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ADrTiEC~NI
lIBARY~JErtA (THF




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13no ju ~ 3ep rtntg*
JAMES VI Or, SCOTLAND, I OF ENGLAND.
zlr~i  (~a5a~        of a   4atnti,-U, 'in
Edinburgh. 1585.
Tou~Pnntrbhdte to Zo'acrr.
London. 1604.
CAREFULLY EDITED BY
E — ii WVA R T) A K' Li
Affociafe, King's College, London, F.R. G.S., &'c.
LONDON:
[7,1 I TI'N  S I(i)l  iN!<V   KI, i 1;  1,YV   W,(
Ent. Stat. Hall.]  io December, 1869.  [A ItR: igh refer ved.




CON TEN TS.
INTRODUCTION.           3
B1BLIOGRAPHIY                                          6....  6
TIHE ESSA YES OF A PxrEVTISE,, IN THE1-r DI VINE
AR 779, OF POEiSLE,.
(i.) The Catalogue of the works herein contained.    8
(2.) Recommendatory Sonnets                         9-12
(3.) ORIGINAL PoEms by JAMES VI.
Twelve Sonnets. Invocalons la he GCods.. 13-18
A Tragedy-P-1amix..        40-50, 79-80
Two Sonncts-(i.) To h/e Reader. (2.).Dci
izg Ihepafr/e  Pod                           56
A fliort Poemi-Of                               73~e...  73
A Sonnet.....    78
(4.) TiANSLAT1ONS lby JAMES VI.
Tue Uroviie from- 1)ti IBARTAS               73-39
Out of the Poet Lucoti..        51-52
The CIIII P'sallm, out of T;r-memeiliS. 70-72
(5s) A flhort Treatife, containing fume Rules and Cautels
to be obferved and efehewed ini Scottifh Poefy. 53-69
(6.) A Table of fome obfcure words withi their fignifications 75-77
ON TIEIr IN'rRODUCTrION AND EARLY USE Oai TOnBACCO
IN ENGLAND...      8-94, 113-120
A COtlzVYE1l3LA.,1S7 TO TOBACCO.
(r.) To the Reader....        96-98
(2.) A COUNTERBLAST TO TonACCO.99-I112




INTRODUCTION..  I     Iterature is a Republic that admits of no
-             l authority but that of Learning, Genius,
S^        and Perfuafion.  The Writer-whether
King, Peer, or Commoner-is judged
with one judgment.   Curiofity, Rever1ence, or Loyalty may procure for a Work an attentive
reception and foime prefent appllaufe: but its perpetuation, its place in the Literature of the country, will cepend upon either its intrinfic merits, or on its illustrative
power in refpect to the age in which it was written.
On thefe latter grounds, the Royal productions here
reprinted have been admitted into the Series.
The Relis and Cautelis in Scot/is Poefie bring James
VI. within the fucceffion of our early Poetical Critics;
whofe w-ritings-not very numerous, but now exceffively fcarce-are of great value in the fludy of Englifh
Poetry. For-not to fpeak of their often preferving
fnatches of poems now utterly loft-they fhow us the
theories of verfification, the canons of Poetic tafte
and flyle, prevailing in our country, immediately
before the advent of Spenfer, Shakefpeare, and their
fertile contemporaries. Thefe writings were reprinted
by Mr. Haflewood in his Anlcient Critica E/jfays, 2
vols. 4to,, I8I11-6: a Reprint, of which only 300
copies were Iiinted, (and a portion of that number
deftroyed b1y fi-e), which is now fcarce; and which,
when met with, ufually coits two or three pounds.
The o'ig-inal te:;ts being fo rare  Mr. Haflewood's
Reprint w-as, u1ntil lately, the only means whereby
moft of us could obtain a knowledge of this important
department of our National literature.
In purfuance, therlefore, of -what feemed an imperative duty: thee C.iticifims in Poefy are being gradually reproduced in tlhis Series. To the four now publifhed-G AcovIcNE, SrIDNT:, JAIMES VI., and PIUTTENHAsI: we purpofe adding in t7o0, W. WEnBBEs Difcoufie (of -which only two colies remain): and the five
productions, forming two-thirds of Mr. Haflewood's
Reprint - including alfo wxith them  four others of
61 059




4


IntroduE7ion.


a differing   character-will be        obtainable for 5s. 6d.,
and be on znlimited fale.         It is to be hoped     that this
advantageous facility of knowledge, may allure many
to a more thorough delight in Elizabethan poetry: and
that by a combined ftudy of thefe Principles of Poefy
with   the   Poems     themfelves, many       may    attain   to  a
more fubtle appreciation, a more fenfitive feeling of
that Song-which, in          its aggregate and       bulk, is the
fweeteft and moft enchanting in our Hitfory.
How much the CoolntcrblatZe reprefents another clafs
of our Literature, and a good deal of our former manners: the notices given         of the   Tobacco     controverfy
will flow.     Thus both works fland on their own merits;
their own reputation and         that of their Royal Author
but predifpofing them       to a courteous reception.
What he fays in the Preface to his other poetical work,
ExerciJfs at vacant a    ot rcs, mulf not be forgotten in considering the Essa 'es, or Attempts of an Apprentife:
And in case thou finde aswel in this swArk, as in my LEPAINTO following,
many incorrect errours, both in the dy teiment anid ortlhography, I must pray
thee to accept this my reasonable excuse, which is this. Thou considers, I
doubt not, that vpon the one part, I composed these things in my verie young
and tender yeares: wherein nature, (except shee were a monster) can admit
of no perfection. And nowe on the other parte, being of riper yeares, my
burden is so great and continuall, without anie intermission, that when my
ingyne and age could, my affaires and fasherie would not permit nee, to remark the wrong orthography colimmitted by the copiars of my vnlegible and
ragged hand, far les to amend my proper errours: Yea scarslie but at stollen
moments, haue I the leasure to blenk vpon any paper, and yet not that, with
_ — free and vnvexed spirit. Alwaies, rough and vnpolished as they are, I offer
them vnto thee..
Nothing     need   here   be faid   of the    king's Sonnets
and   Poems: they      appraife   themfelves.      Of the reft,
the following may be noted:I. Mr. GILLIES, writing, in I812, 1his Pre.  iremc., see No. 2 on p. 6,
states-" Of the reconmeniedatory versificrs T[homlas Hiudson] was the author
of p translation of Du Bartas's -istfory 7f w/di//t, printed at Edinburgh by
Thon-.as Vautrollier, and republished in the works of Du Bartas by Joshua
Sylvester." R. H[udson], probably a brother of the preceding, was also a
writer of verses. See an address to hin, by Montgomlery, in the second
volume of Sibbald's Chronicle. M. W. F. is obviously Master William Fouler,
author of The TriunqShs of Petra-ke and Th/e Tarantula of Love, extant
in MS. in the College Library of Edinburgh, of which specimens have been
published by Dr. Leyden.
2. GILLAUIME DE SALLUSTE, Seigneur Du BARTAS (b. I544-d. 1590) exercised a considerable influence over some of the ninor English poets of his
time. Something like mutual laudation passed between the young Scotch
king and the French poet. What James says of Du Bartas may be seen at
fA. 20-2I. Not long after these Essayes, the king wrote a poem on the battle
of Lepanto: in a French translation of which, by Du Bartas, La Leianthe,
is the following Preface fromz the Trafnslator to the A uthor, in which the
Frenchman repays the Scot in full:



Introduaion.


5


IA Q ES i' tit ma rchois dl'un ficd atorice ca ibas,
Hadz caire/rietuzdi-03de 'alloiterstes /as:
lesicndrog 'ons itties teurfse cima couise soct cc
Loing, loin"- lairroit i a dos ics azi-ls tie Bot -e~
ilaias /ots qui ai~-e nwe'Oaw lit' te "'at,ies is ciean'
Coli~ los, ie. ie si) seuilemtco ot titoms yu
Mlais /lusiosl eio desir: oo1 SI. I.c Pm re otto,
Omoire te -'ole cii  etr  c toy deditas loz;iac
He!J~eic 'toqywnttici 0 /hcixo~ EOscosis,
Oa lomol;- tit, lio coo/s ottEs/o ic itt "o r.
Si ic u'iiovo otro / ot Tbr" 1IC;IOt
DLoni o  'osocat'ttitt'         s'hesioinow,c
A4 ai ooilst i'a'it -' Is,tfiroicz cie si woto i-ode"' e
Ii -tsieni)-titi ote~qu izisc air sciss 00 o/Slits qii hiiisiaies5,
Alats, 1is 15easti- vcois 1'iios Ott)' le's Con o ii.
3. EiTsANUEL            wai it5st 'a Jex lorn at F errar'a abo ut i5i. He
became first a ('atholic, then 'a Protestasnt; wam a celebrated Htebrew' schola-r,
and died at Sedan oiltho  i October i59o. H's La'tin scrrsoon of the Scriptures
-originally brougltt OUt 'at IFrsnkftsrtL-s as first prmntcd in Londsn in z58o,
and again in i5Oi. '(Out of I rcnnlliisn tlscrcfore siisply nse'sns:-translated
from otut of the 1Latin tsr son of the P~sains, edited by ITrcinillitis.
In the nineteen y ears interx cning betx een the publication of the wxorks here lpreentecl to the reader,
James publifhied many works at Edinburgh. As among
others, his 7faj'cstjys Poetical Exercij/es at Vacant Ihoures,
in 1591, confiftingy of his tranfl'ation The Furies of Du
B taof his own L-panto, and of Du Bartas' rendering, la Le-l)ant/he. His Dc'emo;?o/gz'e in 1599. The
anonymous and fecret firil edition-limited to feven
copies-of -Bafili/ion Do;'on in i599. When he came
to the Englifhi crown, moft of the profe works were
reprinted in London.
Almoft his firif new literary production as King of
Great Britain and Ireland was A counte;'blaste to Iobacco. So far as limitted time and fpace have permitted,
we have, further on, furrounded it with fomiewlbat of the
antecedent and fuibfequent literature of the fubje~t.
Lovers of the Pipe fometimes endeavour to stultify
James' Invective: by I'ketclhing, on an enlarged fcale,
the perfonal habits, the notions and conceits of the focalled Britifh Solomon. Here again the Invediive muft
flancl on its own merits. Wlhat it is in itfelf we can
eflimate. The meafure of its influence-efpecially
when its Royal authorfhip became generally know'nmay not now be attainable. As a matter of hiftory;
it failed in its purpofe. Tobacco fmoking ftill reigneth,
and will yet retign.




6                  BIBLIOGRAPHY
C15be 5gapto of a Prentioe in tlje Pboine Art of
(a) lrssur5 in flj gulijer' lifetirae.
I. As a sc75nala/c.75liZca/lioso.
1. 1585. Edinburgh. EFsit/oa75r/acchs: see title ou opposite page.
I Vol. 4to.
II. Wi//i ao/hcr workes.
None.
(b) 1:,5ssuC5 55'nrr 0yj  utdTecs' bcatlj.
I. As a sc/'arate75aeblica/ion.
2. 1814. Edinburgh. T/ic Essaycs- of ar Prei/ise, /o the Diviac Art 1?f
ivol. 8vo. Foes/c; with a prefatory Memoir by R. P. GILLIte s, F. S.A. E.
II. Wi//i a/her- works.
3. io Dee. t869. Lond. ai vol. Svo. Eag/is/i Rc7//s see title atfi. a.,~A Counturb~tao to 2Abitco.
(a) 1 stir intbs l~j tdljc'5 IUfetinse.
I. As a se5ara/o /5 i/)/ica/?on.
1. i604. London. Eeli/iofiriaccls: see title atfi. 95. Anonymously pubIvol. 4t0.  lished, and now very scarce. Thie present edition is reprinted from a copy in the Bodleian Library, at Oxford.
II. Wi/hi a/herzwor-ks.
2. i6t6. London. The [Prose] Workes of Janmes L.. Collected and edited
ivol. fol. bv JANSIE MONTAGU, Bp. of WINCHETtaoizt. The Counte/r//its/c is atfih. '211-212.
3. 1629. London. The same translated into Latin, by the name Bishop.
ivol. fol. The Conn/ctrb/a-s/eis tr-anslated at /75.1289-207. On5.i289, it
has the title of Misocaflinus s/ice De Ahiisii Tobacci L~easu
Pelieg/s: which is thus varied in repetition on _5. 100, Misocal/ms, seii linsns l/c/iis c/c abnsii Tabacci.
(b) 3s tic s~itne tljc Blitficy'., brlatb.
I. As a scej~ra/c75 b//ca//on.
Noise.
II. Wi/h o/hcrworks.
4.i1672. London. Two Broad-Sides agaittst Tobacco: The Firstgiven by
Ivol. 4t0.  King JAnIES Of famous memory, His Coni/crb/Ras/c /o Tobacco). The Second transcribed Out of that learned Physician
Dr. EvERARD M\'A1N-WA1ZNGE_, His Ti-ca//sc afl/he Scirvy.
-...Concluding with Two Poems against Tobacco
[i.c. an extract of Sylvester's Tobacco ba//ered; see 75. 11i6]
and Coffice. Collected and ptublishled, as very proper for
this Age, by J. H.........icensed according to Order.
June 6, 1672.
Or with a slightly different title-page, beginning thusKing James His Counn/rbias/c /o Tobacco. To which
is added a Learned Discourse svritten by Dr. EVERtARD
MAYNWARINTGE, Proving that Tobacco is a procuring Cause
of the Scurvy....Z5. i689.         Another Latin Edition of James' prose works. in which
TvoI. fol../b'/soca/enls is included.
6. to Dec. T.869. London.i vol. 8vo. _English lRe75r/oi/s: see title ath7. i.




THE ESSAYES


OF


A PRENTISE, IN THE
DIVINE ART OF
P O E S I E.


Imprinted at Edinburgh, by Thomas
Vautroullier.
1585.
CVM PRIVILEGIO
REGAL I.




THE CATALOGVE OF THE
workis heirin conteined.
T    He tvvelfSonnets of Inuocations to the Goddis.
The Vranie or heauenly  iufe trana~ated.
The Mfeta~poricall Inzuentioun  of a Tragedie, ca/lit
J'hcenix.
A Paraphraj/icall tranfatioun out of the Pode Lucane.
A treatzfe of the airt of Scottis Poe/ie.
The C I I I I. Pfalrne of Dauid, tranflated out of
Tremelbius.
A Poeme of Tyme.




9


SONNET.
F Martiall deeds, and pratife of the pen
Haue wonne to auncient Grece a worthie fame:
If Battels bold, and Bookes of learned men
Haue magnified the mightie Rovmain namle:
Then place this Prince, who well deferues the fame:
Since he is one of Mars and Pallas race:
For both the Godds in him haue fett in frame
Their vertewes both, which both, he doth embrace.
0 Macedon, adornde with heauenly grace,
0 Romain flout, decorde with learned fkill,
The Monarks all to thee fhall quite their place:
Thy endles fame fhall all the world fulfill.
And after thee, none worthier fhalbe feene,
To fway the Svvord, and gaine the Laurell greene.
T. H.
SONNET.
HE glorious Grekis in flately ftyle do blaife [olde:
The lawde, the conqurour gaue their Homer
The verfes Cvfary fong in Maroes praife,
The Romanis in remembrance depe haue rolde.
Ye [Thefpian 7ynip/hes, that fuppe the Ncldar colde,
That from Parnaffis forked topp doth fall,
What Alexander or AugczJus bolde,
May found his fame, whofe vertewes pafs them all?
0 Plhobus, for thy help, heir might I call,
And on Minerue, and Maias learned fonne:
But fmce I know, none was, none is, nor fhall,
Can rightly ring the fame that he hath wonne,
Then flay your trauels, lay your pennis adowne,
For Ccfars works, fhall iuftly Cefar crowne.


R. H.




IO


SONNET.
IHe mightie Father of the zMufes nyne
Who mounted thame vpon Parnafsus hill,
Where Phcbus faire amidd thefe SiJ7ers fyne
With learned toung fatt teaching euer ifill,
Of late yon God declared his woundrous will,
That Vranie fhould teach this Prince mofi rare:
Syne ffie informed her fcholler with fuch flkill,
None could with him in Poefie compaire.
Lo, heir the fru6tis, Nynmphe, of thy fofter faire,
Lo heir (6 noble lone) thy will is done,
Her charge compleit, as deid doth now declaire.
This work will witneffe, fle obeyed the fone.
0 Phalcbus then reioyce with glauncing glore,
Since that a King doth all thy court decore.
A. VV.
SONNET.
(  "Hen as my minde exemed was from caire,
(Vy/  Among the NA/mphis my felf I did repofe:
Where I gaue eare to one, who did prepaire
Her fugred voice this fequell to difclofe.
Conveine your felfs (6 filters) doe not lofe
This paffing tyme which hafteth fait away:
And yow who wrytes in ftately verfe and profe,
This glorious Kings immortall gloire difplay.
Tell how he doeth in tender yearis effay
Aboue his age with flill our arts to blaife.
Tell how he doeth with gratitude repay
The crowne he wan for his deferued praife.
Tell how of loue, of Mars, but more of God
The gloire and grace he hath proclaimed abrod.
M. W. F.




II


SONNET.
AN goldin Titan fhyning bright at mome
For light of Torchis, caft ane greater fhaw?
Can Thunder reard the heicher for a horne?
Craks Cannons louder, thoght ane Cok fould craw?
Can our weake breath help Boreas for to blaw?
Can Candill lowe giue fyre a greater heit?
Can quhyteft Szwans more quhyter mak the Snavz?
Can Virgins teares augment the VVinters weit?
Helps pyping Pan Apollos Mufique fweit?
Can Fountanis fmall the Ocean fea increffe?
No, they augment the greater nocht a quheit:
Bot they them felues appears to grow the leffe.
So (worthy Prince) thy works fall mak the knawin.
Ours helps not thyne: we fleynzie bot our awin.
A. M.
De hIius L ibri A uc7orc, Herculis
Rolloci coniectura.
7 Vifquis es, elntheus hic exit quo Auc7ore libellus,, (ainam liber Auforem conticet ipfefiuzm)
Dumz quonamn ingenio meditor, genioque fiubaalus,
Afaiora humanis viribus ifla canas:
Teque adeo quifis expendo: aut Diius es, inquam,
Aut a Diuunm aliqfis fo-te fecundus hzomo.
Nil fed habet finile aut Diuis, aid terra fecundum:
Quanquam illis Reges proximnis ornat honos.
Aut opus hoc igitur zhumano Jemine nati
Nldlius, aut oc fic Regis oportet opus.




12


AC ROST IC H ON.
INfignze Auc~oris ve/ui/prc-figerenoe
A ufloris cuyz~ajipecus vacuum ambi/lone.
C uius proecaras laudes, Iheroicafafla,
0 mnizgiencafqe animzi do/es, e/pellora vera
B el/igera, exornat cek//~is gra/ia Aflife,.
V era ifla ominino ey? vir/us, vir/u/eque maior
S   ub/imis recra/ generofo 191pel/ore Clhr~ius.
S co//ia for/una/a nimis bonafi /ua no/fes
EX imiji va/is, p/el~rum quilop0lice doflo
1' emnpera/, e/ 1Wzifas rega/emn induci/ in au/am:
V iflurus pojlfa/a diii: Nam fama fuperji/es
S en~per eri/, fein-perflorebi/ g/oria va/is.
Pa. Ad. Ep. San6t.
EIVSDEM AD LECTOREM
EPIGRAM MA.
(Iquceras quisfi/ /am comg5/i carminis au//or,
Aufloremn audebis A!ufia negare /uum?
Z//e quide ve/ui/, cuii /eparere nzecejfe ejl:
Quis /an/umn in Diuas ob/ine/ imyperium?
Cuigparen/ Mufce, Plicbus quo va/cfujperbi/;
E/ cajpi/i demzi/ /aurea, fer/a fuo.
C~ui /auri, e/cp/ri primi deben/ur ihomores,
Cui mu//a cingi/ /aude /yara, capu/.
2uo0 ducef~pes cer/a ej diu~fits orbe Bri/annis,
Haud diui/a i/erum regnzafu/ura duo.
v-rogenies Regum, Regnorumque vnicus Aceres,
Sci/icet obfcurus de/i/uifsepo/eft/




ANE QVADRAIN OF
ALEXANDRIN VERSE.
JMmortall Gods, fen I with pen and Poets airt [fmall,
Jlj  So willingly hes fervde you, though my fkill be
K  I pray then euerie one of you to help his pairt,
In graunting this my fute, which after follow fhall.
SONNET. I.
1IRST loue, as greateft God aboue the reft,
Graunt thou to me a pairt of my defyre:
That when in verfe of thee I write my belt,
This onely thing I earnefly requyre,
That thou my veine Poetique fo infpyre,
As they may fuirlie think, all that it reid,
When I defcryue thy might and thundring fyre,
That they do fee thy felf in verie deid
From heauen thy greateft T/hznders for to leid,
And fyne upon the Gryants heads to fall:
Or cumming to thy Semele with fpeid
In Thunders leaft, at her requeft and call:
Or throwing Phaet/on downe from heauen to eard.
With threatning thunders, making monftrous reard.
SONNET. 2.
APollo nixt, affift me in a parte,
J   Sen vnto loue thou fecound art in might,
That when I do defcryue thy fhyning Carte,
The Readers may efleme it in their fight.
And graunt me als, thou worlds 6 onely light,
That when I lyke for fubiect to deuyfe
To wryte, how as before thy countenaunce bright
The yeares do tfand, with feafons dowble twyfe.
That fo I may defcryue the verie guyfe
Thus by thy help, of yeares wherein we liue:
As Readers fyne may fay, heir furely lyes,
Of feafons fowre, the glaffe and picture viue.
Grant als, that fo I may my verfes warpe,
As thou may play them fyne vpon thy Harpe.




I4


SONNET. 3.
ND firft, 6 Phebzts, when I do defcriue [flowris,
The Sprinzgtyye fproutar of the herbes and
Whome with in rank none of the foure do ftriue,
But neareft thee do ftande all tymes and howris:
Graunt Readers may efleme, they fie the fhowris,
Whofe balmie dropps fo foftlie dois diftell,
Wlich watrie cloudds in mefure fiche downe powris,
As makis the herbis, and verie earth to fmell
With fauours fweit, fra tyme that onis thy fell
The vapouris foftlie fowkis with fimyling cheare,
VVhilks fyne in cloudds are keiped clofs and well,
VVhill vehement Wizter come in tyme of yeare.
Graunt, when I lyke the Spribfymne to difplaye.
That Readers think they fie the Spring alwaye.
SONNET. 4.
ND graunt that I may fo viuely put in verfe
The Sonme;-, when I lyke theirof to treat:
As when in writ I do theirof reherfe,
Let Readers think they fele the burning heat,
And graithly fee the earth, for lacke of weit,
With withering drouth and Sunne fo gaigged all,
As for the graffe on feild, the dufi in ftreit
Doth ryfe and flee aloft, long or it fall.
Yea, let them think, they heare the fong and call,
Which Floras wingde muficians maks to found.
And that to tafle, and finell, beleue they fhall
Delicious fruidtis, whilks in that tyme abound.
And fhortly, all their fenfes fo bereaued,
As eyes and earis, and all may be deceaued.




15


SONNET. 5.
R when I lyke my pen for to imploy
Of fertile rHai'Zrv   in the defcription trew:
Let Readers think, they inflantly conuoy
The bufie fhearers for to reap their dew,
By cutting ryp)ef cornes with hookes anew:
Which comes their heauy heads did dounward bow,
Els feking earth againe, fom rwhence they grew,
And vnto Ceres do their feruice vow.
Let Readers alfo firely think and trow,
They fee the painfull Vizle -onl pull the grapes:
Firft tramping them, and after preffing now
The grenefl clufters gathered into heapes.
Let then the Har'czvfI fo viue to them appeare,
As if they faw both cornes and clufters neare.
SONNET. 6.
^VT let them think, in verie deid they feill,
Dj    When as I do the VVinlers flormes vnfolde,
The bitter frofRs, which waters dois congeill
In VVinzter feafon, by a pearfing colde.
And that they hear ththe whiddering JBoreas bolde,
With hiddeous hurling, rolling Rocks from hie.
Or let them think, they fee god Satri-ne olde,
Whofe hoarie haire owercouering earth, maks flie
The lytle birds in flocks, fia tyme they fee
The earth and all with flormes of fnow owercled:
Yea let them think, they heare the birds that die,
Make piteous mone, that Sa/urtmes hairis are fpred.
Apollo, graunt thir foirfaid fuitis of myne,
All fyue I fay, that thou may crowne me fyne.




i6


SONNET. 7.
S   ND when I do defcriue the Oceans force,
Graunt fyne, 6 Neptune, god of feas profound,
That readars think on leebord, and on dworce,
And how the Seas owerflowed this maffiue round:
Yea, let them think, they heare a fltormy found,
Which threatnis wind, and darknes come at hand:
And water in their fllipps fyne to abound,
By weltring waues, lyke hyeft towres on land.
Then let them thinke their fhlipp now low on fand,
Now climmes and fkippes to top of rageing feas,
Now downe to hell, when fhippmen may not ftand,
But lifts their hands to pray thee for fome eas.
Syne let them think thy Trident doth it calme,
Which maks it cleare and finothe lyke glas or alme.
SONNET. 8.
SND graunt the lyke when as the fwimming fort
-j    Of all thy fubieds fkaled I lift declare:
As Triton monfter with a manly port,
Who drownd the ~Troyan trumpetour moft raire:
As ffarimaids wyfe, who wepis in wether faire:
And marvelous Monkis, I meane Monkis of the fee.
Bot what of monfters, when I looke and ftlaire
On wounderous heapes of iubie&tis feruing the?
As whailes fo huge, and Sea eylis rare, that be
Myle longs, in crawling cruikis of fixtie pace:
And Dauiphiins, Seahorfe, Selchis with oxin ee,
And Merfvvynis, Pertrikis als of fifhes race.
In fhort, no fowle doth flie, nor beaft doth go,
But thow haft fifhes lyke to them and mo.




17


SONNET. 9.
('f, Dreidfull Pluto, brother thrid to loze,
i   With Profj2rpin, thy wife, the quene of hell
)  My fute to yow is, when I like to loaue
The ioyes that do in /Eife field excell:
Or when I like great T-ragedies to tell:
Or flyte, or murne myfate. or wryte with feare
The plagues ye do fend furth with Dirce fell.
Let Readers think, that both they fee and heare
Alec7o, threatning  Trnuls fifler deare:
And heare Celcenos wings, with lHa/ytpes all:
And fee dog Cerberus rage with hiddeous beare,
And all that did AEneas once befall.
When as he paft throw all thofe dongeons dim,
The forefaid feilds fyne vifited by him.
SONNET. Io.
^f(  Furious Mars, thow warlyke fouldiour bold,
JA     And hardy Pallas, goddeis flout and graue:
c^) Let Reidars think, when combats manyfold
I do defcriue, they fee two champions braue,
With armies huge approching to refaue
Thy will, with cloudds of dufL into the air.
Syne Phifers, Drummes, and Trumpets cleir do craue
The pelmell chok with larum loude alwhair,
Then nothing hard but gunnis, and ratling fair
Of fpeares, and clincking fwvords with glaunce fo cleir,
As if they foght in flyes, then wrangles thair
Men killd, vnkilld, whill Parcas breath reteir.
There lyes the venquifht wailing fore his chaunce:
There lyes the vidor, rewing els the daunce.
B




SONNET. II.
Nd at your handis I earneftly do craue,
0 facound Mercure, with the Mufes nyne,
'_    That for conducting guyde I may you haue,
Afwell vnto my pen, as my Ingyne.
Let Readers think, thy eloquence deuyne
O Mercure, in my Poems doth appeare:
And that Parnaffis flowing fountaine fyne
Into my works doth fhyne lyke criftall cleare.
O MifSes, let them think that they do heare
Your voyces all into my verfe refound.
And that your vertewis finguler and feir
May wholly all in them be alfo found.
Of all that may the perfyte Poems make,
I pray you let my verfes haue no lake.
SONNET. 12.
N fhort, you all forenamed gods I pray
For to concur with one accord and will,
That all my works may perfyte be alway:
Which if ye doe, then fweare I for to fill
My works immortall with your praifes ftill:
I fhall your names eternall euer fing,
I hlall tread downe the graffe on Parnafs hill
By making with your names the world to ring:
I flall your names from all obliuion bring.
I lofty irgill fhall to life reftoir,
My fubieds all fhalbe of heauenly thing,
How to delate the gods immortals gloir.
Effay me once, and if ye find me fwerue,
Then thinke, I do not graces fuch deferue.
F I N I S.




THE VRXI4NIE
tranflated.
* * ***,




To the fazrorable
Reader
s g      -Auing oft reuolued, and red ouer (fauorable
] l F  Reader) the booke and Poems of the
[ deuine and Illufter Poete, Sal1i/l du BarJ fas, I was moued by the oft reading and
perufing of them, with a reftles and lofty defire, to
preas to attaine to the like vertue. But fen (alas) God,
by nature hathe refufed me the like lofty and quick
ingyne, and that my dull MSfe, age, and Fortune, had
refufed me the lyke ikill and learning, I was confirained
to haue refuge to the fecound, which was, to doe what
lay in me, to fet forth his praife, fen I could not merite
the lyke my felf. Which I thought, I could not do fo
well, as by publifhing fome worke of his, to this yle of
Britlain (fwarming full of quick ingynes,) afwell as
they ar made manifeft already to France.    But
knowing my felf to vnfkilfull and groffe, to tranflate
any of his heauenly and learned works, I almoft left it
of, and was aftamned of that opinion alfo. Whill at
the lait, preferring foolehardines and a good intention,
to an vtter difpaire and fleuth, I refolued vnaduyfedly
to affay the tranflating in my language of the eafieft
and fiortefl of all his difficile, and prolixed Poems: to
wit, the TVanie or heauenlye Mufe, which, albeit it be
not well tranflated, yet hope I, ye will excufe me
(fauorable Reader) fen I neither ordained it, nor
auowes it for a iuft tranflation: but onely fet it forth,
to the end, that, albeit the Prouerb faith, that foolehardines proceeds of ignoraunce, yet fome quick
fprited man of this yle, borne vnder the fame, or as




T7ze Preface.
happie a Planet, as Du Bartas was, might by the reading of it, bee moued to tranflate it well, and belt,
where I haue bothe euill, and worft broyled it.
For that caufe, I haue put in, the French on the
one fide of the leif, and my blocking on the other:
noght thereby to giue proofe of my iuft tranflating, but
by the contrair, to let appeare more plainly to the
forefaid reader, wherin I haue erred, to the effect, that
with leffe difficulty he may efcape thofe fnares wherin
I haue fallen.  I muff alfo defire you to bear with it,
albeit it be replete with innumerable and intolerable
faultes: fic as, Ryming in tearmes, and dyuers others,
whilkis ar forbidden in my owne treatife of the Art of
Poefie, in the hinder end of this booke, I muft, I fay,
praye you for to appardone mee, for three caufes.
Firif, becaufe that tranflations are limitat, and reftraind in fome things, more than free inuentions are,
Therefore reafoun would, that it had more libertie in
others.  Secoundlie, becaufe I made noght my treatife
of that intention, that eyther I, or any others behoued
aftricktly to follow it: but that onely it fhould fihew
the perfection of Poefie, whereunto fewe or none can
attaine. Thirdlye, becaufe, that (as I fhewe alreadye)
I avow it not for a iuft tranflation.  Befydes that I
haue but ten feete in my lyne, where he hath twelue,
and yet tranflates him lyne by lyne. Thus not doubting, fauorable Reader, but you will accept my
intention and trauellis in good parte,
(fen I requyre no farder,) I
bid you faire well.
*. * *
*




L'VRANIE, OV MVSE


CEL ES T E.
E n'eftoy point encor en l'Auril de
mon aage,
Qu' vn defir d'affranchir mon renom
du trefpas,
Chagrin, me faifoit perdre et repos,
et repas,
Par le braue proiet de maint fiauant
ouurage.
Mais comme vn pelerin, qui fur le tard, rencontre
Vn fourchu carrefour, douteux, s'arrefte court:
Et d'efprit, non des pieds, de gh de 1l difcourt,
Par les diuers chemins, que la Lune luy monftre.
Parmi tant de fentiers qui, fleuris, fe vont rendre
Sur le mont, oh Phcebus guerdonne les beaux vers
De l'honneur immortel des lauriers tout-iour verds,
Ie demeuroy confus, ne fgachant lequel prendre.
Tantoft i'entreprenoy d'orner la Grecque Scene
D'vn veftement Francois. Tantoft dvn vers plus haut,
Hardi, i'enfanglantoy le Frangois efchafaut
Des Tyrans d'Ilion, de Thebes, de Mycene.
Ie confacroy tantoft h l'Aonide bande
L'Histoire des Francois: et ma fainate fureur
Definentant h bon droit la trop commune erreur,
Faifoit le Mein Gaulois, non la Seine Alemande.
Tantoft ie deffeignoy dvne plume flateufe
Le los non merite des Rois et grands Seigneurs:
Et, pour me voir bien toft riche d'or, et d honneurs,
D'vn coeur bas ie rendoy mercenaire ma Mufe.
Et tandis ie vouloy chanter le fils volage
De la molle Cypris, et le mal doux-amer,




THE VRANIE, OR HEA

VENLY MVSE.
Carce was I yet in fpringtyme of my
years,
W hen greening great for fame aboue
my pears
Did make me lofe my wonted chere
and reft,
Effaying learned works with curious
breft.
But as the Pilgrimz, who for lack of light,
Cumd on the parting of two wayes at night,
He flays affone, and in his mynde doeth cafR,
What way to take while Moonlight yet doth lafl.
So I amongIf the paths vpon that hill,
Where Plixbus crowns all verfes euer flill
Of endles praife, with Laurers always grene,
Did flay confufde, in doubt what way to mene.
I whyles effaide the Grece in Frenche to praife,
Whyles in that toung I gaue a lufly glaife
For to defcryue the Troian Kings of olde,
And them that Thebcs and A.'yccJis crowns did holde.
And whiles I had the florye of Fraunce elected,
Which to the Mufes I fhould haue direCted:
My holy furie with confent of nane,
Made frenche the lfein, and nowyfe dutche the Sein.
Whiles thought I to fet foorth with flattring pen:
The praife vntrewe of Kings and noble men,
And that I might both golde and honours haue,
With courage baffe I made my Mule a flaue.
And whyles I thought to fing the fickle boy
Of Cypris foft, and loues to-fwete anoy,




24


L' V R A N I E.


Que les plus beaux efprits fouffrent pour trop aimer,
Difcours, ou me poufsoit ma nature, et mon aage.
Or tandis qu' inconflant ie ne me puis refoudre,
De ca, de 1a poufse d vn vent ambitieux,
Vne fainte beaute' fe prefente a mes yeux,
Fille, commle ie croy, du grand Dieu lance-foudre.
Sa face eft angelique, angelique fon gefte,
Son difcours tout diuin, et tout parfait fon corps:
Et fa bouche a neuf-voix imite en fes accords
Le fon harmonieux de la dance celefte.
Son chef eft honore d'vne riche couronne
Faite a fept plis, gliffans d vn diuers mouuement,
Sur chacun de fes plis fe tourne obliquement
Ie ne fSay quel rondeau, qui fur nos chefs raionne.
Le premier eft de plomb, et d eftain le deuxiefmie.
Le troifiefime d acier, le quart d or iauniffant,
Le quint eft compofe d electre palliffant,
Le fuyuant de Mercure, et d argent le feptiefine.
Son corps est affuble d vne mante azuree,
Semee haut et bas d vn million de feux,
Qui d vn bel art fans art diflindeement confus,
Decorent de leurs rais cefte beaute facree.
Icy luit le grand Char, icy flambe la Lyre,
Icy la Poufsiniere, icy les clairs Beffons,
Icy le Trebufchet, icy les deux Poiffons,
Et mille autres brandons que ie ne puis defcrire.
Ie fuis [dit elle alors] cefte dole VRAN IE,
Qui fur les gonds aftrez tranfporte les humains,
Faifant voir a leurs yeux, et toucher a leurs mains,
Ce que la Cour celefte et contemple et manie.
Ie quinte-efsence 1 ame: et fay que le Poete
Se furmontant foy mefine, enfonce vn haut difcours,
Qui, diuin, par 1 oreille attire les plus fourds,
Anime les rochers, et les fleuues arrefte.
Agreable eft le fonde mes doetes germaines:
Mais leur gofier, qui peut terre et ciel enchanter,
Ne me cede pas moins en 1 art de bien chanter,
Qu'au Rofsignol l'Oifon, les Pies aux Syrenes.  [aifle
Pren moy donques pour guide: efleue au ciel ton




THE V RAN I E.


25


To lofty fprits that are therewith made blynd,
To which difcours my nature and age inclynd.
But whill I was in doubt what way to go,
With wind ambitious toffed to and fro:
A holy beuty did to mee appeare,
The Thunidrcrs daughter feeming as flie weare.
Her porte was Angellike with Angels face,
With comely ihape and toung of heauenly grace:
Her nynevoced mouth refembled into found
The daunce harmonious making heauen refound.
Her head was honorde with a coilly crown,
Seuinfolde and round, to dyuers motions boun:
On euery folde I know not what doth glance,
Aboue our heads into a circuler dance.
The firft it is of Lead, of Tin the nixt,  The se.i:i
The third of Stele, the fourth of Gold vnmixt, Ilacts.
The fyfth is made of pale Eledtre light,
The fixt of Mercure. feuint of Siluer bright.
Her corps is couured with an Afure gowne, Firnament.
Where thoufand fires ar fowne both vp and downe:
Whilks with an arte, but arte, confufde in order, Fixed
Dois with theirbeames decorethereof the 'order. Star-es.
Heir fhynes the Charlewain, there the Harp giues ligh,
And heir the Seamans ftarres, and there Twinnis bright,
And heir the Baliance, there the Fifhes twaine,
With thoufand other fyres, that pas my braine.
I am faid fhe, that learned VRAN-IE,
That to the Starres tranfports humanitie,
And maks men fee and twiche with hands and ene
It that the heauenly court contempling bene.
I quint-effence the Poets foule fo well,
While he in high difcours excede him fell,
Who by the eare the deafeft doeth allure,
Reuiues the rocks, and ftayes the floods for fure. yne
The tone is pleafaunt of my * fifters deir:  Muses.
Yet though their throts make heauen and earth admire,
They yeld to me no leffe in finging well,
Then Pye to Syraine, goofe to Nightingell.
Take me for guyde, lyft vp to heauen thy wing




26


L'VRANI E.


Salufte, chante moy du Tout-puifsant 1 honneur,
Et remontant le luth du Ieffean fonneur,
Courageux, broffe apres la couronne eternelle.
Ie ne puis d vn ceil fec, voir mes fceurs maquerelles,
Des amoreuz FranSois, dont les mignards efcrits [cris,
Sont pleins de feints foufpirs, de feints pleurs, de feints
D'impudiques difcours, et de vaines querelles.
Ie ne puis d vn ceil fec voir que 1 on mette en vente,
Nos diuines chanfons: et que d vn flateur vers,
Pour gaigner la faueur des Princes plus peruers,
Vn Commode, vn Neron, vn Caligule on vante.
Mais, fur tout, ie ne puis fans foufpirs et fans larmes
Voir les vers employez contre 1 autheur des vers:
Ie ne puis voir battu le Roy de l'vniuers
De fes propres foldats, et de fes propres armes.
L'homme a les yeux fillez de nuits Cimmeriennes,
Et s'il a quelque bien, tant foit peu precieux,
Par differentes mains il 1 a receu des cieux:
Mais Dieu feul nous apprend les chanfons Delphiennes.
Tout art s'apprend par art: la feule Poefie
Est vn pur don celefte: et nul ne peut goufter
Le miel, que nous faifons de Pinde degoutter
S'il n'a d'vn facre feu la poitrine faifie.
De cefte fource vient, que maints grands perfonnage
Confommez en fcauoir, voire en profe diferts,
Se trauaillent en vain a compofer des vers:
Et qu'vn ieune apprenti fait (le plus beaux ouurages.
De 1h vient que iadis le chantre Meonide,
Combien que mendiant, et fans maiftre, et fans yeux,
A vaincu par fes vers les nouueaux, et les vieux,
Chantant fi bien Vlyffe, et le preux Aeacide.
De la vient qu'vn Nafon ne peut parler en profe,
De li vient que Dauid mes chants fi tofl aprit,
De pasteur fait Poete, et que maint ieune efprit [pofe.
Ne fcachant point noftre art, fuyuant noftre art comRecherche nuici et iour les ondes Caftalides:
Regrimpe nuic2 et iour contre le roc Beffon:
Sois difciple d'Homere, et du fain& nourriffon
D'Ande, l'heureux feiour des vierges Pierides.




THE VRA N IE.


27


0 Sahli?, Gods immortals honour fing:
And bending higher Dauids Lute in tone,
With courage feke yon endles crowne abone.
I no wais can, vnwet my cheekes, beholde
My fitters made by Frenchemen macquerels olde,
Whofe mignarde writts, but faynd lamenting vaine,
And fayned teares and fhamles tales retaine.
But weping neither can I fee them fpyte
Our heauenly verfe, when they do nothing wryte,
But Princes flattery that ar tyrants rather
Then Nero, Commode, or Caligule ather.
But fpecially but fobbes I neuer fhall
Se verfe beftowde gainft him made verfes all,
I can not fee his proper foldiers ding
With his owne armes him that of all is King.
Mans eyes are blinded with Cimmeo-ien night:
And haue he any good, beit neuer fo light,
From heauen, by mediat moyens, he it reaches,
Bot only God the Delphiens fong vs teaches.
All art is learned by art, this art alone
It is a heauenly gift: no flefl nor bone
Can preif the honnie we from Pinde diftill,
Except with holy fyre his breeft we fill.
From that fpring flowes, that men of fpeciall chofe,
Confumde in learning, and perfyte in profe,
For to make verfe in vaine dois trauell take.
When as a prentife fairer works will make.
That made that Homer^, who a fongfter bene,
Albeit a beggar, lacking matter, and ene,
Exceded in his verfe both new and olde,
In tinging Vlijs and Achilles bolde.
That made that N1Afo noght could fpeak but verfe,
That Dauid made my fongs fo fone reherfe,
Of patlor Poet made. yea youngmen whyles
Vnknowing our art, yet by our art compyles.
Seke night and day CaJ/alias waltring waas,
Climme day and night the twinrocks of Parnaas:
Be Homers ftoller, and his, was bom in Ande,  virgill
The happie dwelling place of all our bande.




28


L'V R A N I E.


Lis tant que tu voudras, volume apres volume,
Les liures de Pergame, et de la grande cite',
Qui du nom d'Alexandre a fon nom emprunte:
Exerce inceffamment et ta langue, et ta plume.
loin tant que tu voudras, pour vn carme bien faire
L'obfcure nuia au iour, et le iour a la nuid,
Si ne pourras tu point cueillir vn digne fruit
D'vn fi fafcheux trauail, fi Pallas t'eft contraire. [forte,
Car du tout hors de 1 homme it fault que 1 homrne
Sil veut faire des vers qui facent tefle aux ans:
II fault quentre nos mains il fequefire fes fens:
I1 fault qu vn faint ecIfafe an plus haut ciel l'emporte.
D autant que tout ainfi que la fureur humaine
Rend 1 homme moins qu humain: la diuine fureur
Rend 1 homme plus grand qu hornme: et d vne fainde
Sur le ciel porte-feux a fon gre le promeine.  [erreur
Cell d vn fi facre lieu que les diuins poetes
Nous apportent ca bas de fi docles propos,
Et des vers non fuiets au pouuoir d Atropos,
Truchemens de Nature, et du Ciel interpretes.
Les vrais Poetes font tels que la cornemufe,
Qui pleine de vent fonne, et vuide perd le fon:
Car leur fureur durant, dure auffi leur chanfon:
Et fi la fureur ceffe, auffi ceffe leur Mufe.
Puis donques que les vers ont au ciel pris naiffance,
Efprits vrayment diuins, aurez vous bien le cceur
De prononcer vn vers et profane, et moqueur
Contre cil, qui conduit des cieux aftrez la danfe?
Serez vous tant ingrats, que de rendre vos plumes
Miniflres de la chair, et ferues de peche?
Tout-iour donques fera voftre flyle empefche
A remplir, menfongers, de fonges vos volumes?
Ferez-vous, 6 trompeurs, tout-iour d'vn diable vn Ange?
Fendrez vous tout-iour Fair de vos amoureux cris?
He! n'orra on iamais dans vos doCtes efcrits
Retentir haut et clair du grand Dieu la louange?
Ne vous fuffit il pas de fentir dans voftre ame
Le Cyprien brandon, fans que plus effrontez
Qu'vne Lays publique, encor vous euentez




THE VRANIE.


29


How oft thou lykes reid ouer booke efter booke,
The bookes of T)-oy, and of that towne which tooke
Her name from Alexander Monark then,    Alexandria
Exerce but ceafe thy toung and eke thy pen.
Yea, if to make good verfe thou hes fic cure,
loyne night and day, and day to night obfcurc,
Yet fhall thou not the worthy fiute reape fo
Of all thy paines, if Jal/as be thy fo.
For man from man muft wholly parted be,
If with his age, his verfe do well agree.
Amonigf our hands, he muft his witts refing,
A holy trance to highell heauen him bring.
For euen as humane fury maks the man.
Les then the man: So heauenly fury can
Make man pas man, and wander in holy miil,
Vpon the fyrie heauen to walk at lift.
Within that place the heauenly Poets fought
Their learning, fyne to vs heare downe it brouglit,
With verfe that ought to Azropos no dewe,
Dame Nalturs trunchmen, heauens interprets trewc,
For Poets right are lyke the pype alway,
Who full doth found, and empty flayes to play:
Euen fo their fury lafling, lanfs their tone,
Their fury ceaft, their IMufe doth flay affone.
Sen verfe did then in heauen firfl bud and blume,
If ye be heauenly, how dar ye prefume
A verfe prophane, and mocling for to fing
Gainll him that leads of flarrie heauens the ring?,
Will ye then fo ingrately make your pen,
A flaue to finne, and ferue but fifhly men?
Shall flill your brains be bufied then to fill
With dreames, 6 dreamers, euery booke and bill?
Shall Satan flill be God for your behoue?
Still will ye riue the aire with cryes of loue?
And flaall there neuer into your worls appeare,
The praife of God, refounding loud and cleare?
Suffifis it noght -e feele into your hairt
The Cipj/iazn torche, vnles more malapairt
Then Lais commoun quean, ye blow abrod




.


30                L'VRANIE.
Par le monde abufe vostre impudique flamme?
Ne vous suffit il pas de croupir en delices,
Sans que vous corrompiez, par vos nombres charmeurs,
Du ledteur indifcret les peu-conflantes mceurs,
Luy faifant embrafser pour les vertus les vices?
Les tons, nombres, et chants, dont fe fait l'harmolie,
Qui rend le vers fi beau, ont fur nous tel pouuoir,
Que les plus durs Catons ils peuuent efmouuoii;
Agitant nos efprits d'vne douce manie.
Ainfi que le cachet dedans la cire forme
Prefque vn autre cachet, le Poete fcauant,
Va fi bien dans nos coeurs fes paflions grauant,
Que prefque l'auditeur en l'auteur fe tranfforme.
Car la force des vers, qui fecrettement gliffe,
Par des fecrets conduits, dans nos entendemens,
Y empreint tous les bons et mauuais mouuemens,
Qui font reprefentez par vn dode artifice.
Et c'eft pourquoy Platon hors de fa Republique
Chaffoit les efcriuains, qui fouloient par leurs vers
Rendre mefchans les bons, plus peruers les peruers,
Sapans par leurs beaux mots l'honneflete publique.
Non ceux qui dans leurs chants marioient les beaux
Auec les beaux fuiets: ore entonnans le los  [termes
Du iuste foudroyeur: ore d'vn faint propos,
Seruans aux defuoyez et de guides et d'Hermes.
Profanes efcriuains, voftre impudique rime,
Eft caufe, que l'on met nos chantres mieux-difans
Au rang des bafteleurs, des boufons, des plaifans:
Et qu'encore moins qu'eux le peuple les eftime.
Vos faites de Clion vne Thais impure:
D'Helicon vn bordeau: vous faites impudens,
Par vos lafcifs difcours, que les peres prudens
Deffendent a leurs fils des carmes la ledure.
Mais fi foulans aux pieds la deite volage,
Qui blece de ces traits vos idolatres cceurs,
Vous vouliez employer vos plus fain6es fureurs
A faire voir en France vn facre-fainct ouurage.
Chacun vous priferoit, comme eflans fecretaires,
Et minifres facrez du Roy de 1 vniuers.




THE VRANIE.


3I


But fhame, athort the world, your fhameles god?
Abufers, ftaikes it not to lurk in luIl,
Without ye finit with charming nombers iuft
The fickle maners of the reader flight,
In making him embrace, for day, the night?
The harmony of nomber tone and fong,
That makes the verfe fo fair, it is fo firong
Ouer vs, as hardeft Catos it will moue,
With fpreits aflought, and fweete tranfported loue.
For as into the wax the feals imprent
Is lyke a feale, right fo the Poet gent,
Doeth graue fo viue in vs his paffions firange,
As maks the reader, halfe in author change.
For verfes force is fic, that foftly flydes
Throw fecret poris, and in our fences bydes,
As makes them haue both good and euill imprented,
Which by the learned works is reprefented.
And therefore Platos common wealth did pack
None of thefe Poets, who by verfe did make
The goodmen euill, and the wicked worfe,
Whofe pleafaunt words betraied the publick corfe.
Not thofe that in their fongs good tearmes alwaife
Ioynd with fair Thems: whyles thundring out the praife
Of God, iufi Thundrer: whyles with holy fpeache,
Lyke Herines did the way to ftrayers teache.
Your fhameles rymes, are caufe, 6 Scrybes prophane,
That in the lyke opinion we remaine
With Iuglers, buffons, and that foolifh feames:
Yea les then them, the people of vs efleames.
For Clio ye put Thais vyle in vre,
For Helicon a bordell. Ye procure
By your lafciuious fpeache, that fathers fage
Defends verfe reading, to their yonger age.
But lightleing * yon fleing godhead flight,  Cupide
Who in Idolatrous breafts his darts hath pight.
If that ye would imploy your holy traunce,
To make a holy hallowde worke in Fraunce:
Then euery one wolde worthy fcribes you call,
And holy feruants to the King of all.




32


I 'VRAN IE.'


Chacun reuereroit comme oracles vos vers:
Et les grands commettroient en vos mains leurs affaires.
La liaifon des vers fut iadis inuentee
Seulement pour traitter les myfteres facrez
Auec plus de refpedt: et de long temps apres
Par les carmes ne fut autre chofe chantee.
Ainfi mon grand Dauid fur la corde tremblante
De fon luth tout-diuin ne fonne rien que Dieu.
Ainfi le conducleur de l'exercite Hebrieu,
Sauue des rouges flots, le los du grand Dieu chante.
Ainfi Iudith, Delbore, au milieu des genfd'armes,
Ainfi lob, Ieremie, accablez de douleurs,
D vn carme bigarre de cent mille couleurs
Defcriuoient faintement leurs ioyes, et leurs larmes.
Voyla pourquoy Satan, qui fin se tranffigure
En Ange de clarte pour nous enforceler,
Ses preflres et fes dieux faifoit iadis parler,
Non d vne libre language, ains par nombre, et mefure.
Ainfi, fous Apollon la folle Phoemonoe
En hexametres vers fes oracles chantoit:
Et, par douteux propos, cauteleufe affrontoit
Non le Grec feulement, ains l'Ibere, et l'Eoe.
Ainfi 1 antique voix en Dodone adoree,
Aefculape, et Ammon en vers prophetizoient,
Les Sibylles en vers le futur predifoient,
Et les preflres prioient en oraifon nombree.
Ainfi Line, Hefiode, et celuy dont la lyre
Oreilloit, comme on dit, les rocs, et les forefIs,
Oferent autrefois les plus diuins fecrets
De leur profond fcauoir en doctes vers efcrire.
Vous qui tant defirez vos fionts de laurier ceindre,
Ou pourriez vous trouuer vn champ plus fpacieux,
Que le los de celuy qui tient le frein des cieux,
Qui fait trembler les monts, qui fait l'Erebe craindre?
Ce fuiet est de vray la Come d abondance,
C'eft vn grand magazin riche en difcours faconds,
C'eft vn grand Ocean, qui n'a riue, ny fonds,
Vn furjon immortel de diuine eloquence.
L'humble fuiet ne peut qu'humble difcours produire:




THE VRANIE.


33


'Echone your verfe for oracles wolde take,
And great men of their counfell wolde you make.
The verfes knitting was found out and tryit,
For finging only holy myfteries by it
With greater grace. And efter that, were pend
Longtyme no verfe, but for that only end.
Euen fo my Dauid on the trembling firings
Of heauenly harps, Gods only praife he fings.
Euen fo the leader of the Hebirevv hoft
Gods praife did fing vpon the Redfea coft
So Iudith and Delbor in the foldiers throngs,
So Iob and leremzie, preaft with woes and wrongs,
Did right defcryue their ioyes, their woes and torts,
In variant verfe of hundreth thoufand forts.
And therefore crafty Sathan, who can feame
An Angell of light, to witch vs in our dreame,
He caufde his gods and preefts of olde to fpeake
By nomber and meafure, which they durft not breake.
So fond Pzhmoilnoe vnder Apolios wing,
Her oracles Hexameter did fing:
With doubtfum talk fhe craftely begylde,
Not only Grece, but Spaine and indes Ihe fylde.
That olde voce ferude in Dodon, fpak in verfe,
So LEfeulap did, and fo did Ammon fearfe,
So Sybills tolde in verfe, what was to come:
The Preefts did pray by nombers, all and fome.
So Hefiod, Line, and he' whofe Lute they fay, Orpheus
Made rocks and forrefis come to heare him play,
Durfl well their heauenly fecrets all difcloes,
In learned verfe, that foftly flydes and goes.
O ye that wolde your browes with Lanuel bind,
What larger feild I pray you can you find,
Then is his praife, who brydles heauens mofl cleare,
Maks mountaines tremble, and howeft hells to feare?
That is a horne of plenty well repleat:
That is a fiorehoufe riche, a learning feat.
An Ocean hudge, both lacking ihore and ground,
Of heauenly eloquence a fpring profound.
From fubiects bafe, a bafe difcours dois fpring,
c




34


L' VRANIE.


Mais le graue fuiet de foymefme produit
Graues et mafles mots: de foymefmes il luit,
Et fait le faint honneur de fon chantre reluire.
Or done fi vous voulez apres vos cendres viure,
N'imitez Eroftrat, qui pour viure, brufla
Le temple Ephefien: ou celuy qui moula,
Pour eftendre fon nom, vn cruel veau de cuiure.
Ne vueillez employer voitre rare artifice
A chanter la Cyprine, et fon fils emplum':
Car il vaut beaucoup mieux n'eitre point renomm6,
Que fe voir renomme pour raifon de fon vice.
Vierges font les neuf feurs, qui dancent fur Parnaffe,
Vierge voitre Pallas: et vierge ce beau corps
Qu' vn fleuue vit changer fur les humides bords
En l'arbre tout-iour vert, qui vous cheueux enlace.
Confacrez moy pluftoft ceite rare eloquence
A chanter hautement les miracles compris
Dans le facre fueillet: et de vos beaux efprits
Verfez lh, mes amis, toute la quinte-effence.  [melle
Que Chrift, comme Homme-Dieu, foit la croupe iuSur qui vous fommeillez. Que pour cheual aile
L'Efprit du Trois-fois grand, d vn blanc pigeon voile,
Vous face ruifseler vne fource immortelle.
Tout ouurage excellent la memoire eternize
De ceux qui tant foit peu trauaillent apres luy:
Le Maufolee a fait viure iufquauiourd huy
Timothee, Bryace, et Scope, et Artemife.
Hiram feroit fans nom, fans la fainte afsiftance
Qu'il fit au baftiment du temple d'Ifrael.
Et fans l'Arche de Dieu l'Hebrieu Befeleel
Seroit enfeueli fous eternel filence.
Et puis que la beaute de ces rares ouurages
Fait viure apres la mort tous ceux qui les ont faits,
Combien qu'auec le temps les plus feurs foient deffaits
Par rauines, par feux, par guerres, par orages.
Penfez, ie vous fuppli, combien fera plus belle
La louange, qu heureux, ca bas vous acquerrez,
Lors que dans vos faints vers D I EV feul vous chanterez
Puis qu vn nom immortel vient de chofe immortelle.




THE VRANIE.


35


~


A lofty fubiect of it felfe doeth bring
Graue words and weghtie, of it felfe diuine,
And makes the authors holy honour thine.
If ye wolde after afhes liue, bewaire,
To do lyke Er/ojrat, who brunt the faire
Ephefian temple, or him, to win a name,
"Who built of braffe, the crewell Calfe vntame. Peiiiiu%
Let not your art fo rare then be defylde,
In finging Venus and her fethred chyide:
For better it is without renowme to be,
Then be renowmde for vyle iniquitie.
Thofe nyne are Maides, that daunce vpon Parnaas?
Learnd Pallas is a Virgin pure, lyke as
* Thatfair, whome waters changed onwattry banks Daphne
Into * that tre ftill grene, your hair that hanks.  Laure~I
Then confecrat that eloquence mofl rair,
To fing the lofty miracles and fair
Of holy Scripture: and of your good ingyne,
Poure out, my frends, there-your fift-effence fyne.
Let Chrift both God and man your Twinrock be,
Whome on ye flepe: for that *hors who did fle, Pegasus
Speak of that "thryfe great fpreit, whofe dow moft white
Mote make your fpring flow euer with delyte. Holyghost.
All excellent worke beare record euer fhall,
Of trauellers in it, though their paines be fmall.
The Mazifole tombe the names did eternife
Of Scope, Timotheus, Briace and Ar-temzie.
But Hfirams holy help, it war vnknowne
What he in building Izraels Temple had fhowne,
Without Gods Ark Befeleel Iewe had bene
In euerlafling filence buried clene.
Then, fince the bewty of thofe works moft rare
Hath after death made liue all them that ware
Their builders: though them felues with tyme be failde,
By fpoils, by fyres, by warres, and tempefts quailde.
I pray you think, how mekle fairer fhall
Your happie name heirdowne be, when as all
Your holy verfe, great God alone fhall fing,
Since praife immortall commes of endles thing.




36


L'VRANIE.


Ie fcay que vous direz que les antiques fables
Sont l'ame de vos chants, que ces contes diuers,
L'vn de 1 autre naiffans, peuuent rendre vos vers
Beaucoup plus que l'hiftoire au vulgaire admirables.
Mais ou peut on trouuer chofes plus merueilleufes
Que celles de la Foy? he! quel autre argument
Auec plus de tefmoins nofire raifon defment,
Qui rabat plus l'orgueil des ames curieufes?
I'aymeroy mieux chanter la tour Affyrienne,
Que les trois monts Gregeois lvn deffus l'autre entez
Pour dethrolner du ciel les dieux efpouuantez:
Et l'onde de Noe, que la Deucalienne.
I'aymeroy mieux chanter le changement fubite
Du Monarque d'Affur, que de l'Arcadien,
Et le viure fecond du faint Bethanien,
Que le recolement des membres d'Hippolite.
L'vn de plaire au le&eur tant feulement fe mefle,
Et l'autre feulement tafche de profiter:
Mais feul celuy 1a peut le laurier meriter,
Qui, fage, le profit auec le plaifir mefle.
Les plus beaux promenoirs font pres de la marine,
Et le nager plus fuer pres des riuages verds:
Et le fage Efcriuain n'efloigne dans fes vers
Le fcauoir du plaifir, le ieu de la doctrine.
Vous tiendrez done ce rang en chantant chofes telles:
Car enfeignans autruy, vous mefmes apprendrez
La reigle de bien viure: et bien-heureux, rendrez
Autant que leurs fuiets, vos chanfons immortelles.
Laiffez moy donc a part ces fables furannees:
Mes amis, laiffez moy celt infolent Archer,
Qui les cceurs otieux peut feulement brefcher,
Et plus ne foyent par vous les Mufes profanees.
Mais las! en vain ie crie, en vain, las! ie m enroue:
Car 1 vn, pour ne fe voir conuaincu par mon chant,
Va, comme vn fin afpic, fon oreille bouchant:
L'autre Epicurien, de mes difcours fe ioue.
L'autre pour quelque temps fe range en mon efchole
Mais le monde enchanteur foudain le me fouftrait,
Et ce difcours facre, qui les feuls bons attrait,




THE VRANIE.


37


I know that ye will fay, the auncient rabies
Decores your fongs, and that * thofe dyuers fables, Metamor
Ilk bred of other, doeth your verfes mak  phosis
More loued then ftoryes by the vulgar pack.
But where can there more wondrous things be found,
Then thofe of faith? 6 fooles, what other ground,
With witnes mo, our reafons quyte improues,
Beats doun our pryde, that curious queftions moues?
I had farr rather Babell tower forthfett,  Ossa Pindus, and
Then the 'thre Grecian hilles on others plett,  Olympus
To pull doun gods afraide, and in my moode,
Sing Noes rather then Deucalions floode.
I had far rather fing the fuddaine change  Nabuchad
Of AfJfzrs monark, then of Areas ftrange.  nezer.
Of the* Bethaniens holy iecond liuing,    Lazarus.
Then Hipzpolitts with members glewde reuiuing.
To pleafe the Reader is the ones whole cair,
The vther for to proffite mair and mair:
But only he of Laurell is conding,
Who wyfely can with proffit, pleafure ming.
The faireft walking on the Sea coaft bene,
And fuireft fwimming where the braes are grene:
So, wyfe is he, who in his verfe can haue
Skill mixt with pleafure, fports with doctrine graue.
In finging kepe this order fhowen you heir,
Then ye your felf, in teaching men fhall leir
The rule of liuing well, and happely fhall
Your fongs make, as your thems immnortall all.
No more into thofe oweryere lies delyte,
My freinds, caft of that infolent archer quyte,
Who only may the ydle harts furpryfe:
Prophane no more the Mufes with yon cryes.
But oh! in vaine, with crying am I horce:
For lo, where one, noght caring my fongs force,
Goes lyke a crafty fnaik, and tfoppes his eare:
The other godles, mocks and will not heare.
Ane other at my fchoole abydes a fpace,
While charming world withdrawe him from that place:
So that difcours, that maks good men reiofe,




38


L'VRANIE.


Entre par vne aureille, et par l'autre s'envolle.
Las! ie n en voy pas vn qui fes deux yeux defsille
Du bandeau de Venus, et d vn profane fiel
De fes carmes dorez ne corrompe le miel:
Bien que de bons efprits noftre France fourmille.
Mais toy, mon cher mignon, que la Neufuaine fain6te
Qui de Pegafe boit le furjon perennel,
Fit le facre fonneur du los de l'Eternel,
Mefme auant que de toy ta mere fuft enceinte:
Bien que cest argument femble vne maigre lande,
Que les meilleurs efprits ont en friche laifse,
Ne fois pour 1 auenir de ce trauail lafse:
Car plus la glorie eft rare, et tant plus elle efl grande.
SALVSTE, ne perds coeur fi tu vois que 1 Enuie
Ailie abbayant, maligne, apres ton los naiffant:
Ne crain que fous fes pieds elle aille tapiffant
Les vers que tu feras, comme indignes de vie.
Ce monlire blece-honneur reffemble la Maftine,
Qui iappe contre ceux qui font nouueau venus,
Pardonnant toutesfois a ceux qui font cognus,
Curtoife enuers ceux cy, enuers ceux la mutine.
Ce monlfre femble encor vne fameufe nue,
Que le naiffant Vulcan prefse de toutes pars,
Pour, noire, 1 eflouffer de fes ondeux brouillars:
Mais ou plus ce feu croift, plus elle diminue.
Sui done (mon cher fouci) ce chemin non froyable
Que par ceux, que le ciel, liberal, veut benir,
Et ie iure qu en brief ie te feray tenir
Entre les bons efprits quelque rang honorable.
Ceft par ce beau difcours que la Mufe celefle
Tenant vne couronne en fa pucelle main,
Attire a foy mon coeur d vn tranfport plus qu'humain,
Tant bien a fes doux mlots elle adioufte vn doux gefte.
Depuis, ce feul amour dans mes veines bouillonne:
Depuis, ce feul vent foufle es toiles de ma nef:
Bien-heureux fi ie puis non pofer fur mon chef,
Ains du doigt feulement toucher cefte couronne.
FINI S.




THE VRANIE.


39


At one eare enters, and at the other goes.
Alas, I fe not one vnvaill his ene
From Venus vaill and gal prophane, that bene
ro golden honnied verfe, the only harme,
Although our France with lofty fprits doth fwarme.
But thou my deir one, whome the holy Nyne,
Who yearly drinks Pegafis fountaine fyne,
The great gods holy fongfter had receiued,
Yea, euen before thy mother the conceiued.
Albeit this fubiet feame a barren ground,
With quickeft fpreits left ley, as they it found,
Irk not for that heirefter of thy paine,
Thy glore by raimes greater fhall remaine.
0 SahiZZ, lofe not heart, though pale Inuye
Bark at thy praife increafing to the fkye,
Feare not that ihe tread vnder foote thy verfe,
As if they were vnworthie to reherfe.
This monfter honnors-hurt is lyke the curr,
That barks at firangers comming to the durr,
But fparing alwaies thofe are to him knowin,
To them noft gentle, to the others throwin.
This monfter als is lyke a rauing cloude,
Which threatnes alwayis kendling Vzlcan loude.
To fmore and drowne him, with her powring raine,
Yet force of fyre repellis her power againe.
Then follow furth, my fonne, that way unfeard,
Of them whom in fre heauens gift hath appeard.
And heare I fweare, thou fhortly fllall refaue
Some noble rank among good fpreits and graue.
This heauenly ilfzfe by fuch difcourfes fair,
Who in her Virgin hand a riche crowne bair:
So drew to her my heart, fo farr tranfported,
And with fwete grace, fo fwetely fhe exhorted:
As fince that loue into my braines did brew,
And fince that only wind my fhipfailles blew,
I thought me bleft, if I might only dame
To touche that crown, though not to weare the fame.
FINIS.




ANE METAPHORICALL
INVENTION OF A TRAGEDIE
CALLED        PHOENIX.
A Colomne of 18 lynes feruing for a Preface
to the Tragedie enfuyng.
Elf            I
2   Echo    2
3 help, thatboth 3
4  together     we, 4
5 Since caufetherebe, may  5
6 now lament with tearis, My 6
7 murnefull yearis. Ye furies als 7
8 with him, Euen Pluto grim, who duells 8
9 in dark, that he, Since chief we fe him  9
Io to you all that bearis The ftyle men fearis of IO
II Dirne, I requeft, Eche greizlie gheft that dwells II
I2 beneth the fee, With all yon thre, whofe hairs are fnaiks I2
I2 full blew, And all your crew, affift me in thir twa: I2
I Repeit and fha my Tragedie full neir, The      I
Io chance fell heir. then fecundlie is beft, Deuills io
9 void of reft, ye moue all that it reid, 9
8 With me in deid lyke dolour them 8
7 to griv', I then will liv' in 7
6 leffer greif therebj.  Kyth  6
5 heir and try your force 5
4 ay bent and quick, 4
3 Excell    in   3
2 fik like 2
I         ill,       I
and murne with
me. From Delphos fyne
Apollo cum with fpeid: Whofe
fhining light my cairs will dim in deid.




l The expanfion of the
former Colomne.
E If Echo help, that both together w        E
(S ince caufe there be) may now lament with teari S
M y murnefull yearis. Ye furies als with hi  M
E uen Pluto grim, who dwels in dark, that h  E
S ince cheif we fe him to you all that beari  S
T he flyle men fearis of Dirme: I requef    T
E che greizlie gheft, that dwells beneth the S  E
W ith all yon thre, whofe hairis ar fnaiks full ble  W
A nd all your crew, affift me in thir tw    A
R epeit and fha my Tragedie full nei        R
T he chance fell heir. Then fecoundlie is bef  T
D euils void of reft, ye moue all that it rei  D
W ith me, indeid, lyke dolour thame to gri  V
I then will liv', in leffer greif therebi    I
K ythe heir and trie, your force ay bent and quic K
E xcell in fik lyke ill, and murne with m   E
From Delphos fyne Apollo cum with fpeid,
Vhofe fhining light my cairs wil dim in deid.




I-.

PHOE N I X.
HE dyuers falls, that Fortzine geuis
to men,
By turning ouer her quheill to their
annoy,
When I do heare them grudge,
although they ken
That old blind Dane, delytes to let
the ioy
Of all, fuche is her vfe, which dois conuoy
Her quheill by gefs: not looking to the right,
Bot tfill turnis vp that pairt quhilk is too light.
Thus quhen I hard fo many did complaine,
Some for the loffe of worldly wealth and geir,
Some death of frends, quho can not come againe:
Some loffe of health, which vnto all is deir,
Some loffe of fame, which tfill with it dois beir
Ane greif to them, who mereits it indeid:
Yet for all thir appearis there fome remeid.
For as to geir, lyke chance has made you want it,
Reftore you may the fame againe or mair.
For death of frends, although the fame (I grant it)
Can noght returne, yet men are not fo rair,
Bot ye may get the lyke. For feiknes fair
Your health may come: or to ane better place
Ye muff. For fame, good deids will mend difgrace.




P H OE N I X.


43


Then, fra I faw (as I already told)
How men complaind for things whilk might amend,
How Dauid Linrdfay did complaine of old
His Papingo, her death, and fudden end,
Ane common foule, whofe kinde be all is kend.
All thefe hes moved me prefently to tell
Ane Tragedie, in griefs thir to excell.
For I complaine not of fic common cace,
Which diuerfly by diuers means dois fall:
But I lament my Phcenix rare, whofe race,
Whofe kynde, whofe kin, whofe offpring, they be all
In her alone, whome I the Pzcenix call.
That fowle which only one at onis did liue,
Not liues, alas! though I her praife reviue.
In Arabie cald Fcelix was fhe bredd
This foule, excelling Iris farr in hew.
Whofe body whole, with purpour was owercledd,
Whofe taill of coulour was celeftiall blew,
With fkarlat pennis that through it mixed grew:
Her craig was like the yallowe burniffit gold,
And fhe her felf thre hundreth yeare was old.
She might haue liued as long againe and mair,
If fortune had not Rfayde dame Naturs will:
Six hundreth yeares and fourtie was her fcair,
Which NVature ordained her for to fulfill.
Her natiue foile fhe hanted euer ftill,
Except to Egypt whiles fhe tooke her courfe,
Wherethrough great Nylus down runs from his fourfe.
Like as ane hors, when he is barded haile,
An fethered pannach fet vpon his heid,
Will make him feame more braue: Or to affaile
The enemie, he that the troups dois leid,
Ane pannache on his healme will fet in deid:
Euen fo, had Nature, to decore her face;
Giuen her ane tap, for to augment her grace.




44


PH OEN I X.


In quantitie, fhe dois refemble neare
Vnto the foule of mightie Ioue, by name
The AEgle calld: oft in the time of yeare,
She vfde to foir, and flie through diuers realme,
Out through the Azure fkyes, whill fhe did fhame
The Sunne himfelf, her coulour was fo bright,
Till he abafhit beholding fuch a light.
Thus whill fhe vfde to fcum the fkyes about,
At lafl The chanced to fore out ower the fee
Calld Mafre Rubrum: yet her courfe held out
Whill that fle paft whole Afie. Syne to flie
To Europe fmall fhe did refolue: To drie
Her voyage out, at lafl fhe came in end
Into this land, ane ftranger heir vnkend.
Ilk man did maruell at her forme moft rare
The winter came, and ftorms cled all the feild:
Which florms, the land of fruit and corne made bare,
Then did (he flie into an houfe for beild,
VVhich from the fltorms might faue her as an fheild.
There, in that houfe The firft began to tame,
I came, fyne tooke her furth out of the fame.
Fra I her gat, yet none could gefs what fort
Of foule (he was, nor from what countrey cum:
Nor I my felf: except that be her port,
And gliftring hewes I knew the fhe was fum
Rare ftranger foule, which oft had vfde to fcum
Through diuers lands, delyting in her flight;
VVhich made vs fee, fo ftrange and rare a fight.
Whill at the lafl, I chanced to call to minde
How that her nature, did refemble neir
To that of Phoenix which I red. Her kinde,
Her hewe, her fhape, did mak it plaine appeir,
She was the fame, which now was lighted heir.
This made me to efteme of her the more,
Her name and rarenes did her fo decore.




P H OE N I X.
Thus being tamed, and throughly weill acquent.
She took delyte (as fhe was wount before)
VVhat tyme that Titan with his beames vpfprent,
To take her flight, amongs the fkyes to foire.
Then came to her of fowlis, a woundrous ftore
Of diuers kinds, fome fimple fowlis, fome ill
And rauening fowlis, whilks fimple onis did kill.
And euen as they do fwarme about their king
The hunnie Bees, that works into the hyue:
VVhen he delyts furth of the fkepps to fpring,
Then all the leaue will follow him belyue,
Syne to be nixt him biffelie they ftriue:
So, all thir fowlis did follow her with beir,
For loue of her, fowlis rauening did no deir.
Such was the loue, and reuerence they her bure,
Ilk day whill euen, ay whill they fhedd at night.
Fra time it darkned, I was euer fure
Of her returne, remaining whill the light,
And Phzebus ryfing with his garland bright.
Such was her trueth, fra time that fhe was tame,
She, who in brightnes Titans felf did fhame.
By vfe of this, and hanting it, at laft
She made the foules, fra time that I went out,
Aboue my head to flie, and follow fail
Her, who was chief and leader of the rout.
When it grew lait, fhe made them flie, but doubt,
Or feare, euen in the cloffe with her of will,
Syne ihe her felf, perkt in my chalmer ftill.
When as the countreys round about did heare
Of this her byding in this countrey cold,
Which not but hills, and darknes ay dois beare,
(And for this caufe was Scotia calld of old,)
Her lyking here, when it was to them told,
And how fhe greind not to go backe againe:
The loue they bure her, turnd into difdaine.


45




4f           P H OE N1X.
Lo, here the fruiCts, whilks of Inuy dois breid,
To harme them all, who vertue dois imbrace.
Lo, here the fruids, from her whilks dois proceid,
To harme them all, that be in better cace
Then others be. So followed they the trace
Of proud Inuy, thir countreyis lying neir,
That fuch a foule, Ihould lyke to tary heir.
Whill Fortoun at the laft, not onely moued
Inzy to this, which could her not content,
Whill that Inuy, did feafe fom foules that loued
Her anis as femed: but yet their ill intent
Kythed, when they faw all other foules flill bent
To follow her, mifknowing them at all.
This made them worke her vndeferued fall.
Thir were the rauening fowls, whome of I fpak
Before, the whilks (as I already Ihew)
Was wount into her prefence to hald bak
Their crueltie, from fimples ones, that flew
With her, ay whill Inny all feare withdrew.
Thir ware, the Raidn, the Stainchell, and the Gled,
With others kynds, whom in this malice bred.
Fra Malice thus was rooted be Inuy,
In them as fone the awin effets did fhaw.
VVhich made them fyne, vpon ane day, to fpy
And wait till that, as ihe was wount, fhe flaw
Athort the fcyes, fyne did they neir her draw,
Among the other fowlis of dyuers kynds,
Although they ware farr diffonant in mynds.
For where as they ware wount her to obey,
Their mynde farr contrair then did plaine appeare.
For then they made her as a commoun prey
To them, of whome fhe looked for no deare,
They ftrake at her fo bitterly, whill feare
Stayde other fowlis to preis for to defend her
From thir ingrate, whilks now had clene miflend her.




P H OE N I X


47


When fhe could find none other faue refuge
From thefe their bitter ftraiks, ihe fled at laft
To me (as if fhe wolde wifhe me to iudge
The wrong they did her) yet they followed faft
Till fhe betuix my leggs her felfe did caft.
For fauing her from thefe, which her oppreft,
Whofe hote purfute, her fuffred not to reft.
Bot yet at all that ferved not for remeid,
For noghttheles, they fpaird her not a haire
In fiede of her, yea whyles they made to bleid
My leggs: (fo grew their malice mair and mair)
Which made her both to rage and to difpair,
Firft, that but caufe they did her fuch diflhort:
Nixt, that fhe laked help in any fort.
Then hauing tane ane dry and wethered fira,
In deip difpair, and in ane lofty rage
She fprang vp heigh, outfleing euery fa:
Syne to Panchaia came, to change her age
Vpon Apollos altar, to affwage
With outward fyre her inward raging fyre:
Which then was all her cheif and whole defyre.
Then being carefull, the event to know
Of her, who homeward had returnde againe
Where fhe was bred, where ftorms dois neuer blow,
Nor bitter blafts, nor winter fnows, nor raine,
But fommer frill: that countray doeth fo ftaine
All realmes in fairnes. There in hafte I fent,
Of her to know the yffew and event.
The meffinger went there into fic hafte,
As could permit the farrnes of the way,
By croffing ower fa mony countreys wafte
Or he come there. Syne with a lytle flay
Into that land, drew homeward euery day:
In his returne, lyke diligence he fhew
As in his going there, through realmes anew.




48


P H OE N I X.


'ra he retumd, then fone without delay
I fpeared at him, (the certeantie to try)
What word of Phoenix which was flown away?
And if through all the lands he could her fpy,
Where through he went, I bad him not deny,
But tell the trueth, yea whither good or ill
Was come of her, to wit it was my will.
He tolde me then, how the flew bak againe,
Where fra ihe came, and als he did receit,
How in Panchaia toun, ihe did remaine
On Phacbus alter, there for to compleit
With Thus and Myrrh, and other odours fweit
Of flowers of dyuers kyndes, and of Incens
Her neft. With that he left me in fufpens.
Till that I charged him no wayes for to fpair,
Bot prefently to tell me out the reft.
He tauld me then, How Titans garland thair
Inflamde be heate, reflexing on her neft,
The withered itra, which when ihe was oppreft
Heir be yon fowlis, ihe bure ay whill the came
There, fyne aboue her neft the laid the fame.
And fyne he tolde, how fie had fuch defyre
To burne her felf, as the fat downe therein.
Syne how the Sunne the withered ftra did fyre,
Which brunt her neft, her fethers, bones, and flin
All turnd in afh. Whofe end dois now begin
My woes: her death maks lyfe to greif in me.
She, whome I rew my eyes did euer fee.
O deuills of darknes, contraire vnto light,
In Pzhebus fowle, how could ye get fuch place,
Since ye are hated ay be Phozbus bright?
For ftill is fene his light dois darknes chace.
But yet ye went into that fowle, whofe grace,
As Phoebus fowle, yet ward the Sunne him fell.
Her light his ftaind, whome in all light dois dwell.




P H OE N I X.


49


And thou ( 6 Phlenix) why was thow fo moued
Thow foule of light, be enemies to thee,
For to forget thy heauenly hewes, whilkis loued
Were baith by men and fowlis that did them fee?
And fyne in hewe of afhe that they fould bee
Conuerted all: and that thy goodly fhape
In Chaos fould, and noght the fyre efcape?
And thow ( 6 reuthles Death) fould thow deuore
Her? who not only paffed by all mens mynde
All other fowlis in hew, and fhape, but more
In rarenes (fen there was none of her kynde
But fhe alone) whome with thy ftounds thow pynde:
And at the latf, hath perced her through the hart,
But reuth or pitie, with thy mortall dart.
Yet worit of all, fhe liued not half her age.
Why flayde thou Tymze at leaft, which all dois teare
To worke with her? O what a cruel rage,
To cut her off, before her threid did weare!
VVherein all Planzels keeps their courfe, that yeare
It was not by the half yet worne away,
Which fould with her haue ended on a day.
Then fra thir newis, in forrows foped haill,
Had made vs both a while to holde our peace,
Then he began and laid, Pairt of my taill
Is yet vntolde, Lo here one of her race,
Ane worm bred of her afhe: Though fhe, alace,
(Said he) be brunt, this lacks but plumes and breath
To be lyke her, new gendred by her death.
L'envoy.
Apollo then, who brunt with thy reflex
Thine onely fowle, through loue that thou her bure,
Although thy fowle, (whofe name doth end in X)
Thy burning heate on nowayes could indure,
D


'A




50


P H OEN I X.


But brunt thereby: Yet will I the procure,
Late foe to Pzhonix, now her freind to be:
Reuiuing her by that which made her die.
Draw farr from heir, mount heigh vp through the air,
To gar thy heat and beames be law and neir.
That in this countrey, which is colde and bair,
Thy glifiring beames als ardent may appeir
As they were oft in Arabie: fo heir
Let them be now, to make ane Phoenix new
Euen of this worme of Phoenix afhe which grew.
This if thow dois, as fure I hope thou fhall,
My tragedie a comike end will haue:
Thy work thou hath begun, to end it all.
Els made ane worme, to make her out the laue.
This Epitaphe, then beis on Phoenix graue.
Here lyeth, vvzome too euen be her death and end
Apollo hath a longer lyfe her fend.
FINIS.
3"~




A PARAPHRASTICALL
TRANSLATION OVT OF
THE POETE LVCANE.
LVCANVS LIB.
QV INTO.
-j1Efaris an curfzis vejlrcefenfireypu/a/is
Da;mnumpq/jefzqig&u? Velu/ifi cuvnc7a minienfur
Fizimina, quows;;nifcenzz'jelago, fitbducerefides:
A1on inagis ablalis vnquam decreverit ceqizor,
Quam nuneC crefeit aq'uis. An vos momentapjuta/is
V/la dedife mi/li?
if all the floods amongft them wold conclude
To ftay their courfes from running in the fee:
And by that means wold thinke for to delude
The Ocean, who fould impaired be,
As they fuppofde, beleuing if that he
Did lack their floods, he fhould decreffe him fell:
Yet if we like the veritie to wye.
It pairs him nothing: as I fhall you tell.




52


LVCANVS LIB. V.


For out of him they are augmented all,
And moft part creat, as ye fhall perfaue:
For when the Sunne doth fouk the vapours fmall
Forth of the feas, whilks them conteine and haue,
A part in winde, in wete and raine the laue
He render dois: which doth augment their firands.
Of Neptuns woll a coate fyne they him weaue,
By hurling to him faft out ower the lands.
When all is done, do to him what they can
None can perfaue that they do fwell him mair.
I put the cafe then that they neuer ran:
Yet not thelefs that could him nowife pair:
VVhat needs he then to count it, or to cair,
Except their folies wold the more be fhawin?
Sen though they flay, it harmes him not a hair,
What gain they, thogh theyhad their courfewithdrawen?
So euen ficlike: Though fubie&s do coniure
For to rebell againft their Prince and King:
By ieauing him although they hope to fimure
That grace, wherewith God maks him for to ring,
Though by his gifts he ihaw him felfe bening,
To help their need, and make them thereby gaine:
Yet lack of them no harme to him doth bring,
VVhen they to rewe their folie fhalbe faine.
L'enuoy.
Then Floods runne on your wounted courfe of olde,
Which God by Nature dewly hes prouyded:
For though ye flay, as I before haue tolde,
And caft in doubt which God hath els decyded:
To be conioynde, by you to be deuyded:
To kythe your fpite, and do the Depe no fkaith:
Farre better were in others ilk confyded,
Ye Floods, thou Depe, whilks were your dewties baithl
F I N IS.




ANE SCHORT
TREATISE,
CONTEINING SOME REVLIS
and cautelis to be obferuit and
efchewit in Scottis
Poefie.
A QVADRAIN OF ALEXANDRIN
VERSE, DECLARING TO QVHOME THE
Authour hes direlit his labour.
To ignorants obdurde, quhair vilful errour lyis,
Nor zit to curious folks, quhilks carping dois deiel thee,
Nor zit to learned men, quha thinks thame onelie vzyis,
Bot to the docile bairns of knavvledge I dired thee.




THE PREFACE TO
the Reader.
HH       E caufe why (docile Reader) I haue not
dedicat this fhort treatife to any particular
perfonis, (as commounly workis vfis to
be) is, that I efteme all thais quha hes
already fome beginning of knawledge,
with ane earneft defyre to atteyne to farther, alyke
meit for the reading of this worke, or any vther, quhilk
may help thame to the atteining to thair foirfaid defyre. Bot as to this work, quhilk is intitulit, The
Rezlis and cautelis to be obferuit and eJc/ezvvit in Scottis
Poefie, ze may maruell paraventure, quhairfore I fould
haue writtin in that mater, fen fa mony learnit men,
baith of auld and of late hes already written thairof in
dyuers and findry languages: I anfwer, That nochtwithftanding, I haue lykewayis writtin of it, for twa
cauffis: The ane is, As for them that wrait of auld,
lyke as the tyme is changeit fenfyne, fa is the ordour
of Poefie changeit. For then they obferuit not Flovving, nor efchewit not Ryn2ing in termes, befydes findrie
vther thingis, quhilk now we obferue, and efchew, and
dois weil in fa doing: becaufe that now, quhen the
warld is waxit auld, we haue all their opinionis in writ,
quhilk were learned before our tyme, befydes our awin
ingynis, quhair as they then did it onelie be thair awin
ingynis, but help of any vther. Thairfore, quhat I
fpeik of Poefie now, I fpeik of it, as being come to
mannis age and perfedtioun, quhair as then, it was bot
in the infancie and chyldheid. The vther caufe is,
That as for thame that hes written in it of late, there
hes neuer ane of thame written in our language. For
albeit findrie hes written of it in Englifh, quhilk is lykeft
to our language, zit we differ from thame in findrie reulis
of Poefie, as ze will find be experience. I haue lykewayis omittit dyuers figures, quhilkis are neceffare to
be vfit in verfe, for two caufis. The ane is, becaufe
they are vfit in all languages, and thairfore are fpokin
of be Du Bella,, and findrie vtheris, quha hes written




THE PREFACE.


55


in this airt. Quhairfore gif I wrait of them alfo, it
fould feme that I did bot repete that, quhilk they
haue written, and zit not fa weil, as they haue done
already.. The vther caufe is, that they are figures of
Rhetorique and Dialectique, quhilkis airtis I profeffe
nocht, and thairfore will apply to my felfe the counfale,
quhilk Apeles gaue to the fhoomaker, quhen he faid to
him, feing him find falt with the fhankis of the Image
of Venus, efter that he had found falt with the pantoun,
Ne Jfitor vitra crepidam.
I will alfo with zow (docile Reidar) that or ze
cummer zow with reiding thir reulis, ze may find in
zour felf fic a beginning of Nature, as ze may put in
pra6tife in zour verfe many of thir foirfaidis preceptis,
or euer ze fie them as they are heir fet doun. For gif
Nature be nocht the cheif worker in this airt, Reulis
wilbe bot a band to Nature, and will mak zow within
fhort fpace weary of the haill airt: quhair as, gif
Nature be cheif, and bent to it, reulis will be ane help
and flaff to Nature. I will end heir, left my preface
be langer nor my purpofe and haill mater following:
wifhing zow, docile Reidar, als gude fucces and great
proffeit by reiding this fhort treatife, as I tuke earnift
and willing panis to blok it, as ze fie, for zour caufe.
Fare weill.
Haue infert in the hinder end of this Treatife,
maift kyndis of verfis quhilks are not cuttit or
brokin, bot alyke many feit in euerie lyne of the verfe,
andhowtheyare commounlynamit, with myopinioun for
quhat fubiectis ilk kynde of thirverfe is mciteft to be vfit.
70 knaw the quanttite of zour lang or fhort fete in
they lynes, quhilk I haue put in the reule,
quhilk teachis zow to knaw quhat is Flovving, I haue
markit the lang fute with this mark,- and
abone the heid of the fhorte fute, I
haue put this mark u.
* *
*H




56


SONNET OF THE AVTHOVR
TO THE READER.,En for zourfaik I vvryte upon zour airt,
Apollo, Pan, and ze o Mufis nyne,
And thou, o Mercure, for to help thy pairt
I do implore, fen thou be thy ingyne,
Nixt efter Pan hadfound the quhiffill, fyne
Thou didperfyte, that quhilk he bot efpyit:
And efter that made Arpis for to tyne
(quha kepit Io) all his vvindois by it.
Concurre ze Gods, it can not be denyit:
Sen in your airt of Poefe I vvryte.
Auld birds to learne by teiching it is tryit:
Sic docens difcans gif ze help to dyte.
Then Reidar fie of nature thou haue pairt,
Syne laikis thou nocht, bot heir to reid the airt.
SONNET DECIFRING
THE PERFYTE POET'E.
NA   e rype ingyne, ane quick and vvalkned vvilt,
VWVith fonmmair reafons, fuddenlie applyit,
For euery purpofe vfing reafons fitt,
VVithlkilfulnes, vwhere learning may befpyit,
With pithie vvordis, for to expres zovv by it
His full intention in his proper leid,
The puritie quhairof, vveill hes he tryit:
With memorie to keip quhat he dois reid,
WithJkilfulnes andfiguris, quhilks proceid
From Rhetorique, vvith euerlajtingfanme,
With vthers vvoundring, preaffing vvith all fpeid
For to atteine to meritefic a name.
All thir into theperfyte Poete be.
Goddis, grant I may obteine the Laurell trie.




57


THE REVLIS AND CAVTELIS     TO   BE  OBSERVIT
and efchewit in Scottis
Poefie.
CAP. I
I RST, ze fall keip iuft cullouris,
quhairof the cautelis are thir.
That ze ryme nocht twyfe in
ane fyllabe. As for exemple, that
ze make notproue and reproue ryme
together, nor houe for houeing on
hors bak, and behoue.
That ze ryme ay to the hinmeft
lang fyllable, (with accent) in the lyne, fuppofe it be
not the hinmeft fyllabe in the lyne, as bakbyte zovv;
and out flyte zovv, It rymes in byte and flyte, becaufe
of the lenth of the fyllabe, and accent being there, and
not in zovv, howbeit it be the hinmeft fyllabe of
ather of the lynis. Or quejion and diggeJlion, It rymes
in ques and ges, albeit they be bot the antepenult
fyllabis, and vther twa behind ilkane of thame.
Ze aucht alwayis to note, That as in thir foirfaidis, or
the lyke wordis, it rymes in the hinmeft lang fyllabe
in the lyne, althoucht there be vther fhort fyllabis behind it, Sa is the hinmeft lang fyllabe the hinmeft
fute, fuppofe there be vther fhort fyllabis behind it.
quhilkis are eatin vp in the pronounceing, and na wayis
comptit as fete.
Ze man be war likewayis (except necefsitie compell
yow) with Ryming in Termis, quhilk is to fay, that
your firft or hinmeft word in the lyne, exceid not twa
or thre fyllabis at the maift, vfing thrie als feindill as
ye can. The caufe quhairfore ze fall not place a lang
word firft in the lyne, is, that all lang words hes ane




58       REVLIS AND CAVTELIS
fyllabe in them fa verie lang, as the lenth thairof eatis
vp in the pronouncing euin the vther fyllabes, quhilks ar
placit lang in the fame word, and thairfore fpillis the
flowing of that lyne. As for exemple, in this word,
Arabia, the fecond fyllable(ra) is fa lang, that it eatis
vp in the prononcing [a] quhilk is the hinmeft fyllabe
of the fame word.  Quhilk [a] althocht it be in a lang
place, zit it kythis not fa, becaufe of the great lenth of
the preceding fyllable (ra). As to the caufe quhy ze
fall not put a lang word hinmeft in the lyne, It is, becaufe, that the lenth of the fecound fyllabe (ra) eating
vp the lenth of the vther lang fyllabe, [a] makis it to
ferue bot as a tayle vnto it, together with the fhort
fyllabe preceding. And becaufe this tayle nather feruis for cullour nor fute, as I fpak before, it man be
thairfore repetit in the nixt lyne ryming vnto it, as it
is fet doune in the firft: quhilk makis, that ze will
fcarcely get many wordis to ryme vnto it, zea, nane at
all will ze finde to ryme to findrie vther langer wordis.
Thairfore cheifly be warre of inferting fic lang wordis
hinmeft in the lyne, for the caufe quhilk I laft allegit.
Befydis that nather firit nor laft in the lyne, it keipis
na FlovvJing.  The reulis and cautelis quhairof are
thir, as followis.
CHAP. II.
IRS T, ze man vnderfland that all fyllabis
are deuydit in thrie kindes: That is,
fome fchort, fome lang, and fome indifferent. Be indifferent I meane, they quhilk
ere ather lang or fhort, according as ze
place thame.
The forme of placeing fyllabes in verfe, is this.
That zour firfl fyllabe in the lyne be fhort, the
fecond lang, the thrid fhort, the fourt lang, the fyfi
fhort, the fixt lang, and fa furth to the end of the
lyne. Alwayis tak held, that the nomber of zour fete




OF SCOTTIS POESIE.


59


in euery lyne be euin, and nocht odde: as four, fix,
aucht, or ten: and not thrie, fyue, feuin, or nyne,
except it be in broken verfe, quhilkis are out of reul and
daylie inuentit be dyuers Poetis. Bot gif ze wald afk
me the reulis, quhairby to knaw euerie ane of thir thre
foirfaidis kyndis of fyllabes, I anfwer, Zour eare man
be the onely iudge and difcerner thairof. And to
proue this, I remit to the iudgement of the fame,
quhilk of thir twa lynis following flowis beft,
U-   u       u  -   -  u   -
I2nto the Sea then Lucife-r zpfprang
u-        -    U - u - u   -
In the Sea then Lucifer to vjfranog
I doubt not bot zour eare makkis zou eafilie to
perfaue, that the firit lyne flowis weil, and the vther
nathing at all.  The reafoun is, becaufe the firft
lyne keips the reule abone written, to wit, the firft
fute fhort, the fecound lang, and fa furth, as I flewe
before: quhair as the vther is direc contrair to the
fame. Bot fpecially tak heid, quhen zour lyne is of
fourtene, that zour Sec7ioun in aucht be a lang monofyllabe, or ellis the hinmeft fyllabe of a word alwais
being lang, as I faid before. The caufe quhy it man
be ane of thir twa, is, for the Mufique, becaufe that
quhen zour lyne is ather of xiiij or xij fete, it wilbe
drawin fa lang in the tinging, as ze man reft in the
middes of it, quhilk is the Sec7ioun: fa as, gif zour
Sec7ioun be nocht ather a monofyllabe, or ellis the
hinmeft fyllabe of a word, as I faid before, bot the
firit fyllabe of a polyfyllabe, the Mufique fall make zow
fa to reft in the middes of that word, as it fall cut the
ane half of the word fra the vther, and fa fall mak it
feme twa different wordis, that is bot ane. This aucht
onely to be obferuit in thir foirfaid lang lynis: for
the fhortnes of all fhorter lynis, then thir before mentionat, is the caufe, that the Mufique makis na reft
in the middes of thame, and thairfore thir obferuationis




60       REVLIS AND CAVETLIS
feruis nocht for thame.  Onely tak heid, that the
SeCioun in thame kythe fomething langer nor any
vther feit in that lyne, except the fecound and the laft,
as I haue faid before.
Ze man tak heid lykewayis, that zour langeft lynis
exceid nochte fourtene fete, and that zour shorteft be
nocht within foure.
Remember alfo to mak a Secioun in the middes of
euery lyne, quhether the lyne be lang or fhort. Be
SeElioun I mean, that gif zour lyne be of fourtene fete,
zour aucht fute, man not only be langer then the
feuint, or vther fhort fete, but alfo langer nor any
vther lang fete in the fame lyne, except the fecound
and the hinmeft. Or gif your lyne be of twelf fete, zour
Seflioun to be in the fext. Or gif of ten, zour Setioun
to be in the fext alfo. The caufe quhy it is not in
fyue, is, becaufe fyue is odde, and euerie odde fute
is fhort. Or gif your lyne be of aucht fete, zour
Secioun to be in the fourt. Gif of fex, in the fourt
alfo. Gif of four, zour Sezioun to be in twa.
Ze aucht likewife be war with oft compofing
zour haill lynis of monofyllabis onely, (albeit our
language haue fa many, as we can nocht weill efchewe
it) becaufe the maift pairt of thame are indifferent,
and may be in fhort or lang place, as ze like. Some
wordis of dyuers fyllabis are likewayis indifferent, as
Thairfore, reJgore.
I thzairfore, then.
In the firft, thairfore, (thair) is fhort, and (fore) is
lang: In the vther, (thair) is lang, and (fore) is fhort,
and zit baith flowis alike weill. Bot thir indifferent
wordis, compofit of dyuers fyllabes, are rare, fuppofe
in monofyllabes, commoun. The caufe then, quhy
ane haill lyne aucht nocht to be compofit of monofyllabes only, is, that they being for the maift pairt
indifferent, nather the fecound, hinmeft, nor Setioun,
will be langer nor the other lang fete in the fame lyne.




OF SCOTTIS POESIE.


61


Thairfore ze man place a word compofit of dyuers
fyllabes, and not indifferent, ather in the fecound,
hinmeft, or Sefioun, or in all thrie.
Ze man alfo tak heid, that quhen thare fallis any
flhort fyllabis efter the laft lang fyllabe in the lyne,
that ze repeit thame in the lyne quhilk rymis to the
vther, even as ze fet them downe in the firft lyne: as
for exempill, ze man not fay
Then fcir nocht
Nor heir oc/h.
Bot
T/hen feir nochr
Vor heir nocht.
Repeting the fame, nocht, in baith the lynis: becaufe
this fyllabe, nocht, nather feruing for cullour nor fute,
is bot a tayle to the lang fute preceding, and thairfore
is repetit lykewayis in the nixt lyne, quhilk rymes vnto
it, euin as it fet doun in the firft.
There is alfo a kynde of indifferent wordis, afweill
as of fyllabis, albeit few in nomber. The nature quhairof is, that gif ze place thame in the begynning of a
lyne, they are fhorter be a fute, nor they are, gif ze
place thame hinmeft in the lyne, as
Sen patience I man hazne peiforce.
I lize in hope vvit/h patience.
Ze fe there are bot aucht fete in ather of baith thir
lynis aboue written.  The caufe quhairof is, that
patience, in the firtf lyne, in refped it is in the beginning thairof, is bot of twa fete, and in the laft lyne,
of thric, in refpec it is the hinmeft word of that lyne.
To knaw and difcerne thir kynde of wordis from
vtheris, zour eare man be the onely iudge, as of all the
vther parts of Flovving, the verie twicheflane quhairof is Mrufique.
I haue teachit zow now fhortly the reulis of Ryming,




62       REVLIS     AND    CAVTELIS
Fete, and Flovving. There reftis yet to teache zow the
wordis, fentences, and phrafis neceffair for a Poete to
vfe in his verfe, quhilk I haue fet doun in reulis, as
efter followis.
CHAP. III.
Trft, that in quhatfumeuer ze put in verfe,
ze put in na wordis, ather metri caufa, or
zit, for filling furth the nomber of the
fete, bot that they be all fa neceffare, as
ze fould be conftrainit to vfe thame, in
cace ze were fpeiking the fame purpofe in profe.
And thairfore that zour wordis appeare to haue cum
out willingly, and by nature, and not to haue bene
thrawin out conftrainedly, be compulfioun.
That ze efchew to infert in zour verfe, a lang rable
of mennis names, or names of tounis, or fik vther
names. Becaufe it is hard to mak many lang names
all placit together, to flow weill.  Thairfore quhen
that fallis out in zour purpofe, ze fall ather put bot
twa or thrie of thame in euerie lyne, mixing vther
wordis amang thame, or ellis fpecifie bot twa or thre
of them at all, faying (With the laif of that race) or
( With the rest in thay pairtis,) or fic vther lyke wordis:
as for example,
Out through his cairt, quhair Eons vvas eik
VVith other thre, quhilk Phaeton had dravvin.
Ze fie thair is bot ane name there fpecifeit, to ferue
for vther thrie of that forte.
Ze man alfo take held to frame zour wordis and
fentencis according to the mater: As in Flyting
and Inuetiues, zour wordis to be cuttit fhort, and
hurland ouer heuch. For thais quhilkis are cuttit fhort,
I meane be fic wordis as thir,




OF SCOTTIS POESIE.


63


lis neir cair,
for
I fall zeuzer cair, gif zour fubiect
were of loue, or tragedies. Becaufe in thame zour
words man be drawin lang, quhilkis in Flyting man
be fhort.
Ze man lykewayis tak held, the ze waill zour wordis
according to the purpofe: As, in ane heich and learit
purpofe, to vfe heich, pithie, and leamit wordis.
Gif zour purpofe be of loue, To vfe commoun language, with fome paffionate wordis.
Gif zour purpofe be of tragicall materis, To vfe
lamentable wordis, with fome heich, as rauiflhit in
admiratioun.
Gif zour purpofe be of landwart effairis, To vfe corruptit and vplandis wvordis.
And finally, quhatfumeuer be zour fubie&, to vfe
vocabula artis, quhairby ze may the mair viuelie reprefent that perfoun, quhais pairt ze paint out.
This is likewayis neidfull to be vfit in fentences, als
weill as in wordis. As gif zour fubied be heich and
learnit, to vfe learnit and infallible reafonis, prouin be
neceffities.
Gif zour fubieft be of loue, To vfe wilfull reafonis,
proceding rather from paffioun, nor reafoun.
Gif zour fubiect be of landwart effaris, To vfe
fklender reafonis, mixt with groffe ignorance, nather
keiping forme nor ordour. And fa furth, euer framing
zour reafonis, according to the qualitie of zour fubie6t.
Let all zour verfe be Literall, fa far as may be,
quhatfumeuer kynde they be of, bot fpeciallie Tumbling
verfe for flyting.  Be Literall I meane, that the maift
pairt of zour lyne, fall rynne vpon a letter, as this
tumbling lyne rynnis vpon F.
Fetching fude for tofeid itfastfurth/ of the Farie.
Ze man obferue that thir Tumbling verfe flowis not
on that faffoun, as vtheris dois. For all vtheris keipis
the reule quhilk I gaue before, To wit, the firft fute
fhort the fecound lang, and fa furth. Quhair as thir


A




64       REVLIS     AND    CAVTEL1S
hes twa fhort, and ane lang throuch all the lyne, quhen
they keip ordour: albeit the maift pairt of thame be
out of ordour, and keipis na kynde nor reule of Flovving,
and for that caufe are callit Tumbling verfe: except
the fhort lynis of aucht in the hinder end of the verfe,
the quhilk flowis as vther verfes dois, as ze will find in
the hinder end of this buke, quhair I gaue exemple of
findrie kyndis of verfis.
CHAP. IIII.
Prouerbis.
f   =     ARK alfo thrie fpeciall ornamentis to verfe,
As for Conmparifons, take heid that they
be fa proper for the fubiedc, that nather
they be ouer bas, gif zour fubied be heich, for then
fould zour fubied& [ Convparifoun?] difgrace zour Comgparifoun [fubjec&?], nather zour Coonparifoun be heich
quhen zour fubie& is baffe, for then fall zour Coomparifobun [fubj ed6?] difgrace your fubied [Conparjozin?].
Bot let fic a mutuall correfpondence and fimilitude be
betwix them, as it may appeare to be a meit Cornparifoun for fie a fubiedl, and fa fall they ilkane decore
vther.
As for Epithetis, It is to defcryue brieflie, en paffant,
the naturall of euerie thing ze fpeik of, be adding the
proper adiedtiue vnto it, quhairof there are twa faffons.
The ane is, to defcryue it, be making, a corruptit worde,
compofit of twa dyuers fimple wordis, as
Apollo gyde-Sunne
The vther faffon, is, be Circumlocution, as
Apollo reular of the Sumne.
I efleme this laft faffoun beft, Becaufe it expreffis
the authoris meaning als weill as the vther, and zit
makis na corruptit wordis, as the vther dois.
As for the Prouerbis, they man be proper for the
fubie6t, to beautifie it, chofen in the fame forme as the
Conmparifoun.




OF SCOTTIS POESIE.


65


CHAP V.
T is alfo meit, for the better decoratioun of
the verfe to vfe fumtyme the figure of
Repetitioun, as
Quhylis ioy raing,
Qzuj li/s 710y rang. (-5c.
Ze le this word qghylis is repetit heir. This forme
of repetitioun fometyme vfit, decoris the verfe very
mekle. zea quhen it cummis to purpofe, it will be
cumly to repete fic a word aucht or nyne tymes in a
verfe.
CHAP. VI.
Z   E man alfo be warre with compofing ony thing
in the fame maner, as hes bene ower oft vfit of
before. As in fpeciall, gif ze fpeik of loue, be
warre ze defcryue zour Lones makdome, or her fairnes.
And ficlyke that ze defcryue not the morning, and ryfing
of the Sunne, in the Preface of zour verfe: for thir
thingis are fa oft and dyuerflie writtin vpon be Poetis
already, that gif ze do the lyke, it will appeare, ze bot
imitate, and that it cummis not of zour awin Inuentioun,
quhilk is ane of the cheif properteis of ane Poete.
Thairfore gif zour fubiecl be to prayfe zour Zone, ze
fall rather prayfe hir vther qualiteis, nor her fairnes, or
hir fiaip: or ellis ze fall fpeik fome lytill thing of it,
and fyne fay, that zour wittis are fa final, and zour
vtterance fa barren, that ze can not difcryue any part
of hir worthelie: remitting alwayis to the Reider, to
iudge of hir, in refpect fho matches, or rather excellis
Venus, or any woman, quhome to it fall pleafe zow to
compaire her. Bot gif zour fubiect be fic, as ze man
fpeik fome thing of the morning, or Sunne ryfing, tak
heid, that quhat name ze glue to the Sunne, the Mone,
or vther flarris, the ane tyme, gif ze happin to wryte
E




66       REVLIS AND        CAVTELIS
thairof another tyme, to change thair names. As gif ze
call the Sunne Titan, at a tyme, to call him Phcebus or
Apollo the vther tyme, and ficlyke the Mone, and vther
Planettis.
CHAP. VII.
'OT fen Inuention, is ane of the cheifvertewis
in a Poete, it is beft that ze inuent zour
awin fubiea, zour felf, and not to compofe offene fubiedis. Efpecially, tranflating any thing out of vther language, quhilk
doing, ze not onely effay not zour awin ingyne of Inuentioun, bot be the fame meanes, ze are bound, as to a
flaik, to follow that buikis phrafis, quhilk ze tranilate.
Ze man alfo be war of wryting any thing of materis
of commoun weill, or vther fic graue fene fubiedtis
(except Metaphorically, of manifeft treuth opinly
knawin, zit nochtwithftanding vfing it very feindil) becaufe nocht onely ze effay nocht zour awin Inuentioun,
as I fpak before, bot lykewayis they are to graue
materis, for a Poet to mell in. Bot becaufe ze can not
haue the Inuentioun, except it come of Nature, I remit
it thairvnto, as the cheif caufe, not onely of Inuentioun,
bot alfo of all the vther pairtis of Poefie. For airt is
onely bot ane help and a remembraunce to Nature, as
I fhewe zow in the Preface.
CHAP. VIII. tuiching the kyndis of verfis,
mentionat in the Preface.
[   Irit, there is ryme quhilk feruis onely for
lang hiitoreis, and zit are nocht verfe As
g   for exemple,
__       In Maiivvhen tzatt/he bliffidfzilPj xbus bricht,
The lanp of ioy, the heazens gemmne of licht,
TZhegoldin cairt, and the etheriall King,
With pznpour face in Orient dois fpring,
faiaJI angel-lyke afcending in his fphere,
And birds vvith all thair hzeaenlie voces cleare




OF SCOTTIS POESIE.


67:Dois mak a fvveit and heauinly harmony,
And fragrantflours doisfpring vp lfdely
Into this feafonfvveitef of delyte,
To vvalk I had a lhsty appetyte.
And fa furth.
T For the defcriptioun of Heroique adis, Martiall
and knichtly faittis of armes, vfe this kynde of verfe
following, callit Heroicall, As.Meik mundane mirrour, myrrie and modeft,
Blyth, kynde, and courtes, comelie, tenze, and chefl,
To all exemplefor thy honXefie,
As richeft rofe, or rubie, by the re/t,
VVith gracis graue, and gesture maizJ digeJi,
Ay to thy honnour alvvayis hauinz g eye.
Were fafsons fiemde, they micht be found in the:
Of blizzngs all, be blyth, thovv hes the be/I,
With euerie berne belouit for to be.
T For any heich and graue fubie6tis, fpecially drawin
out of learnit authouris, vfe this kynde of verfe following, callit Ballat Royal, as
That nicht he ceit, anzd vvent to bed, bot greind
Zitfaf/for day, and thocht the nicht to lang:
At laJt Diana doun her head recleind,
Into the fea.  Then Lucifer vpffprang,
Auroras poJl, vvhome/zo did jend amiang
The leittie chzdds, for to foretell ane hour,
BeJoreJho Jfay her tears, qzhilk Ouide fang
Fell for her louie, quhilk turnit in a/four.
S For tragicall materis, complaintis, or teftamentis, vfe
this kynde of verfe following, callit Troilus verfe, as
To thee Echo, and thovv to vme agane,
In the defert, amangs the vvods and vvells,
Quhair deflinic hes bound the to renzane,
But company, vvithin the frths and fells,
Let vs corplein, vvith vvof2ll zoutts and zells,




68       REVLIS      AND    CAVTELIS
A fiaft, afhotter, that our harts hes lane
To thee Echo, and thovv to me agane.
~ For flyting, or Inuetiues, vfe this kynde of verfe
following, callit Rouncefallis, or Tumbling verfe.
In the hinder end of haruest vpon Alhallovv ene,
Quhen our gzlde nichtbors rydis (non gif I reid richt)
Some bucklit on a benvvod, andfonze on a bene,
Ay troft and into troupes fra the tvvylicht:
Some fadland a Jho ape, all grathed into grene:
Some hotche and on a hemp Jfalhk, hovand on a heicht.
The king of Faiy vvith the Court of the Elf quene,
VVith many elrage Incubus rydand that nicht.
There ane elf on ane p ane vnfell begat:
Befyde a pot baith auld and vvrorne,
This bratshard in ane bus wvas borne:
They fand a monzJer on the morne,
VVarfacit nor a Cat.
I For compendious prayfing of any bukes, or the
authouris thairof, or ony argumentis of vtller hiftoreis,
quhair fundrie fentences, and change of purpofis are
requyrit, vfe Sonet verfe, of fourtene lynis, and ten fete
in euery lyne. The exemple quhairof, I neid nocht
to fhaw zow, in refpea I haue fet doun twa in the beginning of this treatife.
f In materis of loue, vfe this kynde of verfe, quhilk
we call Cozmmonn verfe, as
Quhais anfvver made thame nocht f a glaid
That they Jozud thus the vifors be,
As euen the anSfvver quhilk I /haid
Did greatly ioy and confort me.
Quhen lo, thisfpak Apollo myne,
All that thouZ Jikis, it fall be thyne.
~ Lyke verfe of ten fete, as this foirfaid is of aucht, ze
may vfe lykewayis in loue materis: as alfo all kyndis
of cuttit and brokin verfe, quhairof new formes are
daylie inuentit according to the Poetes pleafour, as




OF SCOTTIS POESIE.


69


Quha vzald haue tyrde to heir that tone,
Quhilk birds corroborat ay abone
/ThrouchZ fcjhting of the Larkis?
They fprangfa heich into thejkyes
Quhill Cupide vvalknis vvit the cryis
O} NVaturis chapell Clarkis.
Then leauing all the Heauins aboue
He lichted on the eard.
Lo / hovv that lytill God of loue.
Before me then appjeard,
So myld-lyke
VVith bowv thre quarters jean t
And chyld-lyke
So maylie
So  ie He  kit lyke a Sant.
And coyzie
And fa furth.
f This onely kynde of brokin verfe abonewrittin,
man of neceffitie, in thir laft fhort fete, as Jo mzoylie and
coylie, haue bot twa fete and a tayle to ilkane of thame,
as ze fie, to gar the cullour and ryme be in the penult
fyllabe.
f And of thir foirfaidis kvndes of ballatis of haill
verfe, and not cuttit or brokin as this laft is, gif ze
lyke to put ane owerword till ony of thame, as making
the laft lyne of the firft verfe, to be the laft lyne of euerie
vther verfe in that ballat, will fet weill for loue materis.
Bot befydis thir kyndes of brokin or cuttit verfe,
quhilks ar inuentit daylie be Poetis, as I fhewe before,
there are findrie kyndes of haill verfe, with all thair lynis
alyke lang, quhilk I haue heir omittit, and tane bot
onelie thir few kyndes abone fpecifeit
as the beft, quhilk may be applyit to ony kynde of
fubied,
Lot rather to thir, quhairof
I haue fpokin before.
St. d




THE CIIII. PSALME,
TRANSLATED OVT OF
TREMELLIVS.
PSALME CIIII.
Lord infpyre my fpreit and pen, to praife
Thy Name, whofe greatnes farr furpaffis all:
That fyne, I may thy gloir and honour blaife,
Which cleithis the ouer: about the lyke a wall
The light remainis. 0 thow, whofe charge and call
Made Heauens lyke courtenis for to fpred abreid,
Who bowed the waters fo, as ferue they fhall
For criftall fyilring ouer thy houfe to gleid.
Who walks vpon the wings of reftles winde,
Who of the clouds his chariot made, euen he,
Who in his prefence ftill the fpreits doeth find,
Ay ready to fulfill ilk iuft decrie
Of his, whofe feruants fyre and flammis they be.
Who fet the earth on her fundations fure,
So as her brangling none fhall euer fee:
Who at thy charge the deip vpon her bure.
So, as the very tops of mountains hie
Be fluidis were onis ouerflowed at thy command,
Ay whill thy thundring voice fone made them flie
Ower hiddeous hills and howes, till noght but fand
Was left behind, fyne with thy mightie hand
Thow limits made vnto the roring deip.
So fhall fhe neuer droun againe the land,
But brek her wawes on rockis, her mairch to keip.
Thir are thy workis, who maid the firands to breid,
Syne rinn among the hills from fountains cleir,




PSALME CIIII.


71


Whairto wyld Affes oft dois rinn with fpeid,
With vther beafts to drinke. Hard by we heir
The chirping birds among the leaues, with beir
To fing, whil all the rocks about rebounde.
A woundrous worke, that thow, 6 Father deir,
Maks throtts fo fmall yeild furth fo greate a founde
0 thow who from thy palace oft letts fall
(For to refrefh the hills) thy bleffed raine:
Who with thy works mainteins the earth and all:
Who maks to grow the herbs and grafs to gaine.
The herbs for foode to man, grafs dois remaine
For food to horfe, and cattell of all kynde.
Thow caufeft them not pull at it in vaine,
But be thair foode. fuch is thy will and mynde.
Who dois reioyfe the hart of man with wyne,
And who with oyle his face maks cleir and bright,
And who with foode his flomack ftrengthnes fyne,
Who nurifhes the very treis aright.
The Cedars evin of Liban tall and wight
He planted hath, where birds do bigg their neft.
He maid the Firr treis of a woundrous hight,
Where Storks dois mak thair dwelling place, and reft.
Thow made the barren hills, wylde goats refuge.
Thow maid the rocks, a refidence and reft
For Alpin ratts, where they doe liue and ludge.
Thow maid the IMoone, her courfe, as thou thoght beft.
Thow maid the Sunne in tyme go to, that left
He flill fould fhyne, then night fould neuer come.
But thow in ordour all things hes fo dreft,
Some beaffs for day, for night are alfo fome.
For Lyons young at night beginnis to raire,
And from their denns to craue of God fome pray:
Then in the morning, gone is all their caire,
And homeward to their caues rinnis fait, fra day
Beginne to kythe, the Sunne dois fo them fray.




72


PSALME CIIII.


'Then man gois furth, fra tyme the Sunne dois ryfe.
And whill the euening he remanis away
At lefume labour, where his liuing lyes.
How large and mightie are thy workis, 6 Lord!
And with what wifedome are they wrought, but faile.
The earths great fulnes, of thy gifts recorde
Dois beare: Heirof the Seas (which dyuers fkaile
Of fif contenis) dois witnes beare: Ilk faile
Of dyuers fhips vpon the fwolling wawes
Dois teftifie, as dois the monflrous whaile,
Who frayis all fifhles with his ravening Iawes.
All thir (6 Lord) yea all this woundrous heape
Of liuing things, in feafon craues their fill
Of foode from thee. Thow giuing, Lord, they reape:
Thy open hand with gude things fills them ftill
When fo thow lift: but contrar, when thow will
Withdraw thy face, then are they troubled fair,
Their breath by thee receavd, fone dois them kill:
Syne they returne into their afhles bair.
But notwithflanding, Father deare, in cace
Thow breath on them againe, then they reviue.
In fhiort, thow dois, 6 Lord, renewe the face
Of all the earth, and all that in it liue.
Therefore immortall praife to him we giue:
Let him reioyfe into his works he maid,
Whofe looke and touche, fo hills and earth dois greiue,
As earth dois tremble, mountains reikis, afraid.
To Ilehozia I all my lyfe fhall fing,
To found his Name I euer flill flall cair:
It fhall be fweit my thinking on that King:
In him I fhall be glaid for euer mair:
O let the wicked be into no whair
In earth. O let the finfull be deffroyde.
Bleffe him my foule who name Ifeioza bair:
O bleffe him now with notts that are enioyde.
THal/elu-iahz.




W- 2
ANE SCHORT POEME
OF TYME.
\A!S I was panfing in a morning, aire,
K     And could not fleip, nor nawayis take me reft,
Furth for to walk, the morning was fa faire,
Athort the feilds, it femed to me the beft.
The EafJ was cleare, whereby belyue I gef
That fyrie Titan cumming was in fight,
Obfcuring chafl Diana by his light.
VVho by his ryfing in the Azure fliyes,
Did dewlie helfe all thame on earth do dwell.
The balmie dew through birning drouth he dryis,
VVhich made the foile to fauour fxveit and finell,
By dewe that on the night before downe fell,
VVhich then was foukit by the DeJpzeielns heit
Vp in the aire: it was fo light and weit.
Whofe hie afcending in his purpour Sphere
Prouoked all from Afoorpheus to flee:
As beaits to feid, and birds to fing with beir,
Men to their labour, biffie as the Bee:
Yet ydle men deuyfing did I fee.
How for to dryue the tyme that did them irk,
By findrie Daftvmes, quhill that it grew mirk.




74


T Y M E.


Then woundred I to fee them feik a wyle,
So willinglie the precious tyme to tyne:
And how they did them felfis fo farr begyle,
To faihe of tyme, which of it felfe is fyne.
Fra tyme be paft, to call it bakwart fyne
Is bot in vaine: therefore men fould be warr,
To fleuth the tyme that flees fra them fo farr.
For what hath man bot tyme into this lyfe,
Which giues him dayis his God aright to knawr:
Wherefore then fould we be at fic a ftryfe,
So fpedelie our felfis for to withdraw
Euin from the tyme, which is on nowayes flaw
To flie from vs, fuppofe we fled it noght?
More wyfe we were, if we the tyme had foght.
Bot fen that tyme is fic a precious thing,
I wald we fould beftow it into that
Which were moft pleafour to our heauenly King.
Flee ydilteth, which is the greateft lat.
Bot fen that death to all is deftinat,
Let vs imploy that time that God hath fend vs,
In doing weill, that good men may commend vs.
Hoc auoyue perficiat, quodperficit omnia, Tempus.


FINIS.




75


A TABLE OF SOME OBSCVRE
WORDIS WITH THEIR SIGnfications, efter the ordour of
the Alphabet.
*
VVordis                  Significations
Ammon              Iupiter Ammon.
Ande               A village befyde Mantua where
Virgill was borne.
Alexandria         A famous citie in Egypt, where
was the notable librarie gathered by Ptolomeus PhiladeZphus.
B
Bethaniens fecond liuing Lazarus ofBethania, who was
reuiued be Chrift, reid lohn 11 Chap.
C
Castalia           A well at the fute of the hill
Parnaffus.
Celceno            The cheif of the Harpyes, a kynde
of monflers with wingis and womens faces, whome
the Poets feynzeis to reprefent theuis.
Cerberus           The thrie headed porter of hell.
Cimmerien night    Drevin from a kynd of people in
the Eaft, called Cimmerji, who are great theuis, and
dwellis in dark caues, and therefore, fleeping in
finne, is called Ciimmerien night.
Circuler daunce    The round motionis of the Planets, and of their heauens, applyed to feuin findrie
metallis.
Clio               One of the MNzfes.
Cypris             The dwelling place of Venus,
tearming conlinens pro contento.
CyIprian torche    Lovis darte.




76


THE TABLE.


D
Deplhien Songs    Poemes, and verfes, drawen from
the Oracle of Apollo at Dep/hos.
Dirce               Thre furies of hell, AleCo, Megera, and Tefiphone.
Dodon              A citie of the kingdome of Epirus, befydes the which, there was a wood and a
Temple therein, confecrated to Izlpiler.
E
Elecre             A metal, fowre parts gold and
fift part filuer.
Elifefield         In Latin Camnpi Elifyj a ioy full
place in hell, where as the Poets feinzeis all the
happie fpreits do remaine.
Efczulape          A mediciner, after made a god.
G
GreateJilthunders  Izpiter (as the Poets feinzeis)
had two thunders, whereof he fent the greateft vpon
the Gyants, who contemned him.
H
Hermes             An AEgiptian Pzhilofiher foone
after the tyme of Moyfes, confeffed in his Dialogues
one onely God to be Creator of all things, and graunted the errours of his forefathers, who brought in the
fuperflitious worfhipping of Idoles.
HipyJolyte         After his members were drawin
in funder by fowre horfes, Efczuapiis at Neptiuns requeft, glewed them together, and reviued him.
M
Maufole tombe      One of the feauin miracles which
Artemife caufed to be builded for her hufband by
Timotheu2s, Briace, Scope, and fundrie other workmen.




THI E TABLE.


77


MAein              A riuer in A4lnanie.
Sein               A riuer in Fraunce.
The Authors meaning of thefe two riuers is, that the
originall of the A/manis came firft out of -Fraunce,
contrarie to the vulgar opinion.
N
Nynevoiced mout/h  The nyne Mfllies, whereof Vranie
was one.
P
Panchaila          A towne in the Eaft, wherein, it
is written, the Plihnix burnis her felfe vpon Apollos
altar.
Pinde or Pindus    A hill confecrate to Apollo, and
the MI2fes.
Phertlonoe         A woman who pronounced the
Oracles of Apollo.
S
Seamansflarres     The feauen flarres.
Semele            MAother of Bacchus, who being
deceiued by Iuizo, made Iupiler come to her in his
leaft thunder, which neuerthelefs confumde her.
Syrenes            Taken heir for littill gray birdes
of Canaria.
T
Thais              A common harlot of Alexandria.
Triton             A monller in the fea, flapen like
a man.
Turnus fifter      Named   ltuurina, a goddefse of
the water, who in the fihape of her brothers waggonner led his chariot through the fields, ay till Alec7o
appeared vnto them in the fihape of an Howlet.
V
TVranie            The heauenly Mufe.


FINIS.




78


Sonnet of the Authour.
HE facound Greke, Demoflzenes by name,
His toung was ones into his youth fo flow,
As evin that airt, which floorifh made his fame,
He fcarce could name it for a tyme, ze know.  Rheut
So of fmall feidis the Liban Cedres grow:
So of an Egg the Egle doeth proceid:
From fountains fmall great Nilus flood doeth flow:
Evin fo of rawnis do mightie fifhes breid.
Therefore, good Reader, when as thow dois reid
Thefe my firft frui6tis, difpyfe them not at all.
Who watts, both thefe may able be indeid
Of fyner Poemis the begynning fmall.
Then, rather loaue my meaning and my panis,
Then lak my dull ingyne and blunted branis.


FIN IS.




I HAVE INSERT FOR
THE FILLING OVT OF THIR
VACAND      PAGEIS, THE       VERIE
wordis of Plinius vpon the
Phanix,
as followis
~               *
C. PLINII
Nat. Hifz. Lib. Decini, Cap. 2.
De Phacnice.
**
Ethiopes atque Indi, difcolores maxime et
inenarrabiles ferunt aues, et ante omnes
nobilem Arabia Phcenicem: haud fcio an!  fabulose, vnum in toto orbe, nec vifum
magnopere. Aquilkenarratur magnitudine,
auri fulgore circa colla, caetera purpureus, cmeruleam
rofeis caudam pennis diftinguentibus, criflis faciem,
caputque plumeo apice cohoneflante. Primus atque
diligentiffimus togatorum de eo prodidit Manilius, Senator ille, maximis nobilis doclrinis doctore nullo:
neminem extitiffe qui viderit vefcentem: facrum in
Arabia Soli effe, vitere annis DCLX. fenefcentem,
cafia thulrifque furculis confruere nidum, replere odoribus, et fuperemori. Ex offibus deinde et memedullis
eius nafci primo ceuvermiculum: inde fieri pullum;
principi6que iufta funeri priori reddere, et totum deferre nidum prope Panchaiam in Solis vrbem, et in ara
ibi deponere. Cum huius alitis vita magni conuer



80
fionem ann fieri prodit idem Manilius, iterumque fignificationes tempeftaturn et fiderum eafdem reuerti.
Hoc autem cira meridiem     incipere, quo die fignum
Arietis Sol intrauerit.  Et fuiffe  eius conuerfionis
annum prodente fe P. Licinio, M. Cornelio Confulibus.  Cornelius Valerianus Phcenicern deuolaffe in
AEgyptumn tradit, Q. Plautio, Sex. Papinio Coss. Allatus efi et in vrbem Claudij Principis Cenfura, anno
vrbis DCCC, et in comitio propofitus, quod aatis
teftatum efi, fed quem falfum effe nemo dubitaret.
FINIVIS.
I Ihefped my fe/f a/Jo in mny li'raedie t/hairof, vvi//z
the P/zwnix of Lafantizis Firmnianus, vvit/z
Gefnerus de Auibus, and dyziers vt/ers,
bot I hazue onely infert thir forefaid vvords of Plinizis,
Becazl/e Ifo//ovv
himt mza~/ in
nzy T7-agedie.
-Farevveill.


**
*




ON THE INTRODUCTION AND EARLY USE OF TOBACCO
IN EN'\GLAND.
For a difeuffion as to the knowledge anti ufe of Tobacco previous
to tbe 1I)ifc,-vcry of America: fee 7he.,4thciiewizm for 27 JuLne and
lAuguift 1857.
I. 1577. The earlieft detailed account of -the herb Tobacco in
the Engifif languiage I believe to be, "7         itrzlln —ve's wile of 1/he
ni~ewcfouude zoo0s-Ide..   Engliffmcd l)V J0iN 1RA-MIrTON
Marchant. " I ondon. 1577. A wiork rejprintId "In I 5So, 1596, &c.
In his IDediustion-daitcel London, i Odt I5j77to 'Mailer
Eciwarde Dier Efqttire, IFrampton informns us
Retourning right worshipfull, hone into En-lande oiite of Spaine, and
nosy not prtosed vvith the foriner toiles of my old trads. I to — pao'Se thre tvine
to sonie bnenfite of my cotintrie. atid to aiuoyde idlene~ssc tooice it hande to
transtate ou~t Of Spanishe into En-lishe. the thre hoolkto of D))Cotor Alonardes of Scuill. the. icurned Phiitinon, tr itvn- ofth snidt~er and rare sertoes of certaiiie Hearbes, tries, Oyleo, P1antis, Stoncs, aiid DrUgIge-S of the
Weste Indie....
NICHOLAS. MON t.RDES had firft publifhied his 'account of' Tobacco in teSt_'-' InnA  Pat"-o  isi D' 11',, Cqfrs d/,("  e d  ue yr~
lisdiias Occi ~eless/a/s qste firueis ess mecs'icincs. Pu'blifhied at cSeville
in 157!, and repuhhiflied there, all three parts together, in 1574 -Tile follow ving extiacdis are taken from thle fecond edition of
7oiful iie-Z utes, 5So-:which Framipton (Iefcrilbes as \cu ely correc'ted as hv conference -with the olde copies may appeare.
MAonardes tells usThis Hearhe at huch commonlv is called Ta4wco. is an Hearbe of nitch
antiquitic, and knowen aniotngst the Inodians. and in especi ills atuong
them of tiie ne5V Spayne, atild after that those Counttries serem otten hy our
Spaniardesi, beyn- taught of the I ndians, they did profite thculs~clues with
those things, in the wound, which theyr reccitiid iii their Warres, huealing
thetluselues therewith to the great benefite.
Withitl these few yeeres [Monardes is writing iii T57t] there hath beene
hronght ituto Spayne of it, more to adornatc Gardens with the fairitese thlereof,
and to geuce a plcasatit silght, than that it stas thought to katie the utaruielIons itledicituable vertucs, which it hath, hut nosuc wee doe~ voce it ituore for Isis
vertuies. thail for his fairenesse. For surely they are euch wideli doe bring
admiration...
The proper name of it amongest the Indians is Picielt, for the name tf Tez&Ico is geuein to it hy oar Spaitiartles, hy reasois of aii Islatide that is tamed
7aliuco.
Otle of the nmeruelles of this Ilearbe, and that which hringeth most
admiration, is, the mailer howe the P1riestes of the liudias did N-sc it. which
was in this manner: wllen there was entongest the Indians any nizenter of
businesse, of greate iniportatince, in the w,%hich the chiefe gentlenlen called
Casiques,or any of the principall people tuf the countrie, had necessitie to
consult with their Priestes, in any husinesse of inup~ortance; they went
and propounded their niatter to their chiefe Priest, fortharith in their presence, he tooke certaine leaucs of the Tabaco, and cast them into the fire,
and did receiue the smoke of them at his itiouth, and at his nose with a Cane,
F




82   ON THE INTRODUCTION OF TOBACCO INTO FRANCE.
and in taking of it, hee fell downe vppon the ground, as a Dead man, and
remayning so, according to the quantitie of the smoke that he had taken,
and when the hearbe had done his worke, he did reuiue and awake, and
gaue them their answeres, according to the visions, and illusions which hee
sawe, whiles he was rapte in the same manner, and he did interprete to them,
as to him seemed best, or as the Deuill had counselled him, geuing them
continually doubtfull answeares, in such sorte, that howsoeuer it fell out,
they might say that it was the same, which was declared, and the answeare
that he made.
In like sort the rest of the Indians for their pastime, doe take the smoke
of the Tabaco, too make themselues drunke withall, and to see the visions,
and thinges that represent vnto them that wherein they doe delight: and
other times thy take it to knowe their businesse, and successe, because conformable to that, whiche they haue seene beyng drunke therewith, euen so
they iudge of their businesse. And as the Deuil is a deceauer, and hath
the knowledge of the vertue of hearbes, so he did shew the vertue of
this Hearb, that by the meanes thereof, they might see their imaginations,
and visions, that he hath represented to them, and by that meanes deceiue
them.
So far Monardes. The page following his account begins
thus:Hereafter followeth a further addition of the Hearbe called Tabaco, otherwise called by the Frenchmen VNicotiane. Which hearbe hath done grea cures
in the Realme of Fraunce and Portugal, as heereafter at large may appeare
in this treatise following.
This treatife is not found in Monardes: but was taken by
Frampton from a celebrated French author.
After the death of CHARLES ESTIENNE, another French doctor,
JOHN LIEBAUT, edited fucceffive editions of his L'Agriculture,
et Maifbon Rz/JZique, in 1564, 1565, I570, 1574, &c.: until the
names of the two medical men became identified with this popular work.
In the edition of I570, at p. 79, b. ii. c. 76, will be found the
French text of ' the treatife following,' which Frampton flipped
into a totally different author.  Of this treatife, we lhall give the
effential portions, becaufe it contains Nicot's own account of the
introduction of Tobacco into France, within the decade preceding
his relation.
Liebault thus begins his difcourfe:Nicotiane, although it bee not long since it hath beene knowne in France,
notwithstanding deserueth palme and price, and among al other medicinable
hearbs, it deserueth to stand in the first rank, by reason of his singular verues, and as it were almost to bee had in admiration, as hereafter you shall
vnderstand. And for that none suche as of auncient time, or of late dayes,
haue written the nature of plantes, did neuer nake mention thereof, I haue
therefore learned the whole historie touching the same, which I learned of a
gentleman my very friend, the first authour, inuenter, and bringer of this
hearb into France: wherfore I thought good to publish it in writing for their
sakes, that haue so often hearde speaking of this saide hearbe, and yet neyther
knew the hearbe nor the effectes thereof.
This Hearbe is called Nicotiane, of the name of him that gaue the firste
intelligence thereof vnto this Realme, as many other plantes haue taken their
names of certayne Greekes and Romaynes, who hauing beene in straunge
Countries, for seruice of their common Weales, haue brought into their countries many plants, which were before vnknowne. Some haue called this




ON THE INTRODUCTION OF TOBACCO INTO FRANCE.                83
Hearbe the Queenes Hearbe, because it was firste sent vnto her, as heereafter shalbe declared by the Gentleman, that was the first inuenter of it, and
since was by her geuen to diuers for to sowe, whereby it might bee planted in
this lande. Others haue named it the great Priors hearbe, for that he caused
it to multiply in Fraunce, more then any other, for the greate reuerence that
he bare to [tlhis hearbe, fur the Diuine effectes therin contayned: Many haue
geuen it the name, Petu/I, which is indeede the proper name of the Hearbe,
as they which haue trauelled that Countrie can tell. Notwithstanding, it is
better to name it Aricotiane, by the name of him that sent it into Fraunce
first, to the ende that hee may haue the honour thereof, according to his
desert, for that hee hath enriched our Countrie [i.e. France], with so singular
an Hearbe. Thus much for the name, and nowe hearken further for the
whole Historie.
Then follows NICOT'S own account:
Maister Iohn V'icot, Counseller to the King, being Embassadour for his
Mlaiestie in Portugall, in the yeere of our Lorde. I559 6. 60.. went one day
to see the Prysons of the King of Portugall: and a Gentleman beeyng the
keeper of the sade Prisons presented himn with this hearb, as a strange Plant
brought from Florida. The same Maister Nicot, hauing caused the said
hearb to be set in his Garden, where it grewe and multiplied maruellously,
was vppon a time aduertised, by one of his Pages, that a young nan, of kinne
to that Page imade asaye of that hearbe brused both the hearbe and the luice
together vppon an vlcer, which he had vpon his cheeke neere vnto his nose,
conming of a Vnoli ime tangere, which began to take roote already at the
gristles of the Nose, wherewith hee founde himselfe meruellously eased.
Therefore the sayde Maister Nicot caused the sicke young man to bee brought
before him, and causing the saide hearb to be continued to the sore eight or
ten daies, this saide Aioli me tangere, was vtterly extinguished and healed:
and he had sent it, while this cure was a woorking to a certeine Phisition of
the King of Portugall one of the greatest fame to examine the further working
and effect of the said NVicoianze, and sending for the same young man at the
end of tell dayes, the sayde Phisition seeing the visage of the said sicke yong
man, certified, that the sayde Noli me tangere was vtterly extinguished, as
in deede he neuer felt it since.
Within a while after, one of the Cookes of the sayde Embassadour hauing
almost cutte off his thombe, with a great chopping knyfe, the Steward of the
house of the sayde Gentleman ran to the sayde N;icoliane, and dressed him
therewith flue or sixe tymes, and so in the ende thereof he was healed: from
that time forward this hearbe began to bee famous throughout Lishebron,
where the court of the kyng of Portugall was at that present, and the vertue
of this sayde hearbe was extolled, and the people began to name it the Ambassadours hearbe. Wherefore there came certaine dayes after a Gentleman
of the Countrie, Father to one of the Pages of the Ambassadour, who was
troubled with an vlcer in his Legge, hauinge had the same twoo yeeres, and
demaunded of the sayde Ambassadour for his hearbe, and vsing the same in
such order as is before written, at the end of tenne or twelue daies hee was
healed. From that ryme forth the fame of that same hearbe increased in
such sort, that many came from al places to haue some of it. Among al
others there was a woman that had her face couered wyth a Ringworme
rooted, as though she had a Visour on her face, to whome she saide L[ord]
Embassadour caused the hearbe to be giuen, and told how she should vse it,
and at the ende of eight or tenne daies, this woman was throughly healed, who
came and presented her selfe to the Ambassadour, shewing him of her healing.
After there came a Captaine to present his Sonne sick of the kinges euill to
the sayde L[ord] Ambassadour, for to send him into France, vnto whome
there was asaye made of the sayde hearbe, which in fewe dayes did begin
to shewe great signes of healing, and finally he was altogether healed therby
of the kings euill.
The L[ord] Ambassadour seeing so great effectes proceeding of this hearbe,
and hauing heard say that the Lady Montigue that was, dyed at Saint Germatns, of an vlcer bredd in her brest, that did turne to a Noli me tangere,




84 ON THE INTRODUCTION OF TOBACCO INTO ENGLAND.
for the which there could neuer remedy bee founde, and lykewyse that the
Countesse of Ruffe, had sought for al the famous Phisitions of that Realme,
for to heale her face, vnto whom they could giue no remedy, he thought it
good to commnunicate the same into France, and did sende it to king
Frauncis the seconde, and to the Queene Mother, and to many other Lords
of the Court, with the maner of ministring the same: and howe to apply it
vnto the said diseases, euen as he had found it by experience, and chiefly to
the Lorde of lar7nac goternour of Rogel, with whom the saide Lorde Ambassadour had great aiitie for the seruice of the king. The which Lord
of larnzc told one day at the Queenes table, yat he had caused the saide
Nicotiane to be distilled, and the water to bee dronke, mingled with water
Fzucihrasie. otherwise called eyebright, to one that was shorte breathed, who
was therewith healed.
[HTere fo/llow descriptbions of the herb, and di-eclions for its cullivatlon.]
Moreooer the inhabitantes of Florida do nourish themselues certaine
ymes, with the smoke of this Hearbe, which they receaue at the mouth
through certaine coffins, suche as the Grocers do vse to put in their Spices.
There be other oyntmentes prepared of the sayde hearbe, with other simples,
but for a truth this only simple hearbe, taken and applyed as aforesayde, is of
greater efficacie, notwithstanding one may make thereof an oyntment, which
is singllar, to cleanse, incarnate, and knit together al inaner of woundes;
the making of the sayde Oyntmente is thus. Take a pounde of the freshe
leaues of the sayde IIearbe, stalmpe them, and mingle them with newe Waxe,
Rosine, common oyle, of eche three ounces, let them boyle altogether, vntil
the Iuyce Nicotiane be consumed, then adde therto three ounces of Venise
Turpentine, straine the same through a Linen cloth, and keepe it in Pottes
to your vse.
Li6raut thus concludes:
Loe, here you haue the true Historie of Nrcotliane, of the whiche the sayde
Lorde NiVcot, one of the Kynges Counsellers first founder out of this hearbe,
hath made nee priuie aswell by woorde as by wryting, to make thee (friendly
Reader) partaker therof, to whoi I require thee to yeeld as harty thankes
as I acknowledge my self bounde vnto him, for this benefite receiued. —oyfull News, fol. 42-45.
In fo far therefore, as thefe two editions of 7oJtfill nezvces circulated, this much was known in England refpecling Tebacco,
fo early as 1577-8o.
II. The principal notices of the firft introduc ion of the Herb
into this country are thefe:1. EDMIUND HowEs, in his continuation of J. Stow's A-nnales,
[p. o138.   Ed. I63I] ftatesTobacco was first brought, and made known in England by Sir Iohn
Hawkins, about the yeare i565 but not vsecl by Englishmen in many yeeres
after, though at this day commonly vsed by most men, and many women.
The dates of Mr, afterwards Sir John Hawkins' voyages to the
Weft Indies, are
The first                   Oct. I562-   Sept. 1563.
The second                18 Oct. I564-20 Sept. 1565.
The third                '. Oct.   67-25 Jan. 568.
'the troublesome voyadge' 2  ct567-25 a     568
The account of the Second voyage, by John Sparkce the younger,
ftates that Hawkins, ranging along the coaft of Florida for frefh
water in July 1565, came upon the French fettlement there under
Laudoniere: and in defcribing that country Sparke mentions that
the natives —




ON THE INTRODUCTION OF TOBACCO INTO ENGLAND.                85
The Floridians when they trauell haue a kinde of herbe dryed, which
with a cane, and an earthen cup in the end, with fire and the dried herbs
put together, do sucke thorow the cane the smoke thereof, which smoke
satisfieth their hunger, and therewith they liue foure or file dayes without
meat or drinke, and this all the Frenchmen vsed for this purpose: yet do they
holde opinio:n withall, that it cautseth water and fleame to void from their stomacks. —itHkluyt, p. 541. LEd. I589.
2. Howes, on the fame page as the preceding, flatesA/iricocks,  ellcycanhis, M/Zusk-illiZonl and Tobacco, came into England
about the 20 yeare of Queene Elizabeth [T577].
Anrl adds in the marginSir Walter Raleigh was the first that brought Tobacco into vse, when all
men wlondred what it meant.
The date here given, fo far as Tobacco fmoking generally is
concerned, muif be wrong by about ten years.
III. Smoking appears to have been firft taught in England,
under the follow\in  circumfltances:
1. Sir Walter Raleiih's firfl Expedition took poffeffion of Virginia on 13 July I5S4, and1 after a fix weels' ftay in the country,
returned homie.   The next year, a fecond expedition conveyed
out a colony under MIafter Ralph Lane, which remlaiined in the
country from I7 /Aug. 1585 to IS June 1586: when Sir Francis
Drake and his fleet returnilng from his victorious rait( in the 'Wefl
Inlies brou.lit home the colony to the number of o13 perfons.
Among thefe was the celebrated mathematician Thomas Hariot,
who in his exceffic-v!  rare ' Brifi' and t-u'e,riJvt af /Ze vJ  found
land of kir:i,i l:  c —...   Implrinted at London I588,' thus
defcribes Tobacco, and the adoption of the filoking of it by thefe
Virginian colonifis.
There is an herbe which is sowed a part by it selfe and is called by the
inhabitants ovfil'woc: In the West Indies it hath diuers namcs, according to
the seuerall places and countries wsehere it groweth and is vs ed: The Spaniardes generally call it Tokbacco. l'he leates thereof being dried and brought
into powder: they vse to take the fume or smoke thereof by sucking it through
pipes made of claie into their stomnacke and heade; from whence it purgeth
superfluous fleamne and other grosse humors, openeth all the pores and passages of the body: bl which ineanies the vse thereof, not only preserueth the
body fron tiostructions: but also if any be, so that they haue not beene of
too long continuance, in short time breaketh them: wherby their bodies
are notably preserued in health, and know not many greeuous diseases
wherewithall wee in England are oftentines afflicted.
This V;ufidwoc is of so preciouls estimation amlonrest them, that they thinke
their gods are maruelolisly delighted therwith:   bhereupon sometime they
make hallowed fires aiid cast some of the piouder therein for a sacrifice: being
in a storme vppon the waters, to pacific their gods, they cast some vp into
the aire and into the water: so a weare for fish being newly set vp, they cast
some therein and into the aire: also after an escape of danger, they cast some
into the aire likewise: but all done with strange gestures, stamping, sometime dauncing, clapping of hands, holding vp of hands, and staring vp into
the heauens, vttering therewithal and chattering strange words and noises.
We our selues during the time we were there vsed to suck it after their
malner, as also since our returne, and haue found manie rare and wonderful
experiments of the vertues thereof; of which the relation would require a




86 ON THE INTRODUCTION OF TOBACCO INTO ENGLAND., volume by it selfe: the vse of it by so manie of late, men and women of great
calling as else, and some learned Phisitions also, is sufficient witnes.
It would therefore appea ththat Raleigh himfelf had nothing to
do either with the introducion of the weed itfelf, or of the habit of
fmoking of it. Hawkins may have brought home a few fpecimens
of the plant in I565; but for the importation of it in any quantity
and for the teaching of how to fmoke it, we are indebted to Mafter
Ralph Lane and to his fellow-colonifts, who acquired both from
the Indians, during the twelve months they were cut off from all
intercourfe with their mother-country.
2. William Camden, who was fecond, afterwards Head Mafter
of Weftminfter School between 1575-1593, and confequently a
contemporary witnefs, in his Annales, publifhed in Latin in 1615,
atp. 388, gives this account; of which this is the earlieft tranflation into Englifh.
These were the first (that I know of) that brought at their returne into
England, that Indian Plant called Tobacco, or Nicotiana, which they vsed,
being instructed by the Indians, against crudities of the Stomack.  And
certes since that time it is grown so frequent in vse, and of such price, that
many, nay, the most part, with an insatiable desire doe take of it, drawing
into their mouth the smoke thereof, which is a strong sent, through a Pipe
made of earth, and venting of it againe through their nose; some for wantonnesse, or rather fashion sale, and other for healths sake, insomuch that Tobacco shops are set vp in greater number than either Alehouses or Taueines.
And as one said, but falsely, the bodies of such Englishmen, as are so much
delighted with this plant, did seeme to degenerate into the nature of the
Sauages, because they were caried away with the selfe-same thing, beleeuing
to obtaine and conserue their health by the selfe-same meanes, as the barbarians did.-Bk. 111. I.  07. Ed. 1625.
In the face of thefe facts, attefted by early contemporary teftimony: all accounts which reprefent Sir W. Raleigh as introducing Tobacco into England mufi be confidered falfe in that refpec&.
Incidentally this agrees with the account-though in itfelf no
evidence-given in an undated 4 pp. tracd, The Venimous Qualities of Tobacco, apparently printed before I650.
TABACCO is an ignite Plant, called by the native Americans Picielt; by
those of Hisjfaniola, Pete be Cenuc; as by those of NAew France, Peti,
Petuwn, and Petlunnm. It was called by the French N'icotiana, from n /o7z
Nicotius Embassador to the king of France, who An. 1559, first sent this
Plant into France. But now it is generally by us Europeans termed Tabaco,
(which we improperly pronounce Tobacco) a name first given it by the Spaniards from their Iland Tabaco, which abounded with this Plant; whereof had
Plato had as much experience as we, he would, without al peradventure,
havephilosophised thereon. They say we are beholding to Sir Fran-cis D-rake's
Mariners for the knowledge and use of the Plant, who brought its Seed from
Virginie into England about the year 1585.
IV. But while Sir Walter introduced neither the Herb nor the
manner of finoking it, there is a general confent that he principally brought the habit of Tobacco-fmoking, or, as it was at firft
called, Tobacco-drinkinzg, into fafhion.   His name, and his almoft exclufively, became identified with the new National Habit.
Yet even of this, we have but little demonftrative proof




ON THE INTRODUCTION OF TOBACCO INTO ENGLAND.                   87
It may, however, be well to give fome of the principal traditions
and legends on this point.
1. JOHN AUBREY, F.R.S., in his Minutes of Lives of Eminent
MAen, of which his Introdu&cory letter to Anthony a Wood is
dated I5 June s68o, gives the following in his life of Raleigh.
He was the first that brought tobacco into England, and into fashion. In
our part of North Wilts-e.g. Maalnesbury hundred-it came first into
fashion by Sir Walter Long. They had first silver pipes. The ordinary sort
made use of a walnut shell and a strawe. I have heard my grandfather Lyte
say, that one pipe was handed from man to man round the table. Sir W.
Raleigh standing in a stand at Sir Robert Poyntz parke, at Acton, tooke a
pipe of tobacco, which riade the ladies quitt it till he had donne. Within
these 35 years, 'twas scandalous for a divine to take tobacco. It was sold
then for its wayte in siluer. I haue heard some of our old veomen neighbours
say, that when they went to Malmnesbury or Chippenlanh  Market, they
culled out their biggest shillings to lay in the scales against the tobacco;
now, the customes of it are the greatest his majestic hath.-Letters written
by ELminent Persons. Ed. by John Aubrey. ii. 5I2. Ed. I8I3.
2.. J. MALCOLM, in his Londinizi,      Redivivz, m, iv. p. 490,
Ed. ISo, ftates.
' There was a tradition, in the parish of St. Mattlhew, Friday Street, that
Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Hugh Myddleton often smoaked tobacco together
at the door of Sir Hugh's house' in that parish.
3. THOMAS PENNANT, in his Journey to Snowdon, p. 28, Ed.
I78I, which forms the fecond volume of his Toutr iln     Vales, the
firft of which was publifhed in I778; gives the following account
of William   Middleton: the third fon of Richard Middleton,
Governor of Denligh Cattle, and brother to Sir Hugh Middleton, the fixth fot in that family.
The particular information, from ' It is fayd' to t, is given on
the authority of the Sebr-ight AMSS., i.e. MSS. formerly belonging to Mr. Edward Lloyd, but lent to him by Sir John Sebright,
Bart., in whlofe poffeffion they were, at the date of Pennant's
preface, I March I781.    The laft part of the paragraph is merely
Pennant's fpeculation: but tlere may be fome truth in the MS.
legend.
The third, William, was a sea captain, and an eminent poet. His early
education was at Oxf/,n-d: but his military turn led him abroad, where he
signalized himself as soldier and sailor.  He translated the psalms into
WVelsh metre, and finished them on fin. 4th, 1595, a/tud Scutuml i'nsulam
occidentaliurz  Ilzorwno; which, as well as his Bard-doniaeth, or art of
We/lsh poetry, were published in London; the first in 1603, the other in
1593. It is sayed, that he, with captain Thomas 'rice, of tlai3syollin, and
one captain Koet, vere the first who smoked, or (as they called it) drank
tobacco publickly in London; and that the Londoners flocked from all parts
to see themn.t Pipes were not then invented, so they used the twisted leaves,
or segars. The invention is usually ascribed to Sir Walter Raleigh. It
may be so; but he was too good a courtier to smoke in public, especially in
the reign of 7rzaes, who even condescended to write a book against the
practice, under the title of The Counter-blast to Tobacco.
4. A Phyfician [Dr. J. A. PARIS] in A     Guide to JMounts Bay
and Lands End, p. 39, Ed. I824, ifates.




88   ON THE INTRODUCTZON OF TOBACCO INTO ENGLAND.
A tradition exists here, that Tobacco was first smoked by Sir Walter
Raleizgh in Penzance, on his landing from America.
VWhich legend is quite contrary to the facts.
5. WILLIAM    OLDYS, in his Life of Sir Walter Raleigh prefixed
to The HiFjol7y of /he IWorld, Ed. I736, xxxii., gives the following from a 4to MS. entitled Apophthe~.ms of the Eng&li/jz Nation,
then in the collection of Rodney Fane, Esq.
He [Sir W. Raleigh] assured her majesty [Queen Elizabeth] he had so
well experienced the nature of it, that he could tell her of Vhat weight
even the smoke would be in any quantity propos'd to be constum'd. Her
majesty fixing her thoughts upon the most impracticable part of the experiment, that of bounding the smoke in aballance, suspected that he put the traveller upon her, and would needs lay him a wagerhe could not solve the doubt:
so he procured a quantity agreed upon to be thoroughly smok'd, then went to
weighing; but it was of the ashes; and in the conclusion, what was wanting
in the prime weight of the tobacco, her majesty did not deny to have been
evaporated in smoke; and further said, that nmanjy labourers in the fire she
had hearid of iwho tura7ed their gold i7to sZmoke, but Ralegh was the first
who had tzurned smoke into gold.
JAMES HOWELL, fi;miliar Letters, iii. 12, Ed. 1650, in a Letter
on Tobacco, incidentally confirms this flory.
But if one vwould try a pretty conclusion how much smoak ther is in a
pound of Tobacco, the ashes will tell him; for let a pound be exactly
weighed, and the ashes kept charily and weighed afterwards, what wants of
a pound weight in the ashes cannot be denied to have bin sm;oak, which
evaporated into air; I haue bin told that Sir Walter Rawleigh won a wager
of Queen Elizabeth upon this nicity.
6. We have now come to a legend, perhaps the moft untruftworthy of all.
(I.) In Tarlton's 7e/ls?s, IiI, 4to, there occurs the following
flory.
Howt Tarlton tooke tobacco at the first commning izt of it.
Tarlton, as other gentlemen used, at the first comrnming up of tobacco, did
take it more for fashion's sake than otherwise; and being in a roome, set
between two men overcome with wine, and they never seeing the like,
wondred at it, and seeing the vapotur come out of Tarlton's nose, cryed out:
fire, fire! and threw a cup of wine in ''arlton's face. Make no more stirre,
quoth Tarlton, the fire is quenched; if the sheriffes come, it will turne to a
fine. as the custome is. And drinking that againe: fie, sayes the other, what
a stinke it nakes; I am al:nost poysoned. If it offend, saies Tarlton, let's
every one take a little of the smell, and so the savour will quickly goe: but
tobacco whiffes nmade them leave him to pay all.- Shakesefiare's yest-Books,
Ed. by W. C. Hazlitt. ii. 22I. tEd. I864.
(2.) In I6r9, BARNABY RICH inferted in the feconid edition of
The I-iJh Jlubbulb, Oir the Eng'ij i Hure andz Crie, a similar flory.
I remember a pretty iest of Tobacco. That was this. A certaine Welchman commling newly to London, and beholding one to take tobacco, neuer
seeing the like before, and not knowing the manner of it, but perceiiiing him
vent smoake so fast, and supposing his inward parts to be on fire: cried out,
O Ihestc, Ihesu mzan, for the passion of Cod hosld, for by Codts slaetl ty
snowts on fire, and hatling a bowle of beere in his hand, threw it at the
others face to quench his smoking nose.-p. 45.
(3.) To fomewhat fimilar purport is the legend of Sir W. Raleigh
and the Tankard of Ale.    Of this flory, though evidently current
in the feventeenth century, Oldys could quote no earlier authority
than The Brilijz Alpollo, 3d Ed.. 376, London 1726: and we




ON THE INTRODUCTION OF TOBACCO INTO ENGLAND.                 89
can only adduce the authority of the fir-f edition of the fame
work.
The BritiJ/z Apollo was a bi-weekly periodical' Perform'd by
a Society of Gentlemen,' partly devoted to the explanation of
difficulties in Divinity, Mathematics, Love, and fuch like, and
partly to Poetry and Political News. In itfelf of no authority
whatever, it merely difpenfed its modicums of current knowledge
from the learned to the general public.
In Vol. I, No. 43, publifhed on July 7, I7oS, occur the following queftion and anfwer.
Q. Gentlemen, Pray how long is it szice, the smoa70 ihg Tobacco, and the
taking3 Sntaff hath been in Use here in England; the tinme when; they swere
first brougaht over, and lho-, or by /howjz. Your Humble Servant, H. S.
A. Snuff, tho' the Use of it has been long known to such, as were by merchandizing or other means, familiar with the Spanish Customes, has been
till lately a perfect Stranger to the Practice of the British Nation, and like
our other Fashions came to us from France, but the Use of Tobacco-smoaking, was introduc'd by Sir Walter Rawzleigh, in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth; and since a comical story depends upon the Relation, it may not be
unacceptable to the Querist and the Publick.
Sir I'alter having imitated the Indians by delighting in their Favorite
Weed, was unwilling to disuse it, and therefore at his return to England,
supplied himself with some Hogsheads, which he plac'd in his own Study,
and generally indulg'd himself in Smoaking secretly, two Pipes a Day: at
which times he order'd a Simple Fellow, who waited at his Study Door, to
bring him up a Tankard of old Ale and Nutmeg, always laying aside the
Pipe, when he heard his Servant coming; But while he was one day,
earnestly imploy'd in Reading something, Which amus'd him, The Fellow
enter'd, and surprizing his Master, as the Smoak ascended thickly from his
Mouth and the Bole of the Pipe, he threw the Ale directly in his Face; and
running down Stairs alarm'd the Family with repeated Exclamations, that
his Master was on fire in the in-side, and before they could get up Stairs
would be burnt to Ashes.
How much this legend wanders from the fadcs of the cafe, will
be apparent from  the above.   There may, however, be earlier
accounts of this ftory in a more credible form: but we have not
\met with them.    The ftory may poffibly have been connected
with other names befides Tarleton, the Welf'iman, and Raleigh.
Oldys, in quoting the legend, remarks.
This I say, if true, has nothing in it of more surprising or unparalleled
simplicity, than there was in that poor iVorn-eg-iau, who upon the first sight
of Roses could not be induced to touch, tho' he saw them grozu, being so
amazed to behold trees buddingt, with fire; or, to come closer by way of
retaliation, than there was in those. Virginians themselves, who, the first
time'theyseized upon a quantity of Gnn-pawd'erwshich belong'd to the English
colony, sow'd itfr grain, or the seed of some strange vegetable in the earth,
with full expectation of reaping a plentiful crop of combustion by the next
harvest to scatter their enemies. Life ofSir W. raleigh, xxxi. Ed. I736.
6. We may conclude this ftring of fories, with a truftworthy
account of Sir W. Raleigh's Tobacco Box.      OLDYS in his Lfe,
xxxi. Note e, Ed. I736, tells us, that
Being at Leeds in Yorkshire, soon after Mr. Ralh6a  Thoresby the-antiquary died, Anno 1725. I saw his MliaseCeum; and in it, among other rarities,
what himself has publickly call'd (in the catalogue thereof, annexed to his
antiquities of that town) Sir Wtalter Raglegh's tobacco box. From the best
of my memory, I can resemble its outward appearance to nothing more




90 ON THE INTRODUCTION OF TOBACCO INTO ENGLAND.
nearly than one of our modern MAfff-cases; about the same height and width,
cover'd with red leather, and open'd at top (but with a hinge, I think) like
one of those. In the inside, there was a cavity for a receiver of glass or
metal, which might hold half a pound or a pound of tobacco; and from the
edge of the receiver at top, to the edge of the box, a circular stay or collar,
with holes in it, to plant the tobacco about, with six or eight pipes to smoke
it in. This travelling box, with the MSS. Medals and other rarities in its
company, descending to a young clergyman, the son of the deceased, was
soon after reported to have been translated to Loondon.
V. The general credence and affociation of Smoking with
Sir WV. Raleigh being remembered; may it not be taken as proof
of a malignancy towards him-even thus early-on the part of
the Writer of the Counlterbl7ajle; in that he depreciates ' the firft
Author' as neither King, great Conqueror, nor learned Doator
of Phyficke,' and affirms the cuftome to be 'brought in by a
father fo generally hated;' in that he wilfully or ignorantly falfifies the hiftory of the Introduction of Tobacco; concocting a degrading ftory for his purpofe.
VI. We have now but to notice the early beginnings of the
Tobacco Controverfy, which-fometimes flumbering, fometimes
raging-has lafted to our own time, and will yet go on.     It
created a larger early Tobacco literature in England than is generally thought, or than we have been able to trace.  It raged over
Europe as well as in England.
And here we may exprefs fome aftonifihnent that no one among
the countlefs myriads of Smokers, has ever written a Hiftory of
the Tobacco Literature and of the progrefs of Smoking through
civilized and uncivilized communities, even unto this laft age,
wherein the Whahabees of Arabia punifi it, under the name of
Drinking theJhamefnl with death. Of fketches there are feveral.
Mr. F. Tiedeman has given an excellent one of the general
Introduction of the plant into Europe, in his Gefc/hichte des Tabaks, etc., Frankfort, 1852.  Mr. F. W. Fairholt il his fIIto)y
of Tobacco, London I842, has given a good inftalment towards a
Hiftory of the fubjedt: while A Paper: of Tobacco, by Jofeph
Fume [W. A. Chatto] London, I832, is a flighter ftudy flill.
Another work, A Pinch/ of Sniff, London, IS37, I have been
unable to meet with. Dr. H. W. Cleland in his privately printed
work On the    ifjtory and Po-perties, Chemical and M/dtic/l, of
Tobacco, Glasgow, July 1840-which work also we have not had
the advantage of confulting-gives a lift of 150 works on this
fubject.  All thefe modern works are but helps to the future Hiftorian of Tobacco.
VII. To thefe; we can add here but another fketch of the
earlier Controverfy; and that a very limited one.  It will be convenient to give the notices under each year: dwelling more particularly on thofe which incidentally illutrate the growth of the
Habit, as well as the progrefs of the Controverfy.




ON THE EARLY USE OF TOBACCO iN- ENGLAN-D.                   9!
1587. De Ilcs-ba Paniacea, written by GI LEs EVARARD, latinized./E G IDius EVER-ARDULS may be joff mentioned       h ecaufe it formed
the text of a larger En-lifli xvoik, Panamea: published in London
in i659.
1595. WILLIAM BARIE bah-d a~ licence to print a Treatife describing the nature of Tobacco.      f1erbei-/s Aines, i. 277.
1596. liE-'N  TONSON, in LEz,y 4/.3an in his fluimoar, Act I1T.
Sc. 2, acted 00l 25th Noxvember 1596, thus v-cry -skilfully represents
both sides of the controversy, in the speeches of oBa/ad//ia and Cab.
Boa/sll//n Bodv of me: here's the remainder of -Lien potind, since nos
terday was seteininisht. It's your right Tir/au adalo  did  ott 11ener take any,
sigoior?.S/cp/iano. No truly sir? buit i'le learne to take it nowt since you commend
it so.
b'ol~ttilblla Si-nior bceleuenme, s-pon toy relation' for xi hat I tel noti the
world shall not imprtue. I haiiebeen intdielIodie5 ss hIere this herb~egrowie.)
wvhere neither ni-y scfc, mr a dozen Gentlemen tiore of miy knowledge bane
receitied the taste of sex other nutriment, in the wsordd for ihe space of one
and tiwentie xive1 es, buat TIabacco onely. TIhserefor e it cannot be but 'is
most dsilne. F other, take it in the nature, in the true kinds. o, it makes an
Antidote, that had sou taken the most deadly poysonoits simple in all F orence, it shouild expell it, and cIlirifis. you, nith a., niuchs ease, as I speak.
And for yotr greens%.'(Linun, x our Bala/tom.,ato d yovr  -are all iiecere
gUllerieS, aiid trai-h I t  espcill youLr T;inionad~o  x your A ev'co/ian is
good too: eI ctild tay w hat I knows of the vertite of it, for the exposing of
rewnies, raii humoirs cirtdities obStri~ttitiS xswithi i thou~sand of this kind
but I profes, mi~ selfe no quacks. saltier:only thus mush:by Iicrcau'e'  I
doe holde it, nd xsill affirm-e it (before any Prntice in Eusropes) to he the nsost
fotieraigne, aitd pretiuus herbe, that euer the earth tendred to the vse of
Immediately afteisars — d laem-tkes Cab reprcfsent the other side.
Cal'. Bv -oets dev-tes-: I toincl wihat pleasure (ir felicitie they haste in
takiiig this rogion Ta'bacco:it's good for nothing  u  oeokeattn   n
fill hinm full1 of smotun - and iitibers: there ssere future dieul out of one house
last sweeke xsith ta ~Iitu of it, and two more the tell xwen t fur ayester-night,
one of tb-nt they sax- wiill ne'ro scoape it, he voyded a biusliell of snote 3-ester-day, vpsiard and dossnewsard  By the stocels., and there w-ere ito wisaer
mn en then I, I i hatie it preselit death, main or sroman. that should but deale
w Ith a 'Fabac co pipe ss liv, it will stifle then- all i ts iu —nt as maisy as vse
it it's little huetter thtan rats bane. Lid. i~om.
(3)T1obacco is fatd not to be alltteed to by Shakefpeare or in
the Arabian zV,-hls.
(4.) It ts cifteti noticed by other Linglifli drtamatifis as T)el&-er
and others later ott    See alfo 'Malone, iJi~1. Acc. if thfe ftn,~4j//
Slul~'e, -P 5S4 -1597. T1 lliSMAS GERARD?) M.Naster in Cluiiravr-erie,' figatres, and
deferibes the ITolsacco plant in Yhe f/mi bal a,- Generi-i fl/s/u/re of
Plan/c1s, Ilk. II. Jpp  2S?'
1597. lip   ToSol-'I1 in H st  publtfhies his Satires~, in which hie alJudles to T obacco -uaolkits' Bk. ix Sat- 4;Bk. x. Sat. 2.
1598. PAUL -lEN rz'xlic-R in his Latin f1isnemariurt ttnder
Auguft I98S has a paffa-e, of stvhach tlae folloo tog is a traiaflat ion by Alr. NV. 13) Rxe
At these _spectacle-; and cxverxywhere else, the Enelis~h ain constantly smnoking the -Nicotux-i sitedi %fitch in America icalled Tol ucei-others call it
Pahezo-[ e. Fetun, ths. Brazilian name for Tobacco, front which thie allied




92       ON    TII   EARLY      USE OF TOBAC~CO        IN   ElNGLA-ND.
br-mutiul p1ltnt 'Petunia' derives its appell-ationjI and generally in this
manner: tlty h-tve pipes on purpose In Ide of (lay, into the farther end of
%%hich theyt put the hcrb), so dry that it may ho rolled into powder, and
1'ghtin-' it, they dra-t the smnoke into their m-ouths, ws ich they, puff out again
tb rooti-h thcir inostrils like funinels, along with it plenty of phlegni and deBluxion frost the lts-d.-Ents/aned as seen bi' Foe'e: 'errs, fo. ott, ell. it65.
1599.lrP          BuTTES, AM.A. -sod Fellow of C.C.C., imnC[amnbmclg1(e], is tote a straugre work, Diets D~' Dinize;-, of which title
he gi\ cs tdii- ex~planationDye/s dry-j Dionri; Tb-it is, virietie of Fare; prouided, prep-ared and ordered.. at iDye/s own prescription: - irlose sertanit and A tiendaint at this feast
1 professe my~ selfe. Thits fir p        nhp o tt tlislikedl of atiy. A Dry I);eierr
nrit otuly Caerinit /'raettt'ozve swithout \\ itte, bitt A rricit/rteeni withtouit all
dritike except Tobacco, (wehich -aI o isbut Dry Dritike) -hterein not litke to
beC liked of itatty.  Wh-it ere it be (-as he saith in the Comedici) Habeasco  2/.A'er/a, take it as you fnude it, aid wvelcomie.  Moetsi svith I caitnot petform.
The followviug pref-ace To my Counict-y-meiz Recadsers sis fo allitfive that its entire iufetrtion inay be p-ardonecl, tlhoug i t w andcer a
little from our fubjeil
Welcome coirt —tits Coitttreymen. I me-ira especi-tily.Ac'ot//eo7.iiez -o
th ey -ire trite Citholiqtic.. to n-titer of Dyet - iio Rcsee tisiti of -ity thilu'tora
is ii.-iti incatc I b)id all to getter-ti exceptitte otily sch as- tie -iffi-ised ii
roasted Pigc a. breasi or legx-'e of Mluttot  a Dit-ke &c     To concld-de I
forbiti no ti-it bitt iii oitel3, tlit hitti maintted a iwife ati clantitt cotito  No
taitn shi-ll loose his'1t~t Iabur lete ite Li-C/i-ses for ettery manis ltps. IFor the
No   /      to;ensan  tV/tc/le toa/ri, Brtye' 1i~tc/lont Vnisn ti  for the Soul/i ri e
ienan.imtrst/  He;Ie'trs, lo-zbe  -ish bice,/ -iii  Sat'er  As fot the M11 bitest(-s or yojeoner I stmell hits Diet.  T eirt/tir cute erin ii  I  re is i P p
of riglit T-Zu 'Hit~e~ fot butt. 11 tie I it / s they still hi. Contittt sitill bld
Taba~otoc'or/o Whai-t shotuld T say? litre is rood Vrate for the F-ssrx stico
passn-  ec/ff  nd  xcellient C/treer for the i-Vr/h-i/iutu  Leire 'qieqtuitlyon
i~le -  ere-ir tilhit b-fibes for the Lattrae/tre-eait, ittr fl'og-i/aytrs for
it-A —h    tie ou    Bitt that is all onie, here is oilier goiod clieere etiotgh.
Atid sthi-t is wa-ntitng ini miedte, shall bee sttpplyed iii kitide stelcotue atid off.Liast -toy thittie should lie aniisse, or missing to thee, I haite my selfe (for
fault of a be tir1 iakell vpon nie all such Offices as any svay cuticertie this
Dinnetr
Cttotmsr. First, I am Ce/or: and haite proutided the very cltoise of such
day-stics as N.-u- tts MT~arket affuturdetli.
2'Ve-% S —eciitlys, t ait Tee/er-: cotmmendiingeach dish to thy Palate, accotrdiit to his ti-lt vase atid ventue.
I-luim. tAud (sitnce tiothieg is so perfectly good, at it parta'keth of no etui~l
properiy-) I cuetie pitt i-ito-i by-dish ~Iike ir tie~lc in a Saicer swhat svorthily
inay 1ir eid oi, sCne  Herei ciiimiitating a tnerry, Gr-eek-c wrtt espying ans haire
iii a disht of h'tter, culled for -aiotlier dish -mcie dr-bed it bs' it self., a IEu-AistioN or Cottt'Ec-rto —.' liiidls, I pity the Cootkei: so prepaytin- se-itotituti 'att  saulcitl thu. lhtrttfstll dispoiitiion of euery meat, ats it
sit-ll lie etriber in svhiole -tholi1shd or iii p-in quatlihied.
I- DEGREE, SE ssoN AGE, CONS-ITU ~TIox. Lastly, I assutie the CarVerts office: -atd hatitutn noted the nature atid opt ratioti of each particiular
dispniate to ceuy of my Guests accoiding to ihe Seasout, his Age, and ConTii  etry rttdels-, I obtrude vt rio thee not au b-ttquet, bitt a byst rather of
each dr-ta Sc/itt/br tlr'Xey that is, baidiy cantied. For e/ho//er-s are tact Carerrs. Do thou, by thy ktindly feeditig oii Dye/s ds-y Di/tnes-, bitt cause thy
selfe to thirsi for Dye/s D-t/bg:atit I shall selh like alacrity, eel thy) Ctii-,
tbearet-.  Wh~erefore s-ntll thou beest Dry driuike, Fare-twell.  T/cy Couni/yvitan. H. Buttes.




OF THE EARLY USE OF TOBACCO IN ENGLAND.                   93
Applying his method, Buttes thus difcourfes of Tabacco:
CHOISE. Translated out of India in the seed or roote; Natiue or satiue in
our own fruitfullest soiles: Dried in the shade, and compiled very close: of
a tawny colour, somwhat inclining to red: most perspicuous and cleare:
which the Nose soonest taketh in snuffe.
VSE. It cureth any griefe, dolour, opilation, impostume, or obstruction,
proceeding of cold or winde: especially in the head or breast: the leaues are
good against the Migram, cold stomackes, sick kidnies, tooth-ache, fits of
the moother, naughty breath, scaldings or burnings: 4. ounces of the iulce
drunk, purgeth vp and downe: cleanseth the eyes, being outwardly applied.
The water distilled and taken afore the fits, cureth an Ague.
The fumle taken in a Iipe is good against Runes, Catarrhs, hoarsenesse,
ache in the head, stonmacke, lungs, breast: also in want of nieat, drinke,
sle:pe, or rest.
HLUIZT. Mortifieth and benummeth: causeth drowsinesse: troubleth and
dulleth the seLces: makes (as it were: drunke: dangerous in meale time.
COiKtRECTTON. The leaies be-ashed or warmed in ilubers and ashes: taken
once a day at miost, in ye morning, fasting.
DELREE. Hot and dry in the second: ofa stiffening and soddering nature.
Also disensing and disjoluing filthy humours, consisting of contrary qualities.
SEASON. ArGE. CONSTITUTION. III Winter and the Spring, for hot, strong,
youthful, and fat bodies only, as some thinke.
Buttes alfo compofes A Satyricall ZLjig,  a, zpon tIhe waZnton,
and Lexcejie zfe itof Tzbaczco.
T chatnc'd me gazing at the Theater,
To spic a Lock-Tabacco-Chevalier,
Clowding the loathing ayr with foggie fume
Of Dock-Tabacco, friendly foe to rume.
I wisht the Roinan lawes seuerity:    A le. seut. Edict.
I/cho szoke seletlh, vwit/ smoke be don to dy.
Being well nigh smouldred with his snokie stir,
I gan this wize bespeak my gallant Sir:
Certes, me thinketh Sir) it ill beseems,
T'hus here to vapour out these reeking steams:
Like or to il/aroes steeds, whose nosthrils flam'd;
Or ilinies Nosenmen (niouthles men) surnani'd,
Whose breathing nose supply'd Mouths absency.
He me regreets with this prophane reply:
Nay; I resemble iSir) 7ehozuah dread,
From out whose nosthrils a smoake issued:
Or the mid-avrs congealed region,
Whose stomach with crude humors frozenon
Stciks vp Tabacco-like the vpmost ayr,
Enkindled by Fires neighbour candle fayr:
And hence it spits out watry reumns amainc,
As phleamy snow, and haile, and sheerer raine:
Anon it smoakes beneath, it flanes anon.
Sooth then, quoth I, it's safest we be gon,
Le.t there arise some Ignis Fauntzsi
From out this snioaking flame, and choken vs.
On English foole: wanton Italianly:
Go Frenchly: Duchly drink: breath Indianly.
He then gives this Storiefor Table-talke.
This Hearbe is of great Antiquitie and high respect among the Indians,
and especially those of America or new.Spain. Of whom the Spaniards
tooke it, after they had subdued those Countries, first vpon a likiig of the
hearbe verie faire and glorious to the eye; afterward vpon triall of his vertues
wot thie admiration.
The Name in Iludia is Pilciet, surnamed Tabacco by the Spaniard, of the




94     ON THE EARLY USE OF TOBACCO IN ENGLAND.
ile Tabaco. By their meanes it spred farre and neare: hut yet wee are not
beholden to their tradition.  Our English Vlisses, renomed Syr Walter
Razwleigh, a man admirably excellent in Nauigation, of Natures priuy counsell, and infinitely reade in the wide booke of the worlde, hath both farre
fetcht it, and deare bought it: the estimate of the treasure I leaue to other:
yet this all know, since it came in request, there hath bene lagnis fzztmi
questus, and Fami-vezadulus is the best Epithite for an Apothecary.
Thus much late Histories tell vs: among the Indians it is so highly honoured, that when the Priests are consulting in matter of importance, they
presently cast Tabacco into the fire, and receiue at their nose and mouth,
the smoak through a Cane, till they fall downe dead-drunke. Afterward
reuiuing againe, they giue answeres according to the phantasmes and visions,
which appeared to them in their sleepe.
1602. (I) " WTork for Chimn7ey-f weepers: or A 4warning for TobacconiIfs.  Defcribing the pernicious vfe of Tobacco, no leffe
pleafant than profitable for all forts to reade: Fitmus patrice,
gnze alieno Lculentior.  As much to fay, Better be chokt with
Englifh hemp, then poifoned with Indian Tabacco."        Written
by PHILARETES, who alleges eight reafons againft Tobacco;
whereof one is7 Seauenthly, for that the first author and finder hereof was the Diuell,
and the first practisers of the same were the Diuells Priests, and therefore not
to be vsed of vs Christians.              *
(2.) This provoked "A     Defence of Tabacco: with a friendly
answer to the late printed Booke called W/orke for ChimneySweepers.  Si istdlcas, cognofe: fi Rex es, iube."
(3.) Sir WILLIAM VAUGHAN, in his ANaturall andz, Atficiall
Directions for health, &,c. Sect. ii. ch. 8.  Of Hearbes. p. 22.
Cane Tabacco well dryed, and taken in a siluer pipe, fasting in the morning, cureth the megrim, the tooth ache, obstructions proceeding of cold, and
helpeth the fits of the mother. After meales it doth much hurt, for it infecteth the braine and the lines.
In his fourth edition of this work, publifhed in 1613, he altered his mind and wrote againit Smoking.
(4.) Another anonymous work dedicated 'To my loving Friend
Maiter Michael Drayton,' appeared, entitled The Metazmoiphlofis
of Tabacco.   It opens with the following lines:
I sing the loues of the superiour powers,
With the faire mother of all fragrant flowers:
From which first loue a glorious Simple springs,
Belou'd of heau'nly Gods, and earthly Kings.
Let others in their wanton verses chaunt
A beautious face that doth their senses daunt,
And on their Muses wings lift to the skie
The radiant beames of an inchaunting eye.
Me let the sound of great Tabaccoes praise
A pitch aboue those loue-sicke Poets raise:
Let me adore with my thrice-happie pen
The sweete and sole delight of mortall men,
The Cornu-comiia of all earthly pleasure,
Where bank-rupt Nature hath consum'd her treasure,
A worthie plant springing from Floraes hand,
The blessed ofspring of an vncouth land.
1604. In the course of thisyear; therewas anonymoufly publifhed




8*-              8-NAM,
P
i


A


C


0


V'


NTER

BLASTE T
Tobacco.


0 E SC-+- -         6 VX-j-        - — ": 1. -


Imprinted at London
by R. B.
A nno 1 604.




~ To THE READER.
S euery humane body (deare Countrey men)
how z/ wolefome foeler, is nolfwithjanding
fibieft, or at leafl naturally inclined to fome
forts of dzjeafes, or ifirmities: fo is there
no Commzon-zwealth, or Body-politicke, hozw
well gouerzned, or peaceable foeller it bee, that lackes the
owne pop.2ular errors, and naturally enclined corriptions:
and therefore is it no wonder, althlougic this our Countrey
and Common-cwealt/h, t/ongh peaceable, thozugh wealthy,
though longflour/zzinin both, be amonlgst the reft, Jfbiect
to the owne naturall ifirmities.  VVe are of all Nations
the people most lounizn and most reuerenztly obedient to our
Prince, yet are wee (as time hath often borne zitnefe)
too eafe to be jeduced to make Rebel/ion, vpon very flight
grounds.    Our fortunate and oft proonaed valour in
warres abroad, our heartie and referent obedience to our
Princes at home, hath bred vs a long, and a thrice happy
peace: Our Peace hath bred wealthi: And Peace and
wealth hath brought foorth a generall flzn gi/ncefse, which
makes vs wallow   in all forts of idle delights, and foft
delicacies, the firJf fecdes of the fjbuerfion of all great
MAonarchies.  Our Cleargie are become negligent and
lazie, our Nobilitie and Gentrie prodigall, and folde to




To THE READER.


97


their priuate delights, Our Lawyers couetous, our Common-people prodigall and curious; andgenerally al forts
of people more carefull for their priuat ends, then for
their mother the Common-wealth.
For remedie whereof; it is the Kings part (as the proper Phifician of his Politicke-body) to purge it of all thofe
difeafcs, by Medicines mrete for the fame: as by a certaine
miltde, and yet izfiforme of gouernmentf, to mailtaine the
Publicke quietncJfe, and p-reuet all occaftons of Commzotion. by the example of his owne Perfoln and Court, to
make vs all aJnamed of our JlZuggrili deicacie, and to
J7irre vs vp to the praC7Te againe of all honest exercifes, and IlMartiall Jhadowes of   VVarre; As likewife by his, and his Courts mnodertenejfe in Apparel,
to make vs aJhiamed of our p;rodigalitie: By his quicke
admonitions and carefull oucrfeeitng of the Cleargie, to
waken them vp againe, to be more diligent in their Offices:
By theAJharpe triall, andfeuerepunzii ment of thepartiall,
couelous andbribingLawyers, to reforme their corruptions:
And generally by the example of his owne PeJon, and
by the due execution of goo. Lawces, to reforme and aboliJhz,
piece and piece, thefe old and euill grounded abzfes.  For
this will not bee Opus vnius diei, but as euery one of thefe
dijfaf-s, nulJ fr:m the King receize the own-ee ure projer
for it, fo are there fome forts of abifes in Comimonwealths, that though they be of Jo bafe and contcnjtible
a condition, as they are too low for the Law to looke on,
and too meane for a King to inteipone his authoritic, or
bend his eye zvpon:. yet are they corruptions, afwell as the
greatfef of them.  So is an Ant an Animal, afwell as an
ELkphant: fo is a VVrenne Auis, afwell as a Swannel
and fo is a fnall dint of the Toothake, a difeafe afwz
as the feareful! Plague is.  But for thefe bafe forts of
corrup'ion in Cozmmon-zwealthes, not onely the King, or
G




98


To THE READER.


any inferior Mag/iJrate, but Quilibet e populo may
ferue to be a Phifician, by difcouering and impugning the error, and bypeefwading reformation thereof.
Andfurely in my opinion, there cannot be a more bafe,
and yet hurtfuil, corruption in a Countrey, then is the
vile vfe (or other abufe) of taking Tobacco in this Kingdome, which hath mooued me, Jzortly to difcouer the
abzifes thereof in this following little Panz hlet.
If any thinke it a light Argument,fo is it but a toy
that is bejlowed vpon it.  Andfince the Subief is but of
Smoke, I thinke the fume of an idle braine, may feruefor
a fufficient battery againstfo fumous audfeeble an enemny.
If my grounds be found true, it is all I looke for; but if
they cary the force of pejfwafion with them, it is all I can
QwilZ, and more then I can expet.  My onely care is, that
you, my deare Countrey-men, may rightly conceiue euen
by this fmnallest trife, of thefinceritie of my meaning
in greater matters, neuer to fpare any
paine, that may tend to the
procuring of your weale
and profiperitie.




A
COUNTERBLASTE TO
Tobacco.


— *+1       — x.  -      -     3:eHat the manifolde abufes of this vile
cuflome of Tobacco taking, may the
better be efpied, it is fit, that firit you
enter into confideration both of the
firfi originall thereof, and likewife of
the reafons of the firfi entry thereof
into this Countrey.  For certainely
as fuch cuflomes, that haue their firft
inflitution either from a godly, neceffary, or honorable
ground, and are firfi brought in, by the meanes of fome
worthy, vertuous, and great Perfonage, are euer, and
moft iuftly, holden in great and reuerent eftimation and
account, by all wife, vertuous, and temperate fpirits: So
fhould it by the contrary, iuftlybring a great difgracein to
that fort of cuflomes, which hauing their originall from
bafe corruption and barbarity, doe in like fort, make
their firft entry into a Countrey, by an inconfiderate
and childifh affeCtation of Noueltie, as is the true cafe
of the firfl inuention of Tobacco taking, and of the firfl
entry thereof among vs. For Tobacco being a common
herbe, which (though vnder diuers names) -grQe.s
I.,.




100


A  counterblajle to Tobacco.


almoft euery where, was firft found out by fome of the
barbarous Indians, to be a Preferuatiue, or Antidot
againft the Pockes, a filthy difeafe, whereunto thefe
barbarous people are (as all men know) very much
fubieEt, what through the vncleanly and aduft conftitution of their bodies, and what through the intemperate
heate of their Climat: fo that as fiom them was firfl
brought into Chriftendome, that moft deteftable difeafe, fo from them likewife was brought this vfe of
Tobacco, as a ftinking and vnfauorie Antidot, for fo
corrupted and execrable a Maladie, the ftinking Suffumigation whereof they yet vfe againft that difeafe,
making fo one canker or venime to eate out another.
And now good Countrey men let vs (I pray you)
confider, what honour or policie can mooue vs to imitate the barbarous and beaflly maners of the wilde,
godleffe, and flauifl Indians, efpecially in fo vile and
ftinking a cuftome? Shall wee that difdaine to imitate
the maners of our neighbour France (hauing the flile
of the firll Chriftian Kingdom) and that cannot endure
the fpirit of the Spaniards (their King being now comparable in largenes of Dominions, to the great Emperor of Turkie) Shall wee, I fay, that haue bene fo long
ciuill and wealtly in Peace, famous and inuincible in
Warre, fortunate in both, we that haue bene euer able
to aide any of our neighbours (but neuer deafed any
of their eares with any of our fupplications for affiftance) fhall we, I fay, without bluflling, aba-e our felues
fo farre, as to imitate thefe beaftly Indians, flaues to
the Spaniards, refufe to the world, and as yet aliens
from the holy Couenant of God?  Why doe we not
as well imitate them in walking naked as they doe? in
preferring glaffes, feathers, and fuch toyes, to golde
and precious ifones, as they doe? yea why do we not
denie God and adore the Deuill, as they doe?
Now to the corrupted bafeneffe of the firft vfe of
this Tobacco, doeth very well agree the foolifh and
groundleffe firfl entry thereof into this Kingdome. It
is not fo long fince the firft entry of this abufe amongft:: vl.here; as this prefent age cannot yet very well re-, ~(,  *.,,:




A  counterblajte to Tobacco.


JO1


member, both the firft Author, and the forme of the
firft introduction of it amongft vs. It was neither
brought in by King, great Conquerour, nor learned
Doctor of Phificke.
With the report of a great difcouery for a Conqueft,
fome two or three Sauage men, were brought in,
together with this Sauage cuftome. But the pitie is,
the poore wilde barbarous men died, but that vile
barbarous cuflome is yet aliue, yea in freflh vigor: fo
as it feemes a miracle to me, how a cuftome fpringing
from fo vile a ground, and brought in by a father fo
generally hated, fhould be welcomed vpon fo flender
a warrant. For if they that firfi put it in practife heere,
had remembred for what refpect it was vfed by them
from whence it came, I am fure they would haue bene
loath, to haue taken fo farre the imputation of that
difeafe vpon them as they did, by vfing the cure
thereof. For Sanis non e/l opus medico, and counterpoifons are neuer vfed, but where poyfon is thought
to precede.
But fince it is true, that diuers cuflomes flightly
grounded, and with no better warrant entred in a
Commonwealth, may yet in the vfe of them thereafter,
prooue both neceffary and profitable; it is therefore
next to be examined, if there be not a full Sympathie
and true Proportion, betweene the bafe ground and
foolifh entrie, and the loathfome, and hurtfull vfe of
this flinking Antidote.
I am now therefore heartily to pray you to confider,
firfl vpon what falfe and erroneous grounds you haue
firfl built the generall good liking thereof; and next,
what finnes towards God, and foolifi vanities before
the world you commit, in the deteftable vfe of it.
As for there deceitfull grounds, that haue fpecially
mooued you to take a good and great conceit thereof,
I ihall content my felfe to examine here onely foure of
the principals of them; two founded vpon the Theoricke of a deceiuable apparance of Reafon, and two
of them vpon the miftaken Pradticke of generall
Experience.




I02


A  cozinterbafe to Tobacco.


Firfl, it is thought by you a fure Aphorifime in the
Phyfickes, That the braines of all men, beeing naturally colde and wet, all dry and hote things fhould be
good for them; of which nature this ftinking fuffumigation is, and therefore of good vfe to them.  Of this
Argument, both the Propofition and Affumption are
falfe, and fo the Conclufion cannot but be voyd of it
felfe. For as to the Propofition, That becaufe the
braines are colde and moif, therefore things that are hote
and drie are beft for them, it is an inept confequence:
For man beeing compounded of the foure Complexions,
(whole fathers are the foure Elements) although there
be a mixture of them all in all the parts of his body,
yet muft the diuers parts of our MicrocoJfne or little
world within our felues, be diuerfly more inclined, rome
to one, fome to another complexion, according to the
diuerfitie of their vfes, that of thefe difcords a perfect
harmonie may bee made vp for the maintenance of
the whole body.
The application then of a thing of a contrary nature,
to any of thefe parts, is to interrupt them of their due
funCtion, and by confequence hurtfull to the health
of the whole body. As if a man, becaufe the Liuer is
hote (as the fountaine of blood) and as it were an
ouen to the flomacke, would therfore apply and
weare clofe vpon his Liuer and ftomacke a cake of
lead; he might within a very flort time (I hope) be
fufteined very good cheape at an Ordinarie, befide
the cleering of his confcience from that deadly finne
of gluttonie. And as if, becaufe the Heart is full of
vitall fpirits, and in perpetuall motion, a man would
therefore lay a heauy pound ftone on his breaft, for
flaying and holding downe that wanton palpitation, I
doubt not but his breaft would bee more bruifed with
the weight thereof, then the heart would be comforted
with fuch a difagreeable and contrarious cure. And
euen fo is it with the Braines. For if a man, becaufe
the Braines are colde and humide, would therefore
vfe inwardly by fimells, or outwardly by application,




A  counterblafle to Tobacco.


I03


things of hot and drie qualitie, all the gaine that he
could make thereof, would onely be to put himfelfe
in a great forwardneffe for running mad, by ouerwatching himfelfe, the coldneffe and moiftneffe of our
braine beeing the onely ordinarie meanes that procure
our fleepe and reft.  Indeed I do not denie, but
when it falls out that any of thefe, or any part of our
bodie growes to be diflempered, and to tend to an
extremitie, beyond the coinpaffe of Natures temperate
mixture, that in that cafe cures of contrary qualities,
to the intemperate inclination of that part, being
wifely prepared and difcreetely miniflered, may be both
neceffarie and helpefull for fIrengthning and affifting
Nature in the expulfion of her enemies: for this is
the true definition of all profitable Phyficke.
But firft thefe Cures ought not to bee vfed, but
where there is neede of them, the contrarie whereof,
is daily practifed in this generall vfe of Tobacco by
all forts and complexions of people.
And next, I deny the Minor of this argument, as I
haue already faid, in regard that this Tobacco, is not fimply of a dry and hot qualitie; but rather hath a certaine
venemous facultie ioyned with the heate thereof,
which makes it haue an Antipathie againfi nature, as
by the hatefull fmiell thereof doeth well appeare. For
the Nofe being the proper Organ and conuoyofthe fenfe
of fmelling to the braines, which are the onely fountaine
of that fenfe, doeth euer ferue vs for an infallible witneffe, whether that Odour which we fmell, be healthfull or hurtfull to the braine (except when it fals out
that the fenfe it felfe is corrupted and abufed through
fome infirmitie, and diftemper in the braine.) And
that the fuffumigation thereof cannot haue a drying
qualitie, it needes no further probation, then that it
is a fmoake, all finoake and vapour, being of it felfe
humide, as drawing neere to the nature of the ayre,
and eafie to be refolued againe into water, whereof
there needes no other proofe but the Metcors, which
being bred of nothing elfe but of the vapours and ex



I04


A   counterblafje to Tobacco.


halations fucked vp by the Sunne out of the earth, the
Sea, and waters yet are the fame fmoakie vapours
turned, and transformed into Raynes, Snowes, Deawes,
hoare Froftes, and fuch like waterie Meteors, as by the
contrarie the raynie cloudes are often transformed and
euaporated in bluftering winds.
The fecond Argument grounded on a flow of reafon is, That this filthie fmoake, afwell through the
heat and ftrength thereof, as by a naturall force and
qualitie, is able and fit to purge both the head and
ftomacke of Rhewmes and diflillations, as experience
teacheth, by the fpitting and auoyding fleame, im-.
meadiately after the taking of it. But the fallacie of
this Argument may eafily appeare, by my late preceding defcription of the Meteors. For euen as the
finoakie vapours fucked vp by the Sunne, and flaied
in the loweft and colde Region of the ayre, are there
contracted into cloudes and turned into raine and
fuch other watery Meteors: So this ftinking filoake
being fucked vp by the Nofe, and implrifoned in the
colde and moyft braines, is by their colde and wett
facultie, turned and caft foorth againe in waterie diftillations, and fo are you made free and purged of
nothing, but that wherewith you wilfully burdened
your felues: and therefore are you no wifer in taking
Tobacco for purging you of diftillations, then if for preuenting the Cholike you would take all kinde of
windie meates and drinkes, and for preuenting of the
Stone, you would take all kinde of meates and drinkes
that would breede grauell in the Kidneyes, and then
when you were forced to auoyde much winde out of
your ftomacke, and much grauell in your Vrine, that
you flould attribute the thanke thereof to fuch nourilhments as bred thofe within you, that behoued either to
be expelled by the force of Nature, or you to haue
buifl at the broad fide, as the Prouerbe is.
As for the other two reafons founded vpon experience, the firft of which is, That the whole people
would not haue taken fo generall a good liking there



A   counterblafJe to Tobacco.


IO5


of, if they had not by experience found it verie
foueraigne and good for them: For anfwere thereunto
how eafily the mindes of any people, wherewith God
hath replenifhed this world, may be drawen to the
foolifh affectation of any noueltie, I leaue it to the
difcreet iudgement of any man that is reafonable.
Doe we not dayly fee, that a man can no fooner
bring ouer from beyond the Seas any new forme of
apparell, but that hee can not bee thought a. man of
fpirit, that would not prefently imitate the fame?
And fo from hand to hand it fpreades, till it be practifed by all, not for any commoditie that is in it, but
only becaufe it is come to be the fafhion.  For fuch is
the force of that naturall Selfe-loue in euery one of vs,
and fuich is the corruption of enuie bred in the breft
of euery one, as we cannot be content vnleffe we imitate euery thing that our fellowes doe, and fo prooue
our felues capable of euery thing whereof they are capable, like Apes, counterfeiting the maners of others, to
our owne deftrudtion. For let one or two of the
greateft Mafters of Mathematickes in any of the two
famous Vniuerfities, but conftantly affirme any cleare
day, that they fee fome firange apparition in the
fkies: they will I warrant you be feconded by the
greateft part of the Students in that profeffion: So
loath will they be, to bee thought inferiour to their
fellowes, either in depth of knowledge or fharpneffe of
fight: And therefore the generall good liking and
imbracing of this foolifh cuftome, doeth but onely
proceede from that affectation of noueltie, and popular errour, whereof I haue already fpoken.
The other argument drawen from a miftaken experience, is but the more particular probation of this
generall, becaufe it is alleaged to be found true by
proofe, that by the taking of Tobacco diuers and very
many doe finde themfelues cured of diuers difeafes
as on the other part, no man euer receiued harme
thereby. In this argument there is firft a great miftaking and next a monftrous abfurditie. For is it not
a very great miftaking, to take Non caufampro caufa,




Io6


A  counterblafte to Tobacco.


as they fay in the Logicks? becaufe peraduenture
when a ficke man hath had his difeafe at the height,
hee hath at that inflant taken Tobacco, and afterward
his difeafe taking the naturall courfe of declining, and
confequently the patient of recouering his health, 0
then the Tobacco forfooth, was the worker of that
miracle. Befide that, it is a thing well knowen to all Phificians,' that the apprehenfion and conceit of the patient
hath by wakening and vniting the vitall fpirits, and fo
ftrengthening nature, a great power and vertue, to cure
diuers difeafes For an euident proofe of miftaking in
the like cafe, I pray you what foolifh boy, what lillie
wench, what olde doting wife, or ignorant countrey
clowne, is not a Phifician for the toothach, for the
cholicke, and diuers fuch common difeafes?  Yea,
will not euery man you meete withal, teach you a
fundry cure for the fame, and fweare by that meane
either himfelfe, or fome of his neereft kinfinen and
friends was cured? And yet I hope no man is fo
foolifh as to beleeue them. And all thefe toyes do
only proceed from  the miftaking Non caifazm pro
cazufa, as I haue already fayd, and fo if a man chance
to recouer one of any difeafe, after he hath taken
Tobacco, that muft haue the thankes of all. But by
the contrary, if a man finoke himfelfe to death with it
(and many haue done) 0 then fome other difeafe
muft beare the blame for that fault. So doe olde
harlots thanke their harlotrie for their many yeeres,
that cuftome being healthfull (fay they) adpuigrandos
Renes, but neuer haue minde how many die of the
Pockes in the flower of their youth. And fo doe olde
drunkards thinke they prolong their dayes, by their
fwinelike diet, but neuer remember howe many die
drowned in drinke before they be halfe olde.
And what greater abfurditie can there bee, then to
fay that one cure fhall ferue for diuers, nay, contrarious fortes of difeafes?  It is an vndoubted ground
among all Phificians, that there is almoft no fort either
of nourifhment or medicine, that hath not fome thing
in it difagreeable to fome part of mans bodie, be



A   counterblaJte to  Tobacco.


Io7


caufe, as I haue already fayd, the nature of the temperature of euery part, is fo different from another, that
according to the olde prouerbe, That which is good.
for the head, is euill for the necke and the fhoulders.
For euen as a firong enemie, that inuades a towne or
fortreffe, although in his fiege thereof, he do belaie
and compaffe it round about, yet he makes his breach
and entrie, at fome one or few fpecial parts thereof,
which hee hath tried and found to bee weakeft and
leaft able to refift; fo fickeneffe doth make her particular affault, vpon fuch part or parts of our bodie, as
are weakeft and eafieft to be ouercome by that fort of
difeafe, which then doth affaile vs, although all the reft
of the body by Sympathie feele it felfe, to be as it
were belaied, and befieged by the affliction of that
fpeciall part, the griefe and fmart thereof being by the
fence of feeling difperfed through all the reft of our
members. And therefore the fkilfull Phifician preffes
by fuch cures, to purge and ftrengthen that part
which is afflicted, as are only fit for that fort of difeafe,
and doe bell agree with the nature of that infirme
part; which being abufed to a difeafe of another nature, would prooue as hurtfull for the one, as helpfull
for the other.  Yea, not only will a fkilfull and warie
Phifician bee carefull to vfe no cure but that which is
fit for that fort of difeafe, but he wil alfo confider all
other circumflances, and make the remedies futable
thereunto: as the temperature of the clime where the
Patient is, the conflitution of the Planets, the time of
the Moone, the feafon of the yere, the age and complexion of the Patient, and the prefent ftate of his body,
in ftrength or weakeneffe. For one cure muft not euer
be vfed for the felf-fame difeafe, but according to the
varying of any of the forefaid circumflances, that fort
of remedie muft be vfed which is fitteft for the fame.
Whear by the contrarie in th is cafe, fuch is the miraculous omnipotencie of our lrong tafted Tobacco, as
it cures all forts of difeafes (which neuer any drugge
could do before) in all perfons, and at all times. It




io8


A  counterblaiJe to Tobacco.


cures all maner of diftillations, either in the head or
ftomacke (if you beleeue their Axiomes) although in
very deede it doe both corrupt the braine, and by
caufing ouer quicke difgeftion, fill the ftomacke full of
crudities.  It cures the Gowt in the feet, and (which
is miraculous) in that very inftant when the fmoke
thereof, as light, flies vp into the head, the vertue
thereof, as heauie, runs downe to the little toe. It
helpes all forts of Agues. It makes a man fober that
was drunke. It refrefhles a weary man, and yet makes
a man hungry. Being taken when they goe to bed, it
makes one fleepe foundly, and yet being taken when a
man is fleepie and drowfie, it will, as they fay, awake
his braine, and quicken his vnderftanding. As for
curing of the Pockes, it ferues for that vfe but among
the pockie Indian flaues. Here in Eng land it is refined, and will not deigne to cure heere any other then
cleanly and gentlemanly difeales. 0 omnipotent power of Tobacco! And if it could by the fmoke thereof
chace out deuils, as the fmoke of Tobias fifh did (which
I am fure could filel no ftronglier) it would ferue for
a precious Relicke, both for the fiuperflitious Priefts,
and the infolent Puritanes, to caft out deuils withall.
Admitting then, and not confeffing that the' vfe
thereof were healthfull for fome fortes of difeafes;
fhould it be vfed for all fickneffes? fhould it be vfed
by all men? fhould it be vfed at al times? yea fhould
it be vfed by able, yong, ftrong, healthful men? Medicine hath that vertue, that it neuer leaueth a man in
that flate wherin it findeth him: it makes a ficke
man whole, but a whole man ficke. And as Medicine
helpes nature being taken at times of neceffitie, fo being euer and continually vfed, it doth but weaken,
wearie, and weare nature. What fpeake.I of Medicine? Nay let a man euery houre of the day, or as oft
as many in this countrey vfe to take Tobacco, let a man
I fay, but take as oft the belt forts of nouriflments in
meate and drinke that can bee deuifed, hee ihall with
the continuall vfe thereof weaken both his head and his




A   counterblafle to Tobacco.


o09


flomacke: all his members fhall become feeble, his
fpirits dull, and in the end, as a drowfie lazie bellygod, he fhall euanifh in a Lethargie.
And from this weakneffe it proceeds, that many in
this ki;ngdome hau had fuch a continuall vfe of taking
this vnfauorie fmoke, as now they are not able to forbeare the fame, no more then an olde drunkard can
abide to b)e long fober, without falling into an vncurable wtakeneffe and euill conflitution: for their continuall cutlome hath made to them, habitlmZ, alteram
natui-zam: fo to thofe that from their birth haue bene
continually notrifhed vpon poifon and things venemous, wholefome meates are onely poifonable.
Thus hauing, as I trufle, fufficiently anfwered the
moft principlall arguments that are vfed in defence of
this vile cuftome, it refts onely to informe you what
finnes and vanities you commit in the filthie abufe
thereof.  Firlt, are you not guiltie of finnefull and
fhamefull luft? (for luff may bee as well in any of the
fenfes as in feeling) that although you bee troubled
with no difeafe, but in perfeat health, yet can you
neither be merry at an ()rdinarie, nor lafciuious in the
Stewes, if you lacke Tobacco to prouoke your appetite
to any of thofe forts of recreation, luffing after it as the
children of Ifrael did in the wilderneffe after Quailes?
Secondly it is, as you vfe or rather abufe it, a branche
of the finne of drunkenneffe, which is the roote of all
finnes: for as the onely delight that drunkards take
in Wine is in the fIrength of the tapfe, and the force of
the fume thereof that mounts vp to the braine: for no
drunkards loue any weake, or fweete drinke: fo are
not thofe (I meane the firong heate and the fume) the
onely qualities that make 7bacco o o delectable to all
tlhe louers of it? And as no man likes ftrong headie
drinke the firfi day (becaufe n/zeo repcnte fit tzu-pilrmn;) lut by cuftome is piece and piece allured, while
in the ende, a drunkard will haue as great a thirft to
bee drunlke, as a fober man to quench his thirft with
a draught when hee hath need of it: So is not this the
very cafe of all the great takers of Tobacco? which




IIO


A  counterblafle to Tobacco.


therefore they themfelues do attribute to a bewitching
qualitie in it. Thirdly, is it not the greateft finne of
all, that you the people of all fortes of this Kingdome,
who are created and ordeined by God to beftowe both
your perfons and goods for the maintenance both of
the honour and fafetie of your King and Commonwealth, fhould difable your felues in both? In your
perfons hauing by this continuall vile cuftome brought
your felues to this fhameful imbecilitie, that you are
not able to ride or walke the iourney of a Iewes Sabboth, but you muff haue a reekie cole brought you
from the next poore houfe to kindle your Tobacco
with? whereas he cannot be thought able for any feruice in the warres, that cannot endure oftentimes the
want of meate, drinke and fleepe, much more then
muft hee endure the want of Tobacco. In the times of
the many glorious and victorious battailes fought by this
Nation, there was no word of Tobacco. But now if it
were time of warres, and that you were to make fome
fudden Caualcado vpon your enemies, if any of you
fhould feeke leifure to flay behinde his fellowe for
taking of Tobacco, for my part I fhould neuer bee forie
for any euill chance that might befall him. To take
a cuflome in any thing that cannot bee left againe, is
moft harmefull to the people of any land. Mollicies
and delicacie were the wracke and ouerthrow, firit of
the Perfian, and next of the Romane Empire. And
this very cultome of taking Tobacco (whereof our prefent purpofe is) is euen at this day accounted fo effeminate among the Indians themfelues, as in the market
they will offer no price for a flaue to be fold, whome
they finde to be a great Tobacco taker.
Now how you are by this cutlome difabled in your
goods, let the Gentry of this land beare witneffe, fome
of them bellowing three, fome foure hundred pounds
a yeere vpon this precious flinke, which I am fure
might be beflowed vpon many farre better vfes. I
read indeede of a knauifh Courtier, who for abufing
the fauour of the Emperour Alexander Seuerus his
Mafter by taking bribes to intercede, for fundry per



A  counterblafle to Tobacco.


III


fons in his Mafters eare, (for whom he neuer once
opened his mouth) was iuftly choked with fioke, with
this doome, Fumo pereat, qui fumunm veudidtit: but of
fo many fmoke-buyers, as are at this prefent in this
kingdome, I neuer read nor heard.
And for the vanities committed in this filthie cuftome, is it not both great vanitie and vncleaneneffe,
that at the table, a place of refpect, of cleanlineffe, of
modeftie, men fhould not be afhamed, to fit toffing of
Tobacco pipes, and puffing of the fmoke of Tobacco one
to another, making the filthy finoke and flinke thereof,
to exhale athwart the diffes, and infect the aire, when
very often, men that abhorre it are at their repaft?
Surely Smoke becomes a kitchin far better then a
Dining chamber, and yet it makes a kitchin alfo oftentimes in the inward parts of men, foiling and infecting
them, with an vntuous and oily kinde of Soote, as
hath bene found in fome great Tobacco takers, that
after their death were opened. And not onely meate
time, but no other time nor a6tion is exempted from
the publike vfe of this vnciuill tricke: fo as if the wiues
of Diepe lift to conteft with this Nation for good maners
their worfi maners would in all reafon be found at leaft
not fo difhoneft (as ours are) in this point. The publike
vfe whereof, at all times, and in all places, hath now
fo farre preuailed, as diuers men very found both in
iudgement, and complexion, haue bene at laft forced
to take it alfo without defire, partly becaufe they were
afhamed to feeme fingular, (like the two Philofophers
that were forced to duck themfelues in that raine
water, and fo become fooles afwell as the reft of the
people) and partly, to be as one that was content to
eate Garlicke (which hee did not loue) that he might,
not be troubled with the fmell of it, in the breath of
his fellowes. And is it not a great vanitie, that a man
cannot heartily welcome his friend now, but ftraight
they muft bee in hand with Tobacco? No it is become
in place of a cure, a point of good fellowfhip, and
he that will refufe to take a pipe of Tobacco among
his fellowes, (though by his own eleCtion he would




112


A   counterblafle to Tobacco.


rather feele the fauour of a Sinke) is accounted peeuifh
and no good company, euen as they doe with tippeling
in the cold Eafterne Countries. Yea the Miftreffe
cannot in a more manerly kinde, entertaine her feruant, then by gluing him out of her faire hand a pipe
of Tobacco. But herein is not onely a great vanitie,
but a great contempt of Gods good giftes, that the
fweeteneffe of mans breath, being a good gift of God,
fould be willfully corrupted by this ftinking fmoke,
wherein I mufl confeffe, it hath too ftrong a vertue:
and fo that which is an ornament of nature, and can
neither by any artifice be at the firft acquired, nor
once loft, be recouered againe, fhall be filthily corrupted with an incurable ftinke, which vile qualitie is
as directly contrary to that wrong opinion which is
holden of the wholefomneffe thereof, as the venime of
putrifaction is contrary to the vertue Preferuatiue.
Moreouer, which is a great iniquitie, and againif all
humanitie, the husband ihall not bee afhamed, to
reduce thereby his delicate, wholefome, and cleane
complexioned wife, to that extremitie, that either fhee
muil alfo corrupt her fweete breath therewith, or elfe
refolue to liue in a perpetuall linking torment.
Haue you not reafon then to bee afhamed, and to
forbeare this filthie noueltie, fo bafely grounded, fo
foolifhly receiued and fo groffely mitfaken in the right
vfe thereof?  In your abufe thereof finning againft
God, harming your felues both in perfons and goods,
and raking alfo thereby the markes and notes of vanitie
vpon you: by the cuftome thereof making your felues
to be wondered at by all forraine ciuil Nations, and
by all ftrangers that come among you, to be fcorned
and contemned. A cuftome lothfome to the eye, hatefull to the Nofe, harmefull to the braine, dangerous to
the Lungs, and in the blacke ftinking fume thereof, neereft refembling the horrible Stigian finoke of the pit that is
bottomeleffe.




ON THE EARLY USE OF TOBACCO IN ENGLAND.                   113
The foregoing Invective was written by the King of Great
Britain.  How early its royal authorflip was avowed, I know
not: but it was generally known long before its infertion in
the collected   edition  of the   King's  Wo/1res, publifhed   in
1616.
But King James flopped not, in his Crufade againft Tobacco,
at words.   In the following Comnmifo pro Th7bacco he added
Fines and Blows.
JAMES, by the grace of God &cc. to our right Trustie and right Welbeloued
Cousen and Counsellor, to/wmas Earle of Dorset our High Treasourer of
Englande, Greetinge.
Whereas Tobacco, being a Drugge of late Yeres found out, and by Merchants, as well Denizens as Strangers, brought from forreign Partes in small
quantitie into this Realn of England and other our Dominions, was used
and taken by the better sort both then and nowe onelye as Phisicke to preserve Healthe, and is now at this Day, through evell Custome and the Tolleration thereof, excessivelie taken by a noniber of ryotous and disordered
Persons of meane and base Condition, whoe, contrarie to the use which Persons of good Callinge and Qualitye make thereof, doe spend most of there
tyme in that idle Vanitie, to the evill example and corrupting of others, and
also do consume that Wages whiche manye of them gett by theire Labour,
and wherewith there Families should be releived. not caring at what Price
they buye that Drugge, but rather devisinge how to add to it other Mixture.
therebye to make it the more delightfull to their Taste, though so much the
more costly to there Purse; by which great and imoderate takinge of Tabacco the Health of a great nomber of our People is impayred, and theire
Bodies weakened and made unfit for Labor, the Estates of many mean Persons soe decayed and consumed as they are thereby dryven to unthriftie
Shifts onelie to maynteyne their gluttonous exercise thereof, besides that
also a great part of the Treasure of our Lande is spent and exhausted by this
onely Drugge so licentiously abused by the meaner sorte, all which enormous
Inconveniences ensuinge thereuppon We doe well perceave to proceed principally-from the great quantitie of Tabacco daily brought into this our Realm
of England and Dominions of Wales from the Partes beyond the Seas by
Merchauntes and others, which Excesse We conceave mighlt in great part
be restrayned by some good Imposition to be laid uppon it, where'by it is
likelie that a lesse Quantitie of Tabacco wll hereafter be broughte into this
our Realm of England, Dominion of Wales and 'Town of Barw.ick then in
former tymes, and yet sufficient store to serve for their necessarie use who
are of the better sort, and have and will use the same with Moderation to
preserve their Healthe;
We do therefore will and command you our Treasurer of Englande, and
herebye also warrant and aucthorise you to geve order to all Customers
Comptrollers Searchers Surveyors, and other Officers of our Portes, that,
from and after the sixe and twentith Day of October next comynge, they
shall demaunde and take to our use of all Merchauntes, as well Englishe as
Strangers, and of all others whoe shall bringe in anye Tobacco into this
Realme, within any Porte Haven or Creek belonging to any theire severall
Charges, the Somme of Six Shilliinges ande igte I'ence uppon everye Poulnd
Waight thereof, over and above the Custome of Twoo Pence uppon the
Pounde Waighte usuallye paide heretofore;
And for the better execution hereof, bothe in the Reformation of the saide
Abuses, and for the avoydinge of all Fraude and Deceipte concerninge the
Pavnente of the saide Imposition and Custone, Our Will and Pleasure is
that you shall in our Name straightlye charge and commaunde all Collectors
Customers Comptrollers Surveyors, and other Officers whatsoever to whome
the same maye belonge, that they suffer noe Entries to be made of anye
Tabacco at anye tynme hereafter to be broughte into anye Porte Haven or
Creeke within this our Realme of Englande, and Dominion of Wales, and
H




114   ON THE EARLY USE OF TOBACCO IN ENGLAND.
Towne of Barwicke, or anye parte of the same, by anye Englishe or Stranger,
or anye other Persone whatsoever, before the saide Custome and Imposition
before specified be firste satisfied and paide, or Composition made for the
same with our saide Customers, Collectors, or other Officers to whome the
enme apperteyneth, uppon Payne that if anye Merchaunte Englishe or
Straunger, or other whatsoever, shall presume to bringe in anye of the saide
Tabacco, before suche Payemente and Satisfactione firste made, That then
he shall not onelie forfeite the saide Tabacco, but alsoe shall undergoe suche
furthere Penalties and corporall Punishmente as the Qualitie of suche soe
highe a Contempte against our Royall and expresse Commaundemente in
this mannere published shall deserve.
Wytnes our self at FWestzinster the seaventeenth Day of October. [1604].
Per ipsznz Re.,em.
Rymer Fcdera, xvi. 60I. Ed. I715.
Sir ROBERT AYTON [bx 1570-d. an unmarried man in I638]
left amcn(,  his MSS. the following Sonnet, firft printed among
his Poems, Edinburgh, i844.     Ed. by C. Roger.
ON TOBACCO.
Forsaken of all comforts but these two,
My faggot and my pipe, I sit and muse
On all my crosses, and almost accuse
L'hie Heav'ns for dealing with me as they do.
'1 hen Hope steps in, and with a smiling brow
Such cheerful expectations doth infuse
As makes me think ere long I cannot choose
But be some grandee, whatsoe'er I'm now.
But having spent my pipe, I then perceive
That hopes and dreams are cousins-both deceive.
Then mark I this conclusion in my mind,
It's all one thing-both tend into one scopeTo live upon Tobacco and on Hope,
The one's but smoke, the other is but wind. p. 53.
1606. "The copy of a Letter written by E. D. Dodour of Phyficke to a Gentleman, by whom    it was publifhed.   The former
part conteineth Rules for th/e preferuaztion of health, and preuenling qf all dI/efZes vitil extreme olde age.  Herein is inferted the
Autho/l7s optiion of 7Tzbacco."
E. D. argles that Tabacco is (i) not safe for youth: (2) it shorteneth life:
(3) it lbreede h many diseases: (4) it breedeth melancholy: (5) it hurteth the
minde: i6) it is ill for the Smokers' issue: (7) it shorteneth life: and
"To conclude, sith it is so hurtfull and dangerous to youth, I wish (in compassion of them) that it might haue the pernitious nature expressed in the
name, and that it were as well knowen by the name of Youths-bane, as by
the name ofT'abacco." p.. 3-5.
1607. A fixe-fokle Politician, by I[OHNJ M[ELTON], has the
following allufion to Tobacco Smoking:And as the enterludes may be tearmed, the Schoole-houses of vanitie, and
wantonnes; so these [vaine poets and plaiersl are the schoolemaisters thereof: and methinks they (who haue tasted of the sweete fountaine water, running from their Academick mothers breasts, by this, if nothing else) shold
be deterred from their scribling profession, that they see their writings and
conceits sold at a common doore to euery base companion for a penny. But
most of their conceits are too deere at that rate, and therefore may well bee
had in the same request that Tobacco is now, which was wont to be taken of




ON THE EARLY USE OF TOBACCO IN ENGLLAND.                115
great gentlemen, and gallants, now made a frequent and familiar Companion
oi euery Tapster and Horse-keeper. And their conceits are
likest Tobacco of any thing: for as that is quickly kindled, Conceits saitomakes a stinking smoake, and quickly goes out, but leaues ring cf no
and inhering stinke in the nostrils and stomackes of the indsgenzcnt or
takers, not to be drawne out, but by putting in a worse sa- sfuddie like
uour, as of Onions and Garlick, 'according to the prouerbe: Tobacco
the smnel of Garlicke takes away the stink of dtughils,; so s;voke.
the writing of ordinarve Play-bookes, Pamphlets, and such
like, may be tearrned the mushrum conceptions of idle braines, moste of them
are begotte ouer night in Tobacco smoake and imuld-sacke, and vttered and
deliuered to the worlds presse by the helpe and midwifery of a caudle the
next morning. /if. 34-36.
1610. (I.) '1 [DMUND] G[ARDINER]. Gent. and P'raclitioner in
Phyficke,' wrote a medical defence, under the title of /The Triall
of Tobacco.   lIf7ere i, hiis worth is m/fc wart/hily exN-r-jft'd, as, itC
the niame,, n  aitri, ZIand qualitie of thegL f /ay  h'arb, his fpeciall zfe' i
all Ph'ficke, wit/h /he t/ ste and rigrht zfe of /takiig it, &c.
(2.) Under this yealr may alfo be put-GEOR(;E SANDYS.        A
t'elatio' z of a 7oirstey beltrtn Ail. Doni. 16IO. Foinsre Bookes.
Coutaisniig a deft criJilios of the Tsrk/i]z/ Empire, of Agy5t, of the
Z/ly Las(dz, of t/ie lemzote parts of Italy, sand Jfla idss adijy'zi,,g.
London.    1615.
The 'TuI'rkes are also incredible takers of Oi/iutm, whereof the lesser Asia
affordeth them plenty: carrying it about them both in peace and in warre;
which they say expelleth all feare, and makes them couragitous: but I rather
thinke giddy headed, and turbulent dreamers; by them, as should seeme by
what hath bene said, religiously affected. And perhaps for the selfe same
cause they also delight in 'obacco; they take it through reeds that haue
iyned vnto them great heads of wood to containe it: I doubt not but lately
taught them, as brought them by the English: and were it not s(omietimes
lookt into for.fornt Basswa not long since commanded a pipe to be thrust
through the nose of a Turrke, and so to be led in derision through the Citie,)
no question but it would prote a principall commodity. Neuerthelesse they
will take it in corners, and are so ignorant therein, that that which in EngI nd is not saleable, doth passe here amongst them for most excellent. Bk.
I. P. 66.
So England took Tobacco firfl to Turkey.
1611. IPefuiming of Tobacco, and the great Abife commtsitted in
it.  See Lowndes.
1614  (I.) WILL.RAM    BARCLAY, M.A., M.D., publifhed at
IElinburgh,-what was perhaps the firft flat contraldicion to the
Cosnter-lblJfe-viz.: NAepentthes, or the Vesrt-es of Yzbazcco.  This
trat —which I fihould, had fpace permitted, have been glad to
liave entirely reprinted  here —was publifled by the Spalding
Clul in their  ifcell'ny, i. pip. 257-274.  It begins thusHERCVLES to obey the conimandement and will of Ii VN o, busied him4elfe to ouerthrow the most famous monsters of his timel his Armes were a
bagge and a club. A most worthie Ladie, and, if I durst say so, the very
Ivso of our Ile hath commanded me to destroy some monstruous Diseases
so that to imitate the most chiualrous Chiftan of the worlde, I haue armed
my selfe with a boxe for his bagge, and a pipe for his club: a boxe to conserue
my Tabacco, and a pipe to vse it, by those two Godwilling, to ouercome
many maladies. If the hostes of such Diseases do not betray my endeuoures
to their hating and hated guests by not vsing or abusing my weapons. But
before I enter in the list, I must whet as it were my wits with these two
points, First vhy doe I treat of a matter so often handled by so many, so
odious to Princes, so pernicious to sundrie, and so cottly to all?




Il6   ON TfIE EARLY USE OF TOBACCO I-N, ENGLAND.
Secondly why doe I as another CLODIVS reueale mwystegni bona Dear,
and prophane the secrets of Physicke? I answere that a good matter is not
the worse to be maintained by many: and Plus vident oculi qzuamn oculs.
As concerning the hatred of Princes, one mans meate is another mans poyson. The wine prince of liquors hateth vehemently colworts, and yet beere,
aile, sider water, oyle, honey, and all other liquors doe well agree with colworts. The king of France drinketh neuer Orleans' wine notwithstanding
his subjects doe loue it well.
I know sundrie men that haue such Antipathie with butter that, they dare
not smell it. It hath bene pernicious to sundrie I grant it, so hath wine, so
hath bread, so hath gold, so hath land, and what so wholsome thiilg is that
cannot be turned to abuse? If it be costly vse the lesse-of it. What? is not
Rheubarbc coastly? is not Muske coastly? is not AAlbeg-reese coastly? As
touching the second point of my reuealing this secret of Physicke, I answere,
1 mean but to reforme the harme which proceedeth of the abuse, and to shew
to my countrey men that I am more willing to pleasure them then to profite
my selfe, neither did I sweare to conceale that point when in a robe of purpure I wedded the metanorphosed DAPHNE. It resteth now to vnfold what
mtioed me to entitule this treatise Nepenthfes, because it hath certaine mellifluous delicacie, which deliteth the senses, and spirits of man with a minidful
obliuion, insomtch that it maketh and induceth KaKCy eV E7rlOov a 7rdvtr-W
the forgettinr of all sorrowes and miseries. And there is such hostilitie betuvene it ana melancholie, that it is the only medicament in the world orlained by nature to entertaine good companie: insomuch that it worketih
neuier so well, as when it is giLuen from man to man, as a pledge of friendshlippe and antitie.
[The countrey which God hath honoured and blessed with this happie:and
holy herbe, doth call it in the natiue language Peuzin, the Spaniards, who
haue giuen it the right of naturalitie in their so3le, termie it Tabaeco, the
Frenchmen which haue receiued it in their countrey as in a colonie call it
ANicotian, in this our Ile of Br7ittaine, as in all other mariti:me parts, we vse
the Sparlsh name of Tabacco. But esteeming it worthie of a more loftie
nanme. I haue chosen for gossip the faire and famous iHe/elna, and giuen to
her the honour to name this most profitable plant, Nepenfthes.
Albeit this herbe disdaines not to be nourished in many gardens in Spaine;
in /talic, 1' rance, Flandlers, Ger7zanie and Briltafine, yet nelerthelesse only
that w-hich is fostered in India and brought home by Mariners and Traffiquersis to be vsed, as after you shall heare the reason is.
znon onnrisfert oniina te ar..
But auarice and greedines of gaine haue moLued the Marchants to apparell'
sotne Euro-vean plants with Indianr coats, and to enstall them in shops as
righteous and legittime Tabacco.... So that the most fine, best, and
pulrest is that whl ich is brought to Eurv-e inl leaues, antd'not rolled in puddings.
as the English Navigators first brought home.
In Tabzcco there is nothing which is not medecmin,. the root, the stalke, the
leaues, the seeds, the smoke, the ashes, and to be imore particular, iabacco
may scrue for the vse of man either greene or dTy...
To the cure and peregrination of an armite cf maladies, Tabacco must be
u.sed after this maner.  lake of leafe Tabaccr ai mutch as being folded together, may make a round ball of such bignesse that it may fill the patientrs
mouth, and inclyne his face downward towards the ground, keeping the
mouth open, not mouing a whit with his tongue, except now and then to
waken the medlicamient, there shall flow such a flood of water from his brain
and his stomacke, and from all parts of his hodya that it shall be a wonder.
This he must do fasting in the morning, and if it be for preseruation, and
the body very cacochyme, or full of euil humours, he must take it once a
weeke, otherwise once a month: But if it bee to cure the Epilepsie or Hydropisie once cuery day. Thus haue I vsed Tabacct nmy self. and thus vsed
Tabacco, Ican Greis a venerable old man at iNantes in the French Britain,
who liued whill lie was six score yeares of age, and who was known for the
only refuge of the poore afflicted souldiers of l'-nus when they were wounded
with the French Pickes, 1 should haue said Pockes.. Thus much for the vse




ON TIIE EARLY USE OF TOBACCO IN ENGLAND.                 117
of Tobacco in substance. As concerning the smoke, it may be taken more
frequently, and for the said effects, but always fasting, and with an emiptie
stonack, not as the English abuses do, which make a smoke-boxe of their
skull, more fit to be caried vnder his arme that selleth at Paris, drnoir a
nioircir to blacke men's shoes, then to carie the braine of him that can not
walke, can not ryde except the 'Tbacco Pype be in his 1moulIth. I chanced
in company on a tymle with an English merchant in Narbonodie betweene
Rolwen and AXe'v-haztnfen. This fellow was a merrie man, but at euerv house
he must have a Cole to kindle his Tabacco: the Frenchmen wondered, and
I laughed at his intemperancie. But there is one IllZlia)t, Al/so an honest
man dwelling in Bishops-gate street, hard within the gate that selleth the
best Tabacco in Enrglanzd, and vseth it mlost discreetly..
(2.) " The flcnTie ie of this AMe.  Prooning by good circumflance that the world was neuer honeft till now-.   Py BIARNABIEE
RYCH Gentleman, Seruant to the Kings moft Excellent Maicftie."
has the following.
But he that somne fortie or fifty yeares sithens, should haue asked after a
Pickadilly, I wonder who could haue vnderstood him, or could haue told
what a 'Pckadilly had beene, either fish or flesh.
But amongst the trades that are newly taken vp, this trade of Tobacco
doth exceede: and the money that is spent in smoake is vnknowne, and (I
thinke: vnthotught on, and of such a smoake as is more vaine, then the smoake
of fayre words, for that (they say) will serue to feede ioolcs, but this smoake
maketh FOOle(s of llieiseIzen: Irace thinks experience were enough to teach
the most simple witted, that before Tobacco was euer knolswne in Eogrland,
that we lited in as perlfect health, and as free from sickncsse, as we haue
done sithens, and looke vppon those (whereof there are a number at this
present houre' that did neucr take TibaZcco in their lites, and if they doe not
lite as healthsomle in bodie, and as free from all manner of diseases, as those
that doe take it fastest: they say it is good for a Coldt, for a Pose, for iA'cuwss,
for Aches, for DIropsics, and for all manner of diseases proceeding of moyst
humours: butt I cannot see but that those that doe take it fastest, are asmuch
(or more) subiect to all these infirmities, (yea and to the poxe it sclfe' as those
that haue nothing at all to doe with it: then what a wonderfill expence might
very well bee spared, thc t is spent and consumed in this needlesse vanitie.
There is not so base a groomne, that commes into an 4Ale/zhose to call for his
pot, but ha nmust haue his ps/1e of Tobacmo, for it is a cosnmmoditie that is nowe
as vendible in elerv Tauerne, Inne, and Ale house, as eythcr Wine, Ale, or
Beare, and for A/sof/icari-'s Shops, Grosers ShoAfs, Chanmill/sers Sozops, they
are 'almost) netier without company, that from morning till night are still
taking of Tobacco, what aj number are there besides, that doe keepe houses,
set open shoppes, that haue no other trade to liue by, but by the selling ot
Tobacco.
I haue heard it tolde that now very lately, there hath bin a Catlhalonr.e
taken of all thnse new erected houses that haue set vppe that Trade of selling Tobacco. in London and' neare-about London, and if a tman lmay bcleeue
what is confidentfy reported, there are found to be vpward of 7000. houses,
that doth liie by that trade.
I cannot say whether they number Apothicaries shoppes, Grosers shops,
and Chaundlers shops in this computation, but let it be that these were thrust
in to make vppe the number: let vs now looke a little into the Vidi;nus of
the matter, and let vs cast vppe but a sleight account, what the expence
might be that is consumed in this smoakie vapnure.
If it be true that there be 7000. shops, in and about London, that doth vent
Tobacco, as it is credibly reported that there be ouer and aboue that nunmber;
it nma well bee supposed, to be but an ill customed shoppe, that taketh not
fiue shillings a day, one day with another, throughout the w-hole yeare, or if
one doth take lesse, two other may take more: but let vs make our account,
but after 2 shillings sixe pence a day, for he that taketh lesse than that,
would be ill able to pay his rent, or to keepe open his Shop Windowes, neither




II8   ON THE EARLY USE OF TOBACCO IN ENGLAND.
would Tobacco houses make such a muster as they doe, and that almost in
euery Lane, and in euery by-corner round about Lonodot.
Let vs then reckon thus. 70oo. halfe Crowns a day amounteth just to 3I.9375
poundes a yeare. Szmnma totalis, All spent in smioake.
I doe not reckon now what is spent in Tauernes, in Innes, in Alehouses,
nor what gentlemen doe spend in their owne houses and chambers, it would
amount to a great reckoning, but if I cou!de deliuer truly what is spent
throughout the whole Realme of England, in that idle vanitie, I thinke it
woulde make a number of good people (that haue anie feare of God in them)
to lament, that such a masse of Treasure, should be so basely consumed,
that might be imployed to many better purposes. —f. 25-27.
(3.) JOSHUA SYLVESTER, the tranflator of Du Bartas, wrote a
poem, under the title of Tobacco battered; and the Pipes Jafttered
(About their Eares that idlely Idolizefo bafe and barbarous a Wee:t;
or at least-wife ouer-lone /fo loathfiore Vanifi:) by A Volley qf hol
Shot thundered fromz 7lo/unt He'licon.  The calibre of this Invective may be meafured by its concluding lines-.. How iuster will the Heau'nly GOD,
Th' Eternal, punish with infernal Rod,
In Hell's darke (Fornace, with black tFumnes, to choak)
Those, that on Earth will still offenid in Smioak?
Offend their Friends, with a Most vn-Res/ect:
Offend their Wiues and Children, with Neglect:
Offend the Eyes, with foule and loathsorm Spawlings:
Offend the Nose, with filthy Fumes exhalings:
Offend the Eares, with lowd lewd Execrations:
Offend the Mouth, with ougly Excreations:
Offend the Sense, with stupefying Sense:
Offend the Weake, to follow their (Ofense:
Offend the Body, and offend the Minde:
Offend the Conscience in a fearefull kinde:
Offend their Baptisme, and their Second Birth:
Offend the zlMaiestie of Heau'n and Earth.
Woe to the World because of Such Oftenses;
So voluntaire, so voyd of all pretenses
Of all Excuse (saue Fashion, Customze, Iill)
In so apparant, proued, granted, I/i.
Woe, woe to them by Whom Offences come,
So scandalous to All our CHRISTENDONu E.
1615. An Advice horw   to plant Tobacco itn Eng/land: and how07 t
brinig it to colour andperl/rcioyn, to tchomi it mol, be profitable, and
to whomn harmfull.      7he vertues of the ilearbe in gener(ll, as
well in the outward application as tafzwi in F-'VM1E.      l'Vfthz the
danoer of the SpanziJ  Tobacco.  Written by C. T.
This work gives us a good idea of the rapid growth of Tobacco Smoking in England.
I haue heard it reported, by men of good iudgement, that there is paid out
of England and Ireland, neere the value of two hundred thousand pounds
euery yeare for Tobacco; and that the greatest part thereof is bought for
ready money. Sure I amn, that when our Englishmen for these seuen or eight
yeares last past, traded for it at Trinidado, or in Orenoquee, that great store
of Gold, Siluer, Coine, and plate was carried hence, and giuen to the Spaniard
there in exchange. For so greedy were our English of the Indian Tobacco,
as where in the beginning of our traffique there, some yeares since, the
Spaniards (as in all new plantations) were prest with all sorts of vwaits; and
had neither cloathes to couer them, nor shooes to tread on, nor tread to
eate, and did therefore exchange their 'Tobacco for Fish. \Wine, Aqua-v'tae,
all sorts of lasting food, for woollen stockins, hats, tlreed. hatchets, and the
like: they became in a short time so cloyd with all these commodities, as




ON THE EARLY USE OF TOBACCO IN ENGLAND.                  I19
nothing (some Silkes. and Cloath of SiTuer and Gold excepted) but ready
Money, and Siluer plate could content them.
This Trade therefore, where the Treasure of this land is vented for smoke,
cannot but greatly preljdice the Common-weale: which although it were in
some sort tollerable, byreason that many shippes and Mariners were employed,
and that thereby wee kept our knowledge of the West Indies, and bred niany
sufficient Marriners: yet seeing the Spaniards haue now vtterly banished our
Merchants, and put all to the sword, or to a more crnell death, which they
can maister, or betray in those parts: I haue thought good, as well for the
keeping within the Land of the Treasure before spoken of, then carried into
the Indies, and now into Spaine, as for other respects hereafter remembred;
to instruct those of our Nation how to sow, plant and perfect this drugge.
For besides the ill exchange made for this fantasticall merchandize, and
besides, the extreame rate, and price of the Indian Tobacco, of which the
greatest part is sold for ten times the value of pepper, and the best of it,
weight for weight, for the finest siluer; it is hard to find one pound weight
in fiue hundred, that is not sophisticate.
The naturall colour of Tobacco is a deepe yellow, or a light tawnie: and
when the Indians themselnes sold it vs for Kniues, Hatchets, Beads, Belles,
and like merchandise, it had no other complexion, as all the Tobacco at this
day hath, which is brought from the coast of Guiana, from Saint Vincents,
from Saint Larcia, from Dowianica, and other places, where we buy it but of
the naturall people, and all these sorts are cleane, and so is that of St. Doiin.,o0a, where the Spaniards haue not yet learned the Art of Sophistication.
There is also a sort of Caraccas Tobacco, which the Indians make vp, and
sell to the Spaniards, which is wholesome enough; but there comes little of
it into England.
Now besides these harmefull mixtures, if our English which delight in
Indian Tobacco, had seene how the Spanish slaues make itvp, how they dresse
their sores, and pockie vlcers, with the same vnwasht hands with which they
slubber and annoynt the Tobacco, and call it sauce Per los perros Luteranos,
for Lutheran dogges, they would not so often draw it into their heads and
through their noses as they doe: yea many a filthy satour should they find
therein, did not the smel of the bunny maister it, which smell euery man
may plainly perceiue that takes of the blacke roll Tabacco, brought from
Orentoqze, Trinidatlo, and else-where.
1616. JOHN    DEAcoSN-  ]who appears to have been another
Phillip Stubbes —dedicated Tobacco'tortured; or the filthie funme
of 7bbacco refined: to James I.
This work is in the form of a dialogue between Capnizius and
Hydroaphoi-irs.  It is divided into two parts: (I.) The Fume of
Tobacco taken inward, is very pernicious vnto the Body.        (2.)
The Fume of Tobacco taken inward, is too too profluuious for
many of our Tobacconists purfes, and moit pernicious to the
publike State.
The following extracts will flow the nature of the work.
C'an. Alas poore Tobacco, my pretie Tobacco; thou that hast bene hitherto
accompted the Ale-knights armes, the Beere-brewers badge, the Carousers.
crest, the Drunkards darling, the Draffe-sacks delight, the Easterlings ensigne,
the Fantasticals foretresse, the Gormandizers glorie, the hungry Hostesses alepole, the Mad-braines merriment, the New-fangles noueltie, the Poope-noddies.
paramour, the Ruffians reflection, the Swil-boles swine-troffe, the Tinkers.
trull, the Tospots protection, the Vintners vintage, and the vnthrifts pasport
thou must now (I feare me) bee enforced forthwith to take thy farewell towards the vttermost parts of India, from whence thou were first transported
to England by vicious and wild dispositions....   57.
'ydr. First therefore for the exceeding high rate that this Tobacco hath
euer bene at since the very first arriuall thereof into England, thou thy selfe,
and all our Tobacconists, are able to say this of your owne proper knowledge:




* ^


120   ON THE EARLY USE OF TOBACCO IN ENGLAND.
namely, that the same hath vsually bene sold by the pound, for twentie
nobles, fiue, foure,, or three pounds: yea and when it came to the lowest
price, it could not bee had vnder foure markes or fortie shillings, which
amounteth to three shillings four pence an ounce at the least. Is not this
(thinkest thou) an exceeding high rate for filthie Tobacco?... f. 61.
Hydr. Concerning therefore that former superfluous and riotous waste, which
those Tobacconists do so wilfully make about their beastly Tobacco fumnes,
do tell me in good sadnesse, whether it be not a superfluous waste, for any
man of great place, to paddle forth yearely one hundred pounds at the least,
for an hundred gallons of filthy fumes? for a Gentleman of meaner condition,
to be at fortie pound annuall expences, about bare fortie pottels of stinking
flames, for a Yeoman, an Husbandman, an Artificer, a Trades-man, a Tinker,
a Shoomaker, or a Cobbler, to bestow weekely some three shillings fourpence at the least, for but one onely ounce of fantastical fooleries?..  s.. 62.
Hydr. So as (by these meanes) they make great noble Persons, but singlesoaled Gentlemen; well bred Gentelmen, but bare thredded Yeomen; bountifull Yeomen, but beggerly Husbandmen, hospitious Husbandmen, but shifting
Trades-men, artificious Trades-men but conicatching companions, conicatching companions, but vagabond rogues. Thus thou mayest plainly perceiue
how these their intoxicating Tobacco fmtes are able (in an vnperceiuable and
Circean manner) to transforme nobilitie into gentrie, gentrie into yeomanrie,
yeomanrie into husbandry, husbandrie into maunuarie, manuarie into mannbiarie, manubiarie into a vagrant and retchlesse roguerie, and what not
besides? A. 65.
(2.) The Counterbla te was reprinted     this year in Bishop
Montagu's edition of James' Waorkes.
1616. Bishop Montagu publifhed a Latin tranflation of the
King's works: in which the Counterblayfe appeals as Mifocapnus,
Jfel de Abujlt T7bacci.   This provoked a Polish Jefuit to write
Antimijiocacnus, a tra& which I have not met with.
We cannot better conclude there fcattered notices, than with
the following poem: sometimes called Tobacco Spiritualized: but
which is evidently reprinted in Two Broadfides, &c.    1672: see
No. 4, p. 6.
The Inzdian Weed withered quite,
Green at Noon, cut down at Night;
Shews thy decay, all Flesh is hay:
Thus think, then drink Tobacco.
The Pipe that is so lilly-.white,
Shews Thee to be a mortal Wight,
And euen such gone with a touch:
Thus think, then drink Tabacco.
And when the Smoke ascends on high,
Think thou behold'st the Vanity
Of worldly stuff, gone with a puff:
Thus think, then drink Tobacco.
And when the Pipe grows foul within,
Think on the Soul defil'd with Sin,
And then the Fire it doth require:
Thus think, then drink Tobacco.
The Ashes that are left behind
May serve to put thee still in mind,
That unto Dust return thou must:
Thus think, then drink Tobacco.
Answered by George Withers thus,
Thus think, drink no Tobacco.
Muir &' Paterson, Printers, Edinburgh.
















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