SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO'KNOWLEDGE. 287 THE ARCH OLOGICAL COLLECTION OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, IN CHARGE OF THE SMILITHISONIAkN INSTITUTION7 WASlHINGTON, D. C. BY CHARLES RAU. WA SI-IIN GTO N CITY: PUBLISHED BY THE S}[ITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 187G. AI)DVER TTSEMENT. THE author of this work was entrusted with the classification of the Smithsonian Archaeological and Ethnological Collections before they were transferred to Philadelphia, to formn a part of the Unitecl States Government Representation at the International Exhibition of 1876. While thus engaed, he founcl time to prepare thle following account, which, though far from being exhaustive, will at least serve to show what ample means the National Museum presents for the study of North American alrcheology. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary S. I. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, August, 1876. CON T E NT S. PAGE INTRODUCTION....... o o o 1 STONE 7. e e o 7 A. Flakel and chipped Stone......... 7 1. Raw Material.......... e 7 2. Irregular Flakes of Flint, Obsidian, etc., produced by a single blow. 8 3. Two-edged narrow Flakes of Obsidian and lprismatic Cores or Nuclei, from which such Flakes have'been detachedl by pressure.. 8 4. Pieces of Flint, Quartz, Obsidian, etc., roughly flaked, and either representinog rude tools, or designed to be wrought into more regular forms. -Unfinished Arrow andcl Spear-heads..... 8 5. Arrow-heads..... 8 6. Spear-headcls.......... 10 7. Perforators...... 12 8. ScraLpelrs e 13 9. Cutting and Sawving Implements... 13 10. Dagger-shaped Implements......... 14 11. Leaf-shaped Implements....... 15.12. Large flat Implements of silicious material, usually ovoid in shape, and sharp arouncl the circumference (Digging Tools). 16 13. Large flat Implements, mostly of oval outline, but truncated and laterally notched at the end opposite the working ecdge (Digging Tools). 16 14. Wedge or Celt-shaped Implements... 17 B. Peclkel, grouncl and polished Stone........ 17 1. Vedges or Celts.......... 17 2. Chisels 18 3. Gouges........ 18 4. Adzes............ 19'5. Grooved Axes. 19 6. HamlmerSs........... 21 7. Drilled Cereonlial Weapons.. e23 8. Cutting Tools............ 24 9. Scraper and Spade-like Implements........ 25 10. Pendants and Sinkers.......... 2G 11. Discoidal Stones and Implements of kindred Shaple *. e 28 12. Piercecl Tablets and Boat-shaped Articles...... 32 13. Stones used in Grinding and Polishing.....e.. 34 (v) vi CONTENTS. PAGE 14. Vessels... e e o o o o o 36 15. MIortars.... e o e o.a... 38 16. Pestles..... 0 41 17. Tubes....... 43 18. Pipes......... o 45 19. Ornaments......... 51 20. Sculptures............ 54 COPPER............. o o. 59 BONE AND HORN.......... 63 SHELLS............ o 66 CLAY......... e.. 73 WVOOD.. 88 SUPPLEMENT............e 90 APPENDIX I.............. 93 The Aboriginal MIodes of hafting Stone and Bone Implements... 93 APPENDIX II............... 97 System adopteci in arranging the Smithsonian Collection illustrative of North American Ethnology.......... 97 I. MIan, Objects relating to, *..... *.. 97 II. Culture, Objects relating to,.... 0 97 INDEX....... 9 o o o e~ 103 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Objects of jlacked and chipped Stone. PAGE:Fig. 1. Flint Knife inl wooden handle; Pai-Utes... o. o o 2 Flig'. 2. Obsidian Knife; Mexico.............. 8 Fig. 3 Obsidian Core; Mexico........ o. 8 Fig. 4. Arrow-head, leaf-shaped; semi-opal; California......... 9 Fig'. 5. Arrow-head, convex-sided, truncated base; obsidian; Mexico..,... 9 Fig. G. Arrow-head, triangular; jasper; New York.......... 9 Fig. 7. Arrow-head, indented base; jasper; Oregon.......... 9 Fig. 8. Arrow-head, notched at the sides near the base; jaspery agate; Texas.... 9 Fig. 9. Arrow-head, notched at the sides; hornstone; Tennessee.... 9 Fig. 10. Arrow-head, notched at the sides; hornstone; Ohio...... 9 Fig. 11. Arrow-head, stemmed; flint; Ohio............ 9 Fig. 12. Arrow-head, stemmed; hornstone; Pennsylvania 9........ 9 Fig. 13. Arrow-head, stemmed; silicified wood; Ohio.......... 9 Fig. 14. Arrow-head, stemmed; hornstone; Ohio..... 9 Fig. 15. Arrow-head, stemmed; quartz; District of Columbia...... 9 Fig. 16. Arrow-head, stemmed; flint; Tennessee........... 9 Fig. 17. Arrow-head, stemmed; hornstone; Tennessee........ 9 Fig. 18. Arrow-head, stemmed; hornstone; Tennessee......... 9 Fig. 19. Arrow-head, barbed and stemmed; hornstone; Tennessee....... 9 Fig. 20. Arrow-head, barbed and stemmed; semi-opal; Oregon........ 9 Fig. 21. Arrow-head, barbed and stemmed; semi-opal; Oregon........ 9 Fig. 22. Arrow-head, beveled on opposite sides; flint; Tennessee....... 9 Fig. 23. Arrow-head, serrated; flint; Oregon........... 9 Fig. 24. Arrow-head, serrated; jasper; Louisiala.......... 9 Fig. 25. Arrow-head, stem bifurcated; jasper; Tennessee......... 9 Fig. 26. Spear-head, convex-sided, base truncated; chalcedony; Tennessee... 11 Fig. 27. Spear-head, concave base; jasper; California........ 11 Fig. 28. Spear-head, notched near the base; flint; Kentucky........ 11 Fig. 29. Spear-head, stemmed; quartz schist; Pennsylvania........ t Fig. 30.- Spear-head, stemmed; flint; New York........... II 1 Fig. 31. Spear-head, barbed and stemmed; milky quartz; Louisiana....... II Fig. 31a. Spear-head, with several notches near the base; jasper; Maine...... II Fig. 32. Perforator, triangular; jasper; Ohio...... ~ ~ ~ 12 Fig. 33. Perforator, slender, expanding opposite the point; jasper; Oregon..... 12.Fig. 34. Perforator, slender, broad base; flint; Missouri..... 12 Fig. 35. Perforator, indented base; flint; Ohio.......... 12 Fig. 3G. Perforator, stemllmed; hornstone; Tennessee.......... 12 Fig. 37. Perforator, elongated leaf-shape; semii-opal; California........ 12 Fig. 38. Scraper, beveled from one side; flint; Texas......... 13 Fig. 39. Scraper, beveled from one side, stemmed; hornstone; Ohio..... 13 Fig. 40. Scraper, made of a broken arrow-head; jasper; Ohio....... 13 Fig. 41. Scraper, disc-shaped, chipped all around; chalcedony; Texas'..... 13 (vii) Viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Fig. 42. Flake (knife); jasper; Kentucky...... o 14 Fig. 43. Cutting Tool, with stems opposite the convex edge; flint; California.... 14 Fig. 44. Cutting Tool, sickle-shaped; jasper; California......... 14 Fig. 45. Cutting Tool, crescent-shaped; lydite; Pennsylvania........ 14 Fig. 46. Cutting Tool, arrow-head-shaped; jasper; Tennessee........ 14 Fig. 47. Cutting Tool, arrow-head-shaped; semi-opal; Georgia........ 14 Fig. 48. Cutting Tool, oval; hornstone; Maine........... 14 Fig. 49. Dagger; flint; Alabama........ 15 Fig. 50. Leaf-shaped Implement, pointed at one end; flint; Ohio....... 15 Fig. 51. Leaf-shaped Implement, broad, pointed at both ends; jasper; Louisiana.... 15 Ficg. 52. Leaf-shaped Implement, slender, pointed at both ends; flint; Ohlio.... 15:Fig. 53. Leaf-shaped Implement, large, pointed at one end; hornstone; Illinois.. 15 Fig. 54. Large Implement of oval outline (digging tool); fine-grained qualtzite; Tennessee.. 16 Fig. 54a. Large Implement, with broad convex working edge, truncated at the opposite end (digging tool); fine-grained quartzite; Illinois........... 16 FIig. 55. Large Implement, oval, truncated and laterally notched at the end opposite the working edge (digging tool); fine-grained quartzite; Illinois........ 16 Objects of pecked, ground tand polished Stone. Fig. 56. Celt, small; hematite; Ohio............. 17 Fig. 57. Celt, four-sided; greenstone; Indiana........... 17 Fig. 58. Celt, broad butt-end; syenite; Illinois........... 17 Fig'. 59. Celt, battered butt-end; greenstone; Tennessee......... 17 Fig. 60. Celt, tapering butt-encl; indurated chlorite slate; Tennessee..... 17 Fig. 61. Celt, expanding cutting edge; cast; Louisiana 17 Fig. 62. Celt, terminating in a handle opposite the edge; greenstone; North Carolina... 17 Fig. 63. Chisel, round in the cross-section; diorite; Ohio........ 19 Fig. 64. Chisel, four-sided; lydite; New York 19 Fig. 65. Chisel, with handle; basaltic stone; Unalaska Island........ 19 Fig. 66. Gouge, partly hollowed; hornstone; New York......... 19 Fig. 67. Gouge, entirely hollowed; atrgillite; Pennsylvania......... 19 Fig. 68. Adze, gouge-like; greenstone; Massachusetts.......... 19 Fig. 69. Adze; hornstone; British Columbia........... 19 Fig. 70. Itafted Adze; greenstone; Oregon............ 19 Fig. 71. Hafted Adze; serpentine; Northwest Coast.......... 19 Fig. 72. Grooved Axe, groove passing entirely around; greenstone; Massachusetts... 20 Fig. 73. Grooved Axe, one side flat; greenstone; Arizona......... 20 Fig. 74. Grooved Axe, groove bounded by ridges; greenstone, South Carolina.... 20 Fig. 75. Grooved Axe, unusually long; cast; Wisconsin......... 20 Fig. 76. Grooved Axe, four-sided; greenstone; Alaska......... 20 Fig. 77. Grooved Axe, narrow cutting edge; graywacke; Pennsylvania..... 20 Fig. 78. Maul, grooved; granite; Colorado............ 20 Fig. 79. llafted Maul; quartzite; Assineboins........... 20:Fig. 80. Hammer-stone, with a depression on each side; quartzite; New York.... 20 FIig. 81. Hammer-stone, with a depression on each side; quartzite; Pennsylvania.. 20 Fig. 82. Hammer-stone; flint; Ohio............. 20 Fig. 83. Drilled Ceremonial Veapon, pick-shaped; serpentine; Virginia..... 23 FIig. 84. Drilled Ceremonial Weapon, pick-shapedl; serpentine; Pelnnsylvania..... 23 Fig. 85. Drilled Ceremonial Weapon, pick-shaped; slate; Wisconsiu..... 23 Fig. 86. Drilled Cerelonllial TWeapon, pick-shaped; slate; Indiana....... 3 Fig'. 87. Drilled Ceremonial Weapon, m1uch curved, endCs expanding; slate; Pennsylvan ia.. 23,~~~~~~~L~I lrU~ll )V~V LUIIJ VIC LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ix PAGE Jig. 38. Drfeed Ceremonial WTeapon, parts corresponding to edges strongly curved; cast; Louisiana 23 Fig. 89. Drilled Ceremonial Weeapon, axe-shaped; cast; Wisconsin 23 Fig. 90. Drilled Ceremonial Wfeapon (fragment), bifurcated; slate; Indiana..... 23 Fig. 91. Drilled Ceremonial Weapon, inwardly curved sides; translucent ferruginous quartz; Indians. 23 Fi!. 92. Drilled Ceremonial Weapon, crooked, blunt at one end; slate; Indiana 23 Fig. 93. Cutting Tool, semi-lunar, pierced; slate; Pennsylvania 25 Fig. 94. Cutting Tool, -with lateral tang; hard red shale; Pennsylvania 25 F i g. 95. Cutting Tool, with long handle; cast; Indiana 25 Fig. 96. Scraper-like Tool, semi-circular edge, pierced; greenstone; Kentucky 25 Fig. 97. Scraper-like Tool, slightly convex edge; cast; Arkansas 25 Fig. 98. Large Tool, with convex edge, the opposite end forming a bifurcation; cast; South Carolina 25 Fig. 99. Spade-like Implemzent; cast; South Carolina.....25 Fiig. 100. Pendant, nearly pear-shaped; hornblende rock; Ohio 27 Fig. 101. Pendant, nearly pear-shaped, grooved at one end; hematite; Tennessee 27 Fig. 102. Pendant, elongated pear-shape, perforated at one end; amygdaloid; Arkransas 27 Fig. 103. Pendant, swelling in the middle, grooved at one end; greenstone; Ohio 27 Fig. 104. Pendant, double conoid-shape; greenstone; California 27 Fig. 105. Sinker, expanding at the upper end and terminating in a knob; quartzite; Manssachusetts 27 Fig. 106. Sinker, pear-shaped, with a knob at the narrower extremity; greenstone; Massachusetts 27 Fig. 107. Sinker, globular, encircled by a groove; granite; Rhode Island 27 Fig. 108. Sinker, nearly globular, encircled by a groove; potstone; Georgia... 27 Fig. 109. Sinker, encircled by two grooves intersecting each other; talcose slate; Rhode Island 27 Fig.r 110. Sinker (?), of elongated shape, encircled by a groove and ornamentedl with incised lines; sazndstone; Oregon........... ~',, 2~7 Fig. III. Sinker, notched flat pebble; quartzite;i Pennsylvania.......~ 6, 27 Fg11.Sinker, notched; graywackre; New York..........~, 27 Fig. 113. Sinker, notched;i quartzite;i Pennsylvania..........~27 Fig. 114. Sinker, pierced in the centre; micaceous slate; California... lines; 27 Sinker, pierced obliquely near the circumference sandstone; Ohiore 27 Fig. 11. Discoidal Stone, concave p both sides; feruginous quartz; Tennessee. 29 Fig. 117. Discoidal Stone, concave on both sides; ferruginous qurtz-.Tennessee. 27 Fig. 118. Siscoidal Stone, concavities on both sides; greenstone; Illinois 29 Fig. 119. Discoidal Stone, concave on both sides and perforated in the centre; cast; Ohio.i. 27 Fig. 120I Discoidal Stone, concave on both sides and perforated; quartzite; Ohio, 29 Fig. 121. Discoidal Stone, flat on both sides; quartzos; stone; Georgia T e.... 29 Fig. 122. Discoidal Stone, small, flat on both sides; argillite; Pennsylvania..... 29 Fig. 123. Discoidal Stone, lenticular; ferruginous quartz; Texasnnes 29 Fig. 124. Club-head-shaped Stone; hornblende rock; California.......~ ~ 31 Fig. 125. Club-oeid-shaped Stone; greenstone; California 31 Fig. 126.' Club-head-shaped Stone; serpentine; California......... 31 Fig. 127. Pierced Tablet, longer sides convex; slate; New York........ 33 Fig. 128. Pierced Tablet, longer sides concave; slate; Pennsylvania; 33 Fig. 129. Pierced Tablet, four sides curved inwardly; cast; Louisiana 33 Fig. 130. Pierced Tablet, lozenge-shaped; slate; Tennessee 33 Fig. 131. Pierced Tablet, pentagonal, longer sides concave; slate; Tennessee 33 Fig. 132. Pierced Tablet, longer sides concave, shorter sides convex; slate; Tennessee 33 Fig. 133. Irregular flat Stone, showing several perforations; potstone; Pennsylvania 33 Fig. 134. Boat-shapede Object, solid, two pexforations; slate; Ohio Y33 Fig. 1352. Pot-shaped Oabject, hollowed, a perforation near each end; greenstone; Kentucky 33 Fig. 136. Oval Pebble, showing furrows radiating toward the circumference; quartzose rock; New Jersey.................D ~ ~34 Fig. 137. Arrow-shaft-grinble; cllorite slate; Tassachusetts 34 X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Fig. 138. Arrow-shaft-grindcer; compact chlorite; Mexico... o Fig. 139. Arrow-shaft-grinder; hornblende rock; Southern "ltah.., ~ ~ 34 Fig. 140. Polisher, oval, -with truncated ends; quartzose rock; Indiana... 35 Fig. 141. Polisher, rhomboidal in outline; cast; Louisiana......... 35 Fig. 142. Polisher, club-shaped; lydite; Pennsylvania........ 35 Fig. 143. Vessel of elongated shape, with projections at the na-t:rrowcr ends; potstone; Malssachusetts 36 Fig. 144. Bowl; potstone; Wyoming............ 36 Fig. 145. Large Vessel, nearly globular, with a narrow aperture encircled by a raised rim; potstone; California................ 36 Fig'. 146. Large bowl-shaped Vessel; potstone; California....... 36 Fig. 147. Boat-shaped Vessel; potstone; California.......... 36 Fig. 148. Bowl; serpentine; California............. 36 Fig, 149. Cup; sandstone; California............. 36 Fi;g. 150. Round Plate, ornamented; graywackc; Al:)ab a......... 37 Fig. 151. Rectangular Plate, ornamented; graywacke; Alabama....... 37 Fig. 152. Pierced Plate; potstone; California.......... 37 Fig. 153. Mortar, hollowed boulder; sandstone; California........ 39 Fig. 154. Mortar, hollowed boulder; sandstone; California......... 39:Fig. 155. Mortar, with projections on two sides; sandstone; California... 39 Fig. 156. Large Mortar, tapering toward the bottom; sandstone; California.... 39 Fig. 157. Small Mortar, tapering toward the bottom, ornamented; sandstone; California.. 39 Fig. 158. "Metate;" sandstone; Utah........... 39 Fig. 159. Slab of granite with sandstone Rubber;;Navajo Indians...... 39 Fig. 160. Slab of sandstone, showing irregular depressions ("nut-stone"); Pennsylvania.. 40 Fig. 160a. Slab of sandstone, bearing cup-shaped cavities; Kentucky....... 40 Fig. 161. Pestle of conical form; syenite; California. e. *. 42 Fig. 162. Pestle, terminating in a knob at the upper end; sandstone; California.. 42 F!ig. 163. Pestle, with a small knob at the tipper extremity; sandstone; California.... 42 Fig. 164. Pestle, showing a ring-like ridge below the tapering upper end; sandstone; California. 42 Fig. 165. Pestle, with a knob-like expanse at the lower extremity; amygdaloid - California.. 42 Fig. 166. Pestle of cylindrical form; sandstone; Rhode Island........ 42 Fig. 167. Cylindrical Pestle, tapering abruptly at the upper end; compact greenstone; Alaska. 42 Fig. 168. Pestle of conical form, expanding base; greenstone; Pennsylvania.... 42 Fig. 169. Pestle, with expanding base and truncated upper end; syenite; Ohio.. 42 Fig. 170. Pestle, showing an expanding base and a circular ridge below the tapering upper end; greenstone; British Columbia............. 42 Fig. 171. Pestle, with expanding base and similarly shaped upper extremity; silicious stone; Washington Territory.............. 42 Fig. 172. Pestle, exhibiting a horizontal handle which terminates in round plates; greenstone; Alaskla 42 Fig. 173. Disc-shaped Stone, probably employed for grinding purposes; greenstone; Georgia.. 42 Fig. 174. 3Muller,,conoid-shaped; greenstone; Ohio.......... 42 Fig. 175. Cylindrical Tube; steatite; Tennessee.......44 Fig. 176. Tube, encircled in the middle by a raised ring; chlorite; Tennessee..... 44 Fig. 177. Pipe, showing a round expanding bowl on a slightly curved base ("mound-pipe ); cast; Ohio................. 47 Fig. 178. Pipe, with a bowl in the shape of a human hllead; cast; Ohio....... 47 Fig. 179. Pipe, carved in imitation of a beaver; cast; Ohlio........ 47 Fig. 180. Pipe, in the shape of an otter with a fish in its mouth; cast; Ohlio.... 47 Fig. 181. Pipe, representing a heron; cast; Ohio.......... 47 Fig. 182. Pipe, shiowing the body of a bird with a human head; cast; Ohio.... 47 Fig. 183. Calumet-pipe; human figure with a snake coiled around its neck; cast; Ohio... 47 Fig. 184. Calumet-pipe, fashioned in imitation of a canine animal (wolf?); cast; Ohio... 47 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Xi PAGE Fig. 185. Calumet-pipe, in the form of a bird (eagle?); potstone; Kentucky. e 48 Fig. 186. our-sided Pipe, with lateral stem-hole; argillite; Pennsylvania... 49 Fig. 187. iPipe, formed inl imitation of a loon, stem-hole; serpentine; West Virginia O. e 49 Fig. 188. Ptipe, representing a parrot, stem-hole; argillite; -ew York... 49 Fig. 189. eipe, barrel-shaped bowl, stem hole; argillite; Ohio.... 49 Fig. 190. x'ipe, with a high bowl rising from a flat base; chlorite; Virginia.. 49 Fig. 191. l'ipe, in which the connection of the bowl with the neck forms a curve; serpentine; New York.. o............ 49 Fig. 192. Pipe with a long stem, lizard-shaped; steatite; Pennsylvania...... 49 Fig. 193. Four-sided Pipe, with a neck for the stem; potstone; North Carolina..... 49 Fig. 1941 Pipe, with a quadrilateral rim showing a human head at each corner; serpentine; Texas. 49 Fig. 195'ipe, remarkable for a low, broad-rimmed boNwl rising from a thick base; lilestone; Kentuckl y................. 49 Fig. 19C6 Clay Pipe, with a neck for a stem; Georgioa e... 4:9 Fig. 197o Conoid-shaped Pipe; serpentine; California..... 49 Fig. 198o Clay Pipe, representing a coiled snake (fragment); New York.. 49 Fig. 199. Clay Pipe, in the shape of a raven's (?) head (fragment); New York. o,. 49 Fig. 200. Bead, globular, compressed on two sides; serpentine; California.. e 52 Fig. 201. Bead, four-sided; potstone; Pennsylvania. o..... 52 Fig'. 202. Bead, with notched circumference; potstone; Pennsylvania..... 52 Fig. 203. Tube (bead); silicious stone; MIississippi........ 52 Fig. 204. Drilled Ornament, shaped like a compressed slender pyramnid; Catlinite; New York,, 52 Fig. 205. Gorget, four-sided, with an ornamental border of dotted triangles; trap rock; Connecticut 52 Flig. 206. Flat oval Pebble, pierced for suspension, and ornamented witll incised lines; sandstone; Rhllode Island................ 52 Fig. 207.:Flat oval Pebble, pierced for suspension; sandstone; Pennsylvania... 52 Fig-. 208. Shell of hematite, pierced and notched ("record"); Virginia... 52 Fig. 209. IIeart-shaped Ornament; argillaceous slate; Ohio........ 52 Fig. 210. Bird-shaped Object (amulet?), pierced with an oblique hole at each end of the base; slate; Pennsylvania................ 52 Fig. 211. Amulet (?). Though not presenting the shape of a bird, this object bears some analogy to the original of Fig. 210, being pierced with an oblique hole at each extremity of the flat base; slate; Ohio.. ~....... 52 Fig. 212. Object resembling a cylinder with an inwardly curved side-surface; this surface bears incised ornamental lines; argillaceous sandstone; Kentucky...52 Fig. 213. Ring, deeply grooved around the circumference and pierced with eight equidistant small holes radiating from the centre; cast; Ohio 52 Fig. 214. Massive grooved Ring; potstone; Pennsylvania......... 52 Fig. 215. Sculptured human Figure, body indistinct; crystalline limestone; Tennessee... 55 Fig. 216. Sculptured human Head; limestone; unknown where found....... 55 Fig. 217. Carved human Iiead; ferruginous stone; Ohio....... 55 Fig. 218. Sculpture of a human IIead with an elaborate head-dress; volcanic rock; Mexico., 5 Fig. 219. Carving of a human Figure, head only distinctly represented; slate; Mexico.. 5 Fig. 220. Carving of a squatting human Figure, neck pierced; alabaster; Mexico... Fig. 221. Carving of a human Skull, pierced; silicified wood; Yucatan..... 5 Fig. 222. Sculptured Foot-track; sandstone; Missouri Valley........ 5 Fig. 223. Sculptured Foot-track; quartzite; Missouri.......... 7 Objects of Cop2er, Fig. 224. Celt, with adhering, pieces of charcoal and cinders; KIentucky..,. G Fig. 225. Axe-shaped Object, terminating at the broader end in lateral curved appendages; KIentuclky Gl Fig. 226. Celt; Tennessee.. e. o o...... G1 xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE:Fig. 227. Gouge-like Chisel; New York...... 1e o e Fig. 228. Spear-head, with tapering stem; Lake Superior District <., o G" Fig. 229. Spear-head, with truncated stem: Vermont o o o o 61 Fig. 230. Crescent-shaped Cutting Tool; Wisconsin.. c o o o Fig. 231. Awl, inserted in a bone handle; Tennessee O e o o o Fig. 232. Sinker; Ohio...... o o o. 61 Fig. 233. Bead; Ohio......... o o 61 Fig. 234. Tube of copper sheet; RIhode Island.... o o o Fig. 235. Spool-shaped Object; Tennessee.... o o o 61 Objects of Bone. Fig. 236. Perforator; Alaska...... e 64 Fig. 237. Perforator; Kentucky..... e 64 Fig. 238. Perforator; Kentucky........ o i o Fig. 239. Needle, showing two grooves instead of an eye; California.... 64 Fig. 240. Harpoon-head, with a hole for attachment; Michigan.... 64 Fwig. 241. HIarpoon-head; perforated; Alaska.......... 64 Fig. 242. Fish-hook; California......... o 64 Fig. 243. Whistle, made of a hollow bone; California......*. 64 Fi-. 244. Whistle; California............ 64 Fig. 245. Cup, made of a vertebra of a cetacean; California........ 64 Fig. 246. Bear's Tooth, drilled; New York........ 64 Fig. 247. Bear's Tooth, drilled and polished; Alaska......... 64 Fig. 248. Drilled Claw of the grizzly bear; Rocky Mountains; recent....... 64 Fig. 249. Drilled Claw of the panther; California......... 64 Fig. 250. Drilled Ornament (?), made of the epiphysis of some animal; Kentucky... G 64 Fig. 251. Workecld hollow Bone; California............ 64 Objects mnade of Shells. Fig. 252. Bysicon 1perverslum, transformed into a Vessel; Indiana.... 67 Fig. 253. Spoon Inade of a Unio-shell; Kentucky........... 67 Fig. 254. Celt-shaped Tool; Florida. 67 Fig. 255. Celt-shaped Tool; Kentucky............. 67 Fig. 2.56. Fish-hook, made of laliotis-shell; California.......... 67 Fig. 257. Strogmbus p1ugilis, pierced; Florida............ 69 Fig. 258. Unio, pierced; Tennessee............. 69 Fig. 259. Olivella biplicata, truncated at the apex; California........ 69 Fig. 260. Oliva literata, apex removed; Florida........... 69 Fig. 261. Pecten concewtricus, pierced; Florida........... 69 Fig. 262. Cylindrical Bead; California............69 Fig. 263. Cylindrical Bead; California............ 69 Fig. 264. Cylindrical Bead; California........... o 69 Fig 265. Prismatic Bead; California............. 69:Fig. 266. Bead, made from a columella; Georgia........... 69 Fig. 267. Bead, tapering at both ends, showing, a part of the columiellar groove; California o. 69 Fig. 268. Pin-shllaped Oblject; Florida............ G69 Fig. 269. String of WVampum, composed of white and violet beads; Upper Missouri.. 69 Fig. 270. Disc of Icaliotis-sllell, with five perforations and ornamented border; California. o. 69 Fig. 271. Disc of l-cliotis-shell, showing five perforations; California.. e. 69 Fig,. 272. Gorget, ornamented with anll incised design; Tennessee..... 69 Fig. 273. Gorget; unornamented; Kentucky...... o 69 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xiii PAGE Fig. 274. Pear-shaped Pendant, grooved at the upper end; New York. O. 69 Fig. 275. Ring-shaped Pendant of Ilfaliolis-shell; California....... 69 Fig. 276. Crescent-slhaped Ornament, pierced at both ends; Califoriia....... 69 Fig. 277. Object of lcaliotis shlell, irregular in outline, pierced with four holes, and ornamented along the border; California.............. 69 Fig. 278. Object of aNliotis-shell, irregular in shape, pierced wvitli one hole; California... 69 Fig. 279. Object, made of Lucapina crcnulata, nearly oval in outline, and slowing a large oval aperture in the middle; California........ 69 Objects of Clay. Fig. 280. Bowl, with four projections aIt the rim; Tennessee........ 77 Fig. 281. Bowl, with a handle representing a bird's head and neck, and a projection at the opposite side; Illinois................ 77 Fig. 282. Bowl, with four ears set around the shoulder; Kentucky....... 77 Fig. 283. Bowl, showing four projections in the plane of the rim; Tennessee..... 77 Fig. 284. Bowl, provided with two mutilated studs projecting below the shoulder; Arkansas.. 77 Fig. 285. Ornamented Vessel, contracting toward the aperture without forming a shoulder; North Carolina................. 77 Fig. 286. Vessel, provided with a low wide neck; Tennessee........ 77 Fig. 287. Ornamented flat-bottomed Vessel, with a wide cylindrical neck; Louisiana.... 77 Fig. 288. Small-necked, nearly globular Vessel; Tennessee...... 78 Fig. 289. Ornamented Vessel, with a wide neck; Georgia......... 78 Fig-. 2!0. Flat-bottomed ornamented Vessel, with a narrow low neck; Louisiana.... 78 1ig-. 291. Long-necked Bottle, ornamented with studs; Tennessee....... 78 *?i,. 292. Pitcher, with ornamented neck; Utah Territory......... 78 Fig,. 2'93. Large Vessel, with a slightly projecting rim and nearly conical bottom; outside marked with impressions probably produced by modeling in a woven basket; Georgia... 79 Fig. 294. Ornamented Vessel, showing a depression around its middle; Louisiana.... 80 Fig. 295. Fish-shaped Vessel; Tennessee............ 80 1'ig. 296. Nearly globular Vessel, with a neck resembling an animal's head, one side of which forms the aperture; Tennessee............. 80 Fig. 297. Small globular Vessel, with a neck formed in imitation of a human head; aperture in the occipital portion; Kentucky............. 80 Fig. 298. Vase, elaborately ornamented with figures in relief; Mexico..... 82 Fig. 299. Pitcher, with two mouths and two handles; highly ornamented with raised figures; Mexico 82 Fig. 300. I-ieroglyphical Tablet.............. 83 Fig. 301. Vase, showing elaborate raised ornamentation......... 84 Fig. 302. Small Vessel, tapering to a point opposite the aperture; Mexico..... 84 Fig. 303. Small goblet-shaped Vessel; Mexico........... 84 Fig. 304. Human I-eadcl; Alabama.............. 84 iFig. 305. Wolf's Head; Alabama.............. 84 iFig. 306. Seated Human Figure with another on its back; Mexico....... 86 Fig. 307. Seated Human Figure with a peculiar head-dress; Mexico....... 86 iFig. 308. Squatting Female Figure; Mexico........... 86 Fig. 309. Standing Female Figure with a long gown; Mexico......... 86 Fig. 310. Snakle, coiled on the back of a Turtle; Mexico........ 87 Fig. 311. Coiled Rattle-sntke; Mexico............. 87 F'ig. 312. Ornamentced Spindle-whorl; Mexico........... 387 Fig. 313. Ornamented Spindle-whorl; Mexico........... 87 xiV LIST OF ILLUSTIRATIONS. Objects of Wood. PAGE Fig. 314. Bailing-vessel; California... e. 88 Fig. 315. Toy Canoe; California... e e 88 Fig. 316. Sword-shaped Implement; California...... 88 Objects of chipped and ground Slone (Supplement). Fig. 317. Chipped Perforator, three-sided; flint; California........ 90 Fig. 318. Chipped Perforator, massive opposite the point; flint; California.... 90 Fig. 319. Chipped Implement, sickle-shaped; flint; Ohio......... 90 Fig. 320. Ground Implement, club-head-shaped; greenstone; California.... 90 Fig. 321. Ground Implement, curved, and provided with a shoulder on the upper side, and four conical projections on the lower one; basaltic rock; Oregon.....90 Fig. 322. Ground Implement, flat, tapering at one end and broad at the other, where it is pierced; argillite; Massachusetts... O O 90 Hiafted Stone Weapons. Fig. 323. Grooved Axe; greenstone; Dakota Indians. 93 Fig'. 324. Celt; argillite; Indians of the:Missouri Valley...... 93 Fig. 325. War-club, formed of a round stone firmly attached to a handle; Dakota Indians... 93 Fig. 326. War-club, consisting of a round stone connected with thre handle by flexible tlhongs; Apaches 93 Fig. 327. War-club with an epg-,shaped head of limestone; 3lackfecet. 93 Fig. 328. War-club with a head of an elongated egg-shape; greenstone; Missouri River Valley. 93 Fig. 323. Knife with a lance-head-shaped blade of slate; Nunivak Island, Alaska 93. 93 Fig. 330. Wooden Scabbard for the same..... 93 Hafied Stone and _Bone Tools. Fig. 331. IIammer with a head of greenstone; Fort Simpson, B3ritish Columbia.. 95 Fig. 332. Adze-shaped Pick of whalebone; Mackenzie's River District....... 95 Fig. 333. Pick of walrus ivory; Nunivak Island........... 95 Fig. 334. IIoe, made of the shoulder-blade of a buffalo; Arickarees, Dakota Territory.. 95 Jig. 335. Reaping-hook, made of the lower jaw of an antelope; Caddoes, Indian Territory. 95 Fig. 336. Adze-like Implement, consisting of a small celt-shaped blade of argillite connected with a forked handle; Vancouver's Island........... 95 Fig. 337. Celt-like Chisel of argillite, attached to a cylindrical handle; Vancouver's Island.. 95 Fig. 338. Celt-shaped Chisel of argillite, connected with a handle of peculiar form; Vancouver's Island 95 Fig. 339. Flint Scraper, connected with a hook-shaped ornamented handle of elk-horn; Mandans. 95 Fig. 340. Tool of deer-horn, used in chipping stone arrow-heads, perforators, etc.; Nevada Territory 95 INTRODUCTION. THiE National Museum has been for years the depository of large and valuable collections illustrative of North American Ethnology, which now form one of its most important departments. In classifying" this rich material for the purpose of exhibition during the Centennial Celebration at Philaclelphia, it has been thought proper to separate the objects supposed to belong to times anteceding the European occupation of the continent from those that are known to have been manufactured within the period of contact between the Incian and the Caucasian. Only thus it became possible to exhibit, approximately at least, the aboriginal state of culture before it had been modified by European influences. The first or arc7Tceolocical series, to which the following account more particularly refers, comprises objects found in mounds and other burialplaces of early date, on and below the surface of the ground, in caves, shellheaps, etc., iin fact all articles of aboriginal workmanship that cannot with certainty be ascribed to any of the tribes which are either still in existence or have become extinct within historical times. These relics, consisting of chipped and ground stone, of copper, bone, horn, shell-matter, clay, and, to a small extent, of wood, have been grouped accordiong to material, and then classed under such denominations as their forms suggested. Similarity of shape afforded the principal guidance in arranging these specimens, many of which leave a wide scope for conjecture as to the uses to which they were applied- by their makers. The second or more strictly et7hnological series, a description of which is not attempted at present, consists of articles obtained from existing native tribes by private explorations as well, as by expeditions undertaken by order of the United States Government, and contains almost every object tending to illustrate their domestic life, hunting, fishing, games, warfare, navigation, traveling by land-in short every phase of their existelnce that can be represented by tangible tokens. The use of these objects, many of which show forms copied fromn the manufactures of the whites, is in most cases well understood, and they have been arranged according to their mode of application, ancld withlout reference to the substaLnces of 1 2 INTRODUCTION. which they are made. This mode of classification, as stated, could not be applied to the relics composing what is called the archaeological series, considering that the latter embraces a large number of specimens, and even classes of typical objects, to which it would be hazardous to assign a definite use; and this uncertainty attaches even to such common relics of the aborigines as have hitherto been thought to represent well-recognized types. Collectors, for instance, are very ready to class chipped stone articles of certain forms occurring throughout the Ujnitecl States as arrow and lanlce-heads, without thinking that many of these specimens may have been quite differently employed by the aborigines. Thus the Pai-Utes of Southern Utah use to this day chipped flint blades, identical in shape with those that are usually called arrow and spear-points, as knives, fastening them in short wooden handles by means of a black resinous substance. Quite a number of these hafted flint knives (Fig. 1) have been deposited in the collection of the National Museum by Major J. W. Powell, who obtained them during his sojourn among the Pai-Utes. The writer was informed (O,), by Major Powell that these people use their stone knives with great effect, especially in cutting leather. On the other hand, the stone\ i tipped arrows still made by various Indian tribes are mostly pro-:!j vided with small slender points, generally less than an inch in length, II i and seldom exceeding an inch and a half, as exemplified by many specimens of modern arrows in the Smithsonian collection. If these facts be deemed conclusive, it would follow that the real Indian arrowi1.1 head was comparatively small, and that the larger specimens classed as arrow-heads, and not a few of the so-called spear-points, were - invooTen origin ally set in handles and were used as knives and daggers. In handl3 many cases, further, it is impossible to determine the real character of small leaf-shaped or triangular objects of chipped flint, which may have served as arrow-heads or either as scrapers or cutting tools, in which the convex or straight base formed the working edge. Certain chipped spearhead-shaped specimens with a sharp straight or slightly convex base may have been cutting implements or chisels. Arrow-heads of a slender elongated form pass over almost imperceptibly into perforators, insomuch that it is often impossible to make a distinction between them. Among the implements, weapons, etc., that have been brought into shape by pecking or grinding there aloe many types of unmistakable character, such as axes, adzes, mauls, mortars, pestles, pipes, etc.; yet here, too, not a few classes of objects are met to which a definite use cannot be ascribed. Among the latter are disc-shaped stones, pierced tablets, tubes, rings, pendants, and-various other SMITHSONIAN ARCHJEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. typical articles. In many instances it cannot be determined whether an object was designed for use or for ornament. In order to classify the numerous articles composing the archaeological series it was necessary, of course, to arrange them under different heads; but in consideration of their too often doubtful mode of application it cannot be asserted that the specimens represent in all cases the characters attributed to them by the titles under which they have been classed. Nor does the division into two groups intended to illustrate different periods warrant absolute exemption from errors, considering that a number of the articles embraced in the archaeological series may have been made after the arrival of the Caucasians in North America, especially such relies as are derived from districts inhabited by tribes that became in comparatively recent times acquainted with the manufactures and commodities of the whites. Yet, after due consideration, the system here adopted seemed better calculated to exhibit the former and present state of the aborigines than any other arrangement presenting the whole available material under one general aspect. By far the greater number of specimens in the archaeological department are manufactures of stone, being fashioned either by flaking or the more tedious process of chipping, or by pecking, grinding and polishing. The chipped series chiefly comprises arrow and spear-heads, cutting and scraping tools, saws, perforators, and digging implements. These articles are usually made of hard silicious stone of conchoidal fracture, such as hornstone, jasper, chalcedony, ferruginous quartz, and other kindred varieties, all of them occasionally comprised in these pages, for the sake of brevity, under the general term " flint," though the real cretaceous flint, which has played such an important part in the prlelhistoric ages of Europe, does not seem to occur in this country. Many arrow and spear-heads consist of the common white quartz, and some are made of different kinds of stone of inferior hardness. The volcanic obsidian is represented by a beautiful series of Mexican knives and cores, and by arrow-heads, etc., derived from regions north of Mexico. Some Indian tribes still arm their arrows with points of obsidian. In the manufacture of ground and polished weapons, tools and ornaments, the aborigines employed every kind of stone, both hard and soft, suited to their purposes. Grooved axes, celts, adzes, pestles, etc., are very frequently made of varieties of greenstone, a substance which, being hard as well as tough, was well fitted to withstand rough use. Some drilled and highly finished cerlemonial weapons are tmade of the hardest silicious materials, showing that the aborigines vere in this respect in advance of the prehistoric races of Europe, who scarcely ever attempted to drill stone of such hardness. Quartzite, sandstone, serpen 4 INTRODUCTION. tine, hematite and slate often constitute the materials of ground articles. More precise statements will be made in the proper places. Though the Smithsonian collections chiefly embrace aboriginal manufactures, ancient anand recent, derived from the northern half of the continent, or, in other words, from the vast territory bounded by the Atlantic and the Pacific, the arctic regions and the southern frontier of Mexico, it possesses, in acldition, many valuable specimens, and even large collections, from the Antilles and from Central and South America. Perhaps the most important of these collections is one from Porto Rico, presented by the late Mr. George Latimer, for a long time a resident of that island. It comprises many specimens of pottery of a peculiar character, nld several hundred articles of stone, among them one hundred and twenty-sevten celts, numerous pestles, maslks, rubbingstones, andh above all, a rich series of those curious oval or horse-collar-shaped objects, which have for many years attracted the attention and elicited the comments of archaeologists, both in Europe and in America. This collection is probably unsurpassed by allny other derived from the Island of Porto Rico. The Central American States are represented by hundreds of specimens of pottery and objects of stone, some of them of remarkable character. The large stone idols obtained by Mr. E. G-. Squier in Nicaragua, and described and figured by him in his well-known work on that State, are among the most valued relics of the National Museum. Peru has furnished a large collection of pottery, consisting of one hundred and twenty vessels moulded in the peculiar style formerly prevalent among the aborigines of that country, and also a number of mummies, or rather desiccatecl human boclies. The other parts of South America-Chile, Guiana, Brazil, and even the southernmost region of the continent, Tierra del:Fuego —have likewise contributed their share to enrich the Museum of the capital. In conclusion, it should be stated that the Smithlsonian collections are not derived exclusively from America, but that they likewise embrace manufactures of many races of other parts of the world. Thus, there may be seen in the Museum a great variety of relics pertaining to the prehistoric ages of Europe, such as rude flint implements from the drift of France and England, articles of stone, horn and bone found in the celebrated caves of the Dordogne (Southern France), a large and varied series of Swiss lacustline antiquities, and inaly neolithic weapons and tools from Denmark and other districts of Northern Europe. Still more numerous are weapons, utensils, textile and ceramic fabrics from Asia, Africa, Australia, and the island groups of the Pacific. Many of these products of art, including the boomerang of the Australian savage and the carved war-club of the Feegeean, as well as the fink SMITHtSONIAN ARCHIIEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. ished tissues and implements of China and Japan, were procured in the course of explorations undertaken at the expense of the United States Govelrnment, as before stated. Among them the circumnavigation of the globe under the command of Captain Wilkes and Perry's expedition to Japan deserve special mention. The following descriptions refer only to the typical objects in the collection. The classification might have been much extended by the introduction of subdivisions, if the character of this publication had permitted a more exhaustive treatment of the subject. The present condensed account is but the forerunner of more minute archmeological and ethnological works, which will be published in due time under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution. I. STONE. Archaeological researches in Europe have shown that the early inhabitants of that continent used for a very long period exclusively rude tools and weapons of chipped flint, until they began to render their implements of war and peace more serviceable by the process of grinding. Archaeologists, therefore, divide the European stone age into a period of chipped and one of ground stone, or, technically speaking, into a paloeolit7ic (old-stone) and a neolithic (new-stone) period. Palaeolithic implements occur in ancient beds of rivergravel and in cave-deposits of early date, and are often associated with the osseous remains of the mammoth, woolly-haired rhinoceros, cave-bear, cavelion, and other pachydermatous and carnivorous animals now extinct in Europe. The implements of the later or neolithic period indicate a more advanced state of human development, and the animal remains sometimes found with them belong to species still existing in Europe, or known to have there existed within historical times. Thus the gradual progress in the mechanical skill of the prehistoric European is illustrated by his works of art, which present, as it were, an ascending scale, beginning with the rude flint flake or the roughly fashioned hatchet-blade, and terminating with the elaborately chipped dagger or lance-head, the pierced axe, and other types in vogue immediately before the introduction of bronze. In North America chipped as well as ground stone implements are abundant; yet they occur promiscuously, and thus far cannot be respectively referred to certain epochs in the development of the aborigines of the country, and hence the here adopted separation of North American stone articles into a chipped and a ground series has no chronological significance whatever, but simply refers to the modes of manufacture. A. FLAKED AND CHIPPED STONE. 1, Raw Material, —As such may be considered pieces of flint, etc., rudely blocked out and presenting no definite form. The Museum possesses a series of these roughly prepared fragments, which were obviously designed to be made into implements. They are often of comparatively large size, and generally consist of some kind of silicious material (hornstone, jasper, etc.). They occur, sometimes many of them together, in various parts of the United States. 7 8 FLAKED AND CHIPPED STONE. 2. Irregular Flakes of Flint, Obsidian, etc., produced by a single blowSome may represent cutting tools of the most primitive kind. OBSIDIAN KNIFE AND NUCLEUS (D). 3. Two-edged narrow Flakes of Obsidian and prismatic Cores or Nuclei, from which such Flakes have been detached by pressure (Figs. 2 and 3, Mexico). —The mode of manufacture of these flakes or knives has been described by some of the early Spanish authors on Mexico.' Obsidian breaks like the cretaceous flint of Europe, and hence the Mexican knives are identical in shape with the neolithic flint knives found in the countries bordering on the Baltic Sea. 4,. Pieces of Flint, Quartz, Obsidian, etc., roughly flaked, and either representing rude tools, or designed to be wrought into more regular forms, —Unfinished Arrow and Spear-heads., 5. Arrow-heads.- They are the most, abundant aboriginal relics in the United States; but being chiefly made of hard and brittle silicious materials, they were easily damaged in hitting the object at whichl they were aimed, and many of them consequently bear the marks of violent use. Yet perfect specimens are by no means scarce. The art of arrow-making survives to the present day among certain Indian tribes inhabiting parts of the United States not yet settled by whites, and the National Museum contains a large number of modern stone arrow-heads (partly in shafts) which equal, and even surpass in workmanship, the best specimens pickecl up in fields or recovered from old Indian burial-places. The modes of their manufacture have been witnessed and described by explorers, and these operations now appear less difficult than they were formerly supposed to be. A classification of the arrow-heads with regard to their chronological levelopment is not attempted, and hardly deemed necessary. North American Indians of the same tribe (as, for instance, the Pai-Utes of Southern Utah) The fullest account is given by Torquemada (Monzarquia Indiana, Seville, 1615). The Aztec artisan, he states, dislodged the obsidian flakes from the block by pressure, employing a large wvooden T-shaped implemenat, which acted somewhat in the manner of a punch, the cross-piece resting against the chest. A translation of Torquemada's description is to be foundh in E. B. Tylor's "Anahuac," London, 1861, p. r31. Motolinia makes similar statements, which, it is believed, have not yet been quoted in English wolks. SMITHSONIAN ARCHBIEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. arm their arrows with stone points of different forms, the shape of the arrowheadcl being with them merely a matter of indliviclual taste or of convenience. It is here only intended to present the characteristic types of these weapons. Yet any such arrangement nmust be arbitrary to a great extent, owing to the many intermediate forms in which the distinguishingy peculiarities are wanting, and the same difficulty is met in the classification of stone articles in. general, may they be'chipped or ground. li/ ARROW-HAD (1). a. Leaf-shaped, base pointed or rounded (Fig. 4, gray semi-opal, California). Those with a pointed base imperceptibly pass over into the lozenge form, which is not very frequently met. b. Convex-sided with truncated base (Fig. 5, transparent obsidian, Mexico). Specimens of this description often approach the triangular shape. c. Triangular~ forming an equilateral or isosceles triangle (Fig. 6, gray jasper, New York). Perfectly triangular arrow-points are less frequent than those of the following class. d. Straig'ht-sided with more or less concave base. In some the concavity assumes the character of a deep indentation by which barbs are produced 2 10 FLAKED AND CHIPPED STONE. (Fig. 7^ brown jasper, Oregon). There are varieties of this type, in which the sides appear more or less convex, or straight near the base to a certain distance, where they form obtuse angles or shoulders from which they converge to the point. e. Notched at the sides near the base, which is straight (Fig. 8, jaspery agate, Texas), concave (Fig. 9, light-brown hornstone, Tennessee), or convex (Fig. 10, gray hornstone, Ohio).2 f. Stemmed.-Expanding stem, base straight (Fig. 11, light-colored flint, Ohio), concave (Fig. 12, dark-gray hornstone, Pennsylvania), or convex (Fig. 13, silicified wood, Ohio).-Straight-sided truncated stem; sides of stem parallel (Fig. 14, gray hornstone, Ohio), or converging toward the base (Fig. 15, quartz, District of Columbia). In such specimens the base of the stem is straight or concave.-RGounded or more or less tapering stem (Fi,. 16, light-brown flint; Fig. 17, brownish hornstone; Fig. 18, gray hornstone. All from Tennessee). With the arrow-heads characterized by a tapering stem may be classed those of a perfect lozenge form, which, as stated, are comparatively scarce. g. Barbed and stemmed.-There is mucha difference in the shape and length of the barbs, and the stems are truncated, rounded or tapering, etc., thus presenting nearly all the forms seen in unbarbed stemmed arrow-heads (Fig. 19, gray-brown hornstone, Tennessee; Fig. 20, brown semi-opal, Oregon; Fig. 21, green semi-opal, Oregon). In addition, many arrow-heads, belonging by their general shape to one or the other of the classes just enumerated, are modified in different ways. The peculiarity of some conlsists in their being beveled along both edges on opposite sides, so as to form in the cross-section a figure resembling a longstretchled rhomboidl (Fig. 22, gray flint, Tennessee); others exhibit serrated edges (Fig. 23, gray flint, Oregon; Fig. 24, yellow jasper, Louisiana); and in a number of specimens the stem is bifurcated (Fig. 25, gray jasper, Tennessee). 6, Spear-heads,-The articles brought under this head are almost as varied in shape as those designated as arrow-heads, and in many instances they present exactly the same forms, the only distinguishing feature being their larger size.3 As before stated, many of the so-called spear-heads may have been inserted in wooden handles, to serve as cutting tools. 2In quite a number of notched flint arrowv-heads with convex base, and also in many spear-heads (?) of corresponding shape, the curved base-edge exhibits a marked polish, as though they had been employed as scraping or smoothing tools. The polish is not intentionally produced, but evidently the result of a longcontinued use, totally different from that for whichl these articles would seem to have been designed.:In separating arrow-headcls from the larger objects of similar shape, the writer follows a usage rather than his own inclination. SMITHSONIAN ARGCHEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 11 a. Triangular or more or less convex-sidecl, sometimes very slender; base straight (Fig. 26, light-gray chalceclony, Tennessee), concave (Fig. 27, yellow jasper, California), or convex, in some cases bluntly pointed. 2, ta o SPEAR-EADS.' ~ ~''-Z_..3'-; ~''Fc~'L: I~iil~l' ~~~: i r ~l~t'SEAR-HAS convex~~ (Fg 28 ry ln~Ketcy. Barbs are some~~:~~: ~JItimesformd 12 FLAKED AND CHIPPED STONE. the notching, and the beveling on opposite sides, as in arrow-heads, is occasionally to be noticed. Quite exceptional are spear-heads exhibiting several notches at the base (Fig. 31 a, brown jasper, Maine; half size). c. Stemmed. Expanding stem, base straight (Fig. 29, quartz schist, Pennsylvania), concave or convex.-Straight-sided truncated stem with parallel or converging sides, and straight, concave, or slightly convex base.Rlounded or more or less tapering stem (Fig. 30, gray flint, New York). d. Barbed and stemmed (Fig. 31, white milky quartz, Louisiana). 7. Perforators, —The ruder implements of this class may be characterized in a general way as irregular fragments of flint, etc., mostly of an elongated form, which have been chipped to a point at one extremity, and hence it may be imagined that they assume an almost endless variety of shapes. The pointed part, however, presents, from necessity, a more or less developed pyramidal form. Other perforators are worked into shapes sufficiently defined to permit a classification. Yet in many cases it is extremely difficult to distinguish a well-made perforator from a slender arrow-head, especially when the former bears no traces of use at its point. This apparently intact state can be frequently noticed, and hence some persons have gone so far as to deny lthe existence of NTorth American piercing implements of stone. They forget that the perforating of soft substances, such as moistened hides, would have little effect on a tool of hard material. It is known, moreover, that such Implements are still made and used by remote Indian tribes. The more regular perforators may be thus classifiedc:__'_~ 33' 4 A_.53 PERFORATORS (-2:). Ohio). b. Pointed part long and slender, and the opposite end expanding and of irregular outline (Fig. 33, brown jasper, Oregon; Fig. 34, white opaque flint, Missouri). c. Pointed p(art long and slender, and expanding base indented, presenting lateral wings (Fig. 35, light-gray flint, Ohio). SMITHSONIAN ARCH2EOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 13 cd. More or less slenlder with expalnding lower part, which is notched at thle sides, or terminates in a stem (Fig. 36, gray hornstone, Tennessee). It may be assumed that perforators of this form as well as of others which afforded no firm grasp to the hand were inserted into handles. e. Elongated leaf-shape (Fig. 37, gray semi-opal, California). 8 Scrapers, —Thick flakes of flint, obsidian, etc., worked at one extremity into a convex or semi-lunar edgoe. Some are thus prepared at both ends. These tools were used in cleaning slkins, and in scraping and smoothing horn, bone, wood, etc. The Eskimos still use stone scrapers set in well-shaped handles of walrus ivory, horn, or wood. Several specimens of this kind are in the collection of the National Museum. 4t 38 41 SCRAPERS (S). a. Working edge beveled from one side, the lower surface forming a continuous unaltered fracture (Fig. 38, gray flint, Texas). A few are beveled at both ends, and may be called double scrapers. Some terminate in stems opposite the working edge (Fig. 39, compact gray hornstone, Ohio). b. Working edge chipped from both sides, sometimes at both extremities. c. Made of the lower portions of broken arrow and spear-heads; working edge chipped from one side or from both (Fig. 40, yellow jasper, Ohio). d. Disc-shaped, chipped all around (Fig. 41, bluish chalcedony, Texas). 9, Cutting and Sawing Implements, —This glroup comprises a series of implements which, thouSgh cliffering in form, seem to have been designed for kindred purposes. a. Flakes of flint and obsiclianl, more or less chipped at the edges, apparently for the purpose of be used ing useand sawing (Fig. 42, yellow jasper, Kentucky). The silicious materials out of which such flakes are usually made cannot be split as regularly as the cretaceous flint of Europe, and hence the well-shaped neolithic flakes so friequent in Denmark, Northern Germany, etc., hardly findc counterparts among the stone tools occurring north of Mexico. The obsidian flakes fi'om the lastnamed country, as has been stated, are identical in shape with the corresponllding European specimens. 14 FLAKED AND CHIPPED STONE. b. Implements with chipped convex edges, mostly serrated at the opposite side, or provided with a row of stems, perhaps for being more securely hafted (Fig. 43, gray flint, California). The specimens of this character were all obtained from California, where the aborigines are known to have employed asphaltum for cementing their stone tools into handles. 4- 4 K - - "0 4 2 CUTTING TOOLS (Q). e. Small sickle-shaped implements designed, as it seems, for some cutting lpurpose (Fig. 44, dark-brown jasper, California). d. Crescent-shaped implements, some of them truncated at one end; probably knives and saws (Fig. 45, lydite, Pennsylvania). A somewhat similar type occurs in Northern Europe. e. Arrow-head-shaped (notched or stemmed) implements, apparently representing sawinog and cutting tools, the part used being either one of the sides which is convex, or the obtuse point (Fig. 46, reddish jasper, Tennessee; Fig. 47, semi-opal, Georgia). f. Roughly chipped implements with convex edges and massive backs. They resemble the ('choppers" found in some caves of Southern France, and described by Lartet and Christy in the "Reliquia Aquitanice" (Fig. 48, gray hornstone, shell-heap, Maine). 10. Dagger-shaped Implements, —The dagger form is in most casesindicated rather than fully dclevelopedcl. There is, howeveer, in the collection a SMITHSONIAN ARCHA~IOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 15 beautiful specimen remarkable for a well-wrought hlandle (Fig. 49, gray flint, mouncl in Alabama). Similar objects are preserved in the Copenhagen Museum. "4" DAGGER ( ). 11, Leaf-shaped Implements, —Perhaps mostly used for cutting and scraping-; some may be unfinished tools. LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENTS. a. Pointed at one end and more or less rounded at the other extremity; sides straight or exhibiting various gradations of convexity. Many specimens of this class present an almond shape, and are thin and sharp-edged. There can be little doubt as to their use as cutting tools (Fig. 50, lightgray flint, Ohio). b. Approaching an oval shape. c. Pointed at both ends, broad in the middle, or more or less elongated. They differ much in size, the smaller specimens being not larger than arrowheads (Fig. 51, brown jasper, Louisiana; Fig. 52, gray flint, Ohio). blocked out, or chipped with more or less care around the circumference. Some appear slightly worn at the edge, as though they had been used for scraping purposes. They occur mostly in mounds and in deposits under 16 FLAILED AND CHIPPED STONE. the ground, sometimes comprising many hundred specimens. Such deposits have been met from the Mississippi to the Atlantic States. The implements in question frequently consist of the peculiar stone of'" Flint Ridge," an elevation extending through Liciling and MlIuskingtum Counties in the State of Ohio. The material was here quarried by the aborigines, who have left the traces of their operations in the shape of numerous pits and of accumulations of chips heaped up around them.4 Many of the specimens closely resemble in shape and size the'" hatchets 9 of the European drift, which occur associated with the remains of extinct animals (Fig. 53 represents a common form. The original belonged to a regular deposit of about fifteen hundred specimens, which was discovered at Beardstown, Cass County, Illinois). 12, Large flat Implements of silicious material, usually ovoid in shape, and sharp around the circumference, Some expand considerably at the broader or cutting edge, exhibiting a tapering or truncated opposite extremity (Fig. 54, fine-grained quartzite, Tennessee; Flig. 54 a, same material, Illinois).-The broad part sometimes appears almost glazed from constant wear. They are supposed to have been used as spades or hoes. DIGGING TOOLS (-). 13, Large flat Implements mostly of oval outline, blut truncated and laterally notched at the end opposite the working edge (Fig. 55, Illinois).The locality is described i Sqies "tiquities of the State of Ne York," Bualo, 181, p. 126. 54 cic SMITHSONIAN ARCHZEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONI. 17 The lower portion is often smoothed by wear. These implements, like the preceding lkind, probablly were attaclhed to handles acnd used in digging the ground for agricultural and other purposes. Both varieties consist of corresponding materials, and sometimes occur together in mounds and subterranean deposits. 14, Wedge or Celt-shaped Implements.-They consist mostly of silicious materials, and bear some resemblance to the rougli-hewn flint celts of Northern Europe. B. PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE, 1. Wedges or Celts,' —They form a numerous class of:North American implements, occurring on the surface of the soil and occasionally in mounds, and were doubtless applied to different uses for which their shape and size suited them. They are sometimes rudely pecked or chipped into form, and merely sharpened at the cutting edges; but in general they are entirely ground, and not a few of them exhibit a beautiful polish. Their length varies from an inch and an inch and a half to a foot and more. They consist of different kinds of stone, such as diorite, syenite, hornblende rock, serpentine, etc., and even soft slates have sometimes furnished their material.6 Occasion60 ~~~~~~~~56 ~ ~ 58 ally specimens made of silicious varieties (hornstone, jasper, lydite) are met, and very small celts consisting of hematite occur in different parts of the 5 From the Latin word celtis or celtes, a chisel. 6ln Mexico celts of jade are not unfrequent. 18 PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE. United States. They are sharp-edged and highly polished, and were evidently used for cutting purposes (Fig. 56 represents one of these diminutive hematite tools, which was found in Ohio). A cross section parallel with the cutting edcge of a North American celt presents in general a roundish or oval outline; but some specimens are four-sided, insomuch that a section would resemble a rectangle with sharp or rounded angles and more or less convex sides (Fig. 57, greenstone, Indiana). The cutting edges, nearly always ground from both sides, are usually convex, and rarely straight. The buttends generally exhibit more or less rounded contours (Fig. 58, syenite, Illinois; Fig. 59, greenstone, Tennessee); but in some specimens the butt tapers and terminates in a blunt point (Fig. 60, indurated chlorite slate, Tennessee, mound). Some have expanding cutting edges (Fig. 61, Louisiana). The butts of many celts are much battered, as though the implements had been employed in connection with mallets for splitting wood, etc.; others bealr the traces of having been inserted in shafts to serve as axes or adzes. In rare cases the extremity opposite the edge terminates in a sort of a handle (Fig. 62, greenstone, North Carolina). A few specimens of the collection have a cutting edge at each end. 2, Chisels,.-edge-shaped implements of elongated form and comparatively small size have been classed as chisels, and doubtless were used as such. It does not seem that they are abundant. Several specimens of the collection have a round circumference and a greater diameter in the middle or at the blunt end than at the working edge. These implements, which chiefly consist of greenstone, may be considered as typical, having been found in Ohio, Indiana, Virginia, and Connecticut (Fig. 63, diorite, Ohio). Others are four-sided (Fig. 64, lydite, New York), or flat with rounded smaller sides, and a few specimens of yellow or brownish jasper exhibit in part the original chipping, being only superficially ground. They might be taken for Danish or North German productions of the stone age. Some chisels have working edges at both ends. A specimen of the collection marked "ice-chisel" (Fig. 65, basaltic material, Unalaska Island) presents a peculiar shape, terminating in a sort of handle, which is, however, almost too short for being conveniently grasped. There is a possibility that the implement was hafted. (Compare: Nilsson, " Stone Age," Plate'VI, Fig. 135). 3. Gouges. —They generally consist of materials similar to those of which celts are made; but they occur in the United States far less frequently than the latter, and appear to be chiefly confined to the Atlantic States. It is supposed that they were employed, besides other uses, in the manufacture of wooden canoes and mortars, which the aborigines hollowed out with the assistance of fire. The gouges were well adapted, by their shape, for removing the charred portions of the wood. These implements vary in length from three inches to a foot. In some the concavity is confined..to the lower part (Fig. SMITHSONIAN'ARCHO2EOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 19 66 dclark hornstone New York); in others it extends through their whole length (Fig. 67, Pennsylvania). There are implements which, though exhibiting no concavity, somewhat partake of the character of gougyes. They can be likened to celts in which the edged portion is plano-convex, so as to 1produce a hollow cut. They may, in part, have served as adze-heads. Certain 63 Grg6 65 66; I 1 I 11 6 10' Ii' \\ CHISELS, GOUGES AN-D ADZES (-). gougoe-like tools (with or without concavities at the cutting edge), which are provided on the convex side with grooves, ridges, or conical elevations, likewise may have formed the heads of adzes, the contrivances just mentioned facilitating their attachment to handles (Fig. 68, greenstone, Massachusetts). 4, Adzes,-There are in the Smithsonian collection some unmistakable adzes perhaps not very old —derived from the Northwest Coast. One of them (Fig. 69) consists of a dark kind of silicious stone (hornstone), and was obtained in British Columbia. The method of hafting these implements is exemplified by a handled adze (Foig. 70) used by the natives of Oregon. The head, consisting of greenstone, is ten inches long, and connected with the wooden handle by means of split twigs of some flexible kind of wood. There are in the collection other adzes from the Northwest Coast, hafted in a different manner (Fig. 71). In. these specimens the small adze-heads of green serpentine are celt-shaped, and rest agailnst a shoulder of the crooked handle, where they are secured by strips of raw-hide, or by cord. 5, Grooved Axes, —Owing to their frequency, these implements may be counted among the best-known relics of the alborigines; and especially in the rural districts of the older States "Indian stone tomahawvks'" are familiar objects. In general they can be defined as wedges encircled by a groove, 20 PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE. usually nearer the butt-end than the edge. The groove served for the reception of a withe of proper length, which was bent around the stone head until both ends met, when they were firmly bound together with ligatures of hide or some other material. The withe thus formed a convenient handle. These axes are frequently made of varieties of greenstone, though specimens consisting of syenite, granite, porphyryh sandstone, etc., are not rare; silicious materials, it seems, were not often employed. Now and then a specimen made of red or brown hematite is met. 75'72 73 7L1 G o axes differ muchinsize t 111\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A Illinoisl (loaned)I s thxirteninhsonseve an a hafwdadwih 78~~~~~~~~~~~~7 I Iff ia ~ i~lil~i i~ll Ii; Ii i: 79 - In ~~~~~~~~i TXI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l ~ ~ 11 UIT~~~~~~~I~ SMITHSONIAN ARCH2EOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 21 twenty pounds and a half. Such large tools hardly could be wielded with two hands; yet they must have been employed in some way, their edges exhibiting distinct marlks of wear. In general the axes are from five to seven inches long, weighing one and a half or two pounds. In some axes the groove surrounds the stone entirely (Fig. 72, greelstolle, Massachusetts), but in others, as it were, only on three sides, the fourth side being flat, and solmetimes even slightly hollowed, apparently for resting on a corresponding flat part of the handle (Fig. 73, greenstone, Arizona). The groove is often barely indicated, but deep and regular in the specimens of the better class, which are symmetrically shaped and well smoothed, or even polished. A few specimens exhibit two parallel grooves. The most finished Smithsonian axes, consisting of a dark compact greenstone, are derived from Arizona. The grooved axes, though corresponding in general form, present many varieties. Their grooves, for instance, are sometimes bounded by ridges, obviously for the purpose of preventing the withe from slipping (Fig. 74, greenstone, South Carolina). In a number of specimens the groove runs obliquely around the stone, which thus evidently formed an acute angle with the handle (Fig. 75, cast, Wisconsin; a specimen of unproportionate length). In rare cases the axes are four-sidec, the butt-end terminating in a quadrilateral face (Fig. 76, greenstone, Alaska). In general, however, the butt-ends present rounded contours, and often bear unmistakable traces of violent use. lNow and then they are bluntly pointed. The collection contains a few axes with edges at both extremities. Occasionally there occur specimens with remarkably narrow edges (Fig. 77, graywacke, Pennsylvania). The tools just described are not sharp-edged, and consequently were hot used in cutting down trees, but they served for deadening them by the wellknown process of E"girdling." When the trees had become perfectly dry, they were felled by the application of fire, the axes being again resorted to for removing the charred wood. For the same purpose they may have been employed in the manufacture of wooden canoes. Specimens of small or medium size doubtless were used as battle-axes, like the iron tomahawk of modern times.-No. 7253 of the collection is a cast of the "inscribed" grooved axe found in 1858 on the farm of Samuel IR. Gaskill, in Burlington County, New Jersey. 6. Hammers, —They comprise hammer-heads and hammer-stones. The former consist of round or oval pebbles, or small boulders of quartzite, granite, greenstone, and other hard and tough materials, and often show no other modification by the hand of man but a groove for the attachment of a handle. Some, however, are artificially brought to the required shape. The groove, it should be stated, is not always carried entirely around the stone. Hammerheadcs vary much in size, the smallest specimens measuring only a few inches, while the large ones, designated as mauls, are so bulky and heavy that they could only have been wielded with both hands (Fig. 78, granite, Coloradlo; eleven pounds). Very large mauls with one or two grooves' sometimes with 22 PECKED- GCIOUND AND POLISHED STONE. out any groove, have been discoverecl in the ancient copper mines of the LakeSuperior region. They were the tools employed by the aborigines for obtaining the much-vNalued virglin metal. Some hamnmer-heads were evidently converted into their present formls from grooved axes whose edges hlad been damaged by firacture or by constant use. There are in the Smithsonian collection solme hafted mallluls delrived from the Sioux anld Assineboins, who still use them for breaking bones, pounding pemmican, etc. (Fig. 79, quartzite, Assineboins; two pounds). These tools, including their handles, are tightly cased in raw-hide, excepting that part of tlhe head which is used for striki.ng One of these modern handleld mauls, derived from the Sioux, is rather heavy, weighing more than nine pounds. The Blackfeet, Sioux, and other still existing tribes sometimes use war-clubs with stone heads. The latter, consisting of quartzite, greenstone, etc., are of a more or less elongated regular egg-shape, well polished, and deeply grooved around the middle for the attachment of the handle. Specimens of this class and of others are in the collection. The different kinds of stone war-clubs in use among the Indians of our time will be described hereafter. The tools designated as hammer-stones are mostly roundish or oval pebbles of a somewhat compressed or flattened form, plresenting in their side view the outline of a more or less elongated ellipse. Quartzite appears to be the prevailing material. Their only artificial alteration consists in two pits or cavities, which form the centres of the opposite broad sides of the pebble. In these cavities the workman placed tlhe thumb andc middle finger of the riight hand, while the forefinger pressed against the upper circumference of the stone (Fig. 80, quartzite, Nenw York; Fig. 81, quartzite, Pennsylvania). In some Instances the depressions are so shallow that they almost escape observation, though specimens with deep and well-defined cavities are not rare. Many hammer-stones bear distinct traces of rough use, being battered and bruised at the circumference. Their longitudinal diameter generally measures from three to five inches, and they may average about a pound in weilght. In Europe similar hammer-stones occur, which have been called Tilhuggersteene by Danish archaologists, and it has been conjectured that they were used as tools for chipping weapons and implements of flint. It cannot be doubted that the corresponding American implements served as hammers, since they show the most distinct traces of violent contact with hard substances, and there is much probability that they were used in blocking out flint implements; yet they are by far too clumsy, and possess too much roundness on all sides, to have been the tools for finishing barbed arrow-heads and other delicate articles of flint. Quite different implements were employed in that operationl.' 7 There are in thle National Museum several of the tools employed by moclern Indians in the mailufacture of stone arrow-heads, perforators, etc. These chipping-implelments consist of bluntly pointed rods of deer horn, from eight to sixteen inches in length, or of short slellcler pieces of the samie matelial bound with sinew to woolden sticks resembling arrow-shafts. The aboriginal " arrow-maker" holds in his left hand the flake of flint or obsidian on which he intends to opesate, andt presses the point of the tool against its edge, detaching scale after scale, until it assumnes the desired form. SMITHSONIAN ARCHA2EOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 23 There are other quartzite hammer-stones, often of rather irregular shape, in which the cavities are wanting. They have undergone no alteration, excepting that resulting from constant use. A peculiar class of hanmnmer-stones consists of flint pebbles roughly worked into a roundish flattened form. Their battered circumferences indicate the -use to which they were applied (Fig,. 82, flint, Ohio). Though not in reality belonging to the series of pecked or ground implements' it has been thought proper to mention theml in t~his place. -Certain stones resembling the indented hammer-stones, and often classed with them, evidently were used for other purposes. They will be noticed in connection with mortars. 7. Drilled Ceremonial Weapons. —The grooved tomahawk was among the aborigines, prior to the occupation of the country by Europeans and their descendants, the prevailing implement of the axe kind; bat pierced axe and ^llliil^ <^ ~ II;}2 "~1; — l5a= = o5 DRIILLED CEREMONIAL WEAPONS (.). pick-shaped objects also occur', though not in great abundance. These relics are for the most lpart elegantly andc symmetrically shaped, and well polished, but of such slmall dimensions tlhat they cannot have been applied to any prac 24 PECIKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE. tical use. Their material, moreover, generally consists of soft kinds of stone, more particularly of a gray or greenish slate, which is frequently marked with dark parallel or concentric stripes or bands. Yet specimens made of jasper, fGelrrugino us quartz, syenite, and other hard substances are not wanting. The objects in question doubtless were provided with handles and worn as weapons of parade or insiognia of rank by the superiors. They present a great variety of forms, bearing testimony to the ingenuity and good taste of their makers. Many of them somewhat resemble double pick-axes (Fig. 83, serpentine, Virginia; Fig. 84, serpentine, Pennsylvania; Fig. 85, striped slate, Wisconsin; Fig. 86, striped slate, Indiana; Fig. 87, striped slate, Pennsylvania); some are eg^-shaped, and others may be likened to axes with two very blunt cutting edges (Fig. 88, cast, original probably brown jasper, Louisiana; s Fig. 89, cast, Wisconsin). In rare cases the parts, which would form the cutting edges in real implements are bifurcated (Fig. 90, stlriped slate, fragment; Indiana), and in some objects here classed as ceremonial weapons the sides corresponding to ecldes exhibit a slight inward curve (Fig. 91, translucent ferruginous quartz, Indiana). A few specimens are crooked, terminating in a blunt point at one extremity, and in a rounded butt-end at the other. These specimens are exceptions from the general rule, not being shaped alike on both sides (Fig. 92, striped slate, Indiana). The holes in these implements have no sufficient width for permitting the insertion of stout handles. They are perfectly regular, and the annular striae produced by the revolving motion of the drilling tool can often plainly be distinguished. Some specimens, though otherwise finished, are either destitute of shaft-holes, or merely show their beginnilngs: a fact demonstrating that in North America (as in Europe) articles of this description were first brought to the required shape, and afterward drilled. On the whole, the objects belonging to this class are among the most interesting relics of the aborigines. 8, Cutting Tools. —Any sharpened stone of suitable size could be used as a cutting tool, and hence it may be inferred that the implements of this class assume various forms. Some are of an elongated oval shape, both ends forming cutting edges; others have a crescent shape and vertical cutting edges at both extremities; the most conspicuous form, however, is a flat knife with a semi-lunar edge and a straight back, thick and projecting for greater convenience in handling. These knives chiefly occur in the Eastern States, and their prevailing material is slate (Fig. 93, black slate, Pennsylvania). Yet somewhat similar tools, less defined in shape, but likewise made of slate, were used by the aborigines of the Northwest Coast for ripping open fish. There is in the collection ta well-definedci cutting tool with a curved edge and a lateral tang, A beautiful specimen in the collection, exhibiting the shape of Fig. 88, though less elegalnt in outline, consists of a translucent ferruginous quartz of a pale reddish color. It was found, together with the original of Fig. 91, in Indiana, ten feet below the surface of the ground, SMITHSONIAN ARCH21EOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 25 probably serving for the attachment of a handle (Fig. 94, hard red shale, Pennsylvania). Another specimen bearing some resemblance to that just described is provided with a handle of convenient length (Fig. 95, cast, Indialna). 98 CUTTING TOOLS, SCliAPER AND SPADE.LIKE IMPLEMIENTS. 9, Scraper and Spade-like Implements, —There is a class of well-finished flattish implements, usually made of compact greenstone, which are formed into a semi-lunar edge on one side, and terminate on the other in a nearly 26 PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE. straight-sided hlandcle; a perforation marks the place where the handle and the curved part of the implement meet (Fig. 96, greenstone, Kentucky). These typical objects have been classed as axes, though the smoothness of their edges seems to indicate a different mode of application. It appears more probable that they served as scraping or smoothing tools, and in this case thle perforation may have been designed for the reception of a thong, which, passing around the wrist or hand of the operator, enabled him to use the tool with greater force. There are, however, unperforated implements apparently belonging to the same class, in which the handle is almost too broad for convenient use (Fig. 97, cast, Arkansas). A cast in the collection deserves particular mention in this place. It is that of a very large tool with a rounded much-used edge, concave sides, and a curious bifurcation at the extremity opposite the working part (Fig,. 98, South Carolina). It is not intended to assign any definite use to this remarkable relic. In connection with the tools just mentioned reference may be made to others somewhat resemblin, diminutive spades, although it is not asserted that they were used as such (Fig. 99, cast, South Carolina). These implements seem to be rare. The best specimen known to the writer (represented by a cast in the collection) is in possession of Dr. Joseph Jones, of New Orleans, and was foundc by him in a Tennessee grave-mound. It consists of greenstone, and measures seventeen inches and a half9o 10, Pendants and Sinkers,-The names "pendants" and "plunnmets' have been given to a class of symmetrically shaped and well-finished objects, which were evidently designed for suslpension, thoughl it is not quite certain for what special purpose or purposes they were used. On account of their shape and the pains bestowed on their production they have been classed among aboriginal ornaments; yet the former inhabitants of this country devoted much time and labor to the manufacture of objects of a useful character, and hence it appears not improbable that the articles in qulestion were, in part at least, weights for fishing-lines. These pendants or plummets usually consist of hard materials, such as red or brown helmnatite, jasper, ferruginous quartz, greenstone, etc. Some are nearly pear-shaped, though more or less elongated, and either entirely smooth (Fig. 100, hornblende rock, Ohio), or grooved near the more tapering encd (Fig. 101, red hematite, Tennessee), or pierced with a hole at the same place (Figo 102, amygdaloid, Arkansas). It is significant that similarly shaped andcl pierced leaden sinkers for fishing-lines are sold in tlhe hardware stores of this country. Some articles of the class unclder notice exhibit more developed and really elegant outlines (Fig. 103, gfreenstone, Ohio). A few specimens, apparently partalking of a kincdred character, are of a double conoid form (Fig. 104, greenstone, Caliifornia). Another of the many varieties expalnds at the upper end and terminates in, a klnob (Fig. 105, qulartzite, MiIassachusetts). "Figurel in "Antiquities of the Southern Inldians," by Charles C. Jones, Plate XVII, Fig. 2. SMITHSONIAN ARCGHBOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 27 Specimens worked with less care are not wainting, and among them may be mentioned a variety of an irregular roundish or oval shape, and characterized by a knob at the upper end (Fig. 106, greenistone, Massachusetts). There is 0 G 110 101 0 103 104 1102:''Haiti" 107 108 much probability that t~~~~~~V hey served forinking. nets. Soe mthoia pei 2 1142 113 115 Billy~~~~~~~~~~~\il ~~~11111~~~~ 111 mens of this descr~iption ar~e lialf a foot long and weigh more than tMree poundcs. The character of net-sinkers appears more dlistinct in the types following next., to which, indleed, that use has been aLscr~ibedl by common con 28 PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE. sent, based upon the fact that net-weights of corresponding shapes are still employed by primitive races of man. Some are roundish stones of various sizes, either worked or left in their natural state, and grooved around the middle for fastening the strings or thongs by means of which they were connected with the nets (Fig. 107, granite, Rhode Island; Fig. 108, potstone, Georgia).. It is not always easy to distinguish specimens of this description from grooved hanmmersheads. Occasionally a sink-stone exhibits two grooves which cross each other at right angles (Fig. 109, talcose slate, Rhode Island). A small sinker-like specimen of the collection is decorated with engraved lines (i^ig. 110, sandstone, Oregon). It may not have been a sinker, but an ornament or an amulet. A more simple kind of net-sinkers consists of flattish pebbles of roundish or angular (generally indefinite) shape, and of various sizes, which exhibit on two opposite sides of the circumference an indentation or notch, more or less deep, and produced by blows (Fig. 111, quartzite, Pennsylvania; Fig. 112, graywacke, INew York; Fig. 113, quartzite, Pennsylvania).l~ In conclusion, the perforated nlet-sinkers must be mentioned. They are generally made of flat stones of a roundish outline, and exhibit in or near the centre a rather large perforation, which is drilled from both sides in most cases (Fig. 114, micaceous slate, California). These net-sinkers are often made of potstone, as, for instance, in Georgia, where they lmark, as elsewhere, the sites of former fishing stations of the Indians. It is not safe, however, to ascribe indiscriminately the character of net-weights to all these pierced flat stones, considering that many of them may have been otherwise utilized. Much rarer than the sinkers just mentioned are others consisting of pebbles perforated with an oblique hole, not in the centre, but nearer the circumference of the stone. The hole is drilled from two sides, and generally forms an obtuse angle where the perforations meet (Fig. 115, sandstone, Ohio). 11, Discoidal Stones and Implements of Kindred Shape, —The articles enumerated under this head, notwithstanding their resemblance in general form, probably served for different purposes; but what these purposes were, is not always apparent, and the difficulty of classifying the objects in question is enhanced by the almost imperceptible transition from one form into another. Adair, Du Pratz, Lawson, and other early writers have described an Indian game, in which many of the so-called discoidal stones may have been employed. That game is likewise referred to by Lewis and Clarke, Catlin, MiIurray, and other travelers of more recent times. Speaking of the games in vogue among the Cherokees, Adair desclribes that diversion in the following words: "The warriors have another favorite game called Chunglke, which, with propriety of language, may be called'Running hard labor.' They have near'0 The writer has seen specimens with four andcl more indentations. SMITHSONIAN ARCHJEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 29 their state-house a square piece of ground well cleaned, and fine sanc is carefully strewed over it, when requisite, to promote a swifter motion to what they throw along the surface. Only one or two on a side play at this ancient game. They have a stone about two fingers broad at the edge, and two spans round; each party has a pole of about eight feet long, smooth and tapering at each end, the points fiat. They set off abreast of each other at six yards from the end of the play-ground; then one of them hurls the stone on its edge, in as direct a line as he can, a considerable distance toward the middle of the other end of the square; when they have ran a few yards, each darts his pole anointed with bear's oil, with a proper force, as near as he can guess in proportion to the motion of the stone, that the end may lie close to the stone; when this is the case, the person counts two of the game, and, in proportion to the nearness of the poles to the mark, one is counted, unless by measuring, both are found to be at an equal distance from the stone. In this manner the players will keep running most part of the day, at half speed, under the violent heat of the sun, staking their silver ornaments, their nose, finger, and ear-rings; their breast, arm, and wrist-plates, and even all their wearing apparel, except that which barely covers their middle. All the American Indians are much addicted to this game, which to us appears to be a task Irwinliiiii DISCOIDAL STONEXS (4,). of stupid drudgery; it seems, however, to be of early origin, when their forefathers used diversions as simple as their manners. The hurling-stones they use at present were, time immemorial, rubbed smooth, on the rocks, and with prodigious labor; they are kept with the strictest religious care from one kJ " "'p'Odiioua c2~o — ------------------- - -------------- gios car ii120on --------------- - ---— v v hlu v r 30 PECKIEDC GROUND AND POLISHED STONE. generation to another, and are exempted from being buried with the dead. They belong to the town where they are used, and are carefully preserved."" There are several linds of discoidal stones which may have served in the Chung-kee game. Some are quite large, measuring six inches and more in diameter, and bearing a very regular dish-shaped cavity on each side. Their material is often a beautiful (sometimes translucent) ferruginous qulartz, and specimens made of this mineral appear to be more numerous in Tennessee than in other States of the Union. The roundness and general regularity of many objects of this class hardly can be surpassed, and not few of them are beautifully polished. In some the outer circumference appears more or less convex, though straight-siced specimens are not wanting (Fig. 116, yellowbrown ferruginous quartz, Tennessee; Foig. 117, brown ferruginous quartz, Tennessee; Fig. 118, dark greenstone, mlound in Illinois). In a number of the stones, supposed to have been used in the Chung-kee game, the cavities on both sides are carried somewhat deeper than in the preceding kind, and their centre is marked by a perforation (Fig. 119, cast, Ohio; Fig. 120, quartzite, Ohio). These central holes sometimes attain a comparatively large size, imparting to the objects a ring-like character, in which cases it is impossible to state, with any plausibility, whether the specimens, which are, moreover, often somewhat rudely shaped, served as Chung-kee stones, as lnet-sinkers, or for other purposes. Some stones, supposed to have been used in the Indian game, show flat or slightly convex circular faces, and perpendicular or even oblique circumlferences (Firg. 121, quartzose stone, Georgia).12 Stones of this description have been called "weights," on account of their resemblance to the iron weights in common use. There are in the collection similarly shaped stone discs of small size, in some cases measuring hardly more than an inch in diameter. Though too diminutive to have served in the Chung-kee game as practised by adults, it is not improbable that children employed them for the same pllrlose, if, indeed, they were not designed for an altogether different kind of game (Fig. 122, argillaceous material, Pennsylvania).3 In some instances the discoidal stones assume a lenticular shape, the periphery being represented by a rounded edge (Fiog. 123, ferruginous quartz, Texas). The hollowed discs before described have now and then been taken for mortars in which paint or other substances were pulverized, and the appearance of the concavities in a few lends some probability to that supposition. In those cases, however, they were made to serve a secondary purpose. Specimens with convex or flat faces, again, probably were often utilized as mealingstones, or for grinding other substances, and some of them may have originally been fashioned for such ends. The discoidal stones of the perforated kind pass over by slow degrees into 1 Adair: History of the American Indians, London, 1775, p. 401. 12 See Du l'atz: Itistoire de la Louisiane, Paris, 1758, Vol. III, p. 2. "S'0omewhat similarl discs, madle of broken clay vessels, are often found on the sites of Inldlian settlements. SMITHSONIAiN ARCItIEOLOGICAL COLLECTION.e 31 the ring-form, a type exemplified by a large number of specimens obtained from the Californi:ln islandcs forming the Santa Barbara group. These rings, composed of sandstone, serpenltine, potstolne, etc., vary much in size and charactel of workl;manship. Some are not more than an inch and a half in diameter, others measure as much as five inches. There are flat specimens nlot CLUB- TEA.D-SIAPED STONES (~). exceeding half an inch in thickness, while others are massive, presenting a more or less compressed globular form. There is also much difference in the width of the perforations, which are, however, smooth and round in most cases, though exceptionally of an oval shape. The great variety of forms exhibited in these perforatecl objects defies all attempts to assign to them anything like a definite use. The more bulky specimens somewhat bear the character of club-heads, and may have been employed as such.l4 Some are of3 a spherical or conoidal shape, and in the latter the perforation is drilled in the direction of the longer axis. In many the prominent part of the periphery bears the marks of rough use (Fige 124, hornblende rock, Santa Catalina Island, California; Fig. 125, greenstone, Santa Rosa Island, California). A few of these specimens are of a flattened pear shape, the perforation running in the direction of the shorter axis (Fig. 126, serpentine, Santa Rosa Island)."5 The writer is not aware of the occurrence of such relics in the eastern ol middle portions of the United States. The collection in the Smithsonian Institution contains a series of globular and egg-shaped stones (mostly natural formations) of suitable size to represent It has also been suggested that they served as weights for digging-sticks. 15Through the agency of Mr. Paul Schumacher the National Museum has been e'rlrcled with a large number of valuable relics from the Californian islands of Sa Miiguel Sa C, SSannta Crz,,c~ Nicolas, and Santa Catalina, and from various points on the mnain-land, embraced in the Counties of San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara. A place called Dos Pueblos in the last-named district has furnished many remarkable objects. The relics occurred ill graves and on the surface. Many are evidently very old; others exhibit a more recent appearance, and some of these have been found in graves witll articles of Europeanl manufacture (iron knives, objects of brass, beacds of glass and enamel, etc.), proving that they aIc referable to the aborigines whlom the whites found in possession of those islands and the neighboring coast. It has been thought proper to include these products of Indian art in the arehleological series. The islands have been totally vacated by the Indians, the last of whom, ten in nlumber, were removed, about forty years nago, to the Santa Barbara mission on terra firmalc. A few only are nlow and then seen in the neighborhlloodl. Mr. H. 1-. Bancroft mentionls in his wolk, entitled "The Native Races of the Pacific States," the names of some of the tribes formerly inhabiting the localities in question (Vol. I, p. 459, etc.). The graves of Dos Ptueblos, it should be stated, were also explored by Dr. H. C. Yarrow. 32 PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE. club-heads, and the manner in which some of them, perhaps, were utilized, is illustrated by a number of weapons obtained from existing tribes. There is, for instance, a Sioux war-club with a round stone head about three inches in diameter, and a wooden handle nearly two feet long, the stone as well as the handle being enclosed in a tightly fitting covering of raw-hide sewed together with strong sinew. A loop at the end of the handle serves for attaching the weapon to the wrist. Another kind of stone war-club, represented by a number of specimens in the collection, is still in use among the Apaches, Shoshonees, and other tribes. It consists of a skin-covered stone ball, from two to nearly three inches in diameter, and connected by short thongs with a wooden handle, from eight to twelve inches in length, likewise covered with leather, and provided with a loop at the lower end. The rawhide casing of these weapons, which resemble the "morning-stars" seen in European collections of mediaeval armor, consists of one piece, taken from the caudal portion of a bovine. The handle is encased in the closefitting skin of the animal's tail, a dangling tuft of its hair occasionally forming an ornamental appendage to the weapon.? It may not be amiss to mention in this place certain stones of quartzite, etc., worked into a regular egg-shape, from two to three inches in longitudinal diameter, and slightly truncated at the more pointed end, so as to allow the stone to stand upright on its base. They may have been employed as clubheads, though it appears just as probable that they were used in some game, or perhaps as targets to be shot at with arrows for the sake of practice. Placed upright on a pole, they would fall down when touched by a missile. The specimens in the collection are all derived from Georgia.17 12. Pierced Tablets and Boat-shaped Articles, —A rather numerous class of aboriginal relics consists of variously shaped tablets of great regularity and careful finish, pierced with one, two, or more round holes. They are mostly made of slate, and the greenish striped variety before mentioned seems to have been preferred by the makers. A very common form is that of a rectangle, with sides'exhibiting a slight outward curve. Other tablets are lozenge-shaped with inwardly curved sides, oval, cruciform, etc. Most of them have two perforations, though specimens with only one are not rare, while those that have more than two holes are of less frequent occurrence. The holes are drilled either from one side or from both, and, accordingly, of conical or bi-conical shape. They seldom have more than one-eighth of an inch in diameter. In some tablets the edges are marked with notches, which may be either ornamental, or designed for enumeration. (Fig. 127, slate, [ew York; Fig. 128, slate, Pennsylvania; Ffig. 129, cast, Louisiana; Fig. 130, slate, Tennessee; Fig. 131, slate, Tennessee; Fig. 132, striped slate,'The clubs here mentioned will be figured hereafter. ~ These egg-shaped stones have been noticedl in the "Antiquities of the Southern Indlians" by Charles C. Jones. SMITHSONIAN ARCHiEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 33 Tennessee). Concerning the destination of the tablets nothing is definitely known. At first sight, one might be inclined to consider them as objects of ornament, or as badges of distinction; but this view is not corroborated by the appearance of the perforations, which exhibit no trace of that peculiar I27f 128 129 1 30 PIERCED TABLETS AND BOAT-SHAPED ARTICLES (3). abrasion produced by constant suspension. The classification of the tablets as "gorgets" therefore, appears to be erroneous. There are, indeed, perforated tablets which unquestionably were worn as ornaments; but they will be considered hereafter. Schoolcraft regards the objects under notice as implements for twine-making. According, to another conjecture they were used in condensing and rounding bow-strings, by drawing the wet strips of hide, or the sinews employed for that purpose, through the perforations. It similar pierced tablets for giving uniform size to theirbow-strings. There ~s Smithsonian Report for 1870, p. 404. 5\\/l~ 34 PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE. sylvania). Like many other aboriginal relics, pierced tablets occur in sepulchral moundis as well as on the surface of the ground. Those taken from mounds are said to have mostly been found by the side of the skeleton, or near the bones of the hand. Allied to the pierced tablets are certain boat-shaped articles, either solid or hollowed on one side, and perforated with two holes, mostly of conical form, and placed near the middle or the extremities of the objects. These relies, though agreeing in general character, differ much in the details of their execution, some being of nearly oval, others of rectangular outline, while the cavity, when it occurs, is sometimes shallow, but in other cases so deep as to give the object almost the appearance of a shell. In a few instances the perforations are altogether wanting. Such specimens, however, may have remained in an unfinished state. The objects in question are nearly always well fashioned and polished, their material consisting sometimes of porphyritic syenite, greenstone, etc., but occasionally of softer substances, such as slates, among which the striped variety seems to prevail. Their purpose, probably, was similar to that for which the pierced tablets were designed (Fig. 134, striped slate, Ohio; Fig. 135, greenstone, Kentucky). 13, Stones used in Grinding and Polishing, —There are in the archaeological department of the National Museum many stones marked with hollow 138 139 STONES USED IN GRINDING, ETC. (5). faces, grooves, or notches, which were apparently produced by the grinding or sharpening of tools, or by the process of smoothing and condensing cords of animal or vegetable material. The more special uses of these relics are SMITIHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 35 not quite obvious in many cases. Certain flattish stones which are furrowed wvitlh grooves radiating toward the circunmference, may have been used in the preparation of cords (Fig. 136, quartzose rock, New Jersey). On other stones are seen straight grooves of suitable size for straightening and rounding the shafts of arrows (Fig. 137, chlorite slate, Massachusetts; Fig. 138, compact chlorite, Mexico; Fig. 139, hornblende rock, Southern Utah; probably recent). The most conspicuous specimen of this class is a heavy limestone block, bearing on its surface seven deep straight grooves firom eight to ten inches in length. This specimen was found in Onondaga County, New York. In lieu of the grooved stones some Indcian tribes of our time employ for fashioning their arrow-shafts short wooden sticks hollowed longitudinally and coated on the inner side with a cement of coarse quartz sand and glue. This aboriginal contrivance is illustrated in the collection by several specimens obtained from the nearly extinct Mandan tribe. i STONES USED IN POLISHING. No group of aboriginal relics, perhaps, is more difficult to describe than the stones which have apparently served for polishing implements or parts of implements of stone, horn, bone, etc., acnd, probably, for smoothing leather and' other soft substances. In many cases it is by no means improbable that stones supposed to have been used in those operations were otherwise employed. The difficulty of classing these tools is greatly enhanced by the totally unfixed chalracter of their appearance, for nearly every stone of suitable size and furnished with a smooth surface could be utilized as a polisher. There is, for instance, in the collection a piece of yellowish jasper, about three inches and a half in diameter, which exhibits eight perfectly smooth and even facets, each of which presents a different form. It is difficult to assign to this stone any other use than that of a polisher. The collection contains several specimens of similar, though less striking, character. Other polishers are regularly shaped and carefully worked, and nothing indicates their application as polishing tools but the smoothness of those parts with which the operation was performed. One specimen presents the outline of an oval with truncated ends, which, to judge from their glossy appearance, were used in the polishing 36 PECKED, GROUND AND POLISHED STONE. process (Fig. 140, quartzose rock, Indiana). There is a cast in the collection, presenting the fac-simile of a flat implement of rhomlboidal outline. showing very glossy side-surfaces which seem to have been used in polishing (Fig. 141, Louisiana). Other specimens are shaped like very flat celts of equal thickness, in - which, as it appears, the blunt edges formed the working parts. It is possible, however, that specimens of this form were intended for other operations. A curious class of implements supposed to have served as polishers, consists of stick or club-shaped stones-mostly natural formations, but sometimes moclified by art-which bear at their ends the marks of friction (Fig. 142, lydite, Pennsylvania). 14, Stone Vessels, —Though nearly all classes of aboriginal relics are represented on a large scale in the National Museum, tie series of vessels of stone is particularly distinguished by the number as well as by the diversity of the specimens. The most elaborate objects of this kind are derived from the Californian islands (San Miguel, Santa Cruz, Santa Catalina, etc.), and from the opposite coast, a region where the aborigines excelled in various kinds of manufactures. 149 1_4d 1.~ 145 144 7 STONE VESSELS (6). It appears that vessels consisting of hard kinds of stone occur rarely in that part of the United States which lies east of the Rocky Mountains. In the Atlantic and Micldle States, however, vessels alde of the comparatively soft potstone (commonly called soapstone- the ~lapis ollcaris of the ancients) have often been met. They differ, of course, in shape andc worsl