S PEE C H
HON. FRANCIS W. KELLOGG,
IN'Fe   ()U>E  OF TPE   tHO-LNTTAT-,  OF    -iJINF 1 2, 1S60.
IThe House k,eing il Corrmmittee of th.e Whole o  thie s,ate of the U'ion -
Mr. KELLOGG said:
Mr. CHAIRMA,N: Since I took my seat as a member of the Thirty-sixth Congress,
I have not consumed the time of the House in debate, but listened with patience, and
often with profit, to the eloquent gentlemen on both sides who have led in these
discussions, and contented myself with voting as I thought the interests of mly constituents and the country demanded. But this session will soon close, and I wish to
express my opinion of the political questions before the House and the country, and
respectfully ask the attention of gentlemen for the brief period of timne allowed me.
The people of the United States will soon be called on to select a Chief Magistrate for the Republic, and determine, according to the forms of law, the political
character of the next Congress that shall assemble here. - Already the note of preparation is sounding throughout the country, and the principles of the different par
ties are everywhere discussed. The representatives of the Republican party recently
assembled at Chicago, and declared their belief in the necessity of a return to those
principles which prevailed in the administration of our national affairs for more
than half a century. They also nominated an able and popular man for the Presidency, and I believe a large majority of the people will support him, and endeavor,
by his election, to secure that change of policy and principles which we believe is
so necessary to the prosperity of the nation.
The revenue laws need remodeling immediately.  The present tariff' operates
injuriously to the interests of the whole  country, while at the same time it does
not produce sufficient revenue for the wants of the government.  All parties agree
in taxing imports for the support of government. and I do not  think that policy
will ever be departed from.  The only question is in reference to the manner in
which those duties shall be imposed. The Democratic party propawe to raise the
necessary revenue, without inquiring as to the eltect of the course pursued upon the
business of the country. Government, in their estimation, has nothing to do with
that.  It may be constitutional and eminently proper for the government to employ
allits power in protecting the slave property of a few Southern gentlemen who
may emigrate to our Territories, but protection to FREE  LABOR  is a very different
thing; and grave doubts are expressed at once as  to the right of the government
to meddle at all in such a matter.
The Republican party believe it to be the DUTY of the national government to
promote the GENEtRAL WEL'ARE:, by affording adequate protection to the industrial
interests o        f         the American people, against all foreign competition whatsoever.   They
,o not ask protection for one class or one section of the country'at the expense of
another, b         ut demand t he adoption of a wise policy, which shall benefit the business
o      f the whol   e        country.     This, we believe, can be accomplished in the imposition of
dut      ies, by    a        proper di iscrimination in favor of those interests which need the fostir' P     P,l m's Steam Psiting Offie D e -tret b   c A   7t t
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incg aid 06  ier.et'       Why anLy oze should object to this policy I cannot under    tand., A-rit~ is fruitful of facts in its favor.  Never, in any country, have manstand. All histcor) I. 
ufactories been etab~ ished in the face of free trade with other nations, and without
that protection go0\    iaient only can bestow.
I like the teachings of i"e New Testament on questions of political economy.  St.
Paul bids us" Do good unto  all men as we have opportunity, BUT ESECIALLY TO
THE HOUSEHOLD OF FAITH. n  Tho t 1s, take care of yourselves and your own famiilies and country first, and their do gooJ unto others as opportunity offers.
Self-preservation or protection is the first law of nature, and as necessary to nations as individuals.  Our true policy is to import no more than our natural exports
will pay for, and thus keep the most of the gold we have in our own country, instead of sending it to Europe.  In this way we shall build up manufactories of our
own, and furnish constant and profitable employment for our laboring men. The
farmer would have a good home market, with steady prices, for his produce, and the
whole country would prosper. Under this policy, England has become the wealthiest nation in the world, and if we are wise we shall follow her example.
I appeal to the wORKING.MEN of the land for their support, for- it is of more  inmportance to the labor than the capital of the country. Let the policy of the Democratic party be persevered in a few years longer, and our workingmen would be
reduced to the condition of slaves, deprived of the luxuries of life and toiling for a
bare subsistence. But adopt thie policy we advocate, and enforce it permanently,
and the result will be GOOD WAGES for the workingmen, GOOD PRICES for the products
of our farmers, and a GOLD CURRENCY for the business of the country.  Itsbeneficent
influences would extend to every part of the nation, and our whole country would
rapidly become rich, powerful, and independent.
Our policy in relation to the public lands is well understood by the people, and
meets with their unqualified approval.  The homestead bill, as it passed this House,
must, sooner or later, become a law, and under its operation our national domain, no
longer monopolized by speculators, will be converted into homes for an intelligent
and hardy yeomanry-the fit custodians of the liberties of their country.
The Republican party are in favor of making such appropriations for light-houses,
harbors, and other facilities to navigation, as are necessary to the prosperity of the
growing commerce on the great lakes of the Northwest.  The  past and present
Democratic administrations have paid no attention to our wants, and I feel assured
that we need not hope for any until the Republican party are in power. I am no
advocate of any extended system of internal improvements, for the benefit of particular localities only; but this commerce of the lakes is national in its character, and
can no more be called local than that of the Atlantic.
If it is the duty of the national government to construct harbors on the seaboard,
it is just as clearly their duty to construct them along the thousands of miles of our
lake coasts, so that our commercial marine may find a refuge in rough weather, and
life and property be safe from the fury of the elements. The average loss on these
lakes is twice as great, in proportion to the number of men and vessels employed, as
it is on the Atlantic.
I have no recent account of the annual losses on these lakes, but learn, from an
official document before me, that in four years previous to and ending in 1851, over
FIVE HUNDRED  LIVES were lost, and upwards of Two  MILmONS of dollars worth of
property. This loss falls almost exclusively on the early settlers of a new country,
and is owing mainly to the absence of harbors, and obstructions to the entrance of
those which do exist.  Surely something should be done by the national govern ment to save these men, who are subduing the wilderness and who traffic on these
waters, from so much suffering and loss.
Sir, these lakes would be called SEAS in the old world. They cover over ninety
thousand square miles, and constitute a great national and continental highway for
the trade of the United States and British America. On one side they are the
boundary of several large and powerful States, and on the other of a portion of the
British empire. A large number of vessels now leave the lake ports for Europe, and
a great and rapidly increasing commerce is carried on upon them between the dif ferent States and British America.
Buffalo  Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukie, and Chicago are the principal cities; and,
though nothing but villages thirty years ago, the tonnage of either one of them now
exceeds that of any Southern city, except New Orleans. The tonnage of Chicago
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is seven thousand tons larger than that of Charleston.  Her receipts of lumber exceed
those of any other port in the country, and her exports of grain are larger than those
of any city in the world.  To accommodate this vast trade, great numbers of vessels
arrive and depart daily, and a forest of masts may be seen extending for miles up
the river. And yet, sir, it is not unusual to see vessels aground at the mouth of her
harbor. To enter it is difficult always, and in a gale almost impossible; though a
small sum judiciously expended would make it accessible at all times, and perfectly
secure. Through the vigilance of her Representative here, a small appropriation
for this purpose was smuggled into a bill at the last session, which  the President
was obliged to sign; but even that was not applied as it should have been. Those
who delude themselves and others with the idea that the Democracy will ever do any thing for our harbors, should have been in this House a few weeks ago, when an
attempt was made to pass a resolution directing the Secretary of War to expend the
balance of this appropriation at once for the improvement of that harbor. Whyv,
sir, twenty members sprang to their feet at once in opposition. One might have
thought they had been suddenly seized with St. Vitus' dance, and cov1d',7   sit still
when such a measure was before us.
Illinois and Michigan have each of them furnished Demcratic leaders of dis tinction, and immense majorities at qne time, to support them in all their measures,
but what have they done for the commerce of the lakes?  Nothing at all.  In their
anxiety to get into the White House, they have forgotten their constituents, and
neglected their interests entirely. Perhaps I had better say that they are opposed to
appropriations for these purposes.  "Tax the tonnage that enters your port," says
one of them, "and build your own harbors.   It is not the duty of the government
to construct works of this character!' Yet this Democratic leader thinks we had
better buy Cuba, at a cost of three hundred millions of dollars, and thus get a few
more Senators who would always be ready to take Western interests by the throat
when opportunity offered. That is constitutional, as everything is that has a look
southward, and tends'to the advancement of Southern interests. But the men who
fell the forests of Michigan, or  till the praries of Illinois, must take care of themselves; and if, in getting their lumber and grain to market, a few hundred men and
a few millions of dollars are lost annually, on national waters, for want of good hliarbors, what does this government care for that?  They have nothing to do with it;
but let a Southern planter call on the President or his officers to catch a fugitive
slave, or punish some man who dared to give one a supper and bid him God-speed,
and troops, telegraphs, and railroads are put in motion if needed, and money cheerfully expended to any amount, no matter what it may cost; and no one must presume to question the constitutionality of it.  The reason is perfectly plain, and
easily comprehended. The interests of the farmers and lumbermen of the West are
local and sectional in their nature, but catching fugitive slaves is a  ational affair, and
must be attended to by the government.
There is one great natural obstruction to lake navigation, known as the St. Clair
Flats, and near the borders of the State of Michigan, of which I wish to speak particularly. The water here for a short distance is at times very shallow, and ordinary vessels frequently get aground there and suffer seriously from delay and expense
in getting off. A small sum of money, properly laid out, would deepen the channel
so vessels could pass over them without difficulty or delay.
Few persons have any conception of the magnitude of the conmerce that asks
lor this relief at the hands of the general government. Captain Graham, of the
topographical corps of engineers, informs us that in 1855 the value of all the articles
of commerce and navigation passing over the St. Clair Flats exceeded  two hundred
and?fifty-,nize millions of dollars!  He estimates the increase on the rates of freights
in consequence of these obstructions at more than two million dollars per annumone-half of which falls on the farmers of the West, being so much taken from the
value of their produce. Congress, at the last session, made an appropriation to
complete this improvement, but the President vetoed the bill.  His reason was tilhe
unconstitutionality of such appropriations. In his opinion, government has nothing
to do with it, and he says further, "When the State of Michigan shall cease to
depend on the Treasury of the United States, I doubt not that she, in conjunction
with Upper Canada, will provide the necessary means for keeping this work in
repair, in the least expensive and effective manner, and without  being burden.tm
to any interest."
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Mr. Chairman, I know of rno reason why Michigan should be taunted with being
dependent on the Treasury of the United States. Is it because the Northwestern
States, of which Michigan is but one, demand the improvement of the navigation
of these national waters by the general government?  I believe these States contribute their share of the money in our national treasury, which is ever open to receive
what we give, but never to disburse for our benefit.  The President would have
Michigan enter into an alliance with Canada, and make this improvement, and
then tax the tonnage passing until they are paid. But the Constitution prohibits
the State of Michigan from entering into any treaty or alliance, for this or any
other purpose, with Canada, or any other country. I know Congress may consent
to let Michigan enter into such an arrangement with Canada, but this is a policy
we should never encourage. Let the national government transact all our business with foreign powers. This is my first objection to the course recommnended by
the President.
In the next place, the compact between the States and the Northwest Territory,
entered into before the formation of our Constitution, and whose validity and perpetual obligation is asserted and secured by the 6th article of that instrument,
declares that these waters "SHALL BE COMMON PROPERTY, (or highways,) AND FOREVER FREE, as well to the inhabitants of the said country as to the citizens of the
United States and those of any other State admitted into the confederacy, WITHOUT
ANY TAX, DUTY, OR IMPOST THEREFOR."
In my judgment, this settles the question, and the national government must
remove these obstacles to navigation, or they must remain forever. If thiere was a
decent pretext on the part of the government for this parsimony and meanness
toward the West, I could endure it better.  But there is none-none whatever.
Look at the manner in which money is expended in other sections of the country.
A liberal appropriation was made a few years ago to build new  custom-houses at
Charleston and New Orleans. By a gross abuse of power on the part of our executive officers, plans were adopted for their construction involving a much larger
outlay than was contemplated by Congress, and year after year we have been called
on for more. WVell, sir, some four millions have been expended on the two buildings
already, and I believe it is estimated that at least two millions more wilt be necessary
to their completion.
Sir, I am willing to erect expensive and costly buildings in such cities: but I sub mrit that one million dollars is enough to build a custom-house in either of those
cities-enough to rear a magnificent structure of marble, large enough for all the
business that would need to be transacted in them till they should crumble into dust.
Suppose they had taken the two millions for the two custom-houses, and given us
tie remaining four millions to build our harbors and improve the navigation of the
lakes. It would have given an immense impulse to our trade, saved many valuable
lives and millions of dollars worth of property. But we need not speculate on
suppositions like these, for no appropriations will be made for the benefit of Western
commerce till the reign of the Democratic party is ended. That day, if I read the
signs of the times aright, is not far distant.  The people of the West are sick of this
sectional and extravagant appropriation of the public money. Their commerce
may suffer on national waters, for the want  of a few thousand dollars to improve
their navigation, while half a dozen millions are expended in  eecting a couple of
palatial custom-houses in the South.
The magnitude of the appropriations for such purposes  (coirpels attention.  A
million of dollars is an immense sum to expend on any public building.  If it were
all in silver coin, it would weigh over forty tons. Yes, sir, FORTY TONS, or well
nigh A HUNDRED CART LOADS OF SILVER DOLLARS - to build a couple of custom  }ouses?  No, sir, to begin them.  It will take six times that sum, or'WO HUNDRED
AND FORTY TONS OF SILVER DOLLARS, to complete them.
If we continue building custom-houses after this fashion, it will take all the gold
in California ere we have supplied the whole Republic. But of this there is proba  bly no danger.  Such heavy showers of gold fall only in Southern latitudes.  Not
a drop of it reaches that part of the Republic I have the honor to represent.
The cause of this is found in the fact that Southern politicians control the Demo  cratic party now, as they always have done from the first hour of its existence.
hoey profess to believe the interests of the South are injured by a protective policy —
tihug5 to:,e sure they art Enxite in demanding  a groed duty on sugar7 but that is a 
Southern product, and of course it is co.stitutional to protect it.  They  misreLresent the friends of protection also, by affirming that they wish to tax  the  industry
.of one section of the country for the benefit of another.  This is not so.  All parties agree in raising the revenue for the support of the government by a tax on imports; and WE say, that in imposing these  dutie it is better for the whole country,
North and South, to disc~rsimiate I favor of Adirrican itd?wtry.  They do not believe
government has anything' to do in this matter, however, but their practice is and
has been to discriminate agaitost American industry, to the great injury of FREw.
LABOR, and we believe to the injury of the whole country. They are opposed, also,
to expending any money for constructing harbors and benefitting commerce, except
upon the seaboard, where nearly all their interests are.
A few years ago the South was divided upon these questions, but the p)oliticiant
of the Democratic party conceived the idea of uniting the whole  South in support
of what they termed its true policyv and cast about for means to effect it. There
vwas but one way, and that was, to bring the question of slavery into politics.  By
playing on this' harp of a thousand strings," they hoped to create a great sectional
party, who, under Southern leaders, would be able to keep possession of the national
government, with all its power and patronage, and control its whole policy forever.
Sir, the scheme worked  well, and its success justified the sagacity of its originators.  I know they have persistently affirmed that  the North began this political
agitation, but that statement was necessary to their success, and has been reiterated
so often, that some who know better believe it now.  They commenced  by an assault upon the North, because a few persons petitioned Congress on the subject of
slavery. A just regard for the rights of thepeople would have led them to receive their
petitions with respect, and report upon them, refusing their prayer, if not right to grant
it. But this was foreign to their purpose; an excitement must lbe got up North and
South; so the petitioners were kicked out of Congress, and this time-honored privilege denied.  Emboldened by their success, they now determined to assail liberty in
its very citadel.  They denied the right to free speech, and demanded  the suppression of anti-slavery papers by law. They called upon their friends at the North to
stop all discussion of the question of slavery, by law if possible, if not by force.  They
found willing tools everywhere, and meetings were broken up by mobs, and one of
them ended in the murder of Lovejoy, of Illinois.  This created a great excitement
and profound feeling among good men everywhere.  They regarded a free press as
the palladium of the people's liberties, and resented this unjustifiable assault upon the
rights of freemen.  The people of the Southern States may, if they choose, prevent
the publication of anything in their jurisdiction against human bondage; but the
Northern press will remainforever free to print what the, please about the institutions
of any country; and if slavery can't stand this free discussion, so much the worse for
sgaveriy.  We can't help it; we ask  for no political action against slavery in the
States.
The general government has no right to meddle with it, then, directly or indirectly,
and nobody desires it to do so. No, sir; slavery may exist in the Southern States as
long as it can maintain itself against the public sentiment of the civilized world. If
right in itself, it will continue as long as society and government exiss; if wrong, it
must gradually go down, and no power can preserve it from extinction. The agitation of this question in Congress, and the constant discussion of it, to the great detriment of the public business, is a curse to the whole country, and deeply to be deplored.
But the Democratic party began it, and are responsible to the country for its continuance.
There is no good reason for it whatever. Southern men know perfectly well
that neither slavery or the rights of slaveholders are in danger from any action of
the general government. The honorable gentleman from Virginia (Mr. MII,LSON)
admitted this in a recent speech on this floor.  Said he, " Sir, I say lor one, I do aot
fear the Rep?d)licaii party in anig of its assaults upon slavery.  1 am not sensitive, l)ecause
Ido i7.otfear your gentlemden.  You can do qnothing that I dread.  You will do gzothiiig that
can, alara me.  Yot maintain your oryanization, hoping that the strong anti,slavery set,timeat which you attealpt to nourish and perpetuate will induce the people to remain with you
bound toyether as a Republican pearty; and when you are lifted iiito power, then you wiy,
give that protection to nzorthern rmnat.ifacturiig and mining interests,aind prosecute those yrand
and gaudy scehenmes of internal iuproverseut, that you have been p'evelated for so m.:any:ye'/t:'
fr?ore acoo,-plishiny bi? the stere. oppositio'i of the Dem-ooeratic'  a)ur.,!/.'
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Here, then, you see the real cause of all this excitement and agitation, and the
continued discussion of the question in Congress. Sir, it is not because their institutions are in danger, but they desire to keep the South united on the Democratic
platform, and secure the aid of enough of the timid, time-serving, office-seeking
portion of the people of the North to enable them to keep possession of the government, with all its offices, honors, and influence.
When this Congress assembled, on the first Monday of December last, I knew the
Republican party did not intend to introduce the question of slavery, and I anticipated very little excitement, except what might grow out of the proposed inquiry
into the corruption of the present administration, and the unlawful means made use
of for years past to carry its various measures and reward party favorites. But I was
mistaken. The leaders of the Democratic party beheld the results of the late election
with fear and trembling. Old Pennsylvania, who had decided so many a contest in
theirfavor, was faithful to their bidding no longer. Even old Berks roseup in her majesty, and rebuked the traitors who had proved false to the people's interests. One
district after another, in different sections of the country, deserted the banner of the
party, and the indignation of the people, expressed in thunder tones, was heard at last
ill the Capitol by the conclave of conspirators against the liberties of their country
Something must be done at once, and in this emergency the Helper book was a perfect God-send to the fanatical leaders, now driven to desperation by their recent
defeats and the fear of Republican ascendency in the House of Representatives, and
they resolved to use it in such a manner as to increase the general excitement, under
cover of which they hoped to glide into power once more and govern  the country
four years longer. Accordingly the honorable gentleman from Missouri introduced
his famous resolution declaring, in substance, that no man ought to be Speaker of
this House who had recommended the circulation of that book; and this was made a
pretext for preventing the organization of the House, and for the utterance of the
most insolent and unjustifiable harangues ever listened to, in any deliberative body,
since constitutional government had an existence. Democratic members vied with
each other in their efforts to villify the actions and motives of the Republicans. We
were denounced as traitors to our country, as false to our constitutional obligations,
and as striving to excite their slaves to insurrection, to wholesale murder, and servile
war.
And what excuse was there for this? Some members of Congress, the candidate
for Speaker among them, had signed a circular recommending the circulation of a
compend of a book entitled " The Impending Crisis." It was a book written with
some spirit and ability, by a Mr. Helper, of North Carolina, full of damaging facts
against slavery, and addressed mainly to the non-slaveholders of his native  State,
and the South generally, advising them to commence an effort for the abolition of
slavery. There was not a word in it addressed to the slaves, nor was he any more
strong and violent in the language he used in addressing Southern freemen than
Southern members of Congress are in the habit of using continually on the floor of
this House.  Books more intemperate in tone and language are published every year
in any country where the press is free, and nobody is alarmed or troubled. The
truth is, this was an assault on slavery not easily answered, ind therefore it must be
denounced day after day.  It was assailed in the bitterest terms, and never shall I
forget the amazement with which I heard the distinguished and honorable member
from Virginia [Mr. MILLSOa, page 21 Cong. Globe] say, that "One who consciously,
deliberately, and of purpose, lent his name and influence to the propagation of such
writings, is not only not fit to be Speaker, but is not fit to live."
What a comment on the institutions of the South, and how incompatible must
the existence of slavery be with that of liberty or liberal institutions!
The next text for abusive and treasonable speeches was the foray of John Brown,
an old man who, with a score of followers, undertook to revolutionize Virginia, and
set her slaves at liberty. The Republican party were denounced as the authors,
aiders, and abetters of it, in language as violent and strong as men could coin for
the occasion. The then governor of Virginia engaged heartily in the work of tra ducing tens of thousands of men who, in all good qualities, were the peers of any
in the land. We were told, on his authority, that large bodies of men were gather ing in different portions of the North for the purpose of invading Virginia and
rescuing Brown from the gallows. The lightning flashed these falsehoods through
the land for weeks together.  The whole country was kept in a feverish and intense
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excitement.  Military companies were called out in Virginia, and kept marching
and countermarching,-and this action, and the high positions of the authors of
these base libels upon Northern men, really made some honest men believe the statements were true. And yet there was NO foundation for any of them. No attempt
to rescue Brown was ever made, or ever thought of.  Where  is that "carpet-bag
full of letters," that was to criminate the leaders of the Republican party, and make
them parties to this invasion of a sister State? Why is it, that this governor,
who "kAnows what rubies would not tempt him to reveal" about the complicity of Northern men in this crime of John Brown, has never been summoned before the Senate
Committee?   The  reason is plain:  He  had nothing  to communicate!  The
whole story was trumped up with a hope that it might affect the organization of the
House and the election of President. Sir, the crime of John Brown was a trifling
one, compared with that of these men who labored to blacken and destroy the characters of thousands of good citizens where they had no opportunity to vindicate
themselves, and defend their reputations.
But the chief actor in this scene has passed into an obscurity from which he can
never emerge, and there I leave him. 
Since the organization of the House weeks have been spent here and in the
Senate in discussions in favor of the extension of slavery and its protection in the
Territories of the United States. For this discussion I can see no good reason
other than the one 1 have named: keeping the Democratic party bound together,
and uniting the entire South.
Sir, it is true that Southern politicians say they must have more territory for the
extension of slavery, and that if we prohibit this extension, we take the first step
towards its abolition. So, then, I suppose we are to go on and conquer Mexico and
Central America, and annex them at our leisure, that this Southern institution may
have a chance to expand all it will. If this be so, sir, let us know it. I apprehend
the people are not ready for carrying out this scheme of universal conquest, and
that if they should conclude to annex more territory, they will be slow to consent to curse it with slavery.
But let us see how we stand now, and whether there is any necessity for the next
twenty years for the acquisition of more territory, and the extension of slavery.
Why, at this time the South has more than eight hundred and fifty thousand square
miles of territory, or as much as Great Britain, Austria, France and Spain, and
one hundred thousand square miles more than all the Northern States, including
Kansas, and yet they are suffering for t7he want of room to e.panld in.  They own the
most of the valley of the Mississippi, the finest in the world; they have a beautiful
climate and fertile soil generally, and long before this vast region can be well settled
and tilled, it will contain a population twice as large as we now have in the United
States.
Who does not see, then, that this talk about the necessity of expansion at present,
is of a piece with all the rest, and a part of the scheme for uniting the South and continuing a great sectional party in power, who will administer the government on sectional principles, and for sectional purposes entirely-that section the SOUTH ALWAYS.
The Republican party are opposed to the extension of slavery, and,ince this discussion is forced upon us, I desire to express my convictions concerning this question, though in a very brief manner.
The American Revolution was not a contest for mere material advantage or political independence, but a struggle for the RIGHTS OF MAN. The Declaration of
Independence was the platform of principles on which our fathers stood, and the
inspiration of its doctrines-created armies, and carried on the war that terminated
in our independence.  With a solemnity befitting the enunciation of principles that
were to revolutionize the world, they declared that "We hold these truths to be
self-evident: that  all men  are  created  equal; that  they  are  endowed   by
their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among which are life, LIBERTY, and
the pursuit of happiness."  These, in their estimation, are the rights of all men, the
birthright of every human being. It is fashionable now to ridicule this great
charter of human rights, but the wisest men in Europe at that time read it with
wonder and admiration.  They looked upon Washington, Adams, Jefferson,  Madison, and their illustrious associates, as Israel did upon Moses, when he came down
from Mount Sinai, with the table of the ten commandments. No language seemed
strong enough to speak their praises.  They were, as patriots, models for all ages; 
as statesmen, they exhibited in themselves a concentration of all the wisdo of ti:,
past; and as prophets they foresaw the future and knew how to frame  institutiocrl
that would carry out their principles and make them universal.   But these facts or
history need no recital.  These great men who founded our government and framed
our constitution, found slavery in the country, and deplored its existence.   Of this
there is abundant proof. Washington declared his desire for its abolition,and affirtlmed that Virginia "must at a period not remote enact laws for the abolition of slavery.'
I might quote whole pages from his letters to the same purpose,but itis unnecessary
The language of' Jefferson is e.lually well known, and  his sentiments accorded
with those of all the statesmen  and patriots of the day.
Benjamin Franklin, the incarnation  of the common sense of that day, and tilhe
first phlilosophler of the age he lived in, was also the first president of the first abolition society in the United States, in good old Pennsylvania,twhere hlie lived, and
w'here he died.  These men believed the doctrines of the Declaration of Independence, and believed also that thev would be gradually reduced to practice, becotle
the sentimnent of the world, and work out the abolition of slavery at some period in
the tar off future.  But the wise men of these days, who  are the leaders of the
Denmocratic party, have discovered that these men did not know much after all; soime
of tihei never had seen a cotton plantation, and did not know cotton would be king.
They did not know how rapidly fortunes would l)e made  in raising cotton and
uodas by slave labor, anti how easily people could live in Virg,inia by raising slave,!
to sell when prices should come up~so a boy three years old would bring more money
t'ian a good span of horses.
Had they understood all this, they might have altered their minds, and concluded
slavery was right.  Under such circumstances, perhaps I had  better not  introduce
their te.stimony  but I hope I shall be pardoned for repeating what HenryClay  said ot
extending slavery, as it is of a more recent date: "So long as God allows the  vital
current to flow through my veins, so long as reason holds her seat enthroned in my
brain, I will never, never aid in submitting one rood of free territory to the everastng curse of human bondage."  I don't know that Democrats will consider lim
,ood authority, but hlie was looked upon as a great man by millions, who revere his
i-eiory; and I thinly hlie will be remembered and quoted, long after slavery is abolisihed and its defenders forgotten.
But let us examine thisTerritorial question. Southern politicians say the Territorieo are the common property of the people of all the States, and that the citizens of
oie section of the country have as good a right to remove to the Territories as those
of another.  This I admit, but the South claim the right to take their slc,tes and seave
ti.v'.s with them, and in this way virtually e.ccltde Northern men altogether.  This
the South denies, and says the non-slaveholder can reside there as well as anywhere.
Some of them can, for some love slavery  as well as Southern  men  do, but  the
great body of Northern men do not, and cannot go into a slave Territory, without
relinquishing the enjoyment of rights as dear as life itself:  Let me suppose, another Kansas.  Its fertile plains and prairies look invitingly to thousands, and  soon you
see a host of hardy men building their homes hard be so.l e nol:e river, and laying
the foundation for a fine city. 
A few thousand settlers are soont scattered over the beautiful couri try, and among
them many planters with their slaves.  Laws,  of course, must be enacted for their
security, and let us mark their operation. I will not allude to all the ways they hlave
to vex men brought up iii a free State, but to some of therim.  A post office is established early, and the hardy pioneers are soon ready to take the papers published near
their old home.,s and read the news as they have always done.  A club is formed,
and twenty copies of' tie Tribune, and perhaps as many rnmore of the Evening Post,
are ordered.  The buntdle of papers comes to the office, and now  the "irrepressible
conflict: commences.   In  accordance with the decision of the Postmaster General,
the postmaster refuse, to deliver them.   They are incendiary documents.
Their circulation puts the institution of slavery in peril, and must therefore be
prohibited.  Some ot ily constituents  may be among these settlers and learn,  to
their amazement, tiom the circular of the Postmaster General, that this petty minion of the party, a  village lpostnaster, clothed with authorityby government, may
' detei,r;.zioet;ah, sir. that's the word he uses-niay;DETERMINI:. whether he will deliver the papers they have ordered and paid for, or not.  Sir, these men, who were
brought up in a free State, and learned to love  liberty? will never submit to s'ichb
, 11
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8 
laws. anywhere.  If Southilern getlenen are content to have these petty tools of a
despotisn mrnore intolerant than that of Austria, defer?si,e what papers  they  may
read, they can do so; but I can vouch for a few millions at the North who will take
what papers they please, and who would not give up the right to read what they
liked, and say what they pleased, for a home in the finest country in the world.
This freedom of speech and of the press have cost too much blood and suffering
in the past, to be given up now for the sake of accommodating a few thousands ot
an aristocracy, who rob one class of all their rights, and then bid their poorer neighbors relinquish h'.f of theirs, so they may live on in security.  But go from the
post office to tile church. and the trouble increases. There are some men who want
one of the Beecher family to preach to thlemi*; but this will not answer, and what
shall they do?  Gentlemen may say that it is not necessary to my happiness that I
should hear Beecher preach, or read the New York Tribune.   I reply that I amt the
best judge of that; and I wish to say distinctly, that I will read such papers as I
please. and hear such preaching as I prefer, when outiof WVashington, without leave
asked of government or the Democratic partv:y; and that I never will consent to the
enactment of any laws in United States Territories by which the people are robbed
of these precious rights and privileges.
But here a specious plea is put in, and we are told to bear with this awhile till the
population is large enough for a State, as it will be very soon, and then let the majority decide wl-hethler it shall be a slave State or not; and if it be a slave State, acquiesce, or move away, and let the majority govern.  Sir, I would like toknow what
opportunity the friends of freedom have under the laws to be heard.  We remember
the laws enacted in Kansas, and which government was obliged to repeal, so indignant were a vast nuimber of the people of the North on account of them.   But think
Nou Southern men will not call for such laws again?  Sir, they are demanding them
now. On the 23d day of February last, a distinguished Southern Senator introduced
a bill entitled " An act to punish offences against slave property in the Territory of
Kansas."  The 12th section of this bill reads as follows: s If cay free person by
,pejoeac.zi1 or vriti}. as8e,t or  iaintain tha t]er,soit s'i(hve niot the igihgltt to hold slaves in tie1'erritory of Kouisas, or shall introduce into the said Territory, print, publish, write,
circulate, or cause to be introduced into the said Territory, written, printed, published, or circulated in said Territory, any book, paper, magazine, pamphlet, or circular containing any denial of the right of persons to hold slaves in said Territory,
.Stch perisonzs shall be dleem?ed guiilty of felony, andt pitished by igit))iisoz7tmet at hard labor
fo,r ( term7it Aot less than, tw'o years loe''morie thas fJive!iears."  What a beautiful law!
What despot in the dark ages punished freedom of speech with  more severity?
Yet this is a Republic. and these are Democrats who ask for such laws in the middle of the nineteenth century, and who ask for a new lease of power from the
people, that tihey may enact such laws in every Territory of the United States.
And here in the face of these enactments you say the people, when they meet to
frame a constitution before they beconme a State, may:DECIDt whether they will
have slav.ery or not in their constitution.  What an insult is this! How are the friends
of freedomni to do anything? They can't hold a public meeting; they can't take a
paper, or circulate a tract that denounces slavery; they can't tell their neighbor slavery is wrong and ought to be prohibited in their constitution.  No, these are all offences against the law, and punished by confinement in the penitentiary. Should they
detect one circulating the Helper book, they might thinkl imprisonment too mild a
punishment for him, and swing him off on the first tree they came to. We see how
they enforce these laws in the Southern States, and similar laws will always be
enacted wherever slavery is established. They call the Republican party a sectional
party, because we do not have an electoral ticket in many of the Southern States.
Sir, a man can not vote the Republican ticket at the South if he desires to, and a pub lic meeting to advocate our principles cannot be held in the South anywhere except
in two or three localities.  How  can there be a party without a press or power to
hold a public meeting for the advocacy of these principles.  In Delaware recently
the grand jury indicted a postmaster for delivering the New York Tribune to sub scribers, and this tyrannical interference with those rights every citizen ought to en joy without molestation, is almost universal at the South.  What a thing a man may
become by submission to laws like these, abdicating his manhood and crawling
through life not daring to speak till he knows what he may be allowed to say, nor
take a paper unless some petty postmaster: determines' for him that he may read
f -I' -"")
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t.  And this is a modern Democrat, graduating at a Southern school of politics, and
aspiring to the leadership of the people.
Mr. Chairman, the South have territory enough now to support a population of
one hundred millions. There they can enact such laws as they deem necessary to
the security of life and property, and within those limits I think they must remain.
I have no desire to molest or disturb them at all, nor shall I go there to establish a
free press; but I never will consent to extend slavery over any more territory,
or to the enactment of those laws that are necessary to its security; and I
know that hundreds of thousands think as I do.  I believe we shall succeed in
checking the progress of this moral and political plague-but the advocates
of slavery are greatly elated with their successes, and assail whatever stands
in their way with a boldness worthy of a better cause. A distinguished Senator, in
a late address on education, denounced the standard works of the world on moral
science, because they all condemn slavery. But, as slavery is certainly right, those
books are not; and he says: "Why may not some Southern writer prepare a work
on moral science which shall supersede both Paley and Wayland?"   Sure enough,
why not? and so educate the whole world into a belief that slavery is morally right.
But their assaults upon free-labor, and their expressions of contempt for it, are
enough to rouse the indignation of all workingmen who believe that labor is an
honest, honorable, and dignified way of supporting themselves, and those who are
dependent on them. Yet, when men buy and sell their laborers and mechanics,
they cannot be expected to have much respect for them.  "Do you want to hire a
carpenter?" said a young man I knew who went South, to a gentleman evidently
making preparations to build.  "No," said he, "I bouhtt one last week."  They can
buy blacksmiths and carpenters as well as ordinary laborers. I cut the following
advertisement from a Savannah paper lately:
' CAPERS & HEYWARD will sell at private sale five intelligent and competent BOOT AND
' SHOEMAKERs, of the most unexceptionable character. They would also make capable
4 house servants. The best of references given as to capacity, honesty, and sobriety.
' Apply at our office, south side of Adger wharf."
How does this sound to Northern shoemakers? No strikes there for higher wages.
Oh! no; they are taken care of when sick, and fed and clothed at a cost of about
fifty dollars per annum, each; and this is a better consideration for the laborer than
one of liberty, according to these Democratic statesmen. In fact, men who labor for
a livelihood are slaves, in their estimation. A distinguished Senator (Hammond)
says: "Your whole hireliny class of manual laboriers and operatives, as you call them,
are esseitially slaves."  Another eminent Senator says that slavery is the natural condition of the laborer; that it has existed in all ages of the world, and been the source
of every great civilization; while, on the contrary, firee-labor is an untried experiment,
which may work well and may not, though his opinion inclines to the latter idea.
Jefferson, and the statesmen of his day, believed that man has by nature certain inalienable rihts.  But one of the most eminent of Southern Senators. who is certainly a
man of great abilities, denies that man has any natural or inzherezt rights; and says,
all he can attain to are purely conventional, and suclh as other men may allow him.  Of
course, then, when one class of men have power enough to enslave others, it is all
right, and the slave cannot plead that he is wronged at all. The condition of free
white labor in the slave States is such as to influence the minds of men in favor of
the idea that all laborers would be in a better condition if they were slaves. At
least, Southern men, resolved to defend slavery, may naturally come to this conclusion Irom what they see around them. We have some high colored descriptions of
the happy condition of the free white laborers at the South, from gentlemen on this
floor. It would not become me to dispute the correctness of these statements with
regard to those localities where they reside, and of which they speak especially.
But we have well authenticated accounts of the condition of the free white laborers
at the South, which are of a different character entirely. Most of them agree
that the non-slaveholder is a staunch defender of the peculiar institution; but this
is not surprising when we reflect on their belief that the abolition of slavery would
elevate the negro to an equality with themselves, and destroy that caste, which is the
source of their pride and independence of feeling. In the lowest depth of wretchedness to which he can descend, the poor white man feels that there is a lower deep
still, and a class over whom he can tyrannize, and for whom he can still feel con:empt. 
I  zm  4
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But I wish to present some facts showing the effect of slavery on free laborers in
the slave States. And first: education is grossly neglected, and ignorance prevails
to an alarming extent.  According to the census of 1850, there were 508,000 adult
whites in the slave States who could not read and write.  The number in the free
States at the same time, was about 100,000 less, though the white population was
twice as large. And there is another fact in connection with this: the larger number of these persons in the free States belong to the foreign born population; while
in the South, the majority are natives of the States where they reside. Poverty
and degradation are the fruits of this excessive ignorance; and I quote from men
well acquainted with these free whites and their condition in society.
Gov. Hammond, in an address before the South Carolina Institute, in 1850, speaking of the poor whites, says:
" They obtain a precarious subsistence by occasional jobs, by hunting, by fishing, by
' plundering fields or folds, and too often by what is in its effects far worse-trading with
slaves, and seducing them to plunder for their benefit."
A writer in De Bow's Review, which I presume is good authority, in an article
advocating the introduction of manufactures at the South for the purpose of employing the poor whitepopulation, andrescuing them from the present degraded condition,
in alluding to the partial success of an experiment in a small village, says:
" My experience at Graniteville has satisfied me, that unless our poor people can be
' brought together in villages, and some means of employment afforded them, it will be an
utterly hopeless effort to undertake to educate them.     *    4    *    ~    We have
' collected at that place about eight hundred people, and as likelylooking a set of country
girls as may be found-industrious and orderly people, but deplorably ignorant, three fourths of the adults not being able to read, or to write their names.    *    *
With the aid of ministers of the Gospel on the spot, to preach to them and lecture them
on the subject, we have obtained but about sixty children for our school, of about a
'hundred which are in this place. We are satisfied that nothing but time and patience
will enable us to bring them all out."    *          U    *                 *    * 
And again, from the same article, I give the following extract:
"While we are aware that the Northern and Eastern States find no difficulty in edu' cating their poor, we are ready to despair of success in the matter, for even penal laws
' against the neglect of education would fail to bring many of our country people to send
' their children to school.    *    *    *    I have long been under the impression, and
every day's experience has strengthened my convictions, that  the evils exist in
'the wholly neglected condition of this class of persons. Any man who is an observer
'of things could hardly pass through our country without being struck with the fact
that all the capital, enterprise, and intelligence, is employed in directing slave labor;
and the consequence is, that a large portion of our poor white people are wholly ne' glected, and are suffered to while away an existence in a state but one step in advance
' of the Indian of the forest. It is an evil of vast magnitude, and nothing but a change
' in public sentiment will effect its cure. These people must be brought into daily con tact with the rich and intelligent-they must be stimulated to mental action, and taught
to appreciate education and the comforts of civilized life."
I beg leave to differ with the writer, and affirm that no change in public sentimnent can reach this evil. Nothing but a change of institutions wilt prove effectual.
Another extract alludes to the influence of slavery in degrading, labor:
"It is not to be disguised, nor can it be successfully controverted, that a degree and
' extent of poverty and destitution exist in the Southern States, among a certain class of
' people, almost unknown in the manufacturing districts of the North. The poor white
' man will endure the evils of pinching poverty, rather than engage in servile labor under
the existing state of things, even were employment afforded him, which is not general.
' The white female is not wanted at service, and if she were, she would, however hum  ble in the scale of society, consider such service a degree of degradation to which she
could not condescend; and she has, therefore, no resource but to suffer the pangs of
' want and wretchedness. Boys and girls, by thousands, destitute both of employment
' and the means of education, grow up to ignorance and poverty, and, too many of them,
' vice and crime."
This condition of things might be expected in a State where the most of the mechanics and laborers were mere chattels, and sold in market like cattle and horses.
Labor must necessarily be degrading there.  There are some employments white
men may engage in, but what they term inenial services must be performed by slaves.
An eloquent Senator. in a late speech, says:'I should like to see one of the gentle
II 
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amen on the othier [Repul-)lican] side try to get a white iman to black his boots or
curry his horse, in Texas -he might get curried himself!"
MIr. Chairman: I am perfectly willing the people in  Texas  should do as they
please about this or that kind of work, and that  their Representatives should say
what they please about labor, and term some kinds of service menial and degradingz
if they thinpk so.  There is nothing new about it; I have heard this kind of talk for
many  years.  It does not sound much like "the grand utterance of the  early
gfods,"-Fianklint  Sherman, and their associates, who lived in those days when
there were giants in the land. It [rtay do for Southern latitudes, but I pray God in
his mercy to preserve the young men of the North from a belief ill it.
I was born in the mountains of New  England, and brought up, thank God  to
work, and to believe in the dignity of labor, and that it was necessary to the health
and happiness of the mnan, and to the progress and improvement of the human
race. I was not taught that any man could be degraded by the faithful perform          ance of any needed service; and to-day I had rather earn my bread by any honest
employment, however humble, than by raising slaves for market.  If any labor that
is necessary is degrading to freemen, then slavery should be universal, and I protest
against the premises and the conclusion.
It is but a short timle since all laborers were  slaves; and despite  the opinions of
Democratic statesmen, I see nothing in tie history of those days that tempts me to
desire a return of them, if it were possible. The useful arts were almost unknown.
There were men of genius-sculptors who could almost make the marble breathe,
architects who built churches, and cathedrals, and palaces, of marvelous beauty, at
the bidding of kings-but they couldn't make a plough, or build a saw-mill.  Labor          saving machinery was unknown; and not until the laborer was aR.EE and educated
did the arts make any progress, and the world begin to move.  But with the intel          ligent workman came the invention of machinery for ligntening toil, and ther, two
hands became tenll thousand, and the world was filled with wonders. The South
were commencing the cultivation of cotton, but -eparating the seed was a slow and
expensive process, and placed a limit to its production. One of that despised class
among Southern men, who cannot live there now, a Yankee schoolmaster, invented
the cotton-gin, by which an immense amount of labor was saved, and countless mil         lions added to the wealth of the cotton-growing States. Richard Arkwright, who
was engaged in the meinial occupation of a barber, invented machinery for spinning;
the power-loom soon followed, and cotton was king.
In every department of industry we have witnessed the same miraculous transfor         mations and the same wonderful progress, till we cease to be astonished, and these
miracles in the world of mechanics excite no surprise. But what creations of wealthi
and power and splendor have we witnessed! An English statesman, not long ago,
declared that if it were necessary for England to go to war, she could,'by a trifling
addition to the income tax, which would not be felt in such an emergency, raise one
hundred millions of dollars to carry it on-not for a year or two, but ten of them, if
necessary. Hflow is it, that thirty millions of people have become so rich and power         ful? Her troops and her fleets are all over the world. She can furnish the mon         archls of Europe with money, and hire their armies if needed, to fight her battles.
From whence comes this ever-increasing wealth -this power to control the world?
Mr. Chairman, it is the product of intelligeit labor, that can multiply power to
any extent to accomplish its purposes, and sometimes enables one man to perform
the labor of a thousand. It is said the machinery in operation in England can do as
much work as fol, 27uricldredl'million of sen. Therein you find the secret of her wealth
and power: four hundred million of 1)/oduc.ers, and only thirty million of consumers.
Is her wealth a wonder now?  What they have done in England, we are doing in
the free States now.  We  have created the steam engine, to toil for us, and com         pelled the lightning to carry our thoughts. The laborer is hundred-handed now.
and the elements are his slaves. If we do not live as long as Methusaleb, we can do
as much in eighty years as he could in eight hundred. We have perfected that
marvel of mechanism, the printing press, that we may educate the toiling millions,
and make ignorance and slavery alike impossible.
This multiplication of power, and consequent increase of wealth, by the creation of
machinery-this education and elevation of the masses, with the introduction of the
.  comforts and luxuries of life to the home of the humblest workmen-is the effect of
:" w A. free la)bor.  I say FREE LAB0RO, because it was first free, and then ixteltigent and creative, 
13
filling the world with the trophies of its triumphs,. and illuminating the history of our
times with the glory of its achievements.
I trust our youth, as they advance to manhood, will learn to love labor, and coinmprehend its dignity and importance.  Let them not be surprised if some speak of it
with contempt, for the world is but just emerging from forty centuries of serfdom
and slavery, and but a small portion of the masses have compelled an acknowledgment of their rights, and obtained that education so necessary to their happiness and
success in life.  But these prejudices will pass away, as education becomes universal; for intelligence will lend dignity to every calling and pursuit.  Nothing that
,needs to be done can degrade him who does it, if it is well done.   No eatffter gn1,at the
employmeizt, a THE MAN'S THE MAN FOR ALL THAT."
Thirty years ago, there was a day laborer splitting rails on a farmt in Illinois, and on
the 4th of March next, if God spares his life, HE wIIL BE PRESIDENT of the United
States.  Let our young men read his life. and follow his example, imitate his industry, his integrity, and they will be respected and not go down to the grave unheard
of and unknown. What a comment on our free institutions is the career of Abraham Lincoln. I wish to say a few words in reply to the arguments I hear in defense
of slavery.  I regret the necessity for it.  Slavery is a legacy of the past to the
present, and the problem of its perpetuity or its abolition is not easily solved.   The
national government has nothing to do with slavery in the States, and do not propose to meddle with it.  But we have Territories, and let us agree that they shall
remain free till they become States; after that, if they choose to establish slavery
nobody can prevent them. Slavery in the States needs no outlet at present. There
is room enough for a score of years to come for all the slaves you own  where you
have a fine climate and fertile soil. Let us agree to this, and put an end to this
everlasting discussion of abstract principles, and attend to the business and interests
of the people. Why not? There is but one difficulty in the way-free speech and a
free press.  You think we should stop the discussion of the question of slavery at
the North. The eminent Senator from Illinois, if I understand him, proposes to
enact a law by which he says he can repress the "irrepressible conflict" among us,
that is break up anti-slavery societies, and put down anti-slavery papers and public
meetings. Was there ever madness like this? Do gentlemen suppose we could do this
if we would, or would do it if we could?  The armies of Napoleon are not sufficient
for such an undertaking. If our men assail slavery, yours must answer them, and if
you get worsted we shall think vou are on the wrong side. If your institutions
can't stand these discussions, what will you do about it? Suppose you secede, that
will do no good unless you could cut your Territory loose froni ours and sail off to
Asia. No; we are all here together, and there is no help for it. You may as well
take this question out of Congress, and if you don't wish to answer our Northern
speakers and presses who assail you, you can keep still. I presume we shall make
noise enough for both sides. But you say you won't submit to this; you are too rich
and powerful.  The world must have cotton and can't get it unless you grow it and
sell it; and unless we behave better, you will stop trading with us, ruin the business
of New York and bring the whole North to their knees again.  Well they have been
in the habit of kneeling, so long, I don't know but they would, but I guess 7not now.
This great idea of the wealth and power of the South somelhow revives my recollection of the arrogance of the Assyrian monarch, who standing aniing his princes
like a planter among, his slaves, exclaimed: " Is iot this greeat Babyloi, i,:hiic I have
builded."  Like him you may see power suddenly pass away  like the dreams of
morning and the early dew.  But I must say a word about this cotton argument in
defence of slavery. You say the world must have cotton, and that the loss of a
single crop would be an awful calamity to England.  fThat wioe,ld it be to the South!
I fancy Old and New England both could live as long without cotton as you could
without the pay for it. You say too we can't raise cotton with free labor, slaves
are indispensable to its cultivation, and so slavery must be eternal if cotton is. This
may be so. I don't believe it. Free labor has never been fairly tried in the cultivation of cotton, but the immense and increasing profits of this business will tempt men
sooner or later to try it. I don't know how they will succeed now, but I do know
free labor has always accomplished what it has undertaken.  He is a bold may  not
a wise one, who affirms anything is impossible ezeept to perpetuate slavery. Anot'.er
argument for slavery is based Qn the inferiority of the race. If good for anything
't applies to all inferior races. white or black? but it its no worth' a moment' io}tice.
- 4 
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14
It is the old argument kings and princes use in defence of despotism, and will not
do for this meridian.
If a man is a vagrant, or begger, or a criminal, let the law say what shall be done
wi4h him; but inferiority of intellect confers no right on any State, or person, to enslaves another. Other reasons are urged in its favor, but they need no reply. The
damningfact that the institution of slavery will not bear examination, is sufficient answer to all of them.  Wherever it exists, freedom of speech, is necessarily unknown.
The penalty of speaking against it is death or banishment. The PREsS and the PULPIT must be muzzled ere slavery feels secure.
In these reasons against the extension of slavery, we have not considered the condition of the slaver, but the effect of it on the free white men of the country, and
that condemns it everywhere.
In New Mexico, slavery is not only established and protected by the severest
laws, but free white men, who hire by the year, have no legal protection against
ill treatment. The courts are forbidden to take cognizance of their complants
against their employers, for any violence done them. And thus wherever this institution is established in a new Territory, every night we have been wont to regard
as sacred, is trampled under foot-and not slaves alone, but free men must suffer.
The slaveholder is as supreme as the Sultan of Turkey, and allows less of liberty than
the Mahomedan despot. The prevalent customs are unlike those of highly civilized
States. Pistols and other weapoes are pocket companions, and men go armed in
this way for the same reason that kings keep up standing armies for fear of insurrection.
This readiness to resort to force at any moment, is attended with frightful results.
Street fights are not unusual, and friends and neighbors are shot down in a moment of
excitement, for a fancied insult. The "laws of honor" are substituted for the law of
the land and the law of God, and the duellist often finds his calling a round in the
ladder of preferment. Of course there are thousands of excellent persons in all
such communities who are better than their laws and institutions, but I speak of the
controlling portion of society, and of the manner in which their customs and usages
appear to others. I have no desire to say harsh things of slavery or slaveholders,
though I have been compelled to listen to the fiercest denunciations of the free
States and free men since this session commenced. Let the slave States retain and
enjoy their peculiar institution as long as they please, but do not ask us to consecrate
one foot more of Territory now free, to the "everlasting curse of human bondage."
I have read a recent speech by a member of this House, who resides on the borders
ot the slave States, and he seems to think the Borderers know more about slavery
than we do further North. Perhaps so; but I remember an old Scotch proverb,
that "' The border is always the worst part of the?eb," and that may be true.  I don't
know.  He makes a long speech to prove the Republican party are in favor of the
social equality of the negro. No reply to this is needed at the North. It was not
made for our section of the country, but for Southern consumption, and an immense
edition of it has been sent off that way, with a view to strengthen the prejudices of
the people against the Republican party. I have no desire to follow him through
the filthy details of the evidence he brings forward to fortify his assertions, but I
doubt if any jury would find a man guilty of stealing five dollars on such evidence
as that. He gives an account of a ball held at Five Poirs in the city of New
York, where white women  and negroes mingled  "in sweet confusion in the mazy
dance."  I believe that is the strongest Democratic ward in the city, and I doubt if a
Republican vote was ever polled there. The Democratic majority in that city is larger
than the entire voteof some Southern States; and Ibelieve some papers printed therenot Republican- say it is the worst-governed city in the civilized world. Probably
the party have managed it much as they have the national government. There.
too, Five Points and Fifth Avenueunite in voting the Democratic ticket-the one
by instinct, the other for Southern trade and the spoils of office. This may explain why they suffer such scandalous affairs to take place in the commercial capital
of our country; but what the Republican party have to do with it, passeth my comprehension.
Then, he has a story taken from some paper about a beautiful white girl eloping
and marrying a negro in Michigan.  He probably thought it might be true, but there
is not a particle of any foundation for it. Andrew Robinson, Esq., writes to the Detroit Advertiser; from the town where the scene is laid, and says he is asssosr of 
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the town, and has been for six years, and knows every person in it; that no such
persons ever lived there, and nothing of the kind has taken place there, or anywhere in the vicinity. I presume the most of the stories he has published are as
destitute of truth as this is. Such a case may occur once in a long time, or among
millions of people, but I venture the assertion, that where one white woman marries
a negro in a Republicaa State, a hundred white men can be found in Democratic
States, who sell their own children because they are tainted with African blood. An
eminent Southern statesman, many years since, said, in substance, that the African
race was bleaching out rapidly at the South, and the returns of the census confirm the
statement. There are hundreds of thousands of mulattos, quadroons and octoroons-men and women bleached and partially bleached-and the number is rapidly
increasing; and the whole African race at the South are growing whiter and
whiter every day. As there are no Republicans in these States, this must be considered Democratic, and of course all right.
But my time is expiring, and I must close.
The Democracy have been in power for eight years past, and did as they pleased
in all respects; and what is the result? I cannot speak of the waste of the public
treasure in detail, but merely state thefact that while the party could not spare $50,000
for improving the St. Clair Flats, they have managed to expend over onle hundred
iailliotas of dollars more in the eight years than our governnment did the first forty
years of its existence, which included the entire expense of the last war with Eng- 
land. They draw a doleful picture of the present condition of the country, and I
presume they tell the truth. They found it peaceful and prosperous, no dissensions
and no public debt, and they have saddled us with a national debt of some magnitude, created a great sectional party, and filled the whole country with strife, and
lashed the popular feeling into fury. The people are weary of this useless agitation and of the policy of the party that compel its adoption. and have given them
notice to quit the capital on the 4th of March next. They have nominated an
HONEST MIAN for the presidency, and they will elect him.   He will take possession
on the 4th of March, and say to this troubled sea of politics:'Be still!"-and
th7ere Bill be a great calbi.
We have been told the South will not suffer us to inaugurate a Republican President; that they will blow us out of the capital at the cannon's mouth, secede from
the North, and all that. Well, I have sometimes, when riding on a train of cars, seen
a little dog rush out of a farm-house, yelping furiously at the locomotive, as if he
expected to drive it off the track. But the iron horse ran the fastest, and the worst
of all was, that every time the poor dog opened his mouth to bark, he lost ground.
He could not bark and run too. It is so with those who are denouncing the Republican party, and preaching disunion.  Every time they open their mouths, they lose
ground.
Mr. Chairman, I think they will conclude to let us inaugurate Lincoln; that is my
opinion. But seriously, this talk about disunion is all folly, and every sane man
knows it.  So long as the President administers  the government in accordance
with the law and the constitution, he will be obeyed; but should he-attempt to violate either, the people everywhere would consign him to a traitor's doom. Disunion
is impossible. We bought the Southwest because we would not permit a foreign
power to hold possession of the mouth of the Mississippi. We paid for it, and we
shall keep it-that you can depend on. Mr. Chairman, we have been advised to buy
Cuba, at a cost of three hundred millions of dollars, and admit her into the Union.
Well, suppose we should. If secession be constitutional, the first time we refused to
do what her members in Congress demand, Cuba would secede and leave us-minus
the "Gem of the Antilles" and three hundred millions of dollars.  I think our Democratic brothers would object to that. Sir, disunion is impossible, and no Northern
armies will be found necessary to prevent it. There are hundreds of thousands of
Southern patriots, who will never see this Union sundered - never, never, NEVER!
Read the electric words that came leaping from the heart of that glorious old man
-Robert J. Breckenridge, of Kentucky -rebuking these disunion doctrines.  He
tells us that he loves the South, and loves her institutions; but, said he, "1 an an
AME,RICAN CITIZENs        I dey,  with   ifted h n, tn e At    h of any Cart, ay   e, 
16
any Presiie&t, ary Siate, or a'y (o'tibintatio, of Stas uv J rave  to abolish1 fro among
Sa  THAT HIGHEST OF ALL HUMIAN TITLES."  Paintthesewords on your banners,and
hundreds of thousands of Southern hearts would beat like a drum in battle at the
sight of them. They love this Union, and they will preserve it, and bequeath it to
their posterity in all its vastness, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and
from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, united, as of old, and more glorious
than ever. And when Death shall find them under the more than Italian splendor
of their sunny skies, the Flag of their Country will be floating in every sea and
every clime; its starry beauty undimmed, and the great nation, of whose power it is
.t:~ kymbol, still united. and feared and honored throughout the world!
i N, {q