. i. —Rs




296                          APPENDICES,
Br. -R.    Coins have been attrib-    coins represent him with his son
uted to this monarch which right-    Nicephorus and Constantine V.
fully belong to Leo I.           N iephorus, son of Artavasdus and AnTIBERIUS V. (Absimarus).  Date of    na, sister of Constantine V. Date of
birth unknown; proclaimed Em-    birth unknown; associated with his
peror 693; put to death by Justinian    father, 742; made prisoner and exII., 705, G. —R. R.f 2 S.-R. 6 Br. iiled after having bad his eyes put
-R7.                                 out,like his father,in 743. The porFILEPICUS (Bardanes).   Put Justi-   trait of this prince is found only on
nian II. to death, and was pro-    coins of Artavasdus.
claimed Emperor in 711; dethroned  Clhristop/horus and  _ice7pl1ore.s, sons
and deprived of his sight, 713;    of Constantine V. and Eudocia.
died shortly afterwards.  G. — R. i  Dates of their birth unknownv
R.3 S.-f-.'   created C0esars in 769' exiled afANASTASTUS II.  Date of birth un- i  ter having had their tongues and
known; proclaimed Emperor, 713-  eyes burned out,  put to death
abdicated in favor of Theodosius,  by order of Irene, 797. No coins
III. in 716, but shortly afterwards    are known of these princes.
taken and put to death.  G. —R.2 LEO  IV. (Chazarus), son of  ConR.3 S. —R.    It was about this   stantine  V. (Copronyminus) and
time that a mixture of Greek and    Irene.  Born  750-  created  AuLatin letters was introduced in the    gustus 751; reigned alone 775;
inscriptions of the coins.          died in 780. G.-t.  Br.-R. 
THEODOSIUS (Adramytenus) III. Date.irene, wife of Leo IV.  Date of
of birth  unknown; proclaimed    birth unknown; made regent of
Emperor, 715; abdicated in 717 for    the Empire during the minority
a monastery.  G. —R.5  S. —R. 6     of her son Constantine VI. in 78(;
LEO III. (Isaurus.) Date of birthun-    caused his eyes to be put out
known; proclaimed Emperor 717;    for the purpose of reigning alone:
died in  741. G.-C. —R.l S. —    was imprisoned  in the Isle of
R.3  Br. —R. 2 Manv   coins of    Lesbos by TNicephorus Logotheta
this emperor represent him with    802; died in 803. G. —R.   S. -
his son Constantine VI., and his    R.6 Br.-R.8
grandson Leo IV.                I CONSTANTI:NrUS VI., son of Leo IV.
CONSTANTIN-US V. (Copronymus), son'  Born  71; made  Augustus  in
of Leo III. and Maria. El.-Rf       776; reigned with his mother 780;
R. s  S. -R.   Br. -R. 5  Some    died after having had his eyes
coins represent him with Leo IV.    put out by order of his amother,
and Artavasdus.                  1  797.  G.-R.    s. —R.    Br. -
Irene, first wife of Constantine V.    R. 4.R. 8
Date of birth unknown; died in NNIcErPOrU s I1. (Logotheta.)  Date
750.  No coins are known of this    of birth  unknown; proclaimed
empress.                            Emperor 802; killed 811.  G.7Maria, second wife of Constantine    R. 3 Br.-R. 8 Some pieces repV. Date of birth unknown; died,    resent hinl with his son Staura751.  No coins are known of this;   cius. During the reign of Nicephllempress.                            orus the  Second Empire of the
Eltdocia, third wife of Constantine V.    West commenced, —that of CharleDate of birth and death unknown.    niagne and his successors.
No coins are known of this empress. Sktaurraci.'ts, son  of Nicephorus I.
ARTAVASDIUS, son-in-law of Leo III.    Date of birth unknown; associDate of birth unknown; rebelled    ated in the Empire in 803; abdiaglainst Copronymus and was pro-    cated the throne with his father,
claimed Emperor, 742; next year    811; died 812. G.-R. 3 Br. —R.s
was made prisoner, and exiled, after    Some pieces represent this enshaving had his eyes put out, in 743.    peror with his father Nicephorus.
G.-R. 8 El.-R.8  Br.-R. 8 Some | MICHAEL I. (Rhangabe  or  Curo



APPENDICES.                              2 997
palata), son-in-law  of iiNicephor-    alone 857; died 867. G. —R.. nR.
us. Date of birth unknown; elect-    S.-R. D  Br. —R. 7   Some pieces
ed Emperor 811; abdicated 813;    represent him   with  Theodora,
died 845. G. —R.   S.-I-. 4 Br.    his mother, Thecla, his  sister,
-R.4 Some coins represent him         his son, and  Basilius I.
with  his  son   Theophylactus. (onstancwtin?ts was formerly supposed
Those coins of Michael 1., upon    to have been the son of Theophwhich his son is not represented,    ilus, but was really the son of Mican be equally attributed to the    chaei  II.   This prince is unother emperors of tile same name.    known   in  history.    G.-. 4
TEIEOP-IvILACTUS, son  of  -MI-ichael.    Some coins represent him  with
Date of llrth unknown; associa -    Theophilus,  but most with -Mited in the Empire, 811; entered       chael III.
into a monastery after having been
mutilated  by order of Leo V.,  daughter  of  Theopsilus.
G R.-i.4   13r. —H.4   Tlhe  coins    Date of birth unknown; shut up
in a monastery  with her mother
of this prince represent him with    in 8a7  nstrywith her mothe
in 857.  G.-R.s  S.-R. 5  The
his father.                       I
LEO VT.  -(Armeniu,.)  Date of biirtlh    coins of this princess represent
uinknown;. procl aied  Emptieobrth    her  with  her brother, Michael
unknown;     proclaimed    Emperor
in 818i; assassinated in 820. Br.
3Asrmrus I. (Macedo.)  Date of birth
H"  These coins bear the por-    unknown; associated in the Emtrait of his son Constantinus VIi.!   llAno  lI                    i  
CONSTANTINUS VII., son of Leo V.    pire   y    lichael II.  in:
Date of birth unlknown; associ-   reigned alone in 867; died 886.
G.  IR"  R.4  S.-R.~  Br. C.
a.ted with hlis fatlher 813; muti-    G.-R.  R.   S.-R.6   Br. wi.
Sonie   coins represent himi with
lated and exiled by order of Mi-    his sons, Constantine IX., Leo
chael II. 820.  Br.-R.   Some    VI sod Alexander.  There ar
coins  represent  him   with  his
fatlher, Leo ~V~.                     some coins falsely attributed  to
M aIthEr I. (Balbus.) Daote of biith   Basilius I., which  really  belong
MArxuIT\~A 1I. (Balbus.) Date of birth
unknown; proclaimed  Emperor    to Basilius II.
on the death  of Leo V.  820; CoxsTATNusVIII.,sol of BasiliusI.
died 829.  G.-R.  R. 3  S.-R. 7    Born about 853; associated in the
Br.-R. 1  Some coins represent    Empire 868; died 879.  G. —R. 2
him with his son, Theophilus.         R.4  S. —R.  Br.-C. Somecoins
TIHTEOPHILUS, son  of  iMichael II.    represent him  with  his father,
G.- R.i  R.3  E1. — R.  S.-R.        Basilius I.
Br. — C. —R.     There  exists  a ILEo VI. (Sapiens), second son of Bascoin bearing  thle busts of The-!   ilius.  Born865; associated in the
ophilus, and of a prince named        Empire 870; reigned  with  his
Constantine, who  probably  was    brother Alexander in 886; died 911.
his son, but the piece is doubtful.    G. —R. 2R."  S. —R.' Br. R.  R3.
There  are  some  pieces wnhich       Some coins represent him  with
were formerly attributed to The-    Basilius I., his son Constantine X.,
ophilus which are now restored to    and his brother Alexander.
Michael III.?ne (Carbonopsina), the wife of Leo
Theodoima, wife of Theophilus.  Date    VI.  Date of birth unknown; reof birth unknown; acted as re-!   gent over her son Constantine X.,
gent to her son, Michael III., 842;    912; shut up in a monastery by her
waIs shut up in a monastery by        son919.  Br. -I R. R..  Her coins
order of her son, 857. Her coins    represent her with her son Conbear portraits of Michael III. on    stantine XI.
the reverse.                       ALEXANDER, third son of Basilius.
IrTCTrAEL  III., son of Theophilus.    Born 870; reigned with his brother
Born  836; succeeded  his father,'    Leo VI. in 886. Died in912. G.842,  lnder his mother; reigned       R.4 Br.-iR.   Some of his coins




2 9 8                              APPI EN Ti,)  1 C,S.
represent himn.  wit. h his father 131sil-,912;  pr1oclairmed Emperor.(93; asinus I. and his b)rothier Leo VI.           sassin'ated by his wife 969.  G. —
ItoMbisx-IJs  I.  (Lecapenl   s.1) lte  oi      1.3; S. —.'.-.-            Some
birth unknown; associated in the            coinll relre senlt  hillm  ith BasiliUs
empire  wsith  C(onstantine  X. ia_         1.
919'; seized, lethrotne d, and exiled.iorN 1. (Zimisces).  Daite of iirth lunby his son Stephlen  in 944; died ii    kinown; proclaimed Emperor 969;
9346.  G.-RB.   t RB.   l }is coins bleainr    cdied:Tron poison 97!5;  S. —.." Br.
the nla'mes of (hristopher, Stcphc1,        -C. —R. I  It is in tiis reign, for
anci Constantine X1.,  o                     he first  ti:  ee Ii s   t ha, tht the figure of, VI.                                       Christ is placed upon  Ithe coins;
Clcoi4ntopio,'us, son of lhorlanxts.   lDate   ilsea(l o-f the portrait of the c(iiof birth lunkno n; o    associated i )      pero( Some of the coins of this
the E1mpire  9 20; died 931.    G-. —       r ei gn are of doubitful attribution..  R t. B   sr. —P. I    So- ne coins ire-   ASxIir,rus T I., soin of   om(ialmis II. alid
present himl with  1his -fathltr RICo-      Theoplit O.  Born  3(i; created
nrinus I.                                   ATiustus   960; reigned  wnithi his
fptepfioan7,ns0   second sonl  (f Ro1 Cm11irln2I.  l brotler Consta;ti ne XI. after the
Date of birtihi unknowno; associated        Ic lth  of Job1n  ZiTisces in 975:
inl the Empire in 931:  detiroed1    diel 10.t>.    G.R.-: 1. P      ) S.-B. 0
and exiled his fathler 94; e exilc 1i;   ir.-C.   Some coins repreC(onstantinll XI. in.45; died 964.         se( f  tim Aiti  his brotier ConstanThe  nane of thlis  Prince  i ( o  nl        l        icine.   S e coins arll'e attributed
-found on the coins oi f1is fI tl'o.      10o Bsil:i. whiich  i-rhtfl lelo n ii
CoNsT'ANTD175S IN., third son of (.     o-       o t  ls moonliarch.
manus.    Date of birth unklnownl       (iONsT\N','rNUS XI., You.11n-1es   l-1on  of
miade Auoustus in 94); plt to ieai-1c       }Oii manus II.  Boi(l 9(61    reigned
shotly  a-fterwardis.  This prince is    with his,brother Basilius 975, sole
foundl   Onl    onl on tle  coi s of his em peror 102; (tied  10(28..father.                                     I.c. 3  I.    S. —R.. 4   Br.-C.
CoNSTXNTIlNUS  X., Pophy 1riogenlituns  Concave,  or  cup-slaped   coins
son of Leo VI. ancl Zo.  3Born 905          called [.I/(acltOes, came into use at
succeeded his father, 911; first un-        this time.
dter the regency otf Alexasndcr his i'[i-o.:NlUrs III).(A   s)      arried
uncle, and thenl of his mot her Zoo;        Zo(, daughter of Coonstantiine XI.
re]ilned alnone 9)45-;  ied 958-.           I 3orn 93 73  emnperor 1.028  smothfR.  RP ~       BI..i Bf.e —R.~   R..: oed bcyc' oe in 1034.   There are
Some coinis represent hini with his    1-10 (ei'rill COiln s Of this emperor.
fatltel, Leo  VI., Ihis -Imcther Zo, M(-ITrAEL IV. (Paphlaoo).   Date  of
his son RoTanus  II., ian1 witlith R-       birthl  uinklnow n; mariied Zoo and
maiius'., his colleaue.                   su icceeded   to tlie throne 1034:  i eBRofANus Ii., son  of Constantine X.           tirel into xa limoInastery  and (lied
Borii in  )318; succeeded his fatlel        thlere 1041.  Tlhee are no certain
9,59c diedi 963.  C    -          S.- _     coins of thlis emiipero-'.
1. (; Br. —.'  Solmle coins repre- Macrxi,:lA,'V., so1n of Marita, sister of
sent himn  with his father Constain-        Michael  V.  Date of birth  untine.  These coins  inae not of cer-        lIno\in;   succeeded    to  the throne
tain attribution.                           1411; shult up by his aunt in  a
Tleop/hcio, secondl  wife of Roman ils           monsasteary, after having  had.  his
Ir.  Date of birthl unknown;  e-            e5yes put out, 1042.  There are no
gient for her sons Basilius andcl Con- c    coills kinown of tilis emperor.
stantine in 963;  she marriedl the  CO:NsrTxATiiNUS  XII.  (Aonoinachuls.)
sarne year Nicephorus II., caused   Tarroiecl %Zoc  and comrmencecd his
hint ito be assassinaitedc in 969' ex-'    eioln  1042.  died  1054.  G.-R. 4
ilecd by John Zimisces; recalled bv         S.B.
her sons il 975; died 980.  S. — R.  I Zo,  dugl'htller of  Constantine   XI.
NlcFPI'oRnus TI. (Phtieas).  Bor1  in            Cnid wrife of Ronanuis III., Michael




ARP NTIlNOC PIS.                                299
IV., and Constalntine  X11.  Born               c'hacl VII., Cn()1StI:linllS  amnd An978;   poisoned  her first  husband             drllonics.
t0o )4; afttr tllhe deat ll of ihe  seconli McAI,111   VII. (I)u.as), s    of (Conin  1.041,  adopted   her   nephew              st antlinus  XIT11.    Suc(ceecled  his
lich}ael  V.  (C(,a1] iphas;ite?);   i(l      f1i'ather Iw-vith 1,is brothers Consi:anti.exiled by him  she caused the pe(-              nls  in(l  Aillldtolicls,  iilader the
pie to rise agalnist him, ntl had his           regencl   of tlheir mother, in 10067
eyes put out; reigined two months,,ave up  -the lhrione to Rtoman us
witlh her sister Theoodora in 1042;            ~re-ascei(let l it lt was Cidelihoned in
espoused  in  the  same yeair Co-               j 0l, and re tired into    n oionastery
stantine  XII.;  dclid   1.0).  IThie          be(t:I e    B1sholp    oi'   Ephesus
coins that have h)cen plblislltl  of           dlliedl  il)  tile   reti)')  of   Alexins
this elplress arie not to be found in          (Coinlnenlus.    C.- t. 4   1). s    S.
alny clbinlt                                    -1R..5  Some coilns repiesent hi
Il/oedomi,  sister  of Zoi.   Blorn'98vi [;      ith  lls if ie  aIIi.
at first she bec) amet    1 111111 but W'l?/or, wife of- hlic -ll   NI. anl aft(lproclaimed Eilpress \wil:h hle  sister          ward(ls of -icephloul s  Beotoniltlr
ZoO in  1042; 1and  preserved  tlhei(            -It.   Oletf   1 iet(l   a illonitttu
title  of Augustac  d(rillng   the reigl         v itvo  hei  uis hi-vaid  hi  1078
of  C( onstatin e  XSI.;  after  his           espollsed Niicelthoi    1t)80  and  e(I iath, in  154,  reined    onc   ill          il                          tini  ii 
1056. G.-& R.:onR.                                ona-il.stery ill  (081. G. —. 4   B
MeLnAt EL VI. (Stlratioli(uis).  Elmpei.-       lI'his elpre-se s is -foindl  on1.
in 1056 (;  forced to abdicate ltO5             Oil co071   o;if MAich l] Vi I1I.
dciel 1.05).   Thller cre  110 ctrt.tin 
coins of this empleror.                               of C(,(Des P orpti n    Xli yr ognitus)
IkSAACITS I. (Comnenus.ll    )  IlO1cai                                    ed
Eiidooia.  3lade Empjero r -with  hiis
Emperor 1o05 7; (,l)dlicated in f avor           -iot-is  NI cll  1   i11dtod;ii 1;i
of  Constantin(   X IIn. in  11059)             nrthi tn i~ei1  oIfd _imno e in
until  de r~ [t(~cgoncyof  his:)nother,  in
died in tO61.l G.  R. B i -.                  1 OC    tbdie ltel   10 )t3t   S:( li0ed 1082.
CONST ATNrINUS XIII. (Dncais.)  Born                                                
1007;  proclhilaedl  erperor 1 05'                 R.     R         Bl    R Oat
died  1. s                     (0oins ascribe  to this prince
(lied 1067.   (-".-11. ".- -R. 1P1- L 
RI.s" 81ice either  of  Elut(ociai 01 of hROlEcdocil. t, Dalaossell(n,o first wife of Con-]       1i0a2  IV
stlantine XIII.,  ifterilsc o-  Io- h.(iroiv/li s, thlirll S()1  ol Colnstantilne
Mnanus IV.   After  the  deathi of               \JIITI.  Associatetl in thle  IEm pire
w(ith  his    br)oth1e1rs   (died  3yo n11g.
C(onstantinms, in 1037, she govxerietl            it    no                      n is ed o
in  the namne of her sons; married(1           (-         P 
Romanus and proclaimedl him E3m -               represent this,  prince  lare  of Ro-.
peror i068'     s!lut )up  in  a monas- i           l     5:l5 1N.
tery  by  (her son  Micheel      VII.L  in
and   ariai. Borin  1.$<24~  shut tpin n
1071 *  cliecl aafter tlle  year 1.)!)f:. I      ll-l:ic.  13ol1n A$j-l; sli'lt.
- -R.    Br. —R7   Some coins i(i-              ilistelr   hi  N- icelio;us  I1
pi)esent her with liei sons,  3:iclllel         1.1  X   ict ii thle 1oeign o:t tlotsius
VI-1., Constzntin-    s andlll-on (             Co,l-menls.  Tllere  re nlo (ceotain
icus, alnid  ie r secondl  husband, R     J    coins of lthis prince 
mlasllS IVA.                                Nci1:rP ioits II. (Botauints).   boii
ROIAot-NUs  ITV. (Diog enes).   MarrIieC1    p —           roclaimined  lnpe lor0l   i77
Eudocia who proclainmed him Er1- E             In f   tlhe  aild of til  Tu[irks  lie  deperor 10(68  prisoner of thle 1'lrks,     throned  Mi:cliel VIl, 178.                de1070 7; set free and hlatd his eyes tull        thllnoled  by  Alexis  Comnenuls,
out by order of   ielichael V;II   shliul  1 t(-L    etire(i icinto (a  rionlastery
tip in  a imonastery 1071, where he l  (l  die(l siloltly  aftefewards.  4.soon  after  died.   (4. -- R.   I.  R  3     2,,
fBr.-R. 3   PI.-Rt.8   Some coins i Amit-c-s. (Comlneints).  Born.1048;
represent  hlilll  with  Eudo(lia.  Ai-i    prolaimil    Eniperor  in   1081




300                          APPENDICES.
died 1118. G.-R.2 S.-R.4 Br.           FRENCH  EMPERORS.
— R4
JoH   II. (Comnenus Porphyrogeni- cBaldwin 1., son of Baldwin VIII.,
Jeina IT. (Comnenus  Porphyrogeni-,
tus), son of Alexius I. Born 1088;    Count of Flanders and Margaret of
Emperor 11 18; died  1143  G -,    Alsace. Elected Emperor by the
R. 2 R. 8 S. R.3 Br -R. 2           Crusaders in 1204; conquered and
MANUEL I. (ComneMns  Porphyro-    taken prisoner by the Bulgarians
genitus Ducas), son of John II.    1205  died 1206. Br-. 
and Irene, daughter of Ladislaus Henfry, brother of Baldwin.  Regent
of Hlngary1.Boren,  1120of    Ladislades   during his brother's captivity 1205;
of Hungary.    Born 1120 ~ made
Emperor 114a; dEied 1180.           Emperor 1206; died 1216.
BR.' S.  4 R. 5 Pa-B.4 o      C- RPet4s de -Coutnay,Count of Auxerre.
-1. 2                               Elected Emperor 1216' crowned
ALEXIJS 11. (Comnenus), son of alan-   tat Rome by Pope Honorius II.,
nel- I. anCd oMaria. Born 11Rl6-7 9 1207; taken prisoner by Theodoue! I. and Alaria. Born 1.167-9rus  Angelus, Prince of Epirus'
Emperor under the regency of his    died Angelus, Pring his captivity rus
mother M][aria,, 11L80; strangled by l  died 1218; during his captivity his
mcommand of his,    cousin Andrdoni-    wife Jolande governed in his stead.
command of his cousin Andron'    No coins are known of this enicus Comnlenus in 118f-3. G.-s B 6    No coins are known of this emcus Comnenus  in 1183. G. —R."      peo
Br.-B.4  One  coin   esents   peror.
ir..m witnh Andonicus   epesens Robert, son of the preceding.  EmpeANohim  with.n(Conienus)., f    ror, 1221, after an interregnum;
A.NDrs-ONICUS  I. (Comnelus), son of    died 1228. No coins are known of
Isaac, brother of John II.  Seized   i  1228.   ocoinsre kperr.own of
upon the throne, 1183; dethrone                  brothe  of Robert.
and torn in pieces by the people, ilet    E       ro 1        Roe
A185.  G.-R4 S.-. 2    po,    Elected Emperor, 1228; dethroned
byv Michael Paleologus, who put
ISAAC IT., son of Andronicus Ange-    an end to the empire of the French
lus.  Elected Emperor 1185; (e- I   in the East, and re-established the
posed and  imprisoned  by his    Greek  empire at Constantinople,
brother Alexius III., 1195; re-es-    1261; died 1272.  No coins are
tablished by the Crusaders, 1203;    known of this emperor.
died 1204. G.-R.4 S.-R. 4 Br.B. 2!                           CGREEK  EMPIRE  OF  THESSAALExIUS III. (Angelus), brother of                LONICA.
Isaac II. whom he dethroned, mu- TrEODORUS I. (Lascaris), husband of
tilated and imprisoned. Seized up- THFAoDonn o   (Lascaris), huseand o
on the throlne 1195;deposed by      Anna Comnena, daughtelr of Alexius III. Born 1176; retired into Asia
the French and Venetian Crusa-    usIIt   Born   o76;retiredintoia
ders 1203, shut up in a monas-    after the taking of Constantinople
ter~y  after   ha~ving   ha~d  his |by the Crusaders; conquered Bithyeyes  put  out.     There are no i   nia and was declared Emperor at
Nice 1205; died 1222. The coins
certain coins of this prince. How-    that co d be attributed 1222.   to Theoever it is possible that some of those     that could III., n ot b eing of cerattributed to Alexius I. really be-    dore I and III., not being of certain  attribution, may  be more
longed to Alexius III.             safely attributed to Theodorus II.
ALEXILUS IV. (Angelus), son of Isaac TiiEODORUS II., son of John Angelus
II. Associated with his father, who    Comnenus,  King  of  Epirus;
had been restored by theCrusaders,   took the title of Emperor at Thes1203; dethroned and strangled by    salonica in Macedonia 1223E  vanAlexius TIurzuplhlus, 1204.  The    quished and taken prisoner by the
same observation as above may be    Bulgarians 1230; had his eyes put
made here.                          out; recovered his liberty but ab —
ALexIUS V. (Murzuphlus).  Seized    dicated in favor of his son John,
upon the throne 1204; put to death    who was dethroned by John III.
by the Crusaders, who established    (Vatatzes).  Ar.-R. 5  Br. -R. 3
a new empire at Constantinople.     The coins of this emperor were




APPENDICES.                              301
probably struck in Macedonia and      1295; died 1320. G. —R.4 Br.Epirus.  Those which belong to        R. 4
Theodore I. and III. were undoubt- ANunoNIcus III.. son  of Michael
edly struck in Bithynia.              IX. Born 1295; associated in tllhe
JOHN III. (Vatatzes), son-in-law  to     Empire with his grandfcatlelrwllon
Theodorus I.  Born  1193;  suc-   hlie dethroned, 1325; died  1:'41.
ceeded to the empire 1222; died       No certain coins are kno-wn  of
1255. Br. —R. 8 These coins were    this emperor.
struck in Bythynia.                JoIrN V., son  of Andronicus III.
TiEoDoRus III. (Lascaris Junior), son    and Ann of Savoy. Born 18332;
of John  III.  Born  1223; sue-    succeeclded  his father  1341  dcececded his father 1255; died 1259.    throned by his son Andronicus VY.
No certain coins are known of this    1371; re-established by the Sultal
prince.                               Bajazet 1373; died. 1391. No coins
JoHN IV. (Lascaris), son of Theo-    are known of this emperor.
dorus III.  Born 1251; succeeded JOHN  VI. (Cantacuzenus).  Regent
his father 1259; divided the Em-    1341; proclaimed colleague of John
pire  with  his  brother Michael    V. 1347; renounced the throne 1855.
VIII.; kept prisoner in a castle    P1. —R.8 Of doubtful attribution.
after having had his eyes put out ANDRONIcu s IV., son of John V.
1261.  No coins are known of this    Associated in the throne with his
emperor.                              father, whom  he dethroned; abdicated 1373 in favor of his brother
BManuel.  No coins are known.
BYZANTINE EMPERORS                3MANUEL 1I.,brother of AndronicuslV.
RESTORED.                     Born 1348; succeeded his brother
1373; died 1425.  No coins are
MITCIHAEL VIII. (Paleologus).  Pro-    known of this prince.
claimed Emperor with his broth- JOHN VII. (Paleologus).  Associated
er 1259; sole Emperor in 1261;         with his uncle Manuel in the ecIidied  1282.  G.-R.  Br.-R. 8    pire 1399; renounced the throne
After this reign the Greek coins    1402; died in a moinasteryv.  No
were again struck at Constanti-    coins are known of this empleror.
nople.  One coin represents him  JOHN  r VIII., son of M3anuel II.  Born
with his son Andronicus.              1390; declared  Augustus 141'9
ANDRoNICus  II.,  son  of Michael    succeeded his father 1425; died
VIII.  Born 1258; named Eni-    1448. G. —R.8 This coin is doubtperor 1273; succeeded his father    ful.
1282; dethroned by his grandson  ConstcntinuLs XIV., son of Manuel
Andronicus III. 1328; died 1332.    II.  Born  1403; succeeded  his
G.-R.4  S.-IR." Br.-R.4 Some    brother 1448; killed in the taking
coins represent him  with his son     of Constantinople by the Turks,
Iichael IX.                           29th of May, 1453, (the 2206th
MIc1AICAEL IX. (Paleologus), son  of    year from  the foundation of anAndronicus II. and Anna, daugh-    cient Rome).  Thus ended the ecuter of Stephen of Hlngary.  Born    pire of the Caesars. G.-R. i5 The
1277; associated with his father    coins of this emperor are doubtful.




V N  )  Q X
a'a.  u............................... 6t9 B   illolon (Coins ill Scotlanlldl. I 19
\hibbrevil:ions 0nl I0 ollma0oi COj       it       hyila 2.-i..... lia....          1ti,f.ETilln....................................................  1torb0ttt;610~..                   i  B|olo-i.                               137
_Jlila ( apiloli           -.... - (. (26  Botlivia2.......225........2 5
Africla..............................23  Bologna..........................?9()
A\gnus Coi.ns -..)  Borno                               -....................
\An'llao;v-e...__.. __.... _____..'s_____ ___...'.. 9    oa —---— si  L..... 101]
\..ng'o-o: i   lC oi (o s_               1.1)1....    1  1  i....   171  Bi ctatte....     5.......1;, 17t3, 1!)9
Anhalt..                       -................. 116 Brandc, nbt'' _1 O....................101
-\.nljol.                      86  Brl...9........... —---—...1, 228
-A\nlipolis -       -.).... -....1 1, i li9enle... L.-.-..                191).Atquiain. -...  -       1  1 BronIze Coina,,,e,.ltomaii..._____. _  3
Ar abic N     umer als on_ ]En lili.s;h. Coi nl, i2.)               Eng (lish.t.;.___. 7(0
A'ra'o-                                                                                   0988   Ionswick   10)
ArianI~'Words --—.-....... 21.  B  zantium.................    50
\,.]i nl   oni-!'.... I -1'
AthLlus       _.1..____ _____....  _..  _    1.0.
U'sbm11'".1. lais......                     lAustral a                                       (lti....  o,~   (     Ca,  I....cl,.. 1.
Austsia                  ).-. 8  (a' nd                                       18;,':Aust-1ia,__           __....__. ___..  ____..  __. _1,2  C lpe of G(oodl. H -ope......... 7
Avignon..60 -                                olu..aU..... 6! C al i n a, U-. S  -.....1.911
C astile.-.......................... 85
C atalonia Priuceps — -.... 6-1
Babyloii..                            18, t[2  Centiral A.melrica            ~ --—...... 290
Bactria...                              231  Ceylon -...9..............:1           -  239
Baden........        1     C1lili    -...........................2 5.BMxaoti...                               1       1     hllin l.. _-' 241
B1ahamna s,    T     -2...T0  (Is.- --- _.3-  i -io-...  _.... - -  73
Balltirnlo e -    -[...191 C-l (is 11)1le -h-epublnic                            -4... 74:
Basise  _.............  68  Cleaninll   C oins, -_ Intro.    v.
Ba,lltiavi   -Ielp liic       -...._ - 93 \ Clippinl   (oino1os                    14...
BIavaria, 01 B.................07             Coills, C Is anllflutct re of.... _ _ -'Ibelg'hlll    _.............................,9 (-~ Colog'o _   _..~.........................1
Belriudma ----------- ---  30  Colocbia.           220
Berlmotlid;t..         0 1 Coolollllisl                   X         220
Berne............       68  Coloni.as,    ist olr 7omln.-    -   39
Bezail...                             (....fee...r..  8i[ Co.ed rationl otF t-le l-.Thine.....    9)




INDEX.                                        30()3
PAG1!                                        PAGE
Connecticut......187  Genev................         67
Copper Coins, First Englishli —-— 15(  G(enoa..-..........................'  Scotch......    i German Empire........- -....        )99
(onnilith.     -............... 12   Ghile inns...................... 7'7
Corveyland. --       - -  1.22  Gold coined in Anlerica,                              199
C(rinea... _.    _.......___________':1. 1                 England    -..          145
Ciotona ----------—........              8 - -                   Scotl6and.....177 
C(u1isade r.9..   T~t.............   Gotlhs,  Kin(I)Onlm of' thec         5 1, 70
Curaco                                   o    1 1 (.....ec.i.ila-na.. -. - 
Cyprus.....          i1i GCeat Britain.. -.       -...    t-39!)9
Cu1-ic........                              C-i,  Geece. - — 1..                      7
Gr (+eek Alpha0bet -.    63
GIrot, First English..         146
Dalhnatia.-                             1    (.....ieidres.1...... 
Danzic -.-1i1 -Guelphs 7......5, 79
Date on English Coins, First           Al_ _T                                          172
Dei Gratia, first used.        -        48 (8 uineas. first coined                  160
IDenmcar...............i.............. 
Denniark -.        --                   12;3
Dependlencies, English -l —       -     11 i l pennl — _.:...1.41
Dioscui.....:.-                       U:a mnlr1h.1........18
Diospolis oli  ydda -...l Ld  dlad Im( leni- 1money..( -  -      13;L53
Dollar,  Origin of( 1i- o- A:...ll.......                                         11
Domntbes...........         (;5  [ils(  ()owns, Th-le....11
Ii; Hasr z,  oTli                        se Of.      -...._____..__....  1..1
E~tast Anlgle ~s.......................1_40 II-i~c!    I(i:ayi........_ L. _._..._..    _ _____... _...3
East India  ------- --...                                       i _.. _._.. -.8
East Indlian Islands                     -.....!)       pt tarchly, Saxon.... 40
Eastern Empire..'..1.....1.1 —
Ecuacldor...__i __-__..     _          "...23  I —2Til ot2..l-.l...........3.....: r
Edoncalens            -...l.......         Ilolhonzoi!cmn      --......107
Egypt........                      17, 2.-43 I-oI:nlt-l..             1.4-1
Electrum   Coins.           lllti... —.. 3   ioi....   1
Elephant,land Castlec......(). Hondlu-rs ls. —-—..  -...-.....228
English  Dependencies            H..      1'1       on  Kong-).'.1.
Ephesus.....-....... 16 j Tulgr..........I...1
Epirus. —--------    -t-.              4 i
Essequibo         -                                                 1)
Este.. —---------- —.-......... 79  Illyria..      It4
Etruria __-...77  Incn Tlsed( Coins...... —-------   27,:15)
i  d..i.c    —.................  3 4
F  oian isla.nds,...     138
Fandilia, I na.......... Ilnnelnrlad.....    -.        172
Farthingo1 _...  _.           4... 1  Iris-h  _a... -.1.9  _159
Fidei Defensor, first used.164  tli:'   of  tl-tl.O.                                1.'72
Fleur de lis......   59, 14 i e 3(0c    Frlnce.. L'....                           242
Florence____________   din.  et... Ies du                    t.._____                  30
Florins, Enlllish.    -I.   47, 7i() 11..                              74
Follis of By zantinl  —..... —--.3
France           —..- -------—...3-57                          J
Franchise, Roman  -------—. —-             1 3) J'anva (Genoa.)                        72......
Frankfort-on.-the-AMain         - -.120  Japan                           —..-         242
(t                   1 Jersey, Isle   _. __...... _.....................71
Jecrusalem..............  26, 42, 71
Gaul.5.......               5   Judea -,................... 23




304                                  INDEX.
PAGE                                      PAGE
K           Naar...........-aw.e.                      65, 85
Ient -— __.   _-1-_.....- 0Neaapolitman IlepldicJ......   84
Kentucky........9' -. —..e...1i, 19 (
Kingtadom  of Italy  -4.-...............'N cuistria    1..........             58
Knights of St. John —                t8 >.   Bim lwi i          - ------.184
L                     New E ngland ll-cl........ -—.. 18i(
La Plat a___                               Newiboundland. —- -18-I
Liberia..  -. - - -. - - - -. - -244  N jie-v.Grenada  -..  t...___
Ligturean Republic... —--    ew Jersey            -      -      1.0)(.
New York        --                  193
L im a    ---- ---- -------- ---- ---- -- -.16 5
Liickel Coins ------- — 2-... -    2:13
Lippe             --..      11. 6
Lppe — ____  ____' —-------------------- --- 11l6  n___ ________________.  _ 82
Zon~ba~cly __ _.- -,oran"s l......i... _ —----------------... 82
Lom-bardy- 1-..1..-. - ---, -  1
Lotharingia                           99..oi l-.- I___. ILouisiana — -                             No..waD........... —1
Lubee ----------------         Nova Scotia -------------—........184
Lubeck.. —--- -... ------— 103, 1...1
Lucca-~ Nurnmber                                           -120
Lucca.......... —. —----------  7     9 -9 —----—..           ----—....
Lucerne -----—..-       ---------- (9
Luxemburg --------------           - 97
AI                     Obsidionals,       _......Intro. v)., 157, 175
Oceanica                           -'St).......
Macedonia. —------—.Oe —----— e 12            a
MAlacuta 2-44 — l —----------.... —-------  1
lagyars (I-ngary)-1 —----------       13 Olympic Games-             -           13
Malta ----------------    --— 138, 182  Oange:MIan. Isle of. —--... —--—.1.72
Mantuta... —.   -----—. —------  73                       P
Mianufacture of Coins...     7
Maryland -    ------—. —----  19  Paderborn-                -          --    1
IMassachusetts     -          -..............187>i Palatinate of the i-hine —---- - 1()8
Maunday Mloney. —--—. —---— 16t Palestine                 --;
Mlaurienne ------ -----—.. —-. 71  Pater Patrie -   _ —-------- 45
Mauritius........ —---- -------    245 Pa'rguay -. — ------------------  28
Alcklebrg-        -----------             Paileliia        _ —.               149
Media —-.. ---------  19) Parthenopian Republic.       84
Mlediolanunli. —------------- -- 5 Parthia-.-....................  2()
Metapontum -. —--- ------------- 28 PergamuLs ----------- - -.                  I17i
Miercia -------------— 140 Persia                            -...    -     20, 2384
MIetz. —---- ------------------  116 Peru --------------------------  2
iM~exico......... —......16 i Pewter Coins --------------— 159
Milan  ---------------- --         -  75 Philippine Islands --- --------— 240
AMiletus                              la.. —---- - ---—. —-----   15 Phocea ----------------------   27
Miilled -M-oney-.......... ----- 1a  Pictaviensis (Poiton) --- —.....71.
Modena......-............... 79  Platinum  Coins.I.!)
AModern Coins, Names of -             5-7 Piedmont.. 71
Monaco —                              7 Pisa -                                  77
Mioneyage -..-         --------— 143 Poito-Lu         --—.. —............-.171
Moors in Spain ------ ------------ 85 Poland ---------------               104, 130
Morocco —------------------ 136, 243  Pontus, Kingdom of ---- ----- - 21
Moselle......................... 99 Portugal -------            -------        89
Municipia -------------- ---—..  -039 Prince Edward Island.. -------          184
Prague  --------------        --— 13S
N                     Prince of Wales Island —........23'9
Naples and Sicily ---------------- 82 Princeps Juventutis.- —. -      -- 45
Nassau -. —------- -----.118 Prussia-........-......... U 1




INDEX.                                305
PA&GEI |                               PAGE
R:1PA2               T
Ragusa ------------ -  ---------— 136 Tarentulnm --------- ----------— 29
Ravenna ---—. —— ____ — -- 51, 70 Teck ---------- ---------------—.113
Reunion ------------ - -.. —----— 242  Teutonic Knights ---- ---------— 101
Rhenish Palatinate ------------— 108 Thaler.136
Ring Money.-       -.172  Thebes.                                 12
Rome —- --- 32, 80 Thurium  - -27
Roumania —.......- - —. —.....137 Thrace ---------- -------------— 14
Russia      -    -    -.. —----------- 129 Tig-urum  -     -67
j Tin Coins.. -...............161, 163
S                   I Tournay.Money. ----- --------— 151
IToliens, English ----- -------— 1.56
Salic Law_ ----------- - ----      112     "      Canada. — ---------—.183
Salzburg ----------- - -------—.121       "     United States ---— 185
Sandwnich Islands. —--------     - 243 Trefoil ------------------------— 173
Sardinia ------- ------------— 71, 84 Tripoli...243
Sarawak ------------ - ---------— 240  Triquetra ---- -----— 32
SassanidT.-.....................20 Tunis ------------------------— 243
Savoy -------------- -  ---------—.71  Turkey..136
Saxon States -- — 103, 10!7 Tuscan-y. 1.77
Schleswig-Holstein..............123 Tyrol  —........____.- -   74
Scotland ------------ - ----      176 
Sedan -. —----------- - ----------- 65
Septinsular Republic.... —.138 Ubii. —------ --------------- 12.1
Shilling, English ____             1)0   nited Provinces --         --      9
Siamn -------------- - -------- -0 2,40  United States -       -_          185
Sicily ------ ----------— 32, 71, 82  United States of Colombia — 220
Sierra Leone -.. —---—.......I.244 iUrlluguay - -I —       -227
Sixpence, English.      161 Utrecht ---------------------—.94
Sommers Island..............2300  V
Spade Guinea           -— 166 Valois, ouse of —                             60
Spain                               8) 1........., 85 
Stolberg —-------  -    --         121 V.nezuela d — -—.........,23
St. Dunstan —-.142 Venee.....- --                        223
St. GallK —-—. —------ - --------— 66 Venicet —            _        _  70-.. -.......... 183
St. Helena. —---               245. Verlont- - - -    189
St. John, Knigohts of ----------- 13-9.1,.ro._      _     - _'in.3
St. La-wrence -------- - ----     -120      n         -      -192
St. Mlark. —------- - - --. —-76                       W
St. Patrick's Pence -. —--—. —--- 174 Washington Cents ---- -------- 196
St. Stephen ---------- - --------— 133 IWVest India Islands ---- ------— 230
Strait's Settlement               0.............239 Westphalia -.........110-112
Stuttgart ----------- - ---------— 114 West Saxons ------- ---------— 141
Sub-Alpine Republic --- --------- 71 Wettin —....... —----------— 10
Sumatra ------------ - ------— 238 White iMetal Coins ---- -----— 175
Susa --------    -     ----      - 73 Wurtemburg o      -------— 1
Susiana ------------- - --------—. 19                   -1
Sweden. —---------- - --------- 124                      Z
Switzerland ---------- - ------ - 66 Zealand --------- -------------- 94
Syria. —----------- - ------------ 18 Zurich ---------- --------------— 67








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