COMPAIATIY PHYSIOGNOMY OR RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN MEN AND ANIMALS JAMfES W. IREDFIELID, M.B. WVith his hand thus o'er his brow, Tin falls to such perusal of my face, As he would draw it. SAKSPERE. ILLUSTRATED BY 330 mENGRAVING. NEW YORK: W. J. WIDDLETON, PUBLISHER. 1866. ~V1 -I i- - I, i " eR .,-51 F,ntt c d, reaccording to Act of Congress, in the year 185Z, T.r JAMES W. REDFITELP in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States in and for the Suthern District of Now York. PREFA CE. TEE word preface is an indication that a book, like its author, must have a face; and unless it be a misnomer, there is no reason why it should not be illustrated with faces. That it comes first and foremost it would be useless to observe. had not certain persons been inclined to put it in the background. We will state frankly, at the outset, that this partic. ular preface is intended to "face down" -not by "barefaced assertions," but by a presentation of faces and argumentsthe unjust treatment to which the face has been subjected. Why should a periodical, that professes to be a'" Journal" of Phrenology and of kindred sciences, look out at the back of its head whenever it takes a peep at Physiognomy? We know not, but humanity claims that the eyes in such a case should be set right. We address ourselves, therefore, to answering the objections contained in two articles on this subject ill the "Phrenological Journal," both of them new-year's presents, for whichl we have reason to be thankful. The first formidable obstacle we meet with is this: "The naked skull of poor Yorick, notwithstanding its yawning eyesockets and ghastly grin, presents the evidences of his former warmth of affection and his racy wit, although the signs of these emotions in the face are obliterated for ever." Is there, then, nothing left of the skull but the cranial portion? and does not Physiognomy claim that the character is indicated in the features of the face, as well as in the expressions 423931 0 i11 0 PREFACE. The idea conveyed by the objection is, that the "naked skull" is the all of Phrenology, and only a part of Physiog nomy. The naked skull, says the writer, "is the only organic memento of the character of the dead;" but Physiognomy claims the advantage of the iaked,face, while living, and of being able to say, "Blessed be the art that can immortalize!" j In portraits, the skull remains in the background, where na ture placed it; and the power of art is expended upon the face, in making it live, and breathe, and grow warm with life, and almost speak. Would the "naked skull of poor Yor ick" have been treated contemptuously in the third person, or gibingly in the second, if it had been as good an index of character as the face? "How abhorred in my imagination it is! My gorge rises at It. Here hung those lips that I have kissed I know not how oft. Where be your gibes now? your gambols? your songs? your flashes of merriment that were wont to keep the table on a roar?" Contrast this with Cow per's address to his mother's picture: "That face is thine, thy own sweet smile I see, The same that oft in childhood solaced me!" What if somebody should become so phrenology-mad as to hang up' the only organic memento of the character of the dead" on the parlor-wall! Pity it is that Nature should have made "the only reliable index of character" so inaccessible; and that Art, when Nature fails in her attempt, should substitute a wig, and add such a fashion of head-dress as to be a burlesque upon the reliability, pretensions, and significance, of the cranium! The second formidable objection is this: "The temporary effects of an emotion may be set forth in the face, obscuring f., thue time being the natural traits of character, while the form of the head remains the same, offering to the phrenolo 'k 4. PREFAOE. gist equal facility to read the real elements of the mind. whether it be lashed into fury, and the face distorted with rage, or lulled to a calmness of spirit and placidity of countenance by all the soothing appliances of peace and love." We would like particularly to see the author of this thrilling passage examining a head when the mind was "lashed into firy, and the face distorted with rage;" and we would inquire if, under the "soothing appliances" of his fingers, the bones of the cranium ever discovered themselves to be more osseous than those of the face? Not far firom this stage of the criticism several faces are introduced from the "favorite delineator of eccentric character," Dr. Valentine, showing how a man may "frame his face to all occasions." Let us compare " Monsieur Grenoble," or the representation of " a sympathetic, good-natured, confidil)g, simple-hearted Frenchmall," with a genuine exhibition of the same traits, and see if there is not a difference. HIere is a Frenchwoman whose habitual character is that described above, and where is the hesitation in deciding which is the genuine and which is the false? In the first, the feeling which appears upon the face is superficial; but in the other the feeling is the character itself, and the expression is not put on, but is the very face. By the side of a countenance that is said to exhibit "ever)y 5 PREFACE. line, angle, and expression, of moping melancholy," and is called "the embodiment of sadness- a visage fit to freeze the soul"-let us place the expression of sullen gloominess and frigidity in a woman who resembles but is seen to be in a very different mood of mind from the other. In this com I parison, the pretended "hypochondriac" is easily distinguished from the portrait, which has the expression of genuine sentiment and stern reality. The second criticism is now in turn. First, it says of the brain, that "it is the trunk of the mental tree, and that all outward signs of character and emotion spring from and depend upon it, as do the branches and leaves of the natural tree upon its trunk." According to this, "all the outward signs of character and emotion" are in the arms and hands, and the features and expressions of the countenance, which are compared to branches and leaves. This is more than we are willing to accept, for we acknowledge that there are sohne outward signs of character in the skull. The next objection is the more formidable on account of being an assertion, which is this: "We often find a person, whose father and mother are very unlike in character, who resembles in head one parent and in face the other. Such a person's character is always found to follow the phrenological developnment..... The face will everywhere be recognised as being very much like that of the father, for example. while 6 PREFACE. the character is precisely that of the mother.... and as unlike that of the father.... as can well be imagined." The piremises in this case will not sustain the conclusions. That from a father and a mother, whose opposite characters are indicated by opposite faces, can be produced an offspring whose face and character are opposite to each other, is a contradiction in terms. If the face and the character "belie" each other, the one may as well be convicted of falsehood as the other: but the truth is, whatever belies one belies them both; and the assertion, that one is true and not the other, belies itself. The next assertion which strikes us as Icing very singular is this: A person "looks at the face, but the scenery above it gives him, after all, his idea of the man. We say an eye is beautiful, but it is as much the scenery around the eye that gives it beauty and expression as the eye itself, and even more." The first sentence teachles us that we can have no idea of a man till he doffs his hat; but the second descends fiom that high empyrean, and acknowledges that there is scenery around the eye, which, as the eye is very expressive, must be an important index of character. But the most ridicilous thing is, that a " a glass eye keeps pace exactly with the natural one, in all apparent changes of that speaking organ." Of course, then, when a high-spirited horse " darts the fire of passion" from his eyeballs, it is " the change of scenery around the eye, and not the eye itself;" and, of course, Art may do as well as Nature in manufacturing eyes! Accordingly, our critic has caused a pair of eyes to be executed for the picture of the bust of Vitellins -with what intention we shall presently'see. It is quite probable, too, that Art can manufacture a face out of the odds and ends of different characters that shalll be quite equal to one of Nature's own productions. On this principle, faces are manufactured that are intended to be, and that are, perfect contradictions to Physiognomy. 7 PREFACE. "To illustrate how the appearance of the head changes the expression of the face," the inventor introduces " four engravings." -" These," says he, " are rnmade up from two portraits, each of which is engraved on two pieces of wood, divided just above the eyes, so that the head of each may be united to the other. These parts are inismatched. Two of the four are as Nature made them; the other two are composed of the head of each on the face of the other." In this quotation the man ufacturing process is well described. It would seem as if the writer intended that his own two charming productions should( be taken as illustrations of the principle that the head may be derived from one parent and the face from the other. As "the character is always found to follow the phrenological development," Vitellins and Wilson, having changed heads, must be described thus. First, Vitellius: "A man remarklable for talent, purity, and elevation of character; a pattern -)of benevolence, of enlarged and liberal views, a zealous firiend of the poor; who lived, like Oberlin, for the human race." In his physiognomical judgment of Vitellius, the writer exclaims: "What a beastly face! how sensual and gluttonous! what tyranny and severity! How muich of the l)ase robber and murderer are seen in that countenance! hlow savage and how repulsive!" But, as the head of this beastly Roman emperor 8 I PREFACE. is turned over to the Rev. Dr. Wilson, this description of clear. acter must go with it. We have presented above tile portraits of these two individuals, and surely the thought of a mutual exchange of heads and faces between characters so perfectly opposite is horrible. One other objection remains to be answered. It is the idea that in certain cases "the changes of expression are so great, and so mingled in their effects upon the facial muscles, as to make the reading of character by that means a complete puzzle." The writer of the following description of KossLth did not think so: "A word of the orator's personal appearance. He is a little under size, perhaps five feet eight; erect, of fine folrm and figure, quick and elastic in movement, and of admirable and commanding gesture. The flexibility of his physical fiame is the type of his flexibility of nature, and accurately obedient to its command. When he is roused, the soul speaks througlh the entire person. Hence comes the electric shock, the magnetic effusion, that captivates and controls his hearers. His face is suffused with emotional indications, and is eminently susceptible of every expression. It melts in sadness, it lights up with enthusiasm, it grows fierce in passion, it flashes with mirth. Upon no man's face is the sunslhine glow of deliglmt more effectively expressed, yet is the prevailing expression sad and subdued. The eye tells of the treasures within. It is full, liquid, and in him the very window of the soul; it is the ready outlet of a heart filled with emnotion, and feminine in a gushing sympathy of expression, that needs not the poor interpreter of language. It mirrors a depth and reveals an inspiration of nature, cognizable to the dullest sense, as rare as it is captivating." In refutation of the above objection, we offer also the follow ing: — 9 IPREFA JE. "The artists," said Mr. Clay "have not generally succeeded well ill taking my features but that has been in a great measure my own fault; for my face never retains long the same expression, and, especially when I am under any excitement, it changes every moment. John Randolph once paid me a high compliment, not intentionally-for he seldom complimented any man-but, without intending it, he paid me what I esteem one of the highest compliments I ever received. Hie said,'Whenever a debate is coming on, if I can get a sight of Mr. Clay's face, I can always tell which side he is going to take.'" The practice of affectation, or dissembling, so far from adding lineaments and expressions to the countenance, absolutely obliterates them. It makes the face, on which was originally "the royal stamp of man," like a smooth shilling, which, though very attractive and pleasant to the feel, is liable to be called in question; to be more closely scrutinized than a coin with an honest face upon it; to be set down for something less than its original value; to be branded as claiming to be of more value than it really is; to receive the curse of Cain, to bear his mark, and thereafter be suffered to wander unmolested. Finally, we would observe that generally the brain and face are harmonious, but that always the former is subservient to the latter. The divining of character by the skull is subordinate to the practical, every-day reading to which the face is appropriated. Physiognomy is available on all occasions, and it is even a breach of etiquette not to look a man in the countenance: but Phrenology can be employed only professionally, and discovers character " by fumbling up the hair and rubbing the organs," which in most cases would be regarded as a gross impertinence. rw YORK, August, 1852. 10 CONTENTs. PEFACE...........Heads and Faces............................ PAGE 3 CHAPTER I........ Resemblances of Human Beings to Beasts and Birds.. 13 CHAPTER II......... " of Germans to L ions................21 CHAPTER III........".. of Prussians to C ats.................28 CHAPTER IV............" of certain Persons to Eagles and Owls.. 35 CHAPTER V......... " to the Rhinoceros... 41 CHAPTER VI............." of Negroes to Elephants.............. 49 CHAPTER VII........ " of certain Persons to Ostriches........ 55 CHAPTER VIII.L......'..... to Storks...........60 CHAPTER IX............ " of the "Aztec Children" to Mice...... 65 CHAPTER X.............." of certain Persons to the Rat, Hare, Squirre], and "'Possum"..........70 CHAPTER XI........" of Human Beings to Apes............75 CHAPTER XII........ " of Negroes to Fishes................. 81 CHAPTER XIII...... " in general......................... 86 CHAPTER XIV....... " of Laplanders to Reindeers...........89 CHAPTER XV........ " of certain Persons to H erons......... 94 CHAPTER XVI....... " of Arabs to Camels.................. 99 CHAPTER XVII..... " of certain Persons to V ultures........105 CHAPTER XVIII....." of Englishmen to Bulls.............. ll11 CHAPTER XIX....... " of Italians to Horses................123 CHAPTER XX......." " " continued.......134 CHAPTER XXI........ " of Turks to Turkeys................145 CHAPTER XXII......." of Persians to Peacocks.............. 1 52 CHAPTER XXIII..... " of Chinamen to Hogs................167 CHAPTER XXIV....' " " continued....... 178 CHAPTER XXV..... " of Yankees to Bears................192 CHAPTER XXVI..... " " " continued.......206 CHAPTER XXVII....' of Russians to Geese.................219 CHAPTER XXVIIL.... " of Hindus to S wans................225 CHAPTER XXIX..... " of Frenchmen to Frogs and Alligators..232 CHAPTER XXX........... continued..... 243 CHAPTER XXXI.... " of Irishmen to Dogs................253 CHAPTER XXXII..... " ". " continued.....265 CHAPTER XXXIII.. " of certain Persons to Pigeons, and of Spaniards to Cocks............... 280 CHAPTER XXXIV... " of Jews to Goats................... 287 CHAPTER XXXV.... " " " continued...........296 CHAPTrR XXXVL... " of Greeks to Sheep..................309 CIIP.-ER XXXVIIL...' of certain Persons to Parrots and Mock ing-Birds...................... 321 -PTrER XXVIII.L. Conclusion................................. 328 LIST OF PORTRAITS VrrLLus, Emperor of Rome.. PAGE 8 Thomas Wilson, D. D., LL D...... 8 Osceola, the Seminole Chieft....... 15 Jenny Lind..................... 21 De Witt Clinton................ 21 William VI., Duke of Van Beyeren (Flanders)................... 23 Lyman Beecher, D. D............. 24 John Jacob Astor............... 25 Andrew Jackson................ 27 Madame Trollope............... 28 Zumalacarregui, the Carlist Chief.. 29 Fernando Cortez................32 Frederick the Great............. 34 Maximilian I., Emperor of Germany 35 A. Court de Gebelin............. 37 Eleanora of Austria............. 40 La Ronciere....................41 John Reeves, Esq............... 49 Sir William Custis, Bart. and M. P.... 50 Thomas Wood, the abstemious M il ler......................... 56 George Canning, M. P........... 59 Adam Walker.................. 61 Captain Cook................... 62 Maximo, the Aztec.............. 66 Suraj-u-Dowlah, the Hindu Nal)ob. 71 Sir Henry Clinton................ 72 A n ne of Clevs e.................J u 73 Joshua Makoniane..........................74 Alexander Aubert, Esq., F. R. S... 77 Dorothy Pentreath, of Mouisehole, in Cornwall, the last Person who could converse in the Corniish Language.................. 80 William Charles Henry, Prince of Holland................... 81 Paintel of Flowers.............. 91 Condorcet..................... 96 John Howard................... 97 Marat........................ 109 Harriet Martineau............... 112 David Hume................... 112 Edmund Burke................. 116 Earl of Wicklow................ 118 Henry VIII. of England......... 119 C(ardinal Wolsey............. PAGE 120 Charles Caspar Siebold, Surgeon... 121 Ferdinand II., King o f Naple s.....1248 Mea MatMoiani...................127 Washington Allston. t.............. 13 Swedenborg 1,....................I,2 L. Maria Bassi 135 Victoria Col onn a................ 16 Melanethon 1.....................18 Rammohun Roy 1................1 4 0 Edward VI.................... 142 Sir Isaac Newton................ 144 Abdul-Medjid, Sultan of Turkey... 149) Patrick Russell, M. D., F. R. A.... 151 Abbas-Mirza, Shah of Persia...... 154 Francis Joseph, Enperorof Austria ] 82 Erasmus....................... 190 Joe Smith, the Mormon Prophet... 194 Meta-Koosega, a Chippewa Chief..209 A Captive Female among Indians.. 210 Daniel Webster................. 212 General Anthony Wayne.........216 Panl, Emperor of Russia.........219 Emperor Alexander..............220 Grand-Duke Constantine.........221 John Cooke Van Exeter..........222 Louis XVI. of France............237 Ledru Rollin...................24 7 Louis Napoleon.................24 8 Lewis Cass.....................260 Laurence Sterne................262 Fenelon........................269 Ben Jonson.....................279 Francisco Goya, Painter..........282 Sforza.........................287 Johannuis Josephus Guillelhnuiis Brig te6......................... -09 Kossuth........................312 Alexander the Great 314 Plato..........................3315 Oberlin........................316 Kalergi, the Greek Patriot........319 Paul Jove..............3 2] Duke of Devonshire.............322 Lavater........................ 32 Abby Kelly Foster.............. 32f I COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER I. ARISTOTLE, or some other equally sage philosopher, has said, "'Man is an animal." If man was not well aware of this fact long before the saying was uttered, he has certainly confirmed it in innumerable instances since, not only in words, but in actions. It is a humiliating truth, of which many people seem proud; but, as humility is a rare and inestimable vir — tue, it is well that we should be reminded of our fiailty by a just comparison of ourselves with the brute creation. What does hinder man firom speaking like an angel on the topic that most interests him, and upon which he most wishes to interest others? It is the animal nature that oppresses and clouds his mind, alas! alas! But there is a divine fire within him that struggles I COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. against the superincumbent mass, and ever and anon casts it high in air, mingled and confounded with substances of a lighter and more ethereal nature; and there is a sun of truth and love that clears away the darkl mists that obscure his vision. If, now, we were going to write a poem, we would commence with an invocation, like that with which Milton intro duces his "Paradise Lost;" but, "gentle reader," we claim for our subject a scientific character, and we intend to treat it accordingly. An invocation, uttered within the chamber of the soul, is none the less appropriate on that account. We commence, then, with the admission that "man is an animal." A comparison of himself with the inferior animals has led him, in all ages of the world, to apply the names of animals to men, and the names of men to SW ~~~~animals, on the ground a ~a X of a resemblance between them. There is often great significance in the words calf, goose, dog,,nonkey, and so on, when applied contemptuously. They betray fragments of a true science, perverted to the degradation of human beings. There is equal evidence of the rudiments of this science in the popular mind in the use of the words kitty, lamb, duck, dove, and the names of ,)ther gentle and favorite pets, applied to those who have corresponding traits. In a rude and simple state of society, the designation of an individual by some ruling trait of chliaracter, embodied in the form of some animal, shows what foundation this department of Physiognomy has in nature and in the human mind, and how easily and naturally it is learned. It is not probable that the American Indians are indebted to our modern civilization for an observation of those correspondences which have led them to apply the terms wild-cat, blackgawk, alligator, snapping-tit7tle, and the like, to their chiefs and warriors. But, lest the reader should suppose that his estimation of 14 BEASTS AND BIRDS. man is much higher than our own, we will here state that, in our opinion, the essential attributes of a human being elevate him to a point beyond comparison with the animal creation. The term man, in its highest sense, is syn onymous with angel. Men a re not born, and peradventure we are not men when we "come to man's estate." It may be that we ar e bu t " children of an olde r growth." Man is the result of education, of improvement. Hie is " self animali creation. The term ~~(#";d( i t_S~~~~ y.) I/ l - made," if he be made at all, and the character which he forms for himself is indicated in his countenance. But if truly a man, he considers himself the workmanship of a higher power, for in his own creation he wvorks from a sense of duty, and in opposition to himself, or to the animal which Nature has made him. We say emnphatically "M.AN is a name of honor for a king" though, according to the definition, most men who are promoted to royalty are worthy of the title of "king of beasts." "Man is an animal," but he is more. Hle has the privilege of naming all the fowls of the air, the beasts of the field, and 15 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. the fishes of the sea. The lion is he is no less a lion on that account other savage beast, or passion in beast be made human, the com man; but if the man be made al vorable to the beast. Dear reade you, but do you not see the difference between comparing a beast with a man, and comparing a man with a beast? Yes, you see there is some difference between calling an ass a faithfiull servant and calling a faithful servant an ass! If, therefore, in the following pages, we fail to observe this dis. tinction, you will, for humanity's sake, pardon us, knowing that it was not intentional. The inferior races are like infants, who, as is well known, go on all-fours. The Ethiopian who opened this chapter is like a brat just learning to stand. Observe the posture- the arms, body, legs, an d f eet-and you will be struck with tihe similarity. What a reminiscence of infancy is awakened by t h a t physiognomy! L et it teach thee not to despise one who is as Nature made him, until thou canst deny that thou wast ever a child. Thou wert misshapen, and some time in conmi n g to the condition e ven of a quadruped, from which thou mightst have grown a satyr ",, Thy face itself Half mated with the royal stamp of man, And half o'ercome with beast!" Plato's definition of man was, "A bird without feathers." This is carrying the comparison rather too far, but it may be said that in many respects man has a striking resemblance to the bird. The bird aspires to a similar standing, though wisely he never takes advantage of his position. The feathered gentry are, we belieye, biped animals without an excep 16 BEASTS AND BIRDS. tion, and it is upon nis position upon two legs that man prides himrself. Birds show something of the same vanity, without therefore laying any claim to superiority. They do, indeed, make use of all-fours in tiavelling, but it is never d wvith more than two at a time. Birds, however, have a greater likeness to m some people than to others. There are certain persons for ever flying about, making a greater flourish with their arms than with their feet: they preserve their hands in gloves, as i carefully as a bird does his in featli- ers; and when they are not swinging their arms, in imnitation of rapid travelling, they carry their hands tucked under their coat-tails, behind their backs. They are bound at all events not to show their hands, lest people, should know that they have any, and should insist upon their making use oi them. The man who very much resembles a bird invariably attempts' to live by his wits, however little his noddle may contain. But he is not, by any means, the only person who adopts this method of gaining a livelihood. Those who resemble foxes and pussy-cats do the same. But as every person has an individuality of his own, which is not to be confounded with that of any other, it is necessary that we should be lmore particular. Here is a person (see next page) with a sharp, bird-like countenance, who is trying to assure himself that he has a genuine bill, or that it is not a jaw with teeth in it, by which he is in danger of being bitten. The result of the examination will probably be, that he has a long bill, and that he feels like a bird. I-e is evidently of the kind that was forbidden to the Jews, for the reason probably that he is too much like them to be " taken in;" and hi0 2 17 COMPARATIVE PHIYSIOGNOMY. partiality for bills is entirely on account of the hiavoc they make among the frogs, and young lizards, and other small-fi-y, that are found in shallow places. His ear is a migh "Y~~ m mty small one, just fitted to B y_~ ~ be the lodging-place of a quill; and you might know, without asking his attention for a few moments, that he is a "deaf adder." Thilnk you he makes any great use of the quill upon which he ~\~~~ A 1>' 8,\Sprides himself so amazing ly? It is an apology for <~@~~ />/ not grasping with his ihands '........~ something more substantial than a feather, and it is a token that he plumnes himself upon his ability. Hlere is a bird on a ioost, sharpening his wit with a penknife, a mighty labor of his hands, considering the disposition of his feet to take upon themselves the office of handling. Examine him from top to toe, and you will expect that when anything comes in his way, he will remove it with his foot; and that when he wishes to draw anything nearer to him, his feet will be found more accommodating than his hands. The hand, in his opinion, has a higher of with a penknife, a migh- j \, 18 BEASTS AND BIRDS. flee to perform. It is a quill-holder, and there is no knowing what high flights this gray goose may take into the regions of space, to bring down fancies and imaginations " Such as take lodgings in a head That's to be let unfurnish6d" iiito the regions of tangible reality. What have we here? A bird, saving the feathers, which might be supplied with a few tatters, or else with a coat more smooth and glossy. This also is one of the creations of Dailey, who seemns ambitious to have his creations classed with those of Nature. Those legs!-there is something in their position that beggars description. What need we to speak of the body, the arms, the head, the features, the expression? they speak for themselves, and it is fortunate for a good example that it teaches its own les son. By dwelling too long on the subject of birds, we are in danger of becoming flighty. We will simply say that the spec imens of the rara avis are, if the popular opinion be true, very frequently met with. The individual above, no more than those preceding him, can be accused of soiling his hands by very hard labor, and will certainly get his living in some easy way, without any greater tax upon his wit than is natural to him. On the following page is a real "fly-away" -and she is but one of a mnultitude of the same variety. Whether it be a robin, a tointit, or a lady-bird, it is not important to decide But let us, if our subject does not keep us up in 19 A COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. is in general to birds in te observations upon the wing-and are not so skilled in marksmanship as not to require out' bird to be at rest in order to hit him. When the art 7 j/;/ ~ i~~.~Th ist lai made a capital hit, and fixed his quarry to the spot on which it stood, which is generally some old limb of a tree, we are prepared to aim at the mark, and may stand some chance of litting it too. 20 THE LION, CHAPTER II. IN likening human beings to animals, people sometimes blunder. Somebody took it into his head to call Jenny Lind the "Swedish nightingale;" and, in endeavoring to conform her face to the theory, the most untruthful and insipid representations have been palmed upon the world as likenesses. The truth is, Jenny Lind, in the expression and contour of the face, and in gait and mien, resembles a lioness. There is something in the unimposing dignity and active strength of the lioness that contents us, while it awakens an almost ufncolscious admiration; we feel that she is fully deserving of her kingly mate. And these same qualities strik personal appearance, and manners, of Jenny Lind. It is no objection to this resemblance that her voice is powerful, res ~~ ~~oniant, and of great compass,a ~ ~ i Xfor it is the counterpart of the ~'M~ Y l most splendid base that was ~,: ever heard. A prominent characteristic of those who resemble the lion is boldness of project, and a bringing of distant places and objects into a state of equilib ~~]'~ ~ I;i ~ rium, by a law like that which \~i~~~~ ~\ governs commerce and the sea. "De Witt Clinton and the Grand Canal" is a very natural 21 Us ill the clharacter, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. association of ideas, and the face of that individual shows a lion. That very face, if it approached more literally to the lion, to which it bears a resemblance, would be that of a " regular bruiser;" for the theatre in wlich his lion-quality exercises itself is onie requiring pickaxe, and crowbar, and " horse-power," literally to the end of time. Where this is the case, horse-power mnay be considered as synonymous with reason caught in the process of a denion (;j>(jthey? Whether Reason has 4/;/-~ we are reminded by a face like i, the following. Some large ploj ect of usefulness, in his own proper field, is as necessary to this person as the breath he draws. His animal nature is suited to his moral and intel ~~~\Y I lectual, and is subservient to the higher. Of the lion, it may be said "He has, I know not whlat, Of greatness in his looks, and of high fate. That almost awes me." 24 /I n Hle is a symbol of the mighty passions that slumber in the human breast, waiting to be taken into the service of Benevolence, which is " mightiest in the mighty," and of Truth, which is " mighty and will prevail." The face of the lion, therefore, has a wonderful resemblance to the human, but to somne persons much more than to others. The next example which we present of a resemblance to the lion is John Jacob Astor. The history of this individual, in ~ ~$$~~ ~\\~:;\\ $ Li L connection with his face, is a confirmation of the principle stated at the outset. A sordid look, we see, is compatible with the lion, otherwise there would be no pertinence in the allusion to " the lion's share." But there is no littleness in anything that he thinks or does. It is not emulation that makes the lion-like individual do things on a larger scale than others. Hle has the desire of doing great things, but they are little in his estimation when hlie has done them. Ile therefore takes no pride in what hlie does; and to show that what others stare at, is nothing in his eyes, he may give it away. The "Astor House" was given by the father to the son, for a dollar, it is said, directly after it was completed. There is a strong infusion of the noble qualities of the lion into the mastiff, and the dogs of St. Bernard; but the dog that bays the moon is like those who magnify a sixpence to the size of that deceitful luminary, and are slighltly lunatic. 25 THE LION. HI IVX0, I 9 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. The individual before us bears a perverted resemblance to the lion, but resembles more nearly the variety of dogs just referred to, and may be supposed -~wN~ ~to hold on to a shilling so tightly T ARK( A d as to press a hole throughl it! ~' /'' The resemblance between An " ~ i" ~ drew Jackson and the lion, in chlar acter and physiognomy, mnay be easily traced in the representations given on the following page. Mag / nanimity, in one of its phases, is sy nonymous with heroism, with great ness of soul, and greatness in noble deeds. It is fitting, therefore, that the " old hero" should resemble a lion. The sign of the choleric temperament is characteristic of both, and of those previously mentioned. How could Jackson brush that hair of his in any other way than Nature disposes it? His disposition is to resemble the lion, as well in the external as the internal, or hle would resemble him in neither. How obvious it is, therefore, that the character must impress itself upon the countenance, and that they must correspond with each other perfectly! What an interesting face is that of Jackson, when we read his character indelibly impressed upon it, and trace the resemblance which we here discover! Let it be borne in mind that the animal passions, when governed by the moral and intellectual faculties, are very different firom what they are in animals. This is necessary, if we would form a correct idea of the person who has any of the marks of the lion in his countenance. Such a person is either generous or cruel, peaceable or savage, noble or tieacherous, magnanimous or mean. The most truly magnanimous person is not above performing menial offices for the sake of the happiness of others, and this is from a faculty that in animals and in bad people is the very opposite of magnanimityit is from a faculty that may be called meanness. This faculty has a large sign in the lion; but as it aspires to be the 26 THE LION. servant, and to do the bidding of Magnanimity and of all the higher faculties, the lion stands for nobility in the human race, as his physiognomy shows. The love of overcoming and the love of triumph are elements of tremendous power in the lion, and are prodigious in those who are to be classed under the head of " lions." The traits which dis It) IA +.< IW$;; tinguish this animal are suitable to royalty. Of the British sovereigns, William the Conqueror, William II., Henry I., Richard I., King John, Edward I., Richard IT., Richard III., Jamres I.: William II., and George I., have the lion strongly marked in their countenances; while nearly all the rest have a wonderful resemblance to oxen. We have examples also of likenesses to the lion in the persons and characters of Mary Queen of Scots, Oliver Cromwell, and Prince George. Robert Boyle is another of the same class. I 27 i 11 COMPARATIVE PHYS1OGNOMY. CHAPTER III. Puss, with her nose in a pan of milk, is called Trollop; but it is impossible to say that it is on account of her likeness to Madame T, whose portrait is here presented. There is no doubt but that the " milk of human kindness" is as grateful to the one as milk is to the other, and the two appetites geneially go together. The cat is remarkably fond of both, though a little at a time satisfies. She relishes petting and fondling very highly, but is soon satisfied, and then "no more play."-" Too much of a good thing" she studiously avoids; and, if you ob serve, you will see that she acts upon the principle of l"not casting her pearls before swine." She is very nice and very particular, and when things do not go to suit her she is a perfect viuago-of which we have a fine sample o' nights, when she may be supposed to be engaged in giving curtain-lectutes to her spouse, or having a dispute with her neighbors. You would not think, to see her so quietly sleeping the next mornoing, that she had been playing the termagant so fiercely. The wonder is, that after such serious difficulties she could get to bed and sleep so sweetly, and look the next day such a perfect picture of amiability and contentment. Should any one call her a "'spit-fire," you would declare it to be slander; but wait, and presently you shall see for yourself. But it is very wonderful how the cat can have such a sweet, amiable, loving courtenance, when her disposition is the very 2& toga~~~ THE CAT. opposite of that. No o- you must not exaggerate her faults: she has affection and forbearance as well as cruelty and slander. Besides, it may be said in extenuation, that her quarrelsome disposition is connected withl great love of neatness, for the simple reason that she is "put out" when things are in disorder, especially when her choler is ruffled, or any part of her dress is disarranged. The effort to set things to rights disturbs them all the more; and this is an excuse for still more scolding, pulling hair, scratching, screaming, spitting, chasing, and all that. Very amiable this! but we shlall come at the amiability by-and-by. It should be known that those who spend several hours a day in dressing, preparatory to placing themselves on a cushion, or some elevation where they may be seen, are generally pleasant in society, but ill private life ill-tempered and illtongued. The cat and those who resemnble her are no exceptions to this general rule. But allowing that the cat lhas a great deal of softness, quiet, love of repose, contentment, love of children, love of kind treatnment, and love of milk, how is it that these are so much more observable in her face than the opposite traits? The reason is this: the cat has a wonderful degree of affectation. She can assume a character that does not belong to her; or, rather, sle can wear the semblance of it,: j, ^:," and that is often mistaken for the thing itself. Who would doubt, on looking:X at this individual, of his ~~ / ~ ability to dissemble? Ile looks like a cat, and may be placed in the order of lynxes. The same facul ty which induces dissem bling gives the power of "acting" or of " play-act- ing" (whichever term we may choose to employ). The cat is 29 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. ~''~ remarkably fond of play; and as play is the opposite of "sober earnest," it takes Affectation into its service, and changes the deceiver into a comedian. A playful cat is an honest puss, while a demure one is deceitful, treacherous, cruel. Playfulness is associated with innocence, as it is in children; and it is not till "sober age comes hastening on," that human beings are tempted strongly to play the hypocrite. When children do so they are not playful, they are not happy; and examples of "juvenile depravity" are of those that are gloomy, morose, and inclined to disturbl) rather than to assist in the plays of other children. Here, then, are the moral ad?vantages of play-the advantages of such theatricals as children engage in, and of public theatricals, if they are what Nature designed them to be. When play itself is an affectation, then the players are deceivers, and the acting is deception; their innocence is lost; and, being themselves corrupt, they do all they can to encourage corruption in others, and to corrupt the morals of the good and pure. The reader hardly need be told that the cat is sly. It is her nature to take by surprise-she lives by it, and therefore she surprises you in everything. It makes her very soft and quiet in her manners, and this, if we would understand her character, must be distinguished firom gentleness. If she had gentleness, she would enjoy her nights undisturbed by brickbats; and in that case, if all people were like her, "midnight outcries and alarms" would cease for ever. It is very hard 30 THE OAT. for those who resemble cats to be gentle, and for the same reason it is next to impossible for them to be gentlemen. Between them and gentlemen there is as great an antagonism as between cats and dogs. But we were speaking of slyness. The cat enters a room so slyly, that you are not aware of it until she is near you; and she withdraws without your knowledge, so that you are surprised at her absence. You feel something rubbing gently against your leg: it is " Miss Puss," come to soothe the whirlwind of passion that she has excited against herself the night pr;evious, and to say: "There, don't be angry-you see how I can be quiet; let us now make up, and I will lie in your arms, and purr you to sleep!" Slyness, therefore, in the cat, is a good thing. It goes out entirely when she is angry, and after a while it comes to drive anger away. Without it, how would quarrelsome people get over their difficulties, and look more bright, smiling, and affectionate, than ever? People who entertain a large number of cats, and therefore look like them, steal upon you unawares, whether they intend it or not, and they depart as slyly as they came. But they also meditate surprises-sometimes of an agreeable nature, and sometimes of a disagreeable —for the sake either of enhancing the pleasure of others, or of exciting alarm. As the cat catches a mouse by surprise when it fancies itself enjoying its full of liberty in the bounties and luxuries that surround it, and lets it go that it may be again deceived-so does the individual who resembles a cat delight to disabuse people of their halcyon enjoyments, and to catch them "just as they are," in the midst of their domestic disorder or comfort, as the case may be. The people they like to come in upon are those "' undisturbed" - at their ease -" not dressed to be seen." Slyness, therefore, plays into the hands of Cruelty, and is exercised along with dissembling; but in this case there is no anger; it is destructiveness in cold blood, and meditated hypocrisy. On the following page is a portrait of Cortez, and it is seen to resemble a puma. A formidable cat this to pounce down upon the mice whose portraits are sculptured on the monui 31 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. meints of Central Anmerica, and represented in the "Aztec children!" Now, gentle reader, do not deprive us of the pleasure of describing to you the resemblance betweeii the Aztecs and mnice, which ani m'als we reserve for anotter ~it~~ m lchapter. Pray, take A orlr mind from that subject, and trace t he feline qualities a I - )it further. Of all animals, xjj ~ cats are the most savage: the faculties that make them so are love of triiuiiplt, con test, IhurinIg, and resistance. Savage and bloody hlll } lave the signs of these faculties very large, in consequence of whiel they have a resemblance to pumas, tigers, leopards, panthers, and wild-cats. Warriors make special use of the faculty of hurling; and their chleekbones are wide, like those of cats, indicating the strepgtli of this faculty. Storms and tempests, with lightning and thunder, are imitated bv warriors on the battle-field, and l)y cats in spitting fire at each other, and uttering all sorts of strange, unearthly, and portentous sounds. They exhibit gusts, wlirl winds, and a tempest of passion; and the place for these exhibitions is the top of the house, as near the clouds as 1)ossible: and seeing them there, their looks and motions may remind 32 THE CAT. you of streaks of lightning. The cat is excited by correspondimg things in nature, for the worst performances of this kind we have observed to be when,, The speedy gleams the darkness swallowed; Loud, deep, and long, the thunder bellowed; When e'en a child might understand The de'il had business on his hand." To do justice to our subject, we must mention that the cat and those like her have gi-eat parentiveness. Who has not witnessed the tender care of the cat for her kittens, in selecting a place, in providing food, in comforting them, and in carrying them in her month from a place of danger to one of safety? Who has not witnessed her love for children, her forbearance toward them-as well as learning her kittens to mouse, and, when they come to years of discretion, teaching them propriety and good behavior by an occasional box on the ear? She is, indeed, very affectionate; and when her tempests of passion are over, she is as warm, and sunny, and serene, as the atmosphere and sky after a thunder-shower. It is truly so with those who resemble cats: occasional outbursts purify their spirits from the unhealthiness that is engendered by quietude and stagnation, and their enjoyments are enhanced by contrasts all their lives long. Especially are they so tenderly attached to children, that even half the domestic feuds are controversies respecting the modes of bringing them np and giving them the advantages of education, polish, and refinement. Fondness for children, an aptitude to teach, and the other dispositions of the cat, are the component parts of that variety of the genus homo called the "schoolmaster," and his resem,)lance to the cat in the external is susceptible of ocular demonstration. There is something feline in his appearance as a whole, and ill everything he says and does. He requires the pupils to be " still as mice," and watches them slyly, while the pupils of his eyes wander about in every possible corner. HIe takes the cat for his model in everything. She says to her kittens: "rYou may be allowed to play with my tail, which is the pleasantest thing you can do; but, if you do 3 33 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. thus and so, I shall punish you!" This is the perfect model o f inistue tion, aim ed at, at home and at school, but requiring a knowledge o f u human nature for its application. The Prus sians resemble cats-some one kind and some another. They care more for children than other nations do, and ( S~ have the best sys'em of elucation in .,4 j t the world. Annexed is the portrait of Fred;:'~j~ —',W~~eiick the Great, and '* by his side that of the ,' ~ ~ ~ounce, which he is seeni : Hed rvery much to resem- - _ ble. His prominent traits ale the same that have been mentioned as constituting a likeness to the cat; but the ounce is the noblest of the cat-kind, and a worthy representative of so great a man. In our category of cats, the liOIl is not included. 84 TEE EAGYP. CIIAPTER IaV. THE "king of beasts" and the "king of biids" are clharacters fitted to represent royalty in the hluman race. Who cain look upon this portrait of Maximlilian without admiration, connected with the impression of its kingly attributes, and of its '; ~o>}?\~~ j~~j ~~ /j resemblance to the eagle in those qualities which constitute royalty? Although this is a kingly countenance, it is very different from that which resembles the lion; but thle difference is merely that which exists between birds and beastsor, if it will make our idea plainer, the one may be called a lion-bird and the other an eagle-beast. In our estimation the eagle-countenance is more noble-it is more intellectualit has more of greatness- -mnore of that somethingr godlike which we discover in the "bird of Jove." lie looks down, not in humility, nor yet in pride, but because his eyry is on .i0 - COMPARA'TIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. high, and he was born to soar above the clodcls, and to look on things below as little and insignificant. There is scorn of meanness in his look, but no arrogance; that noble countenance belies a sneer; he has no ambition to soar higher and to explore more lands than others, for his superiority stands confessed. Envy may rankle in others, but ini him it is subordinate; and those whom bhe takes in his talons and "drops on F'ortune's hill," may feel contempt for and sneer at those below them. In this last remark we have hit upon a class of persons who resemble owls. In the formation of certain individuals, Na ture seems to have bad an eye to the preceding, but to have fallen just so far short as shle falls short of creating an eagle when she makes an owl! They may be referred directly to chaos and old nighlt" for their origin. Tile nocturnal influences overshadow and rest down upon them, and their souls are filled with howlets, gloomy forests, deserted castles, haunted steeples, and graveyards! They see only by moonIligl)t; and if love ever enters their hearts, and they essay to express it in sounds of affection, accompanied by a guitar, at that witching time of night to which their nature and sentiment incline them, all nature should be hlushed, and there could be nothing more appropriate than the injunction ~ Silence, ye cats, while Ralph to Cynthia yowls, And makes night hideous-answer himn, ye owls!" Envy and Jealousy are birds of night, and are associated with love, and with every other faculty, in owls and in those persons of whom this bird is the most suitable representative. Such people have also in their faces very large ostentation and love of eminence, the latter being converted by the former into a perpetual sneer. From envy and jealousy, with subterfuge and the love of contest, are begotten detraction, and 3~ TIE, OWT,. robbery, and other things, for which the patroness Diana is to be held responsible. Subterfuges are delicate morisels to those who resemble owls, as moles and mice are to owls them selves; and (ftti-nes these gnawing, uitdermining, burrowing, mischieftmakin, little gnomes are elevated on the wings of paltiy aml)ition in the endeavor to ontsoar the eagle. As bats and aiipires flit through the air in the darkness, and imparit a spiriit-filre to the owl, so these spirits of the shades flit through the minids of the owlish, and are the nectar and ambrosia that make them faincy they are gods. Strange things happen sometimes, as when Snl)terfiige becomes ambitious. Then tihe culnlning and artifice of the cat are owlish, and are exhibited ill sul)e lime nubuggeiy - in fortune-telling, sorcery, magic, and the like; in other words, the cat is turned into an owl. The ogling and staring which are so characteristic of the owl, are no(- less conspicuous iil those who resemble him. The trait exhibits itself in a love of varee-s8aows, and inclines its possessors to the profession of showmen. They take it for granted that what tilev tl-heiselves are most fond of, there must be a demnand for; and tlhus they "kill two birds with one stone" -stare all the time at wonderfuil sights: which they are exceedingly -fond of dolig,- ain( ,27 COMPARATtvE PIIYSIOGNOMY. make money by exhibiting to others. The men who p,rovide these things they consider the greatest curiosities of all, and are confident of being so regarded by the community. They have no idea of people being so stupid as not to appreciate them. Their self-complacency, therefore, grows to something very decided in the expression of the face. The owl has dignity-he has no notion of being put out of countenance. He fancies that all the birds of thle forest have come to see him, when in reality they have come to pick at him: therefore he stands stock still, like a wax figiire, as highly gratified at being looked at as in looking. HIe sets the example of " lnute astonishment," as that which is most becoming to the spectators, interrupted now and then by a hoot or a screech, according as the subject is merely wonderful or of the nature of something terrific. He exhibits an indifference to the honors that are paid him, for the simple reason that Nature compels hin to affect the eagle, and has given him a vast deal of ostentation. Ile sits in judgment on others-is the severest, and in his own estimation the wisest, of critics. "As wise as an owl" is a proverb that l)]aces liin on a level with S(-)loinon, whose fondness for collecting all the strange and wonderflll sights in nature and art furiisiedtc him with knowledge, and made him all the wiser. The noble use which is performed by those we are now de 39 THE OWL. scribing is the imparting of instruction, by means of illustration and example, in whatever is most interesting and imrpor taut in the arts and scieices. It is the storing - up in cabinets and mu- f/;.. the mind, of historical jj reminiscences, and the f B wonders of the world, and the exercising of a powerful moral influi- ence by the interest and sympathy awakened foi the inhabitants of other " climes, and )by the me- / rnorials of generations that are past and gone. But what need has anybody to be told of this? This mode of instruction, it is perceived, is especially juvenile. In these who resemble owls there is very great love of children, as there is also in those who resenble cats; and this love is connected with the desire and the ability to teach. The most easy and impressive manner comnes, as a matter of course, firom that juvenile love of exhibition and wonderment that has been already described. The love of surprise in this case is not gratified by falsehood, but by knowledgenot by the hallucinations of the mind, but by the evidence of the senses; and thus the love of truth is cultivated, and with it the love of nature and the love of man, and every good and noble sentiment in the human breast. In our view, there is no picture of tender, earnest, devoted parental affection equal to that of an owl caring for her young, if the representations we have seen be true, as we doubt not that they are. Yet the notion which most people have of the owl would cause them to pass these pictures by without appreciation or sympathy. They suffer the worse features of the bird to eclipse this shining quality (maternal love), and they conceive 89 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. that the appearance of it is either a burlesque on something touching or sentimental (all the more ridiculous for its at tempting to e licit a feeling in the beholder which has no existence in the object), or else that there is no truth in physiogn omy. eut however the c at and the owl may deceive in other things, they do not deceive in this -and just that beau tiful love of children which is by them ex pressed is exhibited by -"jj~ ~ those who resemble them, more especially if their peculiarities are turned into the highest channel, and subserve the noble ends which Niature designed. 40 THIE RHINOCEROS. CHAPTER V. INSENSIBILITY is Sensibility in the lowest degree. Knock him on the head, pinch his tail, beat him about tLi-e body, and he will show no signs of being hurt. But take care that you do not serve Sensibility in this way, which is the way to reduce it to the condition of its negative and to make the shell. \ of Insensibility thicker er than at first. There is such a thing as treating a rhinoceros tenderly:, 7 but truth demands that we should show what,: ~ stuff lie is made of. If ~ \\ it seems to thiee, gentle ~j reader, that we treat \ ~ some of our subjects too plainly, rememrber that sensation is pleasant to all animals; and that the degree that is awakened by a touch in some, is only awakened by a blow in those that are protected by a shell. In the rhinoceros, feeling is kept under. As hardness is the summumn bo onyuri of a mere animal existence, he has a happy life of it. TIe may be considered to have attained, very nearly, to the full stature of a perfect beast! But before we can come to a conclusion in regard to him, we must comprehend his two essential qualities, insensibility and appetite. 41 COMPARATIVE, PHYSIOGNOMY. Insensibility, it slculld be observed, has a partiality for the tail. In fact, Nature has provided this posterior appendage expressly for its accommodation. This is filly illustrated in the alligator, not to mention the similar animals that are no,w extinct. Insensibility is nearly synonymous with stupidity, and oblivion is the bliss which it longs foir, and to which it finally attains. People who believe in annihilation resemble 12 a:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ THE ERHINocEROS. aiiimiais with very long tails, with the exception of this latter appurtenance. Tails are peculiar to animals- are worn as badges of honor in the order of beasthood. They are in many instances more or less scaly when the body is not at all so, as we see in the nmouse, the opossum, and the beaver; and the lhabit of the lemur, of gnawing off the end of his tail, shows that very little sensibilitv resides there. It shows also that there is an antagonism between Appetite and Insensibilitv. But the latter in beasts is superior to the former. Insensibility lordls it over a wide domain. When he would show hIis power, he makes an extensive sweep, as may be observed in the use which animals make of their tails when they are enraged. He holds the supremacy over every passion, and "blind rage" is no more blind than he. <~;' But, like all other sovereigns, he is dependent on his vassals. Appetite is his principal servant. He is supplied with the grossness that is essential to his existence through the demands of Appetite, which himself is obliged to supply. Thus the alligator sweeps his prey into his mouthl with his tail; and the brandishing of the tails of lions, tigers, &c., is fiom the same cause. It is the mighty lord Insensibility that sways 43 , I. .i COMPARAT'IVE PHYSIOGNOMY. this sceptre of power- turning living bodies into dead carcasses, flourishing it about the body to keep his vassals in fears and extending it over the head to keep his principal servant in subjection. Thus much of Insensibility. We come now to speak of Appetite. It resides as far as possible from its lord and master, for it is the very opposite. Of course, then, it occupies the head, and has the same relation to the anterior extremities that the other has to the posterior. Appetite is essential at, tractiveness, drawing everything into relation and conjunction with Sensibility. It refines and softens the skin as muich as Insensil)ilitv h)ardens it, and does always the very reverse of what its m-aster does. It begets Sensibility, which feels iiitensely, suffeis pain, aind is carried to tile degree of torimelt. Who, if he hlas not fblt it, has not heard, of the feelin?, of hunger and of tormnentiu)y thirst? Appetite, therefore, is the very opposite of Insensibility, and, to indicate this, is assiigned to an opposite position in the body. When Appetite grows strong, it dispenses with Insensibility altogether. It makes use of teeth, tongue, claws, &c., to surprise its food, and tosses iup its head iii perfect cortenipt of the pretensions of its former loid. It grows bold, saucy, and 44 THE RHIIINOCEROS. independent, and says of the tail, that it is "11no great shake,, after all!" The consequence of this is, that it turns out as Appetite says: Insensibilitv is obliged to withdraw from the tail into the bodly, that he inay receive a portion of the nourisllhment that Appetite would otherwise appropriate e,tirely to its own use. tl reas(1,,s, with ieg(ard to the state of the case, by the metthod calied a poi ter'oP. He considers himnself the rightful sovereign; and though hle does what he can to conciliate Appetite, he has no notion of consenting to a rebellion. "I\\ $\:1 He makes a virtue of necessity, and becomes on familiar terms with the servants that hlie was formerly in the habit of chats. tising. He lets down his dignity wonderfully deserts the tail, whichi, i; like a pile without inhabitant, to ruin runs," and takes up his residence in the l)ack. But the less of a gentleman he becomes, the more selfish is 45 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. he. Ile converts the body into a fortification; he builds on a larger scale, and in a style of greater magnificence, than before-a sure index of his waning fortunes. Hle is swayed by fear, and what hlie does is an indication of it; he substitutes grasping cupidity for the title of sovereign in just the degree that his sceptre is in danger of being wrested from him; lihe parts with his courage and magnanimity as a prince with his sceptre and his crown. Fear draws him into close cominu nion with Appetite, and enlarges headquarters fori his recep tion. Finally, hle becomes the very slave of Appetite, and takes up his residence in the head, which is gradually enlaiged for his accommodation. When this is the cast>, we may as certain it by the fact that there is no tail left. Hle may be called, first and last, Endurance, l)((ause, as lie sufferis noth ing, he suffers anything you plet-. He is the common ground for all sorts of impressions: he is at first the pave ment, then the stepping-stone, tleni the marble hall to the palace of the soul; and finally hlie is the luxurious carpet, upon which, though there is less danger, rilen tread more softly than on stones. What we have described is Endurance, indicated by the brain and nerves of sensation, upon some of which impressions are made more lightly than on others. We are now prepared to speak more particularly of the rhinoceros. Insensibility has lost all dignity inll him. You see by his looks that he is supremnely selfish, and that Insensibility in him would sacrifice pride rather than the services of Appetite. By remaining in the tail when the servant was likely to become independent of his master, the latter would vacate entirely, and the whole animal economy would be destroyed. iHere master and servant dwell peaceably together, in the back and head, surrounded by the tokens of unbounded prosperity; while the tail hlangs idly, having been resigned for things more substantial and enduring. The condition of the rhinoceros, for a beast, is truly a happy one. The means of subsistence are before him, but never a great way off. Not so with those animals that have a predominance of insensibility in the tail, as the alligator, or that have a predominance of laziness, like the bear. "Proud and .1. f, THE RHINOCEROS. lazy" is an epithet that can not be applied to the rhinoceros. Insensibility keeps such good pace with Appetite, that his food is always under his nose. I-e is ever reaching forth for the supreme good-the gratification of Appetite, and the closing up of the avenues of Sensation. His belly is therefore of the largest dimensions, and is fortified around with shields and bucklers, so that the vulnerable part is long in being discovered. He keeps his servant busily at work in closing the avenues outside and in. As he has so much selfishness, it is appropriate that he should be formed specially for self-defence. The sign of this is the most prominent feature in his countenance. As Self-Defence follows Attack, he must invariably, in every controversy, have the last word. It is impossible to find anything new about him, for he is fortified against en croachment, and is encased in the old. He has but one logic for all w})o dale to assault him, and his last word is always the same. IHe assures Von tihat "facts are stubborn things," and the totughness of his hide inclines him to deal in these, and makes it impossible that any other should have an impression upon him. Hle puts effects for causes, and in going forward supposes that he is going backward; and this he dignifies with the name of reasoning'! But this is more the case with those who resemble alligators- where Insensibility attaches greater dignity to the tail-than in him. What you attack in the rhinoceros is " cut and dried." It has stood the test of time and of innumerable assaults. and why should he change it? He knows how to give you mathematical demonstrations, for it is his business to fortify himself. This is his fort, and hlie applies it to the erection of defences against all who war with him, whether the weapons be spiritual or carnal. It is against the possibility of an attack that he fortifies himself, and he is therefore impregnable. He is prejudiced: what can you do with him? His motto is, " In peace prepare for war, that no enemy may be tempted by your weakness to pounce upon you!" This is the dictate of fear, and also of Insensibility, when there is no danger to be apprehended. But when it shows no fear of reason, and takes reason for its counsellor, it serves a noble use. 47 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. The man who resembles the rhinoceros is either one of the wisest or the most senseless of individuals. Lookl at that counte nance, and say if it is not destitute of Sensibility. Was there ever anything so stupid? You inay anticipate the time when, like the hog, ihe will testify his content % ~~~sibilityv. Was there, ever anything so stu t~~i ~pid? You iriay anticipate the time when, like thb hog, ihe will testify his content (I;'g ~~~~~~~~~~~\~\\ ment with a grunt. But let us turn from this example of the brute creation to another that is very like him, and yet in a certain sense the very opposite. 48 THE ELEPIHANT. CHAPTER VI. WHAT executioner is this, come to wield his monstrous lash, more effective than the club of Hercules? He is inclined to try the stability of those mathematical certainties which the rhinocer o s puts his trust in - to feel the ground upon which he treads, and to make iinimpressions on defences that bid defiance to attack. Everytl)iing about him is formed to be the counterpaitofthat which is discovered in tile rhi 7 j j which the rh~IIII,ro i i sfre oh h noceros. That trunk of his, which is the only thin; kind ill existence, is curiously and wonderfully mad a maul unparalleled, and has at its end an i instrument for pinch- B ing, so that it is suita- w bie to the execution of every sentence. Hle punishes both great and minor offences,,]:> with an exactness of justice that is truly'. admirable. As he is, physically suited to ~ carry it into execution, so his belief is 4 'I ('} COMMA RATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY That when a man is past his sense, The method to reduce him thence Is twinging by the ears and nose, Or laying on of heavy blows." He has the feeling that he is formed to be an executioner. When the sentence has gone forth, it is never revoked. The punishment must come if ever the opportunity offers; his duty must be discharged. In the East, he is chosen to execute the laws. There is no variety of execution sliort of in fernal that he is not prepared to inflict. The man who is so -vanting n Sensibili ty as to play a hoax ~,,/:,,x:2 ~ upon the elephant, "I ~~will have it dinged into him by the elc pbant's truink: if ever j/I,/'~b e comes within the \\j i-~~~eachiof that flexible instrument. By'"the elephant," be it un derstood, we mean the man who resem bles the elephant,and by "the rhinoceros" the man who resembles the rhinoceros. The aniinal we are now speaking of may be styled the "Executive." He is the very embodiment of " physical force." As the rhinoceros represents Endurance, so does the elephant represent d Effectiveness. Like an im- ~ mense water-wheel, he rolls, ff>m and tumbles, and pours the a ~~ water over him; and thie an im,ts which he applies,,l My?i the motive-power, is likewa ter tumbling over a precipice, to whichi his forehead and de scending trunk bear a close resemblance. His countenance 50 THE ELEPHANT. is all dripping, and seems to invite a torrent of water to be poured over it. Hlis whole body is like a sea, with its ebb and flow, and moving forward with a slow current to its out, let, where the mighty force of descent invites to the demonstration of the principle that " knowledge is power." He is the wisest of the brute creation, for physical force should be governed by intellectual, to which it corresponds. He represents all things mighty —the water-power, the ponderous wheel, and the whole machinery through which power overcomes a resistance equal to itself in the production of the most wonderful results. As there is in the rhinoceros that which involves the principles of mathematics, so there is in the elephant that which involves the principles of mechanics; and as Nature illustrates these principles in the animal economy of both, so Art, in those who resemble the rhinoceros and the elephant, applies them to the demonstration of the laws which govern the material creation, and to the production of machinery. Astronomy is the result of the one, and wheels and their complicated revolutions are the result of the other. The Effectiveness that resides in the human framie is still greater in the instrument that man produces. There is a resemblance to the elephant, not only in those who make an extensive application of machinery, but in those who invent it. The inferior class who bear this resemblance, are suited physically to,, perform the function of executioners, and to be. I;'' d the instruments of pow-,il er. The stoutest labor -.A _ _ ers-in size, form, mo- tions, and expressions By~ of the countenanceresemble the elephant..-; ~. This is so with hercule-.' -XA', an negroes particularly, <:.: and thev have been re 51 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. garbed as the executors and as the labor-saving machineiy of the world from time immemno'ial. This is doubtless in some degree a perversion of the grand principle which tlev illustrate, but it shows an instinctive recognition of this resemblance, not only in those who make a slave of the negro, but in the rIeglo himself. There is something peculiarly noble, dutiful, and trustworthy, in the features of the " black fellow" who bears this resemblance-rude when caught, and yet beautiful from his adaptation to his various uses. I II/ The elephant exhibits this beauty of adaptation the very day that he is captured; he takes to service almost imme diately, which can be said of no other animal. His sulsceptibility of iinprovei,eiit is uncommonly great. This is true of the Afiicaii, and liheice le is capable of attaining to the highest condition morally and intellectually, the correspondent of which is the lowest physical condition when the former and the latter are not united. But his development is exceedingly slow, as is also that of the elephant. The negro presented in the first of these chapters is a mere babe. Precocity in the human family, although highly flattered, is less to be desired than the tardy development of the negro. Every one may judge what the difference will be in 52 THE ELEPHANT. the final lesult. Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe has some fine remiarks on this subject, in her popular work entitled "Uncle Tom's Cabin, or Life among the Lowly," which it would be superfluous to quote, since it must be tak-1.-e f.or.g.antedha fes er-... I k _qll body hra e. There is also characteristic child- i \ i hood in a child like this, who is exceedingly fond of a ride on the elephant's back, and whose features are seen to bear a striking - resemblance to the profile of that animal. It must be confessed, too, that he has reason to be grateful for affection on the part of his bearer, for they are congenial spirits. In the negro-looking female who stands above, we can hardly fail to see that the features are elephantine, and to ascribe to her all the docility, faithfulness, caution, substitution, and love of children, that are characteristic of the elephant. The African may be called deformed and monstrous, like the elephant but there is an old proverb which says, " I[ome 53 c L, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. ly in the cradle, handsome in the saddle." Besides this, the highest beauty is the result of the highest use, and is founded on the lowest. In his adaptation to the lowest, which is that of a dutiful child, the African is still handsome: " his mother's eye, That looks upon him from his parent sky, Sees in his flexile limbs untutored grace, Power in his forehead, beauty in his face." This beauty is latent in him, and will be developed. It should be observed, however, that certain negro races do not resemble elephants, and these in market value are good for nothing except to play the banjo, and exhibit white collars and pocket handkerchiefs: but we shall speak of these in another chapter. 54 THE OSTRICH. CHAPTER VII. WHAT a man loves, he generally is: hence he is generally himself, for it is himself that he loves. Self-love is the most natural solution of the fact that the animal a man most likes he most resembles. The man who resembles the ostrich has more of the spirit which says, "I'm myself," than the generality of mankind. It is the staring, wondering owl that says, "Who? who?" and provokes the response just alluded to. In children, who are more spontaneous than growni people, question and answer of this sort are expressed literally. The one that says, "I'm myself," is a young ostrich, and promises to resemble that bird more and more. There is progressively developed in him a spirit of independence that is truly noble. He throws off infantile weakness rapidly, and relieves his parents of the responsibility of taking care of him. This is one of the characteristic things in which he resembles the ostrich. His appetite for knowledge, his power of mastering stubborn truths and of appropriating the results to the development of his own mind, and the possession thereby of an uncommon degree of strength and maturity, correspond to the appetite, powerful digestion, and wonderful hardiness and strength of the desert-bird. HIe has an abundance of selflove; but his love of liberty, in raising him above dependence, elevates him above the lower gratifications of selfishness, and he exhibits a high-mindedness that is truly admirable. Be it observed, however, that the resemblance to the ostrich may be too literal. In that case the individual is weak-minded, foolish, self-conceited, light-headed, and likes to be odd, at the same time that he "asks no odds" of any one, prides himself upon his originality (which is mere oddity), and reasons in a circle from one end of a single idea to the other, as the 55 C0OMPARATIVE PIIYSIOGNOMY. ostrich runs when pursued by a horse. He is a sort of mathcmratical reaso,ler, considering that if by any means he can return "to the place of beginning," ~~~~wrsheIsasroftasedna ~~~~~~rIncrsfowhee reenbe .... the one animal has a certain resemblance to the other. It may be mentioned at the same time that the relationship between the lion and the eagle, and the cat and the owl, causes that the person who resembles the beast should resemble also the bird, and vice versa. But the ostrich, and the man who resembles him too literally?-A horse, unaided by the cinning and prudence of the rider, can no more overtake the one, than reason can overtake the other. The sandy desert which you will have to traverse, if you follow in his footsteps, will not furnish you with a single 56 THE OSTRICH. oasis to gladden the eye or to refiesh the exhausted spirits. Water there is none, but only a vast sea of sand; and instead of genial warmth, there is burning hleat, that withers every verdant thing, and destroys the life. If this strange bird can live there, others can not, and it is because lie is adapted to a situation that to others would be a " place of torment." Most persons can tell you without much hesitation what animal they are most fond of, but this is not so with the person who resembles the ostrich. He never saw the animal that "' j -,4';j/ lie had any pairticuilar liking foi Iv~~ ~and the trutil is, hle has no par ticular likiig, for alIy. The reason is, he has never had the opportunity of making a pet of the animal he most resembles. He is mitnus also thle l)ve of children to the degree that he has no disposition to pet and fondle them. As hie has no idea of leaning upon parents and being a burden to them, so he expects that children will take care of themselves, and relieves himself of responsibility concerning his own. As hlie has no opportunity to love the aniinal he is like, he loves it in himself, and the definition of this is ... he loves himself so much, He owes all others else a grutch!" On the contrary, the person who is like a horse, a cow, a cat, or a dog, or any familiar animal, is fond of creatures of all sorts. The gratification of a piedoiniant affection opens a channel for the exercise of othier affections of the same nature. Thus it is necessary that conjugal love should be awakened, in order that the domestic and social affections should be fully 57 ./:- i .A COMPARATIVE P IIYSIOGNOMY. developed; and that a man should love the animal he m(st resembles, in order that he may exercise love and compassion toward animals in general. The fondness for animals, like that for human beings, is founded upon a partiality for one. As the love of God is the love of ONE, the love of mankind is founded upon that. The animal nature of which the ostrich is an embodiment forms the groundwork of a character as exalted as the foundation is low, and as chaste and beautiful as the basis is coarse and strong. In nature and art the barren rudeness and ugliness of the foundation are in proportion to the perfection of the design. The most beautiful temple is reared upon the unsightliest and most rugged rock. The hardest material is formed for the most exquisite finish. Its roughness and deformity give place to symmetry and proportion; its rigidity is changed to the appearance of softness. The most solid substance becomes spiritual, and thereby yielding; the shapeless mass acquires the highest degree of individuality; it becomes ethereal by the flow of life and beauty that surrounds it; it is an embodiment of the sublimest conception-an image of the DIVINE. The stubborn hardness of the substances which the ostrich takes into his stomach, and the more obstinate stomach that resists and overcomes them, correspond to facts the most difficult of solution, and to a mind capable of grasping and resolving them. The barren sand traversed by the ostrich, and the vain effort at progress (the running around and returning to the same place, which makes it impossible ever to escape, either from the desert or the enemy that pursues him), correspond to universal truths which in the process of reason are never to be lost sight of, and to the true order of reasoning, which, as it follows Nature, is in a circle - but in a circle that is progressive, being that of end, cause, and effect." We see, therefore, what connection there is between folly and wisdom, silliness and simplicity, and consequently what connection there is between pride and selfishness on the one hand and respectability and usefulness on the other. The indepen. 4ence of care and protection, and the consequent deficiency 58 THE OSTRICH. of these in the ostrich, correspond to the independence which seeks to increase itself by establishing a commerce of freedom, and to the consequent kindness and protection which relieve the dependence of. others, and enable themi to confer independence in their!I(/,:j '~!!,:~5:(~:~ i /7S i turn. The self-sufficiency or proud independence of the bird corresponds to the humble Sufficiency which acknowledges Mutual Dependence for its father. From this action of Inde. pendence proceed the most admirable relations of parents and children, and of society at large. The most perfect order and harmony are the result of the rudimentary traits which constitute a resemblance to the ostrich, or of the highest degree of improvement which these qualities are capable of. The Swedes, as a nation, bear a resemblance to the ostrich, as a comparison of faces and of the characteristics mentioned above will show. 59 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER VIII. THE distinction between matter and space will explain the difference between beasts and birds. It would seem at first glance as if the elephant and the stork were altogether dis similar, but the difference between them is as the difference between size and distance. "*) IlI everythling relating to measurement, the stork is a model of perfection. There is no part of his bocly in which length is disre _____ _ ~garded; conisequently his proportions are faultless. His appearance may remind us of something awkward and ungainly, but it is not in him. His gait is easy and graceful, and it is association of ideas that reminds us of the opposite. In our disposition to find in him something to laughli at, is illustrated the saying that "there is but one step from the sublime to the ridiculous." His height is contrasted with the low, and instantly we think of littleness and insignificance being elevated upon stilts, for contrast is the very essence of the absurd. If we observe the length of his bill, the contemptible idea of a noddle which is suggested by tlhe height to which his extremities elevate him will pass over to the flamingo, the crane, the ostrich, and birds of that ilk, whose heads are little in proportion to their height. A head whose lightness elevates it among the clouds is ridiculous in the extreme. The class of persons who, on account of the length of their limbs, are compared to cranes, are many of them exceedingly graceful, and these resemble storks; while the remainder have greater length in particular portions of their limbs than they can well dispose of. Their not knowing what to do with their hands and feet is connected with a shortness of nose, chin, or so THE STORK. other features of the countenance. Proportions being dependent upon length are looked for in connection with it, and by length want of proportion is rendered conspicuous. The man who resembles the stork is suspected of being awkward and //, I ungainly when he is not so; and if the suspicion prove true. even in the least degree, he is poked fun at. For the reason that there is but one step from the sublime to the ridiculous, it is a dangerous step for a man to grow tall, particularly if it be a hasty one, as is frequently the case between the ages of fifteen and twenty. For the same reason it is dangerous to aspire to an elevation in rank. A high position is one which commands criticism quite as much as respect; and perfect consistency, or truth, is looked for in this case as perfect proportion is looked for in the other. The man whom catsure makes tall, and at the same time harmonious, has nothing to fear. Like the stork, he will outlive ridicule. He is not born to be idle-he must vindicate himself-and should be reckoned among those things that are "comely in going." His talent is discovery, not invention- observation, not theory. In this consists the principal difference between him and the 61 (COMPPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. person who resembles the ostrich: the one is prone to be odd and ridiculous, the other the reverse: " That lifts a mortal to the skies, This calls an angel down." Invention proceeds in its development firom thc earth to the heavens; Discovery from the heavens to the earth. The former, with its head among the clouds, is silly and self-conceited, or is liable to become so, like the ostrich; the latter, with its high thoughts directed to the earth, is distrustful of appearances, like the stork: " Who bade the stork, Columbus-like, explore, Realms not his own, and seas unknown before?" If he traversed in a circle the little spot where he was born, he would find out nothing. As he is a discoverer, it is suita (\((~Q<~~~L ble that he should be high, where he can look down upon those whom he enlightens, and enlighteii every object that he sees. It is suitable that he sl)ould l)e high, for his matchless proportions defy criticism; and however much we may be disposed to ridicule him in his standing position, he inspires a sense of sublimity when we see iimn stretched out in his aerial voyage. 62 I THE STORK. As length is a predominant thing in the stork, hlie walks with measured tread. So does the person who resembles him. His life is portioned out to various pursuits, each in its season, and he keeps pace and time with others, and sets them an example of regularity. The adjutant is well named, so far as marching, or measuring time aiid t? distance by paces, can make a J" t ~ soldier of him. But it should be remarked that tall persons, who resemble storks, adjutants, herons, and the like, are deficient in coura,ge. This essential of a soldier generally falls to the lot of short people, and to short, thick-set animals, like tihe bull-dog. The combination of caution, which is characteristic of the long, with courage, which is characteristic of the short, is exhibited in the ekary caacter. The courage of the lion, as the lion should be, is mated with the military instinct and genius of the stork, and the animal which embodies these two in perfect proportion is the horse. Want of courage, in man or animal, induces consumption; and caution, being changed to fear, increases it. The adjutant is a giant-bird, with a formidable jaw, but he is a shamefilff coward. If the increase of flesh and fat is not in proportion to the food taken into the stomach, the food is consumned: 63 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOM'Y. it is wasted, and this waste indicates one degree of cowardice, and the wasting of the body another. It is the destiny of the stork, the flamingo, and the like, and of those who resemble them, to grow long and spindling, and consumption is a means to that end, whether it be a perversion or not. Stout-hearted people are stout built, and hearty appetite and hearty food promote their stoutness. But the person who depends upon his food and drink to give him courage, or upon any kind of narcotic or stimulant to supply his mental deficiencies, beeomes intemperate, and wastes in body and mind as he does in money and provisions. As there is something natural in this (the herons and cranes setting them the example), they spin out quite a life of it, after all! 64 THE MOUSE. CHAPTER IX. WHOEVER has seen the "Aztec children," whatever may have been his speculations respecting them, will jump at the idea of their resemblance to mice. The feeling they awaken is a compound of repugnance, playfulness, curiosity, and folldness. But however much, gentle reader, you may feel a disinclination to touch them, you will be ready to spring upon them as the embodiments of a truth, and clasp them to your hearts. Besides, if you are capable of seeing beauty in a mouse, with his peculiar habits, his confidence, his distrust, his audacity, his silken hair, his delicate structure, his active temperament, his tiny limbs, his round chlest, his little big head, his sparkling black eyes, his disproportioned cllops, in which mischief is concealed under gravity-if you are calpable of sympathizing in his misfortunes, of desiring to protect ]iin, or of a temptation to enlarge him when hlie has unluckily fallen into a trap-then you are capable of seeing beauty in the Aztec children, and of feeling an affection for them. You will have no disposition to call them fools: thety are nloodles. Their resemblance to mice is in everythiug, they do, and in every part fromn top to toe, but most in tle countenance, and iin those things which it is impossible for the artist to portray. The only correct impression that can be made upon them is upon the retina: a second-hand solar impression, like the daguerreotype, will never do. In the proportions of the jaws, in the peculiar fornl and expression of the mouth, in that nose, so fill of fire, energy, and comicality, and in a certain something diffused over all so like what we discover in the inonse, we can not fail to see a wonderful relation between the two. From such lips as those you argue a pair of incisors similar to those of a mnouse; and the truth is, the boy, who has his second 5 65 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. set, has but one pair,): (ctting-teeth in eachi jaw. To the exercise of gnawing we should imagine that nothing could be better suited than the cracker which ai-h ,:. bilk wilfully or maliciously so. The boy : i;':;:a% is fond of teasing his sister, of inter @g ~~ S,, meddling, of having "a filnger in the pie," but it is all for tle sake of fun (\~~\r ~ and frolic, the gratification of curi osity, the largest liberty, and the in dulgence of the senses. You must not look in their coun tenances for the expression of delight so much as in their feet: their nether extremities are curiosities equal to those of the mouse, and the appearance and feeling of their hands confirm the resemblance. There is no warmth in them -they are like dead things; and tlough there is a certain glow in the countenamce of the girl, it is too literally ruby to answer the expectation arising fiom the association of " ruby lips." If you would understand the striange sensation that is produced by contact, yout can experience it by kissing the lips of a marble statue. Of this we are assured on good authority, for it is no unusual thling -for matronly ladies to manifest the common fondness foir children toward the gill Bi,atola. ]But the countenance of Maximo is ablsolutely dead, except a faint attempt at roguishness which may b)e occasionally discovered in the corners of his month. The greater amount of love which falls naturally to the female, gives a lifelike appearance 6 THE MOUSE. to the face of his sister, and thus an interest, which his has not There is no accounting for tastes except on principles of Physiognomy. People who resemble owls are attracted to the Aztecs, and find in them a gratification of their tastes and an ample field for the exercise of affection and fondness. The same is true of those who resemble cats. In the cat the qualities of the mouse are assimilated, and she can but love that which gratifies her, and which corresponds to the playfulness, the refinement, the cunning, and so many other things, in her own nature. The part of her nature that is not mouse is made up of bird and fish, both of which she is exceedingly fond of. That a cat is fond of mice in a higher sense than is usually understood is manifest from the delighted expression of her eyes when she sees one, and from her playing with it before she appropriates its little flesh and bones to the gratification of appetite. You can see that the mouse " fills her eye," as something both good for food and fair to look upon. Thus it is that the eye expresses taste and appetite in relation to beauty and quality, which are in most cases inseparable. The little mouse appeals to the cat through her love of infants, which is wonderful; and it is affection, not hatred, in connection with her appetite, that makes her devour it. Females who resemble cats threaten to devour their little ones, play with them as a cat with a mouse, bite harder than they intend, and really feel as if it would be a pleasure to swallow them alive if there were not a higher law of nature, the " sovereignty of the individual," to oppose it. We saw one man in whom the Aztec children excited extraordinary affection and delight. Hie kissed the girl, was enthusiastic in his admiration of their beauty, and went into an ecstasy at the grace and liveliness of their manners. He had a very parental expression of countenance, and resembled a cat almost as much as the children resembled mice. These children never walk; they always run. Explaining the constant flexure of their legs by the idea that they may Ihave had the rheumatism some time or other, is ridiculous. Except when they jump, they run with a gliding motion, which 67 COMPARATIYE PHYSIOGNOMY. requires a peculiar step, like that of the mouse. There is no elevation upon the toes, or firom straightening of the limb, so that (as in the absence of locomotion, or of steps and paces) the attention is directed principally to the head, that glides mnysteriously along, like a mouse, or like a ball that is kicked firom one end of a room to the other: the force seems to be not in itself, but behind it, or out and around. The whole expression of the countenance is externals as if in the gratification of the senses it would spend its existence. In this, to(-, the Aztec children resemble mice. The first time we saw the boy Maximo, there was so little expression of internal consciousness, that we questioned whether he was alive. In our' imagination he was a first man, made of red clay, with life breathed into his nostrils, where it seenled to reside, but that he had not yet become a living soul. As for Bartola, she should be called "Und ine," but how she crept into the soul of the author of that delightful story it is impossible to conceive. We should inot be more surprised to see her in a little chariot drawn by mice, than we were at the first sighlt of her. Poets mav cease dreaming of fairies, for their dreams are realized. If spirits should claimi that these were the first fruits of their endeavor to clothe themselves with material forms, we should be inclined to believe them. But, seriously, these children do not seem like beings of flesh and blood. They may be taken for souls without bodies, or bodies without souls, whichever we please: ,,All eye, all ear, the disembodied soul" and that is what these Aztec children are, though it is pretty evident that their spirits are upon the outside, and that their senses are external. Their spirits may be said to have " stepped out," and this gives the impression that they are dead. This, and the instant association of their features with the Aztec images, and with the sculptured heads on the Central-American ruins, to which they bear so striking a resemblance, impressed our minds with the idea that they were the work of some modern Promletlheus who had discovered the art of creating human beings artificially. That grave conn 68 THE MOUSE. tenance, like tlhat of a graven image; those lively extremities, which might owe their activity to galvanism rather than to a head so motionless as theirs; those animated dead eyes; that stifled voice, extorted as it were by screws and pinching; that unearthly attempt to speak; those threads and hinges on which the motive power, whatever it is, is intended to operate-these, and other things too numerous to mention, constitute a resemblance to the mouse. On the whole, they are pretty little contrivances for the diversion of ladies and gentlemen, old and young. 69 COMPARATITE PHYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER X. FoR all that ethnologists can discover to the contrary, tihe origin of the "Aztec children" is hidden in impenetrable obscurity. They are mysterious little beings certainly. If they are not the productions of witchcraft, they have at least a something about them that will cure "the blues." No ghost can haunt a castle that is not deserted of mice. One sprite, or fairy, or eldrich thing, will drive out another, and so it is with the little elves we are speaking of. From hall or cottage they will keep away annoyances of a more serious nature. Like mice, they are weak and helpless. They are born to fiisk and frolic, and to live on preserves and confectionery, in a lordly mansion, where they are permitted to make free use of whatever they can find. They are wholly incapable of providing for themselves; and should the mansion be deserted, they would starve to death. Yet they are useful in their way, and pay for the immunities that are afforded them. Think not, gentle reader, that they are the only persons who resemble mice! But the spirit personated in the rat-oh, horrible! Sordid, sensual, its energies bent on plunder; carnivorous, insatiable; hiding his plunder in subterranean holes, where he expects to find it; torturing the earth to uncover and conceal his cherished gold; extorting confessions and disclosures from the miserable victims of his cupidity and lust; incarcerating meni and women in excavations of his own, where his ratty soul takes refuge in times of danger- these are the characteristics of the worst of tyrants, or of those who resemble rats. On the following page is presented a full-length portrait of the Hindu nabob, Suraj-a-Dowlah, the incorrigible wretch who thrust a hundred and forty-six Englishmen into a dungeon not twenty TO THE RAT-THE HARE. feet square, known to fame as the " Black Hole of Calcutta." It was about eight o'clock in the evening when they were forced in, and "at eight o'clock in the morning the narrow space was so completely blocked up with the dead lying one upon another, and those who yet lived " were so weak and faiint, that it \ i] was withi the greatest difficulty that the door was opened. At ~ I* length twenty-tlhr-ee glhastly fig- \), 1 \ I ures were brought ot-figures l that would not have been recognised by the mothers that bore them." What better could be expected from a man who reserbled a horrible black r'at? If. o ll jil there be such a tihing as transmigration of souls, it might be some < —?fl1 gratification to the English to imagine that he was among the number of infernal rats that the city of Paris made war upon, killing thousands ii i" black holes" -and that among the skins they purchased of the victors, to manufacture into gloves, his was one! Those whose faces resemble hares or rabbits are much piettier. They are attractive, simple, lively, ready to act at a moment's warning, but somewhat selfish and quarrelsotne withal. As with the mouse, there is very little fr'aternal affection in them, though filial love is strong. They are remnarked for wonderful aptitude and desire to learn, and for extraordi 71 __Z~~~ COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. nary susceptibility of improvement. The portrait of Sir Henry Clilton, which follows, may be taken for a model of a schoolboy countenance. It is that also of a "hewer of wood and a drawer of water." It is the representative of a useful class, but of one that learns to do mischief and good with equal fitcility. You can see impudence in that countenance, requiring only to be let go in order to exl i)it it self in words, and to act hand-in-hand with mischief, to which it is near akin. If that were the case, filial love would be selfish, like the fondness of a cat for a mouse-requiring to be fed and clothed, and making insolent demands, and thereby retaining the character of weakness and infancy. The person _ 9 1 B ywho resembles a rabbit is either saucy, impudent, idle, disobedient, or the very reverse; for the anim nal faculties acting in subserviency to those that are peculiarly hunmat atre reversed, and manifest themselves in the vely opposite direction. Thus there is no harmn in resemiibling, a savage beast, for the tiraits of character in such an animal tend to innocence, peace, comfort, contentment, and felicity, as is manifested in the faces, expressions, postures, motions, and air, of the feline animals, when their passions are withdrawn from the external, which is the region of disturbance, to the internal, which is the region of tranquillity. It is as the difference between the surface of the ocean and the depths beneath. The person who resembles the mouse has tendencies toward refinement and elevation, while the one who resembles the rat has none. The one aspires, ransacks drawers and closets, buries himself in books and papers in garrets, gleans knowledge from every source, finds profit in being alone, and " all the bread and cheese he has he lays upon a self." The other sinks in the mire of corruption, delves for filthy lucre, and has no disposition to rise except upon the heaps that he can accumulate. The person who resembles the squirrel has nobler tenden 72 THlE SQUIRREL. resembles the mouse. The squirrel -ies than the one who couintenanceT which we see Here is interesting, charming, good, and inproves ol acquaintance. It indicates interest,simplicity,truthfulness, cheerifil and lively emotions, domestic virtues, providence, industry, aspiration, liking for children, tenderness, and tlhe love of I)eing well lhouIse(d aid made cCOintf;,talble. It r-eselitl)les t'le squir'iel inl ever7ythlii,n as ai l igier ia-y correspond to a lowei; t)l'taMc. It 1se11)les ___________________________ coirespond to a lower; and who is there tliat, fiom the countenance alone, would not confirm our judgn cent of the character? It is the face of Anne of Cleves, the foturthl wifb of Henry VIII. Or the tiaits mentioned in the last character, maternal love is the ceintre, airouncl which the otlieis cluster. This is still more 73 COIMPAR.ATIV, PIHYSIO)GNOMY. remarkably the case with the inidividu-al who resembles tile opossum. But the latter is as homely as the former is beautiful; and this word " homely" is the very one to express the ' j-;::"\j l looks and dispositions of the per son referred to: the parental feel ing is so strong, that even in the male it seems maternal, and in the female it seems more than that. This is a rude sketch of a South African, an old Bossont(, warrior, a convert to Christianity. For a resemblance to the opossum, that carries its young ones iii a pouch, and loves to do so, we may well look to the African mothers, who carry their children continually al-)out them, so that the office of child-bearing never ceases. The Ethiiops are children, as before described, and parental love in children exhibits itself chiefly in carrying babies in their arms, which is the more servile emnployment, but easy, because it is a child's affection, the exercise of which is play. Whatever animal the Afi'icans resemnble is fond of carrying young, things; and this is the principal secret of the elephant's wonderflf docility, for men are playthings to him, and he serves his mnaster as a negro does a child, or as a heathen does his idol. I-e ridicles him on his tusks, tosses him on his back, takes him down again, teters him up and down, as if he would say, "ThIis is my doll-baby." 74 THE MONKEY. CHAPTER XI. IT would be a strange thing indeed if, in tracing the resem blance between men and animals, we should overlook the monkey. The class of animals called simta similate man so perfectly as often to create the suspicion that there is some thing human in them. The orang-outang is justly entitled to the appellation of "wild man of the woods," though some consider it too high an honor to bestow upon him for his mock ery of the human species. But man was born to be created, to labor as an artist in the production of an image and like ness of the Divine; and, until he has made himself a man, he is a mere child, a mere production of Nature, a wild man of the woods. The orang-outang has not one particle of the artist about him, and therefore he is not and never can be a man. The ape, as a representative of the class to which he belongs, is a parody on the human race. TIe represents the perversions of human nature in the extreme, and operates as a check, without which man would set no bounds to his flly and madness, his vanity and pride, and would degenerate into the ape he now despises. Of the perversions to which man is liable, and which constitute his resemblance to the mnonkey, let us speak in order. First, his assumption of appearances and manners not belonging to him; his affectation of qualities superior to his own; his ambition to pass for a being of superior mould -to palmn himself off for a god. It is Dr. Adam Clarke (is it not?) who supposes that the temptation of our first parents (that by eating the forbidden fruit they should be as gods, knowing good and evil) was suggested by an orang-outang; but now-a-days the creature operates as a preventive to such a vain ambition. 75 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. The rock on which they split is a warning to their posterity; and those who disregard it must appear very much to the angels as monkeys do to us: " Man, proud man, Dressed in a little brief authority, Plays such fantastic tricks before high Heaven, As make the angels weep-who with our spleens Would all themselves laugh mortal." IHumati beings are pleased with a reflection of themselves in a glass, in the inids of others (particularly when they can have their characters described to theln), in every object that they re selnble, even in a monkey. Ience they are more ainnused with these ain imals than any olthei, laugli leartily ~~',,,, at their grimnaces and mar neily ways, and in doing so resemble tlhemn still \9~,'-~ more. 5\ /\5~ B~e it observed that apes are not ambitious to be men, but as men, and the ambition of men is not to be angels, but as such. It is a great mistake to suppose that men should not aspire to be angels. The error is in wishing to appear such when they are not. They rob heaven of its sacred things, that they may appear divine, and receive the homage that is due to the Stupreme Being, not considering that these things are forbidden fruit. They rob humanity, which is robbery of Hilim who created man in his own image, and with the things they steal from their fellow-beings they invest themselves, and thereby claim for themselves divinity, and cornm inand that those whom they have robbed should fall down and worship them-worship the garments, the equipage, the gold, the power, which they have filched from the hands of the poor and needy. There is not a thing they wear but that is a token of something heavenly, and is therefore too good for them. It is the proper clothing of beings that are good and pure, humble, and moved by charity in everything they do. It is not one man, but the majority, that "steal the TO THE MONKEY. livery of heaven to serve the devil in." HIence the ape is a representative of mankind in general, and combines in his physiognomy and character all sorts of animals-soine men resembling one species of monkey, and some another! The disposition to take what does not belong to him is conspicuous in mnan's social relations, especially in the commercial department, and this also is strikingly exhibited in the monkey. In a community of apes it is the practice to look, every man, on the things of his neighbor, with an eye to their appropriation to his own use; and we can well imagine what sort of order and harmony must prevail in a community that is regulated by such a principle as this. Monkeys are actuated by the feeling that what another has ~ is theirs; that "stolen waters are, -' sweet;" that what is stolen is better than what is given to thl)emare always reaching their arms into their neighbors' provinces, grabbing at each other's food, pulling tails, kicking up a row, causing hubbub and confusion, abusing and insulting each other to the face, and " robbing Peter to pay Paul" in every possible way they can think of. This is all in the disposition to siminilate man; and if they will rob man of his distinctive attributes (for this is humnanity perverted), of course they will rob each other. The second liability to perversion which constitutes a resemblance to the monkey is that of the domestic afec tions. The ambition to seem i ratlher than to be, withdraws 77 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. vevryLthing firom within and expends it upon the surface in a deceptive appearance, which is worse than nothing at all. " How little do they know what is, who frame Their hasty judgment upon that which seems!" The mere shell-of-an-individual is hollow-hearted. Like a balloon he exalts himself on account of his greatness, and proves rather how vapid is his intellect, and how little there is in him. Of sensibility and shame he has so small an amount, that they are hardly appreciable. To make room for pride and vanity, he deprives the domestic affections of their home, where alone they are capable of existing; he turns them out upon the surface, where they grow cold, die, and are petrified into an appearance of reality. It is worse than naught, for love without tenderness is inhuman. Its feeling, its consciousness, its susceptibility to pleasure and pain, which is internal, is lost in brutality, or mere instinctiveness, which is upon the outside. The instinctiveness of a faculty exhibits itself in gesture. Parental love in a child is chiefly this, and expends itself on dolls. In parents it is developed interiorly, and relates to conscious infants that can laugh and cry. The first and lowest action is instinctive; tlhe last and highest is a conscious one. In the monkey there is the same action of parental love that there is in a child. The creature handles its young one as if it were a rag-b)aby, and this appears like an imitation of a human mother, though it is far more like the actions of a little girl. Anything that can be made a baby of, like a marmnozet, attracts the attention of an orang-outang instantly; and his actions when he sees it-his desire to have it, his manner of holding it, and every sign and movement that hlie makes under the exciteiuent of this superficial impulse - is striikingly similar to that of a little girl under the excitement of the passion for dolls. Tie simplicity, gravity, earnestness, and engerness, of this mockery of a inother's love, is exceedingly ludicrous, when we reflect that it is inerely instinctive; that there is no emotion of tenderness in it, no feeling of responsibility, no exercise of consciousness, prompted by susceptibility to 78 THE MONKEI. pleasure or pain, in the object of attention. In assuming the dress and manner of superiors, in taking what does not belong to them, in the affectation that accompanies parental love, and in parental love itself, mankind are "children of an older growth;" and in so far as they are children they are natural, and in so far as they are natural they resemble mionkeys. That monkeys act as men naturally do, is too plainly attested by the senses to admit of a contradiction. In supeificial people, esl)ecially, parental love is upon the outside; their children are dolls, and they dress them accordingly, as if they were insensible to pain and invulnerable to disease. That comfort and health are not the first considerations is quite certain, and hence the conscious action of parental love is less than the instinctive. The latter is a blind idolatry, that defends its young with one hand, while with the other it presses it to death. Where mankind are most like monkeys, children are most like dolls-the objects of idle ceremony and parade, of passionate attention alternating with cruel neglect. At one time they are addressed as if they were fools, and of no account; at another they have powers imputed to them equal to those of Shakspere: and, in keeping with this idea, they are at times considered helpless, and at other times have tasks imposed upon them that are suited to giants. This blind, instinctive action of parental love is the origin of idolatry. It is like the devotion of an ant to the egg that hlie is going to place in his temple. Idols are the dolls of foolish, wicked people, who retain the characters of childrenii when they ought to be men. As dolls are exalted into objects of importance, so are these; though, as they are "children of an idle brain," they are at times treated with contempt by those who made them. They are the objects of a thousand childish conceits, of ridiculous ceremonies, of pantomiimic show, of ulnmeaning jibber and nonsense. The places in which they are kept are such as children choose for baby-louses. The attention that is shown them passes for filial reverence, though, as they are objects of parental affection, the appearance of respect is mere mockery. Of a mother who shows this blindness of parental love, it is often said, "She worships that 79 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. child," and the reverence of an more. The first of the domestic affections in a proper and orderly state is the conjugal, but in N a state of perversion the first is the parental; and the character of the primary affection is the character of all the rest. But we forbear to speak further of the resemblance between mankind and the monkey. It mnay be observed, however, that thie more angles there are in the countenance, and the greater angularity in the corners of the mouth and eyes, and in the dimples, the greater is the resemblance to the monkey, in both character and physiognomy. In those who resemble the mouse, there is the opposite, viz., roundness. The most perfect contour is a medium between the two, and this is the symmetrical. 80 idolator is this, and nothing / i' W THE FISH. CHAPTER XII. FROM time immemorial human beings have exhibited a f'ondness for clothing themselves in scales and armor, and have chosen circumstances which would afford occasion for doing so. This is very appropriate in one who is like a fish in physiognomy, as in the individual before us, or in one who resembles a serpent. The strongest element in military ambition is the love of contest, the object of which is the palm of victory, or a prize; and this it is which governs the actions of a fish, and fills up the measure of existence in the life of a snake. In the pursuit of food there is a contest for the greatest mnouthfuls, and for the greatest number of prizes; and hence the serpent lays in a month's provisions at a single swal low, and the fish rushes forward in the pursuit of food, eager to get it first, and dashes it down without stopping to enjoy his meals. It is always a race with others for the prize, which lie who is the swiftest wins. By the union of contest with the love of food, Appetite is rendered rapacious; and, never satisfied, it rushes onward foI more. The laurel won in battle is lost by the ambition for another 9till. It is neither tasted nor enjoyed, and is therefore noth;ng gained. The love of contest is not limited by appetite: 't wants the whole, so long as one atomn of it is in danger of being seized by another. It gives the poor fish no rest-it urges him on continually, as it does those who are actuated by a likle ambition, of whom it is said, " There is no peace to -Si 6 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. the wicked." The finny tribes not only race, but do battle with each other; they have swords and bayonets, as well as r.,.ields and bucklers, and engines-of-war for beating down barriers, as well as barriers for resisting assault. They bela bor each other with their tails, as if they had boasted to " beat each other all hollow," and the trial had commenced. The Afiican tri' whose col tentiois fui, nish victims for the slave-trade aie of the variety of'negi.oestlhat are like fishes rather than elephlar.ts. The neg,ro fisheries l,, the coast of Afi'ica dpend on the same exigencies, the fislhermen cruise about with the same nuncertaiinties and hopes of suc cess, are prompted by the same tastes and associations, are stimulated by thle same desire of gain (only far more intense y), as the fisheries on the coast of Newfoundland and elsewhere. But there is a piratical bloodthirstiness in the one case which thelre is not in the other. Catching negroes is akin to fish- __ ing, and the caught are stowed away on board vessels like cod- ~!.xj';:";j;.,,ffi fish and whve-o'il; and were it not that they resemnble fishes, - fi-;~ and that there is a feeling of.... this, and a dim perception of.. it, the business w(olild be perfectly infernal. TlIere is always something to relieve men from the charge of being devils in carnate, and to place them in a position in which their reformation is not to be dlespa'"ed of. 82 it y) A I THE FISH. Allowing that the class of negroes we are speaking of resemble fishes, as we see by the foregoing figure and the one following, what could we expect from them in slavery, and iil a n y other country than their own, bnt that they should act like "fishes out of water"? They are not in their element, b u t the talents natur al to th em are put forth in a new direction. The last time we had the pleasure of hearing a negro play the banjo, we were delighted to see how strikingly the music corresponded to thle twitches and vibiations of a fish that is trving to live on air, and to make it a sublstitute for water. Whoeverwill pay attention to it, will be equally struck with the similarity. Then, again, the dancing that accoiti ~Q ( % ~ music corresponded to 11 ~ (- panies the banjo, and in which fifty negroes may be engaged, is like the flopping of so many fishes up and down, and from side to side, on their fins and tails. You might fan- - cy that you had fallen down G into some charmed region - beneath the ocean, into a company of mermaids. We have heard it said \\ ~ that the West India negroes are extravagantly fond of 4.~-G fish, all the more if it lias swum in 1)l-iiie silnce it was alive. Negroes of the kind that may be compared to weeds on a plantation are excessively prolific, as they should be to resemble fishes. In slavery the - no field for tlhe 83 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. exercise of the love of contest, which in a state of cultivat!on would make them pant to excel and to outstiip others in tne pursuit of noble objects. Tile ambition which is tile p]:ncipal ingredient in their natures is turned into a strife for suipriority in laziness, in eating and drinking, in lying and steaing, and in various kinds of profligacy. But they are in the first stages of trailing. There are many degrees between tiiu lowest action of the love of contest and the highest; let tlhem be elevated to the latter, and they will aspire to " glory, honori, and immortality," as individuals of them have done already. There are no people whl)o are naturally more ambitious than they. In dancing, music, and religious exercises, so far as exertion is concerned, thiey excel all others; and exertion, other things being equal, is the measure of ambition. Of the class of negroes who resemble fishes, some are similar to whales, and these are akiii to those who resemble elephants. Both are fond of s8poutng, as are the animals themselves, and this opens a channel f()r their ambition to flow in. It is in proportion to their feeling of greatness; and it may be the same feeling in the elephant and the whale that causes them to engage in the corresponding exercise. The negr-() distinguishes himself for his laugh as well as foir his speeclhifying, and the stress which hlie lays upon the former shows that he attaches importance to it. There is very great character in the sudden explosion of sounds called " latughl)ter," for it proceeds firom the bottom of the heart, and shows the depths of a mana's soundings (which are in some cases exceedingly shallow), togetheri with the quality of the ground -whether it be rock, sand, clay, ori gravel. The negro's " Y-e-w-a-ll!yah! yah! yal!" is wonderfiully like the sound which we have often heard in a menagerie, proceeding firom the elephant —especially the first, "Y-e-w-a-h!"-of which " yali! yali! yah!" is the echo. It seems as if the negro struck upon the resemblance in his nature to the elephant, and sent it forth in a sound expressive of his consciousness of it; and then, to show his pleasure, and at the same time a little of shame at the foolishness of what lie has discovered, laughed at the sound, or echoed it-for echo is laughter. 84 TfIE FISIT. f'nis is our opinion of echo, and of the philosophy of laugh ing and we think that others will be inclined to agree with us. The reason why animals do not laugh is, that tlhere is ilo echo in themt; they have nothing but themselves -they are the origina, sound, and the echo is in man. Lauglhter is a refleetion of nature; it shows man to be an artist. Echo is in exact proportion to the perfection of art. A landscape or a temple, to be beautifuil, must be full of echoes; this will prove that it is in harmony with nature, or that it is a reflection of beauty of which nature is the original. Artists resemble horses, and the horse utters a sound that is exceedingly like laughter: this is so faithfully imitated by a large number of people, that the " horse-laugh" has become proverbial. A volume might be written on the varieties of laughtei, showing that those: who laugh like horses resemble horses; that those whose laughter is an echo of the voice of the lionii resemble lions; that those whose laughter the parrot is fotnd of imitating, resemble parrots; that those who echo the voice of the crow resemble crows; and so on. 85 86IOMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER XIII. MAN is reared upon the animal, as a temple is reared upon its base. The mineral kingdom is the substratum of the vegetable, the vegetable of the animal, and the animal of mao. The human temple, as a whole, is based upon the entire animal kingdom; and one stone of that temple is raised uponi the back of a turtle, another on an eagle, another on a horse, another on a lion, and so on to the end of the catalogue. Tihe basis and the superstructure, of course, resemble each other; but the former is created for the latter, the lower for the higher, the animal for the human: and hence it should be said that animals resemble men, and not the reverse, exeept by implication. In a city where no two houses were of the same appearance and dimensions, each foundation would col respond to its own house better than to any other; and as persons differ from each other, it is evident that one animal will resemble one, and another another. " There are More things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamed of in your philosophy." There is a science of poetry as well as of physics. All general truths are made up of particulars; and no one will deny that the kingdoms of Nature rise one above another, and that each kingdom is composed of parts, and that the parts above must have an orderly relation to those beneathl. For each vegetable there is a mineral, for each animal there is a vegetable, and for each man there is an animal; and the vegetable that is the animal's, and the mineral that is the vegetable's, are man's also. Why not, if the second kingdom of Nature rests upon the first, the third upon the second, and if man is supported by them all 86 MEN AND ANIMALS. This relation does not imply that a particular man subsists upon a particular animal; for the truth is, each man is a iepresentative of his race, and comprehends in himself all sorts of animals, so that he somewhat resembles them all. He is an individual, and not to be confounded with things in general. It is true that lie "eats everything," selecting at will fioin the three kingdoms of Nature, and balancing himself into a likeness of all things; but his resemblance to some one particular specimen of natural history is still l'etained. If his foundation be a lion, self love will cause him to love and adlnire that animal, and he will cherish in himself the attributes that he adnires and loves. But the superstructure which lie rears may be so beautiful, so perfect, that the basis will not be observed. He may, indeed, love the foundation so greatly as to care for nothing higher; but when he has reared a beuiitiful temple upon it, which is himself, he values it all the more for the sake of the use. His first affection is self-love, and looks to nothing beyond the animal; his second is benevolence, and looks to humnanity, and to elevating himnself into a representative of his race, and this is his true and nioble self, in the love of which the love of the neighbor is included. It is a beautifiu conception which places a hero upon the back of a lion, another of a different character upon a leopard, ainother upon a horse; but what would we think of the artist who should place his hero upon a cow, a hog, or a deer? The impropriety of such a thing arises firom the fact that man is reared upon the animal kingdom once, and not twice; upon the horse in one way, and upon the cow in another. The animals which men in general have the greatest resenmblance to are those that they are most inclined to rear themselves upon, by either eating their flesh or riding upon theiri backs. Thus the resemblance is increased. Thlis is desirable, for in this world at least man must have a foulidati(on to stand upon. He derives a stamina from the animal king(),,I which the vegetable does not afford, and from the vegetal)le a substance which is supplied in a very scanty degree )by the mineral. But for a foundation to his feet the mineral kingdom is the best. Man has a feeling that, whatever animal it S7 8COM [PARATIVE PiH Y'SIOGNOMY. is proper for him to bestride, it is not proper for himr to eat, and vice versa. Hence the ass, the horse, the elephant, the camel, and the llama, are not associated in the mind withl the ideas of slaughter, nor with the desire for flesh: and Nature, to suit thlis law, has made the flesh of the animals that are most suitable for burden distasteful. But the ox, the deei, the sheep, the goat, suggest the propriety of sacrificing their lives for our own; and in proportion as they do so, the idea of sitting upon them, or of using them as beasts of burden, strikes us as absurd. 88 THEE DEER. CHAPTER XIV. PEOPLE who feel and think alike, and love the same things, are drawn together by their sympathies and by their attraction to the same objects. Associating with each other, their points of difference are reconciled, and they learn to agree more and nmore. This principle is applicable to the associations between men and animals, which are in many cases exceedingly intimate, and also to the intelcourse of animals with eacli other. "' Bids of a feather flock together;" and the bringillg togethler ot aniiiials that aie alntagonistic may halrmonize thelmn in such a degree, that the cage in which they are confined may be compared to "Noah's ark." We will take a special instance for the illustration of our principle. It must have been an agreement in the first place between the Laplander and the reindeer that brought them together. The former must have seen the adaptation of the latter to his own necessities and pursuits; and the latter, when brought into the service of his superior, acknowledged, by his submission and acceptance of favors in return, that no violence was done to his nature, but that there was afforded a wider field for the exercise of his predominant faculties. The Laplander, on the other hand, seeing what the reindeer could do, expanded his thoughts, inspired the spirit of the animal, and adapted himself to the instincts and habits which were to be called into his own service, and which required to be mninistered to in order that they might be a benefit to himself; and it is very likely that powers that would have remained dormant in the deer, for want of exercise, were awakened by the duties imnposed upon him. This is the relation in which the Laplander and reindeer stand to each other at present, for they are as primitive as 89 COOMIPARATIVE PHYSI(',G'NOMY. *<7 ~; ever, and the deer is read4y itt aily time to go wild, and his master is in a state of exertioi to reclaimn him. And that tlhey have a strong resemblance to each other is certain. Whatever produces similarity in character', produces similarity in countenance, in body, mnanners, and appearance. The ieindeer is like the Laplander as a whole; and in the manner of standing, and in the features of the face, there is a striking similarity. The causes of this similarity are numerous and powerful. The reindeer is the animal that belongs to the Lapllanider especially; and the country to which the former is adapted the latter will inhabit, though hlie be threatened never so hard with being "imprisoned in chilling regions of thickribbed ice."-" That dreary region," says a writer. "owes to this ani nal whatever it possesses of civilization, and whatever comforts tend to make it supportable to the inhabitants." The Laplander's foundation-stone, the lap of earth on which lie is reared, is the reindeer; and add to the causes mentioned above, the fact that he is principally reared upon the flesh and milk of this animal, and converts every part of the carcass into solnething of his own, and it is no wonder that the resemblance between them is so g'eat. It was remarked in the formei chapter that folr every ani 90 I THE DEER. mal there is a plant. Sometimes the animal lives upon its plant and sometimes it does not, bat there is a resemblance between the one and the other, as there is between man and animnals. The plant proper to the reindeer is his food, the reindeer-mnoss, and this hlie resembles, particularly in the horns, which are the more vegetable portion of his organization. Whoever admires deer's-hlornis admires trees, and branching shrubs, and flowers, of which lichens appear to be the types and originals. This portrait of an emineit painter of flowers +~~i j)~ ;~.,l \')))\ ~ resemhlesf afl;;e~lSs and resembles a deer, and looks as if flowers and snow-flakes should be hiis talent, as well as foi showered about his head in ihonlor of his talent, as well as fobr the gratification of his taste. The person on the following page is one who has more of the literal deer in him than is becoming, or rather he has too little of the higher attributes that are proper to man. IHis resemblance to the deer is more striking finom the deficiency of that which conceals the animal by convTerting it into the higher use which it is intended to subserve. We should ascribe to him insensibility, wildness, impletuosity, love of liberty, determination to have his own way, a measuring of obstacles at a single glance, but never removing them, ai aversion to others on account of scruples of conscience, whichl) he is pleased to call trifes, and finally a disposition to elol)pe 91 COMPARATIVE PIhIYSIOGNOMIY. with some fair one who may be pearalnce. To resemble an animal that has horns lupon his head for ornament ratlihei than for use, is to be sll) ject more than others to depression of spirits- to A)"' the blues"-to feelings like thos e wlich follow in toxication - and t o th at complication of nervous sensatioii- called "thehor rors." Oi,'aients prove the heaviest bhi,rdens, but where Nature giranits them she gives also the strength to support them. Persons who resemble deeis have their "ups and downs;" and whatever it is in the mind that corresponds to the horns on the head of a deer, is like two trees, barren in wintelr, but covered with foliage and flowers in summer. In the mind, summer should be perpetual: the trees and shrubs should be evergreens, lilke moss, and i? the flowers perennial; snowflakes in one sea- - A son, and blossoms in another. Th us the per-'1'' son who resembles the " deer inay be happy al- ir ways. In his 1' up and down" he should be elastic and bounding. Cowper's is a lhead(l tlhat Ieselb)les a 92 taken with' his dashing ap THTE DEER. deer very strongly. That spontaneouls effusion, "John Gilpin," is the deer that, in his feeling of abandonment, he rested back upon-the deer that ran away with him. ,,Away went hat and wig" a,.id away went the heavy deers'-horns - the barren, leafless, winter t,ees-from the mind, and juvenile ones budded and l)lossomed in their places. It miav be said of those who resemble deeris that they are inclined to , Look from Nature up to Nature's God." They reason fi'oin effects to causes, and it would be a perversion of their natures to reason otherwise. They are delighted with those things that are full o)f spirit andi animnation, in whiich the life and soul, the des ire and thought, and the P'oHver superior to either, are easily discerned in tile effect. I-ence they are fond of birds and flowers, and everything beautiftl, wl)i'h are so full of tlhe slpiritual, that the grossness is scarcely perceptible. For the same i-t( soiu these people are shlocked at defortmity, which, as it is thle absence of the spiritual, is the characteristic of grossness. Beauty, they perceive, is the cause, and not the effect: it moulds its opposite (the effect) into a likeness of itself, and changes giossliess and deformity into refinement and beauty. Their course is forward and upward, fi'om the lower to the higher, "leaving the things that are behind and plessing forward to the things that are before." TFley set their eyes on beauty, anid, progressing toward perfection, they come nearer and nearer to it, and nearer to the 'Final Cause ti which they tend. go COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER XV. " WHAT distance have you made?" is equivalent to " What progress?" Length is synonymous with advancement- as when we say that a goose's head is six inches in advance of his body. In the neck of the goose there is something absurd, for the simple reason that there is advancement without progression. The organs of locomotion are unequa] to the headway indicated in the neckl. The man who resemb)les a heron 11 I -, I comprehends distance; if it were not so, he could not make a successfinl coup d'etat upon the fiog,-a creature that in meas-rinig distances demonstrates perfectly that ineasuireinemnt, while it is synonymous with distance, is synonymous also witli progression. A " strip" of something, a " stripling," and " outstripping"' a deer, ale ideas niaturally connected. WthIcn a person goes very swiftly, he is said to go " like a stieak," and a streak is nothing but a straight line. In the form of the leron the faculty of distance is indicated by clhains and links. You miighit fancy that you could take him to measure a piece of ground with, by both links and paces. h-is length is the physiognomical sign of progression. There is the samne con 94 !,~I THE HERON. nection between travelling and distance that there is between a faculty of the mind and the feature which indicates it. The face is synonymous with the person himself, and it is as ridiculous to deny the truth of Physiognomy as it is to separate distance firom travelling. It is true that, if we suppose a man's face always to be animniated, we shall be in dangelr of ascribing to him what he does not possess. There are certain persons, as well as certain beasts and birds, that are the embodiments of absurdity and contradiction. They oppose the plainest physiognomical truths, and deny the principle that the face is an index of the mind. But we must understand that they are contradictions; we must take them for what they are. Who is so wanting in a sense of the ludicrous as not to see that the goose, in respect to the neck, and in respect to the organ of intelligerce, which is supposed to have rule over the body, and to control the motion of the feet, is decidedly droll, queer, singular —so much so, that people are inclined to laugh at the absurdity of the thing? We must not look for confirmations of Physiognomy in such an animal until we have observed that the body, legs, and feet, belie the swiftness that is indicated in the neck. He is a bundle of contradictions, and this makes it necessary that we should put him into our intellectual crucil)le, and subject him to analysis and combination, and the test of reason, until we have compelled him to speak the truth. A neck of unumisual length is ridiculous, for the sirnple reason that it makes no progress unless the body does. It must be confessed, therefore, that in a bird that is all length, and at the same time destitute of animation, there is something intrinsically absurd and supremely ridiculous. Supposing him to be d7ead, even, we can hardly resist saying, "Get a-long with you!" It is only a less degree of ridiculousness whNicl we discover in him supposing him to be standing stock still, indulging in laziness, or walking very slowly. LoLng legs that do not travel are of a piece with the goose's neckI, which looks as if it were formed to leave the body an incalculable distance behind it. As the person who resembles the stork is sensitive to ridicule, and would avoid it, it be omes him to engage in 95 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. high and noble pursuits. The heron in the sky stiretches himself to the utmost. He is like a wisp of something whirled ~~~~~ /;~~~~ ~"" ;<~~~~~ I/i' ~~~~jj~~~~~~ up from the ocean, and projected through tle air like an arrow. He appears to outstrip the hurricale, and is all object of sublimity; but inertia mlakes him morie ridiculous tian the goose. In his proper character he is bold, daring, heroic, sublime, delighting in the terrific, sporting with the elements inll their wildest mirth. Letting himself down firom his true dignity, and becoming aristocratic, lazy, luxurious, intemperate, he is a perfect coward, and in this and every other respect perfectly ridiculous. The heron has an instinct of what is proper to him, and an instinct of the absurd. Ilence his long neck, which indicates progression, and has no locomotion of its own, he doubles up and winds around like an ear-triumpet, which he is asihamned of having exhibited; but when he flies, lie holds it out like a spear which he is going to thrust into the heart of the wind. lie flies through the mnidst of heaven, his long legs extended behind him; and there is nothling ridiculous in this-for he is a swift mnessenger, like those divinely commissioned to convey tidings, and to minister rebuke and happiness to man. The ministration of those who resemnble the heroni, and are not perverted, is akin to the service of those who bear a noble 9 ( resemblance to the deer. The one has an analogy to the magnetic telegraph, and the other to the railroad. The one is from causes to effects, and is hence a ministration of spiritual and heavenly things; the other is from effects to causes, and is hence a ministration of earthly and corporeal things, such as are essential to the body. If the former be subservient to the latter, it substitutes cordials, teas, and narcotics, for spiritual healing and comfort; it perverts appetite and taste, and is the cause of the intemperance in eating and drinking spoken of in the chapter concerning the stork. This is characteristic of those who resemble the heron literally. But if they like Howard the philanthropist, whose portrait is annexed) minister to others instead of themselves, they relieve the distresses of the mind, remove the causes of its sickness, dissipate falsehood, and nouriish the soul with truth; and so far as is necessary ~ they minister to the body also. They can not do the one without doing the other. As body and soul are united and correspond, it is absurd to divide the office of physician into two. We lhave observed that those who resemble the heron have a sense of what is proper to them, and consequently a sense of the improper or absurd. Short, duck-legged people, too, have a sense of the ludicrous when they are as Nature designed them to be. The wild goose and duck double up their necks while standing, and thrust them out when they are anxious to go ahead. The people who resemble them are fond of ridiculing those who resemble the heron, and then they forget that they are themselves ridiculous, and most so when they hiss at those who are above them, with the idea of "' hissing them down." They " run out their necks" at people, 7 97 THE HERON. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. but their short legs have never the office of running ascribed to themn. It is as absurd for short things to travel, as for long ones to stand still. This renders the goose and the duck doubly ridiculous. It is the short and long togethler that makes a person awkward and ungainly; and the well-piopoitioned and graceful, like the heron and the stork, if they are employed in usefuil undertakings, can well afford to be laughed at, seeing they have nothing to do but to attend to their own proper business, and allow jokes and laughter to fall back upon the heads of geese and ganders! 98 THE CAMEL. CHAPTER XVI. As l)etween the camel and the Arab there is a likeness in habits and pursuits, in tastes and dispositions, so also there is in physognomy. They live in the desert because they are adapted to it, and they are adapted to it because they live there. Adaptation or accommodation is one of the essentials of hospitality. The camel accommodates himself to all sorts of inconveniences foi the convenience of others, and the power of adaptation in the Arab is equally wonderful. Ilii highest expectation is to render his own condition tolerable;,tnd as this is the consequence and means of priomoting the c(nnfort of others, the Arab is an example of genuine hospitality. The conveniences of the camel depend entirely on accommodating himself to inconveniences. Look at his feet and legs: what accommodating members! Was there ever such a commodions hump, or such an accommodating stomach? Yet is his temperament choleric, or hot and dry, like the burning desert he inhabits, and to which hlie is so wonderfillly adapted. The temperament of the Arab is the same. The kneeling of the camel, to receive his burden and to set it down again, is, figuratively speaking, for the sake of an oasis in the desert, and the hospitality of the Arab is for the sake of another and more beautiful one. The camel and the Arab carry their heads erect and high. Their sight and hearing are wonderfully acute. Their faces are thin, and their bodies are always lean. Their eyes are sunken, and the brows projecting. They have high cheekbones, PRoman noses, straight hair, and countenances of uncommon gravity. But there are shades of expression and featulre that constitute the more particular resemblance between them, as is evident on comparing their likenesses. 1". I.,. C(OMPARATVIVE I II Y, I0G N 0ONIY. Lo a camel, o(le would suppose that the himfn would never smile; and the Arab, instead of s-niling when he greets a friend, looks grave and solemii. Tliere is something in thle attitude and appearance of the camnel that remninds us of the Arab salutation- placing the right hand *X1 the breast and then on the forehead, and saying, "Peace lie with vou!" As the calnel's foot is formed to press the sand, we should suppose that those who resembled him lmight find it mo'e natural to press each other's palms (the right oi' one being adapted to the left of the other), than to clasp and shlake hands iii the ordinary way; and it is true that the Arabs do so. In the manner of the camel's eating, and chewing the cud, there is something exceedingly slovenly and disagreeable, and the Arab's cooking and eating are of the same character. The mutton which he serves up is sure to have a plenty of wool in it; and his butter, being churned in goatskin bags, the hair of which is inside, contains a profusion of hairs. Th-ese extraneous substances the Arab does not object to, for if a person resembles the camel, and finds his subsistenice in the desert, it will not do for him to be particular. Whatever provision is offered to him, the Desert says, "This or none!" Hle eats but two mneals a day, though muelh at a time, and, like the camel, is capable of going several days without food or drink. Ile is dexterous though rather uingraceful in his movements, and trains his children to hardihips as hlie does his camrels. It is adaptation to the worst of situations, or to Nature in ,he; inost hideous forms, that rendes the camel ugly and un 10 ii, z , i, I 4ll TTIFA CA,[ E. comfiortable. Who has not observed the ugliness in his dis position as well as in his looks? and in what animal is there such an air of discom fort as in him? Yet, as a compensation for this, there is in this ''an~~~~~~~~~~~~. ugliness something good; in human be-'' ings there is kindness-l and an obliging turn, willingness, self-de nial, and w hatever is included in that noble virtuie, hospitalty. JI-,ilnely people have a home for alll, and none fo;, themselves; but i t is well to rememberi that this goodness holds in check a vast amount of ugliness, which may at some time gain thie advantage. Soera i - -- ~ tes acknowle dged this faict com p ewitli regard to himself, and ~ x; the magnanimity of the con tha is bfession was a part of that self denial and a cco mmodation to hardship which wa s a cau se of his ugliness. The man to whom Nature is a harsh and /Y...?; ~! capricious mother', grows lip ugly and deformed; btit if he have learned to love her, it is a sign that she has instilled good into him, and he resembles her tnore and more. There is grandeur and sublimity in the rugged virtues that he is compelled to practise, l)ut vastly more in the rugged tnoi',lity that is based on thlose, and that is as free and indep)elident as those are cinpulsory. But the man to whom Natui-e is provident and tender, gmows up handsome, and the more lie syvt])utIlizes with charming objects the more beautiful he becomes 101 4 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. Yet beauty without sublimity has "a worm i' the bud;" it is fading and ephemeral; it relapses into effeminiacy, and degenerates finally into ugliness, like that of swarnps, ini whichl the animals are lot homnely, but monstrous The Arab wlho inhabits the delta of tl)e Nile is the very opposite of hlospitable, foI hlie lequiles a certain amoint of accommodatioii, and he imnposes it iupon Nature, since Nature does not impose it upon hiam. The ngliness of the camel and th)e Arab in the deserts has a tendency to be of the very noblest kind. It contains the element of self-denial, or of virtue, as before observed, and this encloses an image of the most exquisite beauty-an object of reverence, of devotion, of self-sacrifice. Homely hospitality entertains a heavenly visitant, an embodied perfectioil, in every stranger, regard i ng him with the same defei ence, and administeiring t,. his comfbort aTnd hlappiness L 1i as if it would make up fob, the heavenly felicities whichl he is supposed to have been accustomed to. Thus the homeliest people have the most intense admiration and devotion to the beautiful, as was tlhe case with Socirates; and the beautiful in return have grateful love and exalted reverence for the hoinely. Thus, too, the homieliest animal and the most beautifuil (the camel and the h)orse), thle most perfect specimens in their way, live togeti)ei in Arabia. Tlie horse is tihe embodiment of the choleric temperamnent (which makes hiln high-spirited and noble), witlhout the habit of accommodation to deform hiiii. The camel and the Arab are accommodated to /im, and the desert aii is the most congenial to his temperamnent: hence in Arabia are produced the finest horses in thie world. The barb is the Arab's gnest, his especial favorite, and a better entertainment than is afforded by }is lhonest kleeper lie couild 102 THE CAMEL. not have. People who resemble horses find homely persons to be their most indulgent, faithful, enthusiastic, and devoted friends. The countenance of a stranger is to the Arab what an oasis is to the desert. That countenance will smile if hospitality can make it, but the Arab's never, till the desert shall btud and blossom as the rose. The green spot owes the perfection of its beauty to the desolation that surrounds it, but fioom this the desert is to be clothed; and in like manner the heaitifill have a mission to the ngly, and there is given to the latter the disposition to entertain them, and to emulate their graces by preserving and heightening their charms. The striangei is indebted to the Arab), not for hospitality merely, but fir the blessings that are intended for all, and of which he is made the dispenser. This the Alal) feels, and by feeling knows. When the Bedouins have committed a rol-)bery, they say of the plunder, that they " have gained it;" and whell reproved for the depredation, they reply that they " are Arabs." They do not take the life of the stranger when they rob him, but claim relationship, saying, "Undiess thyself-tlhine aunt is without a garment." This is what the Desert would say to the Oasis, if it had a tongue, and it is the language of the ugly to the beautiful. The plundering disposition of the Arab is compatible with the excess of their hospitality. When they have pitched their tents. the individual is fortunate who first discovers a stranger approaching the encampment, for he is allowed to claim him as his guest; and to tell an Arab that he does not treat his guests well, is deemed one of the greatest of insults. Itf the Arab resembles the desert, he reselnbl)les the ca,iel still more. Ite enters into tlhe feelings of h]is coinpalnion, and enlivens him with a chant, that is said to make him travel more easily. There is something in the appearance of a camel that reminds one of an old astrologer: he looks as if he were eying the stars. The Arabs consult the stars on all occasio)ns of importance, particularly in reference to their undertakings and hold astrology in high honor. The camel looks as if he were born to do penance, and as if the sum of the penalties 103 COMPARATIVE PTIYSIOGNOMY. whichl he had to endure was to press the burning sands with his naked feet, which are thereby rendered insensible to the infliction. The penalty which the Arab suffers is that of blows upon the soles of his feet; he is bastinadoed to expiate his crimes. A traveller says of a case which hlie witnessed in Cairo, that the Arab, after receiving the punishment by the order of the governor, was unable to stand, and groaning with pain was borne out by his friends; and that "the governor, in the meantime, stood as though hardened to such transactions, munching his jaws like a sheep chewing the cud." We imagine that it was like a sheep, only excessively so-that is, like a camel. I i4 TlIE VULTURE. CHlAPTER XVII. WE have been thinking of the cowardice of a certain va riety of the carnivorous appetite-that which waits till assured of the death of an animnal, by the putridity of its carcass. Say, if you will, that the crow, the raven, the vulture, and the turkeybuzzard, live on carrion because they prefer it to firesh meat -still we maintain that the appetite for substances in a state of decomposition is promoted by cowardice; and it is equally true, we believe, that cowardice is increased by these substances. The proof of this is in the fact that all animals that live on carrion are cowardly, and that all cowardly animals have something t-) do with carrion. This statement will, of course, need considerable explanation. There is no coward who is not cruel. The benevolent individual, who would not harm a fly, does not prove himself a coward by refusing to accept a challenge; but the 9flfanly fellow, who pleads that it is against his principles to fight, does not inspire us with such full confidence in his bravery. You can never say of the person who "would not hurt a hair of your head," that he is a coward. The harmless, inoffensive, vegetable-eating aniinals, are not cowards, for the simple reason that they are not cruel; but the carnivorous are so, in the degree that they ought to be courageous and are not. A timid haie will scare away a class of birds that have a scurrilous resemblance to hawks and owls; but as soon as he is poor, or sick, or laime, he will have the crows after him, with the whole posse of cowardly gluttons that spend their lives " waiting for dead mnel's shoes." The caravans in the desert, it is said, are followed by vultures-signs in the heavens of the cruelty of human beings to the animals that serve them! The vulture resembles the 105 CIOMPARATIVE PIIY',TOGNOMSY. camel, as may be seen by a coil'paaison oft tlh-io f;,'lUs;:-,ii the Arab who is not merciful to his beast resembles the folibrmer more than the latter. Hie wishes his Or ~~ overburdened camel to fly like the :' wind (as certain persons do their horses when they drive them), and the consequence is, the poor animal is soon an object of expectation to the greedy vultures. The cowardly wretch who treats his horse or his camel tlhus can not beatr to be looked ?\I'{~' /~ at by the animal he abuses; the eye t1h~at he derie of brihtes he c..a1 1..'~L....1... I% not meet; he never saw any beauty in it, that he should admire it; and when it appeals imploringly to heaven, with an eloquence that touches the hearts of the tender, and( makes tlheIni almost curse the clrnel master, he walks by it at a distance, or hastily pulls the blind over it, lest lhe should discover a feeling of pity and remorse in the heart of even so base a wretch as himself. From a similar prompting, the dastardly vultunies, when the eyes of the camel are turned upward (as they always are, to see what they are about), shrink away into the depths of air. They can not endure to be looked at lb)y thle innocent ones to whomn they meditate injury. Like the iruffian, the vulture seeks to extinguish himnself: lie shrinks into nothingness, and 106 THE VULTURE. is neither seen nior lieaird of till those eyes that he dreads have lost their fire-when suddenly he descends and plucks them out, and riots upon thle carcass. Constant apprehension of the motives of others-how cowardl y I evil surmises against characters-liow ciuel! This is th e action o f S uspicion, and is nourished by fermented food and driink. Th e very mind8 of persons who have these tastes antd dispositions are in a constant ferment. If they were not afraid of people, they would not whisper suspicions about them, and would not tear out the eyes of the dead. It is not one (f' th ese wh o can say "; I've not a vulture's bill, 'Fo pick at all the faults I see, And make them wi(ler still!" 'i', person who confides il others trusts in God, and is not afraid. TIe can not he cruel to tlhose hle confides in, nor suspicious of those he loves; and that he chooses to trust mankind, is proof that he loves tlteni. All animials, be it obseirvedl, that are fond of carrion, are remarkable for su-spicion: they are apprehensive of danger constantly. When a creature is dead, the crows pounce upon Iim; they tear him to pieces with savage ferocity, exulting in the triumph over an animal greatei than thliemselves, as if the "King of Terrors" had nothing to do with it! But they are cowards: engrossed as they are in their iriotous feast, you can not get within gun-shot of them; and there is not one of theem that has courage enough to defend himself against the kingfisher,. or the other small birds that give him chase. TIe is put to flight by a scarecrow: what could be more contenmptibly cowardlyv than that? People who ascribe wrath to the Almighty, and endeavor to escape it by denouncing it against others, are both cowardly and cruel. They are in constant terrior of others, for they judge (others 1)y themselves; and as they suffer from fear, they tiy t,; make others aqfraid of them. It is well that they should be governed by an appearance of anger, in stoiIrms and tempests, in famines and earthquakes, in diseases and 107 COMPAR ATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. deaths, for they can be governed in this way and in no other. They make a virtue of their dread, confounding it with rever. ence, and offering it as a claim to favor. They revenge on man their fear of the Deity, in tortures innumerable, and of every conceivable variety. They wish to be feared, to be worshipped with awe and trembling. They claim the blood of a thousand victims to gratify their cruelty, and to increase the terror of the multitude, which is to them the most acceptable worship. They wish to impress upon others that they have power supreme, and that life and death are at their disposal. We have said that there is a connection between the appetite for fermented food and drinks and the faculty of suspi. cion. The latter is excited to an intense and morbid degree by drunkenness; for all spirituous liquors are the result of feimnentation. The appetite for intoxicating drink is provoked by cowardly apprehension. Some people take it before mounting the rostrumn, to give them coulage-not because they are modest, but because they are cowardly. Some take it to strengthen "faint heart," which "never won fair lady," and to grow mad, that they may be admired for their bravery. Some take it to make them soldiers, when it is safer to go forward than to run. Some take it to eabl)le them to go through with their labors-not because they are industrious, but because they are lazy, and Xecessity tells them that it " must be done." Some take it to drive away " the blues," to drown calre, and to stupify sensibility, because they have not the courage to face adversity, and do not daire to suffer. But never does this yielding to fear give preponderance to courage: it excites madness, which is another name for cruelty, and the mere mockery of the courage that is wanting; and always does the appetite for fermented things increase the powei- of that very passion of which it is the slave. The inebriate lives in the very atmosphere that engenders suspicion-the putridity of his own breath-in which the blow-fly, the crow, and thle hog, with all their cowardly ap. prehensions, might be deluded into the idea of safety, as in the presence of something dead. In such a charnel-house, 108 il THE VULT'URE. at he should have " tlhe horl the appetite for fermented fmore and more. The conich each plays a conspiculad: the title of the tragedy Acruelty combined, as exhibtoi-y of the drunlard from t know of the cruelties innd the destruction of every human heart, by an indulw are speakling? ~ly, and cruel. We see a in the preceding portrait, Marat, who, on suspicioot only, and because he was excessivrely cowardly and cruiel, caused multitudes of his countrymen to be arrested, imprisoned, and guillotined. I-Iis aanbi tion was to become a teiawe —the only reverence ror, and to inspire cowards with 109 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. they are capable of- and to be thought powerful and l)ave iI prloportion as he was fainthearted and cowardly. The countenance of Robespierre is that of a scavenger, fill of apprehension, meanness, and cruelty; it resembles that of the young gentleman accompanied by the vulture, at the beginning of this chapter. Tlhe dog that loves carrion, and smells of it, is always vwanting in pluck; and, to make up for the deficiency, hlie lives on garbage, and seizes the things that he will be thanked for devouring. A resemblance to such an animal, as well as to the vulture, is seen in Rol)espierre; and a resemblance to this or any other of the variety of scavengers, fits a man to be a rag-pickel, rather than a president oi a king. There is such ilmpudence in human natiire, or rather in the want of it, that people of the character we have been describing pride themselves upon their suspicion, as itf this vwere the evidence of superior penetration and wisdomna. The want of confidence in others which arises from feai, is self-confidence, and this is pride. It is cowardly to have no faith in the future and in things unseen, and to shrink back into the past as the only reality, and thus to remain infants. It was the "reign of terl,or" when France was a nation of infidels; but what they are now, and what governs them, we do not say, except that they are as fond of baubles as children are: Fantastic, frolicsome, and wild, With all the trinkets of a child." It is as cruel as it is cowardly to doubt a future existence, to rely only upon the past, and to believe only in reason and the evidence of tile senses; fbr it seeks to destroy-it aims at annihilation. The French are like the frog in the well, that jumped three feet forward every day, and fell back two every night; for when they have been stimulated to take a step foiwvaid, they wish instantly to return to the past. Tile reason is this: the stimulus that urges tlhem forward is that which excites cruelty and madness-the remedy which is soughit by Fear to soothe its sufferings, and by Slketicism to exalt its pride. 110 I111 CHAPTER XVIII. TnFlE.E are vulgar people who are fond of tracing in the human face a likeness to the "calf," as we should infer from their frequent application of this epithet to juveniles of their own species. We would inquire of them if this individual looks as if he had been reared on milk, acd were now going _~, in search of some? If this be J.; so, it is prI()pel that the heir ~ should be after him, though following like an ltumtble pe- titioner who despairs of establishing his lawftil claim. The preceding is a handsome young man, and evidently English; and the English, without distinction of age or sex, are known by the general appellation of " John Bull." But in this young gentleman, whose chin indicates a greater degree of precocity than his mouth and eyes, no person who has sat at the domestic board, where "calves' brains" are served up, can fail to be interested. There is delicacy in the expression of his face, along with an obtrusive bluntness. The degree of obtuseness in the features indicates just that degree of obtuseness in the intellect that entitles the possessor to the allegorical title that is applied to him. He owes nothing to instinct, and knows nothing at all until experience has taught him. He is like a calf in the blindness of the little instinct that Nature has given him; or in being subjected to the spontaneous action of his feelings and desires in a manner that causes him to act ridiculously. Ile is loud in his demands: when he wants any thing, he shows that he can not be denied; and as to denying himself, that is entirely out of the question. He can not even wait; he will knock his brains out if what he calls fer does oE OX COMPARrATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. not come speedily. The reason is, hlie is deficient in instinct and in the faculty of self-control; and his large submissiol yields to the sway of his intense desires, instead of yielding to the government of others. His wants are of the nature of necessities, and therefore it is that they govern him, and govern his parents also. He is called self-willed, when the truth is his passions rule him, and he is perfectly submissive. But there is a sterner necessity than desire, and to this he must come at last. It is punishent! - ohi, horrible - yes, punishment wll] make him submissive to the yoke. Better late than never. Reader, if you doubt of this being an exact description of young Englishmen, observe for yourself, and you will be satisfied that we are right. Let us now take a glance at the parents-the John Bulls. Hiere is the face of an Englishwoman, and it is seen how ~~<~~~ ~ i~~~~ ~ < j ~ <~[J '>~~~ le, )- ~ "I~ ) nmch she resembles the cow; annexed is a portrait of Hume, and we see how much he resembles the male animal. Who can not discover by this countenance that the mind rurninates? You can almost see the regurgitation, and the process of preparingt the food for more thorough digestion. Whoever sits down to the perusal of his pages will rise up edified and pre pared to labor. To the traits first mentioned, which exist in the mature Englishman as well as in the youngster, may be 112 added these: large economy (yon see it in the double chin, and it is large in historians); great strength (you see it in the obtuseness of the features, and of all the iembers of th e body); an d larg e love of ei joyment (you see it in' the later al projection of the outer corn er of th e ridg e of the eyebrow). The E ng lish ~/' lk t"x.;, are remarkably econo- j inical i n domfestic affairs; they are content witli small profits, fher they husband everythinge; and in p o litical C( y, cirunstances consideried, they are sulperiori to all others. They can show larger double chins, more iesemlanaice to the cow and the ox, better iusbandry, and more economy in every irespect, than any otheri nation. They are also strong and powerful, like the ox. This i s indicat ed by a certain obtus eness of features that is a medirum b etween grossness and effeminacy. They are the very opposite in this re spect of those vho resemble the hiorise. Refinement takes away fro m that unit y which i s t he f oundat ion of strength. All the refinement whiie} the EI igt ial,mai can receive will not make him effeminate. Such is not the ca se wi th the Italians, who, as will be shown iii the next cliapter, resemble }orses; they have never yet recovered friom the effeminacv wlich was i nduced by the civilization and refilement o f their ancestors. The vigor and grasp of intellect which characterize the English are like the strengthi of the ox when lie exercises it in dranght, or in pnslhing owitli the }iorn. But though the obtuseness in the features of the English, and the refinement in those of the Italians, indicate opposition in character, this opposition is like that which prevails in music-it is the opposition necessary to harmony: and there is. in reality, a remarkable affinity between the English and the 8 113 THE OX. COMPARATIVE PHYS [OGNOMY. Italians. There is also an intimate relation between the horse and the cow: the latter steals fromn the former, and values and saves what the formel' throws away. The interests of the one harmonize with the interests of the other, but they do not therefore like each other over and above well, and it would be a perfect absurdity to harness them together! The love of enjoyment is another thing in which the Eniglish prove their right to the appellation of John Bull. It is this which gives them the air of quietude so like the cow. They are indebted to this for the principal share of the gentleness and gentility that they are possessed of. It is tl) is which is so pleasing in the Englishwomen, and which constitutes their principal charm; they are pictures of serenity and domestic comfort. In the love of enjoyment there is the taste for whatever is exquisite- as the flavor of firuit, the firagrance of flowers, the softest tones of music, like those of the Eolian harp, the most delicate tints, like those of the rainbow, &c. Everything beautiful in the English character is connected with this; and everything delightful in their works of art, in their literature, in their institutions, and in their homes, may be referred to it. It places them in a beautiful relation to the Italians, as it places the cow in a beautiful relation to the horse. If the young Englishman presented at the beginning of this chapter was reared on milk, on the opposite page is certainly a specimen that is fed on beef. You have only to deprive the Englishman of the exquisite love of enjoyment above referred to, and the roughness, obtuseness, vast strength, and want of refinement of both the moral and intellectual perceptions, stand forth bold and prominent. The "m nad bulls" of England are famous the world over, and they are the personifications of a certain class of Englishmen; blut the one we have here is not mad. He may be an Italian converted into a Briton -a horse into an ox: he is simply gr'oss, sensual, inperions, domineering, heavy and strong, stolid and obtuse, ungraciols and wanting in sense of propriety! Hie answers very well to one of the varieties of Englishmen as given by Spenser: 114 TIlF )X. f 4 " The miller was a stout carl, deep of tones, Right large he was of brawn, and eke of bones; With shoulders broad and shIort-a knob or gnarr There was no door but he'd heave up the bar, Or break, by running at it with his head; His beard, as any sow or fox, was red!" The ox is the very personification of repulsiveness, indi cated in the size and strength of the spinal marrow, and l)y the extraordinary strength imnpated to the muscles of the l)ack. Emerson says of the Entrglishinan, that " tte axis (f his eves is united to his back-bone." We undclerstand by this that he is quick to see whatever hle does not like, that his eyes are the sentinels of his repulsiveness, and that with repulsiveness he guards his eyes. The satne shliewd observer says: "The Englishman is remarkable for his pluck. He shows you that he means to have his rights respected. He knows just what he wants, and hle means to have it. Hle is sure to let it be known if he is not served to his mnind. Still Tlie is not quarrelsome. Among the twelve hund red young men at Oxford a duel was never known to take place. His self-possession is not pugnacity; he does not wish to injure othershe is thinking only of himself!" This is a description to the verv life. Even the mad bull has no animosity, or desire to injure anybody: he only wishes to gratify his headlong dis!,,),ition the instinct of which is in his horns. 1'15 COIMPARATIVE, ItYSIOGNOMY. It is the Englishman's title to the epithet of John Bull that makes him so fond of beef, and the inlfltlueiice of this kind of food upOnI l)itI,) increases the ireseiil)laiice. Ile ~fi~J~~;~~; ~ Wishes his I)ationia l chai acter to be that of a cai ~~ ~ ~nivorons ox; and hence ,?~ i ~/ the badge of Iiis natioln ality, wliich hle chiooSes above all otlilei's, is a lion. And the i-esetnl)lance he tween the 1)ull and tile lion is very stilking. The broad, deeep, and powei ftil clhest; thle deel), ie veiberatitn soun(1 that swel flo it,; tlle girave a.and iioble aspect of the countenance; tlhe loose skin and wrinkles of the neck and face, giving the appearance of dignity and old age; tlhe lei)gth of the body, and thle strength of the )ack-bonie; the long tail with the tutft at the end of it; the brawny extremnities and the matchless sti'eligtli;,,% the extraordinary size and thickness of the,,ekl; and, \\\\\\~\\\ in the bison, wV]icI is a k ind \\ \\ of ox, tlhe sli,lgg-y i,aie i vii ii,e wich covels it-all proclaiIii the rig,ht of tl}e English to ideal-, ize their national symibol into ) \ a, lion-especially as John Bull himnself who: is tlhe person intended to be represented, is carnivorous. The liking of the English for hiornted cattle, tlieir liking tfor the flesh of tl}ese anilmals, and their likeness to the aniiimials themselves, nmay be illustrated by tlhe tfllowii), desciriptio(n, 116 THE OX. drawn by Dickens: "The blessings of Smithfield are too well understood to need recapitulation; all who run (away firom miiad bulls and pursuing oxen) may read. Any market-day they may be beheld in glorious action. Possibly the itneiits of our slaughter-houses are not yet quite so generally appreciated. "Slaughter-houses, in the large towvns of Elgland, are always (with the exception of one or two enterprising towns) most numeirous ini the most densely-crowded places, where there is the least circulation of air. They are ofteii underground, ill cellars; they are sometimes in close back-yards; sometimes (as in Spitalfields) in the vely shops where the'neat is sold. Occasionally, under good private inanagereneut, they are ventilated and clean. For the most part, they are unventilated and dirty; and, to the reeking walls, putrid fat and other offensive animal matter elings with a tenaeious hold.... In half a quarter of a mnile's length of Whiteclapel, at one time, there shall be six hundred newly-slaughtered oxen hanging up, and seven hundred sheep-but the more the merrier -proof of prosperity.... and it's 'Oh, the roast beef of England, my boy, The jolly old English roast beef!' "Mrs. Quickly says that prunes are ill for a green wound; butt whosoever says that putrid animal substances are ill for a green wound, or for robust vigor, or for anything or for anybody, is a humanity-monger and a humbug.' Britons never, never, never,' &c., therefore! And prosperity to cattle-driving, cattle-slaughltering, bone-ciushing, blood-boiling, trotterscraping, tripe-dressing, paunch-cleaning, gut-spinning, hidepieparing, tallow-melting, and other salubrious proceedings, in the midst of hospitals, cliurchyards, workhouses, schools, infirmaries, refiges, dwellings, pirovision-shops, nurseries, sickb)eds-every stage and baiting-place in the journey firom birth to death!" There is a trait in the Englishman and the ox so extraordinary, that it deserves to be taken particular notice of: it is submission. The sign of this faculty is the loose fold under the tl-roat, and in the ox it is the dewlap. This name reminds 117 COMPARATIVE PHIIYSIOGNOMY. us of the rich pastures of John Bull, in which the sign of sub. mission laps the dew while the bull grazes. The submission of the Englishman is graceful in the extreme, for it is perfectly natural to him. The dew of his youth is upon it-and he is re markable for the mlemory of his childhood. IHis submission to his ))t ~ soveleig,ni is of a piece with his submission to parental authority; and as he was taughlt the one by punishment, he needs not tlhat the other should be enfolrced. Mon archy rests more securely in Eig land than in any otller country, for IS'\\\ it confides in the submission that is universally felt and recognised. It is no usurpation, and has therefore nothing to fear. They are as fiee as the people of a republic, and even more sofor, as Authority and Submission are on the best possible terms with each other, the duty to obey and the right to command are united in - the same character, and it is easy for the people to be one. John Bull is a single individual, or the entire people, whichever you please: the description that is applicable to the' one is applicable to the other. In their relations with other nations, th ey are like the youngster first described -selfish, imperious, governed by their own desires, submissive to their own wants, yieldin g to nothing but necessity. When they set tlheir heart upon anything, diplomacy to prievent their getting it is mere mockery. If they are convinced at all, it is against their will; and "A man convinced against his will, Is of the same )pinion still." The only argument that caii avail with them is force, but of this they have naturally inore tihani otiers, and it has beer, THEi OX. strengthened with them by exercise. Still it is necessary to give them " change in their own coin," or to " answer them according to their folly, lest they be wise in their own con ceit." However, it is a good rule, " Answer not a fool ac cording to his folly, lest thou be like him." According to Physiognomy, the faculties of will lay in the cerebellum, along with the passion which Gall assigned to that portion of the brain. These, in a sovereign like Hilenry VIII., and in the animal to which ...- he bears a resemblanlce, are in Z7 ~ -~ \'\ - perative beyond measure, and their external indications are so large as to attract attention. A " bull-neck"' suggests tIhe idea of a tyrannical disposition, or of irresistible desire, and is never spoken of in the way of compliment. To the faculties of love and will in the cerebellum the neck is b)owed by Submission, and they are made more tyrannical than they otherwise would be; they cause that the individual should act upon the principle that " might is right." John Bull shows a remarkable obtuseness of the imoral and intellectual perceptions when the rules of morality are applied to himself; but when he takes the position of an umpire-in which case his perceptions are less under the influence of the faculties in the basilar region of the cranium, and more associated with exquisite discrimination or love of enjoyment -his perceptions are more refined. This is true of the person whose portrait is presented on the following page, and who, firom his resemblance to the above, was well suited to cater to the selfishness, licentiousness, and cruelty, of that beastly monarch. Cardinal Wolsey 119 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. and the kling whcs,e baseness he excelled should go together, as they did in sensual indulgence, and in the love of power, and in too literal re semblance to the ani mals tlhey belongo to. Widen oxen draw together in a yoke, they lean away fiom each otheri so as to be under the necessity of hlolding each other up. This is on account of their great repulsiveness a trait which was mentioned as being a prominelnt element of the English character. It is an exlhibitioli, also, of a sort of ox-justice-a pulling in opposite directions, in oidei to know which is the right way. Oxen liever know the road; they are kept in it by pulling against each other; and they act precisely as if they were in a perfect state of dubiousness as to where they were going to, and as to what step they should take next. They see the two lhorns of a dilellmma iiiost distinctly, and prudently consider which they shall choose; and (a yoke of oxen being naturally repulsive to each other) the one inclines to the righ,llt horn and the other to the left. Between the two, if the yoke were not a strong one, it would be pulled asunder; and if a thong were not applied to them, they would not go forward at all. Precisely so it is with the English in all questions of law and equity, especially in a court of justice where the right of a question is a difficult point to be decided. The result is, that the parties upon the opposite sides are as antagonistic as possible; and the trial, with all the " geehawing," and yelling, and thrashing, makes excessively slow progress. If the patient in this case is not in respect to fortune as strong as a yoke, hle is drawn and quartered, and the lumtbering suit is stopped for the want of means to go on with it. Withi this peculiarity of the Ellglistl we are so familiar, that we take no particular notice of it, and do not reflect but that it is as common to other people as to tlhem. Of course, this spirit of litigation, growing out of antagonism, is a prominent trait in their descendants in this country; but it grows weaker, and is ex :20 THE OX. hlibited here much less than in England, and now much less tlhan formerly. It is the trait of character here described that makes the Enrglishman "as honest as a cooper's cow." lie must know \' "the right of the case" before hle can pironounce judgment; he is I)aiticuilaily anxiolis to " take the ri,gl,it u)ll by the horns;" he endeavors to hold the scales of justice iii itnpaitial balance; his fellow-lal)oier is thle man who opI)oses himl, who counterpoises him by a weight of argument equal, to }his own. He loves to acknowledge a mutual dependence. If the love of truth did not bind himn to his opponent, lie would fall hience he acknowledges a higher dependence ip,on tiuth than on man, as oxen acknowledge a dependence llp()n tile yoke more tlan iipont each other. He submnits to truth as the ox submits to tlhe yoke; his faculties of love and wNill are particularly siil)inissive and obedient. Thus are tho)se stenli, rude, barbarian qualities mentioned in the last paragraph, turned to harmony witlh tllat delightful trait in the English character, the love (,f enjoymvent. Let us turn t, this, and say a few words upon it before we part with the Englisl. The quietness before spoken of as constituting a lresenmblance between the Englislhwoman and the cow, conceals very o)fteii tihe viciousness referred to in Byron's couplet: " If she will she will, (you may depend on't; If she won't she won't, an(i there's an end on't!" 121 COMPARATIVIE P}lYSIOGNOM You are not to conclude that it is absent fiomn. the character because it is concealed, any more than you are to conclude that a cow will give down her milk, or will not kick over tile pail, because she is seen chewing the cud so quietly. But there is a gentleness and serenity imparted by the love of enjoymnent that may even do away with the objectionable feature that is expressed by the term " viciousness." In domes tic life, ill rural economy, and in everything connected with the love of enjoyment, the English are admirable; and they show a particular aptitude fob everything Italian, or for those artistic things that are represented in the horse: and not merely do they appreciate these things, but they imitate and improve. As the horse has some super-excellent qualities iiiparted to him by the English, and is a great favorite of thleis, so art is fostered and improved, and has a certain quietude, softness, serenity, and exquisiteness, imparted to it in England; and in this respect it is happy there, though it lives a more charmed life in Italy. 122 THE HORSE. CHAPTER XIX. artists resemble horses. The), are compose the features, in the bear like them in the lines that ing c4 the body, in their gait and carriage, in the spirit which they manifest in their miotions and thence infuse into their work, an)(] with which also they iiispire the beholder. Tlhe Andalusian lhorse, wlii.}) we see represented bel,w, is like an artist painting a battle-field, or a storim at sea. With his flashing eye he dashes the colors upon the canvass; starts at the ~; 123 I__ COM[PARATIVEI PHYSIOGNO'[aY. creation of his own ifagillation; holds, contemplates the scene with caution and pride, and then dashes on again! Courage and fear are equally mingled in him: his success depends as much upon one as upon the other, and both are indispensable. Like the artist, he takes in the whole at a glance, and calrefiully observes the details. And the artisthow boldly he dashes about the lines, like a horse in tile battle-field; and yet how cautiously, lest the labor in details should not conitribute to the harmony of the whole, and the project shotIld be crowned with defeat! Whlen all is right in the surroundings, how confidently he dashes into the midstlhow fiull of fire; tand yet how cautious, in thle midst of conftision and smoke, to keep his place, to be governied by the iein, and to preserve the equilibrium between coiiage and fear! As lie approaches the hour of his triumph or defeat, what great need has hlie of this union of opposites! What sadder spectacle of fallen pride than a horse turi-lbled on his back upon the field of battle? The failure of an artist is quite equal to it, to say the least. With the horse, courage is inspired by caution, and caution by courage: for in the imidst of danger foino which it is inpossible to escape, caution finds no safety but in courage; and as coturage would rushl into danger that might be avoided, it excites caution. Witl] the artist, this mutual influence of caution and courage is exhibited in a super-eminent degree. If you would see a strong resemnblance to the horse, look at those who represent Natture oni the stage, as well as at those who represent her on canvass. The sculptor is one who comes between the painter and the actoi, and he, too, bears a strong resemblance to the lioi-se. The Italians are a nation of artists and amateurs. The dilletanti are all Italy, and they may be classed according to the varieties of hoises. We fincey that thle reader will see a resemblance between the king of Naples (Ferdinand IL., whose portrait is presented on the ftllowing page) and the variety whlich is there also given, in reference to which we should i)e warned not to put our trust in lihoises. Hle makes a fair show, and is wedge-shaped in firont, but lie 124 THE HORSE. takes a wide sweep vlwhen he brings up the realr. Time was wAle~i the h(lose had a Roinan nose, and was exceedingly wailike; and he represented the them now. Instead of the old jj>~s roman nose, whic}i ruled "bid of the ascendant," we see nowa days the "saddlebacked nose" among the Italians as often as among other people, and attacled to a horse as often as to any otlher animal. The Roman warhlorse, that inight well iremnind you of the slumbering lion, you can scarcely distinguish firom the miserable carthorse, with the ardor, thle spirit, and thle fire, driven out of him, instead of slumbering like tlhe tlunderbolt in the heavy cloud. This same horse becomes in aftei-tiiues thle clumpy beast of burden, and so it is with the Italian who is overbuldened and poorly fed. Oin the succeeding page, however, is the picture of an Ital iall female who loves to be usefl -who dloes tlhe ilmuch that l}ei heart and stiretigth pronmpt liei to do, and no more. She is moie noble than the RoinaTi matron who reared her sons for war, for she applies the same elements of strenigthl to the prolnotion of peace; and we mnay saly that the aiiiinal tllat stands adljoining is nmore no)le tlial the war-llorse, and quite as independent. The aspect ss iire s )f tlhe good disposition, the willingness to lalbor, the cofidence of good treatment, and the constant readiness tbr service. The horse is a form of art. Syminetry is o(ne of his peculi aiities; and his motions, like the outlines of his body, inIdu 125 I. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. late between straight lines and circles. Action is characteristic alike of the artist and of the horse. No judge pro nounces upon the merits of a horse < nse iii own phrase, observes "how he handles himself." It may be said also that no amateur pronounces upon the merits of an artist until he sees how lhe handles his instruments, or sees his mnotions described on canvass or marble. Tile line of beauty insensibly perceived in the gait of a spirited, proud, dashing, but easy, graceful, and obedient horse, is the result of that perfect union of boldness and timidity before spoken of; together with an even balance between weight and lightness, and the symmetry which characterizes him. The affinity of the artist for the horse is therefore very great. Among other evidences is his habit of wearing the hair long, thus increasing his resemblance to the animal he so much admires. It is true also that woiman, who is privileged to wear the hair long, is more symmetrical, more graceful, and in every way more artistic, except in boldness and originality, than man. She is also a passionate admirer of the horse, and skilful in managing him; and is herself the model of that beauty (see next page) which by the Italians, and by all who mnake pilgrimages to Romne, is sought for in the works of thle old masters, and in the atmosphere of that delightful country. The artist owes his artistic talent to an original genius infused into him firom his earliest existence. How often do we hear it said that the man who is not born an artist can never 126 THE HORSE. become one! This shows that there can be no true art that has not its original in Nature, that ture, and that does not cite Nature as its authority. The child that is destined to be an artist is more a " child of Nature" than any other. In every movement of that wild one you see an inspiration of art; and the graceful, curveting, highspirited horse seems moved also by inspiration. In Italian children, more than in any other, do you see those forms and those motions that waken in you the appreciation of art, and which cause you to start with pleasure and surprise, like an beautiful landscape, ol like a horse, with a look of animation, biow of a hill, and countiT spread out before him. Laugh, if you will -but ob find that those sights which startle and an horse ae those which are the most interest ~ / ~ j w ls reln d y u w l i.j. imtete:pii,o artist. Just such,a c,ive iii the road, just such a clunmp of trees, and just such a House, as excites the attention of a horse, attracts the artist, and he looks upon it as the result of an inspiration in the mind of sonebody. Inspiration is, indeed, the origin of art. Nature is a revelation, but it is only the higher faculties in man that are capa ble of regarding it as such; and a,lt, which is inspired by this, is a revelation in a far higher sense than Nature is. The art 127 does not agree with Na I artist when he beholds a COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. ful in Nature, as in the fox and the cat, is detestable in lhumnan beings. It is the province of the ligher art to renlder subservient whatever is artfill in the natural character. The faculties of imposture, intrigue, dissembling, and cllnnilng, are converted by it into the love of responsibility, the love of concert, th'e love of ceremony (affectation), and the love of surprise. The lhorse manifests all these faculties in subserviency to art: the love of responsibility ill cairying his umaster safely and proudly; his love of concert in galloping in rank and file, and in prancilg to the sound of music; his love of ceremony in his gracefiul carriage, which is particularly manifestedl on ceremonial occasions; and his love of surprise in being startled at everything extraordinary- more from surprise than feai-, though caution has tniell to do with it, and is one of the things necessary to an airtist, as before observed. These faculties have a Itiglter action in the lhorse titan in otlher aniinals, simply because it is a form oqf art, and is sulkject to a kind of inspiration, corresponding to that of the artist. The dog s}hares in the pleasure of his master, an( the c(,ck is proud of himself'; ])ut it can be said (-only,f tlhe lorse, that lihe " Shares with his lord the [)leasure and the pride." Hie is not firee, however, as man is, to change the character that Nature gave him, except to a very limnited extent. In so far as Nature has failed in making him a perfect tfoi'rm of art, he is capable of degeneracy. Ho1ses somnetines " malke believe." We have known them to feign lameness (tl)ougli it is only the most miserable kind of horlses that dlo tlis), maid if their skittishness is not sometimes an affectation of fear, it is exceedingly like it. In circuses, horses are traitned to this, and there it is certainly theatrical, artistic, and intended foi effect. No othei animal, not even the dlo, ot the inoikey, can play his part so well. The biting, the kicking, and the various equinal passions, are repteseitted iupon tlhe stage to the very life; and Iere fie is more admile(l as,an actor than the clown himself, who, if he were so disposed, is too perverted to represent Natiure perfectly. Man is capable of making tlhe higher faculties of art sub 128 TIIE HORSE.I, servient to the lower, and by so doing he renders himnselft ignoble in the extreme. He is base, hypocritical, crafty, il) tiigning-everything that is ineluded in the term " artful." )Of this class are highly-accoinplishled rogues and villains. ~ Suchl men evince extraordina- ly talents for art, and susceptibilitv of refinement; and it is by means of art thus per- @: verted and profaned that they _ >kk;Y\\1< /// succeed in their wicked desig,s - foi( atit is pleasing to all. The indications of this evil disl)(siti()i in them are the signs otf thle several facuilties enumneiated ab-)()ve, together with tlleir ieseml)l4nce to the lhoise. Not uiifi'eq,iie,tly] they have classic features, of exceedingr delicacy, lilke thlose of an Italian lI)e,tit; but in such cases the signis of tlhe iioiral and religious fic,ulties are wanting, and the signs of deception are ]la,ier, t41)J tliev shlould l)e. ., T, i)e possessed of sipei-i(r talents foir art is therefbore dange(rous. The talent foi acting is peihaps noire lial)le to pelveision thall any other. The danger in this case is firom tlhe faculty of affectation, which in its higher action is love of ceiernon y, or politeness. Exteirial politeness is made to exceed the internal; the rites of religion are more thlan the spirit and the power; the profession is better than the life; an appearance of sanctity is made the cloak of wickedness, 9 129 COMPARATIVEF PHYSIOGNOMY. and religion is made finally to consist of nothing but fortns and ceremonies. In connection with this, the lowest class make an exhibition of themselves for the sake of gain. They feign deformities, infirmities, and calamities that have no real existence. They make "model artists" of themselves, and extend their hands for charity with such good success, that they are encouraged to ontinue their profession. To give a picture of the Italians, in illustration of the artful in contradistinction fiomn true art, would require more tithe than it would be profitable to spend on such a subject. One trait of the Italians, growing out of the thousand artifices they practise upon each other, is jealousy and distrust. Suspicion is said to be a characteristic of the Italians. It is so more from the prevalence of the artificial than fiom the strength of the faculty of suspicion. True art insl)ires confi deuce, for it changes the deceitfill faculties into the very opposites. Who more than the sculptor and the painter love to give agreeable surprises? who more than- Italian opera-singers illustrate the faculties of affectation and love of concert? Bythe-by, there are sounds uttered by these Italian artists that remind us of the neighing of a horse. Art raises man to the highest pinnacle of perfection. It includes education, improvement, regeneration, accountability -all that belongs to man as created in the image anicl likeness of his Maker. There is not a wider difference between 130 tL '' the opposite page is not ' f't i ~ "" a juvenile turkey: the ~'X~ "- "windows of his scui" are open; he is not a Turk, but lie is like one, and wears a 150 I,.- t THE TURKEY. turban from a sense of what is becoming to him, or from nat like the ttiurkey to be said to have a strong family likeness to that bird. You may be sure that lie is a good physician, that he has very great desire to be honored and would make the cowardly slaves tremble, and esteem that lie is the first to andto"_rndr ono t f /10 is not afraid to solicit the honor he is entitled to, can not be denied; but he endeavors to merit the grand object of his desires, and that gives him an unusual degree of merit, so that those who see his good qualities overlook his egotism, and consider his pride and vanity as spots on the sun, that diminish nothing fi'om the splendor of his beams. Who could expect anything contrary to thlis in the man who resembles the turkey, or, what is very nearly the same thing, the Turk? By wishing to resemble the great and honorable, he pays them a compliment, and himself too. 151 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER XXII. TaE turkey has a rival. The pea splendor, but not in pride; in vain-g to excel. That the dispositions whic peacock have their seat in the hur t often observed to require a formal ar assertion. We shall therefore procee certain persons with the peacock 8sa resembles this bird ought to possess ( ration, and also an extraordinary dee ring and of being admired. No one tournure and entire air and manner imitation of the peacock - the skirt flows behind in an ethereal beauty than represented in ink, and that will admit of no comparison but to the tail of the peacock; the neck and chest seem glistening with varied hues, as they turn to thy of a queen, and the t,h is, i / ac h aso h ~ ion;teha swr at least, is the idea intended to be conveyed. In every part of the peacock there is somiething delectable; his flesh was as highly pleasing to the epicurean tastes of the Romnans as L52 THE PEAOOCK. his external appearance is pleasing to the artistic taste of the most polished and refined. Those who cultivate the appearance and mainners of the peacock, possess the same traits of character —the same in1pulses, motives, and promnptings- modified, of course, by the faculties that are peculiarly human. The beauty which surrounds theii is an outbirth of an innate appreciation of the beautiful, together with the love of self; and hence they admire it with the fervency of self-love. In other words, they admire nothing so miich as themselves: they are filled with vanity, and they believe that they are equally admired by others; or, if not, they desire to be, and they do all in their power to eclipse the beauty of evely other object. They vie with each otliei foLi the reason that there would be no glory without conquest; but tlhey are too conscious of their power, and admire. theillselves too muinch, to feel any great degree of jealousy for a r'ival beauty. Peacocks vie with each other, and there is a sort of self-love in this, for together they form a galaxy of stars, the glory of which is the property ef each, so that each one may boast of the splendor of the whole as if it were his own. This is a degree of refinement of self-love, however, to which the literal peacock is incapable of arriving, and for this simple reason: in this degree of selfishness there is the opportunity and the demand that man should love his neighbor as himnself. What a beautiful superstructure, then, may be reared upon a resemblance to the peacock! what a magnificent temple of humanity! But we shlall see mnore of this by-and-by. It is evident enough that there are very many people who resemble peacocks; but the resemblance in physiognomy which indicates the resemblance in character is not easily described. The most expressive things are the most inexpressible. Besides, it very fiequently happens that the person who resembles the peacock loses himself in dress and equipage, like the peacock in the splendor and magnificence of his plumage. Nevertheless, there is to be discovered a similarity in countenance, particularly in the eye. In the following portrait of a Persian the resemblance is expressed, 153 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. not only ill the features, but in a look that is inexpressible, except by the idea that is conveyed of this magnificent fowl. The fashion of that beard more, even, than the quantity, re minds 1us of the words, " Thou hast more hair on thy chin, than Dobbin, my fill-horse, has on his tail." What could be mnore peacock-like than the nose, the eyes, the softly-feathlered head and even the beard spreading all around, like rays, and dyed according to the taste of the owner? And if so -Inmuch can be conveyed in an engraving, how much more might be done with colors! The Persians, be it observed, are in the habit of staining their beards, and in one stage of the process it is a brilliant red, in which stage the vulgar clas pirefei to leave it. The Persians are, in fact, wonderfully like tlie peacock in character and externals. Whatever comes to us from Persia conveys this impression. Their fabrics, in the quality 154 ("I — -Z A; THE PEACOCK. of their construction, and in the form and color of their figures, are like the head, nieck, body, and tail, of the peacock, and outvie those of every other country: all things together, they are magnificent in the extreme. The Persians are delighted with positive colors, and with the bold, glaring, dazzling, glittering effects that are produced by them, in contradistinction from the neutral tints, which they have no taste for. They rival the peacock in the wide field which they demand for the display of their persons, in the splendor of their attire, and in everything that surrounds them. In every country, those who resemble the peacock rival their beau-ideal in thle circumference of their skirts, and in the train they carry behind them. The peacock elevates his tail, or depresses it, according to his caprice; and sometimes, when he lives in town, where he is a miserable bird, he trails it in the dirt: and so it is with those who resemble him. As to sweeping the ground with beauty that is fit to be elevated among the stars, it is indispensable to those daws that borrow the tail of the peacock in order to be fashionalble, and have no power to elevate it. But the person who resembles the peacock should not defile his garments. HLe is worse thanl the pretender if he does, because he is capable of higher things. It is worse to profane heavenly things tlhan to act the hypocrite; and the person who resembles the peacock, and understands the correspondence of its plumage, is capable of a lower degree of degradation, venality, and crime, than the person who does not. The distirnguishing, features of the Persians are all included in their resemblance to the peacock. The fondness for extravagant display inplies a love of riches, for the reason that these extravagances require wealth, and are termed rich and costly. Diamonds, gold, and gems, t4e property of the wealthy, f()irm an essential part of this splendor and magnificence. The Persians have a passion for these things. The means for gratifying it can come by no natural process, but must be obtained by s,1i,e diabolical incantation, or by the help of some " good genius that turns everything into gold." They are properly limited to a few; and when vast numbers 155 COMPARATIVE PHIYSIOGNOMY. have the desire for princely wealth and splendor, as is the case in Persia, they resort to dishonest, artfl, magical contrivances, to gain their end. As a matter of course, all of them have the ambition to be courtiers, and to get as near to royalty as possible. Coiurtiers in Persia are very numerous, and of this class lMr. Fraser says: "Dissimulation and flattery are thieir chief study; their minds are occupied with intrigue, and their time in amiassing, by the most flagitious methods, that wealth which their extravagance lrequires." Poverty must necessarily accompany this extravagance and this unnatural production of the ineans of giatityi'ig it. The Persiaiis spend everything upon their backs, and therefore their wealth is supeifieial, and its influence is of short duration. Their incomne is never equal to their foldness fo)r admiration, and falls as fair below their love of s)le)dclor and( parade as their heads fall below the rainbow in the sky, olr as much as the noddle of the peacock is beneath its tail when the latter is elevated to ani imitation of the rainbow. They run in debt, they borrow, they substitute tinsel for gold, they cheat, and they steal, all for the sake of "keeping up appearances." They prey upon each other'; a display of wealth is a temptation to a stronger to come and seize it: hence they are divided between a desire of displaying whatever wealth they may be possessed of and a fear of losing it. They complain of poverty, at the same time that they make a show of the opposite, wishiing to keep their neighbors in a state of dubiousness as to the real state of their finances. But their love of dazzling the eyes of beholders is so great, that the poverty they complain of is as sure to come as the glories which the peacock displays are sure to fall. It is only when "riches take to themselves wings and fly away" that they shine in all the lustre and beauty which the Persian so greatly admires. ". As birds When mounted on the wing, their glossy plumes Expanded, shine with azure, green, and gold, So blessings brighten as they take their flight." And the Persians would do nothiing to lessen the brightness of those blessings which they so ardently crave. Says Char 156 THIE PEACOCK. dill: "They are the greatest spendthrifts in the world; they can not keep their money: let them receive ever so much, it is immediately spent. Let the shah, for example, give one of them fifty thousand or one hundred thousand livies, in fif teen days it will all be disposed of. Hie buys slaves of either sex; seeks out for mistresses; sets up a grand establishment; dresses and furnishes sumptuously; and expends at a rate which, unless other means present themselves, renders him speedily penniless. In less than two months we see our gentlenman commencing to get quit of all his finery: his horses go first; then his supernumerary servants; then his mistresses; then, one by one, his slaves; and, finally, piece by piece, his clothes." Thus suddenly rises the tail of the peacock, like a halo of glory, and thus fades the glory fiom the sky when the pride that caused it has expended itself in the accomplishment of the grand design! And this is not regarded by the Persian as a misfortune, fobr it is natural to him. The rising and falling are in proportion to each othel: " As well expect eternal suns and cloudless skies" as that such a tail as the p)eac()ck possesses slhould be constantly elevated, or that sucli a fi-'tune as the Persian delights in should be for ever in the ascendant. Thle base interpretation of the doctrine that " lie that exalteth himself shall be abased, and he that humnbleth himself shall be exalted." is exhibited in the Persian. Alternations of humility and pride are natural to him; l)but as his lhumility is the result of his pride, and as his pride is not based upon humility, he is too literal in his resemblance to the peacock, and is no illustration of the heavenly things which the beauties of the peacock correspond to. The splendor that surrounds him is born of prosperity and adversity, as the rainbow is born of sunshine and shower; and its height is in the brief interval between the extremes of each, as the hues of Iris are most beautiful when the mists are thin and the sun is descending. Ihis delights are the product of the union of opposites; and as prosperity and misfortune are the mutual causes of his happiness, 157 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. he has a sort of filial affection for them both. This is one of the reasons why he represents himself on the one hand to be poor and miserable, and on the other to be "rich, and increased in goods, and in need of nothing." He has no sensibility to disgrace: he can plead poverty as a recommendation to tfavor as easily as lie can present beauty as a claim to it. Ile is as mean in his humility as lie is arrogant in his pride. Hie is demoralized by the government more than by his own degree of the peacock propensity, for those who are in power have this propensity in greater excess than the governed. Says Mr. Fraser: "A minister or governor offends the shah, or is made the object of accusation, justly or unjustly. He is condemned, perhaps unheard; his property is confiscated; his slaves are given to others; his family and wives are insulted, perhaps given over to the brutality of grooms and feroshes; and his person is maltreated with blows, or mutilated by the executioner's knife. Nothing can be imagined more complete than such a degradation; nothing, one would imagine, could be more poignant than his anguish, or more deep and deadly than his hatred and thirst for revenge. Yet these reverses are considered merely as among the casualties of service, as clouds obscufring for a while the splendor of courtly fortune, but which will soon pass away, and permit the sun of prosperity to shine again in its fullest lustre; and experience proves that these calculations are correct, for the storm often blows by as rapidly as it comes on. Royal caprice receives the sutfferei again into favor; his family is sent back to him, with such of his slaves as can be recovered; and his property, pruned of all dangerous exuberance, is returned. A bath mollifies his bruised feet; a cap conceals his cropped ears; a khel,! covers the multitude of sins and stains, and proves a sovereign remedy for all misfortunes; and the whitewashed culprit is often reinstated in the very government he had lost, perhaps carrying with him a sentence of disgrace to his sue cessor, to whose intrigues he owed his temporary fatll." Could such things exist in any other country than Persia, or be said of any other people than of those who resemble 158 THE PEACOCK. peacocks? The Persians are so insensible to disgrace, that "to give the lie directly is not deemed an insult.'Ie.n durough lost' ('It is a lie') is as comnmon an expression, used without offence fiom one Persian to another, as'I Gou khourc' (' He has eaten filth,' equivalent to' He has lied') is in speaking of another, evenii in the highest ranks." It is impossible that insensibility to disgrace alone could account for this: it is to be accounted for partly by the fact that lying is natural to them by virtue of their resemblance to the peacock, which implies a love for " false and deceptive al)pearances."'-" Believe me, for, though a Persian, I am speaking truth," is a common exclamation to those who doubt their veracity. What is this but a profession that a Persian has a right to speak falsehood? And so he has, if he is to resemble the peacock literally. Who does not see in the heavenly hues and delicate firinges of that sweeping train something supernal, and does not transfer them in his imagination to a being far niore worthy of them than this fbolishl, good-for-nothing fowl? The man who imagines that ke is that person, and attempts to rival the peacock, deceives himself, and blazons a falsehood before the eyes of all who see him. He deceives himself and others with the idea that he is a superior being: thus he adds profanation to falsehood. If he can be guilty oT the former, it is not strange that he will as readily admit that he is a liar as anything else. Where everything is outside show, what can there be of worth within? How hollow-liearted, vain, fickle, and capricious, the people must be who resemble the peacock, and who do not convert this resemblance into a correspendence of the graces which the most exquisite beauty consists in! Lavishing everything upon external accompllishments, intent upon enlarging his dimensions, cutting a wide swell, and requiring room for his dress as the peacockl does for his tail, the Persian must of necessity be heartless, coarse, and vulgar. He exerts his utmost to convert himnself into the form of a bubble that is transparent, beautifully colored, and is sure to burst. Vastness and splendor are the thoughts that occupy him, and they vastate him of everything pure, refined, and noble. You 159 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. can see the peacock strut in his legs, solar-effutlgence in hi3 body, and unbounded self-admtiration in his eye. Such a body is formed to cre ate a vacuum, and to draw evervthing after , 1,Aeit, as with his tail the .',~ @ iP great red dragon drew A d F_.. ~ down the third part of ." S) a> theaven, and the stars, in iinitation, it mayi be, of the peacock! iofi~~i~ The resemblance of the Pei'siaii aladies to their embodied divinity th ~, is as literal as that of the men. They arie un )\r;fsciupulous in painting their faces —using va rious colors fori that pur subj pose —and stain thei r nails with leenna, and :'o ex~print fanciful figuires on their persons by tattoo ing, besides setting the example of that kind of dress that is appropriated chiefly by femalesc who are destitunte of modesty and viitue. If the mfen are coarse a nd vulgar, the women are more so, for the perversion is greater. " TIhey are utterly wanting," says the last-mentioned authority, "in all that delicacy of sentiment and language which is the charm of females in more refined countries;and ignorant (,f what we consider propriety, they express themselves on a'I subjects with disgusting grossness." Their passion for external beauty is like that of the peacock: it is no pioof of a love of that which this beauty conceals, and which it is intended to express. The peacock, with his beautifil plumage, is a vulgar bird, and is regarded with disrespect. Tile reason why the pheasant and the bird of paradise are not so regarded 160 THE PEACOCK. is that they make no display of their attractions, but wear them modestly, and thus gracefully, like one who is made more conspicuous by her beauty than she desires. In a bird that shows his feathers as if he were admiring himself in i glass, and were practising manners before it, the glancing and varying hues remind us of fickleness and insincerity. They indicate something unworthy of confidence, and which therefore it is not possible to feel an affection for. The peacock race are admired, but not loved. They are arrogant and overbearing when they have the ability to be so; and when they have not, they are as polished in mnanners, as lively and acute, as mild and courteous, as they al'e deceitfill and treaclierous. Such is described to be the character of the Persian court; and when we see the peacock displaying himself, we receive an impression of corresponding dispositions and qualities in the bird. The peacock is beautiful in the extreme, and is regarded with extreme admiration. But the extreme of beauty is the most external; it is the least substantial, and the farthest riemoved from love, which is the centi-e; it has no sensitiveness, no tenderness; it is destitute of heart and soul; it is fiding and transitory; it is driven forth to' the outskirts; it is julst upon the borders of Cimmerian darkness; and its "p l).ssing away" is represented in the extreme beauty of the extreinity of the long tail of the peacock. What, then, must be the character of those who spend their lives in admiration of the extreme of beauty? Their souls are spent, wasted, in the object of their lives; and their lives are wasted; and they expire in darkness. Vying with others in dress and in mere brilliancy of eyes and complexion, admiring themselves sepremely and se(.,king the extreme ad iniration of others, courting flatteries and delighted with adulation, they are the victims of those whose tastes are as superficial and whose professions are as hollow as their own; and in the specious appearance of love, purity, sincerity, devotion, and honor, they suffer an entire loss of them all. If this be so, what becomes of the principle that external beauty corresponds to internal? If internal beauty shows 11 161 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. itself in beauty of the outside, how is it that the Persians, the Circassians, the Georgians, and others that might be mentioned, are not better? Why was the beautiful marchioness de Brinvillier such a fiend incarnate? Byron has said, somewhat spitefully and somewhat truly: " Your thief looks in the crowd Exactly like the rest, or rather better; 'T is only at the bar, or in the dungeon, That wise men know your felon by his features." It should be observed, however, that in all these cases men are not guided by a knowledge of the signs of character in the face, but are captivated by the extreme of beauty, which consists of "false and deceptive appearances," and are sullch as are discovered in the peacock. Besides that, those who resemble this bird have great power of art, as those have who resemble the horse; and as the highest art is perfection, or the extreme of beauty, its perversion is the extreme of falsehood and deception. In all nature, the beauty we are speaking of is unsubstantial and idle-as in the rainbow, the flower, and the butterfly. A sunbeam glancing on water, or darting through crystal, is not the index of a soul; the greater the distance of an object, or the more extreme, the more deceptive is its appearance. We are sure to be taken by people at a distant view of them, or when they make their first impression upon us through the medium of some disguise; but we find afterward that "'Tis distance lends enchantment to the view, And robes the mountain in its azure hue!" or, as to the disguises, and to be more particular as to the traits of character we discover "So the blue summit of some mountain height, Wrapped in gay clouds, deludes the distant sight; But as with gazing eyes we draw more near, Fades the false scene and the rough rocks appear." But we are very likely to ascIil-)e the deception from this cause to the object itself, when in fact the object makes no pretensions to be anything but what it really is, and the de 162 THE PEACOCK. ception lies in ourselves and in the circumstances. Besides, the object at hand may be far better than the "false scene" which we admired at first; but disappointment or pride may prevent us from acknowledging this, and thus many a wvortlhy person is injured and abused to his face by those who admired him at a distance. The exterior beauty which corresponds to the interior, and by which we can read the character, is soinething, intrinsic, at the same time that it is exterior; whereas, the extreme of beauty that we are speaking of is extrinsic, superficial, or less than that, a mere gilding of the surface. By the interior we mean the soul, and by the exterior the body (including, the signs of all the faculties), which is an index of thle former: by the external we mean the hue and complexion, the garments, the manners, and the external accomplishments; and by the internal we mean something more excellent than the soulsomething central, the index of which is the highest and most transcendent beauty. Thus heaven is within, and heaven is above. The sky, where the azure, the gold, and everything in the plumage of the peacock, are most displayed, is heaven, and heaven is within the soul: it is there that man may hold communion with God and with angels, and yet the dwelling-place of these is above, in the region of that extreme beauty which is paradise, in like manner as the soul is in the body. How sweet and wonderful! how intensely we realize it, and yet how incomprehensible it is! The resemblance of the Persians to the peacock fits them for the highest perfection to which human beings can aspire. But they attain to the very opposite. "Pomp and ceremony are the delight of all Persians. They form, in fact, a part of the system of government, which is considered indispensable to the maintenance of authority. They term the gorgeous magnificence that surrounds their kings and rulers the' clothing of the state.'-' You may speak to the ears of othlers,' was the reply of an intelligent native to an Englishman's remark on this subject,' )uti if vyou would be understood by my countrymen you nmust address theiri eyes."' So says a describer of the history and mnanners of the Persians; and we 163 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. suppose that there is some connection between the substitmtion of eyes for ears, just alluded to, and the eyes which appealr in the extremity of the tail of the peacock. When the peacock displays his charms to the admiring spectator, it is easy to see in his stiff, formal, stately, and majestic aspect, the intention to astonish and overpower, and tile assumption of a superiority that commands everything to )ow before it. The perfect parallel of this is in the Persian court, as will appear from the following description: "The importance of individuals and of kingdoms is measured among them by the degree of show which is displayed, and of the attention which is exacted by their envoys. It' an enlmbassador assume great dignity, the nation he represents is believed to be wealthy and powerful. If he enforce deference, and resent tile slightest neglect, his sovereign is considered a mighty potentate, and worthy of firiendship and respect. Hence the diplomatic abliiities of a royal representative are measured by the obstinacy with which he resists any meditated encroachments, or contests a point of form at his reception, rather than by the firmness with which he conducts a difficult negotiation, or the wisdom he exercises in establishing a treaty. "The ceremonies of the court of Persia are, in fact, a subject of the most minute study and attention. When the shah is seated in public, his sons, ministers, and courtiers, stand erect in their appointed places, their hands crossed upon their girdles, watching the looks of their sovereign, whose glance is a mandate. If hlie addresses an order or a question, a voice is heard in reply, and the lips of the speaker move, )but not a gesture betrayvs animation in his frame. Should the monairch command himn to approach, the awe he affects to feel permits him not to advance until the order has been several times repeated; and these behests are always enunciated ili a deep, sonorous voice, and in the third person -the shah saying of himself,'The king commands'-' The king is pleased,' while hlis attendants usually address him as ' Kibleh Allur' (the object of the world's regaidl!) and preface their reply by the words' May I be your sacrifice!' 164 THE PEACOCK. "When a foreign embassador arrives, the court assumes its most solemn aspect, and its resources are taxed to dazzle the stranger as well by magnificence as the exhibition of uncontrolled power. As he approaches the royal residence a deep silence prevails: the men stand like statues; the horses themselves, as if trained to such scenes, scarcely move their heads. "The envoy is received in a small apartment by one of the principal officers of government, who, aftel a delay more or less protracted according to the honor intended to be paid, leads him to the hall of audience, where the sovereign, clothed in glittering apparel, sits on a throne covered with jewels. A garden, divided into parterres by walks, and adorned with flowers and fountains, spreads its beauties before the ample windows. Twice is the stranger called upon to bow before the king of kings ere hlie approach the plresence, to which he is marshalled by two officers of state with goldenamelled wands. IHis name and country are announced, and lie is comnmanded to ascend. Arrived near the throne, the deep and solemn voice of the sovereign utters the gracious 'Koos/1 Amedeed!' after which, retiring to his appointed place, hlie receives permission to be seated." Before closing this subject let us look at it in its more favorable aspect. The beauty we are speaking of is paradisiacal. It is not for mortals to clothe themselves in the livery of heaven, except as the wedding-garment that is indispensable to their admission to angelic society. Like the bride, they must have iiade themselves ready before they can enter the heavenly mnansiont; there must be none suffering for the necessaries of life, much less must they obtain heavenly riobes at the expense of bread and of comfortable garments for the poor. Admination must be gratified in the beauties of the sky and earth, in golden sunsets, flowers, insects, birds, all things that Nature has provided for all, and every object that Art has created for humanity. The peacock and the humming-bird are fond of flowers, but the difference between them is as the difference between an animal characteristic and a human: 165 COOMPAR ATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. " Self-love and Reason to one end aspire, Pain their aversion, pleasure their desire; But eager that its object would devour, This taste the honey, and not wound the flower." The peacock devours the object, and is therefore a dangerous ornament in a flower-garden. Not so a human being, unless he be totally depraved. The Persians are fond of flowers, not merely as ornaments, but as the signs of spiritual beauty, and as associated with feelings of humanity and riefinement. They have a festival, of which the following is a brief description: "The feast of the vernal equinox, the new-year of the ancient Persians, retains its importance in the reformed calendar, in spite of religious changes. On the birthday of the young Spring, when all Nature rejoices (and in no country is the transition from the gloom of winter more rapid and delightful thani in Persia), the shahl, by ancient custom, proceeds from his capital, attended by the ministers and nobles of his court, and a large body of troops, to an appointed place, where a magnificent tent is prepared, having in it the throne of state. The ceremonies commence with a grand review; tribute as well as presents from the governors of provinces, from the officers of state, and firom all who are entitled to stand in the presence, are laid at the feet of his majesty. A week is thus spent in feasting and joy." Where else in the wide world is " lay-day" kept in such a style as this? There is a sacrilegious element in it in the form of royal selfishness, but we see in it a bow of promise for the Persians. 166 THE HOG. CHAPTER XXIII. THESE two heads, the one of a celestial and the other of a terrestrial genius, convey to us the idea of congenial spirits. Judging from the expression and contour of the face, and fiomn tile similarity in disposition, heaven and earth are not I, ,,. I,,~,..._~ ~.. >) no f:;w;iPa5;t ash';;'a __ i4>J *...,j such a character and physiognomy as we see here. The hog of that country, in the estimation of those who know how to distinguish a hog from a shlark, is the perfection of beauty and excellence. The best point in thte characte, of a hog is not a ravenous disposition, but simply a taste for ainythinig and everything-an unbounded appetite, perfect digestion, and great tendency to grow fat. ThIe hog-fancier is one who perceives the uses of the hog, and from these derives his knowledge of what the beauty and excellence of this animal consist in. We need not go far to find out the origin of our ideas concerning the beautiful: it is simply utility. When a person studies the points of l)eauty in a horse, an ox, a hog, a camel, a niegro, an Irishman, a dancing-master, or any other living being, he will see that hlis ideas of beauty vary with the several uses to which they are severally adapted. The highest beauty is the highest use. Now the comeliness of the Chinese is in remarkable agreement with that of the hog. Are not those lialf-closed, drowsy eyes, as seen in the portrait on the following page, a striking 167 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. element of Chinese beauty? Can you not easily imagine that, exhibited in their perfection as they are in the softer sex, you might be sinit ten by them? The story of Narcissus becoming,, as. enamored of his own face \ on seeing it reflected in \ ~ \ a brook, is not so absurd '! []after all, for it is of eyes and features like their own that the Chinese, or any other race of human beings, are most likely to be enamored. The reason is, that there is one kind of beauty suited to one, and another to another, according to the country to which they adapt themselves, and to the uses they are intended to perform. Let us do justice to the swine, and we shall see that hle has points to be admiired. If he has a taste adapted to everything, and an appetite that is not easily satisfied, he furnishes the mnost perfect correspondence t,e the intellectual taste and appetite of the Chinese, and their albility to digest and appropriate what they read, to become great with superfluity of learning, and of intellectual dimensions altogether unwieldy. We have heard of " learned pigs," and this term lnight be figuratively applied to the Chinese. Thle learning fir which the pig has been distinguished is that of distinguislhing one character or letter foinom another, and of picking out the blocks on which these are written, so as to spell words, under the direction, of course, of his master. This is precisely the kind of talent which is most remarkable in the Chinese. The eighty thousand characters in their language are nothing strange to them, but present an almost insurmountable obstacle to foreigners who would become acquainted with their literature. They regard literary acquilrenents as the sium total of intellectual greatness, and the man of letters is allowed a wide berth, not fiom dislike, but firom his supposed capacities, and the great respect which is paid him. They designate the implements (of writing (the brush, ink, paper, and marble) by a word wllich signifies the "four precious things." 168 THE HOG. But it would seem that this extraordinary literary appetite in the Chiniese has its fbundation in something more substantial. The celestials are the greatest epl)icures in the world, and, like the terrestrials, are rather indiscriminate in their choice of food-accepting as dainties rats, mice, cats, dogs, hogs, and a variety of uclelean animals. Those gieat curiosities, the chopsticks, enable them to eat as hogs do; that is, by throwing the food into the month, a manner of eating that is to be observed in no other animal than the hog. If the hog had not the privilege of "pitching in" his food, lie would not lbe a hlog; neither would a Chinaman be a Cliiiaman if he did not use his chopsticks in eating. On this subject we quote the following firom the French traveller La Place: "It seemied vely doul)tftlll whether I sholifd be able to eat my rice grain by glain, accordillg to the belief of Europeans regarding the Chlii)ese custom. I therefore waited until my lost shlould begin, to follow his example, foreseeing that, on this new occasion, some fiesh discovery would serve to relieve us fi'om the truly ridiculous embarrassmeiit whlich we all displayed: in a word, our two Chinese, cleverly joining the ends of tlheir chopsticks, plunged them into the bowls of ilice, held up to the mouth, which was opened to its fill extent, and thus easily shovelled in the rice, not by grains, but by handfuls." Not merely as to the manner of eating, but as to the articles of food and the forms in whichl they are administered, do the Chinese resemble hogs. In illustration of tl]is, we quote the followin-g dlescriptioii from the same writer: "Thie first course was laid out in a great number of saucers of painted porcelain, and consisted (,f various relishes in a cold state, as salted earthworms, prepared and dried, but so cut up that I fortunately did not know what they were until I had swallowed them; salted or smoked fish, and ham, both of them cut into extremely small slices; besides which thlere was what they called Japan leatlher, a sort of darkish skin, hard and tough, with a strong and far fromn agreeable taste, which seemed to have been inaceiated for some time in watei. All these et ceteras, including amnong the number a liquor which 169 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. [ recoglised to be soy - lade fiorom a Japan bean, and long si,ce adopted by the winedrinkers of Europe to revive their faded appetites or tastes -were used as seasoning to a great number of stews which were contained ill bowls, avd succeeded each other uninterruptedly. All the dishes, without exception, swam in soup. On one side figured pigeons' eggs, cooked in gravy, together with ducks and fowls cut very small, and immersed in dark-colored sauce; on the other, little balls made of sharks' fins, eggs prepared by heat, of which both the smell and taste seemed to us equally repulsive, immense grubs, a peculiai kind of sea-fish, crabs, and pounded shrimps. I had great difficulty in seizing my prey in the midst of these several bowls filled with gravy; in vain I tried to hold, iii imitation of may host, this substitute foir a fork between the thumb and the first two fingers of the riglht hand; for the cursed chopsticks slipped aside every imomIent, leaving behind them the unhappy little morsel which I coveted. It is true that the master of the house came to the relief of my inexperience (by which he was much entertained) with his two instruments, the extremities of whiclh, a few momnents before, had touched a 0mouth whence age and the use of snuff and tobacco had cruelly chased its good looks. I could very well hlave dispensed with such an auxiliary, for my stomach had already much ado to support the various ragouts, each one more surprising than anotlher, which I had been obliged, nolens volens, to taste of." We can not finish the description of the sumptuous habits of the Chinese, but enough has been said to show their resemblance in this respect to the hog. They may be also regarded as "hoggish" in that peculiarity of tlheirs, the disposition to have everything to them-selves. This exclusiveness is assisted by large secretiveness, whiclh is iudicated in the expansion of the wing of the nostiil, which sign is large in the hog, together with the sign of inquisitiveness, or the upward tendency of the end of the siiout, constituting that peculiar form of nose called the " celestial." In the hog this particular form of the nasal protuberance is useful as well as ornamental. It answers the purpose of I prying curiosity, a 170 THEE -HOG. - tLait for which the Chinese are as remarkable as for their secretiveness. No doubt the Chinaman, judging fiom himself, attributes inquisitiveness to others, and this keeps his secretivenless ill a constant state of excitement; and it is with great reluctance that he opens tile gates of the celestial empire to earth-born foreigners. The two faculties just spoken of give the hog and the Chinese a mining and delving disposition thle very opposite of that which is implied in the appellation of the latter. They are for ever busy in obtaining thie necessaries of life, except when supplied by others, and then they show extraordinary .faculties of rest and sleep, as well as laziness. Earth is their mother, and they claim the indulgence of her lap and her fruitful rows of corn more than others of her children. They are wonderfully crowded together, and roll and tumble over each ~ 0 other in the struiggle: for a subsistence; for A tit though their mother is planted oil every hillside and valley, there - are not rows enoulgh for them all.:The- Chinaman has indeed many of the characteristics of the infant, and the infant is a "little pig." It would 171 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. be easy to illustrate this, but we pass on to the signs of the Chinese and the hog loving the earth so well. One is, that they are both dirty. Says a work on China: "The great sin of the Chinese costume is the paucity of white linen, and con sequently of washing. Even their body-garment is sometimes a species of light silk, but capable of putrefaction. All the rest of their dress being of silks or futrs, there is less demand for white calico or linen, in proportion to the numbers, than in any other country. They spread neither sheets upoln thleiri beds nor cloths on their tables, and the want of personal cleanliness has, of course, a tendency to promote cutaneous and leprous complaints." It should be observed, however, that scorbutic affections are natural to the hog, and it may be that in this respect the Chinese resemble himn, though we can hardly suppose that his rolling himself ir, the dirt would tend to prevenlt it, as in the inferior animal. The Chinese compare very well with the hog in respect to cruelty, tearing and rending, or whatever grows out of destructiveness and revenge, and the eating of garbage. The government of China is a wild boar: " The mandarin is plreceded by a hundred executioners, who, with a sort of yell, announce his approach. Should any one forget to retire to the wall, hle is severely whipped. On entering a city he can order any person, vwliotin he chooses to have arrested, to be put to death, and no one can venture to defend him." As to the emperor, " when he goes abroad, all the people are obliged to shut themselves up in their houses. Whoever is found in his way is exposed to instant death, unless he turns his back, or lies flat with his face on the ground. All the shops by which he passes must be shut, and he never goes out without being preceded by two thousand officers, carrying chains, axes, and var'ious other iiistrulneiits of cruelty." "Parents have the right to destioy or mutilate thleir children, thousands of whom are yearly exposed to perish in the rivers." They plead, in excuse for this, that they have not food for so many moithls, and the necessity of a livitng for themselves; and doubtless the sow, when she devours two or three of her numerous litter, nmay claim the benefit of the 1.72 THE HOG. same apology. The Chinese " l ave o)ne species of refinemnent on the score of skins. Tile young lamb in utero, after a certain period of gestation, is taken out, and its skin prepared, with its fine, silky wool upon it, for dresses, which of course require, on account of the small size of the skins, a great number of lambs to be thus' untimely ripped.'" Who but people resembling the hog too literally would ever think of such a thingg? The Chinese and the hog are remarkable for subterfuge. They are excellent scavengers, as before illustrated. If one kind of food will not answer, another will: birds' nests, silkworm chrysalides, the tender shoots of the bambloo, things that nobody else would think of, are converted by the Chinese into food. They are willing, like beggars, to accept of anything. They are fond of disguises, and this fondness in the hog is gratified, together with his seeietiveness, subteifuge, and inquisitiveness, when he rolls himself in a slough, and renders himself iundistingnishal)le, o(r passes for a part of the plastic clay from which lie was formed. The Chinese mustache has a filthy look, like something running out at the corner of the mouth, where the tusk of the hog makes its appearance, and is indicative of the same savage disposition. The Chinese and the hog are both characterized by very small feet; but whether the hog would render this peculiarity still more conspicuous, if he had reason, by compressing his feet, we can not say. He has certainly no disposition to contract his waist, and the Chinese discard all ligatures and confinements of every kind from the neighborhood of the stomach and bowels; and therein, certainly, the Chinese ladies have the advantage of our own. 178 tg= COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. The hog loves a plastic bed, adapts it to his own mo:Id, daubs the black pigment wherever his nose can carry it, paints in a very workmanlike manner the inside of his tro.igh up to the very edge, an operation to which the softness and pliability of his snout are admirably adapted. In this respect he is not unworthy of being compared with the Chinese, whose fondness for working in clay, for moulding, glazing, painting, and leaving a stain, is well known. Both the hog and the Chinese exercise the faculty of moulding along with the faculty of protection, which makes them fond of trenches and strong walls, within which to ensconce themselves, and in this they show that degree of prudence which may with the greatest propriety be called "sconce." The hog treads the mortar, mixes the straw, digs the tiench, from which he hleaves up the wall; and the order which hlie observes, and the straightness of the line, show that he hias an eye to a fortification-that hlie is capable, like an engineer, of laying out his plan, and of intimating what he wishes to have done. He is warned of the approach of a stoirm, and begins to look out for a squall, carrying straw in his mioutlh as his share of the materials for a primitive fortification, to make good his pro tectioni fiom the elements. Walkling about with that peculiar air of self-importance that is ascribed to the hog, and whichl belongs to those who maintain a supreme right to the soil, he would yet prefer his sty or a mud-hovel to a palace, as a place to live in. In this they resemble the Chinese, who "endeavor to make a pompous appearance when they go abroad; and yet their lhouses are mean and low, consisting only of a ground floor." Chinia abounds in canals and ditches, and the hog engages il such works of art as these, and loves to ploughl in the bottomn of pools and stagnant waters for the means of subs'stence, il imitation of which the Chinese " cunltivate the bottom of their waters, the beds of their lakes, ponds, and rivulets," and obtain firom the mud such a variety of animal and vegetable food as entitle them to be ranked with hogs in the class omnivora. As the hog and the Chinese agree so well in taste and appetite, and in the form, quality, and quantity of their food, 174 THE HOG. it is to be expected that they would agree in corporosity. The added dimensions that come from a deposition of fat in the ChiAese enpire, might be illustrated by very numerous examples. "Those are thought to be most handsome who are most bulky," and it is worthy of observation and reflec tion that their gods, which embody their ideas of beauty and perfection, or of whats is worthy of being admired, wors)ipped, and aimed at, have enormous stomachs, little feet, large ears, an-d small eyes, like the hog, and like themselves, only very much exaggeriated. The hollow cheeks and meagel aspect of many of the Chinese have hardly their parallel in the worstconditioned and most perverted of hogs; but who does not know, if he will reflect upon it, that the Chiiiaman, like any other tea-drinkei, tobacco-snuffer, opium-smokei, and what not, must be lean and shadowy-so much so, that you might almost rattle his bones? It is by virtue of his tea, wahich he keeps constantly over the fire and makes almost constant use of; and by virtue of his snuff, which he carries in a bottle that is seldom absent fiom his side, and ladles out with a spoon, to be snuffed up the nose; and by virtue of his opium, which, lying upon a couchl), hle spends hours in smoking-it is by virtue of these that he gives countenance to the idea with which he wishes to impress himself and others, viz., that he is celestial. It is remarkable that this claim is put forth by fat people, and by those who are epicurean in their disposition, rather more fiequently than by others; but — "Were I as fat as stalled theology, Wishing would waste me to his shade again" and wishing to become celestial may have led the Chinese to the discovery of the use of tea; and in this they are more fortunate than certain of their emperors, who, in attempting to make themselves immortal, proved that the elixir vitce was a misnomer. As t(o their opium-smoking, it is said that "a few days of this feaifl luxury, when taken to excess, will give a pale and haggard look to the face; and a few months, or even weeks, will change tlhe strong and healthy man into little better than-an idiot. skeleton." 175 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. Were we to mention all the points of congeniality between the Chinaman and the hog, it would swell this chapter to the dimensions they so much admire. We will notice in conclusion only this -a wonderful adaptation in respect to prowess, and disposition to the cultivation of the soil. Pope never made a greater mistake than when he said - " The hog that ploughs not," for Nature has furnished this animal with a plough, and given him the ability and the disposition to use it. But we will bestow our compliments uponI the Chinese rather thani the hog. The annual festival in honor of agriculture speaks more for the honor of the Chinese than anything we have said of them yet. We quote the tfollowing: "Throughout the Clhinese empire, agricultural imnprovement has in all ages been encouraged and honored. Ranking next to men of letters and officers of state, the cultivator of the soil is considered an honorable and usefull memberi of society. It may l)e remarked here that, ainong thle several grades of society, the cultivators of mind rank first; those of land are placed next; and the third station is assigned to manufacturers; while the exchangers of commodities or mineichants rank lowest of all. A deep veneration for agriculture is inscribed on all the institutions in China. A lnomage to this primnary art is still seen in the annual celebration by which the emperor makes a show of performing its operations. This anniversary takes places on the twenty-fo()llrtli day of the second moon, corresponding with our monthl of February. The monarch prepares himself for it by fasting three days; he then repairs to the appointed spot with three princes, nine presidents )f the high tribunals, tfoty old and fe'ty young husbandunen. Having offered a sacrifice of the finuits of the earth to the SIuplreme Deity, he takes in his hand tile plough, and makes a furrow of some length, in which he is followed by the princes and other grandees. A similar course is observed in sowing the field; and the operations are completed by the hInsbandh-en. "An at,iiii,l f(,tival is also celebiated in the capital of 176 THE HOG each province. The governor marches forth crowned with flowers, and accompanied by a numerous train bearing flags, adorned with agricultural emblems and portraits of eminent husbandmen; while the streets are decorated with lanterns and triumphal arches. Among other figures is a porcelain cow of enormous magnitude, carried by forty men, and attended by a boy who represents the genius of industry. At the close of the prccsc"sionl the image is opened, and found to contain numerous smaller cows of the same material, which are distributed among the people." !77 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER XXIV. IT is generally felt and acknowledged that the love for anllimals is closely allied to the love for children. When a man is convicted of a fondness for " pets," it is supposed that petting is one of the phlases of hi2 parental affection, and that he would pet his children in the aoue manner that he would his animals. It is taken for granted that an old lady who keeps parrots, or cats, or a lapdog, and shows them great attention, is simply exercising her faculty of " philoprogenitiveness," as the phrenologists would say, and that the degree of her fondness shows the degree of attachment she would have had for children if fortune had directed her affection in that channel. It was before hinted that children are more nearly allied to animals than grown people; that Nature is the first parent of all, and that man has a foster-parent, by the name of Art, that instructs, refines, and purifies him, and thus distinguishes him firom animals. This is reason enough why the love for children and the love for animals should be included in one. But there is also in the mind of man a discrimination with regard to the several objects of parental affection. In childhood the resemblance to some particular animal is strongest, and wears off gradually, as the process of education advances; and as the fondness for pets implies that some animals are special favorites, and that others are not, of course there are a great number of kinds of children, and one person loves one kind and another another. Most persons, when asked if they are fond of children, can not honestly say "yes" without a qualification. They do not know exactly how to express their difficulty, not being aware of what the distinctions consist in; and hence one person says hlie is fond of children when they get large enough to play; another says he is fond 178 THE HOG. of infants; another says he is fond of children that have the air of a noble mother about them; another says that he is fond of them when Nature has given them features and expressions according to his own notions. It is on this principle that people are particularly fond of their own children, olr that'every crow thinks her own young the whlitest." Parental love seems often not to be developed until persons become parents; but the individual who is fond of all sorts of animals is fond of all sorts of children. This is true of those who have a sympathy for Nature in general. As but few infants and young children resemble parrots, those who show a special fondness for these birds do so to the exclusion of an affection for children; they lavish all their love upon their pets, expend sumls of money upon them, and if possible would cause them to inherit their fortunes. But those who see a great deal of beauty in little pigs, as thousands do, as is evident firom their gazing upon them with admiration whenever they have an opportunity, and fiom their express declarations, find a multitude of children that they are fond of. When they look into the little pig-eyes of a child, their own eyes twinkle with delight and with a reflec tion from those; and whlen they look at its little porky cheeks, and at its little snouty face between, they ~ L wish to press those cheeks with their own, and to " measure noses' with that little turn-up nose, and to measure mouths with that little turn-up mouth, and it is ten to one if they do not gratify their desire. But the parental love of others refuses to descend to this seeming grossness: they could not caress a child like thl)at represented above. Some little tlhing that resembled a puppy or a kitten would please tliein,inoe, foli thley resemble dogs or cats, and from self-love they b)eget childien in their own likeness, and fiom this principle they love them. Tlihev conceive children in their brains; these are their beau-ideals, 179 COM3PARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. and all others are the objects of invidious comparison and contrast. There is in reality not much parental affection in the parents of children who are of the kind just represented. They are too selfish to extend their affection to anything that bears a likeness to themselves, for the more others are like themselves the more they regard them as rivals. They love only that which they receive, or have before received, or have the hope of receiving; and when they perceive that they have children (which was a thing they did not wish), they look upon it as a misfortune, and as something, they must submit to because it can not be helped. The cultivation of family pride will go far toward making them content with their sitnation. Whatever is important in their estimation must conime from themselves, must be derived from their own portliness, and must still be considered as a part of it, and there are no children in the world of the least consequence but their own. Their pride is enormously increased by an addition to their bulk, and they walk with an air of greater impor )@~~ ~ tance than before, and as if they were at particular pains to show themselves ~~>2gpi~ ~-The consideration that greatly to tlieiri- estimate I iof the high value and im ~ X~~ | p portance of eating. Tley HI ~are sensual in reference to everything which they receive, but sparing in reference to everything which they are doomed to part with; and if they give away anything, it is included in the debt which they pay to Nature, or is something useless. 180 THEi HOG. The hog is an aristocratic individual, as is seen in the description of the person who bears a resemblance to him, and in various other hoggish dispositions that have not been mentioned. It is easy to see that the "h Iermit of ~.. Belly-fiull" is hospitable,~ to himself, and has no ~~~:- /./ kindness to waste on chiil- dren or on anybody else. He is partial to his own - society, and dreads the approach of a guest, for he has nothing to spare-he has no more than he wants himself. -He looks as if he were saying, " What have you come here for?" as if lie would say this to his first-begotten; and as if to the second he would say, "I've more mouths than I can feed already;" and as if to a beggar hlie would say, "I I've nothing for you: get you gone, you dog you!" It may be that after dinner he will be goodnatured, for the hog is good-natured when he is full, but this does not make him benevolent. Eating is his principal employment, and he spends a share of his time in measuring his dimensions by the quantity of air or water he is capable of displacing, for he blows like a porpoise, and rolls himself around, and views himself askance, and regards complacently the reflection which he sees in his broad mirror, which he keeps always in the dining-room and opposite his place at the table. The hog exhibits the same trait of character in his disposition to wallow out into a green pool, the surface of which shines like a metallic mirror, and there, with halfopened eyes, which show that he is not sleeping, to consider and enjoy himself: The man who resembles him does not stared before his mirror, but sits dow,&, and congratulates himself on the results of his hearty appetite and his good digestion. The hog receives attentions like a lord: they sit well upon him; and that high life is his natural element is evident fiom the fact that his eye has the expression of happiness and good cheer, when tiis wants are supplied without any trouble of his 181 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. own. You iniay see, fiom the knowing expression of his eye, that he is "a pig in clover," for the knowledge of this tfact gives his eve a wonderful deal of intelligence: lie seems to see that his numerous e tainers are benit upon i)ia king him happy, and his eye dances when lie sees l ~if ENS: ~them dancing attendance upon hinm. But who that there doe s not see is still mor-e meaning in that eye, if he can only get at it? To be well fed gives a man the appearance of benevolence. IHe can not find it in his heart to wish evil to those who wish himn good nay, lie wishes themn well for his own sake. This it is that is likely to be mnistaken- for benevolence in the eye of one who resemrbles the lucky hog we are speaking of. This happiness and good-nature, along with a determination to have what is wanted, expressed inll the other parts of the countenance, favors rog,uishness, which is seen in those eyes mnore plainly, we night -almost say, than the eye itself. You miighlt fancy Francis J(oseph, the empelror of Austria, with such eyes as those, taking the child first presented l)y the toes, one by one, and sayilig,: "This pig says,'I go get corn;' this pig says, I go too;' this pig says,'I'll tell master;' this pig says,' I don't care if you -doo;' this pig says,' Qneek! queek! can't get open gran'fei-'s bain-door!' And the l)ig we see above answers to all tti(,se characters i)eli-fctly, withl the addition that when he comes to the last he looks arould foi somebody to help him, expressing his desire to be adilitted, and point 182 .1 THE HOG. lng with his nose to the place that he wishes to go to. le wants unlimited range, and has been so long panpered and indulged, that he has no thought of denying himself anything. We may say, speaking allegorically, that he is looking with his nose toward JIungary, which hle associates in his mind with the hunger of that part of his countenance; and with his eyes toward Russia, asking assistance from that quarter for the gratification of his imperious desires. If there is any meaning to the word "piggish," as applied to human beings, surely it is applicable to the pig. The animal we are speaking of has the appearance of being well dressed, which naturally accompanies good living: this takes place in anticipation of the dressing that will be given hi m pr)eparatory to his receiving the title of " Poik." Nature demands this for her protege, otherwise he would not be so smooth and sleek; and the doctors who do their share in the labor of "giving him a dressing," take sihelter under the favorite motto that it is their business to help Nature in the accomplishment of her good intentions. It is vain for a pig to ask favor o f a turkey, alias the Turk, for " Good mussulmen abstain from pork;" but it is the most natural thing in the world for a pig to look to a goose for assistance, for the two are fitted to be companions; they have tastes in the same direction; they are in every way congenial, and can sympathize with each other heartily. Look at those eyes again: do they not look doatingly upon the fair, round form of the goose, alias the PRussian? do they not say, "If you'll scratch my lel, I'll scratch vours"? Are they not courting her foi a helpnate, and tel;ing her that she will make a good one? Al! who has not felt what a world of expression there is in the eye of a pig? what winning confidence! what unity in all the infinite variety and phrases of feeling! all being included in one consuming, absoirbing emotion, self-love! Too great a degree of this affection eats a man up. It makes a beggar of him; it takes the star'ch out of his ears, robs him of his cleanliness, together withl his dressy appear 183 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. ance, and clothes him with rags and tatters. The more clothing lie has on the more poor and miserable he looks; and as it is the same with the hog, the dressing of this animal consists in scraping away the clothing he has on, as a gardener scrapes away dirt. For the illustration of these observations, compare the preceding hog with the one following. " What a fall is that, my couutrymen!"- and this in consequence of supreme selfishness, when the means for gratifying it, and for being made happy and good-natured, are taken away! He calls for help still; he is dependent on others. It is so with the person who resembles himrl. As the means of subsistence are gone from his head, he holds out his hat w)A~~~vX '9~~~~~~~~~~ 4~ ~ f/ to receive tlemn at second hand; and lie holds a staff in his hand to T)ick his way with, showing what dry picking the gutters afford him, and to signify how little supper he has to lean upon. Ihis staff is an emblem of the "staff of life," which is the special object of his pursuit, and it impresses the mind with the idea that he is a pilgrim and a stranllger, 184 THE HOG. and is looking for something that he can't find. A well-disposed, benevolent individual would suppose that it was a "city out of sights" but it is merely what the coming hog is looking for and can't see till he has hit it with his nose, when instantly he seizes upon it with all the interest of a new dis covery. It may not be amiss to inquire why a person who is supremely selfish should be in so destitute and miserable a condition. It is simply this: his desire for everything, his greediness to eat all the world up, deprives him of taste and discrimination. This accounts for the want of taste in the hog: he would rob the very plants of their nourishment filch from the soil the decaying vegetables and the offal that had been placed there for the production of verdure. He seizes first upon that which is thrown away, as being that which is most likely to be lost if he does not get it; by this means he expects to acquire the world, for hle knows that the soil is the origin of capital, as many a politician will tell you, and that the pennies make the pounds. The mniser and the beggar are of this description: the two are often united in one. It is not in the sign of economy that their beggarly disposition is indicated, but in their resemblance to swine. The hiog-formation is very commonly met with in the politician 185 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. also. The beggar, with his hat in his hand, is electioneering for votes, and may not be aware that there is a hole in the bottom of his hat (we do not say top, for, like himself, his hat is inverted), for the votes to fall out of. His subserviency, submission, independence, and firmness, which belong to the top of his head, are turned downward, and that portion of his head leaks. What an ashy hue, covering a fire of life that can scarcely glimmer through it, is seen in the eye of that hog! You can judge firom the rest of the countenance that the eye of that beggar is the same. They are such eyes as glare upon you in nightmare, and are expressed by the term spectral. They indicate that there is appetite without taste; that the spectre is of the kind whose god is their belly, and who haunt those who pay reverence to the same deity. Soft, rich, luxuriant eyes indicate a great deal of taste, and less appetite: they are full of life and beauty, and in every respect the very reverse of those of the two beggars before represented. The pig is never negligent of appearances, as we see in the last example, as well as in the preceding; and there is one thing that he has a particular regard for, and that is, the looks of his tail. In the chapter concerning the rhinoceros it was seen how Appetite, which resides in the llead, gains the miastery of Insensil)ility, which resides in the tail; and it was seen that in the hog the former takes pride in showing that the latter is its servant, while in the rhinoceros the two are on terms of fi'iendshlip with each other. The liog has the same sort of pride in his tail that the aristocrat has in his footman who rides mnodestly and proudly at the tail end of his coach; and the pride comes fiom the same source and in the same manner in the latter instance as in the former. Thle hog looks askance at his tail, and twists and flourishes it al-)ont, before he touches the morsel that is iunder his nose, as if he would ask permission to eat it (the tail b)eing the ol(lei), and would at the same time twit the tail of his ability and detei'mination to do as he pleased, and would also conglratulate that lmember on its share of the bounty, and on having so lordly a master. The head, be it observed, is synonymous with appetite. and 186 THE HOG. the tail with insensibility, as was explained in the chapter re ferred to. However much an aristocratic pig may acquire smoothness by the shortening of his hair, and by giving erectness to 1-is ears instead of to his bristles, he never loses the least scrap of his tail, unless by the haind of violence. In fact, the more he has the appearance of being dressed for the market, the more he figures with his tail, running through all the Arabic characters, firom 1 to 9. Such a close calculator is he, that he never misses his figure, and it would never do for him to part with the member with which he does his reckoning, inasmuch as he reckons upon it so highly: as well might a noble lady part with her footman as hle part with the evidence of his nobility; there is no keeping up appearances without it! In the Chinese, who were proved in the last chapter to resemnble liogs, this trait of character is exhibited to perfection. No Chinainan, who() lays any claim to respectability, would part with his "pig-tail." It is lnatural to him, and he inproves it by cultivation. HIis dressing his head in the manner of dressing a pig is a sign of consequence, and a consequence of high living or of high life; and in the degree that he does this he improves his pig,-tail; hlie reckons upon it, he sets store by it, and would not part with it for love, though he might possibly for money. Love with the Chinese is Inot very strong, but it is made fleshly by the exceeding grossness which they share in common with the swine. This is proved by the disgusting fact that in Canton and its suburbs there are sixteen hundred brothels, each of whicl- pays, for a monthly license to the police, two hulndred d()llars! Thus love and money are proved to lb)e synonymous with those who resecnmble swine- a rule as applicable to one country as to another. The hog-foiriatioii is common to the authorities; and it is sometimes said figniatively of the hog that his proportions are aldermaiiic, but this does not prove that there are not moral qualities in the alderman to render the animal nature entirely subservient. Speaking of the Chinese in respect to love, they are jealous of their wives, and pen them up as they do pigs, thus ac 187 COMPARATIVE PHYSlOGNOMY. knowledging that there is a relationship between them. Says gr. Davis: " It is the fate of the emperor's wives and women o reside for ever within the walls of the palace; and, after iis death, they are confined for life in a prison called the Palace of Chastity."' As much as they wish to enlarge themselves, and to have " room and verge enough," they wish to cramp and confine their women, and show that above all others on the face of the earth they deserve the title of " lords of creation." Ihence a woman is esteemed beautiful in their eyes in proportion as she is little, and a man is esteemed beautiful in proportion as he is fat and large. hIence, too, they cramp the feet of their women, which are the organs most likely to run abroad, and make them a great deal littler than Nature made them. As soon as a female is born, if she be of the higher class, ller toes are doubled down under her feet, and tightly bandaged, so that at the period of maturity the entire fore part of the foot looks as if it had been amputated, while the sides and ankle are swelled to an enormous extent; and these feet, manufactured according to their science of pedology as applied to women, they call the "golden lilies," in allusion doubtless to the modesty of which the lily is the emblemi, and which this lessoni is intended to inculcate. If this is not hoggish, what other of the traits that we have enumerated may be called so? As we progress with our subject we must;efer occasionally to our text, "Man is an animal." That all men are not the same kind of animals is a clear deduction firom the facts that have been presented, and it is fortunate that they are not. If the Chinaman resembles the hog, he must l}ave a particular admniration and fondness for that animal: he must rest back upon it when hle acknowledges lhis dependence upon lNature, and feels his relationship to his mother earth; and inasmuch as the hog is not a fit animal to be rode upon, he must rear himself upon its flesh. WI-at the ox is to the English, the hog is to the Cthinese. This appears firom the fact that twenty-four thousand pigs are slaughtered daily in the city of Canton. According to our,lotions, a pig would be a strange animial to offer in sacrifice to a hero or to the gods; 188 THE HOG. but in the fifteen hundred temples dedicated to Confucius there are, among the animals sacrificed annually, twentvseven thousand pigs! So high an honor as to be offered in sacrifice in coinpl)any with sheep and lambls, or even alone, was nevei conferred upon the liog in any other country than China. So ablsurd a thought never entered the head of anybody less ridiculous than the Chinamnan -but "no dispute about taste." It has been already observed that the Chinaman has a taste o f his own. It behooves him to make use of whatever exteral attractions are in accordance with it, and to make the most of these while young, for when he gets old he is excessivel y u gly, and his wife is no better looking than hle. "Pretty little pig s-ugly old sow!" is especially applicable to China; but th e pig-tail is so supremely beautiful, that the loss of minor beauties of complexion, fireshness, and expression, are not missed. There is, howeveri, a significance in the shaving of the head. It indicates that the individual is formed to receiv e impressions on the brain, and that the mind is cleared from brush wvood, and prepared to receive seed into a virgin soil; or that it is like a sheet of fair paper, to be written upon; that it is, in short, an infant lnind, plastic, faith-ful to the impression that is made upon it, suited to the study of letters and words, learning its lessons by rote, and following copy, o r imitating, to perfection. Hence the Chinese should be scholars, and they who resemble them should be nmen of letters, a nd the hog himself should be literary. We should see the forme r surrounded with books and papers in orderly confusion, in the midst of his wealtl) and in the centre of his empire, h aving an eye to the wl,ole, and ready to dispose of eac h particular object in its l)I-()per order, and according to the rule " Discord is harmony not understood, All1 partial evil universal good" and the hog we s}hould see surrounded with striaw, in a cell that is thoroughlyl littered, w-here lie can feel perfectly at home, and improve and grow fat, and enjoy himself, instead of living in dampness and wallowing in the mire. 189 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. It is a fact well worthv of observation that the men of most extensive learning have a resemblance to the hog. We could give numerous examples of this, but one will be sufliciect ~~\~\\ \\~~\\~~ \i~>~\ i\\~; jjj that of Erasmus, who is seentoaethaianmanro to have the air and manner of intellectual food, which shall cause the mind, by glowing, to become enlarged, corne sponds to appetite for the food of the body; and as the hog has an appetite and relish for everytling, and can digest everything that he has the least inclination to swallow, and never be comes disglTsted or sick at anything that can be appro priated to the formation of 190 that of Erasmus, wAo is seen the wild-boar. Appetite for THIF HOG. .n animal, so it is in respect to the individual who resembles hog, and to the food that is capable of being appropriated eo the formation of a himan mind. The portrait on the preceding page is of Erasmus reading; and the boar looks as if he were in a brown study-as if he were consuming the midnight oil, or laid, or fatness, which is very likely to be wasted away by too great attention to books. Looking at the eye of that animal, you can hardly help imagining that he is reading by candle-light, and that supreme silence reigns around him —that he is reading the great book of Nature while she is asleep. He resembles the bear very strongly, and there is an important relation between the hog and the bear, as will be seen by.-antid-by. 191 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER XXV. IT is not so easy to idealize the bear into an eagle as to change the bull into a lion; but the polar bear (see page 203) is sufficiently powerful of himself, and would have the advantage over the lion of being a truthful emblem of a great and powerful nation. When the lion shall eat straw like an ox. the polar bear may be our national ensign. The United States should stand confessed the " Ursus Major," the object of universal interest, the " polar star" of Freedom throughout the world. With the exception of man, the polar bear is the brightest example of conjugal attachment which the world affords, and parental love is here more beautifully and wonderfully exemplified than in the eagle. What nobler emblem, therefore, of the character of his government, or what more appropriate badge of his nationality, could " Brother Jonathan" require?. Next to this, or perhaps we should say before it, we would choose the Indian, with his bow and arrows. There is a relation of harmony '<~ ~' between tile hog and the bear, (< ~~ ~ ~ and this implies opposition as well as similarity, and this oppo 1~, S 1sition must be maintained. The king of Naples resembles that kind of horse that has most re semblance to t e bull; and here we have a specimen of a Yankee ~ f~~~who resembles most that kind of bear which bears the strongest resemblance to the hog. Tlih, Syrian bear (which this is) approximates very closely to tl 192 THE BEAK 1 wild-boar, and in as ugly in dispositioni as lie is in looks. You recognise iii himn the child-hating savage that Indian mothers hold up as objects of terror to their little ones. Yankee mothers do so too; and if you should look in their faces you would see that mixture of cunning and cruelty, that unfeeling mockery, that thouglhtless insensibility, which you see here. Thie polar bear is the very contrary of all this. TIe has both the ability and the will to maintain his rights, and therein he is worthy to be honored. As mnale and female, in their mutual fondness for their offspring, which is based on their mutual affection for each other, they present the most perfect emblem of a true government that the world affords. They are governed by their young,, for parental love rules them, and it is this which influences their cubs: and so a republic is governed by the weak and dependent more than by the great and strong. The "Russian bear" (by which we mean the R,ussian government) is the very reverse of republican, for t resembles a hog, and a hog resembles a goose. Russia takes its cue firom China, and in connection with the fact that the Chinese wear queues, or pig-tails, it should be observed that the emperor Paul adopted the pig-tail, and introduced it into the army. His courage and military display were peculiarly Chinese, except that they partook more of the nature of the goose than of the hog. There are three personages of whom the distich is true — 13 193 OOMPAArTIVE PV YSI( )E OMY. " Great is thy power, and great thy fame, Far kenrned and noted is thy name" - two of them called "Nicholas," and the other the bear that is now pretty well understood to be a bng-bear. Whether the son of Paul, who represents the Russian bear at present, inherits the formidable qualities of his father, is not vet fiilv decided. Tile hug-bear rushes suddenly firom under cover, and cries, " Boo!'" which is a very common practice with the hog. We must, however, keep to (our text, which is the riesemblance between the bear and the Yankee. This resemblance, as before observed, is particularly strong. As truth perverted is worse falsehood than atny other, and as hypocrisy is more infernal than any other kind of wickedness, so that kind of bear that is perverted into a near resemblance to the hog re sembles the meanest sort of a Yankee, than whom there can i)e no greater impostor on the face of the earth. Than such a one there can also ~k r~ & be no more unprincipled tyrant, or, in other words, ~~ G inconsistent republican, to =, x,. be found. A sneaking, un.E m)~.x. ~ der-ground miner, descend ing lower than the hog delving for sordid gain I X~ m< ~ pandering to the strongest 3 \ j 9j ~ *-is such a resemblance to bears, that disgtra-e the name of their species, to be found on the western continent? As the resemblance to the hog often shows itself in an extraordinary literary appetite, we are not surprised to find that the ursine sloth (which, according to natural history, would be more properly called the susine bear) has a decided resemiblance to tihe literary loafer. The specimen on the page following is a rare character among the native Indians, and 194 THE BEAR. yet he has an existence even there. You may recognise him in that peculiar lip, which bespeaks the ambition for distinc " "14 tion; in that peculiarly-shaped nose, which indicates the ability to run itself into the ground; and in that general resemblance to the long-lipped bear which indicates extraordinary laziness, and the disposition, and thence the necessity, of sharing iii the prey that is taken by the more courageous and noble of the species. The same dispositions, if they did not follow so closely upon the hog as to produce a literary turn, and were not so ursine as to produce an indisposition to physical exertion, would make the petty despot, lording it on his own domains, like the autocrat of Russia on his, supported and kept in power by the labor and indulgence of others. One of the marks of degeneracy in the bear and in the Yankee is a peculiar flat-headedness, the result of too near an approximation to the hog. This indicates "a flat," in the 195 il,"Yy/'.,\. ~, CO0MPAiCATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. ordinary acceptation of the term, when applied to character. Hiere is a Yankee loafer that is allowed to belong to the class to which this particular designation is applicable. Bearishness is conspicuous in every limnb and feature, aid in the very look, but it is like the old-fashioned bearishness which is iin. digenous to the Old World mningled with that which is in 196 !i i, fi I THE BEAR. digenois to the New. lis appetite, you may be sure, is enormous, and makes a particular demand for pancakes. His resemblance is to an old-country bear, one that carries him a good way off from our immediate sympathy: yes, the Thibet bear is like himl; they two look enough alike to be brothers. Which is the greater loafer it would be difficult to tell. Thle Flat-head Indians, by-the-by, are all example of what is indicated by this peculiar form of the physiognomy. By increasing the flatness, they illustrate the self-satisfaction which is characteristic of folly. Their resemblance to) the bear is quite remarkable, and so is that of every other tribe of American Indians. The Yankee resembles the Indian in whatever constitutes a resemblance to the bear, and' too often in those things which constitute a resem- blance to the hog. The Indian i~as small hands and feet, and therein he differs from the bear, but between him and the Cliinaman a striking similar-, ity of features and expressions has been often ob- B served. This is invariably the case with the meaner sort of Indians and the same class in China. The principle of degeneracy in this case is a loss of distinction between the hog and the bear-a sort of fusion and amal gamation of the two - and this takes place, although the Indians and the Chinese never see each other. Above is a charac R teristic Indian face anlU it is seen to have 197 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. a great deal of Yankee expression in it. The grizzly bear is the variety that claims the honor of this comparison. There is nothing of that leering, sneaking, dishonest expression which there is in the foreign bears and in the countenances that resemble them, but a straight-forward, hungry, mind-his-ownbusiness expression which it is gratifying to meet with in a savage of such extraordinary prowess. In California there is a tribe of Indians, called Root-diggeris, whlose track is so like that of the grizzly bear, that it can only be distinguished by the size. The ball of the foot is more deeply indented in the ground in consequence of their treading more heavily on that part of the foot, like an animnal. They are thought by some to be a link between man and brute, as if it were possible for such a link to exist. And whiy is this? It is because their resemblance to the bear has degenerated into that of the hog. Tlhey subsist entirely on roots and acorns, refusing flesh, and having no knowledge of agriculture. The only article they are capable of manufacturing is a basket, so tightly woven as to hold water; and this is invariably conical, so that when they set it down they must make a hole in the ground to receive it. This reminds us of the Chinese cap, and of the formn that is characteristic of the Chinese architecture. They make themselves holes to crawl into by sticking bushes into the ground, bending them over, and placing dirt upon the top; and there they live like hogs. They propagate their species at the season proper to animals, and have the smallest degree of parental love, as they have not the least of the conjugal. They converse more by the motions of their bodies than by words, and seem to know scarcely anything. They spend most of their time upon their haunches. They are naked and exceedingly filthy. Their arms are short and stubby, the bone from the shoulder to the elbow being long in proportion to the forearm, the hand bearing no small resemblance to a paw, and the whole arm bent and inclined inward, like the hind feet of the bear. Their faces are ugly, and vacant of anything human except in so small a degree tlhat it is scarcely to be perceived. In short, they illustrate perfectly the prin. ciple that confouncing the resemblance of the bear with that 193 of the hog is the lowest degradation to which it is possible to attain. If wve were going to have a sermon on that subject, it could "i"'"jI not be more appropriately given than by one who resembles a bear, as it must be supposed that such a one would have a better appreciation of the subject than any otherl. The person who resembles such a bear toifftc and be able to~, h use it. Hie will paw - about his ideas over y the heads of his audi- ence, until he has mag- ( ~. netized them into a sound sleep! He is c~ \ i no " flat," as you can see at a glance, but to be at the opposite extreme is almost as bad: 199 THE BER.1. ., COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. " His speech is a fine sample, on the whole, Of rhetoric which the learned call rigmarole." You can not doubt of his ability to do justice to pork and beans, and that he would prefer dumn)lings to pancakes: " The large, round dumpling, rolling from the pot," is the signal for extraordinary preparations. The lreasoii for his head being so round is, its pertfect sympathy with his stomach. The bear that resembles him in this and other respects is a BornIIeaii, and one that killed himself with kindness, in the benevolent labor of endeavoring to satisfy appetite. An Indian is capable of compensating in a single mreal for a fast of several days, and of voluntarily abstaining fbo a week in anticipation of a bear-hunt; for hunger stimulates destructiveness, and goads him to desperation. He needs a bastinado like this to compel him to kill the bear, for the bear is his divinity in form, his beau-ideal, the very perfection of that savage nature which he deliglhts in. "The pursuit of these aniiiiais," says a writer on natural history, "is a matter of the first importance to some of the Indian tribes, and is never undertaken without much ceremony. A principal warrior gives a general invitation to all the hunters. This is followed by a strict fast of eight days, iI which they totally abstain firom food, but during which the day is passed in continual song. This is done to invoke the spirits of the woods to direct the hunters to the places where there are abundance of bears. They even cut the flesh in divers parts of their bodies, to render the spirits more propitious. They also address themselves to the spirits of the beasts slainr in preceding chases, and implore these to direct theli to an abundance of game. The chief of the hunt now gives a great feast, at which no one dares to appear without first bathing. At this entertainment, contrary to their usual custom, they eat with great moderation. The master of the feast touches nothing, but is employed in relating to the guests ancient tales of feats in former chases; and fresh invocations to the spirits of the deceased bears conclude the whole..... "As soon as a bear is killed, a hunter puts into his mouth 200 THE BEAR. a lighted pipe of tobacco, and, blowing into it, fills the throat with smoke, conjuring the spirit of the animal not to resent what they are about to do to its body, or to render their future Chases unsuccessful. As the beast makes n,o reply, they cut out the string of the tongue, and throw it into the fire. If it crackle and shrivel up (wvhlich it is almost sure to do), they accept this as a good omien; if not, they consider that the spirit of the beast is not appeased, and that the chase of the next year will be unfortunate." But the Indian must give way. We call the English "John Bull;" in return for the compliment, we think they .1 ~ should call us "Neighbor Bruin." The largest rivers, lakes, bears, and Yankees, are to be found here. The American 201 -. -A- z- -,, COYSPARATIVE PHTYSTOGNOMY. who looks across the water for his ideas and other commodities will resemble the European hear, which has more of a swinish look and disposition than our own; or hle will reseimble the grizzly bear in the " Zoological Gardens." The Am.erican black bear, in the degree that hle approaches the pig, is less noble than some of the other varieties, but his look is tha of a genuine Yankee notwithstanding. The foregoing is a regular " Down-Easter," and the animal that looks like his shadow is an old-fashioned New England bear. Dress " Brother Jonathan" (of whom this is an accurate representation) in Indian costume, and you could almost swear that he was an Indian, and that intercourse with the pale faces had turned him white. There is a style of American face superior to this: it is that which is most commonly met with in the capitol of the nation; and there is a variety of Indian face that corresponds with it. The Americans with this cast of countenance are of the grizzly variety; they are hard to kill, and, under severe provocation, when their revenge is roused, they are fearful enemies to grapple with. The temperament is melancholic, and therewith mild and gentle, but exceedingly powerful. The Indian, like the bear, spends his life in the woods, is taciturn, dark, gloomy, and retired, and by nature a perfect savage; but by distinguishing these traits firom those which are similar in the hog, we have them represented on a higher plane, as in the variety of American character just referred to. This resemblance is seen in the gait and posture as well as in the face. But the polar bear, represented on the following page, with his fine Indian counterpart, resembles a nobler race of Amnericans still. These are they who represent greatness, the pillars of the constitution, with clear, cold intellects, touched only by moonbeams, that have no power to dissolve them. They represent truth, uninfluenced by fear or favor. With less of clemency, tenderness, and forbearance, than the last metioned, they are nevertheless the guardians of these, and as such they loom up in the distance, cloud-capped and dismal, and 202 THiE BEAR. "like giants stand To sentinel enchanted land."' A nd yet under that cold exterior there is the lava of love; under that snowwhite mantle there is a warm heart that can not endure a nearer approach to the sun; beneath that countenance, "emnotionless as the sphinx," there is the wellspring of sympathy and good feeling: " "The gloomy outside Contains the shining treasure of a soul, Resolved and brave." The cavern, overhung with ice-crags, which he makes his home, is the guard of domestic virtue; obtained with difficulty, it is secure from danger, and the love which conquers all things preserves the treasure which it obtained by toil and suffering. The strength, bravery, faithfulness, and parental affection of the polar bear, are so interesting as to be familiar to every reader; but for that very reason we 203 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. may venture to quote the following in illustration of the noble virtues that may be set forth, or at least symbolized, by a savage monster, being those very traits in the animal nature upon which should be reared the superstructure of American character, and hence of American institutions. We would remark here that the courage of the white bear is essential to his other good qualities: — " Of the ferocity of the polar bear, Barentz gives a striking proof. In Nova Zemibla they attacked his sailors, carried them off in their mouths with the utmost facility, and devoured them in sight of their comirades. A few years ago, some sailors in a boat fired at and wounded one. In spite of his receiving another shot, he swam aftelr the boat, and endeavored to climb into it. One of his feet was cut off with a hatchet, but he still pursued the aggressors to the ship. Numerous additional wouilds did not check his fuliry: mutilated as he was, he ascended the ship's side, drove the sailors into the shrouds, and was following them thither, when a mortal shot stretched him dead on the deck. " But even this formidable animal is not without its good qualities. It is a faithful mate and an affectionate parent. Hiearne tells us that, at certain seasons of the year, the males are so much attached to their mates, that he has often seen one of them, on a female being killed, come and put his pawb over her, and rather suffer himself to be shot than abandon her. "While the Carcase frigate, which went out some years ago to make discoveries toward the North pole, was locked in the ice, early one morning the man at the mast-head gave notice that three bears were making their way very fast over the frozen ocean, and were directing their course toward the ship. They had, no doubt, been invited by the scent of some blubber of a walrus that the crew had killed a few days before, which had been set on fire, and was burning on the ice at the time of their approach. They proved to be a she-beai and her two cubs, but the cubs were nearly as large as the dam. They ran eagerly to the fire, and drew out of the flames part of the flesh of the walrus that remained unconsume(d, and 204 THE BEAR. ate it voraciously. The crew fi'om the ship threw upon the ice great lumps of the flesh of the sea-horse which they had still remaining. These the old bear fetched away singly, laid every lump before her cubs as she brought it, and dividing it, gave to each a share, reserving but a small portion to herself. As she was fetching away the last piece, the sailors levelled their muskets at the cubs, and shot them both dead; and in her retreat they wounded the dam, but not mortally. It would have drawn tears of pity fiom any but unfeeling minds to have marked the affectionate concern expressed by this poor beast ill the last momnents of her expiring young ones. Though she was herself dreadfilly wounded, and could but just crawl to the place where they lay, she carried the lump of flesh she had fetched away, as she had done others before, tore it in pieces, and laid it before them; and when she saw that they refised to eat, she laid her paws first upon one and then ll upon the other, and endeavored to raise them up. When shle toIund she could not stir themn, she went off, and when shle had got to some distance she looked back and moaned. Finding this to no purpose, she returned, and, sinelling round, began to lick their w(-)ounds. She went off a second time as before; and, having crawled a few paces, looked again behind her, and for some time stood moaning. But still her cubs not rising to follow her, she returned to them again, and, with signs of iiexlpressil)le fondness, went round pawing them and moaning. Finding at last that they were cold and lifeless, she raised her head toward the ship, and uttered a growl of despair, which the murderers returned with a volley of musket-balls. She fell between her cubs, and died licking their wounds." 205 COMPARATIVE PHlYSIOGNOMY. CIIAPTER XXVI. THIS man resembles an Indian (foreigner though he be), and it is plain that he resembles both the Yankee and the bear. There is something in the look of the eye (a kind of Indian squint), and something in the east of the nose and lip, and the angle of the mouth, and in the hair, that shows a remarkable agreement with the accompanying bear, which is one of the grizzly bears in the Zoological Gardens. Watch those eyes narrowly (the bear's eyes), and you will see something roguish in them: that is Yankee roguishness. It is coupled, you see, with a wonderfully honest expression in the other parts of the countenance, and with a tout eiwsemble that excites your sympathy, and prepares you to be taken in. Your first impression is that he is in a deplorable situation, and that he would not deceive you for all the world, and you are ready to give him as good a bargain as he asks. You feel assured that he is sufficiently self-sacrificing to take up with "a living profit," and to live on porridge in order that you may be supplied with all the articles of luxury and refine. 206 THE BEAR. ment that you desire. Ie makes you think that, being in want of the necessaries, he parts with his things at a sacrifice; that you would very greatly oblige him if you would consult your own interest; or that you are a very benevolent individual, without any eye to selfish advantage whichever you please: and the result may be, that you will exchange necessaries for luxuries, and be ill want of the formier while he enjoys them both. There is a great disposition in people to put confidence in the bear, but he is generally known to be more treacherous than he looks. Again we say, study those eyes, for they are a study: do you not see that they " reckon" and " kind o' calculate"? They are full of study - there are volumes in them. The Yankee says frankly that he "guesses," for like other people he attaches merit to his peculiarities. It is " specullation" that you see in those eyes, both the bear's and the man's. You can discover in that man's countenance that his head is full of plans and projects. HIe would make a good representative in Congress, for it is such like people that are sent there. The bear represents the American peol:)le, and it is very proper that their representatives in Congress should be bears in vari-us ways, as they are proved to be. They look like the preceding animal when they are thinking of the "loaves and fishes," but they are " ravenous as bears" when it comes to a demonstration of the principle that "to the victors belong the spoils." But this too literal resemblance to the bear is illustrated chiefly in personal and sectional interests, while the " affairs of the nation" call for a resemblance uponl a higher plane, where the moral and intellectual faculties predominate over the animal. The older the Americans grow, the more they look and act like bears, provided the animal nature is not kept under by cultivation and refinement. Observe how much the foregoing bear resembles, in posture and in everything, the remnant of old people who come under the denomination of " revolutionary soldiers." In the manner of standing there is something original: it looks like standing to make a speech of four hours' length; it is Websterian, is it not? The walk is equally 207 C.OMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. singular; it is a kind of " Indian trot," a gait which the green Yankee has fallen into as if it were natural to him. The Indian femnale here presented is an example of it; and the following, which is the grizzly bear in motion, exhibits the gait in its original perfection. It is evident, too, that the " Indian dance" and the "beardance"' are very similar; and Yankee dancing differs very little from either, as illustrated by Darley in the portrait of Ichabod Crane taking part in a dance, in which the position of the arms and the motion of the nether extremities are worthy of Bruin. The Indian is seen generally looking down; he walks with a limberness of the knees; he sets down the whole foot at once, but rises upon the toe when the foot leaves the ground: hlie turns his toes inward, and his fingers outward when he X~~ .~~~~~ _I ~- 208 4I ~'_,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ THE BEAR. rests his hands; and in these and other ursine resemblances the modern native American is his inferior. But as noble a superstructure may be built upon this basis as upon any other, and before we get through we may say " a nobler." IHere is the face of an Indian, a Chippeway warrior, that resembles the grizzly bear, while it exhlibits the signs of benevolence, probity, and justice, with prudence and discretiol). His name, Meta-Koosega, or Pure Tobacco, compared with the names of other Indian warriors, is expressive of rare virtue and excellence;-and should you meet him in the forest, you would not doubt for a moment, on looking at his face, of his willingness to smoke with you the pipe of peace. There is something in the temperament and contour, the gait and carriage, and in the general expression, that constitutes a striking resemblance between the Indian and the bear. It is well known that the parent-bear and the cub are very much attached #o each other. The passion of pariental love in the forlmer is indicated by the length and elevation of the loins, of which the polar variety is the strongest example. We have read that a bear, having lost her cubs, has carried off pigs from a sty, and adopted them as her own-which was most natural, considering that there is so much affinity between the hog and the bear, and that parental love in the latter is so very strong. The length and vigor of the loins in the squaw, indicating the same quality of parental love as in the bear, is very great, and it is known that the Indians have many times stolen children from the whlites and brought them uip in their own way. On the following page is the portrait of a female who was reared by Indians, having been captured by them in infancy; and we see how completely she is metamorphosed into a resemblance of her foster-parents. 14 209 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. The change appears to have been inimical to beauty, perhaps because it was too sudden, or because the materials were not of the right kind. Parental love in the bear is reciprocated by an almost equal degree of filial affection on the part of the cub. In the young Indian the affection for parents is very strong. The whole race of aboriginal Americansthat are worthy of the name-are celebrated for their love and rev I,, the affection for pa rents is very stiong. erence for their forefathers and the graves of their ancestors. Filial affection, which reciprocates parental, causes the cub and the Indian child to be more fillly formed than others at the same age, and to be early developed but not precocious, in order that they may do as much for their parents as their parents have done for them. This mutual strength of parental and filial affection has the mutual love of the parents for its foundation and no other; and this fountation is stronger in the Indian than in any other savage in the world, and stronger in the bear than in any other beast. The poignant grief and suffering of the Indian when his wife and children are taken firom him by the malice of an enemy, show the strength and nobleness of his nature, and how excellent a foundation for a superstructure of civilization and refinement is a resemblance to the bear. As the conjugal relation is the origin of all others, so conjugal love is the basis of all the domestic and social affections, and all the relations of life are dependent upon these. Brother Jonathan, therefore, in his resemblance to the Indian and the bear, has a more glorious destiny than any nation in the world, and it is only a degeneracy like that of some of the Indian tribes into a resemblance to the hog (which is the very opposite of the bear in respect 210 THE BFAR. to conjugal, parental, and filial affection) that will destroy him. Be it observed that filial love is appropriate to the child, though it reciprocates parental affection and is like parental love in relation to second childhood, and that it preserves childhood and develops manhood at the same time. The bear, the Indian, and the Yankee, agree in this: they exlhibit a remarkable degree of forwardness at the outset, and at the same time an uncouthness of figure and gesture that is in ludicrouts contrast with the shrewdness of the intellect. The early development of manhood, and of the bodily and mental strength appropriate to it, together with the preservation of childhood, and the consequent backwardness and immaturity, are illustrated in Daniel Webster (a portrait of whom is presented on the following page), Henry Clay, and very many of our public men, as well as in the Indian. How often do we see the "overgrown boy" in the person of some distinguished individual, a powerful orator, a wise counsellor, a great statesman! A person not experienced would call him a " country bumpkin," a " greenhorn," and various other names, expressing the infantile side of the character, without taking a view of the manly one. The genuine Yankee, who presents the true type of the American character, has no local habitation, but, like the Indian, is diffused everywhere over this North American continent. It is a mistake to suppose that he originated in New England: the national peculiarities were first developed tohere, but the Yankee is a production of every state in the Union, and his characteristics increase in intensity in proportion to his wandering habits and to his occupation of the territories of the red man. In Oregon, Texas, California, and New Mexico, he is more a Yankee than ever, and his new provincialisms show his love of being separate and distinct from all others. Ile is as intent upon creating a nationality of his own as we should suppose it possible to be if the Indian were not a stronger example of the same disposition. But in a mining country those who resemble bears are more liable to run into a resemblance to the hog than in any otlher, as is 211 COMPARATIVE PH'YSIOcTNOMY. ,/X: <~ evident from the greater resemnblance of the Indian tribes in those regions to the latter anirnmal than to the former. Where the bear is noblest, there the Amnerican may be so, and there also he is most liable to perversion. Where Indian civilization was greatest, there Indian degradation is lowest, and so it must be withl the white men who occupy their places. Ot' all silpletons and fools, the Yankee charlatan and impostor is the slallowest aind most disgusting. In the possession of slyniess, affectation, and imposture, hlie resembles the Indian; and these, combined with a roaming disposition, acquisitiveness, and the love of traffic, make the "Yankee pedlar," faried for taking everytliiing in exchange, and thus for the variety ot' his goods. Now the Indians whom we have known fioln our childhood are those who wander about peddling moccasins, besides l)brooms and baskets made of wood, split, and splintered, and stained, and.who receive in exchange provisions, clothes, and money; and tliough they 212 THE BEAR. \! \ 1, _, appealr so very demure, they are very fond of practical jokes, which they perpetrate with great gravity- a peculiarity in which the Yankee partakes as if it were natural to hiin. The latter resorts to "tricks in trade" with as nmuchl sobriety as the Indian —with the seriousness of one who is engaged in a lawful calling. If this is proof of any relationship between the Indian and the Jew, the white American will also, in the course of time, prove himself to be the same lost tribe that the Indians are supposed to be. Why is it that " Brother Jonathan," when he is "driving a bargain," whittles a stick? and why is it that hlie drives the stick into the ground when he comes to the conclusion that he has "a Yankee to deal with"? This is a question that a philosopher miglit be puzzled to answer. Be it observed, howevei, that the extelnpo)ranteous mechanic is engaged in whittling out an arirow; that he points it, and is prepared to shoot it, like an Indian-when suddenly he discovers that, for the lack of coolness, or in consequence of the shrewdness of tile person he has to deal with, hle has " run the thing into the ground"-a misfortune wllicti lie commemorates by driving down the stick, and marking the spot where it happened 213 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. The Indian is a hunter: at all times and under all circum stances he is found in some search or research, either profound or superficial, and this gives him that thoughtful, meditative look, which it is so difficult to penetrate. In this he is like thie Yankee on the one hand and the bear on the other. The look we are speaking of is often mistaken for a proof of something extraordinary-as if the person could search for nothing of less importance than the philosopher's stone, when the truth is he can not search for anything, not even for a flea, without the same expression of mnysterious learning. To most people such faces are impenetrable, for the simple reason that they indicate the ignorance of the mind in regard to the mIysteries that it is engaged in penetrating; but this, we perceive, is a proof of the want of knowledge, and it may relate to trifles as well as to matters of consequence. The Indian receives much greater credit for wisdom than he deserves; and one of the peculiarities of the Yankee is his uncommon sapience in matters that he knows nothing about. It is his business to hunt, and nothing is found that he himself has not discovered. If you tell him anything new, he expresses no surprise, but professes to have known it all before, and still wears that sage expression which indicates that he is penetrating still deeper into the same subject. Be he never so ignorant, his hunting disposition makes him wise in politics and in the affairs of the country generally, and you can hint at nothing in divinity or law, or in ancient or modern history, that hie is not familiar with. As this is from a propensity of his that must needs be gratified, it requires only the removal of hypocrisy by honesty, and self-love by benevolence, to make him in reality what he claims to be. We have been struck with the excess of the Yankee pecil liarity described above in the character of the Indian-in one who is penetrated with a literary ambition. Ile wishes to fire everybody with the idea that he is a wit, a poet, and a scholar. Nothing disturbs his equanimity, nothing surprises him. He listens to everything you say as if he did not hear, and looks as if he mlight enlighten your ignorance beyond measure, if it were not for the lvulgar astonishment that would 214 THE BEAR. be excited, and the attention that he wishes to avoid. But he is one of those whom prudence forsakes in consequence of " Vaulting ambition that o'erleaps itself." fle " attempts to live by his wits, and fails for want of stock," and then is discovered his true genius, which is his ability to " run his face" for whatever literary capital may be necessary to acquire him fame - till he runs himself out! The bear looks always as if he were intent upon the object of pursuit. Iii his solitary wandering hlie is not tempted to turn aside except to revenge himself. His instinct demands to be let alone, and hlie concedes the same privilege to others. In these respects the Indian and the Yankee agree with him perfectly. The sense of individual rights is very strong in them as well as in him. They will not be trampled upon; they wil l not pay tribute, nor render involuntary service; the count ry they live in must be their ownI; they must be able to wander fa r upon their own lands; they must possess a right in the soil, a home, so that each one may say " This is my own, my native land!" The Indian is ennobled in the estimation of the white American for the possession of those qualities which the latter discovers in himself; and the bear is honored by the unconscious imitation of his peculiarities. When you meet him, if he is not pressed with hunger, he turns aside and allows you to pass on your way, for he recognises his own individual right and yours, and he expects you to recognise your own and his: but if you are so cowardly as to fire a ball into him from a distance, hlie turns upon you withi the most tremendous rage and fury; and as this can be of no service to him unless h e ca n c ome in contact with you, it is proof of his courage, and that his disposition to mind his own business is not caused by fear. In this the Yankee is his imitator as well as in other things, and it was well expressed, at a time when it was being illustrated, in the words' Yankee Doodle is a lad, He's honest, kind, and civil; But if, again, you make him mad, He'll flog you like the d evil!" 215 COoMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMIY. The last person referred to may simply mean the bear; for, like the bear, the Yankee is courageous; he gives the enemy ( ~ffiI.,; rannical government of Poland' I f is well known. Though we have...; Ini treated them as subjects for char-, 2 coal sketches, they should, to ag/ have justice done them, be treated in a more elaborate way. But; as there is a law of antagonism between fire and water, so also there are two actions of subterfilge, the one intended to extinguish the other. When one is in excess, the other is necessary to counteract it; for as of those two elements so of these, " they are good servants but hard masters." The goose is a sort,f feathered swine, as much like the Russian as the hog is like the Chinese, who are therefore sim. '221 -I'~~j , - COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. ilar. She forbids you to trespass upon her territories; encroaching on others, she discovers that encroachments are being made on her rightful dominions, and is slow to back out firom those which she herself has made. When she has once taken possession of a field it is almost imnpossil-)le to drive her firom it, and the more you try the harder it is, for she has a propensity to go against obstacles, as is illustrated in her flying against the wind. Of course, then, she has a wide range, which implies a wide territory, but she is also attached to home. She is not to be disfranchized, and she snugs herself up by the side of other geese so closely, that there is no danger of their not keeping together, or at least within hailing distance; a nd eac h one interdiets the other from vio lating any of the rules of in tual help and protection. He (or rather she, for there is not much manhood in the char acter of the goose) is always tiroihtling herself about the af Iairs of her neiglb(-)s, and .t~~~ w X the,'efore the flock is kept I within boiunds aiid they keep each othe,' in o,'der, of which we have the iiost perfect il lIstration in the flight of wild geese, foir each one has to be at his post to attend to his At' ~~~neighbor, and in giving or ders they all pipe at a time. They are fond of ordering each other to hush and mind their own business, but this is dlone with an eye to the I; ~ -F ~general good; or, rather, this is the result of each one's at tendinig to his own personal safety by shielding himself under the wing of the rest, anl (,rdering them to take care of themselves, to mind their eyes, and 222 THTE GOOSE. to follow his example. Of course, then, the goose is no fool: the only fool in the flock is the one that, like the emperor Paul,minds other people's business without knowing sufficient to take care of himself, and who accordingly goes ahead, takes the responsibility, and is thrust forward by the wiser ones who know the danger, and who treat him as the odd one, and exclude him from the honori of be - ing included in the - general estimate of geese. The goose proper, in all the traits enumerated above, is the precise counterpart of the Russians To descend from the body politic to the body corporate, the goose is very warm-blooded; he is fond of ice and snow, and of a vigorous climate, which remind him of his feathers, and make him gather his clothing more snugly and warmly around him. The Russian is fond of his ice-hills, which he manufactures especially for his convenience and for the pleasure of culling his legs under him and lying low; and he is fond of plunging into snow, as into a bed of down, and of muffling himself in furs, and of travelling in a cottage. This is his method of sojourning. The goose is so well provided with comfortable clothing, that by others she is supposed to have "enough and to spare"-and when she is " tamed," as it is called, or brought under the influence of their wills, she thinks as they do. Plucked of hIis feathers, the gander loses his noble instincts; he feels oddly; he is not even a weather guide; he wanders about, with " his nose turned up to the wind," but he is not able to prognosticate a storm, he is lost, he acts as oddly as he feels, and has the appearance of a "perfect goosey." The Russian who resembles this specimen 223 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOM. of a goons goes thinly clad, is destitute of foresight and sagacity, and,, with the power in his hlands, would insist onI every other person wearing thin clothes and being as great a fool as himself. This, again, was the emperor Paul, whom, the reader perceives, we are strongly tempted to " pick at" and to reduce to the corld;tion of "a bird without feathers." This would be "making, man of him," according to Plato's definition; but as we are Tn),' Platonists, we will turn hiti over to the disciples of the phils3.)pher to finish. The fox liv'es on the sagacity and foresight of the goose., and therefore he has an abundance of both; but there are foolish geese that have lost their feathers, and are strayed away, and have not the spirit even to hiss or spit fire at their oppressors; and it was probably some cowardly fox in the habit of making mutton of such geese as these that lost his tail in a trap, and then proposed to his neighbors to adopt the same fashion. We have no doubt but that the nose of that aniinal was a snub and "turned up to the wind," and that he had a look similar to that of the goose, as the wolf has a likeness to the sheep, and that therefore he was perifectly sincere in the proposition; and that for that matter he might be regarded as a cockatrice hatched fiom the egg of a goose. Such is the character of a certain one among the Russianis who will figure "positively for the last time" -we can not say when. 224 THE SWAN. CHAPTER XXVIII. IHERE is a person who, if he be not very much mistaken, has the air of a swan. In him it looks like an affectation of grace and dignity, but in the swan we admire it exceedingly. Without it the bird is both ugly and uncouth. It must consequently be something admirable,.-X and for this reason it ~" K is the object of hypocritical imitation. It " \ is the character of a devotee that gives this \ 9~~~~~ expression of counte - nance, accompanied w ith this position of i th e head. A devotee may be a v otary to o himself or a votary to \, some religion. "What -' a perfect air of selfcomplacency!"-you are ready to exclaim, on looking at a person /j\ \, with an expression of countenance like the above. It is even more than that: it is an adoration of something of which himself is both the centre and the circumference. IHe is, in his own estimation, a saint, and lie expects, when he has given sufficient proof 15 225 ,.. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. of his sanctity by mortifications of the flesh, to be canonized by the vulgar. He is the victim of blind superstition, and of violence inflicted by his own hands. Silliness is the chl)aracteristic of the man who goes to an extreme in his resemblance to the goose, but insanty characterizes the man who bears a like resemblance to the swan. By this we mean a literal resemblance, and not that of which the goose and the swan are the representatives. In those who are inclined to insanity more than to idiocy, there is an affectation of grace and dignity, and a hypocritical sanctity, which says, " I am holier than thou" - accompanied with a condescending modesty, that seems to say: "You could not expect me to let down my dignity, but I will nevertheless condescend to speak to you; but I am a person of high rank and noble blood, and it becomes you to take care how you make too familiar with me; and presently I shall expect you to kneel down and do me reverence, for higher beings than you pay their obeisance to me. Should you displease me, you might feel imy vengeance!" They suspect themselves to be endowed with certain Divine attributes that others are not aware of, and that it is necessary they should present these glaringly before the world, that they may no longer have an excuse for their ignorance and neglect. "But what has all this to do with the swan?" Why, to tell the truth, the swan is, in his own estimation, a grandee of the highest order. You see it in that dignified bearing, by the side of which the pomnp and pride of the peacock sink into insignificance. He is the very personification of complacency; he is perfectly at his ease; all things are as he would have them. Ile looks into his pure, white breast, reflected in the placid bosom of the water, and finding there nothing to displease him, he is "settled upon his lees," and floats in downy voluptuousness like a spirit in a snow-white cloud, not doubting but that hle is as much an object of devotion to otlhers as he is to himself. Hle carries his head in such a position that he may not lose sight of " his humble self." Ie is constantly the servant of himself so long as he lives, and with such assiduous care and attention hle lives long The vestal 296 THE SWAN. flame is kept constantly burning, and the stars their vigils keep in devotion to the swan, who, floating all night upon the water, fancies he is floating among them. Hle places his hand upon his heart (figuratively speaking all the while), and asks the world to witness its purity, the sincerity of his intentions, and the heaven within his own bosom. And indeed he is the symbol of heavenly felicity in _ the human breast, and of that purity and devotion that are made for each other, and that constitute heaven, wherever they may be. But he is the symbol also of the very opposite, for the qualities which he represents are commonly perverted. Fromn his stainless breast, and from that realm of purity which his form describes, extends something like a serpent with a serpent's head, and this, unless it be turned to look at the shadow reflected in the wave, and to explore the depths of that celestial love which makes its home with the innocent and pure, is the serpent full of ctunning and malignity, of sensuality and pride. Then it is, as when we see him on land, that the swan loses all his grace and dignity, and is no longer beautiful, but snakelike and repulsive. Thus it is with the man who was formed to be a votary, and forsakes truth; who aband(-)ls the purity that is the object of devotion, and that is also the native element of the devotee. And he who can tiurn his eyes away from the innocence of his childhood and the principles that were planted in him by the Creator, and then look uponi the malignant passions that have taken their places, and can call these good, is one who has deceived others until he has deceived himself, and is in a fair way to become insane. One of the symiptoms of this malady of the mind, fiom its incipient stages to the degree of confirmation, is " using vain repetitions as the heathen do." The devotee who is a selfworshipper acquires for himself the name of sanctity, not only 227 COMPARATIVE PIlYSIOGNOMY. by his sanctimonious bearing in the performance of various rites and ceremonies, but by "taking the name of God in vain;" and when his delusion has gone so far as to cause himrr. to forget himself, there flow from his mouth volleys of oaths. Anl individual like the one figured at the commencement of this chapter has an air that mnay pass foi reverence during the devotions of a congregation, as when the people rise for prayer, o' that shall indicate his ability to swear like a pirate. The transition from a devotee to a "high buck" is all easy one. But i,, whatever stage of transformation he may be, " vain r'epetitions" will characterize himr. You shall see this sanctimonious air tinged with a smirk in the person whose calling is the repetition of a cry several times a minute during the day fi-om one year to another. He is the very person to act a conspicuous part in the display of sudden and miraculous piety. You can hardly repress the spontaneous ebullition of "Old lhypocrite!" the moment you set eyes on him. But words are human, and what you condemnn in him is the vain repetition of them, by which they are converted into "by-words," and you would not be profane because he is. The mendicant devotees of India make a sacrilegious use of language all their lives, for a "by-word" is that which is often repeated. 2[ockery, too, is characteristic of profanity. In persons whose business is the repetition of the same words from morning till night, as in beggars and those whose mode of selling partakes of the charactei of begging, you see mock ery written in every part of the countenance. Repetition is a mockery of reason and Ihumanity, for reason needs only to hear once in order to understand, and ihumanity needs only to hear the cry of pain in order to relieve it, and to fill the needy with bread. The repetition that is vain and hypocriti cal deafens tile ears to the voice of real necessity, and to the voice of humanity, which commnrands respect like the voice ot God. Words aie precious pearls that are not to be cast be fore swine; but thley who cast them out as dust of the street, and, most of all, those who make sacred words thus common. mock those whom they deceive, and the.y lock at the weak, ness and the sufferings of poor humanity. M(-)ckery, and a 228 THE SWAN. caricature of benevolence and honesty, are legible in the faces of those who accost the passers-by with an invitation to purchase; and even the newsboys, young as they are, have enough of this expression of countenance to distinguish them. The extreme of this degradation and abuse of words is babbling insanity. All this is the result of a perversion of those qualities which constitute a resemblance to the swan. It is therefore the very opposite of what we discover in true devotion. Tle swan is grace and dignity "to the very life." As there is nio parade in that graceful carriage (for we must look to the turkey and the peacock for parade), so there is no organ of pretension-no medium of professions - or, in other words, no voice. His course through life is quiet and noiseless, save the slight sound of the ripples that break upon his breast. The devotee who is truly devout makes no profebs- sions: his life is pure, and it speaks for itself; it shows also the quality of truth, as the whiteness of thle swan shows the purity of the element that bathes him. Hle teaches by example; he observes the precept, " Use not vain repetitions as the heathen do," but whispers, " Our Father who art in heaven." It may have occurred to the reader that in India,where the characteristics we have described as belonging to the devotee are carried to an extreme, is to be found the greatest national resemblance to the swan. This is a fact thiat may be 229 CO,,IP. RATIVEi PHIYSIOGNOMY. easily confirmed l)y observation. But the Indians resemble serpents as well as swans, and for the reason already stated. They exhibit the swan in his more disagreeable aspect. Infernal rites and ceremonies, hypocrisy, incoherency, violence inflicted on themselves or others, are the characteristics of them all. That sacred stillness which betokens reverence for truth, a disposition to listen to it, to obey it, and thereby to teachl it in the most effective manner, or to exhibit it "to the very life," is perverted in the enjoining of stillness ill the presence of those who consider themselves privileged to make a noise, and of reverence toward those who arrogate to themselves peculiar sanctity. You shliall see the vestal virgin, whose soul is the heaven of tranquillity, and whose life is one of unobtrusive benevolence; and by her side the selfworslhipping devotee, who is full of professions and hypocritical cant, and whose life is devoted to offering up sacrifices on the shrine of his selfishness. He wins bribes firom the rich, but the poor who have nothing to give must appease his vengeance witb their blood. " What smooth emollients in theology Recumbent Virtue's downy doctors teach!" 230 TH-IE SWAN. but these are for the rich only, who are willing to pay for flattery with the blood of the poor. Devoted humanity is silent under wrong, silent even to the false devotion that condemns it "as a sheep dumb before her shearers" -not because it has no redress, but because it is willing to be sacrificed in testimony for the truth, which is the greater good. But like the dying swan, that is fabled to breathe forth its life in enchanting melody, is the martyr in the hour of death. nWhen he can no longer teach by example, he can teach as one inspired; and the swan, if the ancient fable be founded in nature, is his appropriate symbol even to the last. The phoenix, that was consumed in flames and rose again from its ashes was this very bird, or one, according to the representations exceedingly like it. 2'So COMPARATIVE PHIIYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER XXIX. " WHAT! a man look like a frog?" It is even so: you see the resemblance, or you would not ask the question. In the one figure the Frenchman is recognised, and in the l | | Hiother the frog. You say, perhaps, that "the first is an exaggeration, and that therefore it can not be ta ken as a proof of any spe cial resemblance." Your premises we admit, but the i~~~~~~~~~~~~' inference we draw is the very reverse of yours. If thl)e exaggeration were not one of the characteristics of the Frenchman, you would not recognise the likeness. Yes, monsieur, you display astonishment at our boldness; but if you were not considerably like the fiog, the exaggeration of your peculiarities would destroy the resemblance altogether. 232 THE FROG. We see, then, a reason for the Frenchman's Pencltant for firogs: it is like that of the Arab for the came], the Englislhman for the ox, the Chinese for the hog, and the Indian for the bear; and, as it is a poor rule that will not work both ways, his fondness for the fiog as an article of diet is a reason for the resemblance. The organs which were the result of the life of the animal, and through which the life manifested itself, enter the stomach of the Frenchman, and thence into the circulation, to nourish and build up the body; and hence it is evident that the reptile we are speaking of becomes part and parcel of the Frenchman himself. This is as it should be, if, as we imagine, the race of Titans who were changed by Latona into frogs, are the race now called Frenchmen! It was in revenge for their refusing water to her and her children; and so they are lnetaimiorpliosed into the likeness of an animal that lives in water, and has a plenty of it. The French should be judged by thleir own philosophy: they say that the mind is a function of the body, or a secretion, or in some way a production of the lbrlainl and other material organs. Therefore, if they build up their bodies with those of fiogs, they must strengthen and nourish their souls firom the same elements! We believe that there is a correspondence between the soul and body throughout, and that the former responds instantly to whatever enters into the composition of the latter. The influence which the qualities of the frog, so highly esteemed by the Frenchman, must have upon the disposition and manners of the consumer, and even upon the higher faculties of his mind, is easily inferred, and is confirmed by even a hasty glance at his phlysiognomny. Which is the more sociable and noisy; which the more constantly engaged in tte.-a-tete; which is the most lithe in all his members, and fond of versatility, and of hopping about, the Frenchman or the fiog, we leave to natural history to decide. There is as great a variety of Frenchmen as of frogs, and love of variety is the characteristic of them both. The wonderful disposition of the firog to change his shape, and his astonishing capacity to do so, are scarcely to be distinguished 233 COMPARATIV PHIIYSIOGNOMY. from the same disposition and ability in the Frenchman This is effected by various inflations and puffings out in this direction and in that, especially in the region of the neck and shoulders. Fashion changes man into as many shapes as those of Proteus- without, however (at least in the case of the Frenchman), destroying the proper and legitimate indications of the character, and the resemblance to the frog. The Frenchman displayed here is an unmanly character; hlie re sembles a female; and it must be confessed that the French follies we are now speaking, of are exhibited more in women than in men. The French are like women in their looks, their actions, their judgment, their unwillingness to be governed, and their inability to govern themnselves -their love of change, their love of order, and of turning things topsy-turvy -their disposition to go to extremes, their ability to become mnore cruel and more infernally wicked in every respect in the degree that they are capable of being better, than those who are bona fide and unequivocally men. There is the fable of the firog that endeavored to swell himself to the dimensions of an ox that stood cooling himself in the water. The ox, for aught we know, may have been a huge island, and the frog may have considered that the water was all his own, and that the ox had no business there. There is certainly a great degree of similarity and contradiction between John Bull and his fashionable neighbor the BullFrog! -i;. Thiers asserts that there can be no dispute as to the high position France holds, especially in her silk manufactures (at the'World's Fair,' in London). He was struck with the fact that France is pre-eminent in all the articles of 234 IJ THE FROG. luxury, which none but the wealthiest can buy; whereas, Eng land excels in the productions usually consumed by the mid dle and poorer classes. Thus democratic France works for the rich, and aristocratic England works for the poor." We see, therefore, that in the case of the frog and the ox there was no occasion for any jealousy on the part of the former, nor for any contempt on the part of the latter, but that they were well suited to each other, and that it was fortunate they were near neighbors. The ambition of the frog to swell to the dimensions of the ox was no vain ambition, for the works of art that contribute to the gratification of taste and to spiritual elevation are equal to those more substantial productions that contribute to the necessities of the body. It is beautiful that aristocracy and democracy should be fiiends; that they should help each other; that the frog should not swell himself so muchi for his own gRatification as for that of the ox; and that the ox shoutld not draw so muchll for his own benefit as for that of the fiog. As the Frenchlmnaii is lacking in lnanliness, it is right and proper that the Fi'ench-woman should possess it, and that the feminine quality that she is deprived of to make room for the manliness, should belong to him. It is as easily seen that the Frenchwomen are uncomnmonly masculine as that the men are feminine. There is more true heroism in the characters of Joan of Arc and Charlotte Corday than in all the men of France that have ever lived. Madame Roland would have governed France more wisely and more nobly than that country was ever governed: but it so happens that in countries where women have none of the qualities of statesmen they are made queens, and where they are possessed of these qualities they are made to stand aside and give place to tyrants. The Frenchwoman presented on the following page should be contrasted with the Frenchman preceding: in dress and everything she is less feminine than hie; she has very much the appearance of the cow, because of the relation between the English and the French, and yet she is thoroughly French, and has a strong resemblance to the firog. The outer integument of the Frenchman has a wonderful 235 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. tendency to be puffed out: pads, bustles, balloons, and airy nothings, show the nature of the aspirations by which he expects to make his greatness equal to his desires. What it is that his soul lives on, aside from the breath of popular ap plause, it would be difficult to tell: it is as great a mystery as the life of a fiog, that seems to live oni air. Ambition is the ruling passion of the French man; he spreads his sails, and : -< \ fills them with his own breath, B for he can rarifT small praise ~\ \ into all immnense volume, and it is his business to ratify and refine. Like the fiogs in a pond, each one endeavors to be heard above the rest, though the bull-frog orator is loudest of them all. Yet it is remarkable that when oiie strikes a note the others join him, to the end that they may be heard to sing in concert by the outside listeners. But as everything which is nriot loved for its own sake soon begets weariness and disgust, change is earnestly demanded: revolution must come, though it overthrow what is worthy of being loved and cherished; and ere long the new fashion will become old, and the old will become new again; and thus one change will follow another interminably, as whiim or caprice may dictate, shlowing that stability is not the thing desired or sought aftei. The Frenchlman says, as an excuse for plunging into a revolution, that he wishes disturbances to be over, that he may "attend to his business;" and there is truth in this, for hlie wishes one commotion to pass, that he may enjoy a,nother: his very life is commotion. But fiog,s are a happy people, and so are the French when the men they choose for iulers resemble fliogs, and not alligators. Marat and Robespierre resenil)led vultures; but others, more common and less cru-el and cowardly than thley, iesemblie lizards, animals that rule by the power of the tail, as was 236 THE FROG. described in the chapter cot face of Louis XVI., here re very strong resemblance to the fi,og, and everything that is moral and much that is noble to confide in, with nothing to distrust; but in the likeness to the left, that carries an impression of a relationship to the crocodile, there is somneth)ing forbidding and formidable, which a man should give heed to. Look at the eye and jaws of that crocodile, counterpoised by a tail that may at 4&&~\~ any moment take upon itself the functions of the other extremity; and look at those feet that are formed to go backward or forward, according as the supreme power shall be 237 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. transferred to one extremity or the other-and say if there is anything in the physiognomy of that animal that y'ou could confide in? The intellect of the Frenchman is in keeping with his disposition and with the activity of his bodily organs, and is a further proof of his resemblance to the frog. He "jumps at conclusions," and this requires that he should have a wonderful degree of instinctiveness, or an intuitive perception of things. Hie does not reason, for reason requires prudence, deliberation, and proceeds step by step; whereas, instinct never delays, or makes a false step, or puzzles its brain about anything. The Frenchman is most truly himself, most prosperous, most happy, when he trusts entirely to Nature; but when he attempts to reason, he is sure to go wrong. In giving the firog an instinct to "Cjump at conclusions," Nature has provided a yielding element for him to fall into, lest he should break his bones; and this provision is all the more important, inasmulct as the frog has but a very general idea of where he is going to leap to, and when he makes a plunge it is a "leap in the dark." There is the same beneficent provision for the FrencThman in all that concerns his interests. When he jumps at conclusions it is at the practical, and the practical is always susceptible of modification and change; like water, into which the fiog plunges himself, it accommodates itself to the individual; and it is in tAis that the Frenchman's passion fori alteration and variety is intended to receive its full gratification. Bu3t when the conclusion that the Frenchbman jiuilps at is theory-when he aims at first prin ciples-wliei lie endeavors to trace effects to causes-it is a leap in the (da'k still, but it is not into the water, but against a rock, and lie knocks his brains out! It is the nature of his mind to go ft'(iii mind to matter, firom causes to effects, from God to the material universe; and therefore if he takes upon himself to go contrary to this, he says that Nature is God, that effects are causes, that the soul is firom the body, and that principles are the results of experiments, and have no existnce, no eternity, no authority, except as men may choose to establish them for their own convenience. Thus the French 238 THE FROG. man's sin' ple faith, which is the practice of trutll, or a life of charity and good works (the very strongest expression of confidence in the principles by which these are prompted), is wrecked, and he resembles a toad with a tail, an alligator, or an animal in which the distinction between before and behind, forward and backward, is not easily determined. When the Frenchman reasons apriori, it is instinctive, and he reaches the conclusion, though he jumps at it; but when he reasons a posteriori, he reasons a' priori still, and mistakes this for that: the rock on which he splits is Nature in place of God. The instinctiveness which is so remarkable in the Frernchmnan implies exceeding confidence in the intuitions of his own mind, and in the dictates of Nature. This is more beautifully illustrated in Montaigne than in any other writer that we know of. But the French philosophers in general have suffered a serious perversion by following with the rest of the world in the path of Bacon; or rathler, in thi,nkig that they are doing so, when they are in reality going in the very opposite direction. They have too little independence to be faithful to their own instincts and to the principle of )escartes -too little not to adopt the inductive method of investigation, when it is the fashion of the age to do so. The Baconian Frenchman, when he thinks of reasoning, starts (as everybody else does) from the basis of his own mind, and thus acknow!edges its superiority over the mere facts of science; but, what is strange, after acknowledging this, he goes to matter for the cause of the mental phenomena which he exhibits in the investigation. He is no more required to investigate causes than a frog is required to go backward; and he no more needs a knowledge of them, further than flows into him by intuition than a toad needs a tail! It is a law that an animal should correspond to the element he lives in. Land is stationary: animals that live upon it can maintain a permanent position, and it is nothing strange for them to go backward. Water and air are progressive; aniimals that live in them are in constant motion; and for the locomotive powers of a fish or a bird to carry him in any other direction than forward is a very strange thing indeed. 239 COiPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. The animal that lives in water or air, and seldom touches land, must "go ahead," and it is his instinct to do so; there fore if in any case hlie turns tail foremost and goes backward, he is guilty of the grossest absurdity and violation of Nature's laws, and when we look at him we see that he is a monster, destitute of symmetry and proportion, with forms and shapes that indicate dispositions unworthy even of an animal-traits unearthly and infernal. Thus it is with the lobster, an aniinal more hideous than any that lives on land; and thus it is with the serpent, the alligator, &c., though less than with the foriner, because, as they live partly on land, they are not capable of so great perversion. " But what is the application of this to the Frenchman?" For the person who resemnbles a fiog to go backward, is to change into the nearest resemblance to that animiiinal that can be found among aniiiials of thle retrograde variety. Of the French infidels and atheists, solne resemble the Surinamn firog (a frog with a tail), some the calneleon, some the lizard, some the alligator; and the glreatest of them all (if Voltaire be the greatest) reselnbles a lobster, as may be seen in the expression of the eyes, and, though less, in the scenery of the face. The Frenchmani being instinctive and by nature practical, lives in the external, is the seisual, in the material and the gross, and considers that if tllere be any evidence besides the "evidence of the senses," there is at least none equal to it. But the mere objects of sense are filthy, for the simple reason that miatter is essentially dirt, and that it is only the supremacy of the spiritual (in which beauty resides) that can make it pure. The sole reason why a flower is not dirt as much as the soil from which it grew is, that it signifies a spiritual l)eauty, of one kind or another-love, friendship, or some purie sentiment; and unless an individual perceives this, his ob)servation of a flower as an ol)ject of sense is on a par with his ol)servation of soil, of a bug, (of a worm, of a snake, or any vile thing on the face of the earth. It is no affectation in thle Frenielman to lay the stress that he does upl:,n the " evidence of the senses," fori he sees as much beauty in the vilest lreptiles as in the most delightful birds; nay, lie takes most pains in exam 240 THE FROG. Ining, painting and describing the former: and the most loathsome swellings and diseases do not disgust him, but on the contrary he delights in examining, representing, and describing them, and invents extraordinary methods of perpetuating and holding them up to the admiration and wonIder of the world. He exhibits this character of grossness and sensuality in paintings, and in every variety of art, to a greater degree than any other nation. HIe is full of " unclean spirits, like fiogs," that were seen in the Revelati()n "coming tip out of the bottomless pit." Herie is one of them (a Frenchlman in caricature), and the man who is composed of frogs like this must be an illustration of the principle that "the whole is like the parts that compose it." The fiog has those things about him that the Frenchman admires: warts, beariug a likenless to buboes, blotches, and chan. cres; besides puffings and swellings, hlaving the appearance of tuinidities fiomn disease or from excessive grossness. Also the critical aciumen in reference to sensual objects, and the taste for natural history, manifested by the Fiencliman, are exhibited by the frog (and usefillly too), in clearing the gardell of grubs and bugs, and leaving the mnore beautiful thigs c,,(rnpa1atively untouched. But as bad as it is to be sensual, and to beai too literal a resemblance to the frog, it is woilse to Attempt to reason, or to go backward, when the idea in the mind is that the ob)jects of sense are essential, primary, superior, the mnost imI)ortant, and therefore the causes of all things. Was there ever anythling so stupid as that shrug of the shoulders, and( thlat leaden gaze, and that motion toward a twigging of the nose, which is exhibited by the Frenchman when he is called u,,on to know anything or to believe anything beyond the evidence of his senses? Yres: the fiog preceding is very like him and quite equal to him in that; and hle is hiinself ten times more stupid and insensible when he puts " the cart before the horse," the "effect before the cause," and declares 16 241 COMPI'ARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. sole,,nly that reas means of it he kno viz., that the horse people have suppo He resembles the alligator, and the alligator is a stupider anii mal than the frog, and far more unfeeling and infernal. The frog in hliimn took leave of absence for a while, in order that he might seek out fitting companions, and( when he returned he brought such things as lizards and lobsters with him to share inl the government of the domyain. Thls is illustrated the saying: " When the nin clean spirit has gone out friom a man, he walketh throiugl dry places, seeking rest and finding none. Then he saithli,' I will return to the place from which I went out;' and when he lhas returned he findeth it eliu)ty, swept, and garnished. Theii he goeth and taketh with him seven other spirits worse thaei himself, and they enter in and dwell there; and the last state of that man is worse than the first." 2'2 THE FROG. CHAPTER XXx. THiE expression "mercurial Frenchman" is a familiar one. A metal moving about like water, instead of being crystallized and hlaving, a base to stand upon, is no exaggeration of the extraordinary mobility of the people referred to. Attemptimg to lay your hand on a globule of mercury is like attempting to lay your hand on a frog-you light on emptiness; and in like manner you can never get the better of a Frenchman in an argument, for he occupies no place in particular, and you can not calculate where hlie will jump to. It is a general rule, however, that the frog will jump into the water, as the deepest and most important element; and in like manner the Frenchman will jump to scientific facts, as the deepest and most important truths. As these are pliable, and he can make them what he pleases, it is impossible that you should trace him, except by the mud which he stirs up from the bottom, which soon obscures him entirely! Supposing even that you have him in the field where the rules of rhetoric are laid dowvn, you lay hands on vacuity when you think he will stay still. This is not his fault, but yours; but if he takes to his scientific facts, and firom these reasons against reason, assuring you that these are the central truths and the causes of all others, argument is at an end. As the frog goes to its natural element, so goes he to his own place, as the safest for lAgm. Like an infant in the posture that is best suited to his condition, he regards only the objects of the senses. The ipse dixit of Science, from which he is begotten, puts an end to all dispute. The umpire in this case, who appears in the form of a bull-fiog, swells about the throat till h(ad and shoulders are mingled into one, and he appears like a monster with eyes in the upper part of the chest; and all in the en 248 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGN t -~Y. deavor to utter a croak thlat slall be deeper and more oracular than any whichl preceded it. However much you desire to get a sight at liin, you are doomed to disappointment, for he has sagacity enough to know that the expectation that is aroused by) a vo(ice like that would uevei be realized. To mentiol all the varieties of Frenchiien in connection with thle varieties of the frog would be an endless undertaking. Tliere aie fiogs of a sanguinary disposition (constituting the entire population of a pon.d of which tlhe water is Gcut), that mulster into a regular army, the master-spirit of which:s a frog of wonderful amnbition and reckless of blood. Two armies of this description meeting each otiher leave thousands of their number dead on tle ensaiiguined field. Comnpare the leader of a noisy army of fi'ogs with the picture called Bonaparte, and with others that might be mentioned. Then there are diuty fi'o,gs, that live in mirnie, and know not tlhe use of water, )but are covered with spawn ansi t —q slime; and to match these there is a class of Parisians that excel in filthiness. Then there are clean firogs, beautifully colored and speckled, that do not even injure the spring-water that thley live in-frogs tl)at you really love to take in your hand wheth er you be Frenchman or not; and the like of these make Paris a cleaner city than any other in tlhe world. Then there are fiogs with yellow skilis and beautiful golden eyes, fl l; that hop about in the sand, true to their in stinct which ltequilres themn to live in an ele ment that is shifting; and these are they who talk of stability in the government, and build their lhouses upon the sand. TlIen there are toads "ugly and eneomolis," thlat "live upon the vapor of a dungeon," by which tlheir b)rains are rendered prolific toads who never change tlleir habits, and who are theref(ole unmitigatin(ly disgusting in l)oth dress and manners; and to go with these there are Frenclrmen who disfranlch-ise thlem selves, whlo are not reckoned alnong frogs, but are alternately 244 THE FROG. sent to the galleys, banished, or imprisoned. Then there are treetoads, who take the hue of the times in which they live, and who are more elevated in feelings and sentiments than the fiogs who surrould them, and who redeemn the character of the toad, and offer encouragement and exa. ple to the lowliest and the most degraded. Were it not fir the Frelchimnen whose voices make such sweet melody as these, in contrast with the chattering and croaking of the remainder, the inultitude of fiogs would sink in the depths of sensualism, to rise no more. Then there are filogs that we skipped in their propelr places, such as pltt their heads together above the surface of the water, entaLigled with spawn and sea-weeds bandits that disappear on the appearance of a spectator the moment he can say " Jack!" The talent for caricature, for whlich the French are distiiiguished, has its origin in thle love of exaggeration before spoken of. As it is contagious, we plead guilty to the same offence. The French know how to take these things; and besides, as a general rule, it is a sufficient compliment to represent a man as hlie really is. A man is in general what lihe chooses to be; and hence the dangelr of offence is in describin,g himi as hlie is not. The French love to have their qualities exaggerated, and therefore it is that they deal in compliments as well as in caricature. They have little inclination 245 COMPARATIVE } tIYSIOGNOMY. to be dissatisfied with what is said of them; for when they are "blown" they are ready for blows, and a blow from a stone does them no more harm than a blow of wind. For the same reason, when a Frenclhman is able to dress himself as he chooses, he can pass for whatever he likes: " Through tattered clothes small vices do appear; Robes and furred gowns hide all!" With such a toutrnure as he alone has the art of producing, he does not ask even the mantle of charity to be thrown over him. He is fond of wit, and a good joke is never at his expense, for he has more instinct and less sensibility than others. Hle plays with heads as a child with a rocket, and a revolution is genuine spolt-to all but those who say, like the frogs in the fable, "It may be sport to you, but it is death to us!" Apropos of this, the French being remarkably like children, and having a great deal of instinct as animals have, are wonderfully fond of fables; and there is a fable which relates that once upon a time the firogs became wearied of their moI(-)tonous existence, and prayed to Jupiter to send them a king; whereupon the god sent them a log, which killed inan. as it fell among them, and made such a splashing that the rest were awed into stillness; until, finding that it had no longer any power of doing them lharm, they became impatient-abused, insulted, and leaped upon it, and accused Jupiter of sending them a thing, and at the same time deinanded of him with deafening clamor that he should send them a king that was animated, like themselves, only a great deal more so; whereupon Jupiter sent them a stork, that began immlnediately to devour theni with an appetite that threatened to exterminate the race. This is the sum and substance of the fable, and it is particularly applicable to the people who resemble frogs, as much so as if it had been written to describe them. zesop must have been inspired to have propliesied so correctly, and to have understood the character of the frog so well. The log will do vely well to represent the rule of those Frenchmen who, after the distinction necessary to a 246 THE FROG. revolution, allow the people to do as they please. The stork will represent the rule of one who absorbs into himself the will and functions of the people, and interprets them as lie sees fit. The former is like a log, because the Frencelimen vwh1o are particularlly concerned in it are of the variety that resemnble alligators, the most refined and elevated of I_ of cameleonis; and the lat- ter is like a stork, because / the person who exercises.\ it resembles that bird: like the crow, vulture, and oth- er carrion-birds, the stork is cowardly; but lie has a show of courage; he is not boldly but cunningly revengeful. His faults are primarily his fondness for carrion and for every species of filth and nuisance, ,:',.. -- his cowardice, also his love of snakes and reptiles - for though these are regarded as high virtues in the bird, as making him an excellent scavenger, and the receptacle of things so vile 2,17 .- I I COMPARIATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. that even the vilest of human beings reject them, yet they are the foundation of the most despicable traits in a human being. The lazy and vicious are very fond of whlatever relieves tlhexm from the trolub!e of labor and cleanliness; and this is the reason why tlhe stolrk is held in stuch high esteem in Egypt, Holland, and many other countries, and why thle Mollaii~iiedaiis even venerate him. As lie is fond of fi'ogs, it is but right and proper that firogs should be fond of him, particularly when they add to the cause,of thleir liking him his disp)ositi(on to relieve them of all troluble of govelnling atld disposing of tlhemselves. His fondness for fiogs may be shown in this: "Bellonius infomns us that storks visit Egypt in stucli abundance, that the fields and meadows are white with them, and that the natives are pleased with their arrival, as the birds deliver them fiom innunierable swarms of fiogs, and also devour serpents." The "giave air and mournfuil visage"' of the stork constitute one of the reseml)laiices to the person of whomn the following is a portrait (Louis Napoleon). The Mairabou stolrk is the bird we have clioselii to stand by his side. For a description we quote firom Ifl~ / a writer on natural historv' [ ~'-!,,,~; "In its hlabits this bird '5 (' —;)i' bears a close resemblance ~A fi ~ to the white stork of Europe, ~~\~~~\~~~<~;\< but becomes still more fiamiliar, and, in consequence of its larger size, renders miorie essential service in the removal of c,arrion, offal, and othler nuisances. This;:nportant office 248 THE FROG. like the adjutants of Calcutta, it shares with the vultures; and both birds are universally privileged from all annoyance, in return f(r so nmeiitorious exertion of tlcir natural propensi ties. They seem to be constantly attracted by hieapl)s of offen sive substances collected in the villages and towns, which they devour without scruple, and in iliniiiense quatntities.... Nothing seems to come amiss to the voracious tl)ppetite [of this storks]; for when carrion is scaice, it attacks reptiles, smiall birds, and even the lesser quadrupeds (as mice), which it usually swallows entire." From this it appears that no very great danger is to be apprehended firom such birds, ex cept by fiogs, and animals that are more weak and cowardly than themselves. "When excited, they elongate their necks, and stand at their full heiglht, menacing with their large bills, which are, however, too light to inflict any serious injury, even had the birds coIi,-ag(e enoIlgh to, attempt it." Havilig spoken llastily of Kiiig Stork, we will give a brief description of King Log. Tlhere alre certain firogs whose greatness appears in the grating of their voices. As it is not natural for instinct to reason, these, by setting themnselves up to be reasoners, and by reasoning backward when it is their instinct to go forward, degenerate into lizards of the larger variety-large, because it is their ambition to lb)e so, as indicated by their voice, and by their habits of swelling and expansion. Opposite to these there are tree-toads, with fine, soft, musical voices, and with a disposition to shrink into the substance of the tree that they are perched upon, at the same time that they desire eminence-as much, even, as the fiogs last mentioned desire a grovelling situation, and to be distinguished. The Frenchmen who resemble tree-toads, by adopting induction as the rule of reasoning, degenerate into a resemblance to the cameleon, the most harmnless and beautiful of lizards, as the tree-toad is the most harmless and beautiful of toads. Who can look at the following portrait of a Frenchmlnan, and not say that it is a genuine "character," a distinct gene, drawn to the life? Would you not know by those feet and hands that ICe hl, i wonderful powers of clinging to whatever 249 COMPARATIVE PHn IT)GNOMY. ne takes hold of? That right airm has the peculiar thrultst that is observed in the right fore-leg of the cameleon, and it is evidently grasping the coin tents of his pocket. That left arm has the velry same char acter that is observed in the corresponding menmber of the A"~ #~~> ~ quadruped. That left leg how admirably it imitates the I,t~-'~ /i left that sets itself down on not. The moral and intellectual character has less to control in one who rese,,,bles a dove than in one who resembles a lion. TIhe signs of the l ighe,' ftculties exhibit, therefore, mnole refine,,e,,t i, tile ()tie anid iioie strength ill the other, and this places tilel,i ol, a p),l in respect to virtue and intelligence. II} this cliai'actei goodness finds a c,,nge,,ia1 soil, and it is therefore ltixi,'iaiit 1)nt tende,. In a clhaiacter that resembles the lion, goodness finds a rock to grapple and a fiurious climate to contend with, and it is thelefole st,)ong and rigid like the oak. There are, however, a great variety of doves and pigeons, as there are of fiogs and toads, and they constitute as great a variety of character. A certain likeness and apposition is to be observed between the person who resembles a dove and thle one whto resembles a hen. The relation is something like that of octaves in music. On the followiug page is the portrait of a Spaniard who resembles a cock. The Spaniards resemnble cocks as the Irish resemble dogs. Love of contest, and love of triumph, and subserviency, are ruling traits in both characters. Cockfighting is a passion withl the Spaniards, as it is with the cock. In some of the provinces of Spain it is the favorite game; iI others, bull-fighting is the favorite diversion; but contest in some form or other is a passion. The Spaniards and the Irish are as much like each otlher in their fondness for fighti,g as the cock is like tile dog. iBut they differ in the mode. The dog gives no quarter: the cock beats his antagonist and then 281 CO(MPARATIVE PHYSTI(ONOMY. runs, and the conquered party runs aftel him, and inl his turn becomnes the conqueror. This is the way with the Spaniards, as exemplified in the contest J....::between Don Carlos and the ~\ A late regent Queen Christina. ((iJ \;\\ In bull-fights it is the same. There is advantage allowed to both parties, though that which is shown to the bull is a mockerv rather than otherwise. With the Irish it is not so. They fight l ike dogs, as if in a contest with " grim Death," to whlom, as they expect no quarter, they will yield none. The Irish have to be parted. Not so the Spaniards: they fight upon th e principle " That he who fights and runs away May live to fight another day!" Tile military ambition of the Spaniard is concentrated in a victorious contest with John Bull-always was, and always will be. The rules of honor in a bull-fighit are a specimen of the magnanimity with which he regards that formidable power that it is his glory to contend with. One of the most singular things about thle cock is his crowing when hlie considers himself in the long iiil to have gained the victory. Both crow, and the contest has turned into one of lungs. Precisely so it is with the Spaniards. They blow the trumpet of fame in honor of a victory louder than anybody else, and that is saying a great deal. It is all the same 282 TIIE COCK. whether they anticipate or have gained the victory, or whether they mygAt have gained it had the circumstances been different. Of the man) instances of the confident; t,)asting and triumphant exultation of the Spaniards which might b e given, we quote the following " fi'om an ode by Luis de Gongora:" " Raise thy renownedi hand, 0 Spain! from French Pyrenee to the land Where the Moor Atlas lifts his mountain height. And at the martial trumpet's lofty sound Bid thou thy valiant otFs,ring cluster round Beneath thy old victorious banners, bright In hardest adamant, a fearful sight! Such that the lands of languid power, The nations leagued against thy faith, dismayed At the strong radiance of thy beamy arms. At the fierce splendor of the falchion-blade, With looks averted, in alarms, Shall turn at once their eyes and backs for flight, Like clouds before the deity of day; Or even, like yielding wax, dissolve away Before the luminous and golden fire That from their graven helmets forth shall fly; As blind of faith, so blinded then in eye!" An equally vivid representation of the cock, with his scai let crown, his valiant look, his martial feathers, his savage beak, his shrill clarion, his solid spurs, lifted with pride, energy, and scorn, would be parallel to the above; but he has more of defiance and victory in his aspect than can be expressed in words! The young cock crows in a strain like 283 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. the following. (It is a "' poemi written in the character of a child; a species of playful composition popular among the Spaniards" at the time of thie great " Armada" for the iiiva-tsion of England in 1585-'88.) A little girl is speaking to her playfellow, and tells him "My brother Don John To England is gone, To kill the Drake, And the queen to take, And the heretics all to destroy And he will give me, When he comes back, A Lutheran boy With a chain round his neckl; And grand(lrmamma From his share shall have A Luthe-ran rnai(i. To )e her slave!" Thus, in the Spatniard, is illustrated the prioverb that " as the old cock crows so ciows the yo,ing." Whetlci his giviling a chance to tile enemy is thle result of wlhat pugilists call " honors," or is the result of a desire to lhave an excuse in case of defeat, does not appe r. It is doubtful, however, whether the cock would think so far as that. It is more probably the action of his wonderful subserviency, indicated by the wattles under the jaw. When a fellow-being is weak, this subserviency is prompted to help him; and when the antagonist is " wainble-cropped" and beaten, /0 ff~ >the victor regards him in the light ,~~ ~ k~ /of a hen, and instantly gives quar i! > ter; and then being turned upon when his anger is at zero lie runs, and his ugly Xantippe after I}in]. And thus tile fortune of the game i\ passes from one hland to aliothei-. v \ ~ The Spaniards are famous cav aliers. They were the greatest knights-errant in the world. The cock is famnous for his gallanti and his chivalrous bearing, and for his spirit in defend 284 THE COCK. ing the females whose safety he is responsible for. B]tt in spite of this, or perhaps on account of it, lie is inclined to T)e jealous. Hle iegaids his lady-love as under excessive ol)ligations to him, and hlie expects to be rewarded by the most devoted attacllhment. If lie has delivered her fiom a castle, lie considel's that he has a right to lock her up in one; hlie does nut expect, neithei will he allow, the least wandering; but lie is apprehensive that she mayl be stolen fiom him, and therefore lie is excessively jealous. And it must be confessed that lie has reason to be, foi his neigllbors have as niulich gallantry with respect to imn prisoiied females as he hiim ij;\;;~~~~ ~self has! When he fai,cies that his treasure is in d anger of escaping him, he plucks ,ff ~,~'~ \'lj \' % ~ her by the lead, and l,avinio, //,' )./ ('1(dlIe it onlce he is slli'e to need to do it twice; a,d thus his true gallantry particle by particle escapes firom him, and he becomes a petty despot. His gallantly takes a wider range; it shows itself in a bad sense: his business is to del i vei ladies from their cruel lords, and lie finds that he has a plenty of it to do, and that the females whom he is inclined to take under his protuction ar e very X1merons. Of course, ,ie is aware that the same disposition exists in his neighbors, and that they will look upon him, and justly too, as one of 285 COMPARATIVE PtITYSIOGNOMY. the cruel lords who holds one or more of the fair sex in confinemenlt. If under these circumstances he can catch one of them in the neighborhood of his domains, he is sure to chastise him, if he is able to, and for this he claims the merit of a chivalrous action. Such a chance to display his gallantry is a rare fortune, and he sounds aloud his exploits in the ears of hi s greatly-obliged and admiring hens, with his face toward home, and on his machl thither. In other words, and placing it in the past "Gayly the troubadour touched his guitar As he was hastening home from the war, Singing,'From Palestine hither I come, Lady-love, lady-love, welcome me home!'" Only for the knight-errantiy of tlhe Spaniards, some few of their number would hlave more wives than the sultan. As Spaniards of tie best quality are produced in Spain, the cocks that are produced there are of better quality than those of any other country. The Spanish cock is superior game, but its highest excellence consists in the quality of its flesh, which is said to be superior to that of any other of its kind. It is to be expected that the country that is best for the cock should favor a likeness to that animal in man, and should develop national characteristics founded in that resemblance. The same principle holds true with regard to the ox, the hog, the bear, the goose, the swan, the firog, the dog, and we believe with regard to all the other animals that have been mentioned. The people who resemble a particular animal naturally prefer the country that is suited to that animal, but do not always live there; and as it is the animal that becomes suited to the country, and not the country to the animnal, we may suppose that it is the man that becomes suited to the animal, and not the animal to the man. 286 ThE'OAT CHAPTER XXXIV. AMONG the variety of human faces a resemblance to the goat is very frequently to be met with. This resemblance is plainly discoverable in the face of Sforza; and the prominent traits in the character of the goat are easily traced in his. Large combative faculties, energy, perseverance, and precision, are discoverable at a single glance. In the man who resembles the goat, the most prominent traits are indicated in the most prominent part of the countenance. In these two profiles the ridge of the nose is distinguished for something more than prominence and convexity: it has a peculiarity of its own, indicating a manner of exercising the combative faculties that may be called cloymattc. Pugilism in a nose like this takes a particular direction: the bent of the reasoning faculties is indicated in a certain bend of the nose, which furnislies a sort of channel for dispute and polemical controversy. The " doctors and lawyers" of the olden time are represented always with features like these; and because the representa. 287 C0OMPARATIVE, PHYSTOGNOMY. tions are thus true to life, they seemn lil~e portraits. In such noses and in such a form of thle iidge of tl)e eyebrow as the preceding, there are elastic enelrgy and activity, and a strength that overcomes resistance. Such heads are formed not only for striking with great force, but for pushing; they present,a haid fiont to whatever obstacles stand in the way, and are evel upon tle lookout f)r a clhallenge, and ready to receive one. They join battle with canons and creeds rather than with wind mills and inoffensive sheep; yet thtey reflect upon themselves, foir a1 their labor and warfare is to slhow that what they are fihting with is a man of straw. In pro,f of the correctness of these remarks, we would refer the readelr to the portraits of distinguished controversialists, such as Calvin and Johni Knox. The age of chivalry abeolnded with such; an(d it should be observed here that liey are similar in many respects to those who reseml)le cocks. The difference b)etween thlem is that which exists between chival ivr and thle crusades. In nothing, but in what might be called the crusades of the Jews (foir example, in driving out the Canaanites, I-Tivites, Ilittites, Jebusites, Philistines, &c.), c(mld( the goatishi pr()pensity 1) more stron,gly exlil)ited tlon in a crusade to the TIolv Land: tlhis was the resilt, lot,oinl of the goatish action of the coinmbative faculties, but of a likeness to the Jews, and of a lilkinig foir Judea, and for wllatevei tile Jews were particularly fornd of; for the Jews l.avne a st'ilning resemblance to tile goat, as will be shown in the sequel. Under tile influence of religious enthusiasmn they made imlpetuous or goatlike descents upon the possessions of otlhers, and the history of the crusades bears a striking analogy to tlheius, As the cock and the goat are attached to the barnyard and the dunghill, and hlave a similar air and manner, an(l iesemble each other in profile, so those who resemnble these animals are intimately related to eacl-h other in character and phlysiognomy. The word " striking" is particularly al)plicable to thle goatlike face, as illustrated in the preceding engriavilig and in the following portrait of Beza. This oldl refo()iner, the associate of Calvin, and one of the most learned and zealous controver. 288 TITTIE GOAT. sialists of his time, shows in his countenance the character of the goat as plainly as he exhibited' it in his actions. Who can not see that of him, and of the class of which he is a worthy representative, it may be said - "By apostolic blows and knocks They prove their doctrines orthodox!" By-the-by, the apostles were Jews, and some of them fine examples of the peculiarity in question. A faculty which contributes more than any other to lender the action of the combative faculties iii the goat peculiar, is subterfuge. This is indicated by the falling or overhanging of the ridge of the eyebrow over the inner angle of the eye, as seen in the figures preceding. In that ilidge of the brow there is always something striking iii tihe pers,,n who resembles a goat; it looks as if it were foirmed to inake a li(le iii the wall, so that the enemy might eniter in iiartial triiiitipli with all his hosts. How proudly lie proceeds! It is because his subterfiuge is subservient to his combativeness: if it were not so, it would make him sneaking and cowardly. It is this faculty which causes the goat to make his attack in the rear, whenever he has an opportunity; buti his attack is so large, and is exercised so boldly, that he carries his head proudly, as if lie had not been guilty of a tieanness, and did not meditate the cowardly act whlich at any moment he is ready to perpetrate. The principle of action with the goat, and with the person who resemlbles that animal, is vis atergo- it may be set down as their governing motive. They drive things, or, in otheri words, they are dognmatic. They do not lead, or persuade; and yet they do not comne up boldly as antagonists, but manage 19 289 ~I N ._m COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. to get behind, and there to attack so boldly, that they mistake the back side for the front, and claim to "have done the thing fairly," and to have carried the redoubt courageously! But subterfuge favors cowardice more than bravery. It runs to refuges and retreats, to prevarication and falsehood (which is always cowardly), and "crawls out at the little end of the horn." It has a thousand resorts, and most of these are confined places, or und(el-ground passages, where the air is polluted ly excretion and putrescence, and is not relieved by ventilation. Thus cowardice, which is favored by subterfuge, is still more increased l)y the causes of stench, as before explained. The habitation of the animal that has large subterfuge " smells old," and the asiimal himself does so; hle is "in bad odor" with all who have true courage and lnagnanimity, and not the nmeie 1)Ietelision to it, like the goat. Thlis animal has the odor alltded to iii greater perfection than any other; it is the splieie,,f cowardice, and of traits worthy of being distrusted; and tlhe s[p)ieie of the person who resembles the goat has a repelling illfluelce lIl)Oo those of a different character, and is of the kited to "knock a man down." Thus there is an agreement between subterfuge and combativeness; and every goat, as well as "every cock, fights best on his own dunghill." It has been frequently ohseirved that in certain characters there is a sin gular meeting of oppo sites. The love of climnb-! ing is diverse fitom subterfuge, but it acts harmoniously with that faculty, as combativeness does. The goat is fond of taking his station where he can get under a rock or nmount to the top of it, and is familiarly seen at the side of a flight of steps, wheie he can get uider or ascend, as one or the other of these dispositions happens to predominate. The sign of the love of climbing is the anterior projection of the ridge of the eyebrow over the centre of the eye-large in the goat and in those who resemble him. In ihumaii beings the ambition 290 THEi, GO AT. to rise includes this facnlty, together with the love of eminence, indicated in the elevation of the wing of the nostril by the muscle called the levator aas?. The love of climbing may be so strongly excited as to produce an inflammation of the membrane that lilies the firontal sinus in the place which indicates this tfaculty, and in H j 1 this case there is pain and distress!_ tAd / /' in that portionof the forehead. This / remark is applicable to the person of whom this is a profile, and whose }, - ) "synonym," if we mistake not, is a mountain-goat. The faculty of weight is intimately related to thle love of climbing-and hence Nature has given to animals fond of clambering heavy lhoro s, a s i n t hle case of the ibex. In the example before us, Nature has slung, not a bottle, but a horn " upon each side, To keep his balance true." There is a sympathetic spirit between these two, the person and the animal. ~~;i ~ 291 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. Now consider what must be the effect of this combination of combativeness, subterfuge, love of climbing, love of eminence, and balance and siire4botedness. It must be something very nearly allied to) dplomnacy. IHow nicely everything must be weiglled, lieastiied, arid adjusted, by the man who reselnl)les the aninal that cliynl)s piecipitons rocks, and spends lis lite in perfect safety al,lang cliffs and crags, caverns and pitf-tl.'. Tie ilnp,)rtatit office of the diplomatist may be assigned( to him with thle greatest propliety. It is a rare talent that distinguishes the man who resembles the mountaiti-goat, the ibex, or the chlamois. Hle is often called upon to take a leap where the greatest danger is involved, and where not a monment is to be lost; and it is never into an oozy bed, like that of the fiog, and is never therefore a leap in the dark. The inati who resembles the goat always knows what he is about, and is always prudent so far as policy and expediency are concerned. A single reflection will satisfy tile reader that the Jews possess the faculties here referred to in a super-eminent degree. The connection of subterfilge and combativeness with the love of climbing is seen in the disposition to undermine natural and artificial walls and eminences, and to strike against those solid substances that compose an ascent and offer resistance to progression. Hence the goat and those who resemble him are suited in their tastes an(] habits to ruins and to everything which savors of the old. A mountain, with -- -,,ruined sides and summit hoar," is especially pleasing to them, and ivy-manitled towers and the fiagments of ancient temples are their delight. There is an aristocratic bearing about them, and their tliougihts are associated with grandeur, in which the eteiii-il and the perislhable aie equally mingled; the contemplation of imimortality being assisted by the emblems of frailty and of the insuibstantiality of sublunary things. The love of his "hloly hill of Zion," of his "beautiful temple," and of the rites and ceremonies of his religion (so remarkalb)le for their accuiracy and precision), is a characteristic of the Jew. 292 TrE GOAT. The faculty of acquisitiveness operates as a leading nmotive in the character of the goat and of those who resemble hiiti, and it dovetails with the faculties before mentioned most ad mirably. Who has not observed the thievish propensities of this animal, and how boldly he exercises tihem in connection with combativeness, and how impudently in connection with coinmbativeness and subterfiige? We could not briug a stronger example of the action of this faculty in the particular way which constitutes a resemblance to the goat, than in the Isrielite. Boldness and inmpudence are cheap in thtose pla(: where the "old-clo'" mene congregate; and what we have already said of the love of antiquity, and of old stells, and of bodily excretions, explains the partiality manifested by these people for trading in cast-off garments, old furniture, and the like. The goat which this person resembles is similar to a sheep, but the similarity serves to heighten the distincetion. The person who resembles the goat has a mouth \ ii\j ~ which indicates a taste for tobacco-a self-complacent appreciation of the quality which he calls "sweet," and which others are insensible of, in the nature of that weed. It is a Charl es Goat rather than a Charles Lamb who says in earnest to tobacco: " Pl ant of rarest virtue! Blisters on the tongue that hurts you!" A likeness to the sheep betokens slpiritual perceptions, and the ability to distinguish between the peculiarities of one per 293 COMIPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. son and those of another; but a likeness to the goat betokens an external mind, and hence a deficient knowledge of human nature. (Of) course, such a chlaracter is a very superficial one; it is hardly worth the trouble of analyzing. In the preceding figure it is easy to see that the eyes are mere windows to look out of. They observe the clothing of the spirit, and to them it is true that "Nature has made man's breast no windows To publish what goes on within doors, Or what dark secrets there inhabit, Unless his own rash fury Il)ab it!" Hence they are interested in clo)thes and superficial o'namenits, and the Jews trade and traffic in these the world over, particularly in jewels, which are well named, being the favoiite merchandise of the Jews. They are no judges of cha,'acter, and think that others will not know anything more of tlleti thlan they blat?. They iiiake no distinctions, but address all with the same ridiculous familiarity, or formality, as the case iiiay bLe. In Chlathamn street they do not distinguish you firom a common loafer; you are not supposed to know tlie profession of the person who calls after you until lie has pointed at his wares, nor to know whether you want anything or not, nor to have any mind of your owni, for a mind is a thing which a Jew does not recognise. Look at those eyes: they catch every object that passes, that may be converted into gain; they are as full of business as a squirrel's cheeks are of nuts; they speculate on the solid attractions of woman, and tiiay possibly see jewels in her eyes. his inouth is the figure of a tulip, and is fond of ruby lips and tobacco, the ruby of his own being the stain of the juice. Love with hiimt isa gratification of the senses; it does not go deeply into his heart, usnd hlence ie makes no demands upon the hearts of others; lie is a favorite of the ladies rather than otherwise, for, as lie asks no heart, hlie puts them to no inconvenience to find out whether they have any. If hlie ever heard of " heartstrings," hle thought of " puise-strings;" and when he heais of " a man of worth," lie thiniks of richles. The correspondent 294 THET GOAT. of all these traits is in the goat. This animal is all attention to the external; he has uncommon quickness of the senses. You never see a dreamy or abstracted look in his countenance, as you do in the sheep and the cow, alld other domestic animals. Ile sees every motion you make, and so quickly that he seeims almost to perceive your intention; but if your motive is pacific he does not know it; his nature compels him to act upon thle principle of treating every man as a rogue; his countenan(ce, be it ever so full of honesty, goes for nothing, unless hle be himself in an honest mood, and then even the basest usage can not destroy his confidence; hle may be seized repeatedly by a dog, and cry bitterly, but in the intervals will make no attempt to escape. 295 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER XXXV. IN traversing the thoroughfares and by-ways of a great city, we are impressed with the conviction that there are muititudes of people who reseimble goats. There is a variety of ,'It, ocountenances that forcibly remind us of "some sort of animal," thioughl we can not say that there is anything \ nvery gross or beastly in its appeal anve. Ai, example is herewith pre, { \s~qs sented,...i, closer inspection it is the physiognomy of a goat. The in dividual before us is the representa I X ~ tive of a class, who look so very in nocent of any relationship to inferior creatures, that we do not at first sight form a very distinct idea of the animal they resemble. They give you to understand that they ~ ~ U are descended from an ancient and JO honorable ancestry, and carry their heads with such an air of knowing what they are about, that you begin to accuse yourself of unpardonable irreverence in harboring the suspicion that they 296 TI'HE GOAT. have a family likeness to the goat. The more you peer into their countenances, the more you are mystified and perplexed with a lawless and uncertain" imaginitig; a vagne itnpression steals ovelr you that there is some s(i't of c,linection betweell heiard and tobacco, and of thlese witIt goat, but you are determined not to credit the evidence of yonr senses. It is a physiognot,lhty like tlhe preceding that excites this sort of lnetaphysical discussion in your mind. A proper use of the faculty of comparison would place this specimen of the genus homno where he belongs. He is cut out and formed specially for "dancing attendance" upon thie ladies; and the ladies, dear souls, are quick to perceive the intentions of Nature. He is the very person to dance with whlen it is apartner that is wanted. Tlihit gieat )roinience of the bolle under the eye is an ilndicationll that lie sees everNythlilg',: lie,ce he is the velry 1)eLIs(iI thlat is watted( ili thle c()tilloli, Nwl,eit it is needful that everytilb, silI,il(l le seen to, and that the dance should gio (ff iesl)ectal)ly. Tlhe motiolls in the }),llrooln are like those that are exercised in "danciug attendance," and the grace and elegance of the latter are greatly enhlanced by the systematic exercise of which they are the origiiial. The goat has a " light tfatastic toe," and " trips it liglitly." The perforiiaiices called dancing, par excellence, are derived firom a resemblance to the goat, whlich no person need be ashamied of, unless this element in his nature be in too great prolportion, or too liteiral. The actions of this animal upon whicih we predicate our assertions are thus described: " She walks, stops short, itnus, jumps, advances, retreats, shows, thenI hides herself, or flies; and this all fi'om caprice, or without any other determinate cause than her whimsical vivacity." A very colrect description of a dance certainly, and it may be true also that these "irregular" movements shlow "inconstancy," as natural history supposes; b)ut when they are regulated by music, which bi'ings order out of confusion, they show the opposite. A word upon this subject. A resemblance to the goat argies a vast d(leal of atiativeness, with very great impulsiveness of this faculty; and this sort of love is fickle and incon 297 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. stant. The very motions described above are indications of this, and are lewd and vulgar; but in the degree that they are various and complicated they are subject to the influence of music, and become finally amnenable to its laws. Music in this connection is first an element o(f bacchanalian revel, and is prostituted to debauchery and licentiousness by the superiority of that which it attempts to reform; but after a time it acquires the mastely, and governs the motions, and makes them, like itself, the language of constancy, purity, and love -expressive of the most delicate relations of the sexes, of refinemellt, friendship, arid affection. As love and happiness are united, so are music and the poetry of motion, and it is natural to sing for love and to dance foir joy. Look again, if you please, at our lhero. If you are not a woman, you can see by his countenance that lie has in his mouth something delicious; you are sure that it is a quid, and that he "rolls it as a sweet morsel under his tongue." That in the muscles of his cheeks, and in his lips and tongue, tlhere is the power of extracting the juice, and also of projecting it, is all plain to a masculine judgment; and his face is so largely concerned in lhis duties to the weed, that there is something delicious in his countenance. He says, when lie stuffs a chl-ew through the aperture appropriated to that puip)ose, that hlie "puts it into his face." And yet not one woman in twenty would know that he chews. Ile looks withl doatiing eyes on the lovely fair, and that is sufficient to withdraw their attention fi'-(m everything but the eyes that are capable of such appreciation. But the eye indicates taste, and such taste as corresponds to that of the tongue. Tlhe ideas which a tobacco-inolger forms of a sweet face and of t sweet disposition correspond to his ideas of sweetness. Why it is that one who resembles the goat is fond of tobacco, we have not yet discovered. Certain it is that a Fperson with features like the preceding, and with such a beard, can not be otherwise than fo)nd of the drug. The appetite is natural to him, or rather we should say that it is easily acquired, and that he holds it with more tenacity than lie does his saliva! I-Ie is one who does everythlling, with an air (of THE GOAT. nonchalance, and is " well to do" in the world, and has something to chlew upon, like the goat that retires and ruminates upon the stock of food that he has gathered. Here is a lot of people who resemble goats, and have all of them the air ;Imd mailne that have been described. Tile resemblances aie miost admirable, as mnay be seen by comparing them one by one with the individual goats we have met with and have seen in print. Yet the artist had only the intention of representing a company of persons under the lhabitual influence of tobacco, and has evidently drawil fiomn his observation-so much so, that we are inclined to think that he has given us portraits, or, better still, that we have seen these portraits before. They speak for themselves, for countenanices will speak. even in church. It is easy to see rumination in the faces of the men, and perception in those of the women, vwhicl imnist. be highly gratifying to the preacher, whose expression is that of delivery. Thie man nearest the desk is taking in all idea, and it is evidently a great one. The manl with his back to 299 C0OMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. us, and facing the speaker, is onI the verge of apprehending, and i s pausing and deliberating upon the event, as if there were no weightier consideration than that of listening. The ma n with a profile is cogitating upon the prol)l)le qiia,iitity, o f to bacc o-juice he will be able to express fiom the cud that h e ha s now in his mouth before hlie will be obliged to throw it away. The remnaining, fat-faced, good-natured individual, is the only respectable person in the congregationl: he extracts sweets fromn his tobacco and fiorn the sei-iioii as skilfully as a bee does fiom poison flowers, and is hospitable with pipes and tobacco to others inore than to himself, thereby exceeding the requirement of the golden rule. The preachter is one who a sks "a chaw" fiom every iuaii lie mieets, as is plainly indicated by his countenance; ldli he l)atronizes the lastmentioned individual especially, and is blessed with an instinct in his fingers of seizing a pinchl of snuff without knowing it, and of conveying it to his nose during one of his emphatic courtesies. But the female part of tihe congrgegation —we leave them to an abler pen than our own. The speakei addresses all his eloquent words to the men, for tlh.ey have reverenlce-and are of the opinion that such a seirmon as that is "not to be sneezed at!" A wonian, conlsideririg lhis " pinchling wants," is offering to supply them, not dreaming that she is wanting in veneration; and just now the preacher is touching upon the sublime, and nlaking aii appeal to the organ of veneration rather than to that of benevolence, which makes the offering of a pinch of snuff highlly improper, especially as he might say: "I am not speaking to you, ladies, but to these gentlemen; when I have something to say on charity, I will turn to you!" But it is a hard thing for women, who are so fond of attention, to see it bestowed on others, and not make an effort to gain it. That wo)man, especially, shows by her coun tenance that she is ever ready to thrust lheiself lp(:)n the attention of others, making helrself officious, and in the face of reluctant admiration and cold indifference acting uponI the principle, "Never give up the ship!" We opine that the pireacher is haianguing from a text fiont 300 THE GOAT. Paul, and that the subject is " justification by faith." Paul was a converted Jew, and he would have been a strange Jew indeed if he had not preserved the national characteristics. Thle intricacy and subtlety of his reasoning, his discussions about the law, his manner of dispute, his cross-questioninigs and answers, slhow that he was "a Hebrew of the Hlebrews," and that it was not fobl nothing that he was brouglht up at the feet of Gamaiel, and that the inanner of hLis life was after the strictest sect of the P]iarisees. Ie was the lawyer before Festus; the doctor in his epistles; and fully and thoroughly Jewish, in being " all things to all men, that he might win some." The Jews, scattered among the nations, are admirable dip)lomatists, for " when they are in Rome they do as the Romans do." All the Jews that are converted to Christianity are converted through the instrumentality of Paul; and it may be that that class of Gentiles who seem to say, "I am of Paul," are slightly Judaized. The long 1)eard of the gout iidicates the imp)lulsivelness of those faculties the signs of wIlicll ale ill the chin. The per son who resembles this allilnal is remarkable tor the same manifestation of thle faculties of love. The d ispositioi which inoi'e than anything else renders the goat at disgusting animal, is indicated in the b)1eadth of his lower jaw, his peculiar odor, his piominent sacruin, the action of his lhead in the direction of the lower jaw, and the wanton maineis, or "whimsical vivacity," before alluded to. This, together with the fondness foir external objects and for the gratif(ication of the senses, renders the person who resembles the goat exceedingly sensual, and a vely perfect example of the "lusts of the flesh, the lust of the eye, and the pride of life." Amativeness, with nothing to( counteract it, and with subterftige and suspicion to favoi it, leads to "filthiness of the flesh," and to stimulant heats of fermentation and beds of filth, where whatever is engendered is the vilest of the aniinal creation, together with pestilence, contagion, and disease. But this is applicable only to those who ieseitl)le tihe goat of the stable (see next page) more than the wi-d. and firee, and 301 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. \ i, ) unperverted animal that inhabits the mountains. The goat has only to exercise his faculties of love of climbing and love of eminence to remove the pop ular prejudice against him; and the Jew, against whom there is a corresponding preju dice, is greatly admired when hie aspires to a high position, p -*'-and attains an eminence where he can exercise his noble gifts. In such a case, even the natural grossness of the character becomes agreeable; tlelre is abundant provision for tile body, and the corporeal necessities of others are attended to: the ancient hospitality, so beautifullly exemplified by tile patriarchs, is still observed, and the Jew is deserving of the name which is fieely given to him, and which lie accepts without ostentation, of being " good-natured and hospitable." Yet lhis hospitality is seldom returned, except in the' Wel. styman gers, to dwell among us, if you will," which sounds so pleasantly to the " strangers in a strange land." Yet it is natural that the hospitality that is extended to the i-/ t iij) THE GOAT. Jews should be stinted, and nobody is to blame for it. They are scattered among the Gentiles, and are nowhere tolerated in large numbers. In like manner, goats are scattered, on(e in this flock of sheep and another in that, a few here and a few there, thoughl it was once their right and their custom to live together. There is a sphere about them tlat. concentrated, would be intolerable; and so they are spread abroad, notwithstanding they are naturally gregarious. The Jews have very great inhabitiveness. and wherever they are scattered they are a distinct people, and think of a return to their promised land, whiclh is their home still. Thley are still animated by the spirit that prolmpted that l)eautifutl psalm: "By the rivers of Babylon there we sat down, Yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion! We hanged our harps upon the willows In the midst thereof. For there they that carried us away captive required of us a song; And they that wasted us required of us mniirth, Saying,'Sing ius one of the songs of Zion.' How shall we sing the Lord's song In a strange land? If 1 forget thee, 0 Jerusalem, Let my right hand forget her cunning; If I do not remember thee, Let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth; If I prefer not Jerusalem above my chief joy." In this charming expression otf thle love of home, is included whatever is domestic and social. Mlusic and dancing are so -the first expressing love, and the latter the happiness attendant thereon; and they are mentioned in order, and with poetic allusions; the instrument of music, the song, and the dance. The harp is hung upon the willow, fbor its music should be like that of the wind-haip, plaintive and sad, and th e willow is the emblem ()f mourning. The song is like that of the captive bird " Warbling its native wood-notes wild" with a sad memory of its wvild-wood home, and gratifying the unreasonable requirement of its captors. The dance is per. 303 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMfY. foi'med with wasted strength l; and thle "sacred niirth" of holy love and worship., joining the harp and the song, is required by those who enfeeble them, and is the saddest token of all. ifow shall the bird sing the song of the wild-woods in its wiry i)iison? and how shall the Jew sing thie Lord's song in a strange land? THe can lot; and yet his practice upon the harip sliall pr)ive that he does not forget Jerusalemn; the use of his tongue its siig,ing sliall piove that hlie remembers her: if lie can forget heli, let lhis hand forget its skill upon instruments; itf Ie ceases to reinember, let his tongue refiuse to sing; if he prefer iiot Jerusalem above his chief joy, let himn never again "joly in the dance." It may be supposed that we have wandered quite beyond o ur provin(ce, which is th e resemblance between the Jew and the goat. T!e goat has ver y g reat inlIal)itiveness, as all animnals have that illababit moun tain s and are sheltered bvy iocks; but the tstotgesst love of loomie i s that of mountain and' valley colnbined, and this is lparticullaly manifested in thle goat. Jerusaleln was built iupon a steep rock in the midst of a valley. Tlis is such a place as th e g oat would choose, ais best s u i t e d to the gratification o f hi s nature, which combines subterfuge with the love of cJimnibing. Moreover, the goat seems to have a strong sense of his individuality, everywhere stand-ing lone, and slhuinning contact. Now, p)lace and individuality are essential to each otlher, and both are essential to music and dancing. Individuals can be placed in liarruonious relations to each other, and harmonious relations can confer individuality even up(on sounds, as is the case wNittl the notes in nmusic. Place and individuality in the goat cause him to be possessed of the faculties of "time" and " tune." It is evident that he has a good knowledge of imetie, for in leaping from rock to rock he combines an accurate perception of time and distance, and we can testify thlat hlie has a peiception of tune, for we have heard him at niiighlt utter sounds that were nmusical in their coinl)ination, so miucli so as to convince us that there is " iiiiisic in him." Tile sounds were singularly human and pathietic, and touched our souls wittl a sympathy that the notes of no other animal ever awakened. We pre. "ol THE GOAT. sume that those who are accustomed to sleep in the neighibor hood of goats have often heard them. The reader may be disposed to laugh at the idea that a goat can sing; but there is tlhe same approach to singing in the cries of this animal, that there is to eloquence in the l)arking and howling of the dog. Th)at the goat is possessed of tile elements of tile art and science of dancing we lhave before observed. Tile,ancientJews excelled in this aceolnl)lslishylent, as they did in music, and their descendants are equal in these respects, if not superior, to the people with whoir they dwell. Music is thle language of love, and "perfect love casteth out fear;" hence the cultivation of nmusic gives increase to courage, and whatever diminishes bravery diminislies the love for music. Of animals that are fond of fermented food the n otes are discordant and harsh, and these ainials are cowardly; but of animals that will not eat and drink unless their food and water be fresh and punie, the notes are soft and musical, and these animals are not cowardly and cruel, but cautious and brave. Fermentation is disorder arid confusion, and it corresponds to and is promnotive of discord in the pelson who allows it in the food and drink that he uses. Music inspires courage, and cultivates it. The schoolboy whistles to put down the fear that haunts him when hlie passes a graveyard at night. Tam O'Slianter in the neighborhood of Kirk Alloway is described - " Whiles holding fast his gude blue bonnet, Whiles croning o'er some auld Scotch sonnet, Whiles glow'ring round wi' prudent cares. Lest bogies catch him unawares." The soldier, with all his boasted bravery, requires " the thrilling fife and pealing drum" to nerve him to the dread encounter; and the music is first and foremost, the warriors following behind, with the expression " Who's afraid?" legible in their faces. There is no disputing the courage of the goat: his indisposition to run when there is a provocation to fight is well known, thoug h, a s before stated, he has a peculiar way of ma 20 30r) COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. king his assault. The Jews are courageous; they always were, and always will be. Th)ey l)ave no Ineed to " pluck up courage," and hlience no need of a "brandy smasher." A drunken Jew is a rare comlnmodity. Ill dealing with you, they mnake up their minds at once what they will do; and though they invariably conclude to make a large profit, they are, on account of their courage, fair people to deal with. They keep their eye upon thie " main chance," which they could not do if they shrunk timidly away; and they ale always ready for that ,, tide in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune." Here is the "Jew boy, by Mark Lemon." Younnay trust him to earn a living, and to live easily without seenming to be \\~~~~~~~~y\\\ l)llsy, for hle takes after his seniors by a kind of instinct. The philosophy of living is known only to the Jew: it is to live free fiom care, to be never troubled with business, to live easily as if the means of livinig were a)bundant, and by seeiming to do nothing to show that business is prospelolis. This is the air and manner of thle Jew boy; he has nothing of the loafer about him except the appearance. It is curious to trace the likeness between the Jew and the goat in the general appearance and in thle features and expressions of the countenance. The signs of attack and relative-defence in the convexity of the nose, the large signs of acquisitiveness and love of clothing in the breadth of that 306 11; TaF GOAT. organ, the love of eminlence in the elevati(on of the wing of the nostril, the want of concentration in the shortness of the upper lip, the strength of the love of hoine and of family pride in the length and stiffness of the under lip, the energy and impulsiveness of love and will in the beard and chin, the signs of sul)stitntion, snbterfulge, and the love of cliiibing, in the ridge of the eyebrow, the lo(ok of attention to external objects, and many other things, betray the r'elatiollsliij) between the Israelite and the groat. The fondness of the Jew for things "as old as the hills," has been already spoken (-of. He has tile st,'oI,gest possible attachment to the religion of his f,)refat,lels, as well as to) the country they inhabited. He has no abl)ility to change his creed. The goat is equally attached to the remains of the N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~, generations that are past, as for example old castles, moulder ing walls, the ruins of temples, and "Rocks, knolls, and mounds, confusedly hurled, The fragments of an earlier world." He has "' anltiquity" written in his visage, and expressed in his sage demeanor, and in that long beard that has always been the badge of wisdom and patriarchal dignity. Who more than the Jew has defended this mark of mahliood amid all the obloquy that has been heaped uponi it? He inclines to preserve it as a token of age, of wisdom, of experience, and of matured and masculine intellect. It carries with it the impression of authority, as of something that grows hoary with age, and resists the liability to decay. "Wo betide the hand that plucks the wizard beard of hoary error!" That hand 307 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. " Might wish that it had rather dared 'T'o pull the devil by the beard!" The Jew had ancestors that lived from two to nine hundred years; and nothing could be more suie to offend hlim than the representation that one of these was wanting a beard. The profession of a barber finds no followers among the Jews. And yet the Jew is a notorious s]ave, or there is no truth in the common opinion. He takes the whole or none; figuratively speaking, he "grinds the faces of the pool'." This kind of business is very thoroughly done in a pawnbroker's establishment, and the Jews are thie people to do it. Irl this degraded condition they resemble the goat that is smelled as far as he is seen, and is classed with skunks. "The smell in a pawnbroker's store is sickening; it nearly resembles what the Spaniards call aroma de bacallo." 808 THE SHEIEP. CHAPTER XXXVI. LET the individual here presented l)e described according t o the signs of ch aracter in the " Outlines of Plhysiognomly," a nd we shall see th at h is traits agree with those of the sheep, t o which animal he is seen to bear a marked resemblance. Such a face speaks very great mildn e s s and amiability, refined and ar- ~~~~~~I ,,,'..,;; ~ f.,,.. - _ IT,'!.' i ~ -.., —.~.~ jock./.. dent affections, unaffected modesty, and the total absence of ill-will. It expresses the love of children, of parents, brothers and sisters, and the social affections grounded in the domestic. C}ildren are regarded by him as "little lambs," and he teaches them by his own meekness and dependence the force of the petition, "Lead me to the Rock that is highel tlian I." To titust in the "Good Shepherd," and to commit his charge to the Power that protects himself, is his first concern. In the man who resembles the sheep, the signs of attack, relative-defence, and self-defence, in the ridge of the nose, are generally large, though less than in the man who resembles the goat; and, to confess the truth, he is never backward to engage in a fair and honest discussion, but it is always with mildness and courtesy, and without the least disposition to take the advantage of his opponent. In this he is very different from the person who favors the goat; for the latter, though 309 ing tlhese with tle ty rants and trulers who hold tl)e samne relationI to the f(ormner that the savage aniimals do to the inoffensive. The de stlructive ilistrnmenlt is like tlle passion that ern ploys it. " Battering irams" are bolder instruthey seek t(? conquer at they are levelled against ments of war than pikes and guns: they seek to conquer at once, without the shedding of blood; they are levelled against inanimate objects. and are the very in- struineIits to "1 eon- ~ \~\1 ~ queil a, peace." We iise this as figurative \ of the, wai-i-ior- wo reseiNbles a iam. iHe is essei-iti-.tly peace- \\ ~ ftil, -and tie, exercise of his siipei'i(,' t'actics' -,': and bravery ill wair is for the sake of peace and repose, as is truly the case with tbo THIF, SHEEP. sheep. In the warrior represented on the preceding page, the similarity in the air and expression of the countenance to the peacefiul and gentle animal with which he is compared is easily perceived. There is a striking resemblance to the ram in the profile of General Scott. The sheep makes good use of the fine developments along the ridge of his nose sometimes in a firiendly argument with his fellow, in which he gives and takes without any tokens of savage anger; and sometimes in a tug of war with some inoffensive post, which his imagination seems to convert into a hostile champion. The part of his head which is brought to bear upon the object of attack is the sign of substitution, or the lower part of the forehead in the place called the frontal sinus. It is, in reality, the faculty of substitution that is particularly exercised in this case, the post being substituted for an individual, and the wall for an armv of soldiers. By the exhibition of martial prowess against inanimate objects, the enemy, if he hlave ordilnary prudence is convinced that resistance would be vain, and that it is owing to the magnanimity of the injured party that he is not severely punished. As it is not the love of triumph that prompts the sheep to an onset, he is satisfied to try his strength on some insensible object, and this he regards with a friendly feeling, as the means of his making a demonstration. It is a singular trait of clhaiacter that we are speaking of, for those who resemble the sheep are not much observed. In such it might appear as if it were the effect of education and discipline; but observe, and you will see that it is a natural disposition. The love ofpreserving is uppermost in the animal we are speaking of, and in those who resemble him, even when the warlike faculties are called into exercise. The bearing of the head in those who resemble sheep is independent, but not )fonid. Ile who, with the appearance of belonging to the genus ovis,, hangs his head meanly, has in his composition something of the cha'acter of the wolf; he is in the habit of "casting sheeps' eyes" upon the lamb, the emblem of innocence and virtue, and this has given him the "hang-dog" look that is observed in the dog that is to be 311 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. hanged for stealing sheep. The sneakishi look that we are speaking of is conspicuous in the canine animal that hangs about the sheepfold, and says ",'Tis conscience does make cowards of us all;" and pronounces the sentence of l]anging " by thle neck till he be dead, dead!" But even this, ineat) as it is, is better than deception, or tlhe wearinlg of "sheeps' clotlhing," by which wolves endeavo, to palm themnselves off for sheep. It must not be foigotten that we are to distinguish between the look of "sheepishness," as it is called, and the looks thlat are peculiar to tlhe sheep; but there is hope of reformation in the mnan who is not insensible to slam,ne. In thle person who pI,()pe,ly resembles the sheep there is a forward positioni,,f the head, indicating a certain degree of diffidence, oi a susceptibility to shlame, should there be an occasion for the exercise of this feeli,,g. Large and piomi iie,t eyes, in which there is the expression of lheroic daring ensh)rined in peace; gTreat activity; a ligt and gently-retreating foiehead ~ e-G t -grace in feeling tiad ac Christ. The propriety of this figure has l)een sufficiently shlown in the resemblance of certain persons to the sheep, and of others to the g(-)at, in both character and physioguomiy. The portrait above is that of Oberlin. The man who reseml)les the sheep in natural disposition, if lie be a Christian, can say with the utmnost degree of truth and feeling: " The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want; He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: He leadeth me beside the still waters. He restoreth my soul: He leadeth me in the paths of rihteousnes.s for his name's sake. Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; Thy rod and thy staff they comfort me."' 316 i 11 THE SHEEP. As to the Greeks themselves, or the better class of them, we can not do better than to take thle following description: "The Athenians have not lost their ancient ulb)anity; their accent is more I,aiinoiiions than any h ler ill Greece; their language is less diffuse, and for that reason more energetic. Their appearance is nearly the same as that of their ancestors; the women of Athens are still distinguished foi their light figures, the ovarl form of the face, the regular contour, the straight line that marks the profile, full black eyes, high forehead, red lips, small hands and feet; they are equally graceful in the mournful dance of Ariadne and in the rapid mazes of the Romaika. The simplicity of the ancient dress is in some degree retained: a whlite tunic descends friom the neck. and a white mantle covers thle arms and falls over the shoulders; a hand ke,clhief tied loosely al(,nd the l,ead does not conceal their jet-l)lick haii, but tl)e l)arlaloals en2pire is typified in a cluiiisy and ill-placed giudle, led tr,wseis, and a heavy Tulrkisli cloakl." The iesemblailce to thle sheep is here sufficiently described, and it miight be vely well contrasted with the resemnblance between Turks and turkeys. The reason assigned for the language of tIhe Athenians being more energetic than that of other G-ieekls is that it is less diffuse. We see the correspondence of this in the motions of the sheep, which are short and quick. What is lost in strength, or "the long pull, the strong pull, and the pull all together," as they say at sea, is made up in quickness, elasticity, and energy; and this is especially suited to expression, or to being the mnedium of moral and intellectual power: for as grossness is necessary to the former, so refinement is essential to the latter. Sailors are consequently clumsy and gross, and so are all those whom society condemns to the galleys, or, in other words, to hard labor; but those who study grace in action, and engage in such employments as require bodily and lnental activity, will acquire moral and intellectual refinement wvith much more facility than those with whom these conditions are not attended to. The relation of analysis, and coniseq(uently of refi,ie,li, it, to language, is very evident; and the man who resembles tile sheep in a marked degree is 317 COMPAR ArT V E P rYSIOGNOMY. interested in language as the means of explressing the most refined and delicate shades of tlhought and feeling, and will probably do much toward perfecting it. Ie will wish to free it of all that is unmealliilg and cumibersomne, for these things are clogs to the wheels of progress, and lie regards them as sand in sugar or a sinecure in a government. The sigi of architecture and the memory of names in the Greek coltributes vely ilmuch to his resenmblance to the sheep. It is archl itecturie, problably, togetlher with large attack, which inclines thle sheep to ii brace the top of his nose against a pillar (I or post; and when lie wishes to make a' M) forcible entree, hle calls into exercise his large endurance, and, like certain woolly- headed gentlemen, tries the strength of his skull. In many inore amiable traits than this does the negio resemble the sheep, but we need only say that with proper advantages he becomes a good Christian. The rocks with which the sheep is surrounded in his mountain-homle are natural fortifications, or embrasures, where liberty is often better protected than in castles and fortresses. They are the foundations of the beautiful temples and palaces in the higher world which the Greeks took and handed down to earth after they had peopled them with gods and goddesses, and with the sublimnest of their heroes. The Grecian deities were the embodiments of their own exquisite and refined natures; and what the horse is to Italian art, the sheep is to the Grecian. Painting and dramatic representation are more perfect in the former, and architecture and sculpture in the latter. The man who stops short of the pe'fection which the Greeks attempted to embody in their deities (and in which they failed), stops short of thle spiritual beauty of which the sheep is a coiirrespondent. That perfection is reached in the conception of the Divine MVIan, and is aimed at by those who follow his example. It is with them as with a flock of sheep -where the Leader goes, the flock is sure to follow. " He .eadeth them out, he calleth them all by name, and they fol 318 THEI SHEEP. low him, but a stranger will they not follow, for they know not the voice of' strangers." WlIere the people are unaiiinous, and will not be diverted fiom following their leader, what victories can they not accomplish? One other tiait of character in the sheep we must mention, at tile risk of being tedious. tion. The sheep when offended stamps indignantly with her .F ~ ~ra foot. Tils (.I,es ifo,l,clative-defence and love of liberty. It is a nol)e tiait t, c(liaiacter. one foi whlich the Greeks distinguished(l thetnselves in ancient times, and which thlieii throwing off the Turkislh yoke shows that they are still possessed of. Spirit and gentleless are united it) this face of ICaleigi, the Greek patiriot. The gentleness of the sheep does not entitle him to the name of " good-natured," which is often a doubtful compliment. " Hogs," says a newspaper paragraph, "are patterns of good-humor. Hlit'em a kick, and they forget it as soon as they are out of reach. Dog'ern, and they root as happy as evei the minute they are left alone." This comes fiom the insensibility of the animal, and fiom his incapalility of feeling a "r ighteous indignation," aid not from a lack of retaliation and selfdefence. Let an injuLy once penetrate the ciust of his insensibility, and lie will revenge it on the spot, or show that he is not so forgetful of irnjuriies as you supposed. But the indignant person is not imiplacable; lihe is merciful and forgiving. That which rouses indignation is 319 It is irritability and indigna ~~~~~~~~~~~~~I' ,?> COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY. an offence against truth and goodness, purity and ininoecene or somne other person than one's self; and it was ex},ibited( perfectly in liimii wlho was called the "Lanil) of God," a,d prominently in thle charzeteirs of the gods, wlIo were i c foireshadowing of the Divinity that was to l)e restored. The goat is very like the sheep, n,)tvithstai(diing the paradox, and in like irianner the Jew has points of contact with the Christian; Moses is the representative of Christ, anid the Old Testament is typical of tlhe New. Tlie corporeal senses are the inlets to the inind, a,id thiougli the'" lettei" of a coinmutnication we arrive at the " spirit" of it. The Jew is literal. Shiylock says sitnply, " It is in the l)o,d;" but tlhe converted Jew says, "The letter is of no profit- it is thle spirit that quickens." The Christian "puts off the old.ua,i," and the Jew puts it on; the literal of which is, that tihe Christian throws off his old garments, and the Jew takes thein! 320 TEM PARROT. CHAPTER XXXVII. 'WE often hear of children learning to repeat like parrots, The gift of language ought, indeed, to entitle the parrot to comparison with somebody. But it is not the ape that we are speaking of. As for saying a man's words after him, the parrot is entirely above it, except it be with the expectation of a reward. There is nothing in which originality is so much exercised as in the use of the tongue. Languiag,e is artificial, and the constant effort to invent new ]an- guages shows itself in 'provincialisms,' not only in provinces but in districts, the world x,\, =~~~~~~~ ~~~~,. x... S f f over. You may try to get the parrot to ~ ~ say, "Pretty Poll," -' — \ or "Polly want cof- "' " fee," by setting her the example, blut you id t will fTail in the object. It is only to the words Polly want cracker " that she deigns a resp(,ise. She despises servile imitation, and aspires to originality. Think you she is going to make a ninny of herself by styowing her weakness and dependence? Rather than not talk at all, she will say what she has heard others say, but it will be when she supposes you have forgotten it. She would much rather do what you do not want her to do-to imitate your infirmities, for example-as therein she shows she is not indebted to a master. She aspires to originality in everything. You see in her all sorts of one-sided, strange, 21 321 OOMPARATIYVE PHYSIOGNOMY. outlandish motions, the results of her unwillingness to follow in the footsteps of others. In inferior minds the love of originality shows itself iTi oddity, and, when this is connected with a taste for wit, in a constant exhibition of drollery. There is a perfect agreeTment between the parrot and the clown, and the value that is attached to them is the same in both. They are tolerated for the same reason, viz., the amusement they afford by the constant exhibition of something new and startling, and by their buffoonery. It is a vulgar taste, identical with that which gleans the "horrible and awfuil" in newspapers, and prefers a lusus nature to what is orderly and beautiful. Those who patronize clowns are people who have the same traits, but are in too high a station, or conIsider it a little below their dignity, to act the part of buffoons. Still the clown, though he makes a fool of himself, in compliance with the notion that a fool is a rare commodity in a court, has often more influence over those he amuses than any other man, and treats his master familiarly and even contemptuously. It is well fe7 him that he can cry out, " I say, master," every now and then - for if his master" were not his master in the art he /1 .a professes, he would be considered as deserving of banishment for every tenth witticism that he utters. Like the parrot, he never says anything you would put into his mouth to sayit is something else, or nothing. 322 1) THE PARROT. It is laughable to 1It'l the parrot laugh like the clown, or, what is the sal!e thing, like some ridiculous old fellow who bursts out in spite of the unmusical quality of his voice, and whose laughl, thleref('re, is more laughable than what lie lautghs at! He coughs like somebody with the consumption, till lie is apparently exhlausted, and almost goes into a swo(n; "tells on you," when you expected that your doings were a profoiund secret; shows a decided taste for whatever is uinp(:)pular; is grotesque, and in all respects a perfect clown. People wlho are like himn are glib with their tongues, make.a burlesque of singing and eloquence, introduce variations and lhigh-flown language into their performances, all for the sake of originality; which shows tlihat, after all, thlere is more harmony in the world than discord, or that order is the rule and absurdity the exception. But all persons who resemble the parrot do not resemnble him thus literally. The love of originality and the gift of tongues are not always connected with a sense of the ludicrous, nior with suchI mIischief as lurks in the parrot. There is many a sober innovator, whose delight it is to ponder "o'er many a volume of forgotten lore," that he may not be supposed to make use of the hutmdrumr literature of the day; who introduces obsolete words and coins new ones, and makes a patchwork of all languages; makes use of execrable plrases, and invents a style that may be called his own. lie has the appearance of great learnitig, of being able to run tirougli the contents of musty libraries at a single glance; passes over modern discoveries, in search of things quaint and queer, which, being monstrosities, and buried out of the sight of man, hlie considers proper subjects for discovery. Wliatever was lforced uipon thie world as a lf'sfortune and a neeseity, he is particuilarly solicitous to brilg to light. Thie impression that his n,atter is new, and out (t' the ordinary course of tlings, hlie entiorces by the singularity of his style, and his verbosity and giandiloquence. Invention he makes synonymous with discovery, and discovery with invention; but his love of origiialitv is gratified in his being 323 CCOMPARATIVE PHTSIOGNOMT. discoveries, and on examination considered the author of his they ale found to be — "The children of an idle brain, Begot of nothing hut vain phantasy." — _:-~ ( -i His grand idea is orginal ~j':;~ ]~- k ity, and as this isattained by raking ip whatever is explo "I' d ed and by paylig homage to ....';" Misfortutiie; and as languiage, in whielh he is so th()l(,u)Ighly engrossed, is the mere clothing of ideas-his philosophly is necessarily materialistic. His mnarvellous acquainitance with langnauges, and the multiplicity of his words, are as iuehli a sFubject of wonder as is the gift of speecl) in thl)e paliot. He bends all his efforts to excite the wonder of people more aind more "Till they cry out,'You prove yourself so able, Pity you were not dragoman at Babel; For had they found a linguist half so good, I make no question but the tower had stood!"' 324 I~~~~~~ THlE M[CKINTG-IR.), There is a character quite differect fiooii thiis, and yet closely related to it: it is that which resembles tile mockingbird. This bird is as wonderfully gifted as the parrot, but his gift is eloquence. Intonation, inflection, harmonious modulation, chords that waken echoes in the breasts of a thousand warblers, are as easy in his throat as motion in his wings. Those who are gifted with elo quence possess a strong iesein E~~~ Xpfblance tothe mocking-bird; they strike the chords in human bo soms when they waken their own, without producing a jarring dis cord other than is necessary t(4 ... increase the harmony; they know -- -. a._-,.. the secret spring of feeling in the