co) CD) 00 LO r- v cn' | A '. T z m CC CD TIHE CELL[A BCCr SHOP 18090 WYOMING DETROIT, MICH. 48221 U. SA. NZ~~~~~~~~ I i I It I ti: L:$II,~ ili F iL THE PHILIPPINES A GEOGRAPHICAL READER BY SAMUEL MAcCLINTOCK, PH.B. Principal of the Cebu Normal School NEW YORK.:. CINCINNATI:. CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY SAMUEL MACCLINTOCK. ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL, LONDON. THE PHILIPPINES. w. P. I 0 CONTENTS Map of the Philippine Islands Up the Pisig Map of Manila and Vicinity Laguna de Bay Map of Luzon. Along the Railroad to Dagupan Benguet The Negritos or Aetas In the Valley of the Cagayan The Cultivation of Rice In Southern Luz6n'. Map of the Visayas Among the Visayans In Panay... In Negros.. Ceb.... In the Far South. Among the Moros. Paragua The City of Manila The Government of the Philippines The Story of Rizal PAGE.* * * 6-7 9 15 I16 20-21... * 22. 29 * * 34 * * - * 39 ~ 42.~.. 46 * * * 52-53. *. 54.~. 60 ~.. 64. 69 ~ 76 ~. 80... * 87 *.*..~ 90 * 97 1 04 5 .......................... K~~~~~~~~~~N............~~ pl j~: I C — i —~, b UP THE PASIG WOULD yOO like to take a t up the Pdsig River? Well, come with me some bright morning when the ' imsu n his dai rg on the water ead shin on the gray wall of old Mnila FVWe shall Fee the river crowded aCwith hoats and the;l~J fe lied gr with sacate We sh hear the tbirs inig and 6seeg 6 the hrgy people How dlihtful to go on such a trip in th early morning when everything is cool and fresh! 9 10 THE PHILIPPINES The Pasig do ws from Lagura de Bay into the Bay of Manila. The city of Manila is built on both sides of this river near its mouth. Iarge bridges Cross the river and colnct the two parts of the city. 1The Pasig is a short river, It is only about twelve miles long. It has a very swift current. Steamers, camsos, and babas going up stream move much more slowly than when coming down. The curren is dan gerous also. It is said that some one is drone d in the Psig on nearly every day in the y ar, Baneas and cascos are pa ddled nd poled up the river. The large bridges across the Pasig in Manila are built of stone and iron. They are very strong. Many people, horses, and wagons cross them every day. This is a picture of the Bridge of Spain. Have yo ever seen it? Thi BRdige of SpAi 0 0 * 0 -....... ' y 0g.> < <; >9 0 io < gX <~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ v 4. SS ~ HW. c ' S A 00 ' // X,,;, 0 0 e, ' 'z.;.~ / ~"~~` S f 'j t ',,. X S.A A':, W ' B., 9 M. 00 X. 0. j y C f~2>g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~gE~ 0........., ^,:w,1.~:::.0a fi.....:, X. k W /. x,,5 m A v. / 0 s ~~.ffi.~:~ ~ 0 i ffi 1- z M 0,. 0 s a w. D M 11, id lil_. 1 Wf E ill"~~~fi~~ffi~te UP THE PASIG Let us take a trip on one of the boats that leave Manila every morning for Laguna de Bay. It takes bout three hours to recth the lake an ou tell from the black smoke that comes out of the smokestack what kind of a boat this is There are chairs on deck, but most of the peoP1e ar s ittinrg on little bamboo sool6 Many have their as aets witho thlem, howing tohat they eithelr have been Here oe may.aded sild riderwod mal tinrup in Manric orf r goaing upa th n rither or that purpose.e Often, in the miTd-h d1 of the bat, in oand woman ha littl Private Residen r th lg n e g ard n sig a ive Oni th e otr Frm ierp pthe river h aphe op yrslited h89e -llg thin to eat. by Ulnderwfnood AInd Unldetwdoo Hthep once may b are hI dboiled eggs, hoiled W6ce folded1 up jia plahtAi: l1eaesso r1e 4icksy, bl ttl n ruts sweet e:a6~s!, 6garottjtbs, and bmana;sla On the tlrip n the rilvexr we pa;s maxy 1ar e the pi "ttm~6,} and s6rnO iLte bnlrsm;is houses. We can also see the Malacalain Palaci. The governor of the Philippines lives here. It is a very large and handsome houe, with large g ardens and L beautiful view Out over the river. On the olposgite shore is 12 THE PHILIPPINES a cigar factory where hundreds of people are employed in making cigars and cigarettes. We pass several small towns on our way up the river. In some of these towns the people make brick, tiles, and pottery. These are made of clay. Bricks are used in building houses, tiles in making roofs and floors, and pots and jars, in cooking, and in other ways. On the right bank of the river we pass a large cave. In this cave people once stored gunpowder. They did not like t6 keep it in Manila, for there it might explode and kill or injure many people. So for safety it was kept in this cave. You see people all along the river washing clothes, by beating them clean on a large flat stone. Many people in Manila send their clothes up the river to be washed. Here is a picture of a man fishing. As you see, this fisherman does not use a net or a pole and line but has a basket that he thrusts down into the water. When he gets a fish inside, he pulls it out with his hand. We also see many pens in which large quantities of fish are caught. Sometimes we see divers going to the bottom of the river to get sand. They scoop it up into baskets, put it on cascos, and take it to the city. This sand ' is used in making mortar. I wonder how many of you know what mortar is used for? The Pasig winds in and out, between low banks, which it often overflows in times of high water. UP THE PASIG Several smaller streams flow into it. From one of these, the San Mateo, water is condcted into the waterworks. From here it is carried through a large pipe about three nilles to Manila and then is taken through small pipes into houses in all parts of the city. Native Mode of Fishing. On our way we pass many small boats and rafts coming down the river to Manila and bringin hananas, cocoanuts, rice, sugaro, rad wood. Some times our stamiboat ne rly runs into som of them, for the river is not very t id Fh Te rivny has maeny shiftin sanmtd basY It is very difie lt to steer the boat s not to get agronid on one of 14 THE PHILIPPINES them. If, however, our pilot is successful, we shall reach safely the large body of water called Laguna de Bay. QUESTIONS I. What bodies of water does the Pasig River connect? 2. How long is it? Is it deep enough for large boats? 3. In what ways might one cross it? 4. What are some of the things one sees on the trip up the river? 5. What kinds of boats are to be seen on the Pasig? 6. Find on the map, on the opposite page, Manila, the Pasig River, and Laguna de Bay. I I j galO~NNflNf LAGUNA DE BAY THE Laguna de Bay is really a large lake of fresh water. It is fed by springs and by many small streams. It overflows by the Pasig River. Its width is from ten to twelve miles, but in one place it is as much as twenty-one miles wide, and the length is from thirty to forty miles. It touches the provinces of Rizal, Cavite, and Laguna on the west, Laguna on the south (Batangas is within one mile), and Laguna and Rizal on the north. All of these are naturally rich provinces. They produce bananas, oranges, cocoanuts, rice, sugar, chicos, coffee, rattan, bamboo, and timber. A large part of all these products is sent on boats and rafts down the Pasig River to Manila. This country is pretty, too. There are large rice fields, green fields of sugar cane and corn, and many cocoanut groves. The green hills and the distant mountains around the lake have many useful trees and plants. In the lake itself are found fish, oysters, clams, and shrimps. Crocodiles are also found in its waters, and wild ducks may be shot in its marshes. The principal towns around the lake are Calamba on the south, Los Banos and Santa Cruz on the east, i6 LAGUNA DE BAY 17 itnd M6ronlg on the north. SaJta Cruz, at the kextreme east, is the most important place. Its principal street, like that in Manila, is called the Escolta. Live stock, cocoanuts, hats, and petates are shipped from Santa Cruz to Manila. Cocoanut Rafts in Manila. Los Banos, or the Baths, owes its name to its hot springs. The people who live near there call it " Maynit," wlhch means "hot." Many sick people go there every year to bathe in its waters. There are also mud haths close by. How would you like o take a mud bath? Three hours di sant from Los Banro and a thtousand feet a1ove the level of the se, is a boling lake caled Nlatuigas. In Laguna de Ba and not fair from Los Banos is a small island. On this 18s ~ THE PHILIPPINES island there is a little lae called rocodile Lake, in 1which there are many croodiles. In one of the covey of I funa de Bay near L os Baos, are t ousands of water panhtS, called fVuas,, drifting about and giving the lake the appearanee of a floating gardern. Not far away in the mountains are the fanmous Waterfals of B otoea n. The stream of water as it flo s over the falls is about sixy feet ide a d fall a dstance of six are grown around the lake. Some are used FaI'0 I at home, and some F alltsl of BtocfinI Flil OB th are sent to Manila, fied together in long rafts by their own fiber., ocoant tree re ery gracful. There are no limb, ut he reavs nd fruit gro from the te at the top. The stem of the tree is used in building houses. The roos and sides of the houses are often covered with the leaves. If the flower buds of the trees arc cut, a liquidh, callr med r, flows out. This is caught in bamboo joints. Sometimes there ~ vX1 W X s: t * 1 1 i 1 1 f LAGUNA DE BAY I9 are several flower buds on one tree. Every day a man climbs the tree and collects the tuba. The first picture in this book is of a man gathering tuba in a large bamboo joint. He also carries a brush for cleaning the bamboo joints, and a powder which colors the tuba red like wine. The tuba is made into vinegar and wine. The flower bud gives tuba for three months before it dies. If the flower buds are not used for tuba, they will produce cocoanuts. The husks of the cocoanuts are often made into hats. They are thick and fibrous. The fibers are used for making rain coats, mats, brushes, and ropes, and a black dye, used in coloring hats, is made from the husks. The shells of the cocoanuts are useful as cups and ladles. Cocoanut oil is used in food, on the hair, as a medicine, for lights, and in many other ways. It is made by boiling the meat of the nut. The meat is also dried and sent to America and Europe, where it is eaten or made into soap and candles. QUESTIONS I. What kind of water is in Laguna de Bay? 2. About how large a body of water is it? 3. Name the provinces and chief towns around the lake. 4. What are the main products of these provinces? 5. Name some of the uses of the cocoanut tree. 6. Find on the map M6rong, Rizal, and Los Bafios. l 11 _11.1__;~~ g I air- Iog S+ mp ~it-Xgl l- gOt rl'u s~t: a'A x ' i j i!so i~ g ~ 8~i '" I 1111P i1 111IIJ 11|11.. 11 _1 @.1.1..1 Xa r -IX ALONG THE RAILROAD TO DAGUPAN HIvE yu ever riddeen on the railroad? Trains go much faster than horses or boats. In the Philippine Islands there is now only one railroad. It runs from Manila one hundred and twenty miles north to Dagupan, on the Gulf of Lingayen. A Train on the Railroad from Manila to Dagupan iHere is a pcture of a train on the railroad. You see that it is made up of an engine and ars. The tracks are the iron or sel rails upon wich the train moves. A good level roadway hs to be built 22 ALONG THE RAILROAD TO DAGUPAN 23 for the tracks, which are held a short distance apart by means of cross timbers. Cars are made for freight and for passengers. In the freight cars horses, sugar, groceries, lumber, and many other articles are carried. Passenger cars are for people only. In each car there are seats for about forty people. The steam in the locomotive makes its wheels go around and pull the train. The locomotives are made of steel and iron and are very heavy. Would you like to take a ride on this train? Let us go into the large building in Manila called the railroad station or depot. Now step up to the window and buy your ticket. You see there are three kinds of service, - first-class, second-class, thirdclass. A third-class ticket will cost you about two cents a mile. In the third-class cars people carry chickens, vegetables, fruit, and many other things. If you want to spend more money, you can buy a second-class ticket. This will cost nearly three cents a mile. First-class tickets cost still moreabout three and a half cents a mile. The only difference between the first-class and the second-class cars is' that the seats in the former are a little better. And now, having bought tickets, we are ready to go. The conductor blows his whistle, a boy rings a bell, the engineer blows the whistle on the locomotive, and we start. How fast we go! Fences, houses, and telegraph poles fly past us. All these things as well as the beautiful green fields we see from the car windows. 24 THE PHILIPPINES Do you know how trains cross rivers? Heavy bridges, of stone and iron, are built over the streams, and the trains cross on these bridges. In going from Manila to Dagupan the road runs through a great open valley, the largest and richest in Luz6n. It contains three thousand square miles of territory. Mountains are on the east and on the west; the Gulf of Lingayen is on the north, and Manila Bay on the south. On our right, about halfway from Manila to Tarlac, we see the large mountain called Arayat. It stands quite alone, 2880 feet high. The people living around Arayat believe that it came up from the plain in a single night. We see many rice and sugar-cane fields along the road. What a pretty sight is a green field of growing cane, with the blades tossing and dancing in the breeze! You eat sugar every day, but do you know where it comes from? Would you like to visit a sugar mill in the province of Tarlac? Let us stop and see one. The cane is cut in the fields and carried on carts to the mill. Here it is crushed between iron rollers, and the juice is pressed out. The juice is then put into big iron vats, under which fires are built. It is boiled down, and when it cools it becomes sugar. The sugar is cooled in large earthen jars, called pilones, and may then be shipped to Manila to be refined. Sometimes it is sold in the local markets, sometimes shipped abroad. ALONG THlE RAILROAD TO DAGUPAN 25 Crushing Sugar Cane. On the way from Manila to Dagupan we pass through the provinces of Rizal, Buflacfi, Pampanga, Ta'rlac, and Pang-asinado. Large qoantities of rice As well as sugar are raised inthese provinces. Rice is separatcd from, the straw in various ways. Some~times~ huffaloes tread it out, sometimes they drag A heavy roller over it, And sometimes it is heaten out hy hand. Besides largre fields of rice. and sugar we may also see fields of maize, many hanana, pawpawv and mnango trees, hamhoos and arecanut palms. in Pangasiufin- there are many cocoanut groves, hut the cocoa palm does nlot grow in PaMpauga and Bulacdn. On the next page is a picture, of A mango tree. These trees often grow very large. There are many of these trees near Malolos And 26 T4E ILIPPINS Balfuag in Bulacan, and in the provinces of Manila and cavie anrd in some of the southern islands. Mangoes are ripe in April and May. Often fires are built undel the trees to roa16 the frnit ripen earlier. Do you like manlgoes? nango Tree. The train often stops at stations in or near ciies or villaes. We pas near Ma Iolo, the ncaital of Bnlacain province. From Malobs there is a bhantiful road to Balmiag, which is noted for its fine hats. At Calumpit we cross the Pampanga River. A short listane down this river is the home of the Macain Parnpanga, and Trlac and many other important places. ALONG THE RAILROAD TO DAGUPAN 27 And rnow we have reached Dagupan. Here the railroad ends. It has taken about seven hours to come from Malila. We find Dagupan a thriving littiecity. It has many shops It is on a river about a mu1e from the Gulf of Lingayen. The country is very low and has many nipa swamps and cocoanut groves, The leaves of the nip pam L are used to make the roofs and sides of houses. A good ipa roof keeps out the rain and the sun, and will last for Nipa Palm Plantation. several years. Nipa wine is made from the sap of the nipa plant. The nipa plant grows also in the swamps about Manila Bay. Not far from the city very fine hats are woven. Many of these are sent to Manila. Large quantities of salt are also gathered. We can take a boat at Dagupa, if we like, and 28 THE PHILIPPINES go to northern Luzon, or back to Manila, or across the sea to China. Perhaps, however, you would rather take a trip into the mountains of Benguet. This province is famous for its delightful climate and beautiful scenery. QUESTIONS I. Tell some of the things you see in going to Dagupan on the railroad. 2. What provinces do you pass through? 3. What is the distance by railroad from Manila to Dagupan? 4. Tell what kind of things are shipped on the railroad. 5. What are the chief products of this part of the country? 6. Tell what you can about the mango tree and the nipa palm. 7. Where are Dagupan, Malolos, San Fernando, Mount ArA9yat, Lingaydn, and Tarlac? IBFNGUET DAGUPAN is on a flat plain near the seacoast, The province of Benguet lies black fromf the coast, up in the mountains, aned is hard to reach. There Traveling in Bengnet. are no good o~ads in this province. One cannot travel in a carromadta, hut only on foot or horseback, or be carried in at chair. The guyernment Will soon have a fine road built from Dagupan to Bogruin, the capita~l of Bengut. This~ road will be about sixty miles long and will cost a great'&dal of money, 29 30 THE PHILIPPINES for often it has to be cut through the solid rock and bridges have to be built across deep chasms and rushing mountain streams. The province of Benguet is among the high mountains. Boguio is only forty-five miles from San Fernando on the seacoast and sixty miles from Dagupan, but it is forty-eight hundred feet above sea level. It is up among the pine trees where it is too cool for tropical plants to grow. During the day, while the sun is shining, it is hot, but at night it becomes cold. Heavy blankets are needed, and one likes to feel the heat from a big open fire. The thermometer never goes above eighty-two degrees Fahrenheit at Boguio, and it drops to as low as forty degrees at night. Because it is so cool, Benguet is considered to be the healthiest region in the Philippines. People go there from the lowlands to enjoy the cool climate. The air among the pine trees is soft and fragrant and free from tropical fevers. The government has built a hospital and a number of cottages in Benguet, so that its sick employees may have a place to go and get well. Benguet is rich in minerals. Many deposits of gold and copper and iron are found there. Some miners dig gold out of the rocks. Others wash it fiom the sand in the river beds. Benguet is also rich in forests of pine trees. From the pine, men get lumber, resin, turpentine, and tar. The soil is good, and potatoes, corn, beans, BIENGUET 31 31 Among the Pines - Benguet. peas, grapes, and other fruits and vegetables corm mon to colder countries are grown here. Some tropical fruits also grow well. Fine coffee is pro duced. There is good grass in Beget, and sheep, cattle, and horses thrive. The natives of Benguet are called Igorrotes. They are no large people, but are well formed, strong, and active. All the goods that go into the province are carried on the backs of these hardy little brown men. Sometimes they carry as much as seventy-five pounds in a single load. They carry things in little baskets made of rattan. These baskets they call cg s. With chugies strapped to their backs, the Igorrotes climb over mountalns and wade through streams all day long. 32 TH PHILIPPINES Thoug;h Belguet is a cold contry, for the Philippines, the Igorrote men wear no clothing but a strip of cloth around the loins. The Igorrote women wear a short skirt and waist. Both men and womenr go baref6oted and generally bareheaded. Though the nights are cold, the people use only a thin cotton blankt for d-covering. They try to keep up a howver. The women are fond of jiielry -a G2and often wear very A drink called i oi is made from fermented rice. It contains alcohol, and sometimes people get drunk from drinking it, The favorite meat with the Igorrotes sems to be that o f the dog. Their feasts Igorrote Warrior. a. are called c lzanos. If a man dies and leaves any property a caniao is held until eyve thing is gone. If he gets well, or marres a caniao s also held. Tapo' is drunk and dogs, sheep, and c abos are eaten as long as the feast lasts, which may be many days. The Igorrotes are fonid f going to school. The y BENGUET 33 are quick to learn and anxious to improve. For centuries they have been used as pack animals, but now they are as free as any one else. Honest and faithful, they are a good people and well liked. QUESTIONS I. Where is Benguet? How could you reach it from where you live? 2. What is the capital of Benguet, and how far is it from the seacoast? 3. How does the vegetation in Benguet differ from that around your home? 4. What are the people of Benguet called? 5. Tell what you know about a caniao. 6. Find Benguet, Vigan, Aparri, and Cagayan. THE NEGRITOS OR AETAS MOST of the people of Luadon are Tagalogs, lloeanos, and Pampangos. Buit in the mrounitains in many parts- of the Philippines there are smnall groups Group of Negntoo. of people called the wild or nonmChristian trihes, The most interesting of these is knowvn as the Negritos or Aetas. They are supposed to he the desenmdants of the first people who lived here. They always live in scattered groups awvay fromh towns and,white men. They are founfd in the mountains of the ~i4 THE NEGRITOS OR AETAS large islands. They are almost dwarfs, not often being five feet high. They do not look very strong but are quick and active. Their skin is as black as that of the negro, so they are called Negritos. They have woolly hair, strong jaws, thick lips, and flat noses. They can climb trees like monkeys, and they use their toes in picking things up off the ground. The Negritos do not wear many clothes. They always go barefooted. The men wear a strip of cloth around the waist. The women have a loose covering reaching from the waist to the knees. These people are simple and peaceful. They do not know a great many things. They cannot read or write. They build very poor houses. They make bows and arrows, and a few ornaments. Their farming consists merely of scratching the ground with sticks and scattering the seeds with their hands. They do not live long in one place. They move whenever the seasons require it, or the game and fruit are better somewhere else. Their houses consist of coarse mats of grass thrown over bamboo poles. When they move they sometimes carry these houses with them. They use lances made of bamboo, bows made of palmwood, and poisoned arrows. With these they hunt wild boars and deer, birds and fish. For the most part their food consists of fish, roots, mountain rice, and fruits. Wild honey is looked upon as a luxury. They do not have any domestic animals 36 THE PHILIPPINES except the dog, of which they are very fond. Sometimes they steal cattle from tth lowlands. They like tobacco, and even the children smoke. aegritos at Home. The Negritos generadlly live togerther in little groups of fifty or sixty under a cief. The chief says when to toann he homers and move to another place. He is their leader whenl they ma1ke war on another people. They lie t ttake the salps of their enemies, and are often called head-hunters on that account, These people have never been converted to Christianity. They are till pagans and worship nature and spirits. In the graves of the dead they place food d nd arms. Amund the camp ire they set up THE NEGRITOS OR AETAS 37 sticks with bunches of grass tied to them. These are for the spirits. Duringk the time of foil moon they hold their dances, often with large deer horns tied On their heads. The Negritos are shy pe6ople and ha-ve very little to do with any one else. Sometimes the~ bring Negritos pounding Cut Rice. wvax honey, skins, and precious metals to the civillied people and trade them for clothes, food, and ornaments. Their marriage etustoms are very pecuiliar. When a yot ng man wants to marry, he rlocs not aisk the conseut of the girl's Parents. The glirl runs away and hides in the Woods, and the man ru~ns after her. If the mmn finds her, he6 brings her back to the THE PHILIPPINES 38 village. Of course, if the girl wants to marry, she allows herself to be found. The young couple then go into a house together, or sometimes they are taken up into a tree by ladders. Then some old person dashes a cup of water over them and places their heads together. After that they are man and wife. How would you like to live among the Negritos? QUESTIONS I. Did you ever see a Negrito? Describe his appearance. 2. How do the Negritos differ from the Igorrotes? 3. How do the Negritos build their houses? 4. What kind of weapons do they have, and what do they hunt? 5. Describe their marriage customs. IN THE VALLEY OF THE CAGAYAN NORTHERN LUZ6N is full of mountains. Some of them are high and covered with vegetation. Others, like those in Benguet, have but little vegetation on their tops. Between two of the ranges of mountains in northern Luz6n is a great valley called the Cagayan. It takes in the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, and Nueva Vizcaya. Through it flow the Rio Grande de Cagayan, the Magat, and the Rio Chico. Ocean vessels can go up the Rio Grande some distance from Aparri, and boats that draw but little water can go far into the interior. Alligators are numerous in these rivers, so that it is dangerous to go swimming in them. The soil in this great valley is rich. For ages it has 'been carried down from the mountains by the streams. Much timber is cut in the mountains. Many kinds of crops grow well, particularly tobacco. Most of the tobacco grown in the Philippines is produced here. Formerly the people were compelled by the Spanish government to grow tobacco and nothing else, but now they are free to do as they like. Would you like to know something more about this industry? More than two hundred years ago 39 40 THE PHILIPPINES the Spaniards brought the tobacco plant to the Philippines from Mexico. Its cultivation has increased from that time, until to-day it is one of the principal industries of the islands. It is grown in many parts of the archipelago, but the best tobacco is produced in northern Luzon. When grown, the tobacco leaves are dried and collected from planTobacco Field in Northern Luz6n. tatn Aii ll ialong the rivrs nd taken by boat to Aparri at the mouth of the Cagayln. From here it is shipped in large boats to Manila. In Manila there are many tobacco factories. In some of them cigars and cigarettes are made, in others smoking and chewing tobacco. Let us visit one of these fatories. We go first irto a large room in which lmany peoe are at iwork. IN THE VALLEY OF THE CAGAYAN 4I On one side are men making the best grade of cigars, on the other side women are making a cheaper grade. Each person sits at a table with the tobacco in front of him. As he makes a cigar he measures it to see that it is of the right size and length. He works very rapidly, for he is paid for the number of cigars he makes. Cigarettes are made by machinery as well as by hand. Tobacco is fed into a machine, which rolls it up tightly into paper. When this paper roll is cut off at the right place, the cigarette is ready to use. Some of these machines can make as many as three hundred and sixty cigarettes a minute. After the cigarettes are made by the machine, they must be counted and put into packages. Generally, thirty are put up together. But, strange to say, the girls who do this work do not stop to count the cigarettes, but seize a handful and can tell by the feeling whether they have the right number or not. Girls and women are largely employed because their labor is cheaper than that of men. QUESTIONS I. What is the great tobacco-growing section in the Philippines? 2. When and why were the people not allowed to grow anything but tobacco? 3. What becomes of the tobacco after it is taken from the fields? 4. Tell what you know about a tobacco factory. 5. Is it good for people to use tobacco? THE CULTIVATION OF RICE ALL Filipins like rice. Many eat it three times a day. It is grown in lafge quantites in nearly all of the islands, and yet so much is eaten that milPlowing a Rice Field. lions of dollars' Aorth have to be brought in from other: cuntries every year. Most of it comes from southern China and the Malay States. Have you ever seen rice growi? Te rain is sown on pieces of land calld the seeding plot. It is sown at the heginning of the rainy season, say in 42 THE CULTIVATION OF RICE 43 Planting Rice. June, In about six weeks the young plants are nearly a foot high. They are then pulled up and planted in the fields. The ground is first carefully prepared. It is plowed and harrowed while still covered with water, so that the surface becomes covered with soft mud. When the fields are:ready many men, women, and children come out of the villages to do the plant ing The young rice plants are carried in small bundles to the places whre they are to be pl ated. Th popl cross the field, ankle-dep in the soft mud, rand pt the plants into the mud, placing six or seven stems together at regular distances apart In burnwhole field is planted. is1* r j r 1lX T 44 THE PHILIPPINES To grow well the rice plant requires much sun and water The fieds are usuily divided into smaller parts called padd Each paddie is surrounded by a small bank of soil and grass, so that it will hold water for a long time. When it does not rain, water is often brought from some stream by Harvesting Rice, ditches to the rice fields. In this vay the rice paddies are kept wet until the rice is nearly ready to be mgathered. Wher the e uitry is hilly the rice paddies form terraces or steps down the hills. The youn rice grows very rapidly and in a few weeks the fields have a beautifu l green color, and the rice waves gracefully as it btnds benath the summer wi ds. In about six months it has changed from green THE CULTIVATION OF RICE 45 to golden yellow. Now it is ripe and ready to be harvested. After being cut, it is heaped or stacked up. After about six weeks more, the grain is separated from the straw. This is done sometimes by tramping it out with the feet, sometimes by beating it with a flail, and sometimes by buffaloes treading it out. After being separated from the straw, the grain must be husked or separated from the chaff. This is generally done in a mortar, hewn out of hard wood, by pounding it with a pestle or a mallet. Perhaps, however, a machine worked by buffaloes is used. There are also some steam mills in the islands. They are the best kind. Most people, however, still hull their rice by pounding it in mortars. (See picture on page 37.) Rice is used in nearly every country in the world. More people eat it, and use more of it than of any other food. It can be cooked in many different ways, and has strength-giving qualities that make it one of the most valuable of foods. QUESTIONS I. From where is rice imported? 2. How is it planted and how cultivated? 3. What different colors has growing rice? 4. Name some of the ways in which rice is used. 5. What other cereals are grown in the Philippines? IN SOUTHERN LUZON Rsi.N; g etly to the south of Mnila and west of Lagn de B is the provinc of CaVite Some parts of it are stony and sandy, but other parts are rich and fertile. The town of Cavitr is the capital of the province. It is on the south sid of the bay, six and a half view of Cyite mies across from Manilea Well-graded streets and houses built of brick and stone are found in Carvte There are also ca, hotels, and theaters, It is the site of the government navy yards. IHie boats the government sevice are huilt And rairad. 4, 46hES. ~~~g~~t-r~t~xelll ~~J-~~r~~i S '.'." X, IN SOUTHERN LUZON 47 It was off Cavite, on May I, I898, that the famous battle between the Spanish and American fleets took place. Admiral Dewey steamed into the harbor during the night. The next morning he attacked the fleet commanded by Admiral Montojo. The fight was short and fierce. The Spaniards fought bravely, but at the end four hundred Spanish soldiers were dead and the fleet was destroyed. The wrecks of some of these vessels may yet be seen out in the water, and are reminders of the terrible fight that took place here. At the southern end of the province of Batain and across the bay from Cavite, is Mariveles. The island of Corregidor lies between these two places. Upon this island, which divides the entrance to Manila Bay into two parts, are lighthouses to guide boats entering the harbor. Mariveles is the last point at which vessels may stop on their outward passage. It is used as the quarantine station for ships that require disinfection during times of cholera, smallpox, or of plague. If you should sail on the China Sea north from Mariveles, you would see the rocky coast of Batain and Zambales. There are many little bays and coral reefs. The largest bay is Subic Bay, on which is situated Olongap6, an important naval station. Steamers go daily across the bay to Manila from Bataan and carry camotes, tomatoes, fish, cocoanuts, bananas, and guavas, and many passengers. Many logs, which are made into lum 48 THE PHILIPPINES thr or into bancas, are also sent to Manila, Cavite, and Bulacfn. Cavite Viejo is on an arm of Manila Bay. It is a fishing town, having many nets and sails and boats. It as t he horne of Don Emilio Aguinaldo. Corregidor Island at the Gateway to Mania Bay. Going farther sooth along the coast, we come to the province of B1tangas. Parts of this provinc are mountainous, while other parts are rolling or level. It is a beautiftl country. Large quantities of sugar and coffee are grown there. Oxen as well as ufaloes are used for plowing and hauling. Many horses are raised in this province, the Batangas horses being famous for their large size. Batangas and Lipa are the two principal towns in IN SOUTHERN LUZON 49 the province. They are both clean and well built. Many wealthy sugar and coffee planters live here. In Batangas province is the great Taal Volcano, on an island in Bomb6n Lake. As one looks down into the crater of this volcano, he sees three lakes of different colored boiling liquids. The volcano has more than once been in a state of eruption and has destroyed the towns of Lipa and Taal. Ashes are said even to have reached Manila, thirty-four miles away, and it became so dark that people had to light candles in the middle of the day. Across from Batangas is the huge island of Mindoro. It is always dark and gloomy, for its mountains are covered almost all the year with rain clouds. It is an unhealthy place; and there is fever everywhere along the coasts. Not much comes from Mindoro except timber, rattan, wax, and tortoise shell. Tobacco, cotton, and hemp are also valuable products. The towns are on the coasts, and are inhabited mostly by Tagalogs on the north and Visayans on the south. The people of the interior are the Manguianes, who live in the mountains much like the Negritos. In the mountainous country southeast of Batangas gold is found in the river beds. Many people spend all their time washing the gravels and sands for gold. Ambos Camarines, Albay, and Sorsog6n are the southernmost provinces in Luz6n. The people of these provinces are called Bicols, and they speak the Bicol language. There are a few Tagalogs. The 50 THE PHILIPPINES Bcols are peaceful ahd industrious. The country is very fertilc and ba utiful The growing of hemp and the making of copa are the main industries. In Ambos Camarines much rice and chocolate are also grown. The people make a perfume from the blossoms of the ilang-ilang tree. May6n Volcano. In the province of Albay there is a great volcano, about 850 feet high, calld May6n. It is I shed like a cone and has a beautiful pu Ile top. But Mayon is not always beautiful. It has had some dreadful eruptions. The last of these destruetive '1outbreaks was in the year 1897. Vast quantities of smoke and steam and lava were thrown out. Several Tvillages were destryed and hundreds of people were killed. IN SOUTHERN LUZON 51 On the sides of this volcanic mountain flourish in greatest luxuriance tree-ferns, lianas, orchids, and palms. Abaca or hemp also finds here a good home. If now we look at Luz6n as a whole, we see that in the great northern valley tobacco is the chief product; in the middle valley, sugar and rice; in the southern part, rice and hemp. QUESTIONS I. For what is the town of Cavite noted? 2. When and where did the battle of Manila take place? 3. What do you know about the two great volcanoes of southern Luz6n? 4. What are the most important products of northern Luzon? central Luzon? southern Luzon? 5. Find on the map: Bataan, Cavite, Mindoro, Sorsogcn, and Corregidor Island. 6. Where are Mariveles, Olongapo, Batangas, Lake Bomb6n, and May6n volcano? mid~7 a~~~~~~~~~ o 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... AIMONG THE VISAYANS THERE are many kinds of people inhabting the Philippnie Islands. There are said to be as many as thirty different tribes. Each tribe has is t own language or dialect and its peculiar customs. Of course, thee dialects are not entirely unlike one another, but they are so dissimilar that people of one tribe often find it quite impossible to understand those of Ianother. U The two printcipal VisayfuAl~n Woman. groups are the Tagalogs and ot1her tribes who live in Luzln, and the Visayans, who live on most of the islands south of Luz6n, The name Visayas is applied to the islands oF Panay, Negros, Cebi, Bohol, Leyte, and Samar, and the people who inhabit thenm are called the Visayans. 54 AMONG THE VISAYANS 55 T he Visaya group contains the largest number of people. Formerly they were ca11ed Pintados or Painted Men from the blue painting or tattooing used at the time of the Spanish Conquest. The men generally wear their hair longer than do the Tagalogs 1 and the wlomn wear pat dions i nstad of soya and apis. The patadlon is a piece of clloth the en of which are sewed together. It is wrapped ad tucked in at th T'he men and buys are expert boatmen and fishlipear en. ThPce Visayans. ars ell as the TgalogsI make canoes and bahncs by hollowinh g out trees. When fitted up with sails and outriggers, the bancas are called proas, or rati us. Large covered boats used in conveying freight are called _casos. In olden tirnmes, the large ocean-going sailboats used by the Spaniards were called _,/'s Sail for th(:e hots bare made from heip, cotton, or coarse grass. Some Visayans are also expert hunters. They 56 THE PHILIPPINES kill wild hogs and deer with lances, bows and arrows. The meat of these animals they cut up into strips and dry in the sun. Like the Tagalogs, the Visayans are fond of music. They are much better performers on instruments, however, than they are singers. Nearly every village has its band of musicians. On the islands of Masbate and Romblon, south of Luz6n, beautiful straw mats, called petates, are made. These are used to sleep on and also for wall decorations. Masbate is also famous for its large numbers of cattle, hogs, and horses. Many of these are sent each month to Manila, Iloilo, and Negros. In the Visayas, as well as in Luz6n, cockfighting and pony-racing are the chief amusements. With the boys, kite-flying is a favorite sport. Some of the kites are made like dragons, others like birds. They have long strings attached to them and sometimes on the tail of the kite there are sharp shells or glass. In the kite fights, the boys try to make the tails of their own kites cut the strings of other rival kites so that the latter will float away in the air. Baseball is also popular. There are many birds, insects, and reptiles in the Philippines, but only the wild cat, wild buffalo, and some kinds of snakes are dangerous. ' Wild buffaloes are easily tamed when taken young. They are dangerous animals to hunt when older, for, if wounded, they charge the hunter and may gore him to death. When tamed they are the AMONG THE VISAYANS 57 most useful animals in the islands. They do nearly all the haulihg and lo wing. They are queer anmals, sow and heavy, and require frequent baths of mu ad anwater. If they do not get these baths, they will not work and often run mad. The "Vaca," or Singapore Bul. Ants are the most common nisance. If food is left standing on the table, in a few hours ants swarm all over it, unless they are prevented by placing the legs of the table in water or oil, The white ants eat nearly every kind of wood. They often destroy a buiding to uch an extent that it has to be pulled down. plaees. Some of them are more than twenty feet long. Though able to swallow whole.such small THE PHILIPPINES animals as cats and birds, the boas are not often dangerous to man. They are sometimes kept in cages as pets. But the snakes to be dreaded are called by the Tagalogs alupong and doghongpalay. The latter is met with in the deep mud of rice fields and in the tall rice grass. Then there are locusts, or grasshoppers, that come in swarms of millions at a time. They settle down on the fields and eat them bare in a single night. People often try to scare them away by beating on tin cans and bamboo clappers, by waving red flags, and by building fires of damp wood to make smoke. Locusts are very sensitive to noise. Sometimes, also, they are driven into pits. They can fly long distances without stopping - sometimes as far as sixty miles. Many people like to eat locusts. They are caught in nets, dried and boiled. There are many monkeys in the forests, and tame monkeys may often be seen in the houses. In some of the southern islands large sea turtles, weighing sometimes more than a hundred kilos, are caught. The shells of some of these turtles are very valuable and are made into combs and many other useful things. Deer are found in the mountains. Their flesh is eaten, and their skins are useful. They are sometimes caught in nets. Pits are often dug in the paths in the forests and carefully covered with sticks and leaves. If a deer falls into one of these pits, he is killed or wounded by the sharp sticks which are placed in the bottom. Sometimes men AMONG THE VISAYANS fall into them and are badly injured. In some places there are large lizards, often more than a meter long. They can run very rapidly. They are eaten, and their eggs are very good. In the houses there are many small lizards, or geckos. They catch flies and other insects and are very useful. There are also many beautiful birds, but only a few good singers. The call of doves may be heard in the trees by the roadside or in the forests. Herons may be seen in large numbers in the rice fields. How many birds or other animals have you seen to-day? QUESTIONS I. Name the principal islands which form the group called the Visayas. 2. What are the principal groups of people living in the Philippines? 3. Name the different kinds of boats in use. 4. Do the Visayans differ much from the Tagalogs in their amusements? 5. Name the common animals found in the Philippines. 6. Find on the map Panay, Cebu, Bohol, Negros, Masbate, SAmar, and Romblon. IN PANAY ToE Flipinos do not travel much, especially those who do not live on the large rivers or on the seashore. The fishermen and traders ftten go long Filipino Blaicksmith- Panay. distanes in their boats. But in the country the people hiave to work in the fields, or their roads are not good, and i it is hard to walk or ride long distan-ces So most of the people stay at home. But peoaple who never h ave been outside of their pueblo 60 IN PANAY often have very queer ideas about people who live in other pueblos, or islands, or countries. We can learn very much by traveling. In the southern islands much maize or Indian corn is used instead of rice. Sometimes the corn is roasted and eaten from the cob; generally, however, it is ground between stone or wooden rollers into a meal and eaten as mush. The corn meal fed to horses is called tic-tic. Cacao is grown throughout the islands. It requires a hot, damp climate. It was brought to the Philippines from Mexico more than two hundred years ago. It is not grown on an extensive scale, but nearly every one raises enough for his use in his own garden. Only a small quantity is sent abroad. The cacao beans are very bitter. Chocolate is made from them by roasting them, separating them from their husks, and pounding them up into a wet paste to which sugar and some extract like vanilla are added. Small round cakes are then made of this paste. Chocolate is the favorite breakfast drink of most Filipinos. Have you ever tasted a cacao bean? Buyo, or the betel plant, is also cultivated throughout the islands. The areca nut, when coated with a lime obtained from the oyster shell, is wrapped up in a buyo or betel leaf and used for chewing. It gives the chewer's lips and teeth the appearance of being coated with blood. Like the cocoanut tree, the areca palm is tall and graceful, the leaves and nuts growing in a tuft at the top. 6j ~~~THE PHILIPPINES Ill Europe an agreeable tooth paste is made& from the6 areca nut, The large And weailthy island of Panay is the westefrnmost of the Visayani group. It is divided into three provinces, -- Cpli on the north, Antique on the we~st, and 1161ilo onf the south and east, Carabao Carts in hIlol. This latter provinee is oneb of the richest and moist densely Populated in the Philippines. The eapital and largest city has the samei name as the province. Both Iloilo and Cbu claim the hon r of beingr the second 6it of the Philip pines Ploilo doe a lar eexport busines~s, chiefl in sugar. The cit is built at the mnouth of a river, onl low land, part of -which hais been reclaimed from a swamrp. It has no IN PANAY 63 wharves for large vessels, however, and goods must therefore be carried to or from the ships on lhtrs, or sial boa'ts. Ther are many lare buildings in Iloilo, most of them owned by foreign commercial firms. In Paniy fine textileis are de. Thousi 1lk t:e of th is t f 1 sands te of dolltrs' o rth are sent from Ioiflo every year. They are all nmde by women working on hand lno s a t home. C arse cloth is made from ordinary heml fiber. Jusi is lmasde from a finer Ilolln Women making Pifa Cloth. q u Sality S.f hernlM p, F.rom Stereoscopic Photograph. Copyrigited mixed with sorne ixgoo by wt sderwgd d wndhomrwed made 11 fr the pure fiber of the leaves of a non fruit-bearninl pnleapple plant. It is almost transparent and of the utmlost delicacy. QUESTIONS i. What slbstitute is fonnd for rice in the southern islands? How is it prepared? 2 Describe how chocolate is imade 3 ito what provinces is Lanay diVided? 4. What kinds of cloth are produced in Panay? 5. Where is Iloilo? IN NEGROS TiI two great products of Philippine agriculture are sugar and hemp. The best sugar is prodlued on Panay and Negros, the island next east of Panay. cene in Negros. Here the sugar estates ar much larger th in Luzdn, each one often producing a thousan d tons of sugar a year. A large number of European steam mills are in use in these two islands. As a result, produced i6 Negros, while in lui6n, where the old 64 IN NEGROS 6 mills~ are still in general use, less than two, tons to the acre is realized. The system of Working the plantations is differenit from that in Luzdn. There the estates are worked onl shares; in Negros and Panay the lahorers are paid hy the day. Often they demiand Pay hefore the work is done, and then Sometimes fail to do the work. A Philippine Hemp Field. The sugar is also treated differently from what it is in Luzo'n. After heing pressed from the canemi the Steamn mills~, the- juice is hoiled to a high point in open panis. Fromf the pans it is poured it large -wooden trays and then heaten uip with paddles until it hecomnes a pafle yellow mass. After drying it is packed in mnat hags, called bayones, and is then ready for Shipment. 66 THE PHIL IINEt Cleaning Hemp. Most of the sgark is set abroad without btin refined. It is gathered up by siall boats and taken to ilolo, w1ere it is reshipped to foreign ports. In one year this port alone sent out over one hundred and sixty-five thousand tons. The dry sugar is sent for the most part to the United States and the wet sugar to England. The mnolasses made from sugar cane is used largely in makirn aleoholic drinks and mixed with water as a food for horses. For several years the cane-sugar industry has suffered on account of competition with beet sugar. Many European countries give a bounty on all the beet sugar exported, and thii has restricted the use of cane sugar. IN NEGROS 67 Making Ropes of Hemp. Hemp, or abdac is the roost imhportanit prorluct of the Philippine Islands. A certain kind o f hemp grows better heie than in any other place in. the world. Soil and climate combine to make the conditions juist righbt. The best lsemip grows on the islands of Mariniduque, Leyte, anid in Albay in souitherni Luiz'n. It also grows on many other islands of the Visayan group. Hemp is a wild Species of the plantain. it looks very mucih like the banania lalant. It is platited from shoots and requires about three years to grow. It reaches a heighbt of about ten, feet and requires hot little attention after plantfing. One man cots down the plaiat, removes the outer covering, anid separates the layers, forminig the stem 68 THE PHILIPPINES into strips which are then spread out to dry. Another man then draws them under a knife, one end of which is attached to a block of wood and the other end by a cord to a pedal. By this means he is able to press the knife down on a strip of hemp and clean it without cutting it. The strip may be six feet long. It is then spread out to dry and afterward tightly packed in bales with iron or rattan hoops. It is now ready for shipment. A man can clean about twenty-five pounds of hemp a day. Generally he gets half for cleaning. The hemp goes to Manila or to Hongkong or to other foreign ports, where it is made up into ropes and cables of all kinds. It is also used in Europe and America in making paper, thread, and cloth. QUESTIONS I. What are the two leading products of the Philippines? Where are they chiefly grown? 2. Describe the difference between the making of sugar in Luz6n and in Negros. 3. How else is sugar produced than from cane? 4. What are the best islands for hemp? 5. Describe the method of cleaning and baling hemp? LYING east of Negros and separated from it by the Strait of Tanon is the island of Ceb. It is shaped lkean alligator-long and narrow. The Cebi from the Sea. greatest length is 135 miles the average width less than twelve. There s about five hunded thosand peopl e on the island. They have a reputation for. sociabli d h.os tality. 70 THE PHILIPPINES The city of Cebd has about thirt tholsand inhabitants and is the capita of the island. It is the second or third largest port in the Philippines Most of the products sent from I1og1o go from Cebd also. Many foreigtn commercial houses are repre* sented in the city, and it is the residence of viceconsuls of European nations. Church of the H oly Child tSanto Nino). Cebd in its location is a beautiful little cit Ihe island of Mactln lies in front of it and a picturesque range of hills behind. The harbor is one of the.bst in the archipelago. Cebu wa the first muncip lit in the isa nd From the time of s ttlem nt until the year 1571 it was the capital city. Since that time Manila has been the capital. CEBU 71 Cebd is tle residence of a bishop and has a cathdral and several churches. The best known of these is the church of Snto Nino- the "Holy Child." In this church is an image of the Child Jesus. This image, so it is said, was found on thls is and in the year i565 by ai soldier. The Austiln friars kept it and venerated it. The ch urch in which the image was kept was once burned, but the image itseTlf was saved. The S*anto Nino is made of wood. It is about fifteen in'hes high, black in color, and lad n with silver ornaments. it Jis supposed to have The Holy Child (Santo Wifo) of Cebu. miraculous powers. During the feast held in its honor (January 20) pigrim from all parts of the island come to purify% their sou111s at its shine. The island of Cebu is prosperous. It is not natorally so rich as some others, but still hemp, sugar, copra. tobacco. rice, and corn are produced in considerable uantrities. Large groves of cocoanut trees 72 THE PHILIPPINES abound, and other fruits, especially the pineapple and mango, grow in abundance. Shells and pearls are obtained from Cebu and the adjoining islands. This is Said to be the only place in the world where the cornucopia-shaped sponges, called Venus's baskets, are found in abundance. Have you ever heard the wonderful story of Magellan who was killed on the island of Mactan? It was he, you know, who discovered these islands nearly four hundred years ago, and we still delight to tell of his brave deeds. It required a brave man:then to go out on the broad, unknown ocean in a little sailing ship. The people who lived in Magellan's day did not know so much about the great world: as we know. They thought it was flat and that there was a falling-off place somewhere out in the ocean where ships would fall down into a bottomless pit. It was hard, also, to take food enough in the little ships for a long voyage. The sailors often became sick and mutinied. But Magellan was a daring sailor. By birth he was a nobleman of Portugal, but he did not like his king and so went to Spain to live. The king of Spain gave him five little vessels with which to go and seek for rich islands on the other side of the world. He sailed slowly across the great Atlantic Ocean and came to a land which we call South America. Magellan knew there was an ocean on the other side of this land but didi not know how to reach it. Some of his men grew tired CEBt 73 of the delays and hardships and mutinied. But Magellan was a stern man. One rebellious captain was sent ashore, another was stabbed to death, and still another was executed. Magellan then sailed south a long time until he came to an opening which we call in honor of him the Straits of Magellan. Through the straits he sailed into the Pacific Ocean, pointed his bows to the west and sailed toward the setting sun. After many long and weary days he came to the island of Cebu. This was on the 7th of April, I521. On receiving news of the arrival of the foreigners, the king of Cebu and two thousand of his warriors, armed with lances and shields, came out on the beach to greet them. The King agreed to a treaty to be ratified by blood which each was to drink from the breast of the other. Magellan converted the King and Queen to the Catholic faith, and they were both baptized. A hut was built on the shore in which they might celebrate mass. But the King was at war with the tribe on Mactin Island. So Magellan went over to this island to help the King his friend. Here he was shot with an arrow and killed. So ended the life of this brave man. He discovered these islands and took possession of them for the king of Spain to whom they belonged until taken by the Americans. In Manila and on the left bank of the Pasig River stands a monument to his memory. Another has 74 THE PHLLIPPINES been erected on Mactn Island, at the place where he is supposed to hve been slain the 27th of April, 1521. Also in the city of Cebu there stands an obelisk to commemorate these events. Northeast of Cebui are the islands Leyte and S1ma r. These isl ad produce much hemp. Wax, sponges, p earl, birds' ons, cocoinut oil, and copra. ""< s:.I h*. Pearl Fishing. are also very important products. Tacloban is the capital of Leyte, and Catalogan is the capital of Smiar At Tacloban many ascos and larger saili boats are made. Near Catbalogan a plant produces a seed called the ~s,'zd or Caioa n sed It is,bought by th Chinese who use i to prevent cholera. amar is separated from Luzdn by San Bernardino Strait, through which many ships pass from America or from the islands in the Pacific Ocean. Both CEBU 75 islands are very mountainous and have many inactive volcanoes and fertile valleys. On the coast there are many bays and extensive cocoanut groves. A few miles east of Cebu is the island of Bohol. The people are Visayans and are noted for their activity and industry. They are skillful in making pina, cotton cloths, and mats. They catch turtles and export a large number of shells. There are many small islands near its shores and many coral reefs. QUESTIONS i. What are the three largest ports in the Philippines? 2. For what is the island of Cebu known? 3. What are some of the historic events that took place near the city of Cebu? 4. Tell the story of Magellan. 5. How are Magellan's deeds commemorated? 6. Tell what you can about the other large islands belonging to the Visayas. 7. Find on a map Catbalogan, Bohol, Cebui, and San Bernardino Strait. IN THE FAR SOUTH FAR south of Cebu is the island of Mindanao, the second largest island in the archipelago. Mindanao is not very well known. It was not settled to any extent by the Spaniards, and it has not had many connections with the northern islands. Fever abounds along the coasts, though the natives seem to be largely immune. It is a very rich island, and in spite of its present backward condition, it will some day be one of the most prosperous. On the map, Mindanao looks like a huge bird: its beak is in the northeast, turned out toward the Pacific; its tail is in the southwest. The eastern coast is open to the breakers of the Pacific and has no safe harbors. The island as a whole has few good harbors and as yet but little commerce. Some of the mountains in Mindanao are very high. Mount Apo, close to the Gulf of Davao, reaches a height of more than ten thousand feet. It is probably the highest mountain in all the Philippines. Gold is found in these mountains. Many Npeople spend most of their time washing for gold in the rivers. In the eastern part of Mindanao is Mainit, or Hot Lake. It is over one thousand feet deep. It is the 76 IN THE FAR SOUTH 77 kind of place alligators like, and they breed there in great numbers. Another interesting bit of scenery is found in the central mountains. Here two rivers unite and flow into the deep canon of Locasacan. Through tlis cation the river runs amongst huge bowilders and in Church at Zamboanga, Minaao. such narrow places that the rocks hang over the stream and nearly meet overhead. trees, areca palms, bananas, cocoanuts, coffee, hemp, tobacco, rice, indigo, sugar, pepper, corn and guttapercha. The best timber in the Philippines comes from Mindao.,The popua ation is still small and industry backward. 78 TTHE PHILIPPINES The people are divided into three groups,Visayans, native mountain tribes, and Moros, or Mohammedans. The most prominent people are the Visayans, who have come to Mindanao from the islands farther north. They have been made a warlike people by the necessity of defending themselves against the Moros. Generally, they, as well as the Chinese traders, settle in the coast towns where they trade with the hill people for jungle produce. The hill people have been driven away from the lowlands by these invaders. They are wretchedly poor, wandering through the hills without homes, scantily clad, their only property a lance, a bolo, and some starving dogs. They sometimes plant a few sweet potatoes, gather honey, and hunt wild hogs. Some mountain tribes, however, are more warlike. They live in clans, and each man has more than one wife. Each wife, however, has her own house. They are also slaveholders. All children captured in war are retained as slaves. The work is done by women, children, and slaves. Their weapons consist of lances, shields, swords, daggers, bows and arrows. These mountain people have some very curious customs. The crocodile with them is considered a sacred animal and respectfully addressed as "grandfather." Rocks, caves, and balata trees are held to be the residing place of spirits. When an enemy has been killed, the chief of the victorious tribe takes a consecrated sword, cuts open the chest of IN THE FAR SOUTH the enemy, and immerses an image of the god in the blood, then, tearing out the heart, he eats a piece of it. This is supposed to give him the measure of courage his enemy possessed. These people are fond of ornaments. Many wear bracelets from the wrists to the elbows. The bracelets are made of metal, tortoise shell, or mother-ofpearl. In their ears they wear large ornaments made of plugs of soft wood, having on each end a plate of brass, silver, or gold. They have a curious way of painting their teeth black and filing them into points. The wealthy often cover their teeth with thin gold plates. Marriages, among these people, are arranged by the parents or by the head chief. A house is prepared for the young couple and supplied with things to eat. The guests assemble, the bride and groom exchange a few words, and then each receives a small morsel of cooked rice. This they hold out for a short time on the palms of their hands, then each places the food in the mouth of the other, and this action solemnizes the marriage. QUESTIONS I. What are the principal islands in the southern group? 2. Tell about the relative size and appearance of Mindanao. 3. Name the principal products of this island. 4. What distinct groups of people are found there? 5. Tell about some of the curious customs prevailing among the hill people. AMONG THE MOROS TILE most numeroius people in Mindana and the other sotlhernmost islands ar tile r Mors. TIey are al o ca lld Mohammedans, whic h m reans that their reli ion is that of the Arabian prop)het,1 Moha mmd. The Moros are scattered all o e r Minrian1. the S ul (Jd16) Archip lao, arnd P ragua or Palawa. T1ey live in tribes under chtiefs called d - E Mi id il0 it, wh o in turn are bjec. t to lhigh er ciifs called f W Jdalzs. Th chief siltan has his cadital at Maimbnl, on the sonuth side of the island of Slu,. The siltan and his principal datos are granted salaries by the governmentof the U ited Moro Priest. States. The sultan is knosrwn as the Ma1Ijasari, or the Stainlless, Spotless One, He is chief of chourc and state - lord and master of all. The nobles or chiefs are stpposed always to obey the sultan anrd do as he bids, but, as a matter of fact, 8o AMIONG THE tlMORl0 8I they often carry on war against him or among themselves. The principal town of the Island of Sulu is also called Sulu. It is a lively and attractive little plac. The streets are laid out at right angles and are kept Moro Spear Dante and the arracks are vry good. Some of the 1 h s are built of brick and stone. while all have corrugated roofs. The Moros, genrally are a strong, warlike eople. They are vellr-delo)ed, quik, robust 4nd dier. He car apon and be to i at all times. From the ealiest years he is trained to war, and he knows how to fight equally well on -- ~S tg-1trt~,;bla t 1~ *>~ff~ ~~ r i- i;~tbal orL~ il-he BarlCks: are ~scar~l hzoou.; on ota ~ "- trzeki!S JIdause s) 82 THE PHILIPPINES foot, horseback, or water. The Moros are turning, however, more and more to peaceful industries. Their chief amusements seem to be gambling, cockfighting, and combats of buffaloes. They have a war dance called the moro-moro, which is performed by their most skillful swordsmen, shield on arm and spear in hand, to the sound of martial music. It feigns to be a combat, and the dancers spring forward and backward, cutting, thrusting, and guarding with wonderful skill. The Moros used to be dreaded as pirates. In great companies they sailed around in their long boats and plundered everywhere they went. They went even as far north as Luzon, and that only fifty years ago. Thousands of Christians were carried off into slavery. But when the Spaniards armed their boats with cannon, they chased the Moros and punished them dreadfully. Since that time there has been no further trouble from them as pirates. In Mindanao the Moro towns are often built over the water, and have bamboo bridges to connect them with the shore. They are built so as to prevent their enemies on the shore from reaching them, for the bridges can be removed whenever it is desired. Their boats,are tied to their houses, so that they can easily escape by sea. (See picture on page 85.) On the shore, and on each side of their towns, they build forts, or cottos. The walls are made of great tree trunks. Some of these walls are twenty-four feet thick and thirty feet high. The AMONG THE MOROS 83 Old Pirate Boat of Moros The MNoros generhlly have more than one wife. When one of them takes a fancy to a girl, he stend his best frierd to her father to ask for her. If the girl and her father are aviling, the brideeroom goes to the mosque Ad pas with thie priest aift r which with te priest he goes to the girl's house, folowed by a s1ave, carrying presents. When about to eOter the hollse her relations make a feint of attacking him, but he beats them off and throws them the presents he has brought with him, The priest then takes hold of the girl's head and twirls her around vtice t the right The hand of the groom is placed on the girl's forehead. The pries then leaves them 84 THE PHILIPPINES aloxe. The man attempts to kiss the girl, who shrieks and runs a y. Ihe groom then goes away to prepare the wedding feast, which lasts for three nights. At the cnd of the feast the girl is con ducted to his home by the wedding guests, laughing Moro Tower at Sult (Jol ). Thl 1nulaua e of the Moros is a kind of Arabic, wkith ord from the Malay, Chinese, Visayan, and ill tribes. Their country is fertile. It produces large quantities of ic, maize, Coffee, and eoa, all s ok bealg done by slaves, for a Moro warrior considers it benth his di. ity to work. They ha o a lar trad in wa, xgum, resin, jugle roducts tortois AMONG THE MOROS 85 shell, mother-ofparl, al ate, andC cinnamon. They ares killful at forgin swords crises, lance Leads aind lantiaas, In the Zam oanga indrustrial Shoo curious hats, food covers, boats, dolls, beds, pilows, and other things are mide. The Moro women are fond of coy loeors-scarlets and greens being prferre. lheir odices are very tight and e th rolsers or skirts very loose Houses in Sul (Jo16). The breeches of the men are bright in color, and tight, With a l argi numbr of b tton up the ides Their w aivtcoats re b u t o ed up to the cin and have very close-fitting sleeves The men wear turban, the wornn wha t iti c11d j ull-a tr of cloth seved together at the ends and wiraped arlond the heal. 86 THE PHILIPPINES Both men and women are fond of jewelry. They wear a great many finger rings made of metal or seashells, and their earrings are large and gaudy. The Moros are a very religious people, according to their ideas. Every Friday is a day of public worship. They believe that Mohammed, not Christ, is the Son of God. Ordinary priests are called pandits, or learned men, the principal priests are sarifs, or sheriffs. The sultan rules through his datos, or rajahs. A dato is generally known by the richness of his apparel, by the use of gold buttons, and by carrying a handkerchief in his hand. He is also usually followed by a slave carrying a siri box. When a Moro becomes tired of life, he shaves off his eyebrows, dresses entirely in red, and, taking the oath before his pandit, runs amuck in some Christian settlement, killing men, women, and children, until he is shot down. QUESTIONS i. Where are the Moros to be found? 2. Tell what you know of their religion. 3. In what important ways do the Moros differ from the Visayans? 4. What do you know of the Moros as pirates? 5. Describe the marriage customs of the Moros. 6. Find on the map the Sulu Islands and Sulu. PARAGUA NORTHEAST of Mindanao is another large island called Paragua, or Palawan. It is narrow and very long, and does not look so large as it really is. The capital city is Puerta Princesa. It is the largest city and is beautifully situated on a good harbor. The island is hilly even on the coasts, and there are many mountains in the interior. The soil is very fertile, and there are many fruits and valuable woods. Beeswax, honey, edible birds' nests, fine shells, driedc shellfish, pears, nutmegs, and logwood are valuable products. Do you know that some people are fond of eating birds' nests? The Chinese, especially, like them, and the rich people in China are willing to pay high prices for them. But these nests are not made of mud, or of straws and sticks. 'Ihey are more like jelly or glue. They are made by a sea swallow and are found in the high cliffs near the shore. To get them the people have to use bamboo ropes and ladders. The birds are robbed of their nests four times, or until the wet season begins. In southern Paragua the people are Moros and Manguianes, and in the central and northern parts 87 THE CITY OF MANILA LET us go back now t t he place from which we started -the city of Manila. It is the captal, as well as the largest city in the Philippines. People used to all it "iThe very good and always loE i l C i ty of Manila. t is sit ated b6oot zo6n, on the Bay of /7p Msiol Manilac and at the nouth of the Pfsig River. The river dovides the city into two parts, - the old city anl the sooth bank, a Street in the Walled City, Manila, the north bank. The 1)d city is surrounded by forts, and walls, and mi its just as it was a century ago. Formerly, there were great drawbridges which could be polled uop so that an enemy could not cross the moats, whibch were full of water. Sentries walked back antd forth 01)0n the walls and kept a lookot for ene 9o THE CITY OF MANILA 91 rIes Every one lived within the wals, for tlhe were a real protection when people fought with bows rand arrls. They wounld be no protection now against the Iare guns of the war ships in the bay A Gate in the Walled City, Manila. The streets in the Walled City, or " Manl" as it is calld, are narrow. The houses are built of ston or brick, and have windows fitted with opaque oyster shells. The government buildings are in this l)art of the city. The AyuntamiientO or Palace, is a l a re and handome building. (See pictulre on page 98.) In the center is a great hall, hung with pdainfings and ornamented with statuary. In this buildiug. the goverfnor, and the commissioners, antd the general superintendent of public schools have their offices. 9? THE PHILIPPINES Across the river, on the north bank, is the modern business part of Manila. Four large bridges conect the two parts of the city. M ot of this newer part is on the island of Binondo The Eslta is the finest sreet. Most of the stores on the Escota are kelt by Spaniards. Thr'e re arlso any large stores owned by Americans. It is a very bu y street, lways crowdod vwith p eol)t and v ehicles. The Chinse a a lar retail buine. They also do most of the work connected with boat IeyIso sell dotton lothe and tilk. a he iro h ar`he CliltlSe a large teta sines-, t~e are sm all1 nda thelly us6 cornt:ng f drahe in aithmtiial operations, as do their coluntrymfenL in lChina. THE CITY OF MANILA 93 In going from place to place in the city of Manila, carromatas are most generally used.. Hundreds of them may be seen on the Escolta every day. Many people direct their cocheros by the words mano, "to the right," and szlla, "to the left," but meaning, really, "hand" and "seat." There are street cars drawn by horses. They go so slowly, however, that they are not used by many people. It is said that electric cars will soon be used in Manila. There are also steam cars running to Malabon. Some automobiles, or steam wagons, also are in use in the city. The Luneta is the favorite pleasure resort of the people of Manila. It is a big open plot of ground, facing the bay, at the end of the Malacan drive. Two band stands are on this oval piece of land, and a military band plays popular airs every evening, while people sit on the benches, or walk and drive around. It is a pretty place, for the grass is kept short and green, and the sunsets across the bay are very beautiful. All classes of people are to be seen on the Luneta, enjoying the cool breezes from the bay. There are Chinese, dressed in loose robes of rich colored silk; Americans and Europeans, in white; Filipinos, dressed like Europeans, or in the native style, and many carriages and carromatas. Manila is a large city of nearly four hundred thousand people of many different kinds. It has some features that most of the other cities in the Philippines do not have.. About a dozen newspapers are 94 THE PHILIPPINES.' *A 'j' ' V.. '4 '.*.': *: ^ -..', '" " ' 0;:*.;' 0 a''' v" '1"6'0'' 3 l3''' ' i * The Luneta. printed in Manila. These papers receive news by cable from many parts of the world, and they are system, by which people who are far apart may talk with each other. It has electric lights, a system of waterworks, a 1 coldstorage jplant, an ice factryi, and theaters, where gond plays and music are sometimes heard. Manila is also a city of churches. The largest and costliest of these is the Cathedral. In the Jesuit church may be seen some fine wood carvw ing. All the religioas orders have their homes in Manila. Some people in Manila speak only the Talogk others speak Spanish, and still others English. 3 XJ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Z! THE crrY OF MANILA 95 Spanish is now the official language,- the language of the courts, but Einglish will be the oficial Ianguage in I906, and is Io taught in all the public schools. Schools are provild in Manila for all who want to study. They are located in all parts of the city, and any cild who wishs may atten d tlhe. There are Manila Cathedral. also night schools conducted for those who cannot come during the day. 13sides th the re re specal chool like the Noral S hol for the tr imng of teahers, the Nautical Schol for boy: wvho ant to enter the merchant marine, the Trade School for those h:io nt ito lean carpeznterg, plumbing, and telegraphys, aid the University of St. Thomas for those who wish to study for a profession. 96 THE PHILIPPINES In addition to these educational institutions is the Observatory. Here careful records are kept of weather conditions, of storms and earthquakes. Substations are maintained on other islands, and word is sent from station to station of approaching storms, often in time to warn people or ships of the danger. The bay of Manila is not a very secure anchorage for ships. Its circumference is 120 miles - too large to allow of its being a safe harbor. Typhoons sometimes tear ships from their anchorage and drive them ashore. The bay is large enough to hold all the war ships of the world. Every kind of boat may be seen upon its waters,-war ships, native prahus, large ocean-sailing ships, and commercial steamers, large and small, carrying their freight from country to country, and continent to continent. QUESTIONS I. In what ways is Manila the most important city in the Philippines? 2. For what are the new city and the old city, respectively, noted? 3. What things are found in Manila and not in your town? 4. Has Manila a good situation? THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES THE Philippine Islands are now a part of the United States. From the time they were discovered by Magellan, in 1521, until taken by the Americans, in I898, they belonged to Spain. The United States took them in war, but afterward gave Spain $20,000,000. They are, then, for the present, a part of the territory of the United States, controlled by the President and Congress, who act through their representatives in the Philippines, —the governor and the civil commissioners. The government for the whole archipelago is called the insular government. It is controlled by the civil governor and the commissioners. The governor is appointed by the President of the United States for an unlimited term of years. tie is a very busy man. It is his duty to suggest changes in the laws, or to help make new laws, and to see they are obeyed. He lives in the Malacafian Palace, and his offices are in the Ayuntamiento, or Palace. His salary is $20,ooo a year. The governor is assisted by an executive secretary and a council of seven commissioners, consisting of Americans and Filipinos. They make most of the laws for the islands. Their work is divided -97 98 THE PHIILI PPINES into dcepartments, each under one of the conrmmis siners. These departments are as follows: — i. The Department of the Interior. It includes the bureal of health, the quarantine b ure u the for estry bureau, the b ureau of public lands, and the bureau of non-Christian tribes. The Pala e, anila. Headquarter of e Government. 2. The )Departniit t of Commerce and Police. It includes the bureaus of island and inter-island transportatin, ipaost tame, tIccgraphs, insular conistabulIry, engineerinn, and pi sons. 3. The Department of Finan cei and Jic. In this there are the bureaus of the insutlar treasury, insular auditing, customs andI immigration, banks, ahd justice. T4. he I)prtrrant of Public Instruction. It THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES 99 includes the bureaus of public instruction, the bureau of architecture, public charities, libraries and museums, and public printing. Only the principal bureaus are mentioned under each head. At present the Commission makes all laws not made for the Philippines by the Congress of the United States, but it is expected that in a few years there will be a legislature, the lower house of which will be elected by the people. There will also be two delegates selected by the legislature to represent the islands in the Congress of the United States. In order to vote it will be necessary for a person to be a male citizen, twenty-three years of age. He must also be able to speak, read, or write English or Spanish, or have been a municipal officer, or pay taxes equal to $15 a year, or own property to the value of $250. Such, in brief, is the organization of the insular government. Next comes the provincial governments. In each province there is a governor, elected in a meeting by vote of the municipal councilors of the province, and a treasurer, a supervisor, a secretary, and a fiscal, or prosecuting attorney, all appointed by the Commission. The governing body in a province is called the provincial board. It is composed of the governor, treasurer, and supervisor. The treasurer collects all taxes, gives to the municipal treasurers the taxes due the towns, and examines the accounts of the municipal officers. 100 THE PHILPPINES buildings in the province. The fil or p.eigattor is the legal adviser of the provincial board, and of the municipallties. He c onducts all criminal trial for the province in the Courts of First Instance. 'The fst duty of the p rovincial government is to c t ththe provincial treasurer, all taxes de the province and the m utnipialltie. Its ecdid import ant dty is to construct roadl, bridgel, and ublic lbuldins. It third du t through the governr and i the povini i t r ar i s to see t hat (th e municipal o)mcers do their dufltes. m-lpoi ar uuy 1st7 lr)jt'bo~ 0tlstuksl ())]I8 irugs t ans arcf THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES IOI Under the provincial governments come the municipalities, or pueblos. Their officers consist of a president, a vice president, a secretary, and a treasurer who, together with the councilors, are all elected by vote of the people. They make and execute all local regulations. The courts of law consist of: — I. The Supreme Court in Manila. There are seven judges in this court, one chief justice, and six associate justices. To make a decision, it is necessary that four of them agree. The chief justice receives $7500 a year, the associate justices $7000 each. They are all appointed by the President of the United States. 2. The Courts of First Instance. There is one of these courts for each important province. They are courts for recording the crimes and legal actions, or trying the criminals of the province. The judges are appointed by the civil governor, at salaries varying from $3000 to $5500, according to the importance of the district. 3. Courts of Justices of the Peace. These are established in every municipality. The justices are appointed by the civil governor. They try minor offenses and criminal actions for small amounts. The suit, if brought before a justice of the peace, must be 'for less than $Ioo, and the imprisonment not over six months. 4. Presidents' Courts, for certain minor offenses. In the judicial system, prosecutions are conducted 102 THE PHILIPPINES for the government by the attorney-general, or the solicitor-general, or the provincial fiscal. The constabulary was organized to preserve peace and help enforce the decisions of the courts. It is the special duty of the constabulary to prevent and suppress brigandage, insurrection, unlawful assemblies, and actions disturbing the peace. The city of Manila, like Washington, the capital of the United States, differs in-its organization from the other municipalities. Its governing body is a municipal board of three members appointed by the civil governor. One of the members is elected president of the board. The board makes laws for the city and sees that they are executed. The government of the city has five departments:i. Engineering and Public Works. '2. Police. 3. Law. 4. Fires and Building Inspection. 5. Assessments and Collections. Governments must have money with which to pay expenses, and the only way they can get it is from the people. Contributions legally demanded by governments are called taxes. There are many kinds of taxes, drawn from different sources and devoted to different purposes. The insular government is supported chiefly by duties on imports and exports. Nearly all articles brought in from foreign countries, and the principal articles sent abroad, pay custom duties. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES 103 In the provinces there is a land tax. The proceeds from this tax are divided between the municipalities of a province and the province itself. The industrial, urbano, cedula, and stamp taxes are likewise divided. Purely municipal taxes are such as those derived from the licenses granted to saloons or other businesses requiring police supervision. The government of the Philippines aims to secure peace and protection for all the people. It has established an excellent common school system throughout the islands, so that every person who wants an education may have it. It is building roads and bridges to afford easy passage for people and goods from place to place. It is building telegraph lines, and establishing post routes, that communication may be more rapid. It is dredging rivers, cleaning out harbors, and building breakwaters for the protection of commerce. All good citizens should aid the government in every way possible. Only by so doing can peace, and justice, and happiness be secured. QUESTIONS 1. How did the United States obtain possession of the Philippines? 2. Describe the organization of the Insular Government. 3. What are the duties of the provincial officers? Of the constabulary? 4. How are the municipalities governed? 5. Describe the government of the city of Manila. THE STORY OF RIZAL THERE is one name of which every Filipino is justly proud, and that is the name of Rizal. The Philippines have produced some brave soldiers, skilled artists, and good business men, but they have produced no greater scholar, gentlemnan, and patriot than their revered Rizal. Jose Rizal y Mercado was born in the........ little town of Calamba, Laguna. He studied at the Jesuit College Jos6 Rizal. in Manila, and afterward went to Europe to study further. At the University of Madrid, in Spain, he took the courses in philosophy and medicine, and graduated with the doctor's degree. Afterward he studied in Paris, and ' then in Germany, where he took another degree. While in Europe, Dr. Rizal wrote some books about his country, the aim of which was to show how the friars mistreated the people. These books, 104 THE STORY OF RIZAL 105 and the active opposition he made to their large claims of property, finally made the friars determine to crush him. Accordingly, he was arrested, tried, and banished to Mindanao. He lived in a little town on this island for four years. He was a clever oculist, and people came to him from all over the islands, and even from Hongkong, to be treated. Rizal grew tired of this restricted life, however, and when war broke out between Spain and Cuba, he asked the Spanish government to be allowed to go to the war and assist in taking care of the sick. His offer of services was accepted, but when he got to Spain he was arrested and sent back to Manila charged with sedition and rebellion. On this false charge he was condemned to death. At six o'clock on the morning of the thirtieth of December, 1896, he was led out'on the Luneta. A great crowd of people had gathered to witness the final act in the martyrdom of this man. Rizal knelt down and looked out over the bay, sparkling under the slanting rays of the early morning sun. Four shots rang out, and Jose Rizal was dead. QUESTIONS I. Why do people everywhere honor the name of Rizal? 2. Tell where he received his education. 3. What books did he write, and what was their aim? 4. Upon what charge was he condemned? 5. With what great men of other nations can you compare Rizal? Baldwin's School Readers By JAMES BALDWIN Editor of "Harper's Readers," Author of "Old Greek Stories," "OI1 Stories of the East," etc. In method and in subject matter, as well as in artistic and mechanical execution, these new readers establish an ideal standard, equally well adapted for city and country schools. They possess many original and meritorious features which are in accord with the most approved methods of instruction, and which will commend them to the best teachers and the best schools. The illustrations are an important feature of the books, and are the work of the best artists. They are not merely pictures inserted for the purpose of ornament, but are intended to assist in making the reading exercises both interesting and instructive. BALDWIN'S SCHOOL READERS-EIGHT BOOK EDITION First Year, 128 pp, 25 cents Fifth Year, 208 pp. 40 cents Second Year, I60 pp. 35 cents Sixth Year, 240 pp. 45 cents Third Year, 208 pp. 40 cents Seventh Year, 240 pp. 45 cents Fourth Year, 208 pp. 40 cents Eighth Year, 240 pp. 45 cents For the convenience of ungraded schools, and for all who may prefer them in such combined form, an edition corresponding to the ordinary five book series of school readers will be furnished as follows: BALDWIN'S SCHOOL READERS-FIVE BOOK EDITION First Year, 128 pages... 25 cents Second Year, I6o pages... 35 cents Third Year, 208 pages.. 40 cents Combined Fourth and Fifth Years. 416 pages.. 60 cents ' Combined Sixth and Seventh Years. 480 pages.. 65 cents Copies of any of the above books will be sent, prepaid, on receipt of the price. American Book Company New York * Cincinnati * Chicago (I) The Baldwin Primer By MAY KIRK Cloth, 12mo, 128 pages, with colored illustrations. Price, 30 cents The lessons in this primer have been prepared in accordance with the principles of mental science and child study. Commencing with easy words and simple forms, the lessons lead up by successive steps to elementary ideas in language, number, drawing, and music, as well as to various kinds of " busy work " for beginners in school. In teaching reading, the alphabetic, word, and sentence methods are employed simultaneously. From the beginning the child becomes interested in the familiar objects on which the lessons are based, while its instinct for the beautiful is awakened and developed by the copious use of the finest pictures ever presented In a child's primer. These include over fifty colored illustrations of birds, flowers, fruit, animals, and other appropriate subjects. Altogether, by its attractive appearance and contents, the Baldwin Primer is an ideal book to make the first steps of the young learner both easy and pleasant, and the work of the primary teacher a delightful task. Copies sent prepaid to anj' ayddress on receipt of the price American Book Company New York * Cincinnati * Chicago (5) Carpenter's Geographical Readers By FRANK G. CARPENTER North America. Cloth, 12mo, 352 pages.. 60 cents South America. Cloth, I2mo, 352 pages.. 60 cents Asia. Cloth, i2mo, 304 pages... 60 cents Europe. Cloth, 12mo, 456 pages.. 70 cents Australia and Islands of the Sea (Inpreparation). These new Geographical Readers are by far the most attractive and instructive books of their kind ever published. They are not mere compilations of other books or stories of imaginary travels, but they are the results of the author's actual journeys through the different countries, with personal observations of their native peoples, just as they are found to-day in their homes and at their work. These journeys and visits are described in such simple and engaging manner as to make the books as entertaining as stories, while conveying in this attractive way, useful knowledge and information. While they are written in easy familiar style, and in language not above the comprehension of children, they are strictly accurate in every detail and statement. The books are well supplied with colored maps and. illustrations, the latter mostly reproductions from original photographs taken by the author on the ground. They combine studies in geography with stories of travel and observation in a manner at once attractive and instructive. Their use in connection with the regular text-books on geography and history will impart a fresh and living interest to their lessons. Copies of Carpenter's Geographical Readers will be sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price by the Publishers: American Book Company New York * Cincinnati * Chicago ts5) Guerber's Historical Readers FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READING GUERBER'S STORY OF THE THIRTEEN COLONIES By H. A. GUERBER, Author of " Myths of Greece and Rome," "Myths of Northern Lands," "Legends of the Middle Ages," etc. Cloth, I2mo, 242 pages. With maps and illustrations. 65 cents This volume contains a narrative of the early history of this country down to the close of the Revolution, written in a style easily comprehensible by children. It is intended to serve as an historical reader, or as an introduction or supplement to any text-book on American History which may be in use. GUERBER'S STORY OF THE GREAT REPUBLIC Cloth, I2mo, 249 pages. With maps and illustrations. 65 cents In this book the history of our country from The Beginning of the United States as a Nation down to the present time is told in such a way that it cannot fail to interest and impress young readers. Like the " Story of the Thirteen Colonies," it may be used as a supplementary reader or as an elementary text-book on this period of American history. GUERBER'S STORY OF THE ENGLISH Cloth, 12mo, 256 pages. With maps and illustrations. 65 cents This book is designed to serve the double purpose of a Supplementary Reader for Grammar grades and of an elementary text-book in English History. In simple language the author describes in the form of attractive stories and anecdotes, the leading events, characters, and places in English History. The dress and artistic features of the book are in keeping with its contents. The large colored maps of Great Britain and Ireland, of France, and of India will be found convenient for tracing the course of English History and the vast extent of the British colonies and possessions in the world. Copies of any of the above books will be sent, prepaid, to any addrest on receipt of the price. American Book Company New York (I8) Cincinnati Chicago; Barnes's Natural Slant Penmanship The system of writing represented in these new copy books combines all the advantages of the vertical with the speed and beauty of regular slant writing. It is well known that an extreme slant tends to angularity, while vertical writing is usually slow and tends to an unsightly back-hand or irregular slant. If left to themselves, without specific directions, children naturally fall into a certain slant in writing,-intermediate between vertical and slant writing. This natural slant has been adopted as the standard in these copy books. FORMS OF LETTERS.-Natural Slant copies are designed to be written, not printed. They have the simplicity and the full, round, open style of the best vertical forms, but avoid some of the extremes and eccentricities that have characterized that style of writing. In every instance the form of capital employed has been selected, first, because of its legibility; second, because of its ease of execution; and third, because of its graceful form. Every copy is sensible and significant, and as nearly as possible the subject matter relates to topics which interest the pupils of the grades for which the respective books are intended. In other words, the writing exercises are made to correlate with the other branches of study pursued in the schools. THE SERIES includes Books A, B, C, and D, small size, illustrated, to be written with pen or pencil, and Books I to 8, full size, the first two books illustrated. A set of penmanship WALL CHARTS in four sheets is published to accompany this series of copy books. BOOKS A, R, C, and D, per dozen.. $0.60 BOOKS 1 to 8, per dozen....75 CHARTS, per set of four sheets...1.50 Copies sent to any address, prepaid, on receipt of price. American Book Company New York * Cincinnati * Chicago (43) i I I 3 90 0119 11 Is*/>w 'e a v. A L I~ i:t kiiii I"