__ I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 I e? ~:t I~ s~:: `~ k ' ' '. t "II ' i..I L rr: Sp~r \ 'I? 5' I i.;'1^ ^1 a; i,:X~~: ir " ' *i iN f ~-< i * 3 s t' c~ '. i:!. b-1 A: Qi.t j m 1 S " t 'i 1, '-~; wS,' ' Y!~-nPi 6 s':-:9 *D; Ir! i..,~ 2i:~ i; r I: iI "Ii 5It Nv| I k-, r). ZglcLE z 8d; 1.:),a',v Ic i OH t^qoft bl ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i:~~~~~~~~~~~,. -~~~~~~~~~~~1;: ~ -~:.-~-1 — i - - ~- -u I 9- 81 -i i ~f n.f i c cPII D r 5 f p O: I i i 1~ 1 t,Wf s ___ IIi, ciB ji m 3r" ~~~~~~~~~CI r~~~~~~~~~ p,I* P I,.? LI 1 I I inr~a; oI the de iled State;;)i ^Z* - I DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR BUREAU OF STATISTICS:::::: O. P. AUSTIN, Chief of Bureau COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906 Showing Commerce, Production, Transportation, Finances, Area, Population, and Details of Trade with the United States and Foreign Countries during a Term of Years i WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE APRIL, 1907 I' lity. j.. I / ' t r I I1 CONTENTS. Introduction............... —.-.. --- —-. --- ——. -- Geography............ --- —- -. —. --- —Topography............... Climate......-............ — ------ Rainfall........................ --- - --- Maps and surveys. --- —------------ Water resources... --- —----------—. —. —. ---.-. --- —River sources and beasins.............................. Gaugings of rivers................... Irrigation..... --.. --- —-.. —... --- —--—. --- —----—. Water power..-...........c..-..... --- —---- Population........-..........-..................... Elements of the population............... Lal)or conditions-Cure for anemia...... --- ——.. Immigration................ Distribution by occupation............ ----.......... Wages and standard of living-...................... Public health and sanitation.............. Education......-............ ---.. —. —.. ---.-.. Five years of progress.................... Lack of teachers..................- -............ University, private, and night schools................ Present conditions andl needs.......................... Libraries................................... Newspapers and )pe rio (icals....................... Cities and towns............................ San Juan............................. Ponce ----..-........-.. — --...........-............... Mayaguez.............. - -.......... Aguadilla.............................. Arecibo......................... Fajardo............................. Other towns -----------—... Value of property in nulnicipalities................... Agriculture......................................... Soils -........-.-.........................-. Methods of cultivation. ---. —......-...... Land holdings................................... Sugar and coffee................................... Cultivating sugar cane-............... Manufacturing sugar.................................. Progress in sugar industry................ Coffee culture and trade........................... Modern methods in coffee in(lllstrv................... Tobacco-........... Citrus fruits.......................................... O ther fruits........................................... Other agricultural pro(licts.................... Winter market for Porto Rican I)rodll(ts............. Stock raising............................... Fertilizers................ Law for protection of plants........................ Auricultural experimlnnt stati(on.................. Forests.................................. Useful trees.........-......-.....-..................... Conditions for reforesting............................ Pag,. 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 13 14 14 14 14 14 154 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 1 r) 17 17 17 1S 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 23 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 Fisheries........................................... --- Methods of the fisheries........ Fish industry....................... Mineral resources.............................. Gold, silver, and nickel....... Iron, copper, and lad................................ Salt................................ IBrick, lime, and plhoslhat(.......................... Mineral springs................................ Manufacturxes -... ---......................-........ Inland transportat ion -..-....-..................... Road building -.. ---.-....................... R.,a< lwllslin,. --- —------------------------- ------------ Railways....................................... Ocean transportatl io...-.-....-....... —................. Navigation at chliief l prt s................... Pilotage, provisioning, and dcl( age............. Hlarbo)r of San J tan..... Other harbl)ors.................... Iight-house service(........................... Mail, telegraph, an(l l leplhone servic.............. Postal service. ------------—. --- —-. ---. --- —-.. T(elgraph and, teleplhonel, s(rvice (,.. --- —----—.. (GIovennll ent.............-........... Le(gislative anl execult ive.. Judicial.......................... Adliniistmrative (l(depart s....e.............. Polic( and mIilita ry............-...................... Municipal gov(rnen(..t................. EmIployees in t(le civil service...........-.......... (lustol1s service'(...... -.-.........- —... —....... W eights a(nl lmeasur(es.............................. Corporations........-.. — -—......... Corporation tax(es...-. —.....-.............. Financl(('.............................. Insulhar r('venue( ( system1(... ---.-................... Assessal)le p)ro))elrty anI tax Icollection(......-....... Custo)ls tari T'....i..........ff.. Insular I(olon(ed (ebl(,t........................... Debt of llliilc)alit i.s...................... Currenc(y anld anking........................ lRetir(ement, of l'ortlo Rico m.oney.................... Effect o(f retiremlnllt on industrial condili(ns...-...... Monetary history................................... Banking-'............. --—...................... Commn rc ------—................................................ E xport, tral (. _.................................... Sugar................................................ I( bacco.............................................. (C off(e................................. Othe(r articl(es (f export................................ Im port tral (........................................ Imports from the United Stats............. Imnports frm foreign countries................... con chis qi Page. 26 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 30 30 31 32 32 32 33 34 34:34 34 35 35 35 36 36 37 38 38 39 39 39 39 40 40 41 42 43 43 44 44 45 45 46 47 48 48 48 48 49:00 der, alvadition, uality. I fI. ",r; (5) * < / \ ' *,l l. -. 4 CONTENTS. STATISTICAL TA'1B LES. Exports of principal articles of merchandise from Porto Rico, 1871-1897 and 1901-1906................................ Exports of coffee froml Porto Itico, 1870 to 1906, )y countries. Tonnage of vessels enter(d and cleared in the trade of Porto Rico with foreign countries, 1901 to 1906.............. Tonnage of vessels cleared( from 1the United States to Porto Rico and from Porto Rico to the United States, 1901 to 1906. Steamship lines engaged in trade between Porto Rico and the United States and (between Porto Rico and foreign countries................................................... Resources and liabilities of blanking institutions in Porto Rico at the close of business June 30, 1905............Statistics of population of Porto Rico. Total coiimmerce of the United States with Porto Rico, 1855 to 1906............ Page. 54 55 55 56 57 58 58 59 Total imports and exports of Porto Rico, 1836 to 1906... --- Commerce of the United States with Porto Rico, by customs districts and articles, 1901 to 1906........... Rates of United States dollars (New York exchange at sight) in Porto Rico, 1879 to 1900........................... Total values of imports and exports of merchandise, domestic and foreign, into and from Porto Rico, 1887 to 1906....-. Total values of merchandise imported into and exported from Porto Rtico in its trade with countries other than the United States, 1901 to 1906......................... Imports and exports of principal articles of merchandise into and from Porto Rico during the years 1901 to 1906, showing principal countries from which imported and to which exported.......................................... Page. 60 60 62 63 63 64 ' I - COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. INTRODUCTION. Commerce and commercial opportunities and prospects in Porto Rico have rapidly developed during recent years, and commercial relations between the island and the mainland of the United States have been greatly stimulated through the natural interchanges growing out of a close relationship between tropical and Temperate Zone sections and peoples. No class of products has enjoyed a greater popularity among or realized a greater growth in ldemand by the people of the United States than those produced in the tropical sections of the world. The value of tropical and subtropical products entering the ports of the United States has quadrupled since 1870 and doubled in the last twenty years, while the (luantity of many of the important tropical products imported has grown in even greater proportion. The demand for such standarl arrticles of tropical production as sugar, coffee, cacao, fibers, tobacco, fruits and nuts, gums, cabinet woods, dyewoods, and oither articles of this character increases steadily and rapidly in the United States. So, when Porto Rico, a producer or possible prodlu(ce(r f these articles, found a ready market in a country of 80 million consumers, her production of the more important of them was inlnedliately stimulated, and soon there followed similar increases of production in the less important industries of this character. In turn followed the improvement of roads and facilities for tralnsporting these natural products to the seaboard and then(ce lo the mlarklets of the United States. On the other hand, the( leople If Porto Rico, requiring manufactures and foodstuffs, the prod(uctl,of the Temnperate Zone, have applied their increased earnings and the reslllts of their increased sales in the United States to inc(reased pur(chases of the p)roducts of our farms and factories. The result of this natural interchange and the stimulus given to production in Porto Rico is seen in the fact (hat the total value of merchandise leaving the ports of Porto Rico for the markets of the world has more than doubled in the last deca(lde, while the value of merchandise passing between the island and the United States is ten times as great as a decade ago, both in )ro(lucts sent to this country and merchandise purchased therefrom. These conditions of increased markets in the United States for Porto Rican products and increased interchange of products }(between the people of that island and the people of tlie mIainlandl have greatly stimulated the interest of American capitalists, investors, and producers, and many millions of American c(ap)ital have been invested in the various lines of industry inl Port) lliothe production of sugar, tol)acco, citrus fruits, pineapples, cocoanuts, coffee, and fibers, andl experimentall y III Ilany l lioh e's. These investments have in turn stimulated tIle d(evelop)mienlt of roads, railways, and other facilities of transportali,on aml] have at the same time stimulated the interest of AmericaIn ('it 1zs is conditions in the island and its possibilities as a fieldl fir tl mnre invest - ment of American capital anld American en(trg.y. GEOGRAPHY. The island of Porto Rico, ceded(l to the Unitedl States by Spain under the treaty of December ll, 1898, is the easternmnost of the four larger Antilles (Cuba, Haiti, Porto IRico, and Jamiaica), being separated from the island of IIaiti o(n t11 west )by Mona Passage and from the Virgin Islands on the east by Virgin Passage. It lies about 450 miles cast and slightly south of the southernmost point of Cuba, 75 miles east of Haiti, and1 40 miles west of the Danish islanld (f St. Thomas, the nearest of the Virgin group, while Culebra Island, which p(olitically belongs to Porto Ric(, is only 18 Iniles front St. Thomas. It is well within the Tropics, the eighteenth degree of north latitude being almost exactly coincident with its south coast, while the north co(ast coinci(ls almlost as exactly with 18~ '30. It exten(Is fromn (65~ 38' to 67~ 15' west longitude, its greatest length being 112 miles, while its average width is 36 mniles. Its west co(last runs allmost exactly nort l-south, so that, were it not for its solmewlhat tapering east end, the island woull be an almost perfect rectangle. The area, as given in lBulletin 302 of the United States (leoloCigical Survey (Series F, (eography 58), is 3,435 s(quare (ile(s, whiih includes the four main a(ija,(cent islan(ls-Mona Island, in Moma. 'Passage; ('aja de Muertots, a little southeast of P1nce; Vie(ques or Cral) Island, facing the mi(tlle of tle east. (o(last, and (Culebra Island, north (l f tllh precedingand( a number of smaller islands ('lose to t( he northeast (corner. This area is aboult t.hr(e-fo(irtlisl tat, ()f C(5)ineciticut. For Ipurposes of adminiiistratiomi andi of electionls tle island is d(ivided into seve(n (districts, c(alle(l, aifter their cap)itals, Aguadilla, Arecibo, Guayanima, lluna:cao, Mya z, I)mice(, '(an(l San Jluan. Tr)lP()( ItA lII Y. The island is Ipart, of thll great vo l(.anic' ra.ng( that (constitiutes the Greater and(l Lesser Antilles, rising steeply fromii great oc'(anic l(eptlls. 'T'lle( 100-fathom line is everywhere ('l(s( to,) (ie slhore, (espe)ially ) on t1he nrth, and a little farth(er ()ut, less t(han 1(00 miles ()ffslior(,, is 1tl(' "lBrownson leep," with a delptl ()f 4,5(; fathloomts, har(lly exceeded(ll anyw1hre( (ni the glo. Trls t(he ibac(kl)(e of Porrt o Ri(co is formic(l o)f a rani(ge of vo(lcanli(' roc(ks, running due( cast an(1 west, about, 12 1miles from( tlie s()utli sho(,re and 2- miles fromn tihe nlorthi sliore. Fromt 1(h (l cent(er ()f thlo( island a spur ()f tie1 main range rum)s notrtel(iastward(, te(rmiinating in tlie Lt(iqu1ill(o r'augeo, which cIntaitns El Yun(iil(ie (itlie anvil), t11( iglhest. sl11mliit, ()1I tlt' island, whlos(e b(iglht is reil)(rted(i t 1t(e:1,79() feet. Tl(' c(nt tral ax is is flank('(l o0 le nor]' l' ] )a)( so)lu] by li(mesto(nle (l(epsits rais(e(l abl)ove sea leve(l b)y tli (' uplrllrust. ()f tli ('(ceitral Immiass and (liss(ec't(el Iby crosi(on int(l foot(ills. A.s m)sua1ll in) lin(st(one( ('(countries, much of tlie (lrainage iln t(he liim(lstomi(ne area is unlt(('rgroun(l. Rivers fre(jquently d(isalI)(pear il) ('iiasms, 1) reapl)(ear at, so(m( (lisalnce'(. As this llun(dergrobmnlld (Ilraisitag is (loistsiantly shlifting, 111niy ) f the ('halne('ls llav(e (bee(l c(i((nve(rtlled iliI ()('av(s. Mm(cli ()f t}( island is l oml(Nr( l(mbe (' witi s (1]1 (cav(es, wllicll jrc' (a f co('(nllmmi(' inl (r'.st in ihat., ll tlvy lav(, s(rvie(l for agles as t(hl' a)eil( o(f (normonms 1 lmbei(Irs (f I)(ats, Wll1se(' drIlip)lilgs, forliinimg ( xce(lle mit. guallnll, inll iman1mv cases (ovr t lr tll' tl()()r to(a icmsid(,rablle l( Ipt(h. 'I'l'( muost fam.omms ()f t Ihse (,av(es is tllat( o(f Piajita, at, Lares. EJr(sion lias l,', n so(1 alctiv( amndl | so) l(o(, comilnled, botolln the volaiand ()II tile linlestonle, rro('ks, tlilt nol tra'ce (of an o(riginal cre.st is visi)l(, tlie( ('itir(, surface (of tle islandl i)(ing c'ut umi) in(to a. ulm1ltitlude(( ()f ('cne1s amdi (dlomli(s. Thl vol('ani(c r((ks wetll(lr int()a r('( ( clay, in('(re(dibily tough an(l sticky, whici'} ('()v(,rs tlie umnatil(' r((l ro1(k (ft('en to a dept(h ()f 100 foet. Iliglily ()>bject('i(nable (as tillis (lay is )o till road bsuilder, through its imperviomusness t( water, it has a('t ually b)(e1( the? salvation of the central districts, whicli, inll tli(ir deforested condition, would long ago have been deprived( of their soil but for this quality.. i I 11, (5 I/ ' // '; '"-" t 6 COMMEIIRCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. The slopes formed by Ihis soil are of surprising steepness, (often nearly vertical, and, what is still more sulrprising, are cultivated,' the most, productive crops of (cffee and( tobacc, Ieing inl s(oe cases raised on (e(',livitie's on which an Ameri('an farmer would( not risk life and linmi. ( 'ultivationi in su(chl cass is is ent irely y handl, lthe left han(l grasping a tiree while the right wields the hoe) o'r iuachete. Tille soils in the limnestine region are wholly different, leiing light aolId poros11, and s0o permeablle I(t watfer that, insteadl f being waterloggel, they are wverdlraind. In suc(11 cases irrigation is freqnently necessary. The island is encirle'd byv a narrow belt, ( of playas oir plains, formed otf the alluviuim trought ilown Iy the streallms fro)m h intt,(ri)ir. Only o(n the noirtlh ('ast, fromi San inan westward to Arecibo a'and eastwa.rd( to Lo),iza, l(does tis plain attai in any notable wid(th, of some ( o(r 7 miles; at. the south, with frequent interruptions, it is only siome 3 ti) 5 mile's wide, and el(dsewhere it is almost entirely lacking. Prolongatlions of it extend tip int,( tlh' valleys of the larger rivers. These, plains are flhe sugar lands, which at the Ir'senit day (oinstitute the princip)al wealth tf the island. (CI, 1MA NTI E. Thll tcilinmate (,f Pi',t(, Ric(', is remarklable for its freedom free frm extrenmes. The highest templierature' rec(rde(( in 1.902 on the whole island was 98~ F., at, Morlvis on JIune 4, a (ayevyon August, 19 and otlher dtates, and at lHacienda la Perla in tlhe LuIquillo( Forest Reserve on Septener -l. Thle lhighe'st tlnemI(rattr(e ever re'llrle(l was (100.8~ F., ii May, tlit' lwest 5(;.~ F., ini December. For a. lIng )periodl the average annual temlperature has rantge(dl n thie niorthelrn (c'(ast fromn 78~ tI. 82~. The clldest. monthil in theI year is Janal: ry, with a hte'iperat iure averaging 75~, wliile it August, the hottest Int)lh, tilhe average is atout 82~. Vllhil t variati frm ilmoi)th to mo(1ntili is slight, there is c'insilderabl), difference acco'dliig to altitlude. The teliliperature( in the inlterioer,,(splcee(ially on tlie, higher levels,of Ai)nito, ('aye'y, an'dI l'tiaolo, is much'l lo(wer than alo,ng thile (oast. wind. Tllrliigholut, Oit' island, vegetatlion is ('cnstantly a 'ffected by this stleadly current(i4 i, air, always fromiill t casi, sI that tihe tr'ees o()n tllh ' hillt,s anIdi ill,It r 1 np' tl)dl rpt ('(1, '(l l)t 5ts ar, st (IIte and1 1lbent ti) til, westward. Successful cultivation (f fruit, o'ff ), eaeao, a1d similar products is, dependenti on windbreaks. J1, is onIly.? itl shelteredll sitluatio1s 1 hat luxutriait. treI growthI is foundi. A series of windbre(iaks of sulchi tree(s as illanlg), cIastia.rina., Itc'., wI,)1l b1e,f inllestiniable' value' to tille island. Iiin tI(le productioni (f ('()ffee' it is not thle shade whichl tille sllte('rilig (tree affordis Ilhat is (f belleftit so, In mu-Ih aIs tIe! p rotec'tioI fromII wino aInd( Ioeil.r iIjuIirioIs ilultflletnce(s. IHurric'anes as aI rile ll'r ()onily duiring the months of Auguist amd ()to(')ber, wihen i tl(' ('astern tralde winds ibecomle ulista"(ldy and Fnpr)pitiouitis ash(.e t:ide winds re' 1, so(,]:me exilte It) tlle fore'st Supp)ly oI f ool, p) IuIre, salt air, is anl IIIIallo:ye(dI Ibenetfit, e'sp(c'ially in the weste('rn pl a., W!(rl' lil ll' ss ( 'i55 l(,dlt. '11 Iligillts are n ver lot, anid evon tlle' heat of tIll' da(y is tempered bty the o''nstanth bre'eze('. heavily imoisture l aden friomtl tll' warm ioleean, tfel tradie windls 111(ss short. d aio01 n111 resillt. i'l'ese dliow nip1oti'rs eoIIt I I s far as I Ie center (f the island. (Crossing theill iuli]nits at thllat 1oi1t, tit' winds enter ', region oif lhigler temllperaltreo. aInd beill" thullS enlabled( to (c'ry a, la.rger a.11mount (f llmist ir ie they let fall 'Ic ipaiat ivil v lit ile rai ove(,r the souit.hernt and west('ern so)pes. It A IN F A l,,. The island may tbe (divided inito four zones, acormding to tle' anr Tit,If rainfall (Irec,ived:l ()'i ll' I uil hl auill ra g,. wit i an a ''rage annual rainfall if 139.::3 incili's (mlaxiiunml in 1 1068. (.76 inche's); (9}=; tIe,c(mentral rane an(l tie belt immediately adjoining it on tlhe inuorth, as far west as Adjuntas, with a maximnuin of 123 inches; (3) thfl northern c(ast belt, with annual rainfalls varying froin 55 to 100 inct'hes: (4) the sotlthern coast ibelt, with avln a rage' (f 20 inchtis. The souiit hern (coast is called tIlhe arild coast. Not only is the rainfall t(ch're small, but, it is very irregularly distributedl. There is said t) 1(,e an authentic record at (iuayama, at. tlit( soiiitheiast. corner of thel island, ()f I3 nlitlllhs, chiefly in 1893, when not an inch of rainfall was recoudritil. This recCord is all t(he morc renmarkable when C()ntrast(el wit h the fact that (on the top ()f El Yunql(ue,l iln le Ltuquillo range., (inly:12 miles no(rtheast,of (Guayama, twelvte h(ours witiho]ut rain are tihll e'xception. The rec(lrdis at, (Cal}) Rojo,. near tlite slouthwest c('('11rner (f the island, sh5ow ()n(' period ()f thr((ee years in whicl no rain fetll. The e'ff(ec't ()f this natural dryness is fnrther a(cc,'ent.uated }by the I)pirou)'s natulre' ()f the linmestone soil1 o1n the' sttouthernl c(oast, through whiiclh the rainfall received by tle lalndl quickly drains off. This great (lifference in the rainfall between tlhe north(ern and stout.hetrn sl()lte (f the islandt m.alifests itself not (ily by t lie plerpetual miiuddin(ess ()f the ro'ads on tlie north side as c(',tnplare(l with tiheir dry and (dusty c((dition llo the so(1th, but. espec'(ially hy ty the ve(getatiomn and tli( regimenn of tliel rivers. On thel no(rtlh, near thel' miountain summits, tlie flora is always ibright and verdlanlt and (f trolhilal luxuriance(, and the rivers carry large voliume's If water. In the south, especially near the southwestern txt r(,mit y ()f th, island, the trees are (dwarfed hardwoods; c'acti, ('(lcentur'y pants, and acacias abliund, and thel vege'tal as well as tll' t()p()gr'aplhiic ch'ara(cteristics are similar (to those ()f lthe semiarid Southwest ()f (hle United State(s. Thie river bd(ls are almost dry and are full (of rncks and }owlde'rs. Cudutivaition oIn tih'(, soulthi coast would tbe pr(cariluis witlihout irrigationr. Fort unately, tile c(nlditions for succe'('ssful irrigation are almost. (everywh''re pres'nI. T Tho lIquilo() range is not. only tlie wettest spt)f ()n thlie island, but o rn ()f lit' wtte'st ()n the glo)be, much( wetter than any 1part ()f the Ullnited! States, whterte the maximumg of 100 inches is a.ttaineid lily in a narrow strip aling thie Pacific c('(()ast (f Washingtlmi and Oregonm. There are' few nights inl the year when no rain falls at. La Perla, the 1nea'rest mett('(or()logic'al statioun. Tie(, forests o)ni ti ll lu(ill riange arte dripping withI) mloistulre, all thle (time. At. San Juan tlhe' rainy season lasts fromn April to() Noi)ve'mtilr, while tlhe reaitlninig ionlthlls forin tlie dlry seasoln, so call1ed, thlloulg even lthen fli' linilmum is 1.8 inr'lits ini February. TIIsuaIIe dtist ri'IIot ioI (f theil two, se(asons appll'iis' with littl te varialti(o to ()lie e'ntir'I isllan1d. Tl IUnitied States Weatlhe'r lBureau imalitails auhlitlt. 15 sttilto ins o)n (the island, as a part (of an- ' exteinsive West Indian servieO. )During tie hurric'ante' s(asion fromil Jlily to )('toble.r, inclusiv(()loser'vations arI madel' at leas( twi'ce a day. Th'e ce'itral statiloll is lit Sall Juanl, and fr(mIll it. (messa(g's ad warninggs ari (distriblited throtuigh till' ('o()olprattion (i tfie bur'aul of iistilar te'legralph antd thle insuilar plice'. Thle Weathter Plureaul aIlso mnaintaits a "( lima(te and ('ro)p" service for the' island, for whlich tlte'e are al>oit 35 v(oluntary ()iostrNvat 11on stations. Wetekly r'epot( s ()io cro)ps and( agricultural interes4s are inade, which furnish thle malerial for the weekly ('r()p bulletin llpublishe(t ill English land Spanish and gratuitously distribuitedl. MAPtS AND SrI{V.YS. T'Il(, Unitl(ed Slates ('1st. a(nd Ge(ol)detic Survey lias ((m)npletedl the surv('v ()f itll ('l)east ()f Port) Rlico), thie results Ieing ('mlb110iId in 14 1she1((s. Thew price i(Io shptr is 50 ('icents, except for Nos. 909, 916, 922. and 932, W ihich 1 2w5 '(is api''ce. They lmay be i )'btained fr(lo the' Co()ast anl (e'(l'.tic' Survey, t \Washlingltoln, or fromli ()n(, ()of its 1Inuerousl ag(,enci(,s. Tlie' interior IlaIs 1(t1 vet ie ('('n a'ccuratel' sulrvev'ed. witli (i e e'x't.llo lo f till' sooil slurv(.y from Areilb t)( Po) cI (e1'mbo'!racling a strip 10 mill(s wid', 5 miles on e(ah side ()f tihe military r(ad)l, lit railw ay stirv('ys, andt tlle road sirveys'v. T'l(,e h)(undaries ()f prope'ri is arle' ilmperf'cO't lv known, ()ccasioning great inc('ove'tliencet' in tihelir transfer. A\ bill has (bee(n preplarled pra)ilving for a 'cadlastral suir'xv'ey and a system of title' reogistrati(in oill thfe Torrens plan. Mui'ch (If the public land lhas bolln occl'pied by plrivate persons tor generations and such ol()('(')pati(on establishes title. COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1!)0(. 7 WATER RESOURCES. From the distribution of the rainfall, the status of the rivers may be readily inferred. Evidently a little island 36 by 100 miles in extent can not have any large rivers. N(evertheless, the great humidity of the north coast, comblinedt with the steepness of the slopes and the impervious character of thbe soil over a large p1art of the island, causes the volume of the nortihern rivers to be larger than would be expected( of rivers with so small a d(rainage area. On the south, the water courses are,equally numerous, but c(ontain very little water in their low(er readies. The largest river on the islanut is the lio() Loiza, which rises in the Sierra do ('ayey, not far from)i thl southeast coast, andl empties into a lagoon a little, to tlie east (of San Juan. Having the largest c(atchment basin, in a region of excep)tional humidity, it exceels the othler rivers in volume even more than in length. Rio Bayamon discharges o)pposite the tongue of land on which San Juan is built., Rio Manati somie 35 miles farther west, and R1io Arecibo near the to wn of Arecibo. A multitude of snmall rivers rush down to tlhe sea from the rain-drenched slopes of the Luquillo range. Owing to their exceptional purity, their large volume and high grade, and tlheir closeness to tlhe coast, these rivers pronmise to be of special imilprtance in furnishing wate(,r for domestic jurposcs and for electric power to the coast cities. RIVER SOURICES AND) BASINS. The C(entral Cordillera of Porto Rico haviing an average elevation of 2,500 feet, and its (crest being distant soine 13 miles fromi the south coast and some 23 miles fromi the north coast, it follows that lihe rivers on the south have a fall of about 192 feet in a nile' and those, of the north coast a fall of about 109 feet. in a mnile. These tigureis, of course, are mnere approxinmations, but they sufflice (to show t lie va.st reservoir of walter power stored in Porto Rico. Tihe average rainfall on the southl side is 50 inches, while (n the north side 75 o(r (ven 100) inches are not. uncomnimon. The eneaiiing of this may ho inferred from the fact that 50 inches is a higher average than that recor(l(ed( in most of our Soutlihern Slates east of the Mississiplpi, while thie mtaximun (of 100 inches is attainled unly in a narrow border of tlhe Pacifi' coast of WVashington andl (O)regon. The water-power reso()urces o(f Piorto Rico were stuhdied bv II. M. Wilson, from whose report (UInited States (eological Survey 'ater Power and lrrigati(n Palp(,rs. No. 3:2)l the following slat eni)n s are taken. The valleys are usually very deeip. Thus within 5 or t uiilcs tII the north of thle niaim summits, the river bottomiis are at altit(l1es of about 1,000 feet, while the lsummits of l(li viding ridges ar at elevations of 2,000 to 2,)500 feet. Again, witliii 5 miles of theO c(,ast thel(, river b((ds are at elevations of 50 (to 100 feet albove siea levi(1, wlhile( the summits of lthe( divid(ing ridges reach altitude-s of 1,0(t to 1.500 feet. ''These ditviling ridlg(,es are, often maintainedi to lhe (ocean shore, are high, narrow, and A-shapeo'd, and are seiparate(l one froim the other by dee('('p) V-shaped valle'ys erdled blv nunerous s riailis flowing in ('very direction throghout tlie intcrior of the island. Because iof tlhe steepness (f 1hlie sliipes, 'specially Mon tIle nortlhern coast, and ti I iiperviious ch'lara('lr of tIne clay soil wbhich coi' v('rs themn, the priop)rtion of rain which rins off makis these rivers of e-vcei largir voluumii than would otlhIrwise ho exi)ecte(d unlder correspInlinIig circumstanices. iIti ihe' norherlin (oce.an (low 12 strI(,anms if c'()isidlerable ml agntitoudel' toiIwardl tll}' wNis! (oast flow.I if relatively equal size, ito liet 'astern seati (iw 5 if l(ess iagtiitudie,, and into tlii. soutlhen sia flow 17 if considerale size Iut if.o] - pamrativly smNall pIrinniial vodluIme. In aldlition, tIhere anr lbt wtein 1,20(0 and 1,3)t00 stream]s andl 1iranee's if less v btln'. iut v'! o(f siifficie'nt size tio Iear sel)aratl, nmu s. Of tle 38 larger rivers alove etumenrated, each has its source l'( }igb amo)ngthle summits If thue ('entral ('(ordlillera. Thos( flowi)ng tii te north and west are ('haracterized bv precipitat' deiscents of 1,000( to 2,000 feet in tle, first 5 miiles o(f titir healwaters. Tereafter hiy flow more le'isurelv andi with conseiquenlt incre'.as(ed size to within 5 miles of the coast. There tll-v ('nemerge rac'tically at sea level in long, icaneiderimg 'cutrves t hrlough t he alluvial plains abo)ut thieir iimoutlis. Because iof the loh-wl('ss of tllir gra(des n4ear tI(e coiast and their resultig ( l)w vl('ilov, all are (of considirable wildth and,modcrat((, ) depth in tli(, levels. A fxv (((ile's inland, where they flow over st'eep), rocky beds, theiir cha.nnels are narow anld ft e('n ('intined by pr('tcipitous roc)vky walls. the'ir width is (f but comp(laraltively few feet, their dit (Ioten less than a, 'ii ft, aud lii'ir velociites si highl "as to render the(] ve(ri al)ll, hie mount ai}n itorreint s. Otn the' sIinheirni coas! e l ' argi'r rivers hav(, i bed widills as great as th(ose( en!ring tlie nrther l, n amni wio'seier (' ast. 'liir le i 1ngtihs, however, are s() short o' le sanme fall that they'v a not i'chara'cterized by thI lhong stretche('ls of blow, manlderiig gra(de found (lTar the( |'coast in ile' plains (5 {i to I, niorthi. 'Tle'y (,mer'i'ge',, on tie cont(' rar'y, foiroi tIe' i(imo tainis at ibut 3 to 5 mil]is from tIhe shorei linc, at altitlude(s of 200 i) 4IO feel'', auid as a rs'(ult this eleva tio( is passed w it I 'comp uar'ati(velly SIp sl i,, sl)s ()ovlr roc1ky v()r I 'owhl(der-strewn chann(els. Aboive these(, co('astal stretche ls and within thi(, miountlaimns, t i11 riviers are' so short fii' the' relati vely groeat heights which they fall that their (iinensions ari litt ile greater ttan tiithose (f t lii smallest. brooiks which flow from thie hill summimits in ihe Rocky Mountains. The rivers if ti' niorti amid if tli(, west, are ' more likie ihe streanms of humnid rigins ini tli(' Inilt'edl Stats, as (liir iper'nial dlisclhargo( is always fairly well maimtainied. Th(, l arge('r of thles(, riv(ers have at l()w-wat(,r stagI i(, bed wi(ldths ()f 150 ti( 200 feet, ave(rag'e depths of 2 to 4 feei't and minituitmuin Itisi'ham'rg,,s ()f 25(0 to 1.50(0 s'comnl-feet. In imne if thiiii, although these rivers at taili inaxmimum idismachages of 10(,0 o2,00 to 2, secon-feeit, thsei voililum('s ar(' iot greatly ill exce(ss (f tliie' Ili()od( d(ischa'lra g s i(f tlie rivmers ()f (lie suit1iein. slioIn'. TIie wildti if (he st'ream be(l of til(, sithern rivers is oft'en as great. as that. o)f thiie nmorlhen'm, Iit, (ix'iut (o i tlih' infr'equin'cy and smoall a iiouliut if rainfall ain(l tie' rlativ'!y Ipomrs characte'r of tlie s)il reduc'img th(Ie iperce('ii,,tage ' rttim-off, as will as ti) the smallniess of their c'i'atchlmeni't basimis, they idis'chiarmg miuinmiiiiu v'olmeii's of but 5) to 10)) si'iiecmil-fieet. l(,These stramus 'resemble lihe rivers of ()our we'stern plai(s iln tat t heir 'beds ati neairly (lry tlie larger pamrt. iof 1(he year. but alre yet if sumtlii'iil'mt capacity to dlisciharg'( greiat v()olumes durinig (ie, sudden l()odls to) wihich 1uhey are suibject. TIe(, 'bedls of thiese' river.s, evn micar the ' co()ast, are liwlbder strewIi anld are' frmn 100I() ti 300 fel in wid(lth. TI'(,h depth if tlei( i) ianks is 10( tIo 20 feet, yet tlie' minimutmiu In suirface widt Ii of such st rm'aimis is buht 50 it) 1(00 fei't amild t]ieir averagi' i'e deptl i 1,( fi'eet lduring tlhieir miniinutti dlischarge. In mu iiaximum 11(1d siuh stramis re''ach dis'charge's a 'ggegati 5i t,000 It) 10,000 s'c'oiid-fi''t, ill smiie ('ases evemi moir', as shiuwi by tii'ii' wi'de, rmo'k', dr bedis. (AI:(;I;S O)F!RIVERS. lT ('(onve'' a c Plarlr ilea if the siz(, and regimnii ()ofthe(, rivers of Po()rto Ric(, iie' follo,)wing results o(f roiugl gagimgs ()f a nuime'r of 'Itreams arc given..A\s tl}se' stre'amis were' obs)(rved imn t l(' miiddle f tliie drv siason, tu'i iscbarges iiav e taken as shiowimig (Io average mminium voumne which h(l ciarrv. Tl'e Rioi L!iz,,i, pri'aly till' largi'st, n (Ith' islamld, w'as gaim1ged mn(,ar C''arlima, albout 15 imis cast ()f Sant.iai. Its suirface widtlh was 22(0 f''t, its avirmge lde'ptli 3 fet, and its mnimimumn discharge!.(;00 se.ond-fe.(. Tbe Rio ('anvaas, a)Sove its jtunc'tim with tllie Loiza, 5 milesq east of Ctarilini. lias,a led width o(f (() fieet, averag(e deptIi 2 feet, ave'ragi' vlo it aou 5 feet perl' s'c'id,, an(l,d isclharg (00() sco'ndfeet. TI is a mntiilt is to le. addedil t the tI dis('harge if ( ie' l()iza to gmi le the' voiLm' o)f tIll' lat tir at its momtitli..At 'a1uias. Iabout 2') milis b rnail soutth (f Sman.iia, anid 2:30 feet alove, sea level, tlii', liot ('uitas. o4' of tlie princ'ilpal branuches of tie, loiza. flows iln imig. umeanmdlrinmg mcurves throulghd a leve( alluvial vall'vy, amidl carrieis:a rminimimtm vot,]men' (,f aoi)mut 50 seconil-feet.. A fexw mih'ls beo (mild, aiind ii flii saume v'alle', tlin Rioi T iuraboi another |)ranc'h if the(, Loiza, is of similar ('chara'(cter aind discharges an equal /I \ 8 COMMERCIAL PORTO ItICO IN 1906. The Rio ('arite, at the crossing of the military road, 36 miles from San Juan, andt in the vegas or plain of ('ayey, has an elevation of about 1,180 feet above sea level. This is a branch of the Rio Plata, an.dl its (lischarge at this point is about the same as those of the two last-mentioned streams, namnely, 50 second-fe.et, though because of its greater altitude, and consequently greater slope, the cross section of its channel is smaller. The R1io Plata, at a point 4 miles northwest of (ayey, at an altitu(le of 810 feet, has a bed width of al)out 100 feet, a deptth of 1 i feet, and a discharge of 230 secondl-feet. South of tlhe main divide at Ail)onito, the Rio (alabasas, 4 miles east of its junction with thle Ro C(oaino at (oamo and at an elevation of 480 feet, has a velocity of 3 feet pcer secon(l and a (lischarge of but 25 second-feet. The Rio (Coam(o, at thel' city of that name(, and at 3(60 feet ab)ove sea level, has a bed with a width of 100 feet, th()ugh its slllface width is somewhat, less. Its (dI)th is b)ut 4 inches and its (lisclharge 100 second-feet. The Rio )escalalbrado, halfway betwteen (Coam(no and Jluana Diaz, at an elevation of 260 feet, hlas a comnparatively y ry ed of 120 feet width. Its velocity is but 2 feet per secold and its discharge 40 second-feet. The RiioJ Jacaguas at, 11uana Diaz, clevation 160 feet, has a bed width of.180 feet, a linimiumin surface wid(th of 50 feet, and a discharge of 50 second(-feet. 'IThe Rio )Portlugttes at Ponce lias a l,ed widlthl of:175 feet, yet its minilitum lt(liscltarge is ullt 60 s('econ(1-f((eet. Its t Ioal availadble discharge is (onsi(deralily greater thalln llis, h)ut tlie remainlder of its volilln(e is (liverted a few mnil(s al)ve fI(r irrigation andt for the waiter sulpply of Potnce. The same is in a measure tri(t of the Rio Jacaguas, a portion of the discharge of w]li(cl is utilized for irrigation above th(e military road. The R io Magl(ey(,s, at, the crossing (f the roa(1 from Ponce to Adjunt as, 5 noiles niorth of Ponce, (elevat ion 400 feet, lhas a mninimun (isc(large of 35 second(-f(ee(t. Th(e Rio IPortugues, at thle: crossing o)f tlie aabove-na((ed ro)ad, near its headwaters, 9 miles north o)f Poncell(, (levation 1,00() feet, lias a mininiuti (lislhairge of 25 second-feet. The Rio Arecil)o, near its (ieadwaters at Adjunta.s, altittude 1,440 feet., has a diniiui (lisc(harge of 40 second-feet. A few mniles lower (dolwn, at. Uituado, its (iscliharge is 100 seco(nd-feet. Tiss river, like tle otherlls descril)bed, discharges relatively iiicreased volum(es in its lower reaches near tie(, c(oast. The Rio Yahueca, one(, of th(e leadwaters of th(e itiois 1)anc,( and Pietro, or, as they are (a:illed e(ear tlie coast, tile Riio Afiasco, lihas, at, an elevatio)n of 1,440 fee(t, about 5t miles west ()f Adjuntias, a miinimum (dischlarge of 20 second-feet.. The Rio Illanco, inito whlich thle Rio Yahllleca disc(hargls, at. an elevati(n of 1,35t0 feet, albott S iniles west of Ad(juntas, lias a miniimrunt vo()lumle of ablot 5() s(econd-f(eet(. l'The Rio ' il(eblrina, iearm tI middle( of its co(urse at, Sanl Seb)astian, elevat(i on 140( fe t, hlas a bed wi(dt I of 125 feet, a (consid(rabl less surface wildtli, a. velocitvy of 4 feet )per sec(nd(, and( a mininimum (lisclharge (of 100 sec(ondl-f(eet. Tlie Rio Aniasco'(, halfway betw,een San Sebastian and Afinasco, at a po)int about S i iles fro()i the latter (ity, tas, at, atan elevation o(f 80 feet, 1, bed widthi of 15(0) fet.. a surf a(e widt lh of 75 feet, a deptl (of 1. feet, an(l a (lisliarge> of nearly;00)() seco(nd-feet. The sairme river be(l1(w tlI (city (of Ainas(ico flows tliiougit a level playa iatl lets at easy, lieualldering co(irse, its grlade cing so lw as t( renlder its velocity very sl()w. Its siltface widi(ltl is here a(oliut, 200 fe(et its d.t l)t 4 to 8 feet, an(l its d(isc('larg, al)()t 1,(000() scoIlnd-feet. I AIM (.ATI ON. All th(te (cro)s which t(lie soil will prosl(i(e can lbe groiwn over three-fo(urtlIs of tliet exte (,i. iof tlhe islandii witli tihe aid( (f t1( h ablindant rainfall aloin. The otlier oite-foiurt(l, incl(linlg all tle, r(egiin near the coast fro(m (Cal(bo RIojo, on tlhe extrence west, 1to b(()eyond Guayama, on the east, must be irrigated if the soil is to produce the full measure of crops of which it is capable. The total area of these lands is, however, relatively small. A portion of this onefourth, or, in round numbers, of the 800 arid square miles, is included within the steepest portions of the southern mountain slopes. Another portion consists of the rugged foothills, which, as they rise in detached summits, it is impossible to reach with a gravity water supply. Still another portion of this area consists of the alluvial plains or playas, which produce fairly abundant crops with the aid of the moisture which they draw through their roots from a soil which is but a few feet above the level of the sea. Of the 450 square miles includled within the southern back-coast border perhaps 150 consist of playa lands, which need not be irrigated, anil 300 more consist (of detached( and inaccessible hills and of the precipitous slopes of the sierra. There remains accordingly perhaps a total of 1150 squlare miles which would add to the agricultural resources of the island if artificially provided with water. The soil on these lands is in every case of the very best kind for agriculture with irrigation. It is usually an open, porous, limestone soil of sandy and gravelly texture, lmtixe(d with a little earthy loam. It, is fairly deep and is underlain by a porous limestone or coral, which affords the )est drainage andl probalbly renders it safe from thle danger of prod(ucing alkali. Much of it is already under cultivatio(n in maize, beans, pease, andl other lentils in the soluthwestern extxrem(ity of the island, and small vegetables and fruits elsewhere. While the preciplitation is insufficient, the perennial flow of the streaIns is unusually ablun(lant for a land requiring irrigation. The minimum (disc(larges of th:ese streaimis wlhere they womuld be diverted in the footlills are mt)oderate in aimount and yet nearly sufficient for tlhe irrigatio()n of such aretaas s the(y drain. Moreover, the flood (discharg-es oif these st reants ()(ccur.at frequ(lent intervals thiroughout the year, bllt, ar(,le )specially well distributed throughout. the summer or ratiny se(asio. They afford ain abundant surplus for storage. The shapeis (f the smualler parting valleys and of the lower (anyons throug]h wli(ich thie rivers ee(lrge fromn tlie miountains give ((very in(li(cation thalit abl:un(dat oppl)()rltuniti(es will be1 foun(l, on fuller investigatioln, for tlie construcl(tionl f stoirage reservoirs at mod(l(erate ('x)(11ense. Thle Spaniards, who in the past. have been the prin(cipal landholde:rs, are thoroughly familiar with the re(Iiiireeiii(its and pro(cess(s of irrigatiotin as racti('( iii Spain. Quick to) applreiate the adlvantages of the artificial a)pplica(tion f wat('er, the(y h]ave already ('(Instrut'ited nulm(erous (li,(tclhes of no (l(crate sizes, andil miuc('h f thie m(tore valua)le sugar land, e(specially betw(,en ( Guayamia and Pol(ce, is ('uiltivat.ed (excl(lsively by tlie aid o(f irrigation. M(uchi as lias 1)been d(lonl alread(y in t his (lirect ioin, titere is still r( omi f(or fiurthler ((devel()pml1ent. Only a p(rti(in Of t (ie available water suppl)l)ly has (eten appr)ropriate(:, and but. a. siall pirt.ioiin of i rrigable lan (ls is artitficially supp)lied'( with water. Sutcuht works as hlave 1be(en n'oted l('(rrsl l (ind in ge(m(eral ty)e to tliose seen ill Mexico, but beca1(use of tlie grea(Ite( intluth(i(ic ()f Euro-,ii(n i(l(eas i this i sland their co((nstriuct.ion is (of a li(ire sutlstantial cliaract(r a,' l immure nearly a))ppro(achs tlilt pirevale'it in Sp)ain and:taly. Tl(ie diversion works are in ('very iistaince (f te ' (rul(dest kind' simplel( winlg ud(lams of ((ock and bowl ler( s t l(io)wi ()tit itoi the be(ls (f t lle strea11111 t ( dirlect a p)(rl ioln ()f the wat'ers into the hea(ds o(f the (lit (ils. ThIse,r(, ("arri aeway 1y li t 1 t( flo()(s, re((tli i rin to b>( imeti liat (ely repllacd(. ( ) till, ((hilr ]hand l, thie l' ia( wo(rks, falls, reuitlaitilig grat('s anidl o()tlier (divi(('ders, are c()ist.rii(t('(l in the ml()st sutbsmtistla ial minner )f massive, mas()lnry. In strol(g (oilotrast toi this type (f (c (mostlruction are Ili(e no min() distuiltuttariu(s oserved( il st)1m(e of tl(e (ane tiells. These were( }Iuilt by (>wn(ers wlo liad( great grindinig arnt ()ilig mac('hin(iry four thlie tre(atmnent of their ('ane, and were imbl)ud( t0 a certain exte(int uwithl A lmiric'am idi (as. Thiir istriltitaries (consist of a s(ries of t em(pol)rary trres t les and(l slallow wooden(l troluglhs or gultters made of lumber b)ro(ught COMMERICIA L PORTO RIICO IN 190i. 9 from America. These tap the hillside ditches at such p)oints as seem desirable, and are roughly placed so as to carry the water to such portions of the fiel(1 as immediately require it. After irrigation in such localities the trestles and troughs are removed and utilized in irrigating other I))rtions of the same fields. This practice is resorted to in order to reach the numerous little detached rolling hills 10 to 20 feet in maximum height, into which the surface of the sugar lands is broken. In other localities, where practicalble, these lands are irrigated by direct diversion from the main ditches of laterals dug in the earth and ramifying to every portion of the Iield( to which gravity will con(luct the water. Immediately to the west of Juana Diaz the most important irrigation work noted on tile island is a ditch fromn the Rio Jacaguas. The point of diversion is in a narrow gorge, well up in the foothills, about 5 miles above the military road. The ditch thence is ablout 5 feet in width at the top, 3 feet in (depitt, an(t is excavated in the earth slopes of the hillsides, around whlic'h it is wll graded. This ditch is divided into numerous distributaries, all (of the simplest earth construction, which convey its waters to every part of tlie cane fields. Farther west another irrigation ditch is carried under tlie military road in an inverted siphon of masonry, which is similar in all respects to such structures seen in India and soutle'rn lirope. Near this p)lace a rough wing (lam of rock diverts a stream into a sul)stantial masonry conduit, whence it is led alonlg ie banks of the river througha (circiular masonry pipe 30 inches in d(iametler and 10 inches thick, in many p1laces close to tliel rivier bank. To pr()otect it from the erosive action of floods, th(, '(oldmit, is siui)t1pted on a heavy retaining -wall of imaisonry utoil at so(ii(e (istance a stHicient grade is attaine(d to( carry it away from t lie, baks of t le stream. W ATlE r1 EiOi,. The voltiume o(f water available for utilizat1imi either as supply for domnestic puri)poses in the various c(ities or for ('cnversi(n imnt,!))wer. is relatively great.- While this is (esjpecially troe iof the inr-ilt side of the island, it applies also) in a me.asut.rable de(gree to the smt. side, for while on tle latter side tle, streaiis (io iiot (lis('liarge large volumes (duiring the dlry seas(onii, there is more water ii them nmiear their sources in tle mountains than reaches tlie 1Iwlainds, because of loss through evaporatioin and percoldat ion. All of thle ('it ies of any size are provided wit It some formi of (doimestic water sul)ipply, It in n (C'ase (co me1meinsurate withll tlie requ(iremnents of a tropical ehimnat e. Not, only is I lie sipply for (im'iestic use insutlicieni. but i n most cities ilohre is practically no suppl)ly available for tire engines. for the tbtsliing of houtse phlumling, or for washing streets an(d tislsing,gutters. Since tie, Ameri'an occupation, effoirts hlave beeln im aie tl i pirne t0v( i (l'ese c0mlditios. Tlhe water siipply o(f San Juani is now ('xc'elle(tl. No diflicti lty, eitlier (of an eugmiiieei'iimg or a financial nature,'. slou S1(ld ie found iI supplying all tIme cit b's with abuIdani quait ities of wiolesome, po able wat r. Near every c'it y a slipl)ly of walter is available il one o'r lmolre of teli rivers,i aIn (d tlis I'ai invarially b)e (d iveritel at an alt it u(de suficieItm to periit its beinig ('ai'i'iedh bx' gravit y iIt I thIne cit i's. The Iiat orld ('(oiditi0ons ili nearly 'very ease ai'e su(hi as should iiinii(s're tie pro(cur'eiment ()f a god()()( wat('r supply at relativily sinall 'ost. Thle opIot tIn it Ies for tI n generalt ioi of poweo an' alsoi adhibudanit, a l thle use wliich has ti us far te(en iain(lie ()f tllein is iisignifici('a t. Tlie aiounl ()f watler availaleI for,'o \(:''sion inl() p(w('er is e'viilient froi'i a cosiderat ion o()f 1 lie liswlhar(' of 1 li vaiouis st 'eamls aldt 1eI I 'moat height from which 1 lie wat ii' tul Is ii;i a ('ouinpai'at ix'('ly few nil's. Stireanes wlhich hav(e a iiimiiiiinium v()Ilii(' of t( to I() 1 s(ecom(d-feet "I an alituide if 1t0 tt) 1.to 1500 f(,t fall 1( witbin 1) felt of seo ]( level in a distaii'(' of 5 to 10t miles. oiiseqn Iiit ly. tere'i' an mmany stle p rapi(ds. c(ascades, anmd high falls ii t liir courses, aimi it is i'ec'(essary to ('iniv('y tlie water in tLu nmes o.r litl'hes bIut relatively shiort distanmes to (t)aimi sulic' loead as will lN'ipoldce a11 a lie l x'we'r of w!hich use can be:made. lFinally, the distaince lbtwe(,en tlie, baiks of theset streanims wiiiin thl mmountain gorges is so small anild tlie buis are( C()Illi)((se(l so largely of rocks a1id lwlders thlla there will 1be lillle d(ifficulty or expense c'i(nnec'teid wilth the diversion of tli, water through damns and head works. POPULATION. 'With the exception of thle luquillh range, now set aside as a forest reserve, there is hardly a spot on tmhe island of Porto Rico that does not admit of intense cultivation. With a remarkably equable climate, free from tlhe extrenmes of sbot(i heat and cold, with alundant humidity and amnple water Ipower, it affords all the elemients for tlie imaintenance of a de(nse h)(pulation. Its attractions as a winter resort seemn likely to attract, Americans, both as visitors anmd as piermanenta residents. The natlural adlvantages, despite all the dlrawbacks of a somewhat primnitive social (organization, have alreadly induced the development of a populatimi denser thami that of nlmost counltries. The lIpopulation o(f Porto iRico accnr(ling to the census of 1899 was 953,243, and the area. as re(cently nmeasured. is 3,435 squ'are miles, imaking a density of 277 to( the square mile. An idea of this dlensity may be formed by thlie following ('nmparis(n, showing the )populatio(n per sq(uare mile in various States and countries: North Amenricna: United StatesIow t..-.. —....-....-... Virginia..-.-....-......-. Illinois.................. ()hio..................... Piennsylvani a............ New York —............. New.ers(,y-...... —.. MassachusetI ts........... West I iities - Windward Islands....... Martiniqu(l....... ---.... 401 4;(i mi 140 349 5351 Eiurope: Spai' n........................ France........................ 188 (erninany...................... 280 Ita ly.......................... 294 I' ifed Kingtdom.............. 346 Netherlandls................... 42(i B -elgi m - -....................... 589 Asia and( Africa,: t'ilill............................ 2((,Ial ---------------------—......................... --- 311 a....va............................ 5( Egypt (tlmlita>l<l, piart)....... 750 IBatrli,dos................ 1,192 Thie Eur)pean cmintries a s xe nammed are largely manufacturing ((imimulities, which draw o(n less densely set(tld ('(cmintrit s for iiili'li (if their f'iood and raw lmatmrial. ('hina, hmoweve'r, stpll aies at 'present almost all its o()wn mnecessaries, amnd so,, until recenitly, didl Japan. Egypt enjoys unusual alavaxntages ilm its exclusiv'ly alluvial soil, its pi'ali('cial Iabsence of rainfall, its mnliitinled supply (of wat er for irrigatlion, andl its chlswe proxinit, y to t Ii ohrop1ean mmarkets, Java (otfers peorhaps lhme liosest parallel toi Pinirtol Rico. Wi,\h a lmnsit y oqtual to thlat of hava, Pomlto Rici(n woildnh havxe mxver 2 miillion inhablaitants. N -o d1obt 1the voleaii' soil of Java exceeds (it Ia f Portimto( llcm ii firtilit y.!Ito it it is also Itrute that a gool palrt of Jlava is imot yet cultlivatold. That thIe fiem' wxatme r nwer f Poiro Itimoi will (exv'entumally elad tio ithe develioimienmit f 'ominsideranle lImmamtnfacit ltres seemms (''cert'aiin. 'i' iii imig iisty is 1iumil trmviv. The bmanana, wlhich'l fiormis a. irige' comistit ieloit of tihe P.o1()o Ricaml's diet, yivelds nomre nmutrimlmenlt l1(i I Ilie acrei tlhan alimsost any (iier p1hant, it having lmeemn I 'alh'mlatol I mat t li area wxl'hicl sntli'ces ti lr('hi'oce 33 I)ouns if wIxiWheat ii 99 hpontdmmd(s,f lpot atoe(s will lpr( ' 1.11*,000 poinlnds of boanamias. h'le raopidily i xPmno1im:g] mmarket f oile' I'nitied Slates, wlise im'rts a're withini a few dvays' sail frimin tlie island, xwill affordm amn itlet of inmumliminite'd 'al itp y fomi ie islamd's piomuc s. {io''ver!m.\Aloin, il Illis first i repo)r't,. oxpi'eOssedm tlie' o!pilmiomi t fIat vhle('n all ithe agri, ilt utah mintil iinlinsti al t''s i 'o''s ioe Lilly (it ilizled if:e isla:nd im:iay mot mmlv "'insupp)In i omi)i'niftr tlile mm)illion of pe(le w ichl wx ' mn' haxve. 1lio tiv' t i mIii' s;Is nm x:I.TlImo islammind is Inot ommlx' deII'Isozy'I int oxIvelv y sItItInI I. Tli density of iuillat imu ot t(ie sixemve i deat umii'mlts untinio whii'i it is divided rang'inl i IS99 ofrm I200 t()oi 1, lI t I ti ('sqlare mil'. The lo'n )st thickly sintt li ledlepmrt mienmit is 1 hems omnly sli gutl' ine txwi''; ((0is dei'nsiely sit tfloin as aI I o I 'Ist spm1 's'l, ' set I l d(A I e ipar m int. I in n 'aison wi i on t I:: ninmimer yeats indi'at es that, thins e1ex ''1Imiss is iil 'easig. l'e pinopulhation is lnser'I il le west than in i east, d e iii ( lin'e nol h ma ili tlihe sinini h mmd d otiao s i )i(t1o in (l i et: im'h mntere('inr TinI' c'i alte irnoaiy acoIvunts f' t mis, lioe s)ut ieastiniu' 'east meiin ki eidncmn as tole aind 'ast. 1imost sptarsely sixtledi o io ' ('t t lhe e rie mitnicipalm diistricts of lie islaumind, imI ns (II 0 iia p mu) it I nI m ioni f ')S tInt 1 le s(Itai i mmile, about the' samime as IMimndi. iaLEMNE'Ns OF T'Il' m'Om'mxLATION. Thie original Indian ioplatiiim x's cominquered mid practically extorImmimmat 'Ited bv the imiadimg Spaniarnds, umit there is evidence of considerable Indiian ahmdmixtu're, traces inf the Carib physiognomy 10 COM() 1I ECIAL. '01T () IO IN 1906. being even now percep)tib)le. Beginning with the early part of the sixteenth cent lury, lIarge lumlberss of negroes were iltroduced. As a co(nsequ(ience. tllhe presentl populatioln of Port,) Rico is made up, to a. considerable extent, of a mnixture of the three elements-white, Indian, and negro. Of the 953.243 inhabitants, 6i.8 per cent were returned by the census of 1899 as whites and 38.2 iper cenlt as colored. The latter, witll the exception of 75 (hin~ese, were negro(es, either pure or of various degrees of a(dllixtulre. The lpr(oortioin of white persons in Porto Ri(ic is thus a)pparently greater tihani in any lloher of thie West Indies (exc(ept (lba. While i lte percentarge off whites was 66.9 in Cuba, (1899) and 61.8 in Porto Rico, it was only 38.4 in Bermuda, 25 in the llahamas, 8.6 in Blar)bados, i on( St. Vincent, 4 on the Leewardl Islands, and 2.3 oIl Jamaica. It was even higher than in Florida (56.3), Alabama (54.7), Georgia (53.3), Ioulisiana (52.8), Mississippi (41.3), or South ( arolina (41.(). The percentage o)f the white population of Porto Rico appears to be increasing. Until 1820, when the colorled lement was 55.6 per cent of the population, the negroes gained more ral)idly than the whittes, but since( then there has been a steady andl almost continuous decline. until in 1899 the percentage of colored was only 38.2. Of this, it is (lained that 83.6( per cent are of mixe(d 1)lood, which woild leave only alout 6.3 per cent of the entire population of pure negro 1)loo(1. The proportioin of whites is largest in the western departments of tihe island and decreases toward the east, and is somlewhat greater in the northern. than in the southern districts. It is also larger in the intcrior than on the coast. In 40 innicipal (districts touching on the sea(coast, the percentage of whites is 58.8, while in 29 interior districts, largely in the higher and cooler parts of the island, it is 66.3. The negroes are more largely emplloyed in the culture of sugar, and the whites more largely in thle culture of coffee. The colored p)op)llation tends also to mass itself in the cities. LABOR CONDITIONS-CURE 0 FOR ANEMIA. The great density of population in Porto Rico, conpared with the scarcity of )population in the neighboring countries which are its natural competitors, shows at a glance that the island has a decided sup(eriority over all ((xc(epl)t the smiall islands above mentionedl) i thlle most e*ssential clement of industrial prosperity —an albundant labor elemlent. In Cuba, Mexico, an (Central America labor is at, all times scarce and unreliaille, s(o l much so that for the banana phlantations in certain pa)rts of Centlral Amnerica laborers have to) be imported from Jamaica. Porto Rico lihas at present all the labor that its industries (can accommodate, and there is every reason to think that this labor will short ly show a decided increase in effitciency. In tihe past the Porto Rican lablorer has had the rep)utation of listlessness atld a lack o)f ingenuity and resourcefulness. 'It is frequetmly alleged by large 1)lant(ers that they (( n()ot pay their men highe(r wags, bec(ause if they dli( the l men would work fewer (ldays. It is claimted that the mlen who earn 50 cents a day for six days would hlot work over four (lays if the rate were raised( to 75 cents. This view of Port)o Riclan labor is looked upon by recent and unprejud(iced observers as noIt justtifed. Mr. John C. G(ifford, in his report onl the Luquillo Forest Reserve, says: The natives are bright, hospitable, and willing to() work. They are skillful in making articles o(f daily use fron materials at hand, and are a much nimore hope)(ful class than the( natives of tthe cit i(s. Although the (peo)ns are (toften co()(l(nnmed(l as lazy and good for niothing by energetic and impatient settlers from al)broad, they will work front early in the morning until dark for 40 (lents, and will Ssubsist on a small ration of rice, 1be)ans, aind codfish. ( iven plenty (f wolrk, enough. to) eat, andl rural schools for their instruction, these people will so)on develop) into fairly good (citizens. My guide in these hills could walk all day, wielding a machete to cut his way, and at the same time carry a weight of 50 Ipounds through the rain and the hot sun. His great almbition was tlo o(wn a gold minue aiind to have hiss children educated. These natives are almost invariably polite and generous. It is now kn(own that the 'laziness" of which the Porto Rican population was accused is lmistly (ldue to ( onditionls ()f ihealth. Ninety per ((cnt of the laborers wer( until recently infected with a parasite called" Uncwinaria amnr.icna, " the most prominenlt effect of whiich is a profound anaImia, leading to( a general depression and inal)ility to lbear exertion. This (lisc(overy was mnade t)y Dr. Bailey K. Ashford, assistant surgeon, United States Army, while lie was post surgeon in Polnce, shortly after tle hurricalne in 1899. As the disease had previously been studied in Europe, the means for its prevention and cure were well known, anl( were applied in Porto Rico with such signal success that i)ractically all the cases treated were curedl. The parasite lives in the intestine of its victim, but its eggs (1o not hatch within the ulrman boly Int pass out with tihe feces and develo) into larv'm on tlhe ground. InI this state, being so minutei as to be almost invisible, they gain entrance into the human blody, generally throtugh tlie bare feet of the peasants, and )burrow thlrough niiscle and oither tissues till they reach tll intestine, where they develop into worms. The cure, therefore, consists in the expulsion of the worms by mieans of thymol, male fern, or betanaphthol. The preventive measures are the wearing of shoes and the use of latrines, in which the larva? quickly die. The success attained by Doctor Ashford led to the appropriation of $5,000 by the insular legislature in 1904 for anl "Anemia co(mmlission" to colmbat this disease. In five months (March 6 to August 15), with headquarters first at Bayamon, next at Utuiado, that co(mmission treated 4,54;3 cases of uncinariasis, practically all o(f whom were cured. Thle commission had ample opportunity to d(isprove the alleged laziness of the Porto Rican laborer, for they frequently found men working in the fields wlho in other c(0)untries wo(uld have been consid(:red unabl)e to perform la)bor. In the following year (1905) the app)ropriation was raised to $15,000, and some 15,000 patients were treated, headquarters being this time established at Aibonito. In 1906; tlihe appropriation was inicreased t$),50,000 and somne 80,000 patients were treated. The work is now in charge (of Dr. Guttierez Igaravidez, withl headquarters at Aibonito and nine substations iii (lifferent parts o)f the island. The legislature is disp()sed to )be g(elero(us to this work, for it means nothing less than the phlysical regetneration (of a million people. It is conf(idently expected that hl(e (disease will be erad(liated within a co()iparatively short time, and will t(ereafter cause no) further expenditure, as a fair (degree of vigilance will sutli((C to p)revent its reintroduction. Tlhe importancle ()f D)octofr Ashtford's (lisolvery of the caus(:e of this disease, thlerefore, cai harnlly be exaggerated. Aside from (the disease just dlescribed(l, Porto Rico is singularly saluliri(us, especially in tlie lightlands. As Mr. van Leenhoff re(ma.rks, those parts of the Tropics whe('re coffee grows best are the (on(es (specially agreeable to the N(orth American or European. "This cond ition," he says, "' prevails in a high degree in thle miountain (listricts of Porto Rico. No) liner climate can be fo()nd in the wo)rld." A constant supply of fresh air fr(1om the ocean is afforded b)y tlie( trade winds, which sweep) (over the ishland summtner and winter. There has not bteen a case (f yellow fever since tthe Amer'ican occ(t)patiml, althomugh no special efforts were mnade to c(ombat this (disease, as ill other countries. Other diseases, such as sinallpox, typhoi(1, and malaria are very rare. Inl tlie highlands, at least, white men can wo(rk in the fields with the same degree of c()mfoirt as in the vicinity (of Washington. I M IG t RATI ( N. Iiitherto thl'e l pu)Il)ati)n (If thl(l island has bleen atlmost unaffected by imimigratio. Thlie large increlase from 155,426 in 1800 to neatrly a million in 1899 hlas bee('n 1du(' almolst exclusively to tlie natural incr(ease of tlie natives. In 189!9 tlhe nuimller of foreign born was oInly 13,872, or aboliut 1.5 per cen(lt o)f tlie toetal. Thire are few regions in the Western Hemisphere in which thie propo()rtion of natives is so high and that of foreign )born so low. int Cuiba the proportion of foreign bor( n is abou()ut seven times as grteat ias in Porto Rico). Of the total number o(f foreigln born, 11,422 w('re wehite, ('onstituting 1.9 per cent of all the whites, anid 2,450 were' colorled, or 0.6 per C(OMIMERCIAL, PORTO RICO IN 190(, 11 cent of all the coloredt. The three cities of San Juan, Ponce, and Mayaguez contained 5,935 foreign born, or 43 per cent of the total foreign lborn, illustrat ing the ttendency of foreigners toward the cities. Spanish-born were 7,T6)0, or 55 per (cInt of thet thotal foreign born. Spanish America contributed 1,542, of which 1,194 came from the West India islandls. The Ulitited States (contributed 1,069. Froim Africa were reported 427, of whonm 258 were cololred. This is probably the last r(emnant of the imported slaves. China was represented bly but 68 persons. The Spanismh-birln (elelent largely (loniinates the internal comntmerce, both wholesale and retail. The Americans are mostly employed as engineers, foremen of factories, clerks, Government functionaries, and teachers. IISTIZIll TION nY OCCUPATI(N. The Porto Rican popl)lation is p)reponlderatingly agricultural. While in the United States only 38 per cen(t of the cntire( nllliber of breadwinners are engaged in agriculture, fishing, and mining, an(l in Cuba 48.1 per cent, in Porto Rico th(e 1)ereentage was 62.8. As the nunber of persons employed in fishing (455) and mining (4S) was very snall, while in the TUnited States it is large, the disproportion becomes still greater. The following table shows the distribution by large groups of industries of the breadwinners in Porto Rico and Cuba in 1899 and in the United States in 1900: PER CENT OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN SPECIFIED CLASSES OF OCCUPATIONS IN PORTO RICO, CUBA, AND TIHE UNITEI) STATES. [Front the (Census of Porto l'ico, 1S99.] Porto lic). i United CLASS OF OCCUPATION. t Cuba. I g Nunmlber. Pe'r cent. I Per cent. ' 'er cent. Agriculture, fisheries, and mining...... 198,7(il 62. 7 4,1. 1 39.7 Doinestic,and personal serice- (4,819 20..5 22. 19.4 Manufacturing and mechanical in(its- l tries -........... —.....-..-...... --- — 2(6515 8.4 | 14.9 1 22.2 Trade and transportation ----- 24,076 7. 12.8 14.6 Professional servic.-...-............. ---------- 2,194.7 1.4 4.1 Total-....................... --- —-------,35 100.0 100.0 00.0 The great majority of the breadwinners in Porteo R ico belong to the unskilled c(lasses. Of every 1,000 brea(lwinners 682 w(re classed as laborers and 82 were classed as servants. In othier wor(ls, 76.4 per cent, or over three-fourths, of all the men, women, boys, and girls employed on the island were laborers or servants. The )roportion of males is still greater, 78.8 per cent of all males enmployed, or almost four-fifths, being reported as laborers. The following table shows the percentage of readlwinners of both sexes in Porto Rico in 9 specified occupations, including 92 per cent of all breadwinners: PER CENT OF ALL BRIEADWINNERS IN PoRTro Rico ENGAGEI) IN SE1'rC3IFIED OCCUP ATION S. [Fromr the Census of Porto lico, 1899.1 i i I I The population is overwhelmningly rural. Thlere is no large city on the island, anld but four cities with a p)oplation of 8,000 or over. Thlese are San Juan, 32,048; Ponce( (in(cluling )pt ), 27,952; Mayaguez, 15,187, anl Arecibo, 8,008. 'ThIll to(tl urban plopulation in cities of 8,00 or over was only 8.7 p1)r (cen t i(f the total, as comlpared with 3:2.3 per cent, in Cub)a and 33.1 lper' (',nt for the TUnited States (19)00). There were, however, i IS1899 in Porto eRico 53 small towns wilth a p)opulation of 1,000 (O)or rm(ore hut less than 8,000. These smltall townls, tiogether with the citiefs of 8,00() or over, hal a populationl iln 18!)9 (tf 203,792,,or 21.4 per cent of the total. In Cuba the correspomdin(g 1)hercentage is 47. 1. VWA(IES ANI) STANDAR) OF LIVINlG. Wages in Porto Itico( are very low. In the sugar p)lantatiolns the average rate for ertlinary unskilled work is from 50 t( 55 t'ents a (lay. In the coffee plantations it is 30 cents a (lay, thoullglh in the I)icking seas(o, whlen wages are paidl by mllasur(e, the rate is s81(ewhat higher. In the tobacco fields the w'ages average slightly o(ver 40 cents a day. These wages are practitcally thlose of tlhe average workilngmacn, for the propol)rtion of nlolagricutltural lalorers, as has been notced, is very small. In the cities, tntally San Juan, wages, especially for skilled labor, are somewhat higher, 1)ut the numbler of workmen enjoying this advantage is slmall comnpared to the total. It is these low wages that enablei Porto Ric' to (cormpete with otlher countries in certain ind(ustries, especially cigar making, despite t.he lower stand(ard of eflicienc(y of tI te Porto Rican laborer. (However, in other industries even this factor lias proved insuflicienrt. Many small industries which flourished forne.'rly, such as tile makintg, furniture mnaking, hat making, etc(., lhave been nearly or quite extinguished by the importation of mac'hinre-milade products of oither countries. This process was goiing on e(rv(n before the Ameri(can oc(i(ulpation, but lias since been ace clerateld. With wages s() low, savings:are plractically out of the question, ex(cept in a few favored l ind(lustries. The worklnman needs his entire wage for tlie support of himself andl his family. lntempl)eran(ce is almost utnknownl in the island, but tlie vice of gambl)ling is widespreadl. I(.)w a family cans live on the low wages above imentioned can be l)better undelrstood when thle life con(litions )f the island are ((consi(lered1. No fucl is needed( for heating, ani( tlie atilmount need(ed for c(ooking is so sinall that it (cat always b(e hiad fior tlh( slight labor of galthering. The house is a mere' fratmework of pol)'s coveredt with bark and roofe(l witll palm le(aves it' grass, with ()or without floor. The clothirig of tl( farm laborerr (consists for th(e Jimst part merely of a cottonf slirt an(l a pair of cottoni-du(l'k trousers. Shoes are very unusual; socks even mirore so. Thus alrmost tlie entire earnings of the lal)orer go, to p)roviile fo)od for hiiiself andl family. This food consists c(hiefly oif rice, bananas ()or plantains, '((odlish, to soime extent (corin, to a slight extlent milk, and a few native vegetables andl fruits. Me1al. is selldom eaten. I'U iL(IC HIEAITIH A NI SANITATIONN. The' sanitary colndition of tle cities, especially San Juan, has been improved since the American o'cupattion, but. much remains tfo be done. At San Jluar, in the poorer' quart(rs, tlie population is (vercrowded-foeur, live, or six persons often living iin one room. Many of the ro(oms are (latmp anld very (lark, wit ll no windows, anld I1o ventilation except throlgh thle ()pen i (oo'. One very i mp)ortant priob)lemi is that oif water sulpply. At the tinmI( of the Am(ieri(an o()c('l)atio)n (most of thie (ountry lp(iople drank tlh( water from thel rivers, whi-ch were lseL 11not nlly as pub)lic laundriics but as commoner sewers foir the surrondt(lirng coiuntry. Fifty-four per cent of all the dwellin rgs scc(ure(l iticir dhrirkimng water in tllis way. Thirty-five per cen(t of the dwslellings secured their water froim cisterns, which collected the rai nwater fromn the roofs of lhouses, incluldilng all the filth encoiunt(redt on thie way. Only the cities of San Juan, Mayaguez, and Ponce had waterworks, and these supplied only 6 per cenlt of the dwellings. ___ _ II_I OCCUPATION. Laborers................... Servants............... — Laundoerers.....-..-....... Merchants..-..-.......... Dressmakers e r d s ea mstresses...-... —.. --- — --- Per ce(lt of all 1) rcid - winners. 68.2 8.2 5.4 2.8 1.8 OCCUPATION. P'er cent of all breladwinners. Carpenters............... 1.6 Salesmen and salleswomsolenl - - 1.5 Agents-.. --—... --- —-3 1 3 Operatives in cigar factoris. 1.2 Tottl. --- —------- --- 2.0 The laboring population of Porto Rico is extr(emely homiogeneous. The census of 1899 divilded all b)readwinners into 82 special classes of occupations, but 68.2 per cent are employed in the single category of unclassed laborers and 92 per cent in 9 classes. The other 73 classes thus included only 8 per cent of all workers. 12 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. The superior board of public health is making strenuous efforts to combat these conditions, especially by introducing adequate sewerage in the larger cities. In 1905 the death rate was reduced from 24.04 to 22.2, a decrease of 1.84 per thousand. As regards the sanitation of San Juan, much is expected from the proposeld dredging operations in the harbor, which, ly filling in large tracts of useless mlarsh, will create considerable space( for the expIansion of the city, now hemmned in on a narrow n(eck of land. It is thought that the value of this reclaim-ed land for building plrp)oses will Imore than pay the cost of dredging. EDUCATION. ''Education and r(oads" has }been the watchword of the American administration of Porto Ric( since the island became an American possession. It was undlerstOO(d fronI the (beginning that, in order to develop lhe natural resources o(f the' islland an(d to enalnle thl e people to occupy a d(igni ied( position in the great structure of,our Republic, they must irst ist l tlaughlt to lelp) themselves. The censuls of 1899 revealed the unsatisfactory con'(rition of public education. Altholugh a large numinber of th liuppe)r class were highly ((ldlucated(, and although a system of n)ominally free s5('(ols had bee'n eslal)lishled for the lmasses, tlhe island was Iraclically withoult educLational facilities. Tlhe government (lid no(t build schoolhols(es, blt, having appointed a teacher, allowed him a certain suu wit lh wli(ch he was authorized to li(re a lhouse which should serve both for his own dwellintg and for the school. 1I, was supposel( toI receive a salary froI ) public funds, but it. was usually in arrears, and, tol augnment his income, lie was allowed t(o (collect, ltition from th ose lpupIils who could afford it. T'h theory was that thie poor should receive free{ly what the well-to-do ml111st pay for, but the result was that tin nonmpaying l1pils were n(ot warmly welcon'med and tlo1se that (came to schlool received very little attention. Tble greater nm1iinber of tlhem were occupied in cutting grass or carrying water or otler tlasks for ti}( benefit of tIh teacher. Accordling to) the record(s, nearly 500 su'ch sclhools were(l in existen(lc when Slanishl sovereignty endedl(, andt the e( nr..olleni tl of pupils was apl)roximate'ly 25,000. It is pro}}bablel that but. a (.(111 -paratively simall prol)oti on} of this numiiler were il regutlar aittl(llance, nor was th(e fliciaill cou(rse of study such th'at those wll( (lil attend (()1ld(1 rece('ive grealt l rofit. Thet t lext-blooks were little manuals of questions anad answers, which w(ere to be learned verbatimn. That scholar was ('Isidered most prtrli('ei'tn who was aidl to repl)eal til largest 111111lr)(' (If e111est ioll{ s wit 11 their answ('rs witl hlilt varying froln the tixt-l.oIk. T'I'l gnell ral ad(liiiistrati(ol (f the slchoo(lls was in t1 1( hands (of thel provincial atilliorities, a(ndt just pr'i(or to tlie ('llange (f s (soverignty the l adml(iliist'ratioln was lo'u(lI(cted(l ly a lblrea('t( of tlie (deparltl(enlt (of thle iinterior. IThe e('.xples (of tle admiililist rait io were plroviide( by the polvri cial llilgt, bit tIlle prini' pal eX 'xpise's-e ---tle lig'tting of Olie blilldi'ns, tite rti 1emu11eneation of tl e te"Ichlers,.1nd(l 1se (o4st o4 sch1('ool supp>lie'-ls er me('0, m Xby tlle impll)('ve'i.le(l Illlic,'ip)dlities. Space, livght, ventilatiol, 1and( scllo(ol alIllianles wXeI' illaleIf tlat '111' rIesuilts of this mvst(11i, als ascertainlled Iv ti le cenlsllS, are set forth il thle follovwing table: SCHOOL [iATT!ENIDANCE, iITER:ACY'V, AN,\. SPEI'Itcu(I0 I'-'.A'I'1(N IN POilTOl) 11( IN 1S)99). SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, LITERACY, AND SUPERIOR EDUCATION IN PORTo Rico IN 1899-Continued. Ten years of age and over- clntinue. - Superior education. Continued. DEPARTMENT. H Agliadilla,..........._. --- — Areci)o...-..... —............ Bayamllon....... ----. —... (l uity 'in )................. ( t inav an. - Il talo. o i -l a............... Mayagucz...-ll............ — l)OIinc0............ Can read but caln not writ. 1, l1( 1, )47 3, 781 1, 331 1,085 2, 5C,-; 3,5)8 Can read and write. 9,007 14,715 24,747 12,149 8, 734 20, (i28 27, 280( I 117, 260 Not stated. 55 23 726 25 300 6(2 21 > Yes. 134 348 1,375 350 400 1, 531 907 No. 99,511 161,960 158, 671 111, 636 88,101 126, 035 202,284 948,198 Tota l... --- —-.. --- --.. 5, 3S0............. 1,407 5,045 The existirg schliools afforded a(tccomInliodlatiln onily for one child in seven of tlie scho, polptulatinm. Thle proptrtioln of the total local andl general revellnus (of tlle islandl (levolted tI (e(lducatio was b)ut little (over onl-follrth (of the c( rresIpol(mding lpropI)ortion in thle Untl ited States. The (cst pe)r capita of pupils (enrolled was gre(ater than tlie c(ost (of tli(e publllic sc(11,1ls in Mlaitie, Missollri, ()r W\est Virginia, and milore thani twi(ce that in manly f t1le Southern States of the Union. The real work (of re(organlization lbegan withl tllie enlactllmelt (f a (co(mprehelnsive school law iby the legislature omn January 31, 11901. FIVE YEARtS ()F I'R()(RESSS. Tle proIgr.ess (of ((dlucation ill lrec('ent fiscal y('ars is reflected in tlhe foillwin g figures: NUMBEIA (OF SC('1IO)LS IN PO)RT RICO,() AND) AVEIRA,(E D)AILY ATTENDAN(CE (OF P1,S'lS, FIS(CAL YXEA.tS: 1902 T() ' 1906). 1902 1 190 1 19 1 19054 1906 Nlullmlr of schools. -..- ----...871 1,()07 I, 0(3; 1,048 1,074 A veqral ge; (Iatity a tte(llacl:e.......!9, 55' 32, l(i4 37, 4 4( 40,4 41, 802 Tlhe reorganizatio n was facilitated (1 tthe( "trust fundl," of alomlt $2,4(}00,000(}(), (,tsisting,f one)''s ('dlle('ct(f as lduelti('s )n )rt,() t l ci('an implorts into( tlle IUlit(d( Slate(s before tlbe removll al o)f thle tariff On ir('challnluliise frlli tliat island(l (tit(ring tl(e Unite(l Stlats. This trust filnld was (1devoted to 1l1tle buildhig of ods ald ( of schmoolomses, and(l to() its (existe,e('(' thew rap)i(l ic('r'as( in th(' nlmbell)('r 0f s('cho(s fr1' 1901 to) 19)04f is large(ly (ll('e. Til(' fndl( is oll() nearlyl (exlauste(d, anlld nlll(ss a subt}stittlt' tl(erefor is foiuiln til' lprgr(ess (f edil(catioil in t( islanl(l is I}u)nilli to I me('('t withl a siriois ('(chek. Ti('1 putl)liic sc('l() s ()f tl, ' islanll at(, aId(lmi istered by(, tl)he depi((lart(etit. o()f ((ducationi, in charge (fI( (i( c(mmissioe(r ()f (edu(cati,, who) is at1 e(x (11icio 1( l)(lr o(f tl( (x(( ilive( (' colnlil. T'lTe sch(' ol systi1111 (ctrisl(s rural, gradel(, agri 'cultunral inldulslrial, i,igl, an Il ig lt stcl ())l(s. Tlie( simpll(e'st ty)( is te1 1r'l il sI 'c{)ol, wlhich p)rovide(s for ab)out!half ()f (te lpupils r(gularly aIttellding (ll, sc(i,()ls. Ill tl(ll tleo ( teachel(r ga(thels aotI()1. ]illl t1(e (lchild(lr( ) f tle( eiglol(rlod,,gruips itl('i awls w(ll as o,)ssill (' a(.(.le o r ing to Ieir,tti-alaiIm(I ents, a (1d ilnslti( ts tlit', ill ot m e() thanll thlee (trops()l il the,elel(lts of r(ead(lingm, writil-, tnl arithmeli'. ]'](Te ('c)trse o(f st(! pr',s('ri((ed for the'se s4(hol<)()1s ((cover(s tlie ilnstruction g(e1erlly gien in toI ns in the first tl re (, v(ear's (f sct ()()lool w rk. 'Tle grjrad(!e(l s, ll)(lIs are( lao(, catl(( i tIlI 4(o)n IIs and(l cities. 11l theml tle( illstnicti)l is as(,l ( ant (eigt-ar c(' oulrs (, and w]i(,en it is (o()cmpleted(( tle stude(l(t, is re('ady fo()r tlie high. s(chol(s. Illn smle(' ()f tlIil tliel illstr'liol( is give' wlo()llv in tll Ie. lglishl langulagre(, (itlthe(r by Americ(' an or )% Poto li(c'an teac('h('rs. A\ (c(nsil'derable nulmbe)(r ()f t li(' lal ttr hlave alread(lv (q ualii(edl t(o tl(each(' in EJglisi. T]e(' rural lndl gra(l(led s(cho)ls, I)th kno)wn under thle niame f "('(lnmmo sc('}ols," ar(' ut(dr tle(' j()int administration ()f the(' ((Idepart(ment o()f (education and tlhe ](ocal s(ch(o(l )oards (1(,ctedl in the various 'llo II I)EI'ARTMENTT.!! t) llt iris. Agiuadilla......-..... ---. 9, 6,45 A rec (i o............1..... t6 2, 30 BIav'imo()n..................I., 6(), ()046 M aage — l.................. i -, 5-i MaySguez - 127, 566; Ponce..-. --— 20;3,191 Total......... —........ )53,243 i'n dhr 10 vtIars of ll yt"Irs of;I,<4 A l ( e m il-li Xi (, ~' Ih i d il- t(; r, I)idl no}t Attended: l 1.I 0 ('no h,ltn t ilther.S _ ___ _ _ school. r (,a(tI()r 87 S " (i, 4110) 1,231 i, 5,,3 1, '25 50 2 ' 2t I 92, 9.036 2, 312 46 82 28 7875 1, 411258 3-, 978 1, 992 60, 253 s 2) 7, 14 4 1,455 4, 9(i65, 1, 629 34, SS5 2,6 75 6;5, 121 2,81!S 1(), 1 09 3,390 107,511 10,! 463 2',s: 48, 145,749 509,.498s COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN l.00;. 13 municipalities of the island. The latter provide schoolrooms and equipment, ke'ep thlien ill orlder, and nomlinate teachers, to whlion they pay a, small monithly all(owanlce in lieun f house rent.. Salaries of teachlers are paid by the insular government. The departlment of educ('atioln dlet{ermineills the nllllliuber and ('lharacter {of schiols to be;' opelned in eachl dlepartmentL alnd throughlt its co,'ps of dlistlrict. superinlten(dents, (If who(m Ithere are 19, exercises a clo(se sulpervision o ver the edllucational work of thle sch('ols. 'The agricullt ural scho(lels are prov((ided with ll2 er 3 acre'l's f gr(olndl in wtic lthe, chlilldren work ulndler the directioin of tlie teache'ir for two hounrs daily, the classroom work belin curtlail(ed toI smle exitent. (of teach era a agri'cult urist at till sanme t ill'e. T'lhe imst Sccessf ul of 1tiI'se sh.ools lhav'e been('l tlhose o(f Sablana (iralvle, lajas, anll l abi Rol(jo, wlhere r1i1ra1l teachers have charge o4f till' or(linary inst 1'ruct1 i and an, agricultural teacher plasses froml sc'lool to scol., devo.ting all his tim tv t the tlea'ching of a gricullture. Fivel ind!usirial sclloois havie been i- at peraltia in San P 1an Ponce, Malvaguz, Arecibol, and 0MVilalita. IBesides affording eleimelIt'ary in structio )II, t11 ('1' t ieiah' handIlcrafl sI I(h as wls w)f 11rki Ig. f(Xrinii ant l1catIer work. tI ill{ boys' andl dom esii' woIll li' Statki g. sew ill, andI eil. Tibrl oTiery -— to ile irls. Ci l irsei s ill dra wing, i large(, part, c'nribulor: to Ihe icdusrial wo.k, ave lu.n ve'y Ifet'Iive in these stll('lIs. ('Cirses iln typewritiing andl' stenitgraaphy havebeen very popmlar. In1 thle sc'lol at Sanl J.Iuan~ a coinside!'rald.'e numuber of boys have le,,arn.ted Ilte printer's ira~id. Te legislatflure havi'ing failed to 'I a!i ke atppr1 1Priatioas for tlie( indilstri al sch(fils a1 Arec.il, antd {titlavatagr, thes', hfrd toi 'l t c gse id. IligJh s('llools ]hax'e' l.'dbeen es1ablished, al Sail. an. Pn'ce, and A tl a i lel'z M any i l Ieritcl. a tI (l' Il le es a I X I 'l ' l i ils frol) II'I PX 't Rical'. iii 'i ' se'lio ls waitI ut exliamll' ailati. San fra grade ales are representel ( at Cl ' nell, lPr' ie tonll Dickinsm),: ns l k ulng1 e'rs, wlhil(e Poice graduales nave entered Cmrnell. Syra'l-se, aend Pesylvania. The (lepartment (of cd (eation of Ille State of N(ew York lias r.centilv placed tlte San Ju n a l h ( t/igll s,'ools upon ils list o.f l!...lpproved scliools, which e' l t It ill('s the( graldutwt es (f such sch]iookls I,tl!( ' e r wiNvl louti examinalion aI col1ege or tiversily i (le Siale' of N(,w\- York. In ille tiscal yecar 19)) all the li l seliools al dded I\wo-eaN r I'I o IDmercial course's. TlhI.ese Iha've'!pro.(ve(1d ve'{ry v.po]Ilar, al.s.,r!bit}I: l lare LAC\' K (iF TIAII( ),s. I train(led tea('cl.ers. To! supply this I ee, tIe(.re \was,es ablished a nor)r al Sc oo()l aii R io Piedras. 7 milfe.s southeastq I of San JllIll. Inll from tlhe deparlmentl of e, tli o';i}tl anmd tra j,'rred to 1,, )theb aird,of trusitees otf tlhe [i iversiyv (of Pmlrt ltic',. Tlhis sc'l~,.,! rece, \'.ives:s Porto IiRico( and( offers them,a twvo-yeallr and aI flor-vyear Collrs iS nDormllal training. The sub1jects talhtl in Cle com'oll s,'tlioo}ls are revi ewed and presented from, thIe, ea'cler's stalldpoint, andvan'ce(d ssupervision and criticism11 is giyen in llle graIle sc'l coneted witll the inslitutiom. At the en1d o)f itwo yev.ars pupils rece'iv an lee!entlary 'cerlific(at.e. w illch elititl]es tllem. o tlea(ch in t1, gralded s'lioods of Polo Rico~,. if they are o)f the r(,elpisiten'. If under a!. (lley rec.(qVi(, a rral lice'1nse, cha'}tged for a graded li'ense lice'tse. The insular goVerme|t protvides 2S scholarships ii ie ormall sc'!oo, aldlo(te diiffcretl p]arts of!lie island. Tle graded(I s'colo(d which servess as; a practice. schoo'll tohe stuldents of tlie nor'mIal s]cho(ol also( furnishels, tlhe es kindl of itsltu't ioi Io to l, children of RiLio Piedras. iThere are nuie ll'roulls inlStlcl('I'es (f families llIfovil.g to Rio Piedras in o)rde(r to educate their children in this scfh. l. Tili pressinlg neieIl (If tlie' moImIntllt is to seculre an a(lequate' supply (f rralahrs. l num r f rural sethlo11s actulally openel(l has dlimnirnislied in recent, years becall,(use rur)'al lao''chers, having passed tlhe e'xxa linations to I 11)alify 1tielli( as grad.I l tiea1 ( e'11, rs1 'sl, have g ol'. t llt ' tbomwns, an"l noIiIIle Ilave lbeen foundI t t ilak' e i cir placs. I'The last legislature voted a( in rease of salary tio Ilie 'ural teac!~ erus, wh'iclh, ii i l's foped, l will' l a'! i'til(ya~K, ' ills cX ditioi. (\I s11. oWii ever,.le, sL alariXs XI f Poto Rical tea5clers are:o( t sulch as I( attlralt American reachers whIaii have X ot somle o iltheA induc ment for iIo to Po.to Rico). SuI I clI I I Ich ind cemenI I areI I I S 1-( lieIIa I I cI Inatu ra l c arm of I 1e i slaitn r d and li11' o l(p,rt ilitv toi v work il a pit(' I (I rlla I,, 1, esulltsi a,' e s ~o ~'a~i lv see'1 id lappreci alXted- tlX' n(Ivf e lt if Xlife it i a rop(i'l al, I'it IllIry ail thl e f;'cilitie.s for acquiri i 1 a. l Xn X wled i(, o ll thl'y1e ii Spal m isl1h ala '11- 11.. The Ik If llS { h' Iuielisll:ii!1 lll{'l (ilaisl ( lf iltru li s i is ra pidil ly sl'preadil, l otI ll ts 1hr((XL ali( y fol'rii (l II l p1 a ( llSrl, o if ti he s (!(I. a tlit.t(rities )i tSillt li l} 1lltl Ito a (em'la d )v ( i ll ti ople ihell 've\''s. wX\o pereivoet intt tlle' Etl" ist la Xli a( ie l i la s lt 11war11 sl'uccss i an bu siliess. h\Vhi-le ill i tle fisc' vX, a IIal y1r al o ol - s h'ioas w re, c dluictd in En glislt, itl h l ll i llter it l t e liscal,llar l was Id S leIt ' mll I ' r, I 1li)0lt (.i tlhe usi( ti' ( til Ie;n lisll lalil'l ai ie i i ll Ie t rall des wal s iascerlailned to1 eI! as <;rC:ll, s tmwhtl prir!ly in ii,lkti sh ly h,\ ucric ': Ic, i at ' l rs.................,31 < (r;il(cs t; ighl pt irtinIlly in I Fnrlish by l'()ri,~ tic' i,. ' 'l 's............... 51:NIVEis'-TY, l,\VATI, A.N) N;lHT SCH''lS. Tli(,e tUniversity of v ',P.orto ltico' w;a/s (sialh!is ed lt,0~it11)m i rs s lt a dellll d for pr(f' ssional seluools. TIi here, is an i med 11iate, a rlid lrg'!enti needI forr a, medical scool,., a law sc'll., a1 eIiieering seloo,1. and (of a uliiversity v I1!spital, which wo!ld }ecmel ai insular centr'll oslpital witli lar'-e s:iIpervisory powe'rs Iver Il, whole I IIed.ival work of (le isdala d. IlI forilel davs \oul. Ie'nlsul tills educatii, ill Spail, IIoV t eliyg to) the I'iiled States. DIstan' ce allot o}ite'r fwators, o(,\ever, pre'velit ma1 fro sor!, ii. so (hatJ. lofessionlal e,( 'duc;a1io inl tille islan:d will be iisuflicient il (ti]l'Po't l'ic( las ils owI professioal se'lools. As ihe 'esour11s'as the dispo)sal (f the gover e't ae isII (ic lent io meet (I e i u irg tll demIan. d for primar y ilstru(tiio, it was tl:,lil ri t a il l te ( e, d for plofessionlal s('lioo}ls tImi~gI besl!be Sl!pplied f'om pri\'aivIte eI, eicenIce, bod] it Po)rlto Ri'ico;an(d ill li n11i ted S1ats. The 1oaird of tUs.tees o wf l~eu iversily ha\ve,reai/.d eil.i agric.llltupral d,epartme(,t in confolrmlity willi ille cond[iio, which (ongress ilas iha osed o State ollees ()'! aiul le a111nd /ec(lalliC ar hs, inl Ith.' o t he rrill: an.i d Ilal~'ch acts for Federal aid io Sj~~tate agri~'l1cultral e.t 'li,~ laducato t. e xtel!ded to Pohrlo Ri'co. which wold Im-ea a' co trilbl tionl of.$:')0,000 o( ).10,000 $.a from l the Federall treasurv to t(h. resolrces of tie I'lliversi\'v of Ptonh Rlic'(o. The tr!s't{ees have ac(tlire1d addilio lal Hnlat so ill(a e ' nive(rsity ow\ ow 1s 150():ares only 7 ile.s froml Salt J.ua,11. acce'ssile bv troMley, ste.am:: railway, allnd m1)ac'a damll noaId. '1He1: ~'e eral planm oif ill, agricultura1 scholo(l is built larely or 1e e'xpe(rie'n e'~' al 'usk('eee and si 'ilar istittliols in lie lli'ile S Itates. The sl detls speWTnd hei,morninlg at" wor,'k iln tlie lields le,';laling pra'cticial far,',minlg and at Ile same ti e 11(' culli\la ' theW unive'rsitv farmll. Tl'e alfienoon is speqt ill e schol room iit lte studies of tie com monll) s'liools and of elemeIntIIIarv a,!i(,' 111I1I'tue. TI' StuIdenIIls are' boartded{' t a i I tlve u iversity. Ill tfl. pl ri'cipal ItowvnN s o:f' tlI.e island 1}ltee ar(, (on1(e (}1' Ili( moe, ilight. s-lh(oos, i I I whii,'ll, I t i I g. w ri iIg. a dt:l e.llemenIatar arithmetic.!'ese sc ' |ls ate itruse totl cil are, of teaclerl!s in te day s.loos, wlo recei\ve extI ra Ic.lit pellsalion~l. III very few cas(.s ni1gli s'iooIs have been esl4ablished ill Ille a rrlreagi(o s. Adultls are excluded from ni-ligt scool,]s ule('ss the lie nuber of childrenl is insulffic'i(,t. As lsc. selols ca be coduclted at 'cmnpa:ratively s!alldl e-xpe:se., te policy tlis lbeen) 1,, favor their mlultiplicatii,. In lbe fisc'al year 1\015 their number was:17 i,: the fis ('l year 1()16 it was S(. Their great dlrawlbac'k is that pupils pass inl and ()ut so rapidly that systenlatic' instrlucti(on is difficult. 14 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. Apart from the system of public schools, there are a number of private schools, mostly conducted by the Catholic Church. The American Sisters of Charity have opened a school in Mayaguez, now attlenlded by 700 children, and 1,000 are expected as soon as sufficient accommodations are provided. At San Juan there is a kindergarten and a school for improved instruction of deaf-mutes, called "St. Michael's School," under the control of the Bishop of San Juan, who also controls St. Gal)riel's School, at Aguadilla, for deaf-mutes. The Sisters of (harity, under the Iprotection of the bishop, conduct 2 schools at San Juan, 2 in Ponce, 3 in Mayaguez, and 1 each in Yauco, IBayamlon, Santurce, Coarno, and Arecil)o. The Christian Brothers of the New York Province have charge of St. Paul's (ollege, San Juan. The status of he e(ntire educational system of the island oni March 2, 190(G, is (exhiibite(l in the following table: NUMiERt (}F( SC(II().S IN POIT(() RICO ANI) PUPILS ENR()LLEI), MA RCHIt 2, 1906. TYPE (F SCOOII(L. Nllull)r upils i ofls. I 'TroI) l schoo ls. roll. (oilnltioil: (:rade(l..-.............. —.. —......... —........... 518 llr l. ----.. ---................................I 49 *,t.i1... -------------------------------- -------- -- I, (11 'l'{t'it 1............................................ 1..0i (; Agriclltlr ill rluri l.......................................... 12 School of pr;ctic. PI Igricultur( (t niversity).............. I Industrial......... -..- 3 H1igh.......-............................. 3 Norma I -.. —... —........-.... --------—...... ---....-..... I Tot lI pu)lic (li y schools.................- -.. 1, 036 N ight schools... -............................... — - - - - - - - - - - 73 T'ottal plllich schools....... -....................... 1, 10 Priv}ate ( schools.......... -....................... 1.(7i7 I'otal schools....................................... 1,27 23,412 25,347 48, 759) (611 23 521 124 115 50, 153 2.338 52, 491 4,31 f 5(, ()7 pansion is likely to be less rapid than during recent years. In other words, the present prospect is that during the next decade two out of every three children in Porto Rico will grow up with but little schooling. LIBRA RIES. The Insular Library of Porto Rico was established by an act of the legislative assembly of Porto Rico, approved March 12, 1903, for the purpose of furnishing a depository for public documents, archives, an(l records of the legislative assembly and departments of the insular government, wlere they could b)e consulted by memIbers of the assembly and heads of the departments. It was formerly the Free Library of San Juan and is located pleasantly in three large, well-lighted rooms in the building known as "La Diputacion Provincial," in the heart of San Juan, and is very accessible to those desiring to avail th(emselves of its conveniences. It is patronized( mostly by Porto Ricans, attracted by a good assortment (of modern Spanish literature and by the many Spanish magazines and periodic(als to which the library subscribes. The reading tables are always well filled, but mor(e especially in the evening. The Inore serious ('lass (f reading is replresent(ed by mnany books of I)iography, history, and travel, a legacy of the ol(l Spanlish libraries existing in San Julan befo(re the American occupatioln. The library has an applrolpriatio(n of $3,400 for the paymen:t of the salaries of a librarian and assistant librarian and for subscriptions alll p)urcIh1ases. It is (ond(lucte( under the (lirection of a board of t rust( es, o(f whic(h tlhel c(oummissioner of education, the coimlissione(r of the interior, and the secretary of Porto Rico are ex offic(io lelmbllers. Besi(l(es the Insular Library, San Juan has two( others, the Aunicipal Library, Ilaintaine(Il by the municipal government, and the lil)rary of the Atheneum, maintained( by the membelrs of that learned associatiomn. There are also libraries at Ponce, Mayaguez, (Cabo lojo, andll ITtuado. NEWSPAPERS AND P'ER1IODICAIS. Periodicals published( in Porto Rico, in Spanish unless otherwise stat((ed, are,the following: San Juan: La Delmocracia, La Correspondencia, El Bo(letin Mier('antil (Sptanish and English), El Ileraldo Espafiol, La IRevista de Puerto Rico (Porto Rico Review; Spanish and English), El Estuldliante (Th(.e Student; Spanish and English), El Ideal Catolico. Ponce: iEl Agouila (Thli Eagle; Spanish an(d English). Mayagu(ez: La Voz ide la Pat ria, La an(dera Amneri('ana. Aguad(illa: El Criollo. Somne half a (Edozen smaller periodicals are published in ot her towns of the islandl. CITIES AND TOWNS. SAN JUAN. San Juan, the capital o(f Porto Ri(co, was the residence of the Spanish gove('rnolr-(geeral, Iland was sad( the seat, of government under the Anmerican administration by the organic act If April 12, 190(). It o(wes its existlnce to thll lharl)or, lthe best on thel island, althollu(rgh far fromn equal to moder(lr (ldeman(is. Thle harlbor consists of a somell('whlat longated(l lagoon which ext (endls s(oultheastward, with a constri(tition abol t its mid((le, due to lthe proje(ctioni of (ataflo hel(a(llandl, ()n the we(st sidel. k()n thlie north the harlbor is separat(ed fromt tl'e O(cealn )'by an island 2.72 mliles lonig and from a (luarter to hlalf ia mile in width.) The east(ern end( (of this island is separated from tilhe mainland by San Antlonio (Cliannel, over which San Antonli() b'ridge(' (est5allishe(s cmI (muni(cati()n b)etween thie island and thl( mainland(. Near the westernl en( a spur o(f lanld runls from the l)od(y f I (hi island solltlhward(, increasing the width o(f the island to about tihree-fourtfhs of a moile, anll terminating in a proje('tion called Plintilia Point. Th1' town of San Juan is situat(ed on the exp)anded We'stelrn ('nil of the island, at the base of the spur just Ilen'tioned. Toward thie oce(an the island(l ir(sents a p)recipitous front a}out 100 PI'l ESE NT CO()N )ITIO(NS ANDI) N EE)S. (ratifying as is t(l( I plrogress lmadt(e in tl( S y( eas (of A Il(rican control, tl(he sc('i(H1(l system ylet falls fir sho)rt of sulipplying tlie (e(lducational n((ldls (If tlhei islan(l. Leaving asi(l til' lighi(,r ((1 (eduation as a pro)l1(l Iy ils('elf, i is g(( rally assllned(i tl,(at, an il (al systeml ()f ('c,( - mnO( schtl(ol ( (education would p)r(vide that (ev(ery lchil(l bt)(,tw((ln 8 andI i; y(ears shall Ibe) at sc('l)(l. lThat ildeal r(lmins indee( d luattaincld 'v('ln in tillh we(altili(st1 anil l(),st (civilize(d ('c(llntri(,s, though s()1111 (of these fall Ibul, littile short, ()f it. W\hat are tlhe facts in this respect)t in I'o.rto Rio(()? A (cc(r(din) g i )to st inat es b! y the cem(sus auth()rities, t lie number ()f child(r(n Itbe(w(een 8 and (11(; years in Porrtlo Itio) is 210.,965, a little moreI tIhl:an ()n(e-lifl ()f the1 to(t(al pIopullatio)n. Out (f this lm1111(ber, 5(6,807, 1s we have se(en, we('rl' (nrlle'(d as puplI)ils illn ]( t iscal year 1906i. T'i is eli a is l hat tl Ihre (t o(f for ('i il l(ten wlill ] ()ight to have b11e at s(chlo(l w1 (er ot). It (1(1s 1 )(lot, lan, however, thal, withll tilI( pr)esent facilities, lhrie ( lout ()f every foulr lchildren rem(lain w1io(lly nitalught. Maily leave and will co('(tinue'1 1o leave schi(ool lomng before thlie ag( of 16, a.fter maste:ring at l(al,st, the rudliments ()f reading, writiin, 1d(1 arith ll( tic(. Assumlilg an atveragI, (c'(urse (,f four years' sc('h 1(ling as tle 1n(il ii il 1 that (1ugh(lit to I(l ir()vided, if is fo(l)d tlhat t lie aggregat( I )f t()wnls, with ( a tt).al (f 2(.26 ()i chil(lrn ll between.( tll( agI(,s (,f S an(l 11, hIave facilities for 80 1(er ('(enit (f t]lese (children; that one grioup ()f rural (list ridts, withl 47.9S8 c(lillre'1! fro(m S t) 11 ( y'ars (,f ago(, ht s schl()Il facilit.ies fo(r 50 )per ('('li, (. f these ch('llil(dr(In: tlhat tlte remaining rulral dlistrict s, numiiiilri ng 19, 1),1-1 c(lildlren )etw(e,,n 8 and 1 1 years (f age, have n1( s(ch((ls at all. Eviden(tl y, eve(l (Ol t he mlll((,st asstiuil)t iolln of a follr yea Irs' c('0)rse, th('e pr(esent facilitie(s are hliardl(y (ile(-third( ()f whatt they ()lght t() b('. Tlihe insuilar r('eve(nle is n)otl ilncr(easiing fas(t 'enlough to( justify any ve'ry sanguiin e(xpe(lctatio1(ns (of incrlasled s(chool( funlls fr(om that s(llure. Now t lat. t he "t'rust fulnd"' has,bee(n pT1ract'ically exhalsted(, ilid ('Ix COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. 15 feet high, and at the west end of this high ground, overlooking the entrance into the harbor, is Morro Castle, the ancient Spanish fort which defended the city and harbor. Other lines (f fortifications skirt the ocean front of the island for three-fourths of a mile eastward. These fortifications served their purpose very well, resisting many desperate attempts to capture the city during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. San Juan is a perfect specimen of a walled town, with portcullis, moat, gates, and battlements. Built over two hundred and fifty years ago, it is still in good condition and repair. The walls are picturesque and represent a sttupen(lous work and cost in thelmselves. Inside the walls the city is laid off in regular squares, six parallel streets running in tlhe direction of tle length of the islanl and seven at right angles. The houses are closely and ('compactly built., of brick, usually of two stories, stuccoedl (nll thie outside, andl painted in a variety of colors. The pcopiulltion witilin t(he walls is about 20,000; the total poIpulation of city al(d sublurbs 35,000. The streets are wider than in the older part of liabana and will admit two carriages ab)reast. The si(lewlks lare narrow lan(l in places will accoimmllodate but o(ne persol. (The p1aveinlents are of a co(,lpositi(on manufa(cturedt in inglanl from slag, pleaisaInt and even, andl du(rable when no heavy strain is broughlt to I(ear oicn (t hemc, but easily broken aind unfit for heavy t(raflic. T'lie streets are swept onc(e a (lay by hand and kept very (clean. The soil iiinder tl(e city is ('lay mixed with lime, sot ha rnl as t,() be)( ald )st like rock. It is consequen(tly imllpervious to water a:dl furllisllcs a g(o(>dl iatiural drainage. The trade wind bl dows strong aid(l freslh, anid tlhrough tlce harbor rl'ins a st(reamll of sea water at a speed( of Inot, less tlhani 3 llmiles an ho(ur. With these' ('(lnditi(ons no contagios disease, if plr)(,Irly taken ('are of, can l(ng exist. The greatest drawblack, inc Spanlish tillC, wa.s litc. lack ()f an aldequate water s)pp)ly. Thlcer was anI ailquiedictl't, )ut, it was co(ct. il repair, andil few ll(ctses were co('(cinected( witll it. Thl(ere was ()o sanitary )lumbing and no saitary sewes, ra(tially all llic water being' obctained( fron cisterns. Ulnder Alie( l rica rule tl(e icl"aceducto" has be1)(c( elcdarglIed all(l l (llerlniz(ed, all cist( rlis al)(olishe(l, and all hcouses ('coinnect('t(( withI tIh(, (ity water stilpply. 'PTlie prissutire is ampil:)l for do(lmcestic, tire(, ai(l sanitary pl1rl'l()ss. '1'he supply c(clm('s fromc the l io( Piedras, alboutt (i miles a.lc)(ve San.lu an, where it, 'is diverted ilnto a slort ( caall whlicic (carries it illtO( s(,ttling reservoirs, (eac(h c(f wlhic(l lhas a cal)acity ()f ()(ic-ancIl-a-lcalf (lays' su)pply, at. the rate cf:;5 gaill(os lpr lheald. TI'lce(cc( tlh(. w atc(r tl ws into filter leds, whil((ce it, is pc1)c el)d( to a d(istlrilbut ig re s( rv oir I () feet high,. Fromi tlcis it is (carri'ed I)y un(lergrot(ittc maiis iclto tic city. lBeside(ls ( ll( town witlliin tlIe walls, tilccr(e arce Iwx) I or1licils julst. outsi(l(d called la 51Marilca and Pucerta de Tierra, c'cnltainiigr 2.()0() or 3,)00 iclchaciitants (h. la Marina is silt ate'(t jcust col(rti of tl'e naval station at PIunt ilIa l'P(ict. whtil(,' PI'(ert a d,( T'i(er is sit Iat(edl (tn lle niarrc)w ipart of tlie island(l (ast ()f tlie I ai ilil x()wi. Tle're. arc, alsso two sulclcrs -. one(, Saliirce., allpproac( l((l by t11 i ocily roca(l leadlillg (iut o(f ti('e c'it vy, 1icain'ly, tlie mlilitary ri)adl 1.) I 1'(ic(e, tll(' (the('r, C(atafi(o, ac'ross tli(c I)Iay, r('ac('l'i l)by fe'rry. Aside friom tobaccc(('() Iauicifact('llricg, wici('lc is ()f r'c''lt, devel(pi(cl)ilccnt, lthlr( is blit little' lmaitifactluricg in tll city. Ai\ Ailme(ric(anc c('omp)aniy has a small (il r(,tinl(ry ac('rss It(,ay, il wli(llc r(l petroleclium, b)roghlt from) te I'it(cl Slatl's, is refine(l. lat(lclles are madeil(, somi(e ibrooms, a. little sOa]>, and(l a (c 'lap class of tirunks. The(re arc( a.ls( ice(c, gas, alcd (lec(tric'-liglct wcorks. Pl N C E. Thfe c'ity v,f Po,(ce' is sitatli,(ld o()n t11 s(uitl] c('ast ()f tlc islanlI(d )1 a. Iplaic, a}c)uit 2 ciles fromii th(' s'ealc)(ard(. It. is re'gillarly luilt, 1lice c(''ntra'l part acl})st (exc('lclsiv'ely ()f )crick Icocis('s. 11c( stil)url}s ()f w(coo(l. It lcas a {in(' c('hrlitc icl lt( l Plaza (de los I)(clic'i(s. lwo ' ll(si)itals (()n(e c(all('ed Tri('c'lic lloslital aftler its folm(lerr, a lccc(,c (If re(fulge fo(r tlIce 1 I cccl an, pocr. 1a ipe'rfect (' y (lquilplced1 fire (dl)cpart ccc'nt, a lank. a ( ccchamccber of c(ccmmccrc('(, a tllhccate,. sc(vc(ral firsl-class lcctels. an ice fact(ory, and gas works. The inhabitants. who numl),cer albout 25,000, are principally occlupied in mlcercantile pursuits; but carpenters, bricklayers, joiners, tailcors, shoemakers, and barbers lind good em)ploymelnt. Colmmlercially, tlie city of Ponce( is the second city on tlhe island. A fill( roac(l le(als (to Ponce Playa, the seaport, wlhere all the ilmport andt e(xtl)rt t(radcl is trainsacted. Ponce Playa has albout 5,000 inlhalitlants., an.1 ler1(e'' art situ(at(ed the customu-h(mse. th(e office of the calptailn of tlh( p,(, ail(d all tlie (c()nsular offices. Tihe port is spacious, though p1)( ly lprotect(ed,(, and will holdc vessels of 25 feet draft. LIadinig and unl1()a(ing is effected b)y imeans of ligh(ters. Water for all )urposes, includin li t e ire depa.rtmllent, is supplied ly a alaqueduct, elcerived friomll tie llic Porrtuguets, atc)(ut 1) I9ile's ablove tll(, city, a:Ild c'(dic(l u't( 1( i Ill mlascolry o'(cInd(Iits a.iand undclrgr(ound( irc()n distrilutaric(s inlto 11]( (city. At VA (; Z. Mayalcguez, t1.1h 1t ird city ( f imjc)rtalic('( o(n tI e islai Id, is sit iat(ed o()ci tlc e west, c(ca.;st, close to thi(( s('asios.re, )ut 1(,o, ol it, Ilaving its Maylagucz Playa, ()r )()1ri, like sc) iLcainy Ic()c't() cIicaci t()wns. It, is )cle (of it1e' I(),st., )cpri(csl(pr'()s acI I)r'(cgr''ssiv ' tc(wIcs )ni t11(' islacl. lTh('ire are'' Ianll factlll ('toris ct' c(']lc(c'(at(.c fco' Ic (al c('()lonstlllmlic), 1and a cainnillc' factl(')'r, liilca'ipally fior 1i(o'aplp,)l'.s, \w'hi (''l art'( rais,( iln dtle vic('initv i icI 'al)icll I iccr('r'a sicg cIIancc it l y. Near tie cv ity is 11cc Icnsular Agricultural l x r]cl)(''ieln('ltc Staitic(cl. It, las i1 'il)rlas tl(e bc)(est wate(drwo(rks ccn t1l( islal.nd, dc(riv(, fl'rom(i ti1 li() iMavagiuey. Its c(lilmlat.( is pleasa.llt a(nd its rl'putalti(lnl fori' s:lultrity exc(c'll('lit. The ipip)latioi, wicich il 1899 wxas 15, IIS7, iis owx ( estimatei( l a 2(),000, lic(' icajor it y,e'inIg wxlit('. Thilis city is cctalle as bIeing ( 1(, sc t, nica, wicill ' Jualli Poncer(' de( Leonoi, tl(e c(coolize(r il:an first, g,,o(vrnclr (cf Po)rto ( lti(co, la1l ded i 150(S..N(ear Iy, 1) t.\Aiguatd, is li' spot) wilere Co(lllibll)s hils(elf landed il(('I (11ctc c('( casioni of his oily visit t)o tl' islaidl c(c N(covember 1(), 1.1s3, lcrin'g lis sc('('(cid voyage. 'le' t(xown is 11ic' (ui.l(e't fIir (lle richi district'ls (f Lamrcs and Sa Sa.')lstiall, wit I w'lic('h it. is ('lnec('('t.(c iby a lm'.cadaiized'( ri)ad. {.|~ A, 1KI:('. BE(). Ihi.s ltown, sittit.(edl cct t (He lcmouth f Icoc ti' io (Iranilde de' Arecil)o, is c( (iected wit i Sai.l.1 a, MNaya1 l(ez, a11(c PoInc(e I)v rail, a111(d witl]l I'I ce('c' blcsc 1c\. 1t ' aeAr.c('ic)(c-IP o e'( ilital'l:ry r')a(l, direc('('tly ac('rss I the islalnd. Sccoc it. will also 1 ave, (lirec' c ('l i('clt iocln lb rail witli liar(es. It. is simillarctlA;l Sp;lliscl lvs. Ilw. vilg il (lie ceiler ca p1laza, srr1()lil(ided by,publlic' ibuildilgs andi stree('(s rllclilig fro)cic it ait riglt l, agl's, formingi', regnllair sqitcarcs. T'ic Iciiltings darc 'c)l strlicted of cr'ick lcandl wol. '11lc iarcomiccri is I)cr, Ioeicrg inctIcicngr illmo( 111 alil; il o( i r( )ad(st ('ad( ('xls e)s('( to 11ie fihll forc(' (c f t lil (( ('an, iln wxicch vess'Is ditring lcorlterlcni wN'ilids can ccardliy lihe ill scafety. C('Il)s inlshlor, (oc o0 c1c sicl,. d{allg' 'eroms r'('efs sI re'tll, a (coistant menace to C vc'ss(l.s if th11c anc( r doel s ncot liold. F"rom llc1c( il(, 'ri()l of ti1 iscl(l go)(cls ar. c('c,,ve'y( '( ( lcc (i e 11 I.ioc, (ii'ca. (l(' dc1 Arci''' ii llait-1)lotto (ld ])()its, 'wit I11( aici ccf l(o4 g lc(ol(es. At tli( I)bar of tie( river tic g()(ls 'e t' ralsferric(l inito lighiters andl fri(om tl'ese to {H1(a |C()ceangIln_(rvill ec ciscsels. F \AJ A I1)). 'llis is i1tl' iol.st illortlantli (town i li1 ('e norhlie'i st'ern p t c)'f (tIce isla-i, amc is sitlct(ed( 1 ccc!"ajar(ic I'iv'.r, ac smc ll strei'a'c ccllt yicfg cl(clr 11c(' Iletc'ctc S ('so a ('t c (' 1 c l('(i ('aplel S':.c lac I, 'n wcc ix'ch It (Ier'( is a lig]ti-lclcc s('. T'1c' toh(c,' (cf l"ajI'ardl( its(lf is lcot, s 'it ac t(edl o()n ille' s(asll'rc'. I tut hlias its I"',jarido Play:c vc rt,: tor fa irly wN (1 1w'cl(l t '(ceId alr}l)or et 'twN(, e i (I lci S c.1 II' dc(l I'dillta (t (' Mcatla l 'edo(ltd(la. It, is ciowc c(cciii(''telcd Witli ( Ceiba and c ll-cccillc yv g)()d Iacadca'clc iizcdc r1(adls, atId ( ' railw ly' licc( is b(cicig (cosltru'lct cl,twe('(x it anc(1 Mailile(y(. w-xii iicc' (evc11,l tl, N' will giv ( it c((u'i (ci t i(cci wix itl (Caroliea caondl Sm I ci,11ai. 'il'' distanc'' frcomi 1icc' cOcxii to tci hcIarbor is alccut I lil('s. '11cc(', iostc itpoll 'taiant ind(tisltry of tlime tiwi is thlie I lltlfllcfc' ccreI ~ocf I)r(wn l s11.rigar. COMMIEII tCIALb I,(I{T() I (IC() IN 1)0. OTiHEIt TOWNS. Nagunabo] is another town on the east side (of the islandl, situated not on tlie seashore itself but 3 miles inlanld, its acltiual port Ibeing called Ulcares o)r Naguabo Playa. It has a fair har)bor and is (i(onnectedl by macadaminized road( with 1lunilacio, the capital it the (irtlieIlt, and with the genera itl sudr lnetwork of ra(ls. The line o()f railway iow building fromt Mialieyes eastwardl is to) be extendled as far as N naguaho, and allnoher. line, buiilding friml ( 'aguas to Iinincao, will give Nagiao comniticiation with the interior. Arroyo is I(he port of (nlao aim, thle principalt city in hlie so It heastern corner (if lie islailnd, which l lis A iJlies Iiri liwwest of tlie port. It has a fairly safle hlarbolr, with ai lighlt-liouse ( thle ap('li to thle siuthileast of it. Tihe island if Vieqin's, or ",rai Islald, sitaoted 1~ miles east if tlie mainlaid of Porto Iici, is 21 miles long and ii iiiiles wide. Its land( is vlry fert ie anil ad.aptedi to, the cultivatiion of alimist all tle fruits tIind vegetables that grow iin 1te \\'\est Iinlies. Tle main ti)wn, I'sabel Si'gi'nda, is ( tlie tirtli, but its port is unisafe in tinnes of norltherlyv windl like all tIe anchl(rag's (II that side. The few ports oi thlie sott111 s!ide are hitter, the best. being Punt a Arenas. VA'k F i'iii'PROPERTIY IN MI'NIICI'AIIT1iES. The followXing table sliwXvs ti, value o(f imiovadble and iiiI1mival'e ()FI'I('!A1i ASSESlvS! V'A.TIO!N (FOP MOIVAIBLE AXNI IiMMOVAi:\E RIOPi)!'i;TV IN CITIES ANDi TOXWNS OV'.IPiTO RICOI, COIRlCI.TEiD 'iO.A. IXA OX' 9t,!19t}. [ l,'rom reiri of Ithe! Porkti) 1ii it inior if C'.ommeiiuirce.] ToW N. Vi lItiit io I o)f l) ro p r,,rlv. '!' }'N. )orf propolrty. iii An\gqa'i: l!..-.............. Xijiintusiui................A rfi}'{~it..... -.......... AgluI.s di 'll --- i.....-..-..... Arroyod.................... iH,1I [ i) tl LI......-.... -.. i.irrii............... iarriio, i................... Aguas l Bijo wis ------------- ('tn~n]................... ('ii:'lvs \ [............ I In r(,z: I ( ) l,;l II, j.-.-. —... -.. —..-.. (il)t -----—.............. C(,;llr........................ (Co:iioy......0..... --- —-. (Oinlm... —.................. (iiallriu ii....-......-....l)(,rai o..................... l ill- l.......l......... tii! -ii. f - —......... — - il int.....................,Jlarcs..... --- —-—.. ---- - Las MI ari s............... Dollars. 1ollari. 3,'I 15, 2,14 ],,jis.24..4........... t.l4<, 2X(2 (14 I, l0i Nm I 1; i i -. -. -......... — -—.-.- 1,;74, i0 794,254 M ri)l s i............oil..... 422,S0 I, 114,(O ) M: },y I l i 'z-...........,(4 0,i 4.2 II7,125 M:ri'I:c;.........I...I,(}>i, (IS()i 4il, ()5( M 'rc... ---—.....-.. —..... -. 9 1, 2;'5!, 44i2 | MI 'lii' I ii................. 45S,,S:;() (;;il, 2(42; fN;III ho~,..................,'4S;, 032 I.5!~5. (i72 | Ni '- I it. ji;,.............. ----.- 2(-), 400i 'i42, 204 r; ide ----...... --—.-,, 4(i 1 321, 520 Ii h 'iP ic(,: II................. 1. I 3("). 1, 20 ~. 144 l c ( i -—.......... I-204,1 (i();0137,! {,) jS; it!i h s. sti II............. 021, 034 3it5i )! Sit ii ('ria ii.....X...-... t.. 1, 437,(~4 1. 737, t 10 iS iri or io -.X...... —.-.. --- S 2() 2,402,( To; I tI I llrii i ------....-.......- 40.2(,S 152, 2471t,T BliN i t.................. 5, 15(i 1.7 S,014s( S:tnI 1, s:,i (.......'...... 2, 27:,03i 13,G V i('(p s, ---- ----- ---................ l, S5,?5; I176, li2 Veji glo Alta.............. 4. 5S. 902 2. 4, |t0 2, S X1je ---------- 7...... 40. 20S 551, s:30 \ m on! -.................. >40,2 5 25 S04.3!)i II l, l II(.................... -3. 17, <:>2 1,4(;!h 724 ' -. 1.1122, I71 'l)ot: l..........-..... ---- S5,92S. 450,v er a larg(e part i,f tlie island. The fact: is that sonle of the st:eelpest sloqes bear tlie best-paying (,rops. HIardly a traveler in Port(, Rico butt expresses his astonslmnnit at tlhe sight (,f farmers cult ivating l 'eclivitiies so, steep that the strangrer de(,lis it risky to) climb I iIl(in. "Cuiltvativaimn ()f ilmoltain tops" is one of tihe hackneyed pic tres in wXrks (on Polrtil Rico. 1\\ itlt a. rem'iiariNkall]y liiniformii teil)peiratulre ranging ' eIltween 58~ and 98~ F., a rainfaitll varying friom 50 toi 140- incites iiver the larger I art of the island, an(i amlounriting It() it less tlant 20 it'hies (ven (on tlie arid soUtilerti slope, distributed lmorelver witli renimarkable uilifoinImit y, si) thatl there is rarely a week without raiinfall, the climate I cirients iileal conditlons fori lutxuriant vigetal 'groti l. The soils of IPrto lRici hiave been descri!id by Mr. RI(I)ert T. Hill (Bulletin No. 25, Department (if Agricultutre, Division if Forestry). I' 't, clhiif dlifferel'i is l(et((wee'n tlii' ried imnitiain soils and tihe calcariuis fo(thilll soiils. The' u rocks are almonst everywXlier(ie dleeply 'COvr(INd willi so()il, t1li olly ex(posuires (f ltard rock beig iin thI gorges of mointaiii torreil'(iits..)(e,'ay (if rok is so ralpid in ithis warmi, ]ltmid (climate thilat ie( ()riginal r()('k ias,bec(mel c(ov(ered with soil tio a. dept'l of 51)0 r 10)0 f(',t. Thle mountaiin soils are the residuum f t li black,basic' v(Ilc'anic rcnks, tlie' re(l ('c)lor b,('ing idrived frolm Ith(, iron i th Iese risks, t he clay from tie' feldspars. This' r'ed soil l'(rese lle's in 'ii aritl 1 elacity it11 rlted-c'lay re'giouis (of til1 souithiern ii ippla'iiaiis, >but is derivedl fromil (litolie different roks and is appare( tly iiit('i ricloer in pliloSlpaitIes anld ]ull'. T'hlle Imounltain sotil is o' oif (to i most miarked feattires f t (li islahl, atil to) it are largeily (!die muaiy v t' its- a.gri'culltuil and: forst c('(niditions.,er'( it liss teIlac'iolls aIId sticky v, te sl(l's woild now Ibe washled and (I rearv wasti's if bairrei r''ick. Natuirally r'ic'li i pltan fiiIood, t his s(il is flrilr' iill1,(tX'e i I Xd y tlie vast aliiiiiiti o)f Illltiumuts dlrivei d f'r(Il ille acc;_um'u'1alai[d ve-e.al d(:,ris,,f pa.s, ce('Itur1ies. Tl e ' cal|(arIor'()s si, ils ()f t In' fo)(tIill regi(nii are ( f t li(I o(,n'ti-iextIred wt iit' I iIlIl( i's)l ' I I )(' X'Xlli 'ic a l,, iliils fri',oii I dlII'irl a, s(i ut w Ii' ardl, b)ut is llt. (',mllo, iI ill I!I' llit'(l Stali(s. TllXy are thi residua of the clialkv liliestolii's atiild i'4 i till',f1sisti'iiitt'1e, iild i'are excessivel ' c 'alcareo 's, very mii' r'esemli'g iii e ' aly, 1 scoi ls of(1 ~l(,rternl A1exico, alld (lle Rio (rallde re-gi) ()f Texas. On l(he wet lothm'l sid(i w,ere ( here is 11'mo m isil. 'Ir, Ille ]illie'sj)to es,are o'e11(w dec(ay('d a d (ll rtesultant siils arve a ried r'esidulal c'alc'areols clay fi'ii X'i'hic tIlle exice's f li'me as laI, gel, beIti tell remo()e Iy sohlitnion, I altolugh itlumps itf ilidec'milpised coiial limestoii remaivi. On tie soIti 1lit l re(golit Ii, or 'vdecaved r(ok, is sivallXw and t li s(ils arv 'irreS1 IIn(Ii Ily i!(inl. Furthl]erlmore, teNy cotlain anl exce'ssive lror| lio of litue. In place's, nitvald INar (;IvlaXaviilla, thItese hill soils are' less lin a fvoot, deep(h il1 an l are u!derlaiil Iby in'rilstatiiols of the p'ciliar calcaeu'is pan kniom ii Mexicoi as " tepetite. These cteiciN'al aId pl] si'al y ' odi~tion i ~s, adl('lded Ito Ie lcomiparali' ve dryness (of (lle solutlernl s}ope, prolidce a, mowe SilIl\ed tree gro-wthl t]1:1an t11e r(qe 'lays f Illie mounlainl re'gio. The v(egetlatio is d lwarfe'd and c(osist s of a geat; Va'it v o' spe'iws. The lilmeston1e lills are lmostlyy grazing lavlds. 'l'lle soils (f ie wliie, liiestoie dlistric'ls if (lie,pepinm, tIls in tle ino(rlhw'est c('orer of il, islla.d-nme!ous sllaFpiuit,1d co'niical 'r flallvttl(1d limie'stlo' lhills, re'i'mailts if a. dissecte('d ptlateau, terinlod "]eppiin(s" o~r c u('mbe1rs Iby t11; b flie Poto Ricalnsa il iI g eI'I'raIl )f a IIarlv 'ivcIara'I't Ir, Xwhit ishI I')elo()w anvtd I vack tin the surfavce. O)1 111e hill(tops t]ey ait(, t]in aoid unlprodulctive, but 'hnre('. galtlere' into ltat vaille'ys tley a'e d(ee])p all ricli, anid are consitdered a]mog ihe most pro)d(utti'(ve ot Ille islalld. T'le allutviIal lanids aiIlog tIll' c's ()I i vd exlt'nling tip solm( of the valleys are tlhe promdti of th lle dendatin (of tlle uplanids, consisting in oslist c'asls f al adillixt iure o)f tlIe I wio siils aboIive desc'ri(bed —the rcd, clayey, teiiai'iious s(il f tlie' volaniic regio' n ald thl' lighttlored, hlososeir calcaIreius soiul if tIl limeston1' r(egi(n, making togeiher a rich red la. TheIs,' (ixtinsi've' alluvial ldep'l)sits c('il t bine essenitially tlle (lqualitis (f thlie two resiual soils, with the additional advantage i(f Ia moret loainiy physic'al structiure adlapted AGRICULTURE. Though Porto Ii(' ( lhas now 'a f'Xw arlifav'torie's, and a prolsplect of imlvay morll wle its abundaiit).1ii waitr 'lXpower slhall be' fuilly litilized, yeti for a liong tilin to colme it wXill rem'alin i'ss'nially anl agr'icultural lcountr. '!,iep rtiio which agriculture b!ars ito Ihe other indlust.riies mal y l gal ll edl'( ' ro f' ai f('t lhatl, (,it f 31 (;,(i5 br,adwinneri s (,nullineratlidl ill t11he c'1ensus f IS9i)., 19S1,25S, (IIr (;3 per cent, welre engaged ill agrictuiltre. The physical cnidlitniols in Porlnto Ri'( a sll ich ohat- but1 a smai.all share of ill' surfa'ce is ulnsuilalei for 'cultivatii)n..\t first siglt its ruggetd InmountainoiLs c'haralctenr woull seiin tio forbid cullivat ion COMMERCIAL PORTO RlICO IN 190(-i. 17 for better drainage, root penetration, and cultivation. In l1he northwest portion of the island(, wherel the alluviumn is principllly derived froml the calcareoius pepino hills, the soils are btacke{r and more calcareous. These, alluvial soils constitute the stiugar lalnds, and Porto Rlico's sugar-producing (ca.Ipa(city (can be In(maslured by tihe'it ar'eal 'ext:ent. Much of the so>il of Porto Rico is now ablan(doed an(l ill 1l.t condition known throughout the Engrlislh-speaking \West In lies as "ruinate. This has resulted from long cultivation, fromn tie failure to aIpply fertilizers, and(l, in somnle case(s, froml (erosio)nl. Iall(nl of this characte(r is ol)served in many parts of the islan(l. ()i tlie north coast in the vicinitiy of Itio (1;ranlde anld ('aro(li na a"re rtlinis of Ih lses on what. were once extensive, sugar (statt('s, the f lrmer tiel(ls beiill grown Ul in grass. The same( is tirue of (exte(nsive tra(ts b)e(twlee Lares and Aljuntas and lbetween Juana D)iaz andl IP)on'(e. IThe reclamaltion of thlese lands by forest.ry or b)y so)il-(renovat(inl (cro)ps, especially of the leguminllus varieties, is oll( of the( imlp)ortllnt probl:ems of agricullture in Porto Riico. A survey of Porto Ric(an soils was uln(irtla.ken in 1902 Iy thel Bureau of Soils of the Unitte( States IDepart(ment of Agric(ulture, at, the reqel(st, of and in (oope(Tration with lthe IPorto Rico Agri(cultural Experilment; Station, at Mayaigue'z, tlhe' r(esults b)eing l)pulished' i 3ulletin:1 o(f that station. The 1)elt( surveye(l emblraced 5 miles (on each silde of the military roa(l from Arec'ibo to Ponce, and it is thought, that the soils desctri})ed represent, l)racti'ally all that are found in Porto Rico(. MI OTi ()S 01)) F (C\Irt/I' VATIO)N. ThI ar('as c'ultivalte( d itn 1 e v-riotus (1ops we're as follows: A\REAS PLANTIE;D IN VAIOtS ( O)S IN' O i TP)r Ric(o IN IS99. ('R()['A re) un t 'ner I Ar a: inder (lRO0 X! )i V ii ioll.i '1 11 i0 vl lt11. q'()l)(C-Ceo......~...... E_............. 5,47 A. rreus. 10'I'ol1~~~~).lsco.,).!9)3 (Co()(>:l tit s........' 5, 447 Sla:rii c:tit -—.......... 72, I ii-i ('ColT(ee. -t.......... 17,......................., 7 I ( i: -l - ')' -............ 1 (9IS )3; Sweet poi t (s.... 37. 10 Minor c )ps............... 1i i - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Y a'i lls i............ '2( ' t l ( liltiv:itidl octl. 478,02(1.i.t..11 - — S.. - --— .-, 3S At tfl(e t ime of tl(e Anmeric'an (-c'upl)at.i( on agricultul ral met lhods in the larllger part of the island were rat ( her plriillt ivi. In t l(e 1Illill the only implemle(lnts use'( we(re' lth(e, the plow, a.nd 1 e 1mal he(' '. The hoe1 is a lie -avvy til g wiltl a. handle( a(lUolt (i f(eel long, witlh a blade as lig as an o r(linary plat('. These, we-re' 1usel for (ut Illtig wee(ls and(l ('()I))illg tutrf. Anytllhing like( a, cultivator ()r sillilar imnple(ilen ts was unikn(l WII. 'ThI(' l)l s we're' v('ry Ia'vy, usu11lly drawnl by four to six pairs (of o xe'n. In 1man y ]lae('(s woo )l( 11 1 lo)ws were used. Over a lrge( par.t of the1 island the only impleme'nt was tlhe( machte, a. short. thli(k sworl(, Ian(l(e flanous ly t1i(e Cuban insurg(ents, whichli in tinme (,f p-1(,'-, se(rves iuminly to ( it t}li sugar cane, buti is also( us((l as a bIiar knife', ax, aln( hoe. \Vill il tI1 lp)(e scratchl(es hIoles in tlhe surface (f tIle g-oh' l i w}li( (ch to p)l:it.eed((ls or transp)lanit spri)its. T'l(relafle(r no allentionti is give( tile i plant until it is timll ( to gatheri t(l ( c'r). Thle' advenlt o)f Ain(cric(an irule ) d the( 1 pl rhlil s os('f large', rat('s o)f land lly Ame(ric'an inviest(ors ]iav(- wrliugl a. c(omip )l(et' (liange( il these respeclts oin manay platit.,tiolns and1 llave largely affectel tlhe renmainl(der. On some of tlie lahrger sulgar planitations tlie] moist up-tod(at(e nmethods are( use(l, tlhe1 ste(a plow a1d( tIll' f'l 't(tric tr)ll(,y 1),ing largely ('mt )(l)ye(l. L.\AN ) 110()1.IN(;S. Porto Iti(' is (ssesntiially tlie lal( o()f tli-( smlall f:rimnr. IJiniit.ed as thli island i iin e(xte'nt, tlie ligri(-s o(f ttl( ((ensss (f 1S) sl()owd that it was tli('n divided (l into ):!)(21 inlivilual hollings. This numl)(r Ihas o(lll()ttl(s so meiwllat dmlinisil(e-d siinie' tle, l n, Ilry simall holilidigs llaviing be)'l (e()ns()lila( -l into large,slatels, (sl),ially in the ar(,as de(v(ote'd( to sullgar (-iltu1(r. 'ITi( tlotal (-l1tiival(tI ar(ca il 1899 was distri)tbtedl as1 follo(ws,,- siz/(- of farll-s: C(II/tiVATE.K A i-I:A IN PIM)()TO Ri('( IN 1S99. lot it 1otal1 SIZE OF FARIM. | r.. SIZE O FARM. 1(). A rec. i A cr's. 0 to 4 acres............:,274 50 to 9) 9 acres...... --- —- I;4, 42 5 to 9 acr(es.......... 4, 8 5 I i () -'res and over........... 11,:2 10 to 19 acres............... 5, 7(0 20 to 49 acres...-.....-. ---- 8; 7, )tal ( lt i va t(a rea4 - 47S, 02t 219764-07(2 - Thli -e transfoIrm tial i (effi-c'l'(4 ted ('vi in time slito1l ilili' of thlir,1e yeiars in ltie, re(lativex iilrt(liae-,4' of tl(es crps l is sIholil iln hti folloxwilg tablet, giving tl4, ar-ea (li'v((,l t t( lli prin(cipal crIops of P1(rt( lli(') inl tlie fis-al. yv(ar 190):, at'-odingl to t lie i l burelau of inlformii)atio1 a11d stlatislti(cs if PI'(rt( Ii(-)o: A i AS PiLANTED1 IN \VARIOUS CROPS IN POIt)(iF RliC() IN THI 1FlISC'AL Y It 1903. 'Roll]". A rRO.'(ii i ni( 1(va ner lR 41 \':i t i 1 >1 1. ' tl { it: (i1t1t..1crr. i Acrcs. Siiga r care —........... 112, 41I; (,! n1oslllt 1 s...........i 2,931 (ColIie(................... 177, 754:alt de(ll) sils.......... 2, 01 To) cco................... 1S, 414 M rsh,41d s 1s nd w ste t s,et (',5, Minor crops. -........1 2,()1 1, t I!ncllassifti(l 1lnd..........| 9 730 a ' st. res.. —. -......... S0(i, 9)4 i W ) tlnd................ 74 ( ): I tii((............... 1, 41 O (I t figiires. The arlea (l(vot e(, I ( stgarai' cane(' wodIIi shliw a:t (ide'illed I 11 ( T( I I IT( a n,I a I incr(eas: I ll(e (1'( 1,ftt, ar('a: dl,(i '(4 1 11 1 (l(( 'r(l s('. illl'tc'f';lS ' 0f'~ ('~}1'('< 11'#';1t.1ic'c, z le 0'l T1((''l'(' 1( p '.1l Sugar is no!w thi( ) iain piro ()(t11- (f Pl11r )I l.ilt), 11avi11 ( ()i(i)l(itely d(isllo)(dg l c((f(t c( f(r mi its plac( at iit ' ll ad ( i. I f t itl list. f (li 11) fillioln d(ollalrs' wrli of i(lc'ithaln(lis( sent. flo)li loIrto 4) lico t1t [tnilt(1 Sla.ites inl til- fiscal 5,1( 19)(); (illt ()f a t4ill (of ')'23 lillions' w()rt1i 4)f 4x] 1(rts. a1 lilt ' I v- xr 1-1 iilli(o 44 tll s X Ias' w,rltl wa1 s s5 gar.1. Tli( slugar lanl(s. a slat(1ed (1 lsew' l re,, a 't(e 1 1ra'l i'aill5 ('(litlinied to tliei l)(l. (if:alluvial,v(i1 a1111 (,-n(ir-cling tmle isl111and wid ',nintg ats(114 P 1its 1( So lIt 11 ie1S, w hile )i 1t 1(e - Nl e1414 it s 1 xly ab i)out 5 imil('s xwi(l,- ait(i at so(eli(, p)()i s shlrinks ) 144 )tlit 1}ii. |lg!(Ta 'riing r(oItl'ngaltios If loise alluivial;lallds exien 11 inland 1alotg tli' x-a ter (C0Il 's. In lie l plhus l 441 c 1o(l t l1(11 o4f goolii iII llit silgar inluistry,s()om1 ' igher lailnds h1.vx, beli (,'(ili p 'd 11, c( in' titlds,ts. wllih ill hile. ](ong 1r1111 will 1tr1 41 ol 1 111 )11 1(o 4l 4 he -I t-ir a,lap1(, e1 1o ()othei r ( lr)!ops, so lhat, t wlaileI llt( 1te )1 prl('io, i of sugir xwill (Iblulll(tss iCl tr',aS for somell(' t ime, owito IIproveme-n in11l( nie'diods t ae deovowtd to, sugar will p1f- )11,bly de ', a sl]ig t (lil144(iSnu 1 Itt (f,)re 1)x) 14-g. A\t presen( it t is lar-e thal l at al.y lille i ll e 1l( lhistlor (If tli islanlil. T]I r (,asoI() 1 f(r 1le (Iel)r o 1 s )11S i nC11r(1as,' ill I lle st,l'sga 11()dIIt it)tn at(td ftlIn (l 'liill ning 1r)1dl tioi,l f ( 4 ',tT4(' is iatlltift-sl. \s ' S()i, as tl4 island be-(alil'- an An llI('i'ai 1sse4'ssio)t it was }l)!iev-edl tIl at fr-to t rade( wouildl sli()1rlv 1) (istiallisled 1tw(e- i n it and1111 tti- I'itle Stalt's. In te) o a ic a tl e ali( c (it (stnlliAlitlrg lli- l trese t g x(-'rm1il-(It )f lP(t o lKi t', whilch wetl ilt f111 l tftect on May I 1. )900, i t l(Vs l itdet(d 1}a1 (1;1 al duti.(s oin ar1ti1(l1)s gi(1 f)m II(lto ) ki (11() ic 1 t l F[ I liti Stltill s o)r fli()i t lie I1til (ed Slates 1,4 l', )t( ) 1|(ico s outl,t (4 'as1 o)( lat r (th M arth I 1, 191102, 1and1 1t1111 tIn(v tiig!it lbet le1lxv(1 earlie', r b!y Pl-eside(lltial p1r)('lanm ation(, if a lh(al s xs,1e' (1 f laxalfio, l 1 a1l1 blt(l (-stabllis Ie(d liefort( thaI (alt'. Im 1p oin, It f fa It s1 I pclallaltit( was a( ll(1 ly 25, 19!)()1, anlld P]()rt l1i(' o ha, s 11a4( fre tc rad( wIithi tdxi I 'i il(t Sttel as siil)e tha,~t da-te. This Iie(-alnt tihat o)l 1otican sugar.:', wn}hi( tlire(vio)1usly hiad been pa'ving tity., w-as a(ldiitt(ed frt(e to tli(} imnlimens(, e market of 18 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. the Initled States, while foreign sugar coIntinued(1 to, pay duty. It is true that the Spanish market was lost to Porto Rican sugar through the fact o(f annexation, but that market had never bleen quite free, and even before anlnexation the quantity of sugar sent to Spain was trifling (compared to that sent to the United Stlates. Even if Spain at present admlitted Porto Rican sugar oil the same Iterms as 1before 1898, it lmay be doub)ted whether the quantity shipped to tohat country, which in 1905 amountedl to the insignificant total of:,990 pounds, would show any material increase. The annual (onsumption of sugar in the United States since 1902 has b)een considerably in excess of 2~ mlillio)n tons, (f which only about lialf a inillion tons were covered(I by the (donestic production. The opening of the Unite(d States market to the free iinportalion (of Porto Rican sugar, therefore, meant that an island containinig some of the l)est sugar land in the world, all close to the sea, with an abundant supply of cheap labor, was to enjoy the privilege o(f cate(ring to a deinand for 2 million Itons of sugar which its competitors (except Hawaii) could aid in supplying only after paying a duty of about 11 cents per pound. Under these( circ'iiistances it was not surprising that the produ(ction rose from 58,000 tmons in t he fiscal year 189)7 to 203,000 tons in the fiscal year 1906;, and that all the land suitable for sugar culture was soon talacn ll)p. With c(off(,' thlle ('cod(ltiois w(er( alinost thie revertse. Previous to 1898 the coffee (in(listlry was the mo(st, im'portant. in the island, with ian exportation of 50( million pouinds in 188 and of very niearly 5S millions in 189G. Of lthe latter aimount a little o(ver 15 millions went to (Cuba, 16 millions (o Spain, 11 millions (to France, (or a total (f 42 millions for 11these ihree countries —that is to say, 71 per cent. of the total exports of (offee. As soon as Porto Rico becaii. e an \American possession it became a foreign ('country,to nba and Spain, which at on(ce' imposed dutie.is o(i. Porto Iican (ciffee (as hliglh as 8. c(ents a po)und in the ('as8 (f Spain); and as the] c'onmercial treaty between Frae, and Spain,ceased t~o a 1pplly to PoIrto li(o, France raised lir d(lilt on Porto Rlican coffee to the niiaximimii. At the same noime, annexation did not. open any new imarket in the nitled Stat es, as wIas the as, with Iugar, fr ( ff,' hadl Ibe adlmitted fr(ee intI the lnited Stlat s sin(c, May 1, 1872; 1t the u (Iantitvy of Porto R'ican ('coffee that cane t)o the lUnited States had always been soall, m1(Ie iaxiinmum of (; i million pounds beIing rea'ched in 1883, while from 1887 to 1897 it never reach(ed a million po1mundlIs, being generally less than half a iill oInp olinds. The' 6.314, (;S pounds of Piorto Rican coffee shipped to( the Unite(d States in the tiscal year 1 903-seeimed to indicate that the United Si ales was lrI'!ariigo abs rb the lproduct (of its dependency in larger (lanliti'ies thlan in the lpast. but these hopes were disappotintedll the next. year, whien Ilhe shipments to ht(le United Stat's fell tI 2,415,559 pioindls, and still more in the fiscal year 1905, when they amoulntedl t,)o only 1.519,149 lpounds against t;22, 120 pounds set1 o) ('uba and 3,990,730 plolls to Spain. Thi total e(xpi)(rts ()f Po(rt)1 Rlican ('coffee ini thle tisc'al year 1904 amlunlteI (lilly 1(t,S49,739: 1 1)(us, which is less than for any year since 1870, with the (xceptiIn o()f 1!77. C I'TIVATIN('; SIfi'iAR CANE. It is stated lthat. the sugar prodl(tiiIi (If Port Iico ca noi t I expected toI( increase nuch Ieyond io figure o)f 203,0t00 tlns in lie fiscal yearl 90(;, ()i'at 7iost beyid 300,000 tolns. Ti'lis estillate I le(av(es out (of 'consid,''ait nio fie fact ilthat tle pre'sent averag(e prod'Ilicti(Ion in Porto Rico is Ilarelv 2 tomis (f sugar peIr acr', whlile i llawaii, as thill' result, of feirtilizlrs, acc'o lmaniid. lly irrigaii, it is 1now on all average 6 tlons, lull in soie' favorable locati h 11 1 1 rielelmous produ(il'tion of 1.5 t1o1s 1per acre has leen reacled. l I P)o()11 Rico natural fertilizers aloumind aid lthere is almuple' waltcr for irrilgation wherever neede(l. If till averag' ie prod(uictioi in Perlo Rico( ' were raised to t(le average ()f Hawaii, it woNill in.ail thIl1t wilithlt i c(,r(Ieasinig its sugar arlea the islandl ('Iol proldulce (;tO,t000 tolls ()f sumgar. (or more than o1ne-fourth the(, total sigar iimports in(o Ill'e Unitedl States. Rico, is abmc~it twice fluit In Lmi]J~c41il1ii 1ll1t The sugar cane is a. perennial plant, which, when left to itself, continues to grow from the same( stock indefinitely, or, to speak mnore' accurately, by continually throwing out new roots and sprouts and absorbing the oldl ones. It blooms, but produces no seed, so thiat reproduction is entirely from buds whiclh grow out of the joints. The moment of bolooming marks thli maturity of the stalk-that is to say, the moment whenl it contains the largest amount of sucrose, the essential element (of sugar. Previous to that time, a larger amount of r'edlucing sugar is present, especially in the younger stalks; after blooming, the siucrose is reconverted into i-nvert sugar. In letermining the mnost suitablle moment for cutting, there:fore, considerable ('xxpert skill is required. The appearance of the cane is the guide; its color becomer s lighter; the leaves, excepting those at the top, becomie dryv; the stalk )bec('omnes shiny. If the cane )be allowed to stand too long, rain may cause it to) sprout and turn green; a process o(f inversion the(n takes place and a part of the sucros(' is ('hangedl into invert sugar. The can(, leans ove(,r till it tm()ue('s th(e gr(ound, roots spring from the internlod(es which toiuch the' ground, and the respective Ibuds develop shioots, all at the expeins1 of the juii'e in tlhe old stalk. MIoreover, ol(1 cane beconmes liar(l, incre'asing lie (e'ost (of cutting and rendering the opel)rati(n of grin(ling much miore difficult. Sugar cane requires a humid but not we't soil. It is essential, tlher(efore', that the so()il shall retain the moisture imlparted by the raiii, but nHot to siuch extent as to 'onvert thie field intol a swamp. As i]he rootts (f tlie cane do not penetra(te (leeper than ablout 19 inches, tlly must be able to reach thei moisture at that dIepth. This fact largely (leter'ninies thie adaptation lf cer('itain landls for suigar. It (explains why the level cal',aareius and alluvial lanlds al(ong tile c(ast are sugar lanIds, andl why (the interior regioLuns are unsutiahle' for this (crop. Wh'ere' there is no natural drainage', its place mlust be supplied b)y artificial (Irainage'; and whe're tlie rainfall is insuffici(ent to supply the necessary amount ()f moisture, reco()'urse must 1be had to irrigation. As the plant produces no s'eed, it has to be; r(pro(i(uced from the 1ud1s at. thlic j];ints. F(or Ilhi; piurlpSe till stalk is cut up inpto pieces 8 Ito 1(; inche((,s l(nig, tlhe parts n1,ar li(' ro()t bei(ing re('jected. Two or four of th(ese' pi'ces are place('( in 11oe1s ()n the pr(eparel' field, lither horizontal ()r uprig]ht, and '()vere'( with earth to a (depth ()f not more thanl I incli. The vitality of the planit is s() great, a1nd the humlidlity ()f till(' climate g(enerally so abundant, thlat a pii''e of stalk mnere(ly tihrown (on the gr(omund will se(n(1 forthl sprouts, but these (ldo not 1produce(' as vig()r()us planlits as those' systeinatically plalntl'(l. 1So l()ng as thl' cane' is lo()w, frelquent. w'ee(limng is neessary. AftMer tie c(uane limas g(,Iwn ligh e'nul),gl Io) s5ha(1e tlle ground, wiich 'cii('rs after aibout six illonths, it ('liokes any weeds that may spring uip. Next, tihe new roots which spring fro)In the base ()f thle plant have to le' ('ov(e're( with earth tI() affor(l a better hold t ( tli' plant ani l to inu'rease its uintriition. After the third (or fourth weeding it, is also necessary to) reqnov1v th(e y(ounger shoot(s w]hie'h c()ntinlally sltring from tli(e root(s. as hiese woul(l ]iave' a perio(1 ()f miaturity (tifferent fr(om that ()f hei o hldr stalks, whiech would entail (o()nsiderale (trou()ble in searatin t]ein, ()r. if t].ey were all c'lit at once an(l crusth'e(d in 11te mill], the resulting mixtu(re wouf(l (e'o(nain a ]arger 1(amont of re(ducing sugar, wlhi'lh woul1d ren(ler tlie work,)f: iV: IPOmat-ioil 11Ir(, difticult (,11 and (imiiimiisl Ilhe yield ( (f crystallizal)le Til' 11111' w()ll(l k11eep o()I gr()lwing i(,fillite(l, ly blIt it is found 11111or ('C(.o1o1 ic.ial 1(1 plant it a(new I:lter fromn four (to seven years, whlle' ill, l()ouisiana it ies ito Ile pl' lite(i 'lvery year. As tile' ane gr,)ws, tlile lo(,wer joints!e),gil It) sh(ed( I}heir le(aves. P)y stripping thos(o leaves ()ff,it tile' 'pr()per' til ',. lle i )Illmunit of s]gar' illn t e' ('ane is inl'rease(1 an1 11(1 i t lie i e f 1 l 1 )()11ling i s rotar(l '(l. The tlinm, thlat. (,lal)pses I)(etw('eei i)lanlitg an(t culling varies wilt the seson all( tile lol'dlitv. S ln11 as Illhe stalk loas nolt el('ter(l thie perio(Id of (delay, its suar c'()ll(nilt in'creases with ag', l)t co(niditions If weathe(r 'may re'(lire, that it e, (e'ut be1fore ie maximum of sugar c()niellt is I (a(11'hl(l. Thie period varies btwen tw(lve' and( twentvy 11nths. Thle clutting is do(11 with a 1blow (,f thie mmachet'e, Im n ssatisfacl')ry COMMtERCIAIL PORTO RICO IN 19006. 19 machine having yet been devised; the cane is loaded on a wagon drawn by oxen and conveyed to t the factory, where it, is crushed between rollers, and the juice evaporated, thle result being raw sugar, called also brown sugar. Any raw sugar of less' than 90 degrees polariscopic test is called "'muiscvado." In former ti mles the mills, called "'trapiches," were small, (eaclh grinding ithe produce of about 100 acres. Oxen furnished the power for crushing the cane. In t1879 there were 553 such mills on the island. It is the produc't of these o(ld mills, imperfectly freed froim acid(ls and invert sugar, that is generally designated by the term mus(co)vadl). MAN IFACTI'TI'IN (; S1GA R. The American (ccupation wrougiht a complete change in the sugar indtustry. The beginning of thei change was ini factory nmetho(ds. Mills drivern by bull povwer lhave nearly disappeare(ld and the Jamaica train and open-kettle proc'ess are fast givinig way to multiple effectls or evaporators, so that t()o-dav, in ad(lition to the well-equipped centrals, many (of the smlaller fac.tl)ries are insta.lliiug modern inachinery and enlarging their capa(LcitV so) as to grinlld catl for the neighboring plantations. T'J owners, realizing the greal waste of!burning up partially exhaiusted (r )a.gassare: adding to, I eli number of their crushers. Nine-rolleor mills are n ow Ito 1e fo lln inl districts where formerly the extraction o(f single anl (1 oble cruishing was considered sutfficient, and ordlers have alreavdy 1een paced(1 for two 12-roller mills, one (of which is t() 1, preceded bv a 'rush'r. During the fiscal year 190(; two new facto()ries grounll their first cnrop, three more will be rea(ly for tle nlext seasnl. a:nd at. least two sugar centralsare planned for the cr()p of 1908. The largest factorthe Guanica Cent ral-lias a ('ap)acity o}f 2,50(0 tolls of cae d(aily, and several others grinl 500( toins daily. The cost otf (rectling 4on( (f these factoi)ns is fromll S3,5.1)0) to $500,000, an(l solne plalnts o)st. a millilon (l(olars o41r m)ore. The tendency is for the o()wners (of fac'tories to uy ill the sulrrondin~ land and raise the(ir o(wn cane; )butll, as the organic act, limits the amoumnt (,of land which a (corlo)ra, (ion may hold to 501) acres, ithe btulk of tille cane is furnisled by indlel'pe(ndelnt1,11 plal(trs,'r T'ol1nIs. 1o thiese, the factory usually ays 5p e 1r ('('i,fhir (''(a i si u gar-that is to( say, for 100 tons of cane tlhe(,y get, thle p)ri'e of 5 tolns of sugmr. I n somte of the larger centrals tI I1 payment is base(d m tlh, pe(rcentage (If sugar extracted, nine-sixteenlths of tlhe lproduct('t being ret.urnled I(1 the 'olonos. They are either paid in ('asil o)r cr(eit(ed withl tlie( anmilount. The growing scarcity of wood and the high price (If coa(l mnake it more and(1 imnore imlperative tllhat a factory shotld sulpply its ()wXVI fue(l. (Chemists are empl()yed even illn the slmaller factories, an(1 tle(, losses in mandfactlur'e, whi' used to he onsiderable, ae steadlily db'ecreasing, thanks t1( bteler e(xtrac'ltion, ('crysltal.lizl's, 1an111l' chemic' l c'introl. This expllains thill(' fact, n(ted 1(l under tihe head o()f "''(Collnlerc(''," lat, while tlie sigar lprodltioln since 1898 lias i'tre(as(ei near(lv fIourfold,. tlie' p)r(olu'tiln If,molass(es 1ias re'ainled pirat('ially spatio0allirv. A large amoltlilt ( tIll' juice that ul(de(' florr melt1iIll(ds w'aS c'11'(vert'l'e( into c('lap o11 1(lasses is n1w ('converte'd inlto igl-pri.ied smugar. T'li' sugar in(uslry is,o e(, o4f thiose, fortl niae, id(lustries it wlhictl. withl pr(oer carl'(, there are practica!i'll]\ n waste pod(}!'s. Tlie ]eaves anl lo()ps o te cane \very ne'larv suflic,'. wi6h 2) Jllle addliitonal lpastiure, I(to fe(l tilie' (oxe 1ta la tl Ill' 1a111,' Ill' ('ae r sl('ls d slalks, called "bagass(," a1(' p)assed.at:/1 )1,', a ll cove.or unde ar the loilers., wl~(.here they se.rve(, as fue(.l for evaporating tl}e jui, and if. as is so(,leie{'s ltie cas(e, tll' 1a(gase,' fturuistles 1mre'{ fuel th14n is required ii i s sitolredl upl~ for fuItuI, I Ise.. TlIe.: 'S:1 I'(s e r (' 1 Ire tu n(el InI tlhe land( ais ferlilizer. T e I olasses i s s1l as olasseIs,,r dis illedl inlto ru1. so e (f it fe(' 14 calle, anld tl' e last d.regs,o f it an' 1istd:1-1 fertiliz 11 'r. lRO(G;I-ISS IN Sl'(;A\{ IX)'lSTi X. From Ile factoris tIlhe s of n,('modern methodls sprea(l,I( t lie fills. Steam plows, electric trains foir haulliing b(le ae, ma. ech.hani'cal unl(oaders, are 'ow iIt c(m1rn us. Many dvi('(s have been tri(,l to avoid tlhe waste of llabor arising from tlic n(ce(ssity of loadling Ohe c('ane first on ox carts, dumlping on the ground at the railway switch, and loading againo (I thi railway 'car. but, aside from )porlable tracks and light ' cars, no1 sat isfalctory IX'method a(1 s ye(t been(o found. Tlhe foremost aim at thle lpre''S'11t tim, 1, is 1) inc'realse the yield per acr1e. As already noted, this is (nly v 2 toIls 1per acre in Portlo Rico at pre'senlt, wll'hereas in Ilawaii it is ( tois. T]l' soil, (f Hawaii is not superior to t()ha( ()f Porto RiCO, noi('r is Ilte c.limlale lmore, suitablec for tlhe )production ()f sulgrtr ca(e. Tlie dliffrenil aris' s so, lIll from tle sc'intitific appili(cation of fertilizers, fr(om irrigalt iil, 1111d intensive inlg ill PIrto Ric) I is e(v'id(et('lc(''d y 11t44 gr(,:at. i'ncrllease' il 111i it llmports (If fertiliizers 1141 If irrigat ion a lianll'ces. I; I ln may parts ()f tle island irrigationI I is unecessary, in oth's water caan readily be pulimped frmll adjae, rivers or supplied by gravity, )lt (oIl tlel( Sotel(q1/ Ioa, ti potra.troughts and tlie s('arcit' ()f streallis ll llke it ln1'('l ssary fol'r )lan111 (rs 1 (' l: I'Xa e Cl'(o' I IiSO 1 to wells. Each(' w('ell cl'(sists Ilf a serie's of pip'sd (! ie:!i iiv 11) 14 (eartil to an avera!ge depth of 50 f,'e, ' s!I'c io)n hipes coetlle wells, andl water is raised Ito he(, sllrft'-ac(.:.1d, diistributl d byr Im. eallc s o)f utps tdrivXve lbyX steall (o1' gaso(il lll()etor's. 'Succe'ssful 'expelriIme'nts h v'v b(ll', 111(e l Xede witll wiildlilills ) utilize tlhe force i(f Il'(, rade(l( winds which bl)w steadil y duirigllie dry searso. ljads whi'\ lie a1t, an tle''vation l )() grel at' to perl' 1111 f I(I lle is(, (, f s(11( 1 )1 plimps 1ll've ithert reillN'laine (I 111(' 1culivae(1 d, ib1 I ' i" r l(ecent Irial (f a Ipull solgved' flerobl or f irigaio al high levels. 'No a:tem1pt| }llas e'|, beemadll e (()refine s1_.r in ',rto Rico, althghl' ll thie abIl'ndanl waell(r 'lwter Ialdlw I( theill'ap Iad abInd111ant1 la11 r w(,uld s1eemiIt t o(ffe1'' r sp(e,(l ial indlce(',e11,1 1s r (1a.t purpll se.ll Accordig. to a stalte(ell. \illtd )% -r ' Ill(e ('('Ien j'if all~: sugars arriving a4 N'ew Y(rk frol Po(rol(> pico:vir fully; (ldegrees IpotdSI' (If r za il 11111(15 1l'lill' ill 111' II 411(4' i l,.lltiX' (I'll')' I 817. tpo larizatio(); 1 n, ad[ tlle mlscov\ado~ sugars!)0)((deg(res. The pr)porlin ()f usllc'()'va(d()s is abol'l', X5 to 10 per ce'it of l Xe' ()tall rceipt.s ()f sugar from Po)rt() Ico0. Thie c'apitial ive(sted i' tsll IN'1r14 sIIgar i Indusry i 1'()Ito 'Rico is moigstl IS 1 ria(1, but( 111're a ' also tw '1 ' 01 llI Fre ch a' Id '1e 1l''ian111 Fo(rtnatl(], P')rto() i is 'oparatively free from p]:rasites and insect pests. The ('an(, t orer, it is 1rue, is widely dissem~inat(,(ed, but, the resullfting (lamage. is inconsiderable and is usually ('(tcfinined o w(. lads. ''le c'stoml (of burning (t'f tle trash afeir culting tlhe cane is alsho a greal. check to) Ihe prop()lagal ion,of I]he, }mrer and o(ter i nslects. C()FF VE ( C1'I'T,T\'!~ A\N T dAl >t.;. TlIIe re(la ive p)()si ions \ w lic'II c,'o)ffe('e aI Il simI Ir iI:Ive 1(,IId! i tI lI ex],rts,of Po,)t Ri, o sie! S Iave \:Iriedl geII:ly. Sgllar11' was far in il le ad untdil l S7!)' l'7 ~ fr |l th t, \e',at l)til I SS S till, (l I,)1t products ranin n'earlyv a}re'as'; froml IS(0 toI()7 '()Tco(fee was far awead (o sgar' but sin' e then tlie rI.]ati\e positions(of tle () t lo v, a e eeln Tl]e loss of tle proelted Sp],isll alld ( alkn mar].kels, without ai))v compen~l),.I~satorv g:)i)) in~ tip'l A iria 'ell):r. wa:s )ot 11e (o ly calulse )f Il}e (,n lo lmois dl.ec'line I in i lle co'f()i[(fee ( i I sIt'r':flIer' ISI)7. (',l(om ia. ai~,l ('()t ral A\in eri 'a, whi'} ' erh ti)n1 \ were t 10 it ert('ed I)b tl. re sult' of. Spanish-American w'r. T'le, n,(i)f ('; el`(, was,,v, prl)dl t ion u all, (' ( coffe( o(' t hri ls l espec(.S 'iall i, l~raxi!,.l overp.rodu itio ca:lsedt 1,y tlle liglb price,.s lliat pr e.:i i,,d frol,, Ix!)O) IS, IX!(..M:n ]')', Ric; ))nla,,)s. iln ordl e Io)extend t] ir us ]hig]h as 12 per ce',. T'ill rea'ion ad se, i t e'(,I efore tl.e Amel(.rican occupt1atio,, many1111\ planters,eillng al:tl, e,!, res on of ilow prices, to lay 1144t ilnterst ()ll tI ir IolI'tgg's. I \dd d1 1t this (I'as liei. c')1nfusi (n ari'silln frIliom Ih(e cl ange II iI I, lsa ie o io y ' stall dard, w1llcit, wlhile resulting ill a virtual i cre.ase. o(f wal.;-s ail,)nd f 4 (llie cost of living, was unaccopqanimed by any, compe'nsating rise il the 20 COMMERCIAL PORTO R(ICO) IN 1190C. pric('e (f coffee. The seve(re'st b)low of ll, weve, evr, was the hurricane, which, striking the t.own of IIluinacao at mIid(night on August 7,, I9, sweIpt, west(warl across tIll, center of thie island throughout August 8. (ldestroyinig practic(ally all habitations ini the center (o)f its pail, burying t te('l tofft plantaii1ols uind(le the deibris (of the trees plaite(d to) sha(de them, and (ldrowiing eve'ythling in a torreTnt of rain, which was reported inII one place as high as 11.5 inches in an nhour. It was e(stilimatdl(l thaat at least two-thlirds (of thll coffee cr10) was destroy(. As (he coffee tree takes about live years,be'fore it hbegins t t, ear frluit, it is rathe(r surprisin that in tithe fiscal year 1.903, o(ly fouS r y(ears aftaer the hurricane. the coffee exports had (once more reachiel 35 million pounds, or more than five-eighthls of thIe iIaximiniiI on rec:orl, namely, 58 millions in 1896, and more than five-sl(venlthls o)f the figmure for 1897. In the fiscal year 1905 thle 'expo),rts had again lwintlledtl to, less than onehalf the figure of the fiscal year 1903, 1)it in the fiscal year 190(6 they had goneI li)p ti 28 million poundls. Much o(f the coffee land is goinrg ack 1(to forest, much is I)eing sohld for taxes. and l )prol)a!ly mu(1ch irmore will te sold bhefore condlitions imlnprove(. MaTny pllanters continue, ini a half-hearted way, to work plantations in which they have long ceasedl to have any equi ty whatever, the nmortgagees preferring tiis to actilal possession, in thel hope( a thaet tinis may grow bIetter. All compl)etent judges interested in the welfare (of the island and,of its population d(eplore this (lecay (of a,nc1e flouirishing industry, which furnished labor of an easy sort for men, women, andl children, in a cool, refreshing at.lmosphere( in the moluntaino)us centler (of (he island, remarkaly free from unhealthy influences and noxi)ous insects. It is doubly regrettable because it strikes 1he(, very region where the pure Spanish el(emient thlrives best and wller it p)redolmiinates mor(e than elsewhere in the island, far letter than in the hIIt ('(last lands which (mnstiitte the sugar area. (0tffee is a semiforest ('r)p (of su(ch nature that t1l'e s()il under it is p)r('tected. As a soil. fix(er' and prol('ector, with its sheltler growthi ()If l('giuminous treis, it is ni(ext, best, to i tlie forest. itself: a shade t ree ('ali beh selectedl which(' will afford t.o the (cffee ti1' nl'ecessa'ry p)rt.e(ctilon and at the sall n 1e tine yield timber. If tll{,e priice ()f c(fee shomld be doubled (( t the grower, thousands (f a(cres unliti for other l)lpurposes wo(uld be convert'ed into hunidreds (If small lbut lprospe(rous farms. To a large extent the future (of the coffee indust'ry lprobablly li(S in the adop,)ti(n of mnore rational methods of cultivation. At pre's(enit t(he yield in Porto Rico is only 200 )pounds lper acre, wlhere'as ill Brazil and Jlava, by imiproved methlods, 900 poundms per acre have i)(,eln obtained. InI Brazil trees have le('n mnadl t, b)ea'r -a crop wortih picking within two years after pllanting; in I)Porto lRi(() they take at least five years and often more, which ineans that during thai, timne there is )o( return on) the capital invested. MIMODEIN METIHO1S IN COFFEE INIDUSTRY. Trhe agricultural experient sttion at Mayaglez is makino resploInse, aoing thi'e ore111' ite(',lliget plhiantrs. The(' tirst aim is to sec(ure better stock. 11itherto, tle(, young coffee trees have(, be(Ill,obtained adllmost invariably f'romn t|ie see:dlings that, grew sploItaniomsly in tlhe plantations. These w 'ere ni'ecessarily the prodtluct of (c(ffe' beanls (dopped e'ithelr before ()r aftelr thel normal tilme, of imatirity, and hencel ' almostt nl''cessarily inferior. It was the s'urvival (If tll' illhnit(. (ro()wing up without any ('care among the w(eed(s, or in the dense s]hade of ll(e plantation, they were in most' cases feebl, and inliealtlivy, mere swilltche's with. few leaves. Inst cad of this, tlhe mo(dern met1hold ainms t) dev(ot th(e utm.ost cae, 1() the y()tlllg plant, frmil its very start,. All tlhe ('coffee lands of the gllobe are laid undelr contribution for tlhe m)ost select seed of the most Piro'lilsinlg varitiles. Tills seed is lplanted( inll a lnursery, where tlihe ai(iount o(f lighit and humid(ity ail, car(ifu1 y rI gflates, irrigati(on and drainag(,e bing matters of daily attention. Of these seedl,1ings the scientific gr,,welr s(elects fo' trallnspllanting nn(,e btllt the 1most vigorous. On hlie G(e, rmatn plantations in (Guatemala the rule is to rejec't all seedlings lthat, () no)t bear at leastt ten branIch('s or cru'ce(s. as they are called. These seedlings are next taken up with a c('uiical biloclk of earth adherent to theln, andt, in the miost improved p)lantations, are Iplaced in )bamiboo baskets of the requisite size, in orl(de'r to p1're'vent, so far as possible, all disturb)ance of the earth aroiund the roots. In these b)askets they are carried to the plantation, preferably on a rainy day, and, while still in the baskets, are placed in holes prepared to receive theim, the transfer being ma.l1', as quickly as possible, and each pIlant beIing watered as soon as it is set in its hole, so as to make the sooil adhere to the roots at oncee. In this way the shock of transplanting is reduced to a miniInmin and (tle need1 of replanmting is alinost entirely av,oided(1. Plantations thus carefully set out present a uniforml grorwth of vigorous tree's, with be)rries all over them, wlhille those raisedI by the old inethodl are irregular, with berries only (on thle top 1)ranches. The coffee bush thrives in any part( of the island, soine vigorous spe(''imens having been foundl prac:tically at sea level, while others gro)w oni the very summits of the mountains. Experience, however, has taught that the highlands are more suitable for coffee. Even if this were not the case, the value of the lowlands for the production of sugar woulld prevent their Ibeing devoted to coffee. The mnost famous coffee regions are thlose black of Mayaguez and about Lares near tlie west end of the island. Farther east, the extent of the coffee area diminishes, though some coffee is raised close to the east coast. The excessive humidity of the northeast corner, however, is a drawback to the operations of a coffee plantation. The question of shade has been inuch disputed. In Brazil, which furnishes two-thirds of the world's production, coffee is grown without shade, and this is deemed to 1)be one of the factors which enable that country to undersell its competitors. In Porto Rico, lutixuriant coffee bushes are found producinig an abltindance (of berries, though growing wildl without shade; yet planters have hitherto been unanimious in regar(ding shade as necessary in a plantation. The probability is, as suggested by 0. F. (Cook, that the advantage which shade trees afford is not so much in the shade as in protection against windl and in enriching the soil. These two advantages might probably be secured b)y means whi'ch would be)( less expensive than the planting of shliade trees. The coffee tree blooms in February and Marc'h, and the fruit is gathered in Oc'tlober and Noveimnber. It is pi)('ked off tlhe tree by hand and pllaced in baskets or sac'ks. In this lalbor, mene, women, and children' are e'miployed(l. It. is then taken (to tlhe factory, where it underg(oes the procss (If hciling, whi('h ('onsists in remnoving the fleshy pulp that incloses tihe two 1beans. This is ac'complished either by the dry way or by the wet way, the latter )einig the more modern. In the dry l)r(oce(ss the berries are spreald on platforms and exposed to the sunlight, ('are being taken to cover them as soon as rain threatens. In (1e llantation, n('ar Adjuntas, the berries are spread on rolling platf(orins which can i)e1 shoved unde1 r the house when necessary. As soon as the berries are d(ry, they are passed through a mill which lbreaks the dried pulp, leaving the beans free. This lIrloeess is used only by planters whio have nlt mon(y enough to invest in inmachinery. Modern plantations use the wet process, in whi'ch the fresh berries are place:d in a pulping miachine, which ('rushes the'n and renioves thle pulp by means of washing in water. The co(ffee is ship)ped( to i market in jute bags, which come from India, 'osting i6 cents a lbag. The same kin(d of bag is also used for sugar and o('('oanuits. As it does not pay to return them, a new supply (of several mnillion bags is neededl every year. It has been stuggest'ed that julte ighit be raised( in Porto) Rico and a local ind(lustry (ldev(eloped to suipply the (demandl for bags, but it may be (ldoublted whethe'r Porto Rican labor, c'heap ais it is, could compete nwith the still cheaper Hindu labor(, 'and whether Porto Rican land ('ould 1)e iedevote'dl to this ('rop) with greater profit than may be found in other crops. r<TOBACCO. Trobaccoo is rapidly becomning one of the m1ost impiportant crops of Portio Ri')o, giving emplhoynient noIlt only to a large numblllter ()f field laborers but also tlo) a. growinllg nume111'r of fa('tory hands. It is fortunate that the toba,'cco ar'a is practic'ally c(extensive with the'coffee COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 190;. 21 area, for the labor affected by the stagnant c('oncition of the coffree industry is thus enab)led to pass readily to th>e itmore prosperous tob)acco industry. In this way and in othelrs, thie Almerican occupation has introducied a. considerably greater diversity int( the 1),eople's employments, enabling tllhem to pass from one to the ot(h(er. Formerly a laborer in a coff(ee plantation hardly ever moved inore tlhan a few miles away from the place where l(e was born. T he p)lait ing and harvesting of coffee was the only occupation known to him, and if that failed Ihe was h(elpless. Now, when the coffee trade languishes, he can go to a nteigblloring.(tobacco plantation, and the high wages paid in the pro-sperols sugar industry are even attractling co((siderable numbers from t(e moulntains to tlih lowlan(ls. The city of ('aglas s the ce'nter of the main tobl)acc( area. Large tracts of land il 1the inlteri(or valleys have been cleared for cultivation and covered l iti cl('Ileesecl(tli, ulnler whiclh ti(bacco() wrapper is grown. ThIlie cost of this melthod of (ciultivation averages $500 per acre, but ithe outlay is imore than repaidl bIy the incmreasedt yield and better quality. One colipany lias alread y plant ed 250 acres under such shelter, andl from 1,200 to 2,000 people fintd employmIent in their field work alone. Ill former datys P(ort () Rican tobac(ro was largely exportedl (1 (to'ul an(l thlence sent to tohe mlarkets as Cuban tobacco, beinlg passCed off as tlhe famous Vueltla Abajo product. This p)ractice lias entirely cCeased. San Juan iianiUfactures all the cigars required in 1 le island, leaving a little for export. Three factories for making c(igars have. jluist bee(,n erect(ed. These are large, rlooly, well-lighted and well-ventilatedl three-story btuildlings, well equippl)ed not only for lproduction but also from a sanlitary polint (of view. At Bayamon an;S80,000 cigar factory hlias been built. At Cagias themr is a large builling CIevoted to tobacco sorting, drying, curing, and packing. It is int (ended to have a railway run from the heart of the (Caguas t(obacco( region t() San Juan dlirect to i(hle wharf and unload from the cars to tlie vessels. Otne cllopanly in lbe fiscal year 1906 constructed at variouis po(ints ill the island (6 warehonuses, in aCdditioni to a factlry to) acc'ollmnCodatae' p)ward (of 2,000 lan(ds. During (tlie coming year, apart from the purchlase (of a larg-e Cuillding to be remodeled for the l)lpurpose of a tobacco' factory, it co'ltlilemp)late's the construction of O concrete warellotuses. 70 barns for (curing tob acc() and 50 houses for farmn hands. The fact, that in th(,e fiscal year 190(6 the exports (of cigars to the Unted States aimountted to $;,0()(9,57(;, or 86 per cent of thie total shipmilent(s of.oba(.'cco f'ro( PoIrto Rico' t(o the United States, illustrateCs the tendenci y to mnanuifactunre il tlhe island itself all the tlobacco p iroduced lthere, a tende-lnc'y readily explained by ihe abundance of (cheap) labor and low rent. In a climate like that ()f Portol RiCo((, (to)acc''(), like( alolilmst alV ()(h(,r crop, may b( plant(ed at any time o(f tlhe year, but e'Xp)'ri'nlce lhas shown that wintoer is thle best. Pl)wing is ('Iomnnil,.iced,1, if ()II level1 or slightly rolling land, in Anugust, ()r eve(n hily. A\llut. a ilonilth later the land is plowed againi, and (nClC 11or1(' in (Oetlo C r. As a rule planting is begun early inl Novenmbe'r, bilut ill some)l localities it, may be (dn(e at any timne frlom the end of (lOctol((r tol(): 1 end of FIbruary. Tihe rainfall at tlhat tiCe is ls and(e ti ll 11emperattire is lowxer, buut thotgh this de(lays tlie grolwtli, it illl)prove's tlhe arollia. The see(1d is sown in the sec(1 bedls al.(1it the (,'ld (Cf Aumgust and in forty-five to1 sixty (lays the plants are large ('ll()gli t (I' t st ramsidlait ed, llavig albout eight leaves. It is illip()Irtaat to rga geilI tle' ti Ime of planlting so as to avoid( excessive rainfall anmdl (extreme (lroigilt diluring tlle growing season and also toI hiave the halvesting an(1 C'ring l'riiod (OCUr in comllparatively idry we'atheir. Plants sIt o1t ill t( liield ablout tlie lbeginning (of Noveimber are' re'ady1 flr harvest ing al)out Fe'bruary 1, whic'h (Cnables the (' i'uri g tI) e d e (1)(,' i Febrl ',1uarv anld March, tll' d(l'iest of tlie1 vear. In tli('et clivatlin (Iof tl()lbacc'()o, as ill that ()f 'offee, lthe (1d mut holds are1 gradually giving way tlbefore tIel l ww. Th1' old w()()(Il(Il plw is being roplacIdl 1by iron phl)ws; instead of taking thei s(1ed al ralidollI from suckers, it is raised1 from plants spec'ially seCt Cit forl tl' purpo1ltlr)s', anli new varieties are ilmported.)(Cl. Tl syst'l (of p)ic'king tlle leaves for wrappers from lth1 standing plants anld (Iryinlg s(lparat ily from the stalk has given ve'ry good resul1ts. Wrappelrs t'reat'cd in this way have greatly improved in quality anl have brouight a lnlmuch better price. (rl'F I I'i'1 IlSl Ti' S. It was estimated that in 190)5 thOe, wevr(I 7.0()00 ares under cultivation iti citlis fruits in P(or () Ric(, If which'l a1t, lul 70 p(r c('Clt were planted in oranges, 25 p'r ('cent ill grat')i fruit. (p1ollo), and 5 per ce'nt in lemonis. Tilis acreiage is con'(tilually inlI'rl'asiilu, anIl it is I.lItioglit that in 19006 s111C 1,500 ahdditionlil! r1'S (, (11.i 'is fruit. were set out. This tacrelage, has all b1(elIt set ()lit. since tlie(1 American oC'Cupation, and altlhIough suftlicient time( 1 ias iltt v'(t (elatpseod for the1 marketing (of a full Cr1, l c 't so(pe shipilments wo're' lladel from the:se gr(oves in the winter of 190-1-5 whic'h ruaclhlo(l Ncxw Y(ork in (g00odl c(onditi(on and bro'ughlt a fair price. T hils ]as ldeC',lst rated Ihat Porto Ii.a1 l (1 raIlligs, if i it(11lligoenitly handll(10, hlave lic e'('('ssary keeping qiualitie(s aIdil will ibring good prices. lIl past ye'ars shiipments were ad of tI ie oIrallges gatie('red( from trees sCaltt((re0l arluOll1, CIt,ll thy we'ore shaken fron thie( tree'Is, ('arrie(' to the shipping point, it baskets ()n pack alnmals, alnd Own( pac'kexd promiiscuously in b)()x(,s and lbarrels without anly al tImIlt( at sortinig. Naturally Ithis fruit arrived( at is is d Istiatio in i( poor condit(ion and retquiredl so mnuih rC'ha:ndling and s(r8itg that thel're wats ver'y littlto margin foir pr(it, and tl(he Porto RiC'a (ora!ge, a('(Wlued the1 rep,1utatit n of being aI 1)()()r slhipper.'' This )adt ililpre(ssion, hlowever, will be ov'ercom' e 10ow l tmat hI' I raIIng('s r(1-( 'iv i(I igellig tI t1e(tI I('len(t fro)m the tire(' they are p}ic'k((l (,. tlihe tieIII( tIhey a)(re put (on I )()latrd the ste'amer. The in1('1reasC1' of the frulit industry ill P'orto Ri' O ly 1)1 ' gl athered from tlhe f'act 111iat to June "10, 190(, 18 fruit. CoMi i'S 11a11 becen reigisteredl inl the (ofllce (Cf tihe s'cIret'lary o(f P'o1r()o Rieol, wliiloe on June 30, 19)05, -the niulbe)(r was 1)nly I1. Thei 1r's(11t ra'lte(' o(f freiglht, from IPortol, Ri(co to Ne w York on a. ox. o(f o(ranges is a)boult 28 ('e'nts, as c'ompllaric(l with:35 ('(ltss from(' Cuba (and( 5 ('eients (dity), 98 (ents from Califo)rn'ia, n111d( 72 ('Cnlts from Florida. This all(ows (tiite a 1argi'-1l in favor (of Port(o Ieio. The twol ste(amlshipi ('(lol)ali,'s rlnning ('between('l Porto() Rico(' ai(. New Y1rk hav11 giv'en assluran'e1 ( that as solon as the (Illantity' (f fruit -arralnts the'y will make Ilprovision for shipiping citrus friits (on a large s11ae1'. A bel'ginoing (of such provision has alrealIy beeun imade. Nulrsery tro'es of all kindis ('al1 be bought in Porto Rico at $25 a hunldre'ld; la{nd, ac'(ordinlg (to lo'ation,, at fro(m $20 (to $100 per acre; anlid lnlinl(1,(t l 1a1)1or 'an Ie( se''uredI at, from( 310 to) 50 c(ils a, day. IfineatlClffs.- Pie'appletl: C'u(lture ', las eein 1111(aken 1) largely )y the o(range growers as a 10(,-ns Of (eriving solme in(,'(lml while waitinge for tlheir grove('s to ('1-1111 ihnto t),earing. When )lan(ei 'ld etwte(' (he' le rows of treecs, a)out -1,000 pineapple] plants (-an bIe( s(( out to tlie( ac're wi(thoutt itite'feri'g with th(' tIr '(s, and( when piliantedl by tlemnselves from Sul,0(0 o 10,000 piinlCs ('a1!e se't (out to t1e11 ac(re. T]he pines which lalppe'ar t() grow Ie-s( ill Porto Rii() are thie Red Spanislh, ithe (dab'zoZillla, tille' pall de Azcl'ar, al(d tle Sinlooth (.ayo'nn. t(d Spallisis s till' ftavorite, wlit (lte platel'r, as it. 11as shlnwn goodl kloping qCillitil's, a1(( sliipmeimts l]ivex' ili()Iglit oni ani av(e'ragt of,$2.50 1pe' cralte The1 good ei'turnm's of 190-4 resulted in thei planting of a greuatly incre,'ase'dI a'r'iage, andl it is e('stiimat ed tlhat. aIt least, 1,0)00,000 plaIIts wem s'C t o( Cit I 1(05. 1 'loe (0Ii,111a111 ()If ')r() Ili(10 s('I'iiS II t)be peculiarly a(aipteld! to till raising of pinei'lappl's, and c'areful 'ulXliva(i I a11( a littI' ferItilizinmg shloX'w a I')li'h'('jllispodig i C('reas1' iin (1Ie size ()f thlle frulit. S've''ral (lantiiIig falctori(,'s arIO 11o(W ill (lopetr1ion, a(1ld as Ia gCo1d su I1t)')ly ()f fruit is 1assir'l 1ore' fa(to((ries will soo1n 111 'r'('(I'lt. ('oCoa /.~ts.-.... )tri( (.)'(s 'are sc:attTred all ti]rougl the(e islanid, t)ut gr(ow t(,)esi advantage: along the' c(oas. The, Ire(e: is 1ari.liul:r.y thrifty ()n low groumnd ncar th(e, coa~st where( tlie wa(('r table comens to t].e' surface, (on solil thiat is almost Xwr'th]l'ss for a1)y other purt)pose. W\''l' these( tree's ca('ll be1( found illn aly ]arge numelllte' close to some(0 shimipping pIoiunt. the c.(:)aluts ('an 1)( han(lded( (luitle profitably. TI(e'(1 are a fe'w groveos Cn i.]' islhl(1 neCw in fiiI b)earing and many 1l)more are b)eing s13 Iet l Oit. Alb(Cut 50() trees are pllta.ted to) thl acre, prbodtucillg abouit 10,000 ntuts anniulmly, wortl].$150 nii shiptoardl. A g(()(CII crop c(an e1 gaItherel at tlhe (e'nd( oof (lie selventh year with a cllrrs(,p(i ondliing sc increase in the yield as the trees become older. The 22 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1(90G. cost of harvesting and loading is about $24 per acre. The trees require very little care from the time they are planted until they come into full bearing, and land suitable for the purpose can be bought as low as $10 per acre, but the price increases according to the proxinmity to a shipI)ingl point. Bananas and plantains.-To no other two products do the natives owe(' so uch as to th(e banana and plantaint, two fruits which necessarily go together, as they are hardly distinguishable, except by an expert. Froml playa plain to mountain top, wherever any cultivation has been carried on, the beautiful plants, of various heights, with broad, herlac(eous leaves, 8 or 10 feet long. are seen. They are grown from the1 suckers which appear at the base of large trees. In one year froml th tiIime of planting, the first fruit may be gathered. The produ(ct on rich land is enormous in some cases, as much as 60,000 pounds of fruit per acre. Many varieties are grown, the "'date" and "apple" 'beingg considered by the natives the choicest. Both bananas and plantains are used to a large extent to shade coffee trees, especially the young plants. Bananas being free of duty in the United States, Porto Rico would encounter in the American market the coIlletition of Central America, where this industry has been developed( on an enormous scale by the United Fruit (ompa)ny, whose steamers take the fruit directly to New Orleans, New York, or Boston. As regards distance, Porto Rico would hardly have an appreciable adivantage over the Central American ports. As part. of general fruit cargoes requiring similar treatment, however, it is lrolbable that Porto Rican bananas will shortly appear on the A merican market. Mangos, agiacatcs, and breadfroit.-The most )promising fruit tree in tlie vicinity of Mayaguez is without except ion tlhe nlgo. The trees are coIsp)icuous (Severywhere(. They ar( never cultivated, but matly }be found in waste places, andl especially ill old fence rows, wh(ere they were plant ed years ago as wind-breaks. Their greatest val(u is in tlhe amount of firewood they prolducel the top) beinug c' lt off every yea(r and tIse(l for fuel. T(elve of the best varieties of In(ia, r(e(eived at thle experiment station lhav'e!been inarclhed (a process of graftli lg) into large trees, annd if this Cxpe(riment is successful the tree taly b}ecomne a source of large inc(mle. Tlh( aguacate grows vigorously all (ver ihe island, and a largte amountll of m1agnifiicent fruit is produced, fully equal to the Florida pro(l(uct. Of thte Ibreadfruit, both tihe seedl-b)earing and thle seedlless varieties are found all over the island. The tre('s are quick growing, but succeed b()est wl'en nt tra.nsl)lanted. The seedless variety is p)1ro)agated from (cuttings. OTi HER AG~1tRICirLTURtAL PRODT;(UCITS. (Cacao.-Ciacao is ot grown (omtimercially on tlhe island, but a good (deal is gro(wn for l(omle use. Tlhe climatic conditi(ns for its gr(wtli aire exce(lle(tl. C((silering tihat tle neighlborling l()Repubtlic of Salnto) Do))iingto is fast )becom()iit ltg an inior(nt ati l)producer of (cacao, as tlie West. Il(iani islan(ls o)f Trinidad and ( lre(na(la ltave bel)( for' a good while, anId tiiat Venezuelal, with a si'ttilar c limiate, is fatilous for tile (tilality of its c(acao. it, would seetil tlaitl tbhis in(llustry might be ai(l antageoulsly sub)st it t te(d to sot(om (e extt tr tlte l('off ee ittdust ry. As imanufactured c('a a(o, iti varilous.stat(s of I)replaratlio i), lays (ldty inl theil Ut ited States, var'vyingr froml 2 t(o 5 ('cents a I)nlm(1, Pot l itco would in thils (as1 (enjoy tin' advantage of free access to a p)ot ected market, o(n (co()diiti(, ()f course. that tl( atile l( cle w(ere manittal tir(te( on tl ( islatn(l, unimiattfa'tilctured cac'ao b1)(,ing o(n tle free list. Thlis matiuifac('ire woul(d p)r()iably ('eijoy ill Porto l ico( t(he same adva(l 1 -tagrs whlhit halv e cas (.sed mo tst of t he t(oblaicco t(o be nmanutifact t llre( in thl' islalnl itlIs(elf. an1d wo(uld(1 tItlus be)(t anlt11lr (lement(,n (t t(linglr t() diverrsify thle (cil)lpymetni(t of tlie Porto Ri(cami lalborer. As the cond(itlions of (cac(o cultivalti(n d(iffer bl)ut little frt'ot tlto)se of coffee cultivation, tlir (change from (lhe one to le (ll(otlr co(uld( be ma:de with littil inc(onveience(. Tlte rapidly expat)i(ing imrket for ccacao las catsed(l nerrly all ( he protlduc(inmg c(,untries to inc(reas( their output during the last ten years 100 to 150 >per cent. anin there, is every indication that this prosperity is only the beginning of a larger expansion. (Cacao has the advantage over coffee and tea in that it is not only a stimulant, but also a food, so that it is preferable froum the social standpoint. The increase in imports of raw cacao into the United States during the last ten years has been on an average 15.69 per cent a year. It would seeml that in catering to so good a custolner Porto Rico might find the advantage which she has hitherto vainly hoped to reap from the recovery of the coffee industry. Cotton.-Cotton was grown in the West Indies long before its introduction into the Southern States of the Union. The civil war in the United States greatly stimulated the production of cotton in Porto Rico, b)ut when this stimulus was removed the cotton exports from the island fell to almost nothing. Thanks to the public-spirited efforts of Messrs. Gandia and Stubbe, this branch of agriculture promises again to assume important proportions. These gentlemen have not only distriluted gratis the best sea-island cotton seed, but have issued pamrphlets in Spanish to thi farmers, instructing them how to obtain the best results, both in the cultivation and harvesting of their crops. Froi 6,000 to 10,000 acres were in cultivation in 1904, and such communitiies sas Calmuy and Isabela are feeling the benefit of it. Sea-island cotton seems to thrive test. During 1904 the farmers received fromi 5 to 7 cents for their cotton. Now that a ginning plant has been set up in San Juan, a large export o)f this staple is assured. There is TIno boll weevil in Porto Rico, and with reasonable care its introdtuction (-'an doubtless be prevented. The worst enetny of cotton iln tlhe island is the ordinary cotton caterpillar, which can easily be exterlmminated with Paris green. UIf()rtunately, tlie iuse of inseticides is almnost unkinown to the pIlanters of thie island(, anid, in fact, it is difficult t() get a supply of Paris green otutsidle of Sani Jmuan. As a (result, whole cotto)n fields lhave been devastat ed. lHefore amny imtarket can lbe bl)tained in this industry, the:refore, thli farmiters will havey t() learn the utse of insecticides and also (of fe(rtilizers, for t lese( are an (sse;ntial factor in cotton (c'ultivation ()1 t he sea islands )f South C(arolinia aid1 (Georgia..Fiber plant8s. -Tlie insutilar gove(irnmintl. lhas (lecid(ed to take up tlhe growingl of sisal tot a (')tonmt'('rcial scale(, s'tt.iung outit 100,000 plants itnt(ler the (lir('ec(t iot (tf (tli agr'ic(tiitmral e(xp)( riient station. As the impl)orts o(f tilis article itito tthe United States are ntow 15 million dollars a year, this p)roduc(t would filndl an uinlimited mnarket, but would hatve to( c()iml)ete with the Yucatamn sisal, which' is admitted free('. Sisal will grow on very l)oor land, Lurt in order (ti. setcure a protit o()e miachine has to hIandtl(l thlte productt of a large area, and it may be (dotibted whether thlere is eno)ugt i(poor land in Porto Richo to warrant extetlsive inlvetstlme(r'mts in t1his direc('tiotn. Landt that sells for '$100 to $200 an acre is too valuabl)le for so clieap a. product as sisal. Experilments are being made with o(lier fil(r plants, but they will prol)ably be1) found subject tot tlIe salme litmitation. It has be)(en suggested that Cul ebra Island, whitch seemtis fit for little else, might h)(e maride tl(e homle of an ext(tnmsiv(x sisal industry. Thle insutlar gove(rnmnimt is 'comsi(lderinig t:li adlvisability of iniporting frotm Panama and Colomblia thli jipa japa ibel)r p)lant usedl in the man i factlure of Pa nama hlits. The lIat-uniakilng iidhlustry gives eiployli(yment t)o urally woiet(tllfn in P)irt) ItiRco, wh()o use foil this purpose eitllher thl( itmportedl fil)(r froimn Panamia andl C(olo(m)ia or the split lieave(s of the mIative( pali. This is a healthy honitr( industry, wl-hicih i iigt (io)t ottless b)(e extetnitde( if an ambundant supply of mn.;a terial '''ere r(eadty at iandl. Factories for tl maimnufacture of PIanatia hats lhiavre been established in tlhr(,e towns. O(tnhr cfgablh)'s. ---Expe(rimetrits ihav('ve bee1 n madt( with sugar beets, itI tl!e l('I)(o' thiat some soils on the soutih side o(f tlie islaund, which are so alkalilint' tlhat stgar' canet will not grow ()n them, may l)e made to grt()w suglar be)(tts, whii('ch will re'mlov() thle alkali, so that these soils mavy ult irmately piro(iuc catn'. Ptr t it Rito i mpoirts attnnually largi' (liatr it i(rs of rice. It is thought that rmost of this (can 1)e rais(ed o(n 11t( stigar lani(s aloitg the coast, wh(ere(' irrigatio( is easily applied(, an(1 whl(re a rotation of crops will so(on b1) nI(((.'eded to( axllow the s(il t() (recuperate. C(onsi(tdrable attention lias lately be)(,n given to thei yautia, which ranks third amionig the roo)t crops of Porto Rico, next t, t the sweet COMMIERCIAL PORTO RICO( IN 1 0(;. 23 potato and yam, and because of its high productiveness, facility of culture, and adaptability it is in many respects superior to either of the crops named. With 10,000 plants per acre, 10 to 15 tons of tubers are obtained per acre, to which may be added 5 to 8 tons of root stock, used for the table, as a source or starch, or as stock feed. As the mulberry grows vigorously all over the island, the experiments in silkworm culture now in progress look very promising. The large amount of cheap labor, especially of women and children, which the island affords indicates that this industry, which is essentially domestic and can be carried on in conjunction with other farm work, would be particularly appropriate to Porto Rico. The culture of the grape was discouraged in Spanish days, lest it compete with the wines of Spain. Experiments have shown that the product of the Porto Rican grape is equal to the best. WINTER MARKET FOR I'ORTO RICAN PRODUCTS. Four million dollars' worth of vegetables were imported into the United States in the fiscal year 1905, most of them sulject to high duty. With its mild climate and in the absence of any tariff bl)rrier, Porto Rico ought to be able to supply a large part of thlis demand, especially fresh vegetables for the winter market, which, with p)ro)pel care, could readily be laid down in New York in good contlittion six days after leaving the field in Porto Rico. Hitherto the vegetables appearing on the Porto Rican markets have been of inferior quality. but experiments conducted at the Mayaguez Agricultural Stat ion have proved tlhat this is due simI)ly to imlperfect method(s olf cultivation, and that, when thie proper lietho(ls are uised, many of tlin vegetables grown in the IUnited States can be raise(l with leq(ual perfection inl Porto Rico. Builletin No. 7 of that statiol, by II. ('. Henricksen, which may >be ol)tainli(l by applyingvi to the Unit(ed States Department of Agriculture, gives directionlls for )'vet(lalle growing in Porto R( ico and enumerates th(e crops that lave gi ve (li best results. Among t bese are beans, beets, carro(ts, c(har, (la,:l,iytc, collards, cress, c(ucumbers, eggplants, horse-ra(lish, kale(. kollraldi. leek, lettuce, Ileren, muskml lons, mustardl, (okra, )onions, arslcy, parsnips, peas, pep)I)pers, rad isles, )ilk ins, squashes, to()ll. atoes. as lnd watermelons. 1 t is thought also flat asparag3us an(1 celery 1)iglit (1do well unler lproper care. In the case of watlerlmelonls, it. is suglgst(d that in sprinig andl (arly summer, beforel this veg(,eta le ('a l be o(lbtained anywhere else, the Porto Rican article mighlt ()oltai n go(od prices. Tlhe: great alvantage of the Port() lIic'an farmnier ill this respect would be thalt lie is practically in(iepende(l t of tllie easons, being able to raise almost any crop at the very Nmoment whle(l it brings tlle best price. Another great advanltage is the abundance of water for irrigation almost everywhere on the island. STOCK RAISING. The cattle industry has always hel(d a prominent. place in the island, and Porto Rican calttle(t have long b)(een faiious ali(ong its (,xports to the West In(lies and Central and South Am ierica. The greatl size and line appearance of the nalive cattle atl racted th(e at tent ol1i of the Americans at the tinime of o(''culpatilon. Ox teams d(o practically all the hauling over the priniitive ro)ads of the intlerior and a goodl (1ea.l of it even over the ma(ca(danizedl roa(ls. A large am(unt of mercha.ndise is in this way vcarried over tl(, San.1111111n-IPol e military road, and owing to the (easy gradesl of the] road and( to I (le strength and endlurance of the cattle this formn of tranlsportationl is much more expeditious than would( s((eem ) ssil(e. Ox)xn als() do( most of thie p)lowing and hawulinlg n th(e plantatioins. Th(eir bree(ding is almost a. necessary co(Iplemient o(f Il(, sugar ildust ry, as tl(he leaves and tops of the cane suffice to( feed them. (ltus furnishing the mIot ive p)ower for hauling and incidentally a supply of nmeat for tlie la)orers and an article of export. The native horse, though sniall, does a surprising amnou(nt of work. Owing to his sure-footedness an(l c(omfortable gait, h(e makes a capital mount. Since the American occupationl, efforls have been made t.o improve both cattle and horses. the former in regard to early maaturity ani milk production, tlhe latter in regard( to( size an( hIealt}hfiulness, a great maxny of the native horses be)(ing unsotlunt, pr)obably owing to long-continiued inbreeding. Sheep1) d(1o not seem to thrive )on this warm and humnid island, but goats, swine, and poultry do very well. FERTILIZERS. The question of fertilizers is a subject (of growing ipl)ortance and receives ever increasing attention both from tihe insular goverlnment and from the pu)lllic. As stat.edl lsewh(ere, many lands on the island, owing t( long conintinued cultivation withiot. artiticial assistanc(: and with(out rotation (f crops, are1 in the exhaullstled conllidition called "ruinate," an(l are now either c(?otirely wast(, (r1 at monst, used for pasture. Even lands which are still fairly fertile c(an t1 )( made to yiel( much larger crops by t(he aid of fertilizers. Threy have been tried1 1n some smugar plant1ations witih such signal su(cce('ss that planters no longer h(esitate to spend money to renovate t.heir soils. In the( pineapl)le anl citrus-fruit. industlly, large amounts of fe(,rilizers are now us1ed, andI a fertilizer factory would have a goo(d ( pening. Circular11 N. (; of the Portlt Ric(o Agricultural Experiimnti St ation, at Mayaguez, ) y I). W. IMay, special agent in charge of lihe st.atio(n, contains a very instructive account of the fertilizers availabile in Porto Rico and o(f the best mI(etho()s of applying 1these as well as impot:)rted fertilizers. The ralpi(l increase( i l the use of f(1t ilizers is sl(hown ijn.thl follo)wing table: IMPORTS OF FERTMIZERlS INT() ] O) POi RICO, 10()01-190t(. IMNT'(RT,)) FROM 1901 j 9O02 I (10 1I904 1,05~ 1 906 Dollhrs. DIollars. D)otlirs. Dollars. I Do/llr,. Dollars. \ B olgiul-n - -4 S. —........ - -I.................- - - - c1 --- —---......... 2.9, 7 1 4 S 1(1 I,)(1() 00 117, 1860 (1 'rInT 1n..............,1 S71.-.- ----...........-............. TJiti,d l in o )......... tlg l4 45.................. 17.2(1 0 UTnliti l Stlates: Dlom stici. 1') 41r) 19,4:1). 1.((,)5 35.c 074 SS 5;3 184,4(i):) I 24t, 002 F oreign... --- —-----..................... 7;:, (; 1 47 ITt.'a'l-...... '.2. I:. 9..I 7 7 3r() (4, 021 30,;515....: The islal(l itsel if (cotai.s; va1 t St tore of fe(rtilizer(i l the bat guano,deposi(ts ill the IITIIII(I( 11)(1 Iv(Aes with Wli11Ci the liim(lstolne region is olm c()ill)(e(1. \An i analsis f that glitul,)l g'le ( fO ()olling irls'ilts' INALYSIS OP)AI (NTilGANO FROM -PORT( RIC'. Co i ) T 1 ( N ( ) I ( ) 1 | () C(ent. Total phosphoric wiil..................................................... 12. 93 Total nitrogn litrt ('1nitr'late, prsnt) i................ 1:*.32 AT. n.IT.O.T.a.....4..............4......03 M oist ri................................................... 13. 93 Ioss oIl ignitioln.-......2.-. ---..... ---. -—..-.........,. - -. S. 33 In many l (av('as slis a( gluam covers the floor to a dept( (f several feect. In sio(L loc'alil i(s it is hauled o)ut ani del('iver(ed fo(r.$3 a (oI. Marl and1 llphosphalte rock are fotund( in miany parts (of the island, but. little is mine(d. A ('()ni(clsio to w()Ik the ph(sl)phate deposits (f Mona. Island, in Mona. Passage,. west. of tlle nmainlan(l of P(orto() ico, lhas 1)(,(11 granted to Messrs. Porrata-Doria. andl ('ontireras. The followii)i st1atelments are c(ot(lelens(d( from)i an account of these deposits (lcourtou((sly furishedl b)y S(fior )Don Miguel de PIorrata-Doria, of Polnce: Mona, Island is sitlate(l 42 miles fromn Porto Rici(, in the chamnnel )be'twee'l it. and1 Sanito Do)lmingll. It ris('s frolil the sea like a. fortress, with high, perpendlicular (liffs, and is en(circled by a coral reef, which make(s it, ilacc.essiblel (exce(pt to small vessels. No vegetation, except ('reepitngr, thorny plants, is found on its summit. The island consists (of lilmestone, containiing traces of iron, magnesia, and aluminium. Thle entire limestone mass is honeycombed with 24 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. caves, with numerous openings on the face of the cliffs, the interior being filled with stalactites and stalagmites. These caves contain the phosphate, iprobably due to the accumulated droppings of sea birds. Tt occurs in two forms, as a fine pcowder and in compact masses. The percentage of tribasic calciumr phliosphate in the guano varies between 59 an(d 63 per cent. In order to facilitate extraction, passages have been cut through the partitions between some of the caves, so as to enalle the material to be passed out through a single opening. In 22 caves explored bly Davoine in 1887, 460,000 tons of guano are said to be1 a.vailable. Don Miguel de1 Porrata-l)oria also holds the concession to work the phosphate deposits on the island of Caja de Muertos, 6 miles southeast of the port of 'once. Tlat island measures about 2 miles east and west and 1 nile nol rth and s(othl. Tlhe d epsit:s consist of calcium phosphate in the state of powder andl of l)hosphatic rock. Thus far only 460 tons ha ve been exl)orted, which were shipped to Hamburg in the lbark Paqutita;,lut 140,000 tons are sait to be available. To guarantee the lquality of fertilizers, the legislative assembly of Porto Rico in 1905 passed an act to r(egulatfe the registration and inspectiion of commercial fertilizers an(l chemicals in Porto Rico. This law makes it a misdemeanor to sell or offer for sale in this island alny fertilizer or fertilizer material which does not conforIn to the formula given on the tag attachited( to t he package. LAW FO)R PR(TECTION ()F PLANTS. Another imnportant law was passed 1by the legislature in the same year to )revent the importation of plant diseases or of insects harmful to plants. IThish law Irovides that no shipments by which such pests Inight be carried, in particular no coffee tree or part thereof, no citrus plant or cutting, and n10 cotton seed or cotton lint, shall be brought into the island without having attached thereto a certificate by an official entomologist stating that the articles are free from disease. In the case of cotton, the certificate must state(, moreover, that the shipment originated in a locality where the lboll weevil did not exist. AG(RICULTuRAI, EXPERIMENT STATION. Much of the recent progress of agriculture is due to thle agricultural exlperiment station mlainltained by the United States DepartmIent of Agriculture at Mayaguez. It, comlprises 235 acres, located( immediately north (of tlhe city. Possession was given in June and( the station was removed froinl Rio Piedras to the new site in SeIptem)ber, 1902. In addition, arrangements were m1ade with the "La (armelita" (coffee estate near 'Polle, situated t all altitud(l of 1,500 feet, for exeriments in coffe ('cltre, miunder the direction of Mr..f. W. Van Leenlhoff, the lmanag(r o(f that pllantation. Tle ex)peril(ents at tle latter pla('e ((onsist il (1) the introduction o(f 1(ew varieties of coffee, (2) thle selection of varieties of desirable qulaliti(es for tli mttarket of the United States and dlistribution andi repr(lucti(i) of tIhe same, and (3) the inil)rovelnment of Porto Ricain coffee ((, ( ifferetnt 1o(etl((odls o)f 'cultiv\atioln an(d by (r(ssbreeding with (otler (lesirallie varieties. By June 30, 1905, 2,269 Porto Rican trees had b(eetn plaintedl. At Mayaguez station itself, similar experimentls are being m(ade, inleludin.g distance in p)lanting, inethodl of pllanltilg, density (f slhade, an(ld use (of fertilizers. ('itrus fruits, cacalo, an(l rlubber trees hlave een( 1 platted. Several tons of the lbest seed (of s(ea.-island ('tt()n, received from till( United States Departmlent lof Agriculture, have I)een (listributedl. atnld experillmentlts in tlie growinlg of sea-island and Egyptian (co(tt1(n are ill pro(gress. Hardl-wollod trees Liave 1,(een pilante(dl. As tllere are many fil ier plants growing wild on tll islalid, explerimlents are beillg 111made with a machinl fo(r 'xtract'tin thlie tilber'. (Coinsildera!1le attenliiln has been (ldevoted(l to lpineapli[)es, (of wli(ch 26 varieties are gro(wn at tile station. A division of anina.l itdustry has )(( en added. (ir culars and bulletins, printed b)Itlh i Ellnglishi and in Spanish, dealing with the cultivation otf (liffelrent crop1s and conltrol of insect pests, are sent to all making applilicatinll theref(or. FORESTS. The forest conditions (f Porto Rico have been studied by Mr. R. T. Iill, from whose report (United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Forestry, Bulletin No. 25) most of the following data were taken. The island, although wooded in the sense that it is still dotted by many beautiful trees, is largely deforested from a commercial point of view. At the timet of its discovery it was doubtless covered by forests of many species of trees, but these forests can hardly be said to exist at present, except in the summit portion of El Yunque, in tlhe Sierra Lutquillo, near the northeast corner, where therer ar about 8 square miles of virgin forest. A few insignificant patches of culled forest also occur in the central and northwestern portions (f the island. With a population of a million living on 3,435 square miles, or 277 to the square mile, the existence of extensive forests is practically impossible under present conditions of agriculture. There can be no dlllbt, however, that certain less productive areas, now largely lying idle, could be (devoted to forest culture witlh decided benefit to the entire populati(ln. So far as nlow understood, the island presents two strongly marked and contrasting zones of vegetation. One includes the whole of tlhe mountains and north coast region an(d the other is the foothill country of tlhe south coast. The first is a region of great and constant humidity, high altitudes, and stiff clay soils; the other a region of (Iry calcareous soils, seasonal aridity, tand low altitude. The transition between these vegetal zones is very al)rupt. It is true that thll rainfall is less on the south, but there is also an immense difference in the capacity of tlhe two geologic soils for retaining monisture and for root penetration, the clay soils being always saturated, while the liimestone soils are porous and dry. There is a milder temperature and a greater constancy of moisture on the highlands than in the lowlands, while on thel latter there are o(ccasional periods o(f drought. Accordingly, thle mountains are constantly clad with fresh verdure, consisting of cultivated trees and of such remnants of the primitive flora as have escap)ed destruction b)y man, while the flora (of the border region has at times a dry and yellow aspect. The general growth of the nmountain region consists of deciduous trees of many species, freely intermingled with shrubl and grass, and, above 1,000 feet, with tree ferns. In some places the undergrowth is made up largely of ferns of nutmerous species, many of which are so tall and dense of growth as to constitute a veritable jungle. Much of the mountain landscape is now occupied by cultivated crops of coffee, tobacco, fruit trees, shrub)s, etc., broken by pastures of Para and Guinea grass, which constitute the staple forage of tlhe island. There are many large (cultivated shrubs and bushes, attaining the size of a peach tree, which give an aspect of primeval wildness tIo lands which are really thite most highly cultivated. It is oftenm difficult to convinmce a stranger that lie is in a coffee plantation and not in a jungle, until a tr(nee can be found full of the bright r1(d berries wlich (listinguish tlhe coffee plant. The trees 1used( for shade in coffee plantations are for the imost part not native grown but have been )purpos(ely planted. Those 1most genterally used for this purpose are thle guava, )ucare, guama, and imaga. They grow so rapidly that by ith( time the coffee blush reaches inaturity, at the endl of seven years, they are tall forest trees, giving a dense shade. The foothill c('luntry of tihe south coast was also at one time c('vered with dense forests, tbut is.now eve(n more thoroughly deforested than tle mountains. Though a few sp)(cies of trees aire (cornmon to tilhe two regions, the (conltrast between t le flora of the m(ountains and that of the foothills is tmarked. T''le( latter is largely of a low, shrubiby, thorny., lheguminillus, a('a('ia —ilike type, wvith ('ompoun)(1 leavn.s and tho(rny trumnks or stems c'((vered by Tillandsia (Spanish moss), alld largely of tllhe type of gro(wth known in tlie United States as chliparral. In thlo dry seasolt tilis flora )ro((lduces a irownisLr ish ladscat, as dsitis inguished from the evergreen of tlhe moLuntain r(egion. COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. 25 The limestone summits of the hills west of Yauco are covered by a remarkable growth of chaparral, including tree cactus, among which are organ-pipe forms resembling those of the California deserts and the tree opuntias of Mexico, accompanied by thorny brush, the whole draped by the epiphytic moss (Tillandsia). USEFUL TREES. The following Porto Rican trees are used b1y man: For timbcr and fc/. ---Algarrobo (pata te calba), ausulho, capta blanca, capa prielta, la urel sabino, laurel blanco, guayacan, ucar (ucare or jucare), estpejuelo, moca, Jnaricao(, mnauricio, ortegon, tachuelo, cedro, cojob)a, aceitillo, guaraguao, maga, yaiti, palo santo, tortuguillo, zerrezuela, guayarote, higuereta, tabanuco, Inora, hueso, hachuelo, i ileucedran. For cordage.-llMahagua a tall inalvace)uis bIush. For dycing and tanning.-Moca, brasilete, achiote, granadillo, maricao, dividivi, muora, gengibrillo, camasey, vijao, mangle. Resinous trees.-Tabanuco, pajuil, algarrobo, mamey, masa, cupey, maria, guayaco. Forest trees yielding fruits. —Pina, nispero (medlar tree), mango, guanabana, cocotero, aguacate, naranjo, jacana, mamney. Fifteen specimens of Porto Rican woods were examlined in the United States Bureau of Forestry. Nine (of them-namely, mora, guayacan, hueso, ausubo, ucare negro, pata de caba, ucare blanca, hachuelo, and algarrobo-were found to be very hard, close grained, and heavy, varying from 60 to 7(6.8 pounds per cubic foot. The wood filbers are strongly interlaced (''crossgrained'), giving a "tough," uncleavable character to the wood. Mora, guay can, hueso, and ucare llanca show a tendency to check and warp in seasoning, while the others maintain good form inll drying (out. The tendency to( warp in the former, however, (does not appear to impair their useftIlness for certain purposes. All are capable of high polish and require hbut little "tilling." Ausubo, ucare negro, ipata de caba, hachuelo, and algarrolbo are eminently cabinet wood(s (If great value and attractiv(eness, while mora and ucare blanca are less attractive for this l)urllose, but may have limited use. Guayacan and ausubo are especially adapted for small turnery, tool handles, etc., where great hlardness and wearing qualities are n(eeded. Pata de caba and algarrobo closely resemble tlme rosewoods (of comnmerce. With a permanent black stain, ucare negro and hachunelo are useful substitutes for ebony. Ausubo is similar in a)pplearance and a goodl substitute for the valuable "coccobola" (coccoloba), so much imitated by inferior woods. The remainder (If the 15 specimens, namely, laurel salbino, cedlro, capa blanca, capa lprieta, guaraguao, anl mnaga, are characteristically lighter, softer, and c(arser grained than the 9 species abotve mentionedl. All, hlowever, with the exceptiin of laurel sablino, are attractive in grain and suitable for finisling woo(ls. Guayacan resembles (huajacnin of/ficitale, and is probably (v. sanctum. It is exceedinrgly hard, brittle, andl difficuillt to (cut. it grows in (compn)arative albundan:e in thle enitinre mou i chait in and11 on tlhe southern (coast (If thle islandl, prodtucing a wool wilic'l is very solid ad(l resistant. ()ni tis acco(Int it is much n(s,,ghlt after in the shipyar(lis for l(cks anl Ipulleys, for splokes an(i tires, andl many other tilings wlic'h require great strengtlh. Ausubo) is tie clhief and mo(st u nsir tuimer on tlie island, being noted for its great duralbility. It someiwhat resembles a timl-grainel teak. It is 1used in tlhe making (f wagon spl)okes, which are turneed out by machieiiry in Ponice. It is close grainedl a(nd bealtiful ill colo)r, and should be utilized for veneering; it would mIliake m1o(st excellent frurniture. Pata de calba anld algarrlobo are either ( tlie saine (r cl(sely related species. The (lolr (f thelir woo)d is a rich blackisih brown, irregularly mottled(l, anId streakel,with areas of pale reddish brown; saIpwood lighlt,brown. WoofI tibers strlngly interlacedl, giving sminoolthed surface a "cu(rled" appearance. Very attractive(, cabinet, woods. Resemible forms of mle{squite, esp)(ecially' P'rosopLs odorala. Maga is a wIo,,l o(f rich chocolate-brown cIllr. Quarter and radlially cut medullary rays have a satiny applearance. Thle rich color and attractive grain of this w,,oodl shlould make it valuable for cabinetwork. The four best timber trees,of Porto Rico are the tabanuco, laurel sabino, ausul)bo, and guaraguao. Of these the ausubo is the scarcest and most liable to early exhaustion, its natural reproduction being only fair. Next in order is laurel salbino,, not so scarce, tiand repro)ducing itself wherever possible. Guaraguaom conies next, in considerable abundlance, with fairly good reprod(ltctio,; and1, finally, tablanuco, whiich is plentiful and reproduces frcily. Tihe last named is one of tlie finest, if ni)t the finest, tree foir hl,ggigtimi to be found in Porto IticMo, xowing to the straightn(ess of its,,le, freedomn from lower limnlbs, anl gradual tapier. Trees 5 feet in diamnieter, rising to a iiciglit of 50 feet without a limb, anret Ot umic. ) ommillon. The woodtl is not dllurablle if Iexiposed to thc wxeatllt.er, btl is used flor fltoor lbotards, ceiliug, etc. A lumlber dealer in New York places it in tlie same class comllnmercially with yellow poplar, 1bt, its grain is much lhandsomer andl it admuits of a much finer polislh. T'lie faict that it grows well in close, tpure standl is a gretat adlvantage from( a lumbering standpollilt. In mnany plarts (of tli islalnd it would not 1)e difficult to create within a short time, large areas of pliure tablanuico. In aldditionl t() timbl)er, thiis tree yields Lani i lmmieise (111ua1 tityv of og-umu, extensively 118(1 ly tli natively us y te nativs for antidles 1111 torches. If a pirotitable( lisI ('1could be founld for tllis glumll ((,r1,1o11m s lu:iantitties could l)e easily and clheaply collected. Palmns are l(perlaps thi mo()st uisefill of troes tl tlhe Porto Rican native, as tlhey furnisli food(, clotIting, shelter, andl ultelnsils. The palm leaves all largely 1used for r)ooing plirpose01,s and foir thle sides of louses. Thlie moricle pi all (1o(os (.urift) growxs ill dlapli, mItirshy soil fromn sea level to an altitude If 0()0 feet. Its fruit is used for food, both ripe and unripe, flie leaves for thatcht, flie pitlih ()f tlie upper portilon is used(1 for mlaking breiad, alld thiel sweet juitile extracted from the upper )por'ti(on (of tlie trunik makes 1a pl(asallt drink. Thie yagi oir ('abblage paln llas a flexiile and very dtirable bark, used tI() c(ve(r liluses andl to milakel' partitiio1s; also foir I)oxes to store clothliing ()r to transIport rice and c(ffeC. I Tlie royal palmn, t(]Ie (I)yure palmn, a1(10 tlie: corozo pb1atlml furnish fruit which is largely liusel for fattenoinmg sxwiI. Tlie cocoia paln is foundo in grlat umbers ()II t'he plains and coasts and is a Iprofitable pllant for ciultivation. Tlim external sheath (of thie cocoaintllt1 consists (of fibers 1tsed foir cor{dage( and for calking vessels. A fine oil is made frmn tle moeat (If t]ie (c'olotlant, which is used for lig]iting andl cloking. TIlie trvinks of tlle trels fturmnish the best palm boardIs for lio{uses. IHarhdly l1ss useful 1than th1 halins is the bamo)(i), 1 wxlich mnay be steen growinmg ('everywhere'. Its sttinm is 1sed( for femnce po1sts, telegraph poles, and in flie constnrction ()f lho)ses. The individual joints are aso) Used for tifentsils and flow(,rpo(s. IThe princ'ipal us( ()f wvoods (on til island at,r(s(ent is in the (constrilct,1i1 ()f tlle hllaxvy wx)-whel(Ied ()x cIarts, w1lici, ilxt to pack animals, are tli most,( geniral mean- ()f tratisporIation. Tise ca(rlts Ilavxe ]arge wlie(lis witii m1assiv{e ilbs, sp)oIkes, and fellies,,and are T ir 1(d wit iron. TIllesei wlifeels. Itli(' w()odl foi wli{l ('i)sts $20 pe1trp)ar, traot a1111. Istl tie ii(Itilly Itld ill (ramIIilily If ll'ilo, ad I luII)()In any r(oa s tilt, as bladl as Il(Iis( )f I barto iL) (n11 w l ie p 8racl ical Iy i lde111 str (till,. sTlie 11bs 11,ire made o)f g ya' a, t spo Is 111 f a4is{Iil, a(nd 1tihe and thle principal stocl:s of ltber ae tose sted fmor (eir sanufaPcttre. Il view ()f tlie( rapid (xt (elnsi8on (of alfoadaoizertd ro)ads over tIle island, it is prob able t})a{t11a thlese c{> arls will so n 1wea 11tiling (o t]l{e devoted touses in whichl their fine q(alities will be more appreciated. C()NDITIONS FOR]. I<E;FO(iESTIN~;. Porto Rico)t( presents a' intierestimg field for tl, pra'ctice of ecoI,noi{' fo)restry. The' climate, geo,(logic' strut;'ure,, and so~ils are all well I1adlaptedI t thu. groxwti l)f tre1,:. ald( tIle f(rest (l(8estion on this isl4and is lhat of r(,forestii, a defor'ested rcgion. Many bare mo{un 26 COMMEIRCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. tain slopes and summits which have been abandoned as agricultural land could be quickly reforested in this landl of rapid growth. This would ble profitable even for fuel, considering the high prices of that article on the island. The rough limestone hills of the sout.h coast are well adapted to the cultivation of logwood alnd fustic, which have Iteen introduceed into so many of the West Indian islands an-d now practically run wild..A. fair start toward a better a(dministration of the timber resources of the island has been made in the establishment of the Luquillo Forest Reserve by Presidential i)roclamation of January 17, 1903. The reserve embraces about 65,950 acres, of which possibly 30 per cent is government land, unclaimed by privat e owners. The amount of Federal forest land is estimated at 20,000 acres. The forest area extends considerably beyond the limits of the reserve, and it is proposed tIo have the additional tracts of forest eventually included in the rescrve. The central portion of the reserve is so rugged and mountainous that it is reported to be a practically unexplored, virgin, tropical wilderness. It includes the highest peak on the island, called El Yunque (the anvil), whose height is probably not moore than 3,300 feet, though it has Iteen rei)orted to be as high as 4.987 feet. The Luquillo range, of which that peak is the culhninating point, is the wettest )t st on the island. In 1902 the rainfall at La Perla, the only mneteorologic station within the reserve. was 140.75 inches. On the toj) of E1 Yunln(e, twelve hours withlout. rain is an exception, an(t there the annual record would doubtless be umich higher. EIven at La Perla, 500 feet above sea level, there are few nights in the year when no rain falls. With such an abundance of moisture, and a nmean annual temperature of 77.8~ F., tle Luquillo reserv presenits ildeal conditions for luxuriant forest growth. To these most be added the abundance of water power in the mnultittudle of streaims of higlh gra(lde and large voltume, present ing singularly aovantageous (olnditioms for the(, com — mnercial utilization of forest productts. On1 drawback is the (constant trade windl, which stunts and distorts the trees in exposed sitlations, so that abtove 2,000 f(eet such places are covered b)y little Inort than brusli. In stheltered localities and at lower altitudes, however, lthe (cmnstant, heat and tlhe abundant moisture p1rod(uce their natural effect. of a forest vegetation of tropiical ltxurian'ce. It is safe to say thati as soon as means of t rans)portal ion have been pmovided in gooId ma(cadamtize(l roads, the Luquillblo Forest Reserve will amply re)pay its cost. of maintenance, while nt tle sate time affording to several cities near b)y the booi. o()f an abundlant water suppIlly (of crystal purity, unpol(lutld by tle sourtes of cottamtination which turn si) many odtter Porto Rictian streams into carriers of (tisease. Thie natural outlet for lthe reserve, when land transportationi sldali have bteen provided for, will 1tro)1alIly be the i haroilr of Ilabia IltIttIa, south of Fajardo and netr thie village of (cilta, tone of the finest ltartbors in Porto Rlico, tlioutgh at presentl wlotlly unideve(loped(. It is landlocked, (deel) andl safe, and only half as far fromn the center of the forest area as San Jua.n. FISHERIES. Thle fisheries of Porto IRicot were made the subject of a careful study by I(lie Uniteled Stiates Cot!mmitissiont of Fish and Fislheries (now Blureanu o)f Fisheries'), a party in clhirgte of Prof. A.. W. verinann being sent t( the island i D01'ceinlber, 1<898, and renainIing tI Ire till the latter part of Feitruary, 189t. Thie results were p tublishied il 190(0. The status of titt m ri e a i slob ittt (t f Pl(ott.1Ri(to is i, determinied tby one salientt fact- lie island loas lt idlvy a:Iiv shalldow water on its c(asts. Practically all t he woirldt ti' ti s 'is r i re coitfied 1 t idelptlis less tharn GOO feet. T'Ihe gretat tis!tin grt(utdls, such as tlte )Dogger Bank'in tHee North Sea and the Rlanks (tf Newfounndland, are in very shallow water. In Porto Rico (t it( (OOfht -f Iit line is (lose ti lhe shore, particularly on the north atnd stouth sides. On the nort, a (le11tth of 3,000 fatlhotms is stooIt folundl, andl a little farther out, less than 100 miles offshore, is the " Brownson Deep,' onne of thle deepest holes o(i the globe, where soundlings otf 4,561 fathoms have bteen taken. On the east and west ends the narriow shelf fringing tlhe island stretches acrtoss to Haiti and to the islands to to the east, but even there the depth is considerable, 700 fathoms having been found on the east. and 660 fathoims in Mona, Passage ion the west. Moreover there are scarcely any bIanks or shoals. Probably thle only ones are in Motna Passage, and these are of untcertain depth aii(l location. With the exceptimon of San Juan, Guanica, and Jobos harbors (on Porto Rico), and Ensenada Honlda off Culebra Island, the entire coast is exposed, not only tot frequent stormns but to the strength of the tradtle winds, and for a part at least lest of every year, or even of every (lay, there is a heavy surf which beats against the rocky shores or swashes back and forth incessantly on thfe sandy iteachies, holding detached objects —rtcks, sticks, or animals —at its imercy. As a result, brackish-water, frec-swinllling, shallow-water, and surface-swimming fishes are notably abhsent, while there are many blennies anrd go)ties living in, under, or amotng the rocks and in the reefs; gotl)ies, chatodonts, and the like, in the tide pools or in holes in the rocks along the shore, and scarotitls and bhlennies amnong the alga). Among free-swimming fishes as a rule t)nly thiose species are well represented which live at sufficient deptlhs to preveint their being seritously disturbed by the ctnstant swa.shing along the shore. Airnotg mollusks, there is a great preponderance (of those species which, suchli as gasterop(o(ls, can cling to rocks, or whiich either burrow into rocks or live among their interstices. Blivalve shells are rare, exceptting those which either live in or burrow in the coral rocks or satnd. Startishes and sia. urchins, except those species which live in or unlder rocks or amioing the b1)rancding corals, are very rare, and such oiltier animals as lie exltosed ()n the botttoim, or which have no Slpecial imeans f mnaintainiig thier )po)sition, are poorly represent.ed or entirely tatset. In slihort, aill (lihe shiore species, not only of fishes b)ut of all other gr)ups, are those which have been able i() nmtintain themselves eithler by hiohling to som(ething, by b)urrowing or crTawling into the rocks, I)y living inl protected nooks and corners along ithe shore, by living in patcthes of algt, by burrowing in the sand, or Ity (lartintg inilt', protected places when the surf becomnies tioo strong. Tlhe peculiar physicai conditions just d(escrilbe(l also accountt for the scarcity of bnarine unammals and reptiles, andI for the apparent absence of co(iimeircial sponges. The o)nly iiarine mammial known frotn P(trto Rico) is thle inanatee, an(l it. is ()f very rare (tceurrence, owing, no (iubt()t, to the absence i(ff nroa(1t sluggish rivers in which it fin(ls its ftaviit(i tnvirtn m lent. Turtles a re also iincommiton. The specieis represente(d are staid to lie thI liiwkslbill andl green turtle, whiclt are rare, except atat tli iast end. The scart(ity if turties is doiubtless d(ime f, tohe atbsence of latrge areas (f shalhlow water with san(tly )tton. So far as knmowi, there is no species of alligator, crocodile, or seal abtout this island. What lias been said of salt-watter tisli applies in large measure to fresht-water fish, though of coturse for a (lifferen(t reason. The elevation tof most of tlie islan(il being c(nisi(lera)ble, andl the rainfall in somle pIarts considleratibly in excess of 10)0 inches a year, it follows that most ()f the rivers are torrential. Swift, turbulent streams at all t imies, thley }become veritabtle torrents dutiring heavy rains, carrying everything cauglut in Ithi current far out to sea.. Fish living in these stre(ans, in or(ler to escape being swept tut into an adverse envirotinment in the sea, have acquire(l tflie halbit of butirrowing or guming into holes in thie banks, where they are coimparattively safe, even during tlie griatest of th)(lts. In lBayamion River, for exattptle, thle seine was hauledt diownstretamn i tlie usual way, but scarcely anything was calghtlt. It was lihtorgilt that the fish might bte hid(ling in thle hole's un(ler lthe )anks, an(l acco(rdingly thle seine was stretched( lengthwise ()f the stream a few feet from the bank, then pulleti up against thle Iank. The holes und(ler the btank were then pro(ddet with sticks to scare oiut thle fish, andl the seine on being lifted was thieretiponn fitund well filledi with moron, guavina, ciatga, (lt.jato, anguilla, ciamaron, etc. The samue observation was made at Caguas in the Rio (aguitas and in the Rio Loiza. COMMERCIAL PORTO IRICO IN 1)906. 27 METHODS OF THE FISHERIES. The majority of the boats used in fishing are flat bottomed, though some have keels. Some are of schooner, sloop, and cat rig, an(l there are some skiffs and dories with sails. The lateen sail is in general use. Only at Mayaguez and Puerto Real did any of the boats have live wells inl which to keep the fish. The fishing tackle consists of pots or traps, haul seines, gill nets, cast nets, and hand lines. The fish pots or traps, or basket traps, are of simple construction and are worth from $4 to $10. The framne is of mangrove or oth(er wood and the lodly of split wild cane, wood-, or bark, wovenl in 2-inch, (i-sided meshes, all fastened together witlh calablash rlots, which are very strong, and, when water-soakeld, very pliable. The mouth of the pot is on the side with the reentrant a.ngle(, the entrance narrowing as it passes with a curve into the p)ot; a small door in the back permits the remnoval of the catch. The largest pots are 6 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 18 inches (leep, while o)thers are only about half as large. Bait is not commonly use(.d. Thle pots are set at depths varying from 3 or 4 to 30 or 40 fathoms, with stones or other weights to anchor them, the location leing larked by one or more buoys. Cast nets are in common use i n many places. They are fllnelshaped, the large en(d being 6 to 10 feet. wide, tapering off through its 6C to 8 feet of depth to a point to whic(h a line is attachled; th1 netting is 1-inch-stretelh mesh, with the l(1bottom leaded. If properly thrown, they spread wide open lbefore striking the water, an(l in this position sink to the bottom, after which they are im1e1(iately drawn in and the catch removedl. The value (f a cast net is $3 to $5. They are used along tile slor'( ill the surf for sar(lin(es and in the river nmouths for mullets. Hoop) n(ets are usedt1 toe some (xtnt ill tIle rivl(r 1u(111ths. 'Theyare funnel-shaped, 6 feet inll deptl, of 1 -ill(b-st r(' e ll,esll, and (lie moulth is stret'ched on a 6 1)y 4 foot hoop of 1poima rosa wood(. T}'y were se(e11 only in the lBayalmol River, where Ihey are used at lod(es or ile(l('nlal ti()s ill lthe banks, against whi'ch they( are p)laced( and hlle fish friglt(e I(Ied into I t loe llt. Fish wVe(irs or t1ral)s arI' used in the Bayamon Rive(r by building a hed(ge ()f can(ls across the streaam, with a galteway for passing (bo)ats. The h(fi(ge is made with pockets at various llaces (01 (each sidle, and tlle fish, in goillg uIp or down stream, (enter 1,s( pockets ianld are removed witll (lip nef(s. In solni streams 1( he le,(dges have, no p(ockets, l)(, finnrels ()f bamilboo )r ca,ne splints ' inserte(1' at l vaiols )laces. iish seeking a passage tllrolgh thell lidgel(' ('ilter llthese (c()(s anl b)eco)me(' w(edged, few escaplinlg. Trawl lines alrte used to so1me extent, chiefly a.l Agt.uadilla and Mayaguoez, gen(erally where( the water i5 s (veral fatl hom(s d(ee, and 3 to 10 miles ()ffsl ore. Each t rawl hlas fro n 75 to 20(l hooks fast (nedt singly t() sloo()(ls:3 feet l(ong and p)lae1 (l fle.t, aplari. Thl trIawls 1are baited with sardlines an(d anchored(l. F'or (dee(l-water tisling, froml 3 to 4 miles offslh)re, in water fr(om 60 to 500 f((eet deep, tI bolw 'rir is employ(ed, chiefly at Aguadilla and Arecto)(). This is si,11)]y a bow of strong wire, at ea(ch end of which is at tached( a sh()or1 lin]' having from 1 to 6 h1ooks; its value is albollt ""3. TIll' plrincipal specli'S taken with this apl)aratls s sai( to be the " ('cal)illa" or " re((I-hn(1." Trolling lines are used( to) som( exten(t, ('hi(ly at Satil J11.anl Apgladilla, and Mayaguez. Each line( las a single hook, 1baited with sar(dines, an(d fislh of large, size are usallyl tak(n. Thl(:foo(l fislles of the islan(l are nu1imero(us as tlo species, u).t, t lily fairly aldllnl(lant as to individuals. Thle ats(.11ce (f (xtensiv(, slioals or banks ath)t11. the island, the comIparati)vely lin-it( l( ar('a1 (If slla.llow water al}out tllhe river mouths, andl thli fewness an(I sm111ll size of lfth bays, are evi(lence that there can not 1be snuitalle feeding grlounlds to supipo(rt large numbers of commIi ercial tislhes. FISh INm)jDSTRY. at the several ports make a living l)y fishing, plantation work, and labI)r at thl( d(ocks mo ship ('argloes. The p)rofession,(al and semiiprofessional lislhermenl are estilmated to numllber rnearly 800, who employ abloult 3:50 sail and( row boilats. The c'('nsuis ()f 18)9 returned only 455 fishlermen, for thei re(ason, 11no doub)t, tltat iimany persons practice fishing (only at, i'rlrgullar int(ervals. In thel past tI((e best ()f the fishing was monIp(liz((led by a few persons wh)o b(ougllt, thle exclusiv(e right to tfish at the, most favorable localities. Rights werel( aldvrtise(l an(1 soll at auctioi lby thi.( public authorit ies, whio at som ll' )()orts impl)sedl a spec(ial tax. on all fresh fish landedl. All fishe(ri(s rwere( ill cliarge o(f the cat)lain of teil ( port, and anyonl wislling 1to( englg in tIhe l( Isiness hlad( to procu(lr a license anit 1)( e('nlle'(('I in lliel r'se'rve( naval force, licenses.eillng granted only to subjecl('ts of Spain. Boats wer( nu(lmbered(l and a( rec(',('d( kept of lic(ns(ls, men, appll)arattus,. and(, t() sme(: ('xtent, ()f t})(>l prll(dcts. Upo)n tIhe A mnricanl I ()('(,t1upation this syste. n (of granting exclusive fishing privileges was abolished bly olti('ial o)rder. The local fisheries may prove to 1)e ( of conisidera)le value, but tinme and capital will be neededl to (l(evel(l) them. The numtllr (of species ()f good food lishes is great, anlld( Iany impo)rtant sp(cie(s arte fairly alundilant, yet little attlention is given( to th('ir caplture. As a rule, thl( l()(cal markets are indifferently slupli(lled with rh fre ish, usually Iat l1igh p)rice(s. Only tlie few large fish are (lress((l; none aret (cannled,. and no(ne art c(ur(ed, exc('el') when a. large ('catch is made, a few b)(ing tlhen )po()o-ly ('ur'ed for t.ll, liel()l, 11s(0 (of th(e tishlerm(n. Tble species best alidapte((l fo)r c(uriing ()r c(a'ing are 1 ('(vet. () be ascertaill(ed. (heiap ice and1 quiick transp)o)rtalti(l ar t1 rw) i 1 )11 tant fact(rs in lie freshl-fish busi ness. a1d at lpre'se(nt 1)(111 I are l acking. I (ce is t() t)e 1p)ro('mi'ed lat very fexxw p1lac( ', and 111 10i1 p.e, " 1"2 to I)15 a. to., is.t)(oo ligl. The few short, line(s (f railway 11av(e no ( ex)r(ss )business, and no f(lesh tish are' tranlsp)(rted(l by rail. Withl few excel('tiolns the( comm()~on ra(lds are> s)o ])( that r (f(lnerchandlis(e ias I() I)(, carri(ed by lpac'k aliimils. ()Only pe(rsons livig,e('ar (l(e s(a o() rivers (ver ] a(e fr(esil fislh. TIle few ne(ts n)w 1 sl ai'(' i](anlinad(le b)y l( fishe(rmIlen, who) arl' se(lol 111 abl( to )lbuy more( t Illail a few b1alls of Itine lit at timie. I1l sIppl))ling tlhe island w-itli tlie lar(ge ao()iunllt (f ( ured fish reqliredill aniually, tetr(, will hoe ll1any c('lha1 (es, o()nI l>,ilg th(' (lis('cmIti uanI ('e o)f t(le( lncI(.-tli' ('r('(leit sysiv(,Ie. T( s(''cur(' r('t111r11. (.aroe()(s, the' shitp)ie',r sit 1)0' fam1)iliar witl t1ll( s1(gar '.11111 ('(ti'(fee industries. TIl(' Polto() ltiC'aiis a10(' lqi('ck to1) al)rIcl''il(' lo(w p'ric('(s, 111d wi(Ven l'l t le(1arn( tl g(,oo()(l (llit i('s ()f bo))e'l('ss isli, c'annled fisli, and1 sinlilar foods prep(Iared<l ilI thi' 111ited(l Stales a laIrg!e (deml nd for thl(se arltic'l',s m.Ily 1o'be ext)(I(dl. I n 1897 tlie' tot al ipoil}l)ts otf i isl('r'y p)ro)dlts('ts inil) Poro)o Rico( a nllmlit('(t t I)5 p)illnds 1),1' inhalldlitlant,. Ile( vall( of iIII)()mplted fishery prl( liocts for tle0 last. six yv(ars wvas 1as fll()ows: I Ml'()Or'I'S ()I' lSIlElVR PIRO())'iT INTO P')()ET() RICO((, 1901. T) '190(;. WlIEN(CE IMPO)RTF I). Il] i t(l Stt:'1 tO a....... O(thr cotIris..-...'.... 'lot 1........... 19 I Dolltars. 251. 75, 2;0, 112 1 9(i0 1903 Doll(rs. Dollars. 395,r 444 j (i.,370 3!(7, 9(i5 47 '2, (()l I_ _ n 0 I Dollars. ' 154, 110().30(3, 155 19)05 Dollars. 40). 7; 1 40(7, 5-1 1906 Dollars. 51. 4(902 514, 733 l, 02 )., (35 521. 70I 7(03, 40(1 10, 971l 517, 26(i S(S, 5,5 j i~~~~~~~ Th(rl climniatt (of Polrt Rlico,, wilti its mioontlis of wi'11111, (dlaiIp weatller, a11tl 1111(11 rain,, is veiry tr'vin ( o( rv fisl. If 111 Iprl)(erl y c('ur(l, (le'y,vwill s(oo 'turn r( ed (ir become)((l( soift atnd otle(-rwise Illunmark('tal}l('. Fish frolm lhe Unitedl St.ates wourltl p)I(ob)lal)ly hlave t) tO ) ('eiir(r harlltr'i' tIlan is custo.allllry folr lioeon (or oll(rth lrn dem(i and. Th(ey shl()oull w1)0' wll 1)ut 1( t 11o()l l avily saltedl andl1 w('el dried. December, Jamiua ry4, ebr uuary, and Mlarcll are t(li }bst,l liont hs for ( k(eping fisli iin goo(l ('cInit)on)il inl Po)rto() ico('. T'lie ltrgest (ldemand is in January, Fe'bruary, March, and April. If 'cannoed fish could l)(, furnisheld at a l(w price, tlheir sale wo(uldl nlo doubt largely illnr(easel s tiheiirr g(o(l (lqualitis 1)(cllamlle more( fully unIl(erstoodl. Fishing for a livelihood is not carried mon to, a large ext;ent anywhere in Porto Rico, and scarcely at all for spotrt. A f,w fishlernlen 28 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. MINERAL RESOURCES. The mineral resources of Porto Rico were made the subject of an inquiry I)y William F. Willoughby, agent of the United States Census Bureau (now treasurer of Porto Rico)), whose report appeared as Census Bulletin No. 6. lHe summarizes his results as follows: That Porto Rico possesses mineral resources that will be of great, value to the island in future1 years lhere can be no(, doubt. In their utilization the stage as yet has only Ilbeen reache(l where efforts are being made to deterninlie nmore exactly their ch'aracter and extent. Authorization for water riglhts amnd concessions of various characters are being constantly sought of tlie insular governiment,, and it is certain that when another invest.igation along the lines of tihe present one is made the phlase of inldustrial expll(oitation in respect to a numbner of minerals will have been definitely entered upon. At present the old Spanish mining law is still in force, b)ut a. new milning law is being (drafte(d and will be submnitted( to he legislature. Pending legislation relating lo tohe puIlic lands (terrenos baldios), no mining claims are being allowed on public p)roperty. (O)I,l}) SILVEI:, ANDI NICKEL. Numerous mining claims, both) for precious and for base metals, have been tiled sin'e tihe Aneri(c'an occ'lpation, Ilut with the exceptimon of a. lifittle pla(cer go(ld mining noie are worked. Th'', pllacer goldl mining is conflined to the (',rozal district, situnted sonme 25 miles soutthwest (f the( city of San Juan. Thelre are somle twelity o' mo1e11 miners of the jpeoll class steadily engage(l in tle work (of extracti'ing g()-l( fl(oll tle sandIs (f tIhe river Ivy ineans o(f 'an oIsc'illating miovemient of(It th(e hands applied to a wlooden disk in which tihe sa.nds are wvashed. From the best information l (tainalle tlhe valu:e of the gold thus seci'Ire(ld daily will aggreg-(t(,, appro(ximately, $25. Ani Aineric'an, who is the c(icessioilnnaire (of eleven mining ('claims in thlie Corozal (district, is preparing to op(rate on aim extensive sc('aIle by mell(is of a hydraulic plaiit. lie is an experienced miner, wh(o lihas inllvestedl a c(nsiderable sum (of money in ('xploration, surveys, a(nd assays in PoIrto Rico, 1and is said to be favorably impressedl with the m ineral wealth (of tlie Corolzal district. The executive ('COMncil (of Po(to Ril'i(( grantled to hiin, March 29, 1905, a franchise( ai.thorizing 11imn tl( (dlivert l(ie waters (of t lie Malbille River from their natiural c(mirse witl a view tI, obltaining tlie (ldeposits (f gold in the river' bed. Hie claims to hlave dliscovered the or(iginal veiins fromn which the de(posits in t.he river bed are derived. No mining for gold is at present (clarrie(d (nI in anly (ilier part (of the island, although there is evidence1a t hat placer mining was pra(,lti('(,( els(ewliere, partlicularly in the vicinity (,f San German, about( 10 miles smut.l('ast, (of Mayaguez on thei west, side (of thlie island. Twenty precious-metqal nmining claims lhave been re-istered,on the books of thlle bilure(au Mof mines, b!t, n (one are yet operated. All except two are for gold(. Sixtee(n a.ire l'oc(ated in c ie Corozal l district and n(ie eacli iii tHie (inaynilla, Toa, Alla, Luquillo, and N\aguabo!( districts. Tlhe last me1t11ione(I is for' silver andl nil.ckcl and 1c oIf the (Coi(zal claimns is for silver allnd otiler." With tille excep(t ol(m (f two Porto Rlic'ais, all the(s'e ('la.ills wIre re(gistered( by Almericans. Froi i t l,iq i, tin' ig lest fimo ltain on tlne isml( d, sithated neair lil rltheast exrmity, 1ani from alIj Iining mounlitlails, n1111 -'ero()us rive,'rsi flow down, wli('lch are known to I)e gold-be(aring.I Thle Mameyes, one( of tlie rielst, il gold, lias as tribut"aries tlw rivulets khnown as Fili li a (a i, I.Iileims, ' Iaga o, ILa. M1ina, LI a Maq(lilla, 'Taaulco('(, aid Allon. In tli e last nailedl s(omei, thiityveiglt y(iars ago soel worl'k waIs d(1(ie in thl waslhing ()f sandIs 1or aurife'ros alluvia, wilt an (ouitput ()f frm1 1 tIo 2 poundls of tinel gold per (lay. T'lie roc,'k' s 011(re ab! )(111antIly founld in ille waitershi'ed ()f MaeNye'vs R{.iver art? (,nrit(, a t~(nd porphlylry, cr()ssed wvilt vwins of quartz anlt d iron pyrites. 'I'lle alluvial lands occupy a g(od extension in Ille middle and lo)wver pa'ts ()f t(l(es(e watersheds, aed1 are (lopos()sed of c('lIv, sand. aid I)owlders, formiing de'posits (f analogous ilature. T'lii'r deptlti is vmariabl(c. Ii tlie valle(, o()f tlie Anmon tli'(' are sr e 51('its, fi'lm 20 tI 2G fee t e('ep, male in sl'h alluvial deposits with tlhe view o(f xphloitiing thle auriferous strala. The valleys of Corozal, Negros, Congos, Cibuco, Mavilla, and Manati rivers are known to contain auriferous sands. Corozal Valley seems to( have been carved by erosion from the calcareous soil, said to be o(f Tertiary formation. On tlie left shore, and in the bed of the river, the linmestone has disappeared, being replaced by heavy layers of sandstone, on which rest the auriferous Quaternary alluvia. The alluvial deposits increase in thickness with increase of depth, and gold is found very n(ea'r the surface in the higher and hilly parts, while in the great dieposits in the lower parts of the valley the aurif(erulls strata are covered by blarren masses. Near tlie source of the C'ongos River, in its (bed(1, and some 1() inclhes deep, pi(ces of (Iquartz have been found containing 120 to 150 grains of pure gold. In t.he Coro(zal distric(t som()e washing mac'hiniery was established,, and time result was from $2.17 to) $4.30 for each ton (of sand. Th'ere arc also gold placers in Mayaguez, San German, Yauco, and Coamo. The gold is found in nuggetfs of $2 to $3 value, rarely larger. In Fajardo( River a' pitece( was found which weigllced 4 o(1un1ces, and in heI( (Congos Riiver a piece which weighld l I)pound. The largest piece, found in the Co)rozal district, was sold for $200 in 1Ionlley besides certain valuables. In the bed o(f Filipina RIivul('t thelre were obtainedl froll 1132 pounds o(f sanld () grains (of pu're gold, whi:h Ilmakes 154 grains por t(Iln (f sandl. The Ila('cer mlinI('rs use an instrumeient called "gaveta,"' made of woood, shlaped like a pilate(, ]) inches in (liaimeter and 5 iiinch's (deel). On Malme('y('s and Corozal rivers, p(asants are seen washing the sandl, from vwhich they get enomugh gold to make a living. Spanish r((r(lrds mention silve'r (deposits in the northwesterin corner (of tlie island, in the mountains of A fiaseo) and in the: barrio (of Llamos, Isaollla distric't. The Spanish Government granted silver mine claims in Naguabo, C((ozal, Rio Grandle, Fajardo, Lajas, and Las Piedras. IRON, COPPERI, AND LEAD). Forty-sev(en claims have been registered for tihe baser metals, of which 3:2 ar(, for irion, 1i for (coppe('r, 1 for iro(n lan( copper, 2 for lead, anil I for pyrohilsite, a manganrese ore(. Nol' (of tliese were in a'ctive ()opirat o1n in 1902, a(d (lily t w() were repo()rted as c'arrying (oin ('xploramti( on aui assay. Practically all the iron mines are loc'ated in the two) (ldparimellnts (of (Gluayama an( ll nima'acao, at thle easteirn. end of hie island1, whilile most (of thl' ' copper mnines a're located near the western (nid, in the (ldepar'tments (of Mayaguez, Areoilbo, and Pon(ce, though 1t lie iiost importiant arte close to tlhe eastern seaboard. One 'laiin was (,stimate'(l t o,() contain at least 4,000,000 tons (of iro(n ore. Tlie min(rals ()f 'opper are bornitoe, native copper, green and blue ('arl)(mlatels, yellow copper sulphiide, ofteimn a'ccompani(ed by iron pyrites, anml iron oxi(les. Thlie co)pper o(ut('rops are scattered all alon(g tl(, ill( montmain rang(e that ('rosses tl1e islamnd fromi east tI) wvst. (tle ric'he(st being in tlie I)arrio o(f Rio) Illanco), districtt ()f Nagualbo. (lo)pper miining 1(egan iin 18t9. In the min. ('called " La Abiunmdan(c1i1," slt(, small (ex('cavations w('re made' and.he spll(,rfioial ('arnonate( was tmak(n (uit, an(d many toins (of ricl (I)re were thuls (lobtained. Similar resiltts wer'e obltainmdl in th ]ie Santa A malia, La (Cast(elana, and Santa Teresa miines, all l'oca.ted(l iln tie bamrrio of Rio Blamn. In t11' Iast-naii(l i,('(e. (oppeir indlit'at(ions werl' not((ed fromi the suirface to a delpth (,f 82 fleet, iust, as gre'(ein ('cari)(inal with 23: per cont of ()ppl)(,r, thelin as ferrifermous lo('iite(, andl in shil)' parts v('ry pure yvell()w suliI)]ilde. Ii 1879 10 tons ()f c'()I))('r siultli(ld' were obt ainled froml' tl.e(, Santa Teresa min(e, an1d 60 tons of copl)pr ('arbtiniat' frIn I the Sma na A mIlia. (ost (of tranisporit ati on finally c 'aussed tlie abmmnlomlmelnllt of the imnlistry. Lately some developme'ut work hias l'eein dolln' in tlihe samil re(gion. Thl' olre' is said o(1 1 (10 a )ymrrh' )(i(1.1 vein. t to.10 feet thick, ()f wthicl S ()to 15 inobes are well minieramliz(ed by m (If tille colpper stlphi(des, tIh(, ore( amv(,r'agiTg 10 to) 12 hper cent,By fair the best surfa('ce inliicatimis of irfm ()r(, are at tll' eastern (,idl ()f hO' islan1d, str'ethling (iut somen 10 miles in ain (,ast-west (direc' tioni, thlle town o(f Junos 1,ing n(ear tle western ('nd(. Considerale I prospecting lias lately beon tdone by an Ame(ricahn co(mpany (on COMMERCIAL, PORT() RICO IN 1!)0(;. these claims. Drifts some 2,000 feet in length in t(he aggregate, together with many open (cutsls, holes, and tren(lles, su1ceeded in developing ore iln (uantiti(es large enoulgh t(o have econolllic value, were it more a(lvantageotusly situlated wilh reslpect to shipment to the United States. Th1e oret is lhema'ti(te andl mlagnetite and will average close to 60 per (cent of iron. It is also low in lphosp)horus andl in sul llr. The othler ion ore i(licalio)ns, such as those (of Ponce, IUtua(lo, and IIumlllaaol), ((o nlot s(eem( to 1)( t1emipting (enoIlgh to invite exploration work. Good sa11ples o,f ga lena led, a o, have 1, een found in Arroyo, Mayaguez, and Naranjito. The Spanish (G(overnm( nt granted two claims in Gu(ayalla, one for lead and tlhe olher for argentiferous galena. Otlher mine(rals Imenltio(ne(( alre b)ismltll, in Ponce; pllatinum, tin, an( mnerculry inl (orozal; quartz crystals in the Rio Prieto; agate of good quality o(n Caja de Mur'tos Islan; mala chite on Rio Blanco; mrolybdena, mlagnetic pyrite, ianganite, limonite, chrysocolla, epidote, and garnet. SALT. The production of salt in Porto Ric( is confined to the southern coast. The process of solar evaporation is th(e only one employedl, and that in its inmost primitive form. The consumption of this article, estirmated from the best data obtainal)le, is al)out 15,000 tons per year. All the salt required for ho11(e consumption, as well as a large amount for export, coiuld be 1)ro(duced on the island, but owing to iinsufficient cai)ital (as alleged by the producers), lack of skill, or unfavorable weather, and despite the duty of 12 cents per hundred pounds on foreign salt. tlhousandls o(f tons of salt are annually imported from Curagao. The Cuiragao salt is sold in Porto Rico at 20 to 50 cents per quintal (fromn 10 to 25 cents per 100 pounds), whereas it is claimed th at with proper managenment salt can be produced in Porto Ric() at a maxiimumin cost of 10 (ents per quintal (5 cents per 100 plI1undsO). In 1902 the value ()f the p)rodu(lt (of the four salt works r(q)orting, two in Mayaguez, one in Ponce', and one in Guayama, was only $2,590. It, was stated(l that this small a.nmount was due( to the lheavy rains lduring that year, the amountt in (ther years having been six to ten times as muich. The F(rtuna salt deposit did not produ(ce in 1902, the hurricane of 1899 having (1estroyed the plant. The Carmen and( Montserrat deposits ar' sai(l to have in former years produced 25,000 to 30,000 quintals (5 n million t o 6 diilio p)(n(ns). One op)(rator states that w ith an initial expenlditure of 8$5,000 he could produce 100,000 quintals (22 million pounds) of salt. BRIJCK, LIME, AND P'IO()lSPiATE. Brickmaking is carried(l on all over the island, but is not engaged in continuously by any one estalblishment, kilns being baked from time to timle, as thel demand arises. An inquiry in 1902 showed that 45 kilns pro(duced about 4 million bricks, valued at $2)6,000. This makes the average price1 $(.75 per thlousand. Iowewvr, it is thought that tllis represenlts hardly one-third (of tl]( total, sinCe many operators were not reached at all. With the exception o)f an ox-power wheel for mixing clay, none:)but hand power is used. The clay is mixed with water in a wooden trough, the mass is then molded by hand in a wooden minold, the briks llhus m(ade are placed in stacks un(ler a shed to dry, then baked in a brick kiln. The product is not nearly so dural)le as that manufactured in the United States b)y modern machinery. Clay roofing tiles were extensively manufacttured in Porto Ri(ol at 0one time, but cheap iron roofing has driven them o(ut of use. The entire island is p)ractically one( vast limestone( deposit. This enables the production of lime for inlldustrial use(s to b)(e carried( on almost ev(rywhere, and on a small scale. Owners of quarries near points where limestone (Ir its prlo(hl'ts (are nleeded can find a mnarket for it at 3 to 10 cents per cubic mi(et(r (10.76 cuibic feet), the l)urchaser attending t) the work of quarrying and (lelivery. Trans portation is the main item of expense. Whenever the demand is such as to make the production of an oven of lime sufficiently lucrative, the farmer will p)repare (one and take it to the nearest market. Thus the productioln of liime in Porto Rico is important rather by reason of the large numllber of )prs(os lengaged therein on a smlall scale than on account of its colmmlercial value1. A (certain amount of lime is used by tie sugar factories to clar1ify sirup. Where tle lilmel is not to be had (on their own laln(, tle slugar reftiners usually obtain it from some neighl)boring deposit gratis. The limestone fo)rmations imay )be dlivid(edl ilnt) two, l'lasses —white and yellow. The re a(re also de)posits, few in numllller, of a1 llue litrmestone, somnewllat resembling granite formlation a(id much harder than either the white or the yellow variety. There are four Iphosp)hate-rockl mining claitms registeel'd( in the office (,f tlhe cormmlissioIner of the interior of Porto Rico —namely, the Fortuna, at Monte (1Grande, Cabo Rojo, Mayaguez; La Confianza, at Las lBoquillas, Manati, Arecibo; the( Trabajo, at Arenahles B1ajos, Isalbela, Aguadilla, an(l the Joaquin and1 San Jo)s6, of Ponce. None of them is at present in operaltion. Six unregistered phosphate deposits are known to exist-two in Coamol, two in Ponce, and one each in Manati and1 Isabela. The Palmarejo deposit in Coamno is said to have yielded, in 1902, 50 tons, of which 35 tons were sold for $105. The insular g()verlmnent is tli( owner of the largest known deposit of phosphate rock, situated o)l thle island of Caja doe Muertos, close to Ponce. This deposit was formerly operated on an extensive scale and thle product shipped to Germany. Operations have been resumned by Seftor Don M-igutel de Porrata-Doria. InI earlier statistics deposits of bat guano have been confolunded with phosp)hate rock, such guarlo beiing found onl rocks or in caves of phos)liatic character. MINERAL S'PRitN(S. There are four widely kniown miniel('l springs in Porto Rico, the waters o(f which possess imedi(cinal pr1oper'ties of no, mean value. Thmey are the Maria, of Coalinol; tlle.olores, of Arroyo; the Florencio, of C(aguas, anli tl( Quintana, (,f Pon('e. Tlie lirst-naimed spring is fainous locally ais a healthl rlesort, the(ee bleing a well-appo(ilted hlotel furnishinig accommlillations for 11) gttuests. Tlie waters are supplied( to) visitors in tile forml of hIot amill ('(ld baths andl for drinkinlg purpl)ses, blut have nl'i' ever beein lttiled, l)r has ally atteml)pt beemn Ia(lde to p)lut tlemli (oln tlt l imarkt. TIll sprimngs run from a soft red sanldstomle, at, ai altittllle of 196.S5 feet aboNve se5a lexvel, with a te(lmperature at point. of exit (of 43~ (C. (109.4~ V.). A n analysis h)y Quintanilla in 1891 sliowed thl t a1111o11mg fix(ed (,l(nll'ntls cal(cium and( sodium sulp)hat(es were(( far lrI'i(lomilltlmt, thle (ItlIter (4Iellients being nitrogel, oxygenl, lyd(lrogen sulpt1 idel(, f'ee ('carbtoni(c acid, potassium chllori(le, sd(lium ('llorid, s(oium sili(catl, siodiumi carbonate, andl ferrous c(arlbolnat.t, logt etler witli traces of tiannlt', nitric, and boric acids ani ll roilmi(e anl d lithlia. T li Flor(ecii springs are used (onmly b)y the family of tlie l)roprietor ani(l by othlers with sp)ecial perimission. 1Tlie waters 1live nev( (,er 1,(,nI ailalyzed(l (r put, o tihe Imarket, but l('al )llysi'ianis p)r(escri)be tllem for skin (diseases and stonilch tr bl)l(es. TIll' Quinltana, sprinigs have an e'Xce(ll(ent local reputationl, e('ing adminiistered1 in tll' form o(f b1aths. An analysis imade ini 1894-i sliowed1 tlhat lthe predo(l(miInait (leiment in the water was sodium clhlorilde, besildes which ozo()n(I, ox()ygen, (carl)bonic a(ci(d, miagnesium chlloride(, so(dilui sul)phate, potassiium1 silphlate, c(alehium sulphiate, (alcimn ('arl)o(mate, ferrous c(arl)boilat, silica, organlic mtmatter, and( tracles o(f ilamnganmese, an(1 l roltmine were presenlt. The Arroyo springs are io0t operated anld have 1not 1)een analyzed. MANUFACTURES. Asilde from the stugar an(l tobl)acco) factories mi(mmtioned elsewhere, the imianufacturing industry of Porto Rico is as yet, inmsignificant, tlhough vast water pvower 1and cheap labor )rotlmise( a consilderable (l('velo)pmlllt, il tl.e ftuturme. Two fruit-camnning establlishmIents (exist on the island, as the result of the develo)plmlmlt of pineapple culture. They are in operation 30 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. only during the season, which does not last over five months. In the Mayaguez establlishment the laborers (not counting those engaged in specialized occupations) clde incled, i 1905, 50 men, b)oys, land 80 w(oenlli and girls. The daily wages of the men ranged from 30 to 50 cents and averaged 44 cents, while the wages of the boys and women were uniformly 25 cents per (day. Both the men and the women showed great rapidity and expertness in the operation, alnd the work was carried ont quite as well as in an American establishment. A recent development has been thle manufacture of pineapple glace, or candied pineapple. The mIanufacture of guava jelly is a rapidly growing side line, 10 tons of this material having -been sold in New York during the last eight months, through the Porto Rico Commercial Agency, 91 Wall street. None but white sugar is used in its manufacture, wlile a good deal of this article fromi other sources is made with brown sugar. The bitter orange, growing almost wild in Po>rto( Rico, and( never before utilized in exlports, is now beginnillg to yield a marketable article in the form of marmalad(. At San Juan there is a macaroni factory which works six (lays in the week and eight hours a day. Three-fourths of the emp)loye es are woimln, ecarninlg 40 ceii ts a day. Planing llills are in operation at San Juan, Mayaguez, and elsewhere. The lumber used is Georgia, an(l Florida pine, n(o native wood(s })(being ha(ndled. There are somIe slhoemaking (estab)lishmlents, in onle of which, at Ponce, 14 shoemake(rs were eniployed(, but no machinery is used, thle work being done by the simpllest tools. The same is true of (lresslnaking and tailoring. A cotton-ginning plant has been (established at San Juan. The manufa(cture1 of palm-leaf hats is spread all over the island, its principal center being Cab)o Rojo. The palm leaf is split into fine strips which are braided together, the braid being then stitched together to form thfe hat. All the work is done by hand, mostly in the hbo(es of tlem peasaints, but there are also factories levoted to1( this in(lustry-one at San Juan, belonging to Angel Suarez; an(l onei(! at Polnce, belonging to.J. (abrera. Thes(e hats are '( iglt, pliabl1, attractive in color, being a light, yellow, very durable, an(d have the great advantage that they can be washed. Theo drawn work and embroidery nmade by Porto Rican women has long been a(ldmire(l for its lbeauty. It is pro(lucee1d in the homes of the pe)ople all over the islandl, but there is a factory dlevotedl to this industry at San Juan which e(inlol(ys abl))ut 200 hands. INLAND TRANSPORTATION. The problems of transportation in Porto Rico are (omnparatively simple. As the island is only about 36 miles wide by about. 100 in length ther( is not a point on it that is more than 18 miles from ti(le water, in a straight line. The distance to the( nearest port is of course in miiany cases (co()siderably greater. Thus tle lad(l transportat.ion is of slight. iiiiportance comp)ared(l with the sea tranisportation in ftle 'oImierce('( of Port)o Rico. Y(t tIt land tralspiortation has hithert () been the moior(e (lilicult of the two p)robllems. As st-ated elsewhere, nearly thle entii' surface of the is]land is i()uiuntain(ous, with only a. narr1ow frilge of level lad(l al)ong the se(ash()ore. The soil is almost (everywhere (1dep, and the rainfall, in tie larger part of the islan(l, abundant, eve(n excessive. As a c(mnsequeii((ce, roa(lds, udless binilt, ithi t4he lit moist c(are ai(d (of th]e mi(st. solid( materi.al, are quickly ruined(l by (hle actio(n of running water till tHl(y bec(me il)mpassable for ve-licls:l d lud ar1(ly p)assaile c'cv t'l fo(r pack trains. A cc()mid iigly, when lthe Amn( ri(T Is occupied tihe islalnd., 1ley f fiu1d a few tirst -( lass ri(ads and elsew(here hardly anythliing liut bri(dle pIaths, on whiilch mullhle trains or wagons drawn b}y (oxe( transpoirmted coffee, slgar, an(l tol)bacc() from ( te interior to tIl) ports. A trip> from Maiunallbo ()1 the soultheast (colst to Mayaguez onl the west co(ast cost mnre tn'( liai ta'rip to) New York. The first-class rioads were those from San Juan toi PoInce with a br~tanch from ( t',tyciy to Guayamaln n from Agurladill aa to Sin schl,,Astiall, and fromn tlle porlt of Ponce to A djuntas, Thcc Sail Juan-Poiic(~ military road is a marvel in its way, with culverts and bridges of solid masonry and everything constructed( in the most solid fashion. It is sta.ted to have cost from $14,000 to $25,000 per kilometer, or $22,500 to( $40,200 per mile. The Cayey-Guayama road is nearly as good. ROAD 3IUILDIN(I. The question of road building was taken up immediately on the Amnerican occupation, with the result that, whereas the Spaniards from 1859 to 1898 built 268 kilometers (167 miles), or 6.78 kilonmeters (4 miles) per year; the Americans from July, 1898, to the end of 1904, built 280.8 kilometers (174 miles), or 51.1 kilometers (32 miles) per year. Porto Rico has had an advantage over other countries in that its system of roads, instead of Ibeing allowed to grow up haphazard, was ptlanned beforehand for tlhe whole island by competent engineers, selec ting the shortest routes an(l the easiest grades. The policy has been to )build roadls first and bridges afterwards. so that Imany first-class roa.(ls now cross rivers through fords, but solne sublstantial bridges a(re b)uilt every year. Most, (f tlhe roads Iulilt sinc te the American occupation are extensions o(f preexisting roals, but two important new roads have been Iuilt —that from Arecil)o to Ponce andl that from (aguas to Iumacao Playa. A glance at the map at once shows the importance of tlie Arecibo-Pon(ce road, crossing the island a little to the west of its center, in a nearly straight line from north to south. Tlie distance from Ponce to Adjuntas ha(l been finished )y the Spaniards; the rest is nmew. The last section was finished July 1, 1904, and the road has since been open to trafiic throughout its lemngth. It shortened the time of travel between San Juan and Ponce l)y at least three hours', until railway connection was established around the northwest corner of tihe island, when travel bly rail from San Juan to Ponce afforded a further economny of time. TIle road is of firstclass construction through(out and presents a panoramia of magnificent scenery, rivaling the views of any of the famned roads o(f Europe. As its attractions become known, it will undoubtedly grow in favor with touriistS. Thle salutary effects of r)oad extensi(on arc marked1. Fromn tile fim)ished roads, thle )roal-tread, liigh-whleel ox cart is slowly but surely disappearing, and the lighter, cleaner, and more scientific vehicle, the American wagon, is comning to tihe front. The saving in cost of trans)portat ioin is (est imated at from 50 to 70 per cent of the former figure, and in so(le inistances it is mumch larger. From the town of Utuado, located in. the cenmter of anm extensive coffee section, the regular charge for carrying 100 pounds of coffee by pack train to Arecibo, tlie seaport, over tlhe ol(d trail, was $1. Now, over a well-)built highway, through a country rivaling the mo()st beautiful sections of Switzerlandl in s'eenic effects, a team of mules hitched (to an Americman road wagoin.hauls a full load mat 10 cents per 100 pf iunds. The ('ane growers inl tlhe Are'cibo Valley, who formerly paid 10 Cents per 100 )oundls for hauling their sugar to tlie railway station, now pay only 3 or 4 cents per(' 100 pommun(ls, and save thousands of ( nll11ars annually. Porlo IRic(( beimng pra('ctically onet b)lock of limestonle covered with soil to,( a varying d(epthl andl wit} I all uvimuml alonlg tlie coast and in the valleys, road-mnaking maIterial is fairly abunmlant, so that in most Iparls t(e road(l can be co(' (nstructedl fromm th(i m productis (of quarries near 1 by. Tim ave(rage cost of mnaintaining a conmI)plete(d road has l)(n steadily redu(luced until in 1905 it. was.292 per kilonimeter ($470 1)(r mihe), an(l in 1906 it, was fur'th(er red(lu'ce(1 to $201.77 (,$325 per Imile). It hial 1been estimoat ed that te( (( cost could be red(uc((ed to $190 I)(r kihlomter ($306 pe(r mi le), b)-ut tllis hope was frulstrate.( by the genleral rise in wages, owin t t( (1(' ldemlandls ()f tl (' stugar and toblacco indulstrie s. Alimiost a gr(m(ral increase o(f 5 (cents 1)per (lay was made in tl(1m wages ()f tlIe lal)()orrs, but, even this, at time1s, was not enlough in(luceiment to 1I)ring tlhe laborers to () road wiork, whic'h was therefore (' arrietl n witl a ve'ry limitedl for('('. Th' (cost of tIransportation had ials( increasedl, amounting in many sectios to ass much as 50 per (.cent. For instance, carts fromn San Juan t(o (Caguas, whichl in 1.905 i made the trip for $8, were scarce in 1906 for $14 per trip. To give COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 190G. 31 an idea of the cost of new roads, it may suffice to mention that the cost of building the 21 kilometers (13 miles) of road from Jayuya to Alto de la Bandera, with masonry culverts and bridges complete, was estimated at $165,075 ($7,861 per kilometer or $12,697 per mile), whereas by building some of the culverts of wood, where masonry or cement were not absolutely needed, and bIy omitting certain bridges, the cost was reduced to about $50,000. The wooden structures will, of course, be replaced by permanent ones as fast as they are needed or funds permit. All engineers agree that the "regular maintenance" is the least expensive, following the principle that a stitch in time saves nine, for it is easier to patch up small holes as soon as they make their appearance than to mend gulleys or unmud holes after they are formed. However, even with constant care, it is not possible to protect the roads against damage by the heavy rains, especially since the exuberant vegetation tends to choke the (titches faster than they can be cleaned. To build "dirt roads'' in Porto Rico would be a waste (,f money. The foundation of nearly all the roads is a loam, clay, o(r decolmposed rock (tosca), which when wet turns into deep, sticky mud. Hence a road, in order to stay good, has to have miacadam —that is, broken stone —for its bed. If neglec(ted even for a short time, it quickly becomnes imnpassable. Hitherto new roads have been bluilt largely with the ''trtlst fund," namely, the duties collecte(d on Porto Rican imports into) the United States before the establlishient of free Irad(e, which were turned over to the insular g(overnlmcnt, amounting finally to about $2,400,000. This money has b1een spent onn roadls and bridges and on s (choolhouses until in 1904 there reimained a balance of nrlyv about $225,000. As the maintenance of the (existing roadls requires an expend(iture (of about $180,000 a year, it is estimated that when all the roads now planned are completed the. cost of maintenance will amount to nearly $500,000. This mIeans that the funds available for building new roads will be imore and more diffictlt t.o prcwure. Imnpressed with this c(onsideration, the insular government has for several years (liscussed the advisability of a loan for ithe pirl)pose of comnpleting the Ietw)ork o()f ro(ads. A }bill 1to that effect becainme law on February 13, 1907, and $1,000,000 worth ()f bon)(ids were sold in March. It is expected that the stimulus which these roads will give to industry will lead to such an increase in revenue as not only to pay the interest on the bonds but to redeemn them before long. LIST OF INSULAR (MACADAMIZED) ROADS IN POR()ITO RICO FINISIIED ON JUNE 30, 1905. [)ne' kilowintcr- 0.1'2137 mile.] RAILWAYS. A necessary complement to the system of macadam roads is the railway system. The interior of the island being mountainous, a transverse line of railway would be very expensive. As there is little overland trade tbetween the different. ports, which trade direct with American wholesale houses, a line of railway across the island would hardly have traffic enough to yield a profit; on the heavy investment required. Accordingly the board of public works, desirous of supplying the most urgent needs first, decide(t to adhere in the main to the plan elaborated bly the Spaniards before the American occupation, namely, a belt line of railway close to shore around the island, leaving the interior to be served Ily the( macadam roads. It so happens that the land through which the railway runs is the sugar land, which at present raises the most valuable crop. The sugar estates are either situated on the line itself or have short branches running to their establishments. The coffee and tobacco plantations are situated among the hills and mountains of the interior, and their prodlucts have to be brought down to port or to the railway station either by wagon on the inacadaim roads, where they exist, or bIy oxcart or mule train where roads are yet in their l)rimlitive conrdition. As fast as thte traffic justifies it, branch lines will ble run into the interior. In this work the abundant water power in many of the valleys is destined to play a decisive part. It is stated, for example, that, a line from San Juan to the Caguas (district would be of easy grade, thoulgh with many windings, and that Loiza River wou(ld afford ample potwer for working the road bIy electricity at very low expense. In this case the traffie wofuld niot have to be created(, as the existing trafftic over wagon roadls wouill l)e moore than is requ(tired to make the road pay. Thus th(e routes o(f trainsportation, when fully deve:hloped, will probably coinsist of three systems: (1) A belt of st.eamn railway along the coast; (2) electric lines in the valleys where the grade is not too steep; (3) macadam roads wherever railways are not practicable. When the island became an Amnerican possession, on October 18, 1898, the railways existing and in opera.tion were those built uinder franchise with guaranteedl interest, by te( C(ompafiia de los Ferrocarriles lde Puerto Ri('co, a French company, as follows: RAILWAY MIILEA(;E IN OPERATIO(N IN (PO)RT)O RICO OIN ()CT()IER 18, 1898. l. ilo- Mis. it'OAD - I m(,ters. ~ Al i I vs. IO)AI~). San Juan to Ionce....!'once to Areci)o...... Catnuy to Agoadilla. - - Aguadilla to Ltar(s.... Afiasco to Mayaguez.. Mayaguez to Las Marias.................. Mqa.yagiwz to Yauco... ConsOume toward Maricao.......... --- —--- Mayagl Iz- Yauco road, tow'ard Ca:t)>o RIojo.. San (hGernln to Lajs. Alto ]1and(cra to Jayuya...........-. — Ailbonito t() Barr:nquit s..............Barranquit is to lBarros.................. C 11)1i o t I 0 o t o l1 o Springs.............. Ponee to G11. yqama..-.. Ca ey to Arroyo...... Arroyo to I'atillas.... Cidra to Lats ('rnC<s._.l Yabnrcoa to MNan1ltl))o. Ii ilmacato to YaI)no) -. ii ilo-.., 3 11)S.4.2 t!). 0 24. 2 135. 0 81. 7 42. 3 37. 8 9. 3 2;. 3 44. 2 7. 0 5. 0 51;. 0 II33. 0 0. 0 15. 0 S3.!: 50. 8 21. 3 o3. 5 5. 6i 1;. 3 '27.5 4. 3 7. G 2. 3 '2. 5 4.7 5. 0 r'agils I~() ]illacao (:glS to Sani lor(llnzo.............. (I't g 11 a s t (o, g I a s Blllls ---—.-...-...... Itio idr')s Irt N,giiTrojilho Alto........ (Catlflo toward (1''g:i A It ) - ol --- —---— l -irll li viilllloll tol wltr]d Com Ic{'i()............... li yanion-(' o. r i ( o road toward Nartl - jito.................. Itcyes (MItolicos fridg(, to ('()roz,,I —..-.-. —. —.M;>nm i to Cials....... Man,(li-Ci:)l(s road to M or()vis-.......... N:tgimbo to Ngila)( I Pl'aya................. To1;il in ISg.S..........:;. 0 24. 5 iS. 3 5. 1 5.(; 43. (; 15. 2 II. 4 LINE ()F ]IAILWAY. It SMiles.On the north: San tilaui westward to (C iy.............).......... 62 Martin ]'na to Carolij n..................... 14 9 On the west: Agulllilla to. M1yagz......................... 54 33 On the south: Ya'ic to 1t o 1'nc....-..-............ —.-........- 35 22 Total..........-).......0...-... -....................... 2; 126 There were also twIo short lins under franl(chtises granted tI() Pablo I!barri and ItIlnoun Valdes foir tralmmways oplratedll tby st(eam poI)w(,r. The tirst was gramited Fe)truary 18, IS78, for sixty years, fio'n San uttaIn t ill Pieds, ma (lisltance ()f 12 kihtlm( t'(rs (7 1mills), gag1 0.1.76 ce(ntiill) (r (:U i1lich(s) t(I s('ecind( for a peoril(od o(f severity ytears, from CIalafi(o 1)) lavaimon, a (listanic (If 7.5 kilom()eters (1.7 miles), the gauge loim, I 1met1r (39 inllcs). Thler( was also( a 2-foo llt aug, rtilwa in opelratinl lctwclen Maya(uez 't1)ald Al() San(, 1)ar San S(lsia, this liWmg a.)o p(rion (of 17 kilomotei5rs (10.(6 ile(s1 ) (of th li), 111 15 kiimotris (29 nmiles) Ilng 1,(to be buill between Mayavguez:(1dl Lares, via Satin Sebastian, under a franchise grantled in thme year 18.9( to J. T-onmabells. This rl(adt was openedl to 11iraffic in Janiariy, IS9S, lmt (was uns,,)uccessful finimancially anl collalpsed i D)ecemler, 1e902. 111e C(ompafia 1,de los Ferrrlcarrilhs de Puer)to Rio), to) sttle its claims against tmhe giovemrnmint of Porto ioI, hlad its franmchise renewed un(ler an ordlinance ( of the execuitiveI c((nlTcil dlat(ed Octo)er 28, 1901. 4.0 2.5 I6.0 | 9.9 11t.7 i 7.: 7!)2. 4 412. 4 284. 1 I 171;. -5 By June 30, 1907, it is (,expel)cted lhat tlie total length will amount to 805.5 kilomneters, (,r 500.5 imil(,s. 32 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 190G. Thei American Railroad Company of Porto Rico, successor of the old com)pany, has continuedl construction under the nfew franchise, and 43 kilometers of railroad between Hormigueros and Yauco were opened in October, 1903, finally connecting the cities of Aguadilla and Mayaguez with Ponce and Yauco and giving great impulse to the sugar-cane industry by the facilities afforded to the transportation of cane to tlhel different factories from the rich valleys traversed by the line. Extensions of the track have been made as follows: From Carolina to central Bullena Vista; from the main line near Arecibo to that town; from the main line in Mayaguez to the harbor of Mayaguez; from th(e main line in Aguadilla to the harbor of Aguadilla. The line from Ponce to CGuayamla comprisedl in the franchise of the American Railroad (Com)pany was assigned, with the consent of the executive council, granted bly ordinance of July, 1902, to a corporation called( "American Railroad Company, Central Aguirre Operator." The line is about 56 kilometers (35 miles) in length, of which over 25 kilometers (14 miles) had been constructed at the end of 1904 an(d are in operation for the transportation of sugar cane to the (Central Aguirre. At the end of 1906 the belt line, which is ultimately to encircle the island, was in the following condition: The gap of 43 kilometers (27 miles) at the northwest corner, between Camuy and Aguadilla, had been filled in, and on January 1, 1907, through trains began to run from San Juan to Ponce, or around the western half of the island. At the south, on the line between Guayamna and Ponce trains were running between Guayama and Santa Isabel. In the interval from Santa Isabel to Ponce, the work was about half done, and it was expectedl that connection b)etween Ponce and Guayama would be establlished lby the end of 1907. Eastward, the line from San Juan had not been extended beyond Carolina, bult a line between Mamneyes and Naguabo is being built. Thus by the end of 1907 the )belt line will be practically completed, except the gap between Naguabo and Guayama, a distance of so0me 35 miles, where no railway has yet been planned. In a(ldition to the above, the Anmerican Railway Company of Porto Rico is un(lder contract to build before January 1, 1910, a line from San Juan to Naguabo on the east coast, via Caguas andl tHumacao, and fromn Arecibo to Aguadilla via Lares, with a branch from Lares to Afiasco. In this way the rich coffee district around Lares will secure two outlets to) tide water. Of late the company has greatly increased( its rolling stock, 9 new Baldwin locomotives and 331 cars having been pIurchlased. The number of passengers carried increased from 125,697 in 1902 to 179,175 in 1904, while the tonnage hauled rose from 116,210 tons in 1902 to 348,405 tons in 1904. The total gross receipts during these years increased approximately 72 per cent, from $227,769.57 to $391,890.28. OCEAN TRANSPORTATION. Among the statistical tables forming the appendix to this monograph will be found a list of the steamship lines engaged in trade between Porto Rico and the United States and between Porto Rico and foreign countries. Besides the vessels of the regular lines, tramp steamers call at irregular intervals, and many small schooners carry on coastwise trade among the ports of the islands. Four lines of ships at present connect Porto Rico with New York. NAVIG(ATION AT CHIIEF P()RTS. Porto Rico has nine ports (of entry, namely, San Juan and the subports of Aguadilla, Arecibo, Arroyo, Fajardo, Humacao, Mayaguez, Ponce, and Guanica. The relative importance of the principal ports is shown in the following tables: NUMBER, CHARACTER, AND TONNAGE OF VESSELS ENTERING SAN JUAN, PONCE, AND MAYAG(UEZ, FISCAL YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1905 AND 1.906. SAN JUAN. 1905 1906 NATIONALIT-Y.,O]IlSt. Stl. Sai team. Sail. Ves- T onl- Ves-i Ton- Ves-' Ton- Ves- Tonscels. nI;ge. sels. nage. sels. nage. sels. nage. _........ Americatl............ 184 522, 629 35 25,982 215 720,859 52 38,151 Foreign............ 129 367,493 25 4,419 128 401,482 20 3,131 Government vessels: American...... ---. ---- - ------- 73- ------ Foreign-........... 2.......... - Other vessels........... 18 PONCE. American.......... 78 234,673 32 18,566 111 332, 499 41 25,616 Foreign............... 123 277,654 36 6,037 108 276,371 33 5,270 Government vessels: American-.... 3. —..........- -- 1 Foreign.............. — MAYAGUEZ. American............. 61 189,092 19 5,088 92 308, 945 25 9,185 Foreign............... 73 132, 459 31 4,215 80 153, 607 20 3,025 Government vessels: American...- 9......... 17................. Foreign 1 - 1.1......... This does not include the visits of vessels exclusively in the coastwise trade of the island. Of these there are 3 small steamers and 54 sailing vessels ranging from 6 to 69 tons. FOREIGN TIAIDE) OF PORTO RICO, FISCAL YEARi ENDED JUNE 30, 1906. Exports. Imports PORT. from foreign countries. Unitedl Foreign Total. States. countries. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. San Juan......1.. 1,488,358 7,193,140 911,922 8,105,062 'once....... --- —..... 789, 672 4,645, 451 1,068,218 5,713 669 Mayaguez............ 219, 441 1,152 149 1,109,277 2,261, 426 Aguadilla-.... --- —--- 17,488 368, 785 553,974 922,759 Areci bo....-......-..- 52,157 1,019,051 301, (42 1,320, 693 Arroyo.................. 25,135 2,950,865 50,838 3,001,703 llInuacao -.. —.. ---..-.. - 4, 445 725,266 35,514 760,780 Fajardo.... --- —------ (6,088 1,087,754 83,684 1,171,438 Total..-....... 2, 602, 784 19,142,461 4,115,069 23,257,530 The ports of San Juan, Ponce, and Mayaguez are the only ones that collect harbor dues. In the year ended June 30, 1906, the totals of dues collected at these ports were as follows: San Juan, $20,829; Ponce, $3,615; Mayaguez, $2,783. PIL(TAGE, PROVISIONS, ANID D()CKAGE. Pilotage is compulsory for certain vessels. There are pilots at the principal ports, who come off in small boats to vessels making signals outside the entrance. There are no seagoing towboats in the island. In some of the harbors there are large steam launches which sonmetimes assist lighters and vessels when inside. Provisions, ice, lumber, and some ship chandler's stores can be obtained at San Juan, Ponce, and Mayaguez. Some provisions can be obtained at other places. Coal for vessels can be obtained at San COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. 33 Juan. There are machine shops at San Juan and Ponce, and ordinary repairs to machinery can be made. There are also small machine shops at other points on the island. The nearest dock is at St. Thomas. This is a floating dock; length, 280 feet; length of keel, 288 feet; inside breadth, 72 feet; greatest draft, 21 feet; capacity, 3,000 tons. The New York and Porto Rico Company owns the only modern pier in existence in Porto Rico, situated near the head of the inner harbor of San Juan. It was built some five years ago, then destroyed by fire, and afterwards rebuilt in first-class modern style, the pier itself being of concrete, the freight shed of corrugated iron. HARBOR OF SAN JUAN. San Juan is at present the only good harbor on the island. It consists of a deep indentation of the north coast in the eastern third of the island, being one of a series of lagoons cut off froIl the sea by coral reefs and gradually filled with sediment by the rivers. The bay of which the harbor is a part runs in fromI the ocean in a southeasterly direction, being separated from the ocean by the long, narrow island on which the town of San Juan is situated. Just at its western extremity this island becomes wider and projects southward into the bay in a triangular spur of land called Puntilla Point, where the naval station is situated. Inside this point is the inner harbor, completely protected on the west by Puntilla Point and on the north by the rocky ridge on which the city of San Juan is located. Thus, so far as natural conditions are concerned, this is almost an idQal harbor. Its great drawback at present is its shallowness and the narrowness of its channel. The available depth of the present harbor can not be said to exceed 24 feet, and the channel and anchorage ground are so restricted that even comparatively small ships are obliged to make many maneuvers of backing and starting to turn within the deep water, while larger ships find it difficult to enter. Thus the IT. S. S. Louisiana, which conveyed President Roosevelt to Ponce, had to wait for his return to that port because she could not enter San Juan Harbor safely. Investigations by Prof. William HI. Burr have shown that the harbor could be dredged to a sufficient depth without difficulty and at low cost, and the natural conditions are such that it would admit of almost indefinite extension. The material dredged co-uld be used to fill the marshes east of the inner harbor, which would afford muchneeded space for the expansion of the sadly crowded city. It is estimated that the value (f the land thus reclaimed would amply suffice to pay the cost of the entire dredging operations. A glance at the map shows that San Juan lies directly in the path of vessels from Europe to the prospective Panama Canal, and if the harbor were made accessible to vessels of large draft nmany of them would make it a port of call, which would largely increase the business of the port. The value of the harbor to commerce in this respect may be gathered from the distances shown in the second column of the following table, courteously furnished by the Bureau of Equipment, United States Navy: 29764-07- 3 DISTANCES BETWEEN SAN JUAN, P. R., AND SPECIFIEI) NORTH AMERICAN ANIi EIUROPEAN PORTS. Nautical San Juan to- NMieal miles. North American ports: HIalifax.............. 1,594 Boston................ 1,485 New York.......... 1,407 Philadelphia...1....... 1,372 Baltimore...-... 1,:... -,397 Savannah.............. 1, 164 Galveston.............. 1,702 New Orleans.....-..... i 1,539 Vera Cruz.........-... [ 772 Colon (Panama).1...... 1.004 Haban.a 4.............. 984 San Jan to- Nautical Sarn Ju.iian to-les. In miles. European ports: Liverpool.-......... London (via Ilymouth) tamburg.............. Antwe rp............... lHavre —.. —........ Bordeaux..........,. Gibraltar......... Genoa-..-............. Naples................. 3,593 3,812 4,131 3,867 3, 652 3, 641 3,374 4. 230 4,349 These distances suffice to make it certain that when the harbor is put in proper condition many vessels will regularly stop there for coal and other necessaries on their way to and from Colon, and probably to Mexican and Central American ports. On March 2, 1907, the President approved the river and harbor appropriations act, which contains the following item: Improving the harbor of San Juan, Porto Rico, in accordance with the report submitted in House Document numbered nine hundred and fourteen, Fifty-nintlh Congress, first session, one hundred and fifty-seven thousand five hundred (lollars: Provided, That the Secretary of War may enter into a colntract or contracts for such materials and work as are necessary for the prosecution (of said project, to b)e paid for as appropriuatiols may from) time to tioll(m be made by law, to an amount not ex(ee(dilng in the aggregate six hundred thousand dollars, in a(llition to the amount here appropriated, and in the prosecution of the same may b)e includled thle (Iredgilng of the entrance channel and areas to the(l east of Puntilla de la Marina for passage and anchorage, of three hundred and ninety-eight thousand six hundred square yards to be (dre(lgedl to a depth of thirty feet, and seventy tl s thousand two hunldred sIlare yardls to a depth of twenty-four feet. By this act, $157,500 is malde immledia(ltly available, and the Secretary of War is further allltllrized to contract for work to the amount of $600,000 t(o be appropriate(l in fut lire years. The plan set forth iln House Doclument 914 is bas(ed on0 a report by Capt. C. A.. Flagler, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, who made the survey (If tlhe harbor of San Juan in compliance with the provisions of the river and harl.or act of March 3, 1905. This report recommendedl(l two prlojects —(1) the dredging (of the entrlance channel and of a main anchorage area in the inner harbor to a (ldepth of 30 feet; (2) tll dred(lginIg of a secondary anchorage area east of the primary to a deptli of 24 feet. The dredging of the channel will involve the removal (of part of the Santa Ellena shoal, (close to Morro Point on the east side of the entrance and of the coral reef at buoy No. 2 on the west side of the entrance. Between these two shoals the 30-foot channel at present is not more than 600 feet wide. The Santa Elena shoal is esptecially ldangerous to( vessels coming from the east, which have to make a wide circuit around it to get into the entrance channel. C E()5I5AMERCI X (l, IA L( 1I'( ) IR I( RC-) IN 1906. )TIf E ItAR () RS. The -two hloarlrs n(xlt in ilmpioitance, Mayagmez, and Ponce, are mere o(pen roiadsltadls, without ally natutiral prtection. (lmanica Hablror. soutllit f Yauc( on tei i ( so(thl ('clast, is a st)a'cious basin, celplleel]lyv Iantll(cl k(ed, and wit i adltqullate (depth1 o(f water. l)1l as y(et (eipllalraltively Xun(ldew(veloqd. Jol(,ts Ilarl)or, some 35 3 mils east (of Polce('(, las be, n f ludl! y( i V the Unit (d St a (s (C(ast a nd Ge(odti(c Sturvey to p1)ss(es a1 g(o(l (l() dpth of' water a11(1 tol }e eX('')ti(onally wel(11 p)rt(t('l ((ed. Palia aHonda, in the east (oast, (nd Enseiad,(a HI Inia ) ( l(1) ra Island, thouigh,n l()wed with fine nlatul'll;iat(tlvantcages, ar as yet- wl()lly u1(leve(lop)( 1. ()n c1uri(ous f(eat lre all ult llmany 1'lr(o- Rli(can c(Iast (towns is that they are not sit ualted (,n the (cast itself, bl)t a slirt, dtistance iInland, each having its "lla ya ()r 1)(pt c ilnected' witlh it l)Iy railroa(d or wagon radl. Tius Mayage(, z has ils Ma.-laguez Playa, Ponce its P(mce Playa, t Iuna11 ca(il its HIInlaca' Pla;va, Nauatbo its Nagluabo Playa, Flajarl(te its Fajardloe Plaaya. 'lThe reas)n f this phen(me(nonl is pr(ba)bl)ly sitilar to, that which a11cctints for thfe positiion )f mally Eir'()p)(ali t)owns ()n the stiimmits e)f mountains, namely t, til constant swaried1,1 with bucc(.ian(qer's, whoi)se sudd(len in(cursions litiglt any (lay 4 lay a c)ast t1wil in rlins ),'fr,,e' help) ('co1ld arrive fromI the interior. I(i[T-Ir-()US E S;E,tVI'E. The saf(let (f- na.vigationl in IP'ot(o Rican waters is insureld by 20 lighlt-ll(lses, as shlle)Wv in the foll(wing list:,i(;T-Ii'lotSE, I1N.AN) All)IlNiR ) U olPORTO Ri-(,..< LOCATI)N. I hta (Ih Ci^ iheCltt(e ()f In I t - Col, i,flightty. 'Port San Jin11.. -.... 1 t 1. W: A W. F | 1 ( (;. C(atifio Ian,..........., 12 1& - -)-',..... 1. W I................. 13I. & \V. Anega(lda Sl)oal:Igll, -l... 1 t l & 2S.... -.. I:. -----................... I. 1;. Cals San....... () Is I. WI. i \\. FX. 3 (i Ii\. & N. I'ort Frt'ro (\ i'lt8's).......... F l. (..... 5 W. t ( G. 'Ioint 'l'I......... 1iS ) (F 1) 1, Point Tuna-1 ---------- 11( I S 2 W. F......... 2 0 I ). (I. W. oi(t 1 i r s.......... 47 12 F. W............. I).. & W. Mimeitos I slan......... 27 I. W. I l.: l (;. & W. (Carlt(l( i Islal.........i 4(, 7.1'. F i......1.J.. & W. I'onc( Ilarl)or Iailig.... 15 44 I...... F. i. Ii.....i.. 1. B & It. (Itt iiia....-.......-.. 117 8 S VF...\...... 0 I. (I. t W. CaI( ' )j()........... 121 IS i. NV. & \v. F 1.. 1 0 i ). (1. ( & W. Mona Ishan(l d............ 2; [ - 2 j F. & L.! 2 0 G(. 2 0. | W lyvagli(,. II 'I....................... 'iB l. R n. W —. Point.Jigl1,r..) -- -......... F. W.. v.- - - (. & ( I. 1t Ioint iori!tli ll -........ (;-, I 12 Fl. 1I(. t W... 0 I... & W. i Areci oi} -.............. 120 17 F.................. W. a'iT ' h eIwight is ill feet al)ove- s,:' h v'xli. ', The visilility is ct(cli tl'(l for n 'tle(valti () of 1. fcat.})(ov sea. ('l x, (Int is givenll it] ]i1 i cit, i"l m iles. c i. n ',i: s )ith': 1i., llack; 1)., dark (., g1 rav- I., lighlt; It., white; "., fixed; I1., ltatshing. MAIL, TELEGRAPH, AND TELEPHONE SERVICE. Ilpt)(rtalnt adljuc(tes t1) the syst(,im ()f transporlta.ti)n are the 1)(sto(ffice,t te(gl(,gralph, an1l teeltplilie. The p)()st-()fi(ce, ()f c(')irse(, is n1)t a b)ra icil of t,i insular g(vernm'ient, l)(in (c(ntrolle(1i (dir(ec tly by the P(st-()t(ice D)(epal)imen', iat W\ashlingto)n. e ( t(,legrapli lines are ()wned.anld(1 olerat(d I)y 11(e ilnsular gove)rnment, while, tle t(elephone lin('s ar'( o'w'Ied and (plrat 'd bt y lwri'va-te ('olmianii(s. P,( )STAL SERVICE. Of the(, 79 pol)stmastrs in Porto Rico 4 are Americans and 75 are native Porto Ricans. (Of the assistant postmasters (olly I is an Am1erican. In additio n to tli( ablove there are 39 post-o)ffi(e clerks, 10 l(tter ('arriers, 5 railway pi)stal clerks, 31 star-rout(e ('cnltract,'rs, 11 mail messengers, and 3 pos)(tal (lerks employed on steaimers, making a total of 177 pail ejmloy((es in tlhe postal service of Porto Rico, exclusive of tlhe inspectio)n departnment. (f these 18 are Americans anit 159 'Porto lRicans. Tlhe tottal almIiunt pa ido t e then ill tle year enl(ded June 30, 19()5, was $1 14,419).14, of which $27,150 wlas paidl to Ailllriclans and $8(ti,2>.9.14 to Portoi Ricans; $9,18(i.47 was paid for tlhe tralnsportattion o(f lmail 1y railways a-111(1 44,200 to stelamship c(,omIpanies f(r the same service. The total (cost of ( he postal seirvie oPf Port.uo RPic(o in thl( same yelar xwas $l(7,805.(1t. Thtie' total gross receipts wer(e $ L (;,040.16, leaving a defticit (f $51,7()5.45, which was paid b)y the( I()st-()fiice )Depart mlnt )f tlhe United States. During tlhe year 94,13:3 nlontly orlIers w(xr1( issued(, aimountingi tto $1, (42,103.29, while (i1,73:3 money ordersl wer(e paidl b)y the isla(nd postmasters allnounlting, to i$1, 180,085.32. The details o)f the mail trianspo)rtation service are under the supelrvisioln of 1lie otlice of tlhe (chief clerk (f the railway mail se:rvici, at San Julan. The folloxwinig is a sumnmary of this service ini oIperation in 1.905: PORTO () RIICAN MAI TRIANSP()I'rATI()N SEiRVI(CE, 1,905. SERIVICE. iRote. Lenigth. al. I. travel. pay. Star - Steamboiat...1....................... Mail lmesslg(r........................ Spcial ol-ic _..-........................ Trot al............................,31. 4 4 11 it I Miles. 542. 18 2, 814. 00 149. 9)7 7. 47 5. 60 3,519. 22 Miles. 384,!48.;92 109), 74(i. ()0 17:t, 101. 55 14, 244. (i8 4,088. 0() 68(i, 129. 15 Dollars. 29, 184. 50 44,200. 00 9, 18(. 47 1,204. 00 83,774. 97 The ptost-oftices in Port o Rico, with ve(ry few exceptions, receive daily mlaiis, and a gre(at number (of tli(e I)ost-(offices exchlangce mltails twice (daily. T'lie schi(edu(les ini op)(eraltion l all routes a are ranged so as t() perm1it (close ('cil(nec(io'lms:it. all p()ints, a;nd the combinationl of all se((ilul('s forims a (chaii of (lirect connections around thle l(nltire islandl tnd(l o()v(r ti(he mtililtai roauls fmromn Sanl Juan to Ponce', and Arecib() t1 Po (nce. Onle (f tlie rot)st iiterestinl feat ur(s ()f thll( star-rillt(e servi('( until rc'(''llt.ly was tl(e rouite hbetw(een ('am lty amd(l Agi1adilla, a ilistance o(f 211.l miles, (over whiich tlite mails were carried in autlomtobiles at a hiigh rate )of speed. Tlhis servic('e lial (1 e)(,n irn ()oprationA sincei July 11, 190(4 anlld was one ()f tl'e first (f its kindl in thi( United States p)oist1al servi(e. It, ('(,ase(d with t.h(l ('i()nc letionl of (the( (tamuyAguadilla railway early inl 1907. Fully elqui)p('p railway piost-oflic(e ('ars are attac]eld 1t( thi thoroungh ral ilro(ad trains rriunnliitg b( 'twxe(' San J11an( an(d (11y, and ((tween IPocle and Aguadilla, anl four railway (postal cl(rks and (one subst.itutle railway p)(stal (clerlk are (emiil()ye(d for thi( (listri)bution of the mails on these trails. lBe si(ldes tli, dis)patch(les of nlails wllich are mad(le on til( t tlrmugh trains ()peratel 1et)(xtweeni the pIoiints named at,1v', exl)re(ss ()r c('l>sedl-Itoluch disl)(pa tclhs are als)o madle (between ttle( largl,r lp)slt-offite('s situat edl ()it lie railraoad line(s by all ithber passeimger t Irais iil (),Ieranion. Mails are (dlisplatc(lel(l an(l rece(ived a:t Sani Juan to 1 anli fr' l11 New Yorik r(gunlarlly once(( al we(ek, an(l unde(l(r the 11t 1ms ( f thl(,'i conltract witli tlit PP ist -(O)fie )(epa)'rtment tlic two stiamishiip c(mipanles opl)eratilig hbetween t.lie 7Unit(ed StIates iand(1 Porto( Rico) i're also o(I)ligecd to cartry inails on all (oiler steamlners o(l)eratled 1by 11hem 1)' which advantageous dispatc ihes (cai be nadetl. Thie fo(ur st((,amerss which run unider re-gular sc(he(dule }between((, New Y(ork aind Satl Juan are equlit)l)pel witlh partments for the lhandling and (list 'illt ionl of mllail. rle'i( ex(, pi)(rt railway postal (cerks are 'employ(ed t o distribute the uta1ils o(n theslc stiSteamers. Itl this way rmail arriving at San Juan,can ibe ilinedlial(ely dispatched(, and( Ponce iand olther imipo)rtant pol(ilts re((ceiv'e their ' nil witihin fifteen hours after the arrival of the st.eaimer ( t alSan Juan. A letter from New York to Porto Rico may bring a reply within ten (lays, solmetimes even within nine days. COMMERIICIAL, I'ORTO RICO IN 190(6. 35 The list of post-offices in operation Decembei r 1, 190(), was as follows. Offices in italics are (Iomestic money order offices; those marked with an asterisk (*) are international money yorder offices: POST-OFFICES IN OPEIATI(ON IN Po(RT RI(;o), 1)ECEMBEI 1, 1906. telegraph wire was 6t;9 miles. Forty stations were in operationl at the end o(f 19)05, as shown in t he following list.: TELERAPHII STATI()NS IN O)PERATION IIN PORTO Rico IN 1905. 'ost-oflice. - istrict Adjuntas..........Agnadilla. Aguada -........ — Mayaguez. *Aguadilla....... Agtu: (dilla. Aguas Buenas --- Guayamn'. Aibonito.......- Guiavyma. A ~asco..-........ Mayaguez. *Arecibo...........Arecibo. Arroyo — (..... --- Guayamia. Barceloneta.....San Juan. Barranquitas..... Gayama,. Barros —....-. I- Ponce. Bayamon........ San Julan. Cabo Rojo........ Mayagez. * Caguas........... Gayama. Camuy........... Areci)o. Canovinas........ 1 liu cao. Carolina l..........I umacao. Catfi)............ San J11an. Cayey........... (i:tiaytina. Central A guirrc. - ( uya. ma. Ciales........-... Are( ilo. Cidra............. Guayama. Coamo............ Ponce. Comerio..........San Juan. Corozal. —.. --- San Juan. Culebra.......... 1 lnacao. Dorado -—.. ---. San Juan. Fajardo I...........1 lmcao. Florida........... San Juan n. Guanica..........Agnadilla. *Guayama a ma. Guayanilla........ Ponce. Gurabo...........(ityama. liaiti)o -------—.- Arecilo. liormiiglueros.-.. Mayagulez. *Itumacao.. —....IIuniaeao. Isabela............Agadilla. Jayuya........... A reci)o. Juana Diaz....... Ponce. Juncos........ Guayamla. Lajas -.............Aguadilla. t. Post-office. District. Aldjuntas. Ailonito. Arecib)o. A fiasco. Arroyo. B rcel oncta. Bayamlon. Caguaas. Calnny. (arolina. Cayey. Ceil)a. Ciales. Coamro. Fajardo. Guamyama. Gurabo. [llulracao. Isabel-. Jiiana )iaz. ILares. I,'Lr s. M:namlti. Mayaguez. Naguabo. IPlay,, do Poince. Pollnce. Qel)bradillas. Rio (rand(e. Sabana Grande. Salll Jllan. Itio Piedras. S dlinas. San (Gernman. San Se(astian. Vega Baj:. Vie(illCs. Yallco. Lares...... Las Marias....... Las Piedras -—.Loiza -—..... --- Luquillo.......... Marneyes —...... I fanati.......... Maricao......... I Afaunnbo...... * Miayaguez........ I foca............. M orois.......... INag ua bo........ Nara.njito --—. --- 'Palo Seco........ Patillas -.......... Pfe uelas ----—..once............. Punta Santiago.. Quehradillas.... Rincon......... Rio Gr(ande...... Rio Picdras... Sabana Grande... Salinas.......... San Gorman. ---.*San Juan a -...-... San Lorenzo...... San Sebastian.... Santa Isabel...... Santurce. (See San Juan.) Toa A Ia.......... Ter laja.. --- —.. I Trujillo Alto...... I luado.. Vega Alta -------- Vega Baja........ Vieque........... 1abueoa.......... Yauco...... Aguadilla. Mayaguez. Humacao. I [utmacao. HIumacao. Itlltuacao. San Juan. Mayaguez. IIIumnacao. Mayaguez. Agladilla. Areci o. IITIrmatctao. San Juan. San Juan. GOtayttam. Ponce. Ponce. Iulmacao. I lIumacao. 111nrmaeco. Maya.guiez. G ua yamt. MayaIguez. San Juan. (TuiayatIma. Agnuadilla. G tayania. Sant Juan. Santl Juan. 11 umlacao. Arecil)o. San Juan. San Juan. Iltmmacao. ullmacao. Aguadilla. ( Inc(liing Santurce(' st lltioln. TELEGRAi P ANI) iTELEPii N i SERVI(E. When Porto Rico,becamle anl Almerican possession, it, had a 1 elegraphli system, owned and operated by the government, andl extenling even to tlhe srmallest1 villages. It was, hlowever, in a ba1 l state of repair, ithe old Morse tape instruments were used, a.nd 1 theoperators were so inefficient that they often found it convelnielnt to send( messages by Imail rather than by wire. Tlhis system was practically destroye(d by the hurricane of August 8, 1899. Tbe United States Signal (,i-ps substituted Imodlerni instrumell nts and expert operators, the numbler of st ations being graldually redluced fromn about 60 to 10 during the period( of mlilitary admliniistration, and the system als reduced be( ling transferred to fthe ilnsullam government on Februaryl 1, 1901. The telegraph liines,f the islalnd are all in charge of the bur-eau of insular telegrapl)h, )(lomgimng to ti( (l()epartmei(nt of the inleritor of Porto Rico, with lhe(adq(lallrt(' at San all n. Will tle exception of the superintendel(et alid a few of thm(e Inttagers Hlie (emnildoye(s of this b)ureau are all native Porto Ricllans, lmost o(f whlomi stldiet(l telegraiylll ill the schllool c(ndlucted by tlhe blurea.u. A co(nsidlerablde nunmber of lth(em a-re yomng womien, who hlave shown a1 gratifyingl efficiency. It is pr(oosed to 1lmaintain tl1e scihool lluil tllh ne1(-essity for it shall have (lisappeared. As tlhe t elegral)h syst('em bel imlgs to the insular governme(nt, the me l(mbers of the legislature and most of the governmel(nt offic(ials lave tlhe right to sen(l free messages. The length of wire on Jmmune 30, 1905, aggregate(l 832 kilometers (517 miles). During thei fiscal year 1906, 105 kilometers (65 miles) oif line were built at a (,cost of $3,177. On February 1, 1901, when the telegraph system was transferred fromi the United States Signal Corps to the bureau of insular telegraph, the total length of The connection betweenmi Vieqiues ((!ab Islanlld) anmit thle mainlalnd of Portto Ilico is imadel( liy heliograph. At first, the statliom on thIe mnainland was at Ls, a I'rt.lna, )ult as tIlis was il li.ne withl the shipping in the harbor (f Isabe)(l II on Vieques,. whilch interfered t illh tlIe signals, the statli(l lhas been mo()ved( to La C(eiba, whic('h (offers an unobstructel line for silgnaling. 'I'le heliogrmaphic servi(ce giv(s exc(ellent resmults and will ipr,)bally co'itinue to be thle most sallisfacltory arrangecu ent. for Vieques Islland till wireless telegraplly replaces it. The occllrrCence of d(iscr(epancies( itn the t ransmissiont and rece(ipt,f messages ine(cessitat(ed 1h1e e(stllablishll(entl, (if a standar(d t iilim servic(i. A c(hro(nomet(r' was (pr' cured('l amid tlhe s('rvi('c was inmstalle'd at the San Juan office 1au-u-ch. 1, 1903). D)aily at 1 '2 o'clik mooi tlme timle signal is tfranslm lilled tl ((very slation m llthe island(. In l ellarly every mum nic'ilality tlie town ('lok(s at(e 11i, set o 1 stanlllarl, -and c(1)mplainlts iof,slw (delive(rv are mI(, lI ()nlgir madle. 'TIlie I ime i sl is that (,f t lie sixtielth lleritlila, (designat c(l as interisl(tbluial timelll (o(e) ll()lur earlier tihan i eastlern tiim(). Th'elie sixtileth Iloridiain piassesa a little Ito the east, of tie Le(sse( r Ai tilles and i Ithrlgh Itle Gtllf (f, St. Lawrence betweeit ( stpi Bret mt a nd N -wfoui ndla(not. Ullike tlie taelegrapul, th(s tel()llep (ie l(is a- lprilvat-e po)erty. The cities (of Saln Jian i, P1u '(e, a n(l Mayagul. ]a\xe/, a I (ei r l( al 'l(ephlione service. A franchlise fit a lissg-dlistaimie limeo oin tIle siut II silde of tlhe islalll hias h'een gr:slted (t J '((lro.tla mi Rhsaluv. thle 'capital interest(ed being chie(ly Ame\rican. This line rumins frlmil (iuavam, a westward to) San (iertn I. 'lie c('(ilany lias also sec('iurel ((ltriol ( f thel l(ical Po( nes liWn ich w as f(mormerly sau Slpaunish lihn-. A. frasischise for a line throuiglh tlie inorthern portioi oif 1lie island( was receIntly granated to ]'e(hn ilrot!hers. This line runss froill (arolina westward t() lIorlmiglueros. It lias 1.oughlt i(,t tlie ol( San Juan line, ownedl by a Spanishi (complaniy. GOVERNMENT. The government (of Piortiio.Ri(o was estalulished(1 )y lthe organilic act, generally kniown as (litse Fls'rakr Act, alupr)vedl A\)pril 12, 1900), whi-ch b1)ecame effective om May I of tlIat y(ear. It is st yl(ed "An act t (lmlporarily t)o roi r viil gomveri -(Int, foa Prtol, lli',I C and for otlhr purpl)seis," impltying it tihis very titl.e tiatlt tle arnirag,ment, im'adle biy tle st, is miriiy prt ivisional, to nablel the givtr() tlment, to 1)e (carrie(l oits liti il experi(ence shall have indi cate (li t mul,tst satisfacslrmy permanenti. stalts t(o })e giv-(n to tll( islanii. IBy t}iat act IlIe inils.1bitatit s )f Pm' rlt Ric'oi, (-XCe-itA suchl as tprefe(rrled re(itainr tinir ullegiance (to tSpIlill, wo re comistit.ited as at lbody Iolitic ilinder th(e naillme of "tli e pe(opll(e Io Pto Rico," whi ch includesl aIll slso such citizenis (f 1(he Unitedl State(s as las Vy r(isi(le in Porto ico). Iml-(sGISL.A'IVE, ANDI EXiEc('UTIVE. Thle lo(ial le(gislative ilowe(r granitedl by tlhe act is v(est((l ill a l(egislative assem(ibly, c(i'nsistilng ()f two hlumises-the eXecut ive co(uncil and (he l hiouse of d(lel(gates. Tlhe execu(ltiv( ((oulni'il co(nsists of 11 memItbers, at least 5 ()f whimll must }1b " natit ve inhabitants of Porto Rico.' They are all appo)intc(e for a terim i)f four years by tlne President (if the Umnited States by andi wilh lihe ad(vice and consent of the Unitedl States Senate. Six out 36 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. of the 11 are the Iheads of i he six executitve del)artments established by the irganic act, itlimelvy, the secretary of Port(o Rico, the attorneygeneral. a.luditr, 1r('aslir, ('rer, c)missioMI ner of the interior, an1 co(mIirssio(ner f (dlucIat.ion. The' salary of (alch ( these is $-1,000, except that, of the treasurer. wIic'h is 5,000. They receive: n(o additional salariles as leles i1hen,)f the (ouncdil. Th'( salary (of each o(f the remnaining five iln>bers ()f ihe c((unil is $3:, (000. Th:Iese salaries we(re tixe(d by lle ()orI-alnic act. Hithllerto toe hleas ()f the six department s have all een eAmer(ricall I. It ihas been c(uslomary to el(ct: the secretary l P rt.o I ic,(o as president, of the (exe('itive counicil. A s5ev(iilt dlh'IjarteiieI(t, ilil department o(f health, charities, and( correct ilns. was rieate '(I by aict, f Ilthe legislaItive assembil)ly in 19!)04 and placed i cht)arge f one,f t le PortI) Rican temibers of the execit ive (couIncil. Tlhe house (f d(liegats ('consists (if:.5 members electe(l every two years by tlhe (Itmlifie(l volters of the island(l, five d(legates for each of the seven (el.ctoral dlistricts. (See page 5.) Its proceedings are conducte(d ill Spanish. The o(rganlic act fixes the ipay (if each delegate at $5 pe) (layx wlhile the house is in se(ssioM and traveling ex peis(s. Tlim( execiutive cuiicil is a cmontinuing bod<ty, sitt ing throughout the year in the( executivye sessiomi, conntirmiing appotintments by the governor, and at t ending ()to the (letails impi)osed io it by the laws of Po(rto Rico((). It holdls regular sessions every Thursday afternoonl at 3 )o'(clock anii is subject t(o call in special esisiion at at ay time when necessary. Its debates are coniducte(l in English, but an interpreter translates thie( remarks into Spanish whlen the native menimlers re(luire it. The legislative( assemiily convenes iin the second Monday in January and sits for sixty ('cosecut'ive days. It has complete legislative )oI)wers ini all matters except tfihe granting ()f franchis(es, privileges, anid emiocessio(ns, which, by thle irganic act, is veste(d in the execut ive council alone. Bills ilay Originate in either hiiuse, but must receive tle, approval of a imajorityv of 1ilith houises and the appro)val ()f the1 g)vern(ir before becoming laws. A bill vetoedl by the governor becomes a law if passed by the two houses by a two-thirds v()it(. Tlie laws p)assedl by the( legislative assembly must be submlitted witlhini sixty d(lays to C()ongr(,ss, which reserves the right to disapprove any act. The g(overnor, )yi the ()rganic act., was given the power to grant pardlons and reprieves and ito vto) the acts of the legislative assembly. In add(lition, tlhe President. of tlie United States wasauthorized by the o(rganic( act ti) assign to the governiior othelr duties not at variantce with law. lHe ias since been invested with various (xecutive powers iby tli le]gislative assembly. lie appl)o(inIts all tli] judlges if the district courts (of tlhe island, all the justices o)f tlhe peace, and many ()ther (tlicials. Ie receive(,s and acts on tltie resignations of alcaldc's (mayors) and members (f tlie municipal couincils and, lby appo)itntmnt, tills all vacancies created by resigmiat ion, rmoval, or othe'r cause in these muni(cipal offtices. lie is ti h commander in chief o()f the insular police'. I is salary is S,()00()()t a ye'ar, in addition to whi'hl lie is entitl(edl, under ac't, )f (Congress, t() the ocCupancy of the building formnerly oc''upied by the} Spanish governor-general, and popularly klmowix as La Fortaleza. ()r Santa Catalina. Bly the terms (f the( Fo)raker Ae't, tlhe people of Portio Rico elect every two years a Commissioner to Washington to represent thlie interests o)f the islani. By c'(ourtesy of the liou.se1 of 'ipre('eintatives he is given a seat on the tfl()(oor o)f that o)(ly, and he is also a menmb}er of tihe (")imiitte< (on Ilnsillar Affairs of thle IlHoumse, and( is all)wed a voice, but ni() vote. The secretary performs the usual d(uties (of a secretary of a State or Territory. lIe be'omes acting givermir in fle, albsence (f the governor. JT dnie AL. The department of justice( comprises the office of thle attorney genieral the suIprem('I, (listri't,, an1d municipal courts: the justices of the peace, the registrars of property, and the notaries. Tihe attorney-general is the hlad( of the department and has administrative jurisdiiction over the courts and all officials connected with the departme nt. The supreme court is composed if five judges appointed by the President uof tlhe United States. Its sessions are held at San Juan. It is the court of last resort for Porto Rico, but in certain cases appeal froin its decisions may be taken to the Supreme Court of the United States. Tle island is divided into sevemi judicial districts, each with a (district judge, appointed by the governior for a term of fnour years, and havixg original jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters. Tlihe municipal courts have jurisdiction in minor criminal and civil matters. There~ are 24 of them, each including from one to four municipalities. The judges, secretaries, and marshals of these |courts are elected by popular vote, each for a termin of four years. There are 61; justices of tlie peace in the island, appointed by the golvernor, and having functions corresponding to those of police judges in the United States. There are 9 registrars of property in Porto Rico, appointed by the governior. Their salaries are paid by th(e insular government and vary with the impo(rtance of the district. At presemnt there are about 60 notaries in the island. Any person may b)ecoTme( a notary by complying with (the legal requirements. Under the new procedure each notary Ihas jirisdiction throughout the island. Porto) Rico is a United States judicial district and is provided with a United States district court, the (district judge, district attormey, andl marshal being ap)pointed by the President for a terrm of four years. All proceedings before this court are conducted in English. It lolds sessions at San Juan, Ponce, andi Mayaguez. On April 1, 1901, trial by jury was establishe(l by act of the hlegistive assemb!ly. During the tirst year and a half only 24 jury trials w(er(e held in the island, but since then this method has become more1 popular, so) thlat now every (distri't has a regular calendar of jury cases at each termi of coiurt. An a('t creatiing a cod(e commissionmi was app)lroved at the last session (of the legislative assembly, and took effect on July 1, 1906. This ('omminission is to revise and compile all thIe laws of Porto Rico, and make a repport to the legislative assembly within two years. ThIe governor has appointed three prominent Porto Rican lawyers to serve on the commission. A DMIN I'lST'RATI' VE JDEPA iRTM ENTS. The treasury department bias charge of all thIe financial affairs of the insular government, except those belonging to tme auditor's office. D)etails of thIe operations of the treasury department will b)e founmd on a subl)sequent page under the head of "Finance.' Tlie auditor is requir(ed to keep an account of all receipts and disbursements of thoe insular government. His office comprises a (livision of bookkeeping, a division of internal-revenue accounts, and a division of audit. TlIe departmnent of theo interior ioimprises thlie following bureaus and divisions: Bureau of public woorks, division of public buildings, houreau of public lands, bureaum of insular telegraph, bureau of docks amd harbors, and division of art'hives. In additionm to these, the tdephartment has supervision over thie shipping of coffee to the commercial agent in New York and tlie inspection and collection of fees on all fertilizers sold in Porto Rico. The(, bureau of lpublic works attetnds to the maintenance and construit ion o)f all roads which belong to thlie insular system (all macadaiizmzod roads),. surveys all proposed roads and bridges, designs and plans 1bridges and Imblic buildings (exce'pt schoolhous(es), repairs andl maintainis public buildings, inspects railways, and, when needed for ihe prote'tiomn of the public, orders tlheir rep)air. The division oof public buildings has charge( of the maintellnance of the buildings whiich formerly belonged to the Spanish Governiment. These are iof very good construction, and the principal COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1900(;. 37 improvement introduced has been the installation of modern sanitary plumbling. The Ibureau of public lands has control of all the public lands of the island, amounting to about 80,000 acree(,~. These are scatteredl in little patches all over the island, their location and boundaries being in many cases very imperfectly known, no survey of them having as yet been made. For the p)r(esent these lands have generally been rented to the highest bidder, and it lhas been the practice to award them even to a single bidder. When their value becomes better known, a minimum rental will Iprol)all)y be fixed, below which no bids will I}e accepted. The largest tract (cf public land is comp)risedt withbin th(, area set apart for tile Iluquillo Forest Reserve. By the law (f tlhe island, no public lands can be 1sol 1 except with the al)proval of the lgislative assembl. They can be leasedl for a period not. exceeding fifteen years by the g4overn(or, with the consent of the, executive council. For several years an endeavor has been mad(le to introduce1 the systemn knnown as tlhe "Torrens law" of land titles, th(e bill to that effect being combinned wiiil one providing for a cadastral survVy. It was expected that such a law would do away with tie uncertaint y prevailing lo a large extentl in Porto Rican land title{s, alll would enal)le tlhe govemninmeint tI ascerlain ithe extent and l(ation o(f thli public lands. T]he law was not passed in lie form hitllerto pr'()posed, butl, somle siomilar measure will prol)baly be alo)pted in the near future. TlIe insular treasury is collecting rent in publie lands and bluildings amount iig to $6,290.54 a year. Thile land rented being less than i lpe'r ('(t of tlie total acreage Iof pullic lands in Porto Rico, much (of which can not, I)e c(nsi(ldered first, class, it will be s(een that a rcat, lenetfit woiould be de(trived from the renting of all the puli(' lalnds in tIie idlaind. This, Ihowever, can not be dmone until these lands are surveved and ltheir t itle estiablished. The bureau ()f insular telegraiph conrols and operates (tlie insular telegraphl systlem, which is (,wnesd y the insular government, there being no private telegralph lines on tlie island. The bureau o)f d(hcks and harbors carries out the regulati1ns foir docks and harbo(rs, as passed by thie execut ive' council Jne 27. 190:. All port and doc(k charges are 'ollected by tie captains (f tlHie po-t, who keep record(s (,f vesse(ls entering tl(e portls of San Julan, Ponce, and Mayaguez. Thle division of archives has charge of the c(1ection and classification of the archives accumuilated i)y tlie Spanishli administratlion during the fourti hundred vears (of its (ld(oination. Thelse recor(s are exceedingly voluminous an(d were found scatteredl all o(ver the island. The departinent (f educ'ation has charge (of thlie pub)lic s(o()l systemi ()f the island, in cooperation with tie(, municipalitlies. In 1904, )y act of the legislature of Porto Rico, tlie IrLeaums (of insular health, of insular charities, and (of insular prisms were c()nsoli(dat(led into (o(ne (departmnent, known as tlie delartm ent ()f hlialth, charities, and co()rrection, and bty 1te terms (f tie law a mctber of the executive council not c]hargeid witho oItlir ad(mii 5is rative duties was placedl at thie head of the new depl)artmenit. This deplart ment has omtipllete charge (of all the chat rial )(, and correct iitoal institutions of tlie island, as well as supervision over matteirs concerning lthe public health. Tie )cersonnel is c('(mposeid (of thlie liead o()f te( d(epart meint, wlho is known as tlie direct(or (If hialth, charitiIs, and correct(1in, and tnider him is t1e sutpervisor (if health, who lias clarge ()f all tlie sanitaryv matters (of tlie islahod, and who also acts as til'e assistant lead ()f tlhe departmient. Tlhere is also a supervis(or o()f (harit i(s and(1 a suiiprvisor of pirisons. Thle dir''ctor of the (departmeint supervises all three branchies (of thi( w()rk. It is the duty ()f the supe)(rvisor ()f health to d(raw imp, wit]h tOe approval (of the Iexecuttive council, suich general sanitary tmeasutres as may be necessary, and ti() einforce ('I' th'i througho()ut the islanld, and also to supervise the mutnic'ipal sanitary regulations. lie collects the vital statistics and slupervises tllihe tterinmry inslc('('tionit atid the food and health inspection. IIs lbrealau comprises two( med ical inspectors, one vet erinavry inspector, and( a plumbing inspector. lie also has direct control of the insular vaccine' stat ion and( of the chemnical lalboratory. The supervisor of ch)arities has compll(ete charge )of all the charitable institutions of the island. Tliese are at, pr)cse'.t the leper colony, with 25 patients and acco(mmod(lat ions fotr aoiuIit 40, situated on Cabras Island, near San Juan; the recetitly opi(edl asylum for the blind, at Ponce, with acc(olninl.odations fo(r aoilt 100 lIcrmtane nt patients; the Insmlar Insane Asyluim, at San Juaitil, with acco()mm()(lations for 150 patients; tlie insutlar orlphian asylum for girls, called the " (irls' (harilty School., at Santurce, withI accomimodm(latiolns for about 200 inmates; an( the insular orplihan a.syluti for l>s, ca(illed tlie " 1(,ys' ('harity School'," at Santiurce. with accommodnll(Ilatioii)t;s for albout 300. The supewrvisor of pr)isons controls tlhe insular pen]'itentiarv, situatedl at Sarn Juan, and the dislri('t jails, i, ua iltC at Sa;t,Juan, Ponce, Mlayagttez, ullnmiacao, Arecilbo, G(uayaiua, anl AguadIilla. In (most if tih(, towns of the islandl tlhiere arc hospitals sup1)ort1ed by tlie iulni(ill)alit i's., Iut in ii i(st intst ai(''s f]i(y a'e (thoroumghllly inladequatl, for tlie purpI's'e, and' with few x('IceI)ti(Inis iarce Ipoorly ('equip(edl and ov(rt -axld. Tle.' rivate institmtios (if Ili islandt are tlie Womelln atll (Childr'ct's hospital, at. San JIuan; thle )Pr('esl)vtrian ii)spilt l, it Salurlice; tli(i( sma ll hospital (of lja (Conicepcio (, ii San Juan; a.dl tie Tricoche o()slpital, at, Ponce. Be(sidis tlihese loslpitals there are thie naval. military, and( marine liospitals ao Satin IJuia, managed( by tlie 1United( Statis (overnmecnt. POLICE' AN) M iLITAiIY. Thle insular policiiie 'consists I(f a h)(olie'I, (o0mlI issini), a]l]p)ointe'od by tlie g v rntor wivli th e oinse t of t.i', ' execi''t ive ' o'(, iu'il. ThI'(, force iii 1!906 ) ) ((o o sist I(l f a. ch'i(-f, wit (, li li m t ar til(, i l e f Ici 'oIloi(el, an assisa.t ilt (lIi(f., with tIe title o(f miaji.or, six c('altains, one first lie(uteliamIt a l a(IdjItita t, six first lileIteiantts. a sc('ii ud i teIi' nattl a lnd handminlaster, seveli sec'on(d licetleiatIts, tw(.eltv s,'!'g'atits. s'eveitvfive' ('c rl)(rals, (50( g iar illeni. aiild lii' o oimi1'cher clerk. (Of this force aboutt 50( ' lre m11minte'(l. 'T'his smeall b1((v of mion )preserv(d (iordel'r in an islald 31,4:5 stquaroe iile's it exte('lt, wvitli a pIopulati(m ofi a iilhliomn. Iolidmr tihe Spianislh r6gil'e thatI task rIquir(ed a, m gma''isomn (f over 1,00((0 mii, in ahddition (to thlie tminicipal o1)i('ce. A law puassdl byI tli' le]gislative a1ssemIl)ly in I 90G )I provido's f()' tliIe divisitn if tIe' isla t s ve e districts is'\' i'' iisti t instead of six as l ore'tofire, increasing tlhe force' to() 700() m(n, withi muithority givein to ti' govI'rniir to add l to lhe'ir nmbelr when I)((o''asion requires. amdi in('reasiing thie pay ()f (Ificeirs a.id meni. The (eflic'iec'y ()f this force was severely ti('sted ' )y seveiral strikes ('occu'rring inm 190t, the prit'('ipal 0on' being thmmt of tie' lonmgsholre'menc, Mwlo d(llmanl'ded of tfli New York a.nd Poirto lico() St'eamtiship (Compainy 25 cmnts an hour instiad ( thei' 15 (('ets whilch (lhey had beei receivirg. The l'nitcd Slates (lov'iernment, maiitains i in Porto Ri('(o m rnegii('met )f tlii' Vnited Stmltes Arm'y, comilsed of 54. S privates, al1,aI tive's ()f l()rto Ric(), amtid:)1 (fticers, S ()f whtomm aimre cii izetns of P()rto -IRi'io. 'iit.izenis of PIr'to rici are lso ('ligil)l' for enlim stini'it ii t le IRegular Army () of the nii lted Staltes, ad(1 t li1( Porl() Rici() regilmit 1ay 1)( be (rdere(d for servic'C( outside ()f (e island. Congress also passed actm's pro)Ividiling fori' li' apt)!(ointeniit of onei' ca(ilet for the Militarv Acaidemv, a.It West Point, mand (le miidlshiipmlnmani for t1i Navml 'lAcad( y,lv it Aln.inap)olis. frm' lPorto lieo, hith Io be ( 1, aliv'es o()f thie islaiih miil 1o 1(be appoll(in ' ted ' t file Presidetlt ()f (le I'tniued Statl( s ()11,iO.eim iieinilatiimt (If 1the gii(v('r'oir ()f P)rto IlRicol. The Porto ltico(, no(t bec'ause it is n.eed(e foir the 1reserviti of.peawe, which in falct is mo)t part, o()f its dluty, but ais aI sIcho(l for lie(' mental amnd physical d(v(h'lve)lpmelnt of maniy ()f the ii atives. It is a na tic',able fmot thimt. aft(r servi'e'i' with thie regimn'it, owiig to tlhe regular life, nmitritlious food, anmd d(ily exercise, (ti' mein imiprove ('cosi(d ramly itn sizie 111 l)physi(qui('. Of thle 80 immen wtlhi halIm'vei iein ilischarged from the regiment, nmany have been enabled, through t lieir 38 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 190(i. knowledge of the English language acquired in the regiment, to pass civil-service exa:lniniiatiois for entrance to the Federal service. In olhers, ithe lhalits of discipline and stead(y attention to duty ac(lqir(ed in the re(ginment have caused themn to be sought after )by the plantatio0n ()owners andl merchants to fill responsible places. The existence of the regiment, cmIIposed of native Po)rto Ricans, is a source o(f great satisfaction, andl pri(le to thle peeople and does muchl to inspire respect for the American flag. The headquarters of the regiment are at San Jualn, where (Comipanies A!, C, )D, and E are stationed; Companies F, (;, an(n II are stationed at Cayey. The 1Tnit ed States naval slat ion at San J uan comprises the naval hospital, the marine barracks, and the wireless telegraph station. By proclainatioiL of the President, dated June 26, 190:3, a tract of 80 acres of lalld in the, heart of the city of San Juan, and covering a large portion of the availablle water front, in addlition to a large point of land, t1he Puntilla Point, embracing about 5~ acres, was reserved for naval purposes, but no important works have yet been begun. MUNICIPAI, (COVERNMENT. Subject to the insular government are the municipal governments, deriving their powers from a law enacted 1 y the legislative assemlbly. The insular g oven illient hithert(o exerc(ised supervision over these municipallit ies throlugh the secretary of Porto Rico, but t-ils control was abolishe(:d by a law passed by the legislative assembly on March 8, 1906. Tliese imunicipalit ies and their (organization are largely a heritage from the 'Sp)anish (GoOver'nlent. Prior to the Alierican oc('cupation, loc(al se1lf-go vern 11nemIt, as ni(derst )()d in the U[nite(l St alt es, was pra('tically no(nexistelnt. The '" list:itos mulii 'il)alis" wi(re ageini(es of llhe central goverililelint willtout. indepeln(leit, life. in 1896 and 1897, in(deed, (certailn pow)w's of s(lf-go(ve(rnment were inoiinaiiiilly vested in tlie ilnicipal)ities, but this law was never carri(,dl out. This state (of affairs was greatly alte'red b}y thel American (occupation. 1'o thle Iiilitary govecrnors thlle wo(rdl "munii(ilpality' sugges(ted t}ihe political ide(lpelidence o(f an A ileric(an city 01' toiwn, and theI tllendeny was ttitus, un((consctiously or ldelilberately, to r(elax the central co(trol o t hese local go ven ient s. To thlie c(ivil a(liminisiration ilaliglira'te(l on May 1, 1900, this ten(den('y s('lie(.(l )'prem(lature. In lieul t1( re(o f, tl(e newly olganlized bureau o(f mnii'icipal affairs al(lpte(,d a p1(lic y ()f p)reser ving ve(r munli(ipaml fina('cs that (legree o(f c('(ontrl() which thle laws o)f Porto(, Ric( (lict at((d antd ti}e' ixity of log1(, tra(lition rendered(l(( advisable. O()n.Ju1e:1, 1900, tlie b1ure(au (if imunic'ial affairs of tlhe treasury d(lepart im'nt issued a circular d(irecting tlie 1muiicipalitiies to sulbmit the~iir budgets folr t1} li' apprlacliing fiscal year. n d(l(er tll(i liaw in force pr(eviious Io( Marlnch 8, 190()6, t lie tlrelasir(er' prescri led a ui if(iori system' of keeping iof imlunicipal acc((ountls, dep((sit ()f all mon(ys, thle Inmakiing of dlislirsem(lints, ad1(l requiredl uniform'ii aiinal andl otlher epl)orts, set t iiig forth l1( litinallial (conliti()on f tlie' iunii'ipalitiies. lly the law (if Mar'l S, 19)(;. 1 l te (pwrs of tili(' hical g(ivert 111'nts hayv' 1)een greatly (n1larged. '1'lle s(ecretary (of Porto, I Ri(o l onlger ('X'ercs'('ss superl(isiio over( tlle inicii)pali ties, but, if any (itiz(il feels aggrie ve(l iby 111t a('tioiI of 8a1iy intni(cipality, it is tlhe duly of tlie attornley-general ' lPorto li((, (n beling itformed, to apply to tlhe propel' district c('(ourt for a 1nanl(al.tus to) ('(iinpel any deliln(l1uet 1111uniicipalit y to comply with t lie law. t n(ler tlhe old law municipalitiCs we(re autlltriz('ed to( levy sp(ecial industrial and(l ('ommercial lice(1ls(e taxes ()II aplt)I-val ly t( (exec('(ti''ve ('011c('il (of tie insular govern'ien1t. 1(1'Under tle( n{ew law this appr()val. is n() longer relquir((l,!but tlie law its(elf con(tains a scl(ulile of maximium nrate(s of taxation, whi('ch may not1 be exceed(led. It also contains a I)Ir'(visio(n inl endeid toi guard against appril)lpriations in excess of rev(nuel, and in this c(ase, too)) it is thie d(uty Of the att(orney-gen(ral (of I'Port( Rico to( prosecute, in the proper district( court, any municipality that fails to comply with t.he law. The new law also albolished the boards of road supervisors created l)y tlhe law of March 1, 1901, one( for (,ach( of tlhe seven ro:ad (listric(ts of the island, their functions being now intrusted to the municipalities. Therere e 66 such municipalities in the island. Each is governed by a mayor (alcalde) and a lmunicipal coluncil, bo(th elected( by the vot ers in tlhe Inunicipality for a terml of four years (according to law of March, 190t(), but vaca.lncies in tlhe oflice of mayor or councilman are filled by the governor with the approval and consent o(f tlhe executive council. The number of memibers,f tle council is fixed b)y a scale depending on the numbler of inhabitants. Formerly the mayor, in addition to his executive fiunctlions, exercised those of police judge. This power was ablolished by a law establishing police cour'mts with judges ap)pointed by the governor. Other munlicipal authorities andl organizations are': Thel municipal judge, the local board of public( instruct ion, the local lboard (of health, and the local board of charities. By an ac(t of tlie legislative assembly the maintenalnce of publiic order in Imulni('ipalities the city limits of which contain less than (6,000 inhabitants has been turned over to the insular police, and in tlose towns the mulnicipal police has been abolished. EMPLOYI'EES IN TIHE CIVIL SERVICIE. Since the extension of the civil-servi(ce laws and rules over all classified positions in Porto Rico in March(, 1902, there has been a marked increase in tlhe interest dlisplayed re(gar(ling civil-service matters in general and a steady growth ill the number of applicants for examination for positions in th( various branches of the classified servic('e, i(licatinig the success of the competitive system inl(L lo](cal (con(ditions. Residents of Porto Rico are given equal opportunity with resi(enlts of the Unitled States for examination and appoilitiei('nit to positions in the Federal servi(ce, both in Porto Rico ani(l ill the iUnit(ed States. All citize(s of the Unit(ed States andl P)rto Illi('o possessing the neccessary (lialificat ions an(1 wioii (can comply with the re((qliremrents, as pr()vided by the civil-servi(ce rules, are (eligilide foil examinatiom. All e(xaminationis are comnpetitive, and conmpet itoirs are rate(l without regardl ti ally ('onsi(deration other' thani tle (qualificalions sliown in t.h'ir examinati,ion papers. All examoinations h1(el(I ii tli(e ITiit(id States are also a-noun(ced anld held in Porto, Rhio. Exainimnat.ions for l tle vario1us l)Ositions in tlhe (departmental se(rvice(' ar, h(eld reglarlly in the spring and fall of each( y(ar at San J uan and at Pone., as atiouitnce(d in the schedule contaiii1ed in the Maulal (f Examinatiois whlichl is published twice yearly lby tlie United States Civil Service Comm ission. This Maliial of 1lxan.imla.tiols conltains full info'rmation amnl (caii lbe obtained Iby apl)I)yinlg t( tlihe se(cretary of ti(I board of ('ivil-servi('e examiners at SanT Jlan. Examinat.iions are also held at San: Juan and Ponell(( for positioi s inl t}le post-oflice service(' of those (citi(es a1nl foir positioins in the c('ustomis service of Pol to Rico Ii('. Th(ese examinaltions a11( hol((l at least on(ce a year, or as freqiuently as imay }be n((cc( ssairy to (establlishl regist(ers iof eligibles, ati(t, as a, rle, tIhe examiniatii)s are giIven in b)otl Fi Engl ishi and Spanish. Uinder thli law of lapl)ortioinmllllt PTohrto lici( is e('itl(l to 95 apl)intilentis itl tlle (depart(ental service at \Waslhingtomn. About 25 le(gal resi(lInts of Po rto RIi('( ha ive been aplpoiint(led tl apl)portio(ned positions in tlie D)istrict of Col0u1mI)ia, and it is estimated that }lie uiibl)(r oif PortO RIicanILs ( iCI'l)ying 1(suc I) positiols will increase ral)i(lly umider tlie law of ap ) r1)(ti(rionentt as soiin as the CoInioissIilon('s' registers fo(ir tillitmg al)pplrtiioie('(l pOsitioIs rec('eive( a sutffi(ient n}iimber if eligibles frimi Porto Rico to e1abl(e ll(e Co(mmnissiono to issue c(ertificates ('onl.tainiig only lie i nalmes f residents of thie islanld. CITIZENSHIP' AND SALARIAIES ()F EI'IMPLO)YIMiEES )F THE INSULAIt (()VERNMENT (OF PORTO ( l('(), J1 -'N. 30, 1!905. SAIARY. I(rto A )iLo- Othes. ilteuans. catns. $2,000() per allnnum or o-ve-r...... ---.-............-.;;2 1 $1,000 to $2,(0)I per am nni -----.......... (i) 113 1 Less thall l,1(X) I er ) annu..................... 2, 3t1 1i I 3 Total intuber of employees.. —...... 2, 54S 313 5 Total salaris Iaid............................., S220, 5,67 $355. 20 $5, 415 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN lt90(5. 39 In addition to these, there are a great numlber of municipal offices supported from municipal fluids which are entirely occupied by Porto Ricans. The policy of the insular government is to fill all places with Porto Ricans as fast as suitable candidates become available. CUSTO()S SERIVICE. The collection of customs on goods entering Porto Rico from foreign countries is a function not of the insular but of the Federal Government, performed by officials under orders of the United States Treasury Departmlent at Washington, 1but the revenue thus collected, after ildeduciting the cost of collection, is by Federal law turned over to the insular treasury, to be explended for the benefit of Porto Rico. The customs service in the island is in charge of a collector of customs for Porto Rico, with headquarters at the port o(f San Juan, one special dep)uty collector and o(ne deputy collector at San Juan, deputy collectors in charge at the subports of Ponce, Mayaguez, Arecibo, Arroyo, Aguadilla, llumacao, and Fajardo, and an inspector in charge of the island of Vieques, lbelonging to the subport of Fajardo. The tariff law of the United States is in operation in Porto Rico, with reference to impnlorts from all foreign countries. but all articles from the United States are admitted free of duty and all articles fromin Porto Rico are admitted to the continental United States free of duty, the island of Porto Rico being considered a district of the United States customs service. WEII iHTS ANI) MEAISURES. When Porto Rico ibecame anir Am(nrican p, ssessioi f lIhe metric system of weights and measuries was found in general use, tlho.ughl certain {old Spanish measures and( weights, sulch as tlle cuerdla (1.008 acres) and( the arroba (25.6 )(itlnds), were still ('tilrrnclt foir ciartaii purposes. As there is a possiblility thiat the imov(eniIt for ilthe a(dloption o(f tile itetric systemn iii t ie ' nited Sitates may eve('IIt Ially be stc'('essfli, it was (l(deemed wise' ti re(taiin that svsteii in P(ort() Rico (as well as it the Philippines). CORPORATIONS. The laws gover('ning foreign an(l (Idomestic c('rlporalioins inII Porto Rico are as liberal as is consistent with II le p)ul)lic(' welfare, an I have been franmed to (eet t lie colnitliiirs iII tlie islal(l. They (do inot differ greatly froin tle general coirporation laws iII thie Tnite(l States, and are modeled after those of New Jersevy. As to foreign (corporations, lthe civil code (f PoIrto li(co 'provid(es that all corporatlions (or i joint sto('k coimipanies or-ganIize(d iiiler lthe laws of any State o()r of tlie tU nited States. (,ri (f any foreign gIvernment, shall, before donig business within tills island, file iil the otffice (f lie secret ary (of Pi'ito Rico a (uly autI aIiient(ate1 ('if Cpy of their charters ()or articles of incorlmorat ion, alnd also( a' stateilelnt veriltied by the oathl of the presi(let, arlid secret ary of sfaid crpioration, and attested by a majority of its board of diirei,'irs. sIo)iwiilg: (1) The name of such 'orl(poration alid tlie li.'atimin if its rii'i l)al office or p)lace of busiiness wilhoui t t(Ie islanid (2) thei almouit of its capitial; (3) tlie armoint of its c(alpital stock actually paid ii in money; (.I) theamn(iount of its calpital sltock,paid ii in in any t (r w-ay, and in wlhat way; (5) the aimount of tlie assets of the i IIriporation and of what tlie assets consist, witl I tlhe acetual cashl vale tlhere(,f; (() tlie liabilities (of such co('riration aonld, if any of tlie inleitledness is secured, ]how secured and(t upon what property. Foreign corporations must, pay as fees lto thie' secreitary of Prtlo Rico, for filing(' charter, 15 ((cents for each $1,000 of atlithorized capital stock, but in no (case to ex'ceedl $500; fir recording chlarter, 20 cents for each hundred words; f(or tiling and recording c'rtificate of consent to be sued and appointmlient of agent, $5 for issuing certificate of c(rlporate existence, $3. Domestic corpl)orations may be organizedl by three o(r iori'e per sons, with a capital (of not less than $2,000, and must filie wil I tlIe secretary of Porto Rioico articles if inc(orpl)ration similar 1t, those (f foreign corporations. All c('rl)irations must file annually, in July of each year, a full report, in prescribed form, with tlihe secretary of Portoi Rico. All domestic corporations must pay to t lihe secretary of Porto Rico, as fees for filing artic'les ( ff nc,'orporatliin. 15 cents for each $1,000 of authorized capital stocik, b1utt hiis fee slall in no c'ase lIe less than $25 (,r moIre than $500; for rec'r'diling art icles of incorlpoatiion a fee of 20 cents for each 100 worils is charged; for issuing a certificate of corporate existence tihe fee is $3. 'COR'PORAT'IN TAXES. In addition to tlie( albove fees'. ('r)('porati(ons are sullject( ti tlie follwirng taxes: (1) Tlie law provides that every c('.rp'oratiion inco(rloraltedl under the laws (of Port., Rico shall be assessed fr, tlie almolunt i)f tlie actual piresent value (,f tlie capital,of sruch corporation, which value( shall nt be less than the value of lh' calital stock and br ronds plus tire sur]plus andl undlivided tearniings of tihe c',rporatiomn, nor less than thlie mnarket value of all tlhe real and personal 1property owrneld by it in PI(rt)o Rici'o, c ici niig iii 1)(ersonal IMrop)erty all credlits, rights, fran'ichises, anml concessions. Foreign corporatiorms are assessed in tlie saime way, with the exicept ion ithat tle actiual present valuie (if the capital is taken to includle irly such part if thlie capital as can hle conrsidlered to be euimplovedly in tIhe tfr'ansact.ion (rf buIsiness in Porto Rici,. It will be, seen, therefore, tat cimpilrations, as respects time g'reral liroipierl y tax, ar treI atedl e(' Xact ly as idldtividltmrals. Thley are asse(sse(d (ii ire' act ual p1ropl v wired bry them in Pmrlmt Iico. In Illte case' (f srmIe' corporations fi x'ali( if such ir)per'i y (' c ian Iest )e (o. tiained by takirmg thfe market value of theiri secuiritis, while in time casi' of ot iers (amnd especli'ially indlustriai,'(1)l tiolnis) thl' best basis (,f assessinitll is il tir' valur oii rrf tl' fe pr'po'rly owneid. Up'in i lte vlvalmatioin aIs tlfils olfrtalile,. crporal(ri', ns illfms Ipa: IIH' rati' of omir-]lfaf of I pert. ce''t fior im i lafr 'purp])ses aind role-hal f of I per cil foir geieral ninniricipall puirises. In aidd it ion to thiesei, fl'e riimunilcipalitiies ilsor fiave tlie liow'r of impioirisirlg tlIe slpecial so'loil tax noi to i'xceeid o'l-te('mit Ii f!1 ~ per'celt. aid, in the cas(': of Il' fiour 1'imurir'ipalities of Sari1 Jm11, Piice,' Minyamtig'z. alnd Arreio, tihere is n aIlddlitirmral tax for' tlli plurplose f pi'r'vidrig fundIs with whIirl to I lriy lie' irrt 'rest a:i(I simk rig frIII cIma(']rge's (n acco111t of bomibded iril'.hrted'nress c'itira'.cted by thlir. Spe'r'imrl prm'visionrs ame'( miadiefr rregahrling ltlie assessrimret f,' ramilway c(.ripo'ratiorrs, ibut 1]f.se fruvisiris h av ' n'ferenc' e chitflyv i t ill( ampplort irnimienilI (,f tli'( taxes when c'iill('ec't 1amorg tfir di'('nt munimi'cipalilit's, amrdl (ro l not affeci t t' ' g'ener' l princip('l11 tllit crp'lormations pa imi ppry pon pr vrrto ed r thliriem in tfle same way ras indli(2) Smmurety anm insudranmme o(ilpaiem's c'istlitllte' i sl'pecial catlegory if.corlommitratirns arrdl ii'a slu.ject io tlie' followinrg spfe'ial iaxes: First. An am. ml mtax of:i'' ('(iper clt of ille 'gross ml11ut ()f mill preimmmilins rm du('s collected in Porto Iio. S'econud. A sp\''imal stIampf ta.No Ie f, paid y hile affixirg if' inrternal're'vermue staiimps, as follows: Fuor ah'm boid in riligartion ofi tIre nat ure of i rde:'miit fyto lrhss. dl::a.mg, r lialilivty, and e'a' brorin, mriiiemrtmaking, or ' re.irg'nrizarce' o'iiilioir fol r li eI perfrm'-fi'ri ice if Ill' lduties, of a: i' office o' rpositiIo issiedi or 'x.ecutlledi,.o rer'rwed Iv Iany suTrI'ity ro'N mp1ira. l, oe-half of I per ce'nl n )'cacti $1 of t lihe a1mrnrrt Iof freim'r'IiiimI I'Icharmge'd for 'ach podicy of ins'ranc' or it lher iisimentiii, lv wliatsio've'r iammmie it may in' be called(I, whr''bv any i nsrmnc' is ma1,mde (or aivny life r lives, S' cents (in) each $1I00 of ithe almimoint insred' for I each pi'v yf i's:, o oi i nsun e. ihm' sti'rument, v whatsor'ver name' it tay 1ibe called, 1iv w'hichir insuram'mnci is marlde' ir reneweid upolm propleurty rof any descripliton against heril liv s(-a, (nr by fire ro lighting, orim iher peril, onm-half of I cent In omeich $1 oif the amourmmint.f if premiinim in ( 'Charg(md. r lThe''se c'rl'poatio'rs, minliess thiey have' mionem' inivestled in Porto Ricr', fpay no gen'l(Tal prmp(qery' tax. (3) Every for(ign c(irporation imust, pay an annual lic(nse fee of $25 for tlihe' rivileIge of ldoing,businness i I'Porto( Rico,. (4) In a few rcases, 'where special francfhises have been given to,corporations to perform quasi-public services. such as theI operation 40 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. of the street railway or the furnishing of electric light or power, provision has been made in the franchises granted to them for the payment to the insular government of a percentage of the gross receipts, as a franchise tax. To meet the (emand for information as to the corporation laws of the island the secretary of Porto Rico has published a pamphlet, which is mailed free on request. FINANCE. The financial affairs of the insular government are in charge of the treasury department of Porto Rico, except those relating to examination and audit of accounts, which are performed in the office of the auditor of Porto Rico. In the treasury department are thus concentrated the functions usually performed in the several commonwealths in the ITnited States by nt number of different officers, su(ch as the treasurer proper, assessor of taxes, collector of taxes, commissioner of banks anl corporations, etc. The treasurer also performs ilimp)ortant functions in respect to the supervision of the administration of financial affairs by the municipaliities. In virtue of provisions of the mllllllicialitly law, it is his (luty to prescribe a uniform system for the keeping of books of account, d(eposit of all moneys, the making o)f all disb)ursements ly the municipalities of the island, and to require from themn uniforml annual and other reports, setting forth in (ldetail their fina.ncial transactions. When duly authorized b)y t1h gove(,rnor, it is also his duty, himself or by deputy, to examine into the finanrcial operations of any municipality. For the performlance ( f its various (lilt ies the treasury idepartlmentil is organized into five b)ur(aus: ()ffice of the treasurer; bureau of acc(ounts; bureau of internal reve(nu; 1)tureau of municipal fina nce; bureau of dis)ursem nts. In add(lition to its office force the department emplo(ys 28 internial-revenlue agents, 21 (if whom (levote their attention to the ilnspection of establishients handling goo(s subject to excise taxes. INSULAR i EVEN U E SYSTEM. The present revenue system of thie insular lovernment was created bly ban act p)assed at the first session of I te first legislative assembly of Porto Rico, approved January 3 1, 1901. Tllis act was subsequently amendedl in certai n partjiculars, but its fundamental principles rentiain unc(haniged. In ptirsmuanlce (f tllhis act the insular government (lderives its reveniue from the f llo)wing sources: (1) Excise taxes, whi(ch are pai(d by thle purchase, affixture, and proper cancellation (}f init(erIal-revenmie stamps. ''These( taxes are ilniposed c(iiefly on liquors, tdobacco, and umatches, andl (ni the executi(oi of certtain legal (ocumnents. (2) A general property tax of 0.15 of 1 per cent on all real and personal pro)erty, except, that (ledicat( (I to religious an(l e(lducatiorial pulrlp)ses, (crtlain hlosehlold goods, etc. (3) A c(ollateral it l(eri tlance tax varying according to the amou(nt inlherit(e( and th(e (1egre( ()f kinship. (4) Spe(ial taxes (11 insurance c()l.panies, inl lieu o(f the payment of the ge(neral prope)rty tax. (5) (Customs receipts, less eXl)ense ()f (ollection. ({) MAiscellanieols receipts, the mnoist important, of which are the 2 per ce(lnt imiterest paid 1)y th(e depositories (f iiisular funds on mone(ys he(,hl 1)y tIhem ielonging to) thl insular gve('rnment; license fees fronm foreign corporationis for the privilege if trainsacting bulsi — ness in PIorto Rico(; royialtiies froim (co)ipanies (enjoying, fran(chises or sp(ecial privileges; c(11 rt ftees an(1 fitnes, andt fees collected by the registlrars of p:roperty. The following condensed statement taken from the report of the governor of Porto Rico for the fiscal year 1906 shows, in brief, the condition of the finances for that year: RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF THE INSULAR TREASURY OF PORTO RIco FROM JULY 1, 1905, to JUNE 30, 1906. Receipts. INSULAR REVENUES. Dollars. Customs receipts....................................... 71, 111.20 Internial-revenue receipts............................. 2,444,719. 51 Miscellaneous receipts from sundry sources............ 197,071.91 Total insular revenues deposited................. 3,357,902. 62 Repayments.......-........................ 177,200. 00 Transfers to insular revelnues from trust funds........ 10,099. 41 Dollars. Total deposits and repayments of insular revenues........... 3,545,202. 03 Dollars. Trust funds deposited......-............. —...... 341,648. 49 Repaymnents to trust funds.......................... 15,97G. 65 Total trust-fund deposits and repayments....... 357,625. 14 Transfers from insular revenues....................... 14,987. 53 - --- Dollars. Total trust-fund deposits, repayments, and transfers........ 372, 612. 67 Tota I deposits, transfers, andl repayments from July 1, 19(05, to June 30, 1906 --—.... — ---—.....-.-.-...........- 3,917,814. 70 Batlance on hand at close of llbsiness JIune 30, 1105... —... -—.. 758,231. 35 Total receipts to be accounlted for.......................... 4, (i76, 046. 05 Expenditures. AMOUNTS ADVANCED TO I3ISBURSING OFFICERS FRO(M INSULAR REVENUES. Dollars. Total amiounmt a(lvanced for legislative expenditures................ 58, 681. 41 Total almolnt adv(Ivnced for executive expe(nditlures............... 2,091,928. 36 Total amount advanced for judicial expenditures................... 302,946. 47 Tot:tl 'aI(tount dmvanced from insular revenues........... 2, 453, 55. 24 l':tymllent of suindry claLis on settlements................... 1,088,237. 27 Transfers from insular revenues to trust fllns............... 14,987. 53 Toti 1 n. ount paid from insular revenues..................... 3, 556, 781. 04 AMOUNTS AD)VANCED TO DISBURSING (FFICERS FROM TRUST FUNDS. Dollars. Treasury depanrtmuent.......-... --- —. --- —.-.......- 1,846. 67 )epaLrtmnent of the interior......-............... 92,826. 74 AdvanedI to University of Porto Rico................. 17,588. 74 Depa rtlnent of education.........6..-.......... —. —.. 64, 433. 36 Depanrtment of health, charities, and correction -.....- 325. 00 Advanced to municipality of Aguas Bue.........s.. 106. 54 Total amount advamnce1d from trust funds -....- 177,127.05 PI'ayment of sundry claims on settlements.............. 308,056. 81 Transfers to insular revenues.......................... 15,774. 74 - Dollars. Tota.l amounlt paid from trust funds.......................... 500,958. 60 Total expenditlres, July 1, 1{905, to 3 iune( 30, 1906.............. 4,057,739. 64 Total receipts to b accounted for................................... 4,676,046. 05 Totl (I xponditures.................................................. 4.057,739. 64 lalance on land Jimi 30, 190................................. (18,306. 41 Made lmp as follows: Instular rev(nues —n. -...-.....-................. 405,215.18 Trust funds.................................... 213,091.23 -- 618,306. 41 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. 41 Decrease in balance of insular revenues: Dollars. Balance of insular revenues, June 30, 1905..........-...... ---.... 416,794 19 Balance of insular revenues, June 30, 1906......-........... --—. 405,215.18 Decrease in balance of insular revenues during the fiscal year 1906.-.............................................. 11,579.01 Decrease in balance of trust funds: Balance of trust funds, June 30, 1905 ----- —.....-....-.... 341, 437. 16 Balance of trust funds, June 30, 1906 -...............-......... 213091. 23 Decrease in balance of trust funds during the fiscal year 1906.... 128,345. 93 In a letter accompanying the circular relating to the $1,000,000 four per cent bond issue of the Porto Rican government, the treasurer of the island recapitulates the receipts and expenditures of the insular government (luring the last five fiscal years as follows: \ IT RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF THE INSULAR GOVERNMENT PR)PER OF PORTO RICO DURING T1HE FISCAL YEARS ENDED JITNE 30, 1902 TO 1906. ITEM. Balance on hand at beginning of year r Net receipts during the year....... - Total....... Net expenditures during the year.. Balance o n hand atend of year (accounted for as below)... Cash on hand at end of year...... Due from municipalities 1 n d 1902 1903 1904 1905 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 74, 031. 41 314, 600. 40 344, 310 58 332, (65. 87 2, 423, 130. 73 2, 473, 748. 05 2, 345, 965. 97 2, 520, 272. 84 1906 Dollars. 500, 04. 23 2,554,554. 14 2,497,762. 14'2,788,348. 452,6 90, 27i. 55 2, 852,968. 71 3,055,15. 37 2, 183. 161. 74 2, 444,037. 87 2, 357, 580. 68 2,352, 364. 48 2, 527,135. i89 314,600. 40 344,310.58 332,695. 87 500.604. 23 a 528,022. 48 314,600. 40 344,310. 58 The following statement shows the amount of money in the custody of the treasurer on June 30, 1906, and the institutions in which it was deposited, also the amount due from mllunicipalities and school boards on account of loans mlade to them from the insular treasury: Dollars. To the credit of insular revenues. —...-..............-..-.. ---- 405.215. 18 To the credit of trust funds........................................... 213,091.23 Total.......................................................... il,306. 41 Deposited withAmerican Colonial Bank of Porto Rico................... 368. 306. 4L First National B1 nk of Porto RIico............................. 00 00 Banco Territorill y Agricola de luerto Rico.................. 50,000.t0 Total..... ----—. ---.....-.... --- — ------—......... -..........,. 41 Due from municipalities and school boards on account of lwnllss 11Mde\ to them............................................................ 157.263. 55 Each collector and deputy (collector is bonlded to thle people of Porto Rico for the faithful ac(counting for all lione(ys (ollling into his hands. The positions of collectors hliave invariably bl>ee filled by native Porto Ri(cans. Taxes are payallec twice a year, on1 July 1 and January 1 (of each fiscal year, ad l( become overdue if nlot pai(d within sixty (lays thereafter. (Cor )(rations are in general taxed on the same basis as indivilduals, 1)it 1l (t assessment of their property is made directly i)y the ltreasilrer (of the island. There are about 60,000 taxpayers (1on 11( island. A.SSESS1E:i) VAUII OF > tIPROPEIITY OF' POIrTO RI(co), FISCAI, YEARS NDE)ED JUtNE 30,.1902 ro 190(). 'i ( Assessed ' 9 i| - i YEA R. I i Y *EAeR. I n Dollars. Doll(rs. 1)2.................... 4.. 01. 1905. -..i ---- 94, 609,766 1903.............. 1 700. 1tT i... 1i 99. 624,77)6 19041.................. 9). 421. 027 a As stated by lion. W. F. Willough!)y, tr stirer of lorto llico. b Th' decrease in the assessed v ln iof property indic atedl for 1904 wa.s dtue to the change in the law by which the assessl(ament tnl <lax:tion of credits was discontinued. The municipalities oIf the island have tlhe power of imposing a general p)roperty lax of 0.85 (of 1 )e(r (('nll ol prol)(erty within iheir (listri(cts. Of the moi(ey thus ('collecte(, t til treastirer of Porto Rico retains an(l pays over to the local schoo()l board 2(0 per ('Ient, and to the munimcipal governllewt for road maintenance 8 )per cent, the municipalities thus receiving for their free1 use 72 per cent. The municipalities al(so have tille powIer to levy a special sch(ool tax of not to exceeld 0.1 of I1 per ('(ent. Those miuniciipalities which have contrac'ted l)on(led in(lelbtedness m1ust a lso ilIlpolse a furtiher tax suflicient tlo prolluce lhe suim rlquired to meet the interest and sinking fuidl charges. Th(ese taxes are levied on property as assessed by lthe insular governineint, an(i the treasulry (lelartmnlent has ill all c(ases assunle(l tfil biur(llen of making )out tl]he tax rec(eipts and (co(llecting tile taxes. A great econoiny is tlhus effected in avoidling thle ('employlnl(l of two sets of collectiomn o(fihcials, and the (co(venie(nce of tlhe iaxp)ayr is served by lis liaving to deal with only one tax offi(e. All receilts lon account of su11l municipal taxes are treat('( as special triust fundls and ar( paid)(l over monthly to t!e( municipalities. The cost of collection is borne by the insular governiment. 332,695. 87 384, 489. 571 370.758. 93 school boards on account of short time loans........................ 116,114. 6 157,263.55 Total. ---- 314., 0(). 40 344,310. 581 332,69)5. 87 500,60423 5. 022. 48 a On October 30, 1906, the corresponding figure (surplus in thi insulair treasury) wats $867,781.60. ASSESSABLE PIROPERTY AND 'rAX COLLECTION. The first assessment of property, made in 1901, was made by a special force of assessors; that of 1902 and the corrections in 1903 ly the internal-revenue agents, which results not only in economy blut also in greater efficiency, inasmuch as the force is thus kept familiar with values of properties, a an assessments are mnade with greater uniformity. For the collection of property taxes the island is divided into sixty collection districts, with a collector or deputy collector in charge of each. Tax receipts are made lut in the treasury department at San Juan and to each collector is sent a bound vollnue of receipts for the taxes due in his district. All moneys received Ily (ollec(tors must be deposited at frequent intervals in on(e of the depositories of insular funds. These d(tepositories are at pr(selnt tile American Colonial Bank, the First National Bank of Porto Rico, and the Banco Territorial y Agrfcola de Puerto Rico. The treasury department itself receives and handles no cash, lbut makes all payments by draft or check on these depositories. By this means the treasurer is relieved from the responsibility of th(e actual handling of cash, no money is (ever withdrawn from circulation, and the revenue is increased by the 2 per cent interest paid by the depositories. 42 COMMERCIAL PIORITO RICO IN 1906. CUSTOMS TARIFF. (Custtoms (110es are collected by the Federal collector of customs, wh(o in ac(ordance-wi4tli act of Congress approved March 24, 1900, turns themn over to the insular government, after delducting the (cost. of collection. Thle qu(stion of the Porto Rican tariff occupied the attention of the American (Government fromn the moment of the land(ing of the American troop)s at Guanica on July 21, 1898. The island was then under a tariff proclaime(d Iy royal decree of April, 1892, during the reciprocity treaty with the United States. Reciprocity came into effect on Sept.ember 1, 1891. Under it, up to July 1, 1892, goods from thle United States were admitted under a "transitory schedule;" after July I they were admitteld mlider Schedules A, II, C, andl D, the first of whi'h containe(d a long list of articles adlnitted( free, the otihers granting reductions o(f 50 and 25 per cent. When reciprocity c(ame to an endl, on August 27, 1894, the general Spanish tariff of April, 1892, was applied to the trade with the United Staates. Tlit tariff contained two columns, the first relating to countries having no() commercial understanding with Spain, the second relating to co(untries having sutch an understan(lingl. Goods from tihe United States came(1, in und(er the rates of thi secon(( column;n good(s from )pain paid a temporary tax equal to 10 per cent of tilhe (tlli(es of thi( secolnd colliIin, 111e tradle lbetween Spain anId Porto R]ic() being i)ractically coastwise, o(n the theory that| Porto Rico was a provinice of Spain. lhaving been (declared such onII August 28, 1870. ''li lproto)col signed at Washlington August-12, 1898, having provi(lded for lthe (cession of Porto Ricot to lte iUnited States, te| a(lloption of a tariff law fIlr lle island beca,'me necessary. Ac(rm Mlingly, on A\gtist 19, the Plresildent, thirougli till( Secretary (of War, issle(i a "tariff of (lulies and taxIes, to i le-vied l and (1collected as a nilitary 11ontriiutin.'1 '!is lariff was ill tlie lmain the mini inn Spanish tarif If fthe11 s (econd col(m11n-thait is io say, (leaving, tilhe (111ties1 o1t iliportls frIom tlie United States pr(acticall y liclianglled an(i alppIlying ithe1 also ti) foreign g 1oods. Expolrt (Iulties vweI retained (I on coffee (I pes-o per 10)0 kilograms), woo(dl (15 cemitavos 11n 100 kilolgrails), a1111 tlobacco (22 centavos 1on 100 kilogrnams). An\ amenle(ld tariff was )promilgate I by lPresid(lential )order (l date(I Janniary 20, 1S99, to) Icome effective on Fe ruia'vry 1. It CO'nsiite I(,! onl tlie Whole a "Ireat redu1c1 io of till previoulis (lities, allo( it It was 1mod!fiedl (dluring Ol(e iiltary admltinisiration by variou~s "tariff circi(lars"' issule(i y vtille War )Depart1ml1e. TIlle organic alct (stladislinlg i lie plreseit civil governmenll (of lo1rto1 Rico (known as ttle Folaklr Act), approvedl April 12, 19(00, and tanking eIfeIt May 1 (of that year, ])riovided that tflie (lily In forloign g111oods (nt.(,ring Pj ( or lo icto sl](Iuld bIe tie suai e as t1a1 o11 foI reig n g d1 1(s i n(ering ie 0 niteII Sti alest lia(t go(is sh1111)ed frot11 ille( Ultnile(d States to Pork) Rico( or from Po(,rt oRico to tli}e ['nitedI States siiullill pmy 1) p1r1' cent f (ll11 (d11ty (Ion foreign gooids; taliat In all ('icoffeet'liI i1ori 1i11 Po rtko Rico a (lty (of 5 cents 1per lp n(l slhould( be pail; iIhat wo<rks printed inl Spanishl s-homll~l Ibe admittedI into Porto Ci'o free for a periodl of I(Cn years'; ha.it all books a.d; pamtle1Its p1inted in Engiiisih sollIld be admllittedI fille Iwen iIportled from th(e Unite(l States, 11a,( thlat go(1s aldmit(ted free into the '7nitedi States shollilld 1 adimlitle(d free also inlt) Polrt() Rico. TIle law also l)r'oviledil that all (1du1ties ( arlticles iI!plrt e(I inlto PortIo Rico frlo ille Unitei States, anl vi'e versa, should c(ease, as soo8n as t1l legisla1tivl ass(iil)Iy (of PI()o Ricoi should have Iut in (operatilon a sysltem of taxation st118licien.t tol (defray ill(> explelses (of the insular go-ve(rnnl(Ilt, 1and1 that in aly ('ase tl(1r(1 slhoild be1i free tra(le between he( Uniited States an(i Porto) Ri(co after March 1, 1902. It further providedl that (le (lutiles (1collectedl illn Porito Ri(() under this act anld tihedluties co)ll,'ected in ih( United qStates o(n g()()(Is ('cllming fromn Porto) Rico shouldl not be( coivei(vlre int() ti(l United States Treasury, but thould le held as a sepa.rate fund andl iplaced at the disposal of thlie President to }be use(d for thle lbenetit of Porto Rico, and that, when the civil government of Polrto Rico had been organize(l, sa.id money should 1(be turned over to tlil insular treasury. The legislative assembly lof Porto Rico having noltified the President. lby resolution dated July 4, 1901, that a system of taxation sufficienit to defray the exp)enses of the insular government had been put in operation, he madle proclamation t.o that effect on July 25, and since that (ate there has been free trade between tile island anli the United States. The organic act also provided (proviso 1.to sec. 4) that after said Presidential pr>oclamation all duties and taxes collected under the provisions of the act shouhld be paid into the treasury o(f Polrto Rico, to bIe expenltded for thle beiiefit of the island, instead of being paid into) the Treasury ()f lite United States. Wlheln through the exchange of ralifications of the treatyy of peace. (on April 11, 1899, Porto Rico became floreign territory to Spain it became ipso facto subject to to the maxillmu Spanish tariff. At the same time the commercial treaty iletween Spain and France ceased tto l)e applicable to Porto Rico, and accordlingly tihe island lbecame subject also to the maximumi French tariff. The effect of this sudden blocking of the accustomed channels of trade has b)een noticed in conlnectio)n with coffe(e. An effect of opposite tendency was produced by the reciprocity treaty between thlie United States and C(uba, which went ilito effect (on Decenmber 27, 1903, pro()vi(ling for a 20 per cent re(duction( of thle duty (on all unenumerated(i dutiab)le articles and a 40 per cent redluction on c(attle impolrted into Cuba. The effect (of this treaty appears in the following table: EXPO(RTS )OF COFFEE AND CATTIE FROM PORTO IRI(co() TO CUBA, FISCAL Y'EAiS ENIDED JUNE 30). 1901 To) 190;. f I 1 _ _ _ 1 ('> of1e. YEAR. Qu1 m" ntity. IPoutnds. 19021 -..............s................4, (7300 1!-(........-........................ 3, 534, 023 l)()4 -............ ----................ 4.0(0,03s 119>115..........................-...... (, 242.,120 110-; --------------------- -------- 1, 73), 124.!;);..~.......,.~~..,.~..~.... l.......... i: V\ Ill(. Iollors. (;33, 125 23., 25(6 345, 489 411, 770 7(0, 221 11,37(;.175 Cattle. Qoll"n- Value. tity. iNlnbcer. )Dollars. 10, 441(:53. 525 11,215 264, O(18 <S,8S7 173, 5(4 11,X17 25(, 323 7,021 154,087, 5SS 3 127,472 In tlhe tiscal ye'ar 1904, in thlie secinId half (of which t1he recip)rocity Ir('aly hadl 1 1:11n in force, its effects I(a('mnl al)l)aren(. (Coffee expor11s o)se at oIce with a bound, until in 190(9 they weVr nearly four limis as large( as in 1903. (Of ih1 t1oal.xj)()rts of coffee fron Porto li(()o, which in 1906 anlounted to() 28,390,000 pounds (ini'l(liAg sh)ipn(,tis miit 2, 11), Unit (( Sat (es), Cuhalt tlls lok c )sielrailyc 1more than one-thlird(, and no(arlty wicl, as 11111ih as Spain, the( n3(xt largest customer. In1 the case of catle, loo, (he advent of reciplliy t silremed lt, inauguratI e an itci(r tease( oif exporilltls, but this lias fa11'lllmlnn ( t sf agai, indubtless y because Porito Ric() needs its cattle for itshe gro)wing sugar industry. >ffy agr e omnetI signed ath Was lingl tn August 20 and proclailed August 22, 1902, it was "agree'd on t]e(' part) of thle French Repllublic Ithal, c(rfe e f, irol(luct )of Porto Rico sall enjoy until thffe 23d d(ay of:Fe()ruary, 1903, the, tbenefit ()f (the mini.1 mum1 customls tariff lf lIrate oiln thiat articl y." (Se Treasury Dcisiyn 239a duty54.) This arra gement, wasl continued by coad miy yo1.1.nd te ate set ftr its termination, but on April 16, 1907, tlie French minister of hniance issued a decree ap)plying the maximum tariff to coffee from Porto Rio(() and also to that coming from United Sat(es ports, to t(tke effect after June 30. This means tthat, unless the effect of the decree be forestalled t)y negotiation, tlie Porto Rican coffee sent to France (5 million pounds, or over one-sixth of t(he total coffee exports in the fisc(al year 1906) will have to) pay a duty of 26.3 cents per pound, instead ()f 11.9 cents as herettofore. COMMERCIAL PORTO RIICO IN 1906(. 43 INSUnLAR BONDEI) DEBtT. Porto Rico was fortunate in starting its autonomous life unburdened by dlet. Not only was this the case, but the treasury of Porto Rico had b(een called oni from time to timee during more than thirty years Trecceding the American occupation to advance mIoney to Cuba. These advances aggregated imol(re than $4,000,000, of which, after partial repayments, there remained in 1900 an unpaid balance of $2,253,516.55. As this (lelt, however, had been incurred by the Spanish Government for the purpose of suppressing the Cuban revolution, it is not likely that the Cuba( n (Gover1nm1ent will recognize it. By act approved March 8, 1906, 'amended by act appro(ved February 13, 1907, the legislative assemnlly of Porto Rico authorized the issue of 4 per cen(t gol(d bonds to the amount of $1,000,000, the proceetds to 1)( used in road construction. The act plrovi(ces that the bonds shall be sold at not less than par, shall run for a 1period of not to exceed twenty years, and that a special tax on property of 0.1 of 1 per cent shall lbe collected for the purpose of realizing funds with which to meet the interest as it falls due and the payment of the bonds upon their maturity. According to statement issued by J. & W. Seligman & Co., of New York, fiscal agents of the loan, the )onds will be dated January 1, 1907, and purchasers will be required to deposit, besides tile amount bid, the interest accruing between January 1 and April 8, 1907. The bonds will )be issued in twenty series of $50,000 each, maturing annually, the first series on January 1, 1908, tlie last series on January I, 1927. Principal and semiannual interest will b)e payab)le in gold coin of the United States of tlhe pres(,nt standlard of weight and fineness, at the office of the fiscal a(,ents in New York. The bonds will be issued in coupon forml for $1,)000 each. llegisteredl bonds, but only in the (dl(enomination iof $5.()0(), will (be issuedl in exchange for the like face amount (If c(()upon bo(n(ls of tlie sanme series. Registered lbondls will )( ltranisfe(ratll' in New York at the office of the fiscal agellts of ttl(l tila. whlire c(ouplil()n l1ond(s Im111st als() be presented for conllversion inlto (reist (,re(l 1)ondls. The act of the le(gislative asse(luJly ()rovid((s tlIIat thel lo)(nl;s s]hall be exempt from the p)ayment of taxes of any kin(l wllat s(evcr o(f tll(, g,(vernment of the islalnd of Porto Rll(o()( oif any local aut hority therein. The United States Treasulry Depart.lelnt. autho:rizes t(lie state ('ment that it will atc('eptt tlhes(e lo((ls o as security for pul)li( ((l)()losits ()n )rI'cisely tlie same conditionis as tlhe Philippine b1o(nls, to wvit, I lhat: tlie Department will accep(t tile 4 per ('('cent g(old Port OI) i(O 11() b1(1s at p1al as security for public 1deposits, should futll1(er (d('o)()sits be )(' 11(e, andt([ permlit theni to be sub>stitut(ed forI Go(vernln( t 11(nd(ls 11ow 11ield as security for deposits, on 'co(nditionn that the (Io(verilln(lit o1)(1lds thllus released be used as security for ad(di tioil c'ir'ulatin wil((enever in the jll(lgment of the Secretary of thie Trl'tasllr it is (IlsiraIll(e to stilate(: an incre(ase ill national-b)anlk c(irc'ulalti). The blonds were allotted tfo the six suc((I(essful )i(l(lers (on A1pril 8, 1907, at prices varying frolm $100.313 (fo(r S.100 face valuil) for tihe first $50,000 worth of bonds due ill January, 1908, t) 1 13:.3140 for $20,000 of the last $50,000 due inl January, 1927. TOTAr, PU13LIC INDI)Ei;rE)NEsIN SS ()F P1()1'() R1i1,() JtUNE 30. 190();. D)EBT OF MUNICIPALITIES. Unlike the insular gove(rnmenil t, tl i( municipalities lhave largely 1been burdened with dl(let, arising froil thll( fact that they were il the halbit of autlhorizing, in their annual bltudgets expenditures in excess of the receiIpt tlhat (c(uild reaso(lnally 1) alnticipat ed. T]lis hadl gone on to such an ext(ent tha at tit tlhe bginning of tlie civil government many (of the municipalit i(s were in a slatle o(f Iract i(cal blankruptcy. Tlie floating indell tedness of San Juan, Arecilo(, Mayaguez, and Po(nce was paid )fft' frlom the proceedls of th(e b11(1ids so(ld by) thiose municipalaities, bearing date of January 1, 1902. To mileet the lneeds (f t(he o(tle(r municilaliti(es an act was passed providing that s8uch llmulnicipalities Ilighlt pay ()ff tlheir indllted(nlless oultstalling June 30, 1902, by certilicates ()f indl(lltedn(lnlss, red('eemab)le in live y'ar's. This was generally (dlIni, lan( ('cert ili'cat ('s 1(> thel amlloIunt of $103,1'29.29 were issu(ed. Of tl11is su1, $6(i(,(;614.76 1had 1)been pai(d on Jurne 30, 1905, leaving a b>all(ce of $36,514.39 in iunpai(l certificates to:be redeemiied in two( y('ars. lilifortunately tle llmuni(cil)palities contiinu1ed ( to inculr nlew oblligatio(ns in excess (of rece((ipts, with t hll rs1ul t t ehat thlir aggre'gate indtcletdlness, which ldl al(nIou iteld to $50() 1, 128.15, reduced(, in 1902 to $418,164.73, and largly (extiilngIisl(hed in 19)03, was swelled once more to $262,508.96 in) 1903 and t)o.28. 186.S 1 ill 1904. To re(ll(,(ly tilis state of affairs, tle( inlsular g()velrnIlmn t in 1904 passed an ac(t authloriziig adlvancells flm (llt il( ilsular t reasury to tilh( ntmic;pallities t(o ) lpay o(ff lhlir [loatilln ildbt('edt((less )r undel(rtake works of inmprovem(ent, claret Ieing ltaken thlat lbe municipal I)udgets shoul(d l)e s() frameld as to() insure( t]le p, lay (enlt (f: p)(er ce(ilnl int(erest In tlI( loan andl rep(laIient (f (ll(e-lift li ()f il'( ll'rincilpal achl year. As the insular go(v,'riinmeni itself (olle( 1 ts (1I lnIi( i)pal tax(s, re'tailling what(ever sus nay 1 be d1t(' t(o I li( insular I 1r8asury anld tI 1rning the' re(maindler o(ver' () t(ll I llmnic(ipalities, Itl(e rlepayme n(t (If l(hese advances is absolute(ly s,(cure(. Undier this law, thle following ad(vanei'(s lave 1een made1111(1(' INSUtLAtR I()ANS TO( MI1UN IlIAI1ITIES AND SCHOO()()L O()ARDi)S, FISCAL YEAIlS 1)()5 AN)D 1906. M |N I(|A I T I,S. - - N UNI( Il'Al,TY () 1 )AIlii). PI'll'rpo)s S forl w llichl gr lte'(t. i I)ltt(' of or:i. I' f' ( i1dc1lt- I tllrov('c( (1 (SN. I I }lt ll ts. A i illt () ()11Sl lt - ot) o 1)1. ti Jg-. III)! 3(). 1 9 (;. IBond(ed indcltctldIInSS. Dollars. Insular gol,(rnmllent.. 1 0000. 0( Municip"alitit's....... 1,100. 000. 0( School 1oa'rds.................. Flog ting and all t 1, (i ioth(rs indebte(tIll. Cash on hand and in sinking ffundts. Dollars. 370.758. )93 2((6, 757, 57 43,878. 24 Dollars. 233,2411. 74 G(O 7lt5. 35 Dollars. 1, 000)), 000. 00 1, 3:33, 24(. 74 (1), 715. 35 h'ss ca sh Nt (s111 (1 oIll hIIl n Ild illn sinking urinds. Dollars. (2i!), 241. 07 1, ()OGG, 48X'. 17 25, 837. 11, 72t1, 5Ti7.35 157. 2(3. 55 I 4 5 S 1() 11 12,13 14 1 5 17 IX 1l9 21) 2I 2:L3 24 2.5 2(1 I, IJDrlill ~ llY 1 I)olllrrs. FI1jardl o......... 1( 1 i 1, 0 2, S. (1.\glis 1 llltlnas. Jul1 19, 10() ( 4, 311. (7 C( o,( IIto'ri....-... —...... 1. '2,(0. )() 1'on(,(........ S t. 14, 19) 04 35,.()(() (00 ) sV ga.1 lj1 -....-. Mrt. 1t. 1911) 04 3,50). ()( Y'itil c.. - -...... (lo. -- -—. M y! 2,17. '.) 2 Sa I.a. nalt ('ira li(. 1 2c. 1 (, 1104 3,;414. 27 Bayarion --...... l,. 2 1105 6,42..72 San S' )tstian.............o..... s,( 69. 42! 1aagn.I.. --- — MiS l r. 2,S 19()5 I 1,0(0. ( 0 sa l 1ltll...* —. — M nr. 15, )19)05 2, )0 0.0() Vi(,(tl s -......... M y 22 1905. --- —--—.. Tota l, 1 905I............... 'i 9.<1S-.:33 ega Alt=.. —...... -- -. - V(og Alta... —... — Ajug. 12.1905 1,1. (0 0 Ad\(jntas..... Aug.:31, 19)05 14,922.44 i Ion........... —...(lo. 2,(;43. 4( Ag.\ dilt 1 --- —-- Sept. 20, 1905 5, 9(43. 7!J NIg llto.......... -.... 108. 81 San J uan........ Se )t. 2(, 19!05....... -\rroyo -... - - M r.., 190(I... (o o.. --- —----- A )r. 10. 1 (0(); I,. r(,s................ (I().-.-. --.luana l)iatz.. ---- A.\)r. 17,1!1)06 1i, 50). 03 I'atilla s.. ---. --- —--........-..- (l..... —.Toa a j.. a 1, B'19(t........ ay 1,1 6 Agla(t.. ---. ---- J.un <,' 23, 190()i 114. (i Aib)onito.... ---- (lo -- -. 55S. (00 Totadl, 190(;............. 27,240. 72 Total, 1905 Dollars. Dolltars.......... 2, 5 )o. ()O...-.. — 35, () o. ()o -- - -. - 3, (()1 11, 772. 25... — -.. ti344. 27 _ ---- _ —_ —_ ~ _;, 420. 72 ---- -.,,; it9. 42 ----—.. - ] 2, o(). ()()!31)()() ()1),0 rI00. ()() 3,000. o (o. _ ).o 3.()()0. ()0!5.(;IlS. A 3 ----- 1 1 1)(11,00.00 - 2, (43.19) '..1r. I 3, ((1(,. (0 15, 00. 1,I rT()000. ()0 4,200. 00 j4,200. 00 4.049().97().!)7 00 2,0(). 00. 2,(0). (00 1, 500. 00 1,, 0. 0( 0 3, SS5. 84 4, ( ). 00. I.442. (00 0 I,. (). (X) ()3, 102. 77 9i0., 33. 49 (;, 102. 77 185,961. 82 l)ollalrs. 1,(;72.87 2,577. 73 1, 4~3. 05 2.(),44.77, (;71.27 7,OS4. (;2 2, 83. 35 3,82!9.:38 5, 029. 39 19.((!). 37 51, (155. 80 749. )7 1I,1.83. 13 2,09(. 05 9, 5)2. ()2 2,372. 09 4,2()(). )00 2, o, o00 12,000.00 >, ()0. (00 2, (0)0. (M) 1, 5X). (1) (8, 312. 96 124, 3(8. 7(i Total —......-. 2,100,000. 00 302.96i2. 0( Less amount duee in- sular go(vrnmllent by inmnieipalities.. ---------.. —.. --- 2, 402,962. 09 6S1(, 394. 74 Balance of net i delt..-.. - -....... ----........ --- —-......... ---....... 5(;4,303. 80 a Includes issue of $1(1000),000 of bonds of iisultar government. ------------ 44 COIMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. INSUILAR LOANS TO MUNICIPALITIES AND SC()OL BOARDS, FISCAL YEARS 1905 AND 1906-Continued. SCHOOL BOARDS. No. MUNICIPALITY OR Date BOARD. of loan. Purposes for which granted. Payment I Public of indebt- improveedness.!nents. Dollars. 1 2 3 4 5 (i 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 213 22 23 24 25 27 28 21) 31 32 33 34 35 37 38 40 Adjuntas........ July 16,1904 980. (00 Aguada............... 40)8. I) Agu-ldilla........ do..... 750.00 Aglm s IBune ( s-....... 355. 00 Anasco................ o...... i 06. 00 A recibo d —.. -.... -. (o -..-.- 1, 411.100 Batrros.......-.-.do -.. -—.. 348.00 Bayal non........}.....(t....... 672.00 1( -ruvo,..........I o...... 1,0(M. 00 ( ' 0vy do 6......2.. 734.00 I 1 1 ) 5 (bu ls................ o.-. 323.33 Iomeri....o...........(1. 925. 00 F j, i rdo..... ---.... o....... 182. X) imjas............i.....(...... 55.111 lf s Mri,r.i........ i do....... ()75. 00 M,ricao d --- —----... o.-..- -.. 21(1). 00 M').3m I< m.... I.....(....... 3,()80.00 M I'<)f is.........L.....(do....... (. ( 10 Na, gli,li) o.-..........-....o- -- 492.)00 ' It il (..Ii I....r.....(o....... 394. 0 ) S\,in), (IrnL.... d.(o.. 425.00 -San io r n o -- -....( 1.... 100).0) tlnido.......... (..... o....... 8<;2.00 Vogtg Il j............... 20i. 00 MaSnr li..........i ) Oct. 3, 1904 700. 00 'lTotal, 1905, -.............. 19, 49(;. 33 ASg ada........... Ani. 31,1i905 I.......1 Arccil —)o -...........- o-........ 00 \!tadilla -....-. S. p.,20 19051 1,500. 00 A'n as -.... ---. — O t. (, 1905 2, 0.. 00 San l, (1 irand.. 1. -.....l 1,2010.00 Sain ( rr l i -—.. —. —....do.................. M nati.......... — ) Oct. 1, 1905 -..-..-..-. C':lrnfl v............ Nov. 8,1905 |........... i latillo............... do....... -........... l — r-s. -----—... M ar. 31. 190f |........... C(oam to.......... Apr. 10 1906 - -......... Toa Baja........... T otla, 1 1 } -----—, 10. 8i..-....... 00 T4,l '~);I........i5 qi.({ Dollars. —........ j- - - - - _.,,-........ --- — - - - - - -- - - ---------- --------- - - - - - - -......... Amount of loan. Dollars. 1980. 00 408.00 750.00 355. 00 806. 0(1 1,411.00 348. 00 672. 00 1,0 (0). () 734. 0() 323. 33 925. 00 182. 00() 1 550. (1) (;75. 0( 216. 00 3.,(i(; (0 ( (;)0. (10 492. 00 394. (1) 1. )00. 00 425. (00 8(62. 00! 20. 00 700). 00 Amount outstanding June 30, 1906. Dollars. 551. (3 2 01..12 3(15. 76 55 — 1. - -.. - - -. '2.(1 - ---;S iS - --- I 5.7 '..... 19-, 496. 33. 3,219. 01 1, (X). (0O, 1(0(. (X) 6 58. 13!90(. 00 1.096. 00 1 721. 07.-..-. ('. 5X). ).0() 983. 44 2,H)0. (X) 1,579.37........,20. 0 00 947. 84 2.00()). 00 2,000. 00 1, 579. 7 1, 200. 00 1,200.00) 947. 24., (0). 00 3,00 (00. o 2, 531. 46 3, (.)0. 00 3, 1000(. 0(10 2, 727. 47 5,000. )0 5,000. )(}0 5. (X)0. 00 ).(0)( 6. (i 0.00) 6, (i X ). (0;,,AIX). ()): (;,o1. o() (;, 3 0o. 0( 1, ()(0. t0) 1,000. 00 1,500. )11 12.1),. )0 1,5 )(. 00 27,100.00 32,996.00 29, 675. 78 ~~~~~~~~!);r._ 7 _ The increased receipts obtained from the general property tax are responsible for the greater part of this increase, although the municipalities received a larger income in 1906 than in the preceding year from almost every one of their sources of income. CURRENCY AND BANKING. RETIREMENT OF PORTO RICO MONEY. Unlike the Philippines, Porto Rico has no special system of curreincy, the money in circulation being that of the United States. This is in accordance with the organic act, which, in section 11, provideld as follows: That for the purpose of retiring the Porto Rican coins now in circulation in Porto Rico alnd substituting therefor the coins of the United States, the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized to redleem, on presentation in Porto Rico, all the silver coins of Porto) Rico known as the peso and all other silver and copper Porto Rican coins now in circulation in Porto Rico, not including any such coins that may )be imported into Porto Rico after the first day (f February, nineteen lhundred, at tile present establlished rate of sixty 'cents ilI tile ('co0ins of tlhe United StIates for one pe(so of Porto Rico coin, and for all mi-nor o1r subsidiary coins the slamlle rate of /exchange sai ll b)e applied. The( Porto Rican (coins so pturc(hased or redleene(d shall be recoined at tihle expense of the United States, under the diroction of thi( Secretary (of the Treasury, into such (c(ins of thle 'Unitd(l States now authlorized by law as he may direct, and fro(m and after three montlhs after the (late when this act shall take effect no (coins shall be a legal tender, in payllent of debts thereafter contracte d, for an(y amiount in Port(o Ri (), except those of the tUnited S1tates; and whatever s)l1n mlay be required to carry out the provisionls lerleof, and to pay all expenlses that may be incurre(! in,o(Innecti)onl therewith, is herelbyv aplprop)riated, and the Secretary olf thl1e Treasury is herebly autholrizcd t o establish such regullati)ns an(l (ep)l()y such "tncies as mlay be n(cessary to ac(-,onp)lish thle purl)oses hereof: IProvidcd, hovevcr, That all debts owing ()ln the d(lat(, wh(en tiis actt shall takel effectt shall b)e payable ill t(he ('oins of Porto Rico now in (irculation, or in the coins (f the United States at. 1t1 rate o(f exchange above namned. In ac'cor(lance with this law, Treasury agents went to Porto Rito in 190()0 an ull) to August (of that year redeemed Porto Rican money amllontinlg to 4,862,798.30 pesos, leaving in Porto Rico) the irop(Iortionate amount of American (coin. On the return of the Trr(asury a1glnts to) the 7United Slates, Messrs. D)e Ford & Co., bankers, of San Juan, were a)ppointed to continue the redemption, and by May 1, 1901, had rledeeied 266,343.38 pesos, making a to(tal retire(llent of 5,129,141.68 pesos, equivalent in United States 'curren('y to $3,077,485.08. In 1896 it was ascertained that the money in circulation in Porto Rico amountedl to 6,646,000 Porto Rican pesos. As a good deal (of this was taken away b)y the Spanish soldiers, the 5,129,141.68 pes(os retired in 1900 and 1901 no doulbt represente(d practically the entire circulation. The proper nietho(d of effecftiing the transition from the Porto Rican currency to that of the United States became the subject of active (discussion as soon as it, was known that the island was to ('(ome unler American s(vereignlty. The bullion valute of the Porto Rican peso at that time was about 40 (cents gold, while its ('xchang(e value in Novem(ber, 1898, was 60 cents. The exchange 1value had( fluctulat(ed( ('nstantly (luirillg the preceding ten years, thIough for the ilost part. it had been ()considerably higher than 60 cents. \ithin six mllonthls it is recorded t( l have varied from 37 to 74 ((cents. Thell mere substitution of one set of coins for anolther would have been a (omiplarat ively easy imatter, lbut for the fact t hat there exist(ed' on the islandl debts amounting to) some 43,000,000 pesos, all (0oltracte(l in Port() Ri'an currency. So long as thel rate of exchange bet ween tile P(lrto( Rican peso and the United States (lollar was ] ft to () the n1tural op)eration of the laws of exchange, tll( val-e of 1t11h(s (lI4)ts, while fixed as exl)ressed in pesos, fluctuated with the valule of tle peso as compared to the dollar. As the exchalnge I rate fell, tlh( value (f the (lebts wouldl increas'e: a-s tile e(xchange rate rose, tihe debts woullld diminish in value. WXhenl, thcreforre, the question arose at what rate the Porto Rican pesos were to be redeemed by the United States Government, in order to be re-:I:;_ Total, 1905 and 1906................ 25,392. 3 27,100). 00 1 52, 492. 3: 32, 894. 79 Twenty-five nmunicipalities ()ut of the sixty-six (closed(l the fiscal year 1906 witll 1) no ltstLanlling floating in(leblte(ldness, and seven othlrs halX an ind(lebte(dnelss o(f less than $100 ea(ch. The four muni(cipalities o(f San Juan, Pon(c, Mayaguez, and Arecilbo, whicth,on J.Iullary 1, 1!)902, incurre(l b}Imdedl(I indcebteldnlss to a tot(,l a1111unt of $1, 10(0,000 (San Juan 1$600,000, Ponce $200,000, Mayaguclz $200,000). Arecibo (, 100,000), have 1been a}ble t(o meett all payilentils,f inlterest ad111 deposits to sinking funds, alndl( on June 3(), 1906, hlI.l o1 hahln( the following balances with which t1o Imeet future charge,s: Dollars. Dollarrs. San.J11m -......-......-..-. - 2x, 029. 44. M yalya lcez... --- —..... 9,24(0.21 Poncle-..............-..- 11,810.7S i A rcilbo..-...-......- 7,299. 11 Thwe l(onlley stanlling to the ( cre(lit ()f the' sinkigil flunds is (ldepo)si t(ed with the Almerican (dl.olonial 1Bank of Porto Rico(). w, vlre it ear1ns int(rl('st at:.3 p)'(r cent, compo)undll(l s('ml Siinilnlua]ly. It the(' f(our yv(ars since the system o(f unlif(ormi a(()ccounting and repl)rl tit g Ito () thel'aslurr of Po11} Ri(o) 11has })been in fllorce(, tlle availa1)l(e il(colle f t(le' Il 1111 i'ilialitil's 111a increasted by1 l ne(arly half a milli)n d(ollliars. 'Thel( a(al rece((ilpts of all tle mullnic(ilpalities liduring tilt fiscal years 1903 to). it 1906.( inll('lui e, wee( as follows: I)ollars. Do1:n rs. 1.():3...............-... 1, 11:3,2:37.35 17 905........-..-.........,1,3:38,0S 45. 481 1X)04............... 1, l13!),:34.70 1. 1(f i.........1.............. 1, 66, 8i. 10 Thes(e figures aire ('xtlllsive (of tl( almn(ounts receliveld bl thll lunilliCpalliti(es in thle way of loansr froill tle insular tre(astlry. It will t)e seealt latl ill('ase inll receipts was especially great (turing the fiscal year 1906, such increase amounting to $268,937.62. COMMERICIAI, PORT() RIMCO IN 190(;. 45 placed with United States dollars, a choice had to be madle between two sets of conflicting claims, those of the debtors and those of the creditors. The creditor class, mostly represented Iby the tbankers, demanded that a high value be given to the peso, most of them recommendting 75 cents, while some demandle(d 8<5 cents. The debtor class, on the othlier hand, consisting mostly of the owlners of coffee and sugar plantations, recommended that the value of the peso be placed at 50 cuents, some even at 40 cents —its blullion value at that time. The rate whlich the United States (G()xernment finally a(opte(l, on recommendation of Mr. Robert P. Porlter, s)pecial commissioner, was 60 cen-ts for the peso. This rate was arrived at by taking the average of lthe rates of exchange for the preceding five years, leaving off tlie war period as abnolrmnal. This rate at the same time represente(l a mncan between the extremes demanded by the opplosite part ies. The rate was fixed )by the following Executive order: ExECUTmIVE MANSION, Januiary:'20, 1899. It is herehy ordered that on and after February 1. 1899, and until otherwise provided, all customs, taxes, piublic and postal dlues in the island of Porto Rico shall be paid in United States mooney, or in foreign gold (coins, such as the Spanish alphonsinos (centen) and the French louis, which will be accepted in payment of su'ch customs, taxes, pi)ublic and postal (dues, at the following rates: Dlollars. Alphonsinos (25-peseta piece)........-..-..-................... --- —---- -. 4. 82 Louis (20-franc piece) -.. —. —...-.-..... ---. —..-.........................3. 3.8 It is further ordered that on andl after Feblruary 1, 18(199, and until further provided, the following Porto Ricanll or Spanish silver comins now in circulation in the islandl of Porto Rico shall be received for customs, taxes, public and postal dues, at the following fixed rates in United States money: (C'ents. i CNiits. The peso........................... -60 i The real........................... The me(tio peso.-.-. --- —---—. ---- 30! The medio real -............ ---.-.. 3 The peseta.... --- —---. --- —-. ---- 12 It is further or(lered( and (lirectedl iltat (olit of the Pot-to Rican coins so received a convenient supply sliall be retaine(d and carried for exchange for United States money at lthe rate hecreinbefore eitnImeratted(, namely, $0.60( United States money fomi one Porto Rican silver peso. It is furt h(er ordered that all existing coIntracts for thie paymneint of money in the currency of Porto Ri((co may be (lischarged a-lu paid in that money in accordlance with ithe (cmontracts, or in United Stat es money at the relative value set forth in the above table, namuelv, for each $100 Uniitedl States currency, 166(;t Porto() Rican 1.pesos. Bronze and copper ()oins niow current in the island of Potrto Rico will be received at their face value for fractional larts (of a (lollar in a single p)ayment to an amount not exceeding 12 cents (1 l)eseta). VILLIrAM MClKmNLnEY. EFFECT OF RETIREMENT ON INDUSTIRIAI CONDITIO(NS. The )period from Feblruary 1, 1899, to August 1, 1900 (thiree months after the date when the organic act went inito effect) was allowed to preparre for the final retircmeint of the Porto Rican currency. Owing to the ignorance (of some ()f the natives and the selfishness of others, the transition was accomplanied by,onsidlerable hardship. The seller (of coffee anl siuar which weItt t(() foreign markets of courn-se glot no more for his goods in foreign g()(l than ]he did beforet the (-hange in the currency. lite naturally aimed, when paying wages or biutying nsupplies in the islamd, to pay in Aimerican m(ney mecrely thle e(qulivalents (of what he liald been acclus' melld to pay in P(orto Rican motuiey. To the1(, la)orer a(cciistomedl to( receive 50 centavos a day he would play only 30 (-c(ts ()f Americain mniMiy; for articles which had cost 1 peso, lihe would naturally try to pay only 60 cents, thIe acthal e(quivale(nit (of I peso. The (chliange would have been umnac(m)anie(td biy any hliardlship if everybody liad at once consen)ted to the red(utction in iitmierical figures, which was no reduction in: altaila valiue, since the vN-alue of 60 cents was the average of the value in the open market durinmg the preceding five years, and since the iatle (i)f exchange was hovering about that value at the, moment wh-en the Executive ordelcr was issued. The hardsthip that it did entail arose from the fact that some adopted the reduction while o(thers did not. The merchants generally colnt-iinuetd to ldeiiand1 tbe sanue lprices in American moiiey ithat thely hiad chalrge(l in Porto Rican mnoney; the fruit- ven(ders and otlher p)edlers f small wares c(1uld( nolt be made1t( () tu(lerstand( that a Po)rto Rican me(tli) was w(,rtlh noit 5 cents but only: 3; 1)akers gave no larger loaf for an American cenit,than tlly had giveid n for a Porto lRic(,an c(enmitavio, tho(Iugh the cxhliange valiue (,f tie laltter was only (; nills. To mnectt these higher priile-s le lahiorers n111 aturally demllcnded cormrespolndingly higher waiges. In lle siKar ind(lustry, ( wlhi hll tbhe Am eri(caii (11(11 C at1ionu (op)e(, p cl Ul)a 11erio1 ( to mna I lated b)oom. tll(, laiborers were geenrallv able ti exact ItIese- - hliher wages belalusIe )f fhi- gre-at demand( for their lalb Ir. In ( the c(,ffe d instsry, whi('h was pro(strati oe( a siilt thI is ti 1( Ilt h 1 hri)gh the loshs If its principal malrkets and throlug the hlurrimcane (If August-, 1899, net (ildly | was the demand for lalbor lessene(l, but t1he planters, inmpoverished theli selves, wIere ltnablle to pay more than )ef(rc. Accordingly, while in the stugar industry the (laily wage, formerly 50 to 55 Porto I Rican cientavos, is now 50 to 55 Ame-rican cents, in the coffee indusitry the laborer who use(l tI() ge(,t 50 cei-itavos now gets 30 centis. Under these r irc1lstances hese circimstaces the t-ranmsit lii fri'om omne currency to another amounmiteld a]lmost to (he coimit ra'ct ion of the circulating meldium to the extent ()f t10 per ce(nt. Whet her this hardship c(uldl lave been avoided it is ditlicult to say: it. ce.rta inlv has coetn outweighed by the great bneetit of a stable c-mrrency and the cessation of the perpetual ftictu'atlions in the exichiamge. MYN I;YTAIm Iv i TO)imY. A (comparison wvitli (cmiditions existing,beforfe the Spanish-Amneri(caan war may mucder these (circumst ances ie (If interest. Otn May 5, 1857, by virtue of ro()al odec-ree, tie -' mac-iquina'' (cut c)ini) then in circulatl im in the islan(t was calledl in and o(rdeired to lbe exc'hainged fo)r that ()f the Spanish peminslar stanip at a (liscumint- of 121. per cent. TThe macluquina had bee(,n (o()in(el in i Vmemie-ze,-la whlil( th11at c- tmunity was yet a Spanish collny. The Spanish (;ov(-,rnmnm(mit sent 1,350,000 Spanish pes()s to be exchalmged fori the mactiquina, ant 11 Ie insular treoasurmy lIad to c()ver the defictit (if 2 15,1.4tl) pesos in ()r(de r 1(to o()im1plete t)-e (exchange, amouncitg to 1,5(5i,1(i.t).10 pesos. InII 1867 the |ll)oper (coin of Santo I)Domingi(o wais!)rmumghlt im. wheln Spain gave t1p tliat ((lonym. In 1S;7, by roiyal di(,cre, f(,oleigmn muioney was allowed t () c1iculate in ihe island( a ilI te foll()wing valus in Spanishm mmoney: The United Staltes $20 g(ld(1 piece equ(-e1m('d:18 ('scot()s (380 reales vllmi); the (l(lar (tqutal((d 19l real(es; t e French 20)-franmc gold c()in eqlualled 7(6 reales vellon, fle niiap()leo)n 19 reales vllohm. Merchants, in order t(I) k-eep e the g(ol i m the islaid(I, gav( to) thI American eagle the value of 1(;6 pess anmd to) the Spanisl dloitilooi (lte value of 17 1pes()s. The periodi t) I () IS79 was ie best l as regards monoet ary (cnidit(iloms. In 1879 a synm icat e' (if Emur(op)(an )Iamnk(ers )oulight all the t( lmen existinmg (Govemnmeomit slave Inmils, an(l was allowed to pay in Mexican silver (Idollars, these being admiit tIedl, by rovyal ldecree of February 22, 1879), to circu(late- in PI)rto) Rico olticially at a value equal to t Ihat (If the U I ited Stalts sixver dollla. —that is. 95 centavo)s per peso, and tle royal or(mler (of August 6, 1881, autholriz(led their free circulation. As Mexican silver (bdllars elsewluere werII rated mnuch h)ower, tlhey w-ere imiported-ti to Porto tRico( in lahrge (01 ',I,it ies. (old(1 was so1 at a premium andl slo()wly disalppeatar(.ed t 1 foreign excihange began to advance- and Pmli)) Ric-an iie-rmchants implot(.ed Mexician silvot against their hills () I ondo anmd New Yo(rk. Unt il 1885 thlie rate s ()f (-xchlange fluc ti.t Itd very lit lIe amo (id il noIt a(vamnce ()v(ir' 10 per cent premiillium. IButt as lthe( gra(lual fall iT) th l w()Irl('s value (of silver legan tI() render thle impolrtat.io)n of Mlexictan silver highly profitable, and as this was sleadlivy foll(wed by a further rise in tlie foreign exchamnge, theu Spanish (Govo-,rn -e- witlh a view, to maintlainimig all values in Porto Ri(-o( and regulating the c-(urse ()f the rates (If exc-ihange, issued-, towar(l thie end of ]88(6, a decree prohibiting thlie furtlher importation of MIexican silver (dollars, thus trying to limit the volume o(f circulating currency to t(he tlen existing amiount. Only those AMexican dollars bearing the date of 1886 onr carlier wcre considercd henceforth as legal tender, and thus COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. the Porto Rican currency was thieoretiically made independent. of thle w(rld's value of silver, and the rates of exchange (lependent. only on the law of siiupply and dlemanl. In practice, however, the impnlortatin of oMexican dlollars went. on fraudulhently, because, with a value elsewhere of 59 to( C)0 c0entavos, while in Porto Rico tleir' commercial value was 100 centavoes and their official value 95 centavos, thel tempnltation to smulggle tiheiim lll) i sland was irresistilble, those with (date of 1886 (or earlier being selected for importation. W\he ih e I Unit led States lbegan lo iy $4,500,000 of silver every month, resutiling in a great a(lvan('e in the price of silver, it. l(came profitable to export M-exican (dollars from Porto Rico instead l Of importilmg t1e111, a111d the Porto( Rican rates of foreign exchange (lecline(d to 8 to 10 per ('cent premnium again. When the next ldeclinoe in silver came. most of the Mexican (dollars hlad been export ed1 and the v(,lume of currency in Porto Rico was relatively small. The fraudlient. importation was then resumed, but as it could increase the volumme of the currency lut. slowly, the rate (,f foreign exchange was kIept rather low for stome years, and chliefly (l('pend(le(l onm supp)ly and demand. After.1891 tle serious advance com'menced, and fromn that t imne iul) to( 1895 the averagl' yearly level of exchange rose from 10 to 12 per (c(nt. each yar, soi ) l(that toward the en(d of 11895 it was ()over 50 per (cent. The Spanish (lver'nmenilf una.lIde to stop the frauldulent. iniportlation of Mexican silver, and(1 wishing t, prevent any further (lepreciation o(f prop)crtly and values in Porto Ri((co, then resolved t1( cratIe a, spcial Porito Rico c(urrency, and ('(cine(l at thle mints (of Ma(lri{d1 and Seville tlile Po"rto Rico sil.ver hdollar, ordering (Octol(cer 28. 1895.) tllie (exc'lange (of tlil then. circulating Mexic(an dollar for lthe' new cutrrency t ( be (effected inl the last ten days of 1895 at the rate (f 95 cents of the new currency for the old Mexican dollar. Thius from January 1. 1890, the only legal curr(ncy in Porto Rico was tie Porte Ri('an peso. The amounts broughtl in to repllace the (l(d currencmy were as follows: 5,561,000 Port o Rican silver p's( pieces, 1,015,000 pesos' value in fractional silver money, 70,000 pesos' value in bronze (co(ins; total )6,646,000 Porto Rican The rate (of foreign exchange in January, 189t, was albout. 48 per cent I premium ---that. is to say, (me United States dollar was worth 1.48 pesos (of t lie new currency. In April, 1898, a dollar had reached the value (f 1.70 pe)so(s (f PoIrto Rican currency, or 70 per (cont premiumn. The ulliom value would ]lav(e relnrescnted(( a(oit. 130 per ('(elt pre1111iui, so that at tli(, 1beginiing (f tihe war, while the value of the Porto Rican i(peso( in the foreign exchange was 56 cents in American currency, its bullion valtue was (rily 42 cents. The buillion value (f lie Porto rtIRican 1(peso was a little less than lithe Me(xi('can dolllar and very nearly the sanme as that. (of thlie United Stales silver (dollar. It was (If the same weiglt and tineness as the Spanish dollar, (differing only in having the wrdls Porto Rico stail(!ped oni it. instead (of tlie w(o(rd Spain, tle inltention being to givc it free a(dmissiom to Spain at a later date. It was not admitted at onice hec(ause itl was neot known what quantity (of money existed in Porte Rico(. Exaggerated estimates were the cause (of this regulat ion. The value (f tlhe Porto Rican pI(i s o for paymilents to tihe treasury, as ('coimpred with Spanish gold(, was stipulated at 20 per cent. These facts have to be1' kept in mind in interlpreting tlie mieaniing of Po1r(i Rici'an (.oi)mmer('ial statistics previous to 1899. The practi0e prevailiing in Latin America, of using tlie dllar mark ($) for tlhe vari(u in s (If Iesos as well as for tlhe nitedi States dollar (tlie I United States in factt borrowed the, sign fromn the Latin America,,s) lhas (ften l(ed 11 t t(lie (ro'eol'(((is assumpiti(on that tlIe 5sumis thus stated repr('lesent Unite('d States dollars, when ill point of fact tlieir valume, from 1873 onward, o(wing to thell fall of silver which (lates from that year. varied as o('II paredt to tlie.t nited States gold do(llar. To obt. ain tlme true vallies it, must be remnemblered that tlie unit of acc:unt inll Porto Rico from.1879 to the en(d (of 1895 was the Mexican }(eso, and froim thte eginning oIf 1896 to lebruary 1, 1899. till Po'rto, Rican peso and the figures given in tlie original statistics imiist 1be recalculated by the aid of the rate o(f exchange at the respective dates. The rates of exchantge from 1879 to 1900, as furnish}e:d by the Chamber of Commerce of San Juan, are found on page 62. BANKIN G. The banking business of Porto Rico is performed by one unincorporated andI eight regularly incorporated ibanking Institutions, j the names of which are given in the table (n page 58, together with their financial condition at the c('lose of business on June 30, 1905. I Five of these were orga.nized under t.he Spanish (Governmnent and four since the American occupation. Ini aldition the more important, commercial houses carry on some of the operations of banking, su(ch as the buying and sellinrg (of exchange, ac'ting as agents for thlie banking institutions proper, the receipts of depoIsits, etc. I Tlie Banco (de Pucert(o IRico (formerly known as the Banco Espafiol (le Puerto Ricoi) was organized by royal decree in 1888. The channge in name was authorized biy sIpecial resolulion of ('Congress. T'his bank had cmnferred upon it tlhe power (f issuing its own notes to the amiount of th'ree times its paid-in capital. To secure this circmulation and all sight deposits it is required to mnintai n a special reserve fund equal at all times in amnount to the total (of such (leposits anid notes in circulation, of which reserve no less tlian i(e-third must be in cash anid the remainder in notes of )preferred guaranty and sure colle'ction rumnning for n'ot more than one hundred and twenty days. Owing to this special privilege enjoyedl by thle bank, its chief executive, tlie goveirnor (of the bank, is appointed by the gove(rnor of Porto Ricli, thouglh his (compl)ensati(min is paid by the bank. All changes ini thlie by-laws of thie balnk must also receive the approval (of the insuhlar g(overnment. The (charter of this bank cxpires (oiln May 5, 1913. The B1anco Territorial y Agrfcola was organized under the general provisions (oIf the tCod (If (CommlrCe (:on July 2, 1894, for a period of seveinty-five years. It, is modcled (closely after the (Cr(cit Foncier of France, anid its business is largely (confined( to the making of loans for li(,ng terms secture(l by tirst mortgages (n re(,al estate. Uid(er its cmistitution it, lias authorii.ty, of whilch it has availed itself, to issue mortgage bodmls secured by tIhe moirtgag(es (lield by it. Thiese Imiils bear interest at, thle rate of 7 per cent. The Credito y Ahorro Poncefio was organized on February 8, 1895, for a iperiiod of twenty-tfive years, and in addition to doing a general honking!iusini(ss c'5 (onducts a savings departmeint.. TThe Caja (le Econom(ias y Prnstamos de San German, and the llanico Pop)ular, of San Juan, are small iinstitutions dohing chiefly a savings-hank busin(ess for itle r(,ceipt (of small dep(osits. Thce First Natiomnal Bank of Portoi Rico was organized in January, 1903, umnler (chart er No. 5484, with a paiid-in c'apital stock of $100,000. Thie American Colmonial Bank was inciipolrate(d unler the laws (iof the State of West Virginia omi Apin'ril 4, 1899, and is t.l(e most importait example (of a pur(ly comimiercial. bank now doling bmsiness on i tlhe island. The bamnkimg house of Luce, Crehore & C(). is an unincorporated I private bankli, at Pone(e, having dis('continu'ed its San Juan, ffice. The J. T. Silva Bianking, aimd Commercial Company, thlough inclu(led in the list (f bamlJking inistitutioiis, has a peculliar status. It, was incC',porated onm January 1, 1901, for a term lof twenty-five years. and cngages in both banking and(l ordinary commerc(ial business. It is a leading example f thet practi(ce whichi has largely prevailed in tile islamlnd of large firmns i.gaigiig i in both a banking anid cl imerc'ial lbusimiess. Thle treasurer (If Porto Ricol is given by the generai revenue laws of ithl islandl tlie poweris of a bank examintier', witlh authornity to require regular repor)'ts from these instituti(mis showinig tlhecir tiniancial c(n(litionl at the close of each nionth and( also to make such special examination of their cod(litioli ati any timle( as he deems )prop(er, witlh tihe usual power of causing appropriate actio(l to be taken shotld thel (oditim (If an institutiio hc found such that its continuian(c in operation would be unsafe. COMMEIICIAL PORT() RICO IN 190(;. 47 COMMERCE. Commerce, especially in a. tropical country, is the lbarometer of prosperity. The Tropics, at presnt, are il the main producers of raw material am1 consumers of manufa(ctures. What tliy pro(duce for sale is not for thie imost part se(nt for ci( sumptiomn to oll(er tropical countries, but to tlhe great Imanurlfacituring (oluntrics of tle Temlp)erate Zonie; what thety buy is not the prodllct, of their l(ighb)ors, but the prodluct (f the Temperate Zone aiicmanfactutr(er. Shipmrents from the Unitedl States to( Port(o Ric(, in tihe fiscal year 19C06 aggregatedl 819,224,881, andl shipmnllts froml PIorto)R Iico t() the United States aggregate(l $19,1t42,4(1. The entire ex(p)orts of the TUited Stat.s( to South Ameri(ca iIll l)()1 aimouinted(( nly to $75,159,781, so that the (,expo)rts (,f th (e Unlited Stale(s to( the little island of Port) Ric(. 3,435 squar(e mliles iln (xt(illnt were somethillg over one-fourth as muchi as to thle comntilnent of Sollth America, 7,500,000 square miles iln exte(nt. In lli last year uldl(er Spanish rule tlhe Tnilited State.cs se(ltt () P(,to Ric( b(arcly 2 million d(ollars' wortlh (f its )pro(tdl ts. -Il the year ed(le June 30, 190,() t of the total o(f $21,827,()65 worth (,f shipm(ents into Porto, Rico, $!19.2'24,881 worth (canme from thte Unilited States. Sugar ($14,184,722). tolacco a dll mtlal fact(,es tlhes ef (;3,5(;0,540), and ( )fie(: ($3,49(6,082), making a tiotail of $21,247,.344, foirmied 91.3(; per cent of the total shipm'ients from, Porto Ricoi( ) the United StaItes and foreign countries in the( fiscal year 1906. Evi(lently, so far as its exports are concerned, P(orto Rico h'elongs decidely t to the (lass of tropical countries cateriing to-( t(he markets ()f the Temperat(e Zo(ne. The one lnotable exception to this rule is in the case (f coffee, a.loit 40 per cent of the Porto Rican c(ffee going to) C(ulia, itself a tropical country. This, however, is largely a resuilt (f artificial crelation, (du( to the 20 per cent reduction in (luty grantit(l by Cuba to 1()ff(( imports from Porto Rico(. It is to h)e nolted,, mor()v(er. otla.t ()f the exp()rts other thian sugar, t(baicc(), and c()ffee, a lir-g( pr 1)()ol 1t ion are of the iiatur( l of uxuriies furinishe( exclusively b)y tr()pical (or s(em~itropical c(ountries. AImioTng iI)()ports, on thlre other landl, luxuri(es figure to a very smlall exte(nt, the 1}ulk o)f (lie ipliio)ts e)( ing such necessaries as rice, l>readstuffs, mealt amd dairy productls, fish, (()(tto() cloths, and various manufactures (of iroin and wood. In the recent histo(ry of Porto Rica(n co(mmerce the most salielnt faet is the (ol)lete reversal (if the relative p()sitions ()f tle Unlit(ed States ai.nd foreign countries. This is shownii nl tlie foll)wing table: SHAREt OF THrE UNITED STATES iN Trm TiAiDE (O Po) TO) RIC.(() aIJtre of Oti r Sh tarno of yEAR. r Sha of Shnrn: (-f to Iimports. exports. i Per (rc-t. /Icr crnt. ]Pcr cctn. 1895...........i 22. 59 ' i9.9f 2l. 132 1905 -----------............. 84.51. 564. 51 84. 00 190(;.............................................. 8;1 852. 0() Tlhe change was (lue, i(f course, tI) tlie rem(nvaal of the tariff h)arrier betwee(n Porto Rico( anil the Unitedil Statles, while tli( lIra.lIe b)etween Poirto Ri)ti and, Spl)aii and Cu)ba, forlmiimrly free, lecamll sul)ject to( tariff after the American occupation. I d(letail, year by year, the cha nge is slhoiiwn in the tabile on l)age (3. Another niitic(,eale lo)iiit is the rap)ility with whiclh thl comnmerce of tlhe islanl reciv(ire(l from tlhe effects (f tlie war, surl)assiing the rec()rd (if 1897 iin 1)902 an(ld lating tli( lhig hest, ante-bellum recor(d —tlhat (f 1892 —in 11903, sillce withich( time that hliih(est, fi(gure (f Spanishl times has l)(en nearly (doh)ul)(. Th(e 1hw tigrur( f(or 19(() was do(})tl(ss due mot so mucli ti t1he (ffects )f tlhe war as to) t11 ihurricane of 1899, which prostrate(l tlie coffee itlduistry. Thles e facts, together witli t1lie Ioomni in tli( (cffee( tradel fr()o 1089() tI( 1897 an(l the brief deprcssioni dulriig tlie year ()f tli(e war, 1898 (for wli(ch no comll(ete records have 1e( -n publ))lise(l)), and the tir(,(, foillbwing years, are exhliiited ini tIle foll,>wiig, tlale:: WORLD'S COMMERCE wTrrit PORTo RICO ANP STTARE OF THE lTNITED S'rATxIS TI'EItEINX, 18(87 TO 190(;. World's I United States TEA. iiii iorto nltrl o r ulh trIr of YEAR. ciemnito wit ceh icrto Nwith I'torto KI~co. lico.~ States. H~ico. R I1icc,. Dollars. 1887..-................................. i, 952, 0 1888.........-.......... --- —- 21, 2)2 070 1889......-........................., 7, 3(8 18......................... i 23 253, 932 1891.-............. 2i1, 47i, 278 189)2..........-................. 26,(i1 1893................................... 23, 99)5, 285 1894...................................... 23. 583, 735 1895...........................E...., 01, 849 183)8 -1896...................................... 2 --- —-----------------------— 3,552.488 1897...................................... 21,881 52i 18998...................... 4 1899 )............... —.-.......-... 19, 962, 457 1900..................................... 1 ( 02. 00 4 1901 —.... --- ——........................ —.... 17. 701,21 1902................................. 25, 643, 56;0 190)3.... ----................... 2, 53s. 3(35 1904...................................... 29, 434,932 1905..................................... 35. 245, 24 1 90i...................................... 45 085, 95 Dollars. 5,9 32,:347 5,:.71 3, 3: 3325, 8 78 5, 102, 642 4, 7',.58:3 6, 104, 010 5, 09(!), 175 4, (43, 537 4, 0(3, 289 4,190, 803 4,1( 9,.912 3, 920,:302 7,411, 926 10,302, t 91 12, (;00, 505 19, 2(1, 41) 23,297,(4(0 22,93:32, 88 i 29, 1 107,215 38, 37, 342 Per cent. 35 25 27 22 22 28 21 20 21 18 19;37 (2 71 i i) 79 7{) 78 84 85 The shiftimig froni coffee to sugar as tle lead(ling ar(ticle of export apl)(ears froim th1e following ta-.le: I 5O I A'RPTIT 1' I ... - - _ _ Q. uii tit y. \ 1111i. | Qtl ll ity. Vtlii. l'ouinds. I Dollars. Pounds. Dollars. (Coft(tc'.................... 39,!, 1S. I i 5,!40, 055 2, 503, 350 3, 49, 082 SI gaIr...-..........i....t 134,2(7,40) 2,4()4, 72 41(0,554,! 50 14.184,722 o''( c - ~(e( - -.................................. 414, 8 9 (!........ 3 53i 40 1A ll (other....................... 5-.813..............-,, T otal..I.. --- - ----—.- - -......- 9,058. ) ---.............. 23,257,530 ' ((efore( t(lhe Am\lnri(ca.n ()occuplati()n Splain 1e)(d1 n t(e first ra1nk ibot)(h in ij)(its anl io n expslrts, follow(eld ly tlie 'lUnite(l St atls, tllhoitl hler i)redl)minamncl, was nilt. nearly so (decide( a.s that, f tlhe United Stat its at tle present day.1 I'romn 1893 t,) 189!)( Spa)in s(et 3:3 p)(r cent ()f the impl)orts aind tooi k 25 per cent o)f 1tlie (xports o(f Piorto Ric(O(, as C(mnlared(l ti tllie 88(5 (pr cent >f imtpom->is andtl to tle( 82 p(er (lnlt. o(f tle xl( ixpts wliic(l to-(lay r(pre(,tset 1tlie sirl.r( of the UnIi lit(ted Stat(es in tfhie tralde oif t li island. T (hebi re(lative( pmtmsitiiils i(f thie varliois c(io ntri(-s im t hin tradl-e ()f tI m ishlm l I),ef()o(re a.n (lafter the Amueric(an ()c(cupatio)n ar(, sli()wn itll ihi fo)llowiig tlabl(: ANNIUAI, AVE!iRA(E i.\1 t ( oSARE O ()FMBI I MPE(RT AN) 4D EXPORT T TRAItE i)Fi POo I(Ii() wITn TI- 11E UiNITED STA-trTES AND '1 SEItVEt uAIt I FOREtIN COIiNTRIE-S FO THEnt PERIODSii l,893-S189( (FOI ( CALl'; EDAR YEAlRS) AN ) 19)05- 190( (TwO FIsN) \ YtEA RS). ~~~i ( <)~~COUNTRYl. I 1S~:$!); 19 ),I-1 906 Pi r centt. iP r ceit. Sp -- in.................................................... 2. 0 3.20 i nite(l St tes......................... -........... 19. 4 84.;2 (!1u1a: -................. -----... -.......I 13. 41 3.74 (o. - - — rl.... --- —------..-........ -. 8.55 JUnited iig ll - -................. — --- - -—........................34 84 France-... ----..2....- --—. —. —. --- —-—. --- —------— ' 41 '2.11 British piossesssions (not (,ls-iwhrm s ecified)............ 5. 2.10 B ritish El st I nd(i s...................................... -i:~.23 N ethelr i ds --- - - ----- -- --- - ---- --. --- —, —. —i i. 14 Auistriai-luIimpgary-. —.- ---- --------- - -............'. 1(.5 D iimuiirk. --- —-- - -- -------------- -- ----- --------..09 tc lgiu..................................................24 A (rg untina. 8..............................................12 Frenciti possissi ns -.....-...........-....... S1 n1to Domingo..-.. ---.......................-7.12 rani h possessions......................................09.04 Swvleden and Norway- i.....-..-...-..................05.1. P ortug.l... —...- -----—..-.-.. ----. ---.- - --... —.......04............ V e (zu(ela -.-........i-.-........-.................... i.0:3.44 48 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. EXPORT TRADE. Stgar, tobacco, and coffee constitute, as previously stated, the bulk of Po-,rto Rican exporrts. Adlling together the shipmlents to the U.nite(dl States and the exports to- for'eign countries we olbtain for the three articles the following totals: Peor cent ARTICLE. f r totl of total. Dollars. Suga.r 1and mT1olasses..........-..... —..............-. 14,738, 572 63.37 ''obacco, anld Imnufallfcturs of..........-.. -. 566, 5, 40 15. 33 Coffee...............,..............., 4961(, 082 15.03 Total of three maIin exports -.. —.... 2 I 01.194 193. 73 All other exports....-........... — ----—............... 1,4,3327 Tot.l exports.................................. 23,257, 530 10.0 ( S IT, Alt. Taking the shipments of (lomestic Porto Rican sugar to the United States alone, valued at $14,184,319, neglecting the small quantity of sugar shipped to foreign countries, value(l at $403. we find that this single item exceeds the aggregate of all other articles ($9,073,21 1) by $5,111,108, or, in percentagesPer cent. Sugar shipped to the United States -----.-..-..............-..... --- —-- 60.99 All other shipren(ts anld exports -...-.....-........-..i............. 39.01 Total shipments nolf exports..................................... W100.00 This leading Iposition among exports was reach(ed by sugar in recent years byy successive stepI), }ut the great rilative growth semsl now to Ihave cor)me to a standstill, as appears from the following table: SHIAREt WtlltCl S!U(AR SlIrPPEI) TO TILE UNITEDI STATE F(ORMEI) OF THil TO()TAL SHIIPMENTS FROM( Po(RTT( RI(t, 1901 To 1)906. TOBACCO. A glance at the table on page 54 shows that the exports of tobacco are far higher now than they ever were in the history of the island, the highest figure reached under Spanish rule being $717,308 in 1897, or about one-fifthl of the $3,566,540 worth exported in 1906. This increase is mainly due to exports of cigars to the United States, which amounted to $3,069,576 in 1906, or 8(i per cent of the total to)bacco shiiments to the TUnited States. The tables on pages 60 and 68 show that while the shipllments to the Unite(l States of leaf tolbacco and cigars as a whole ]have increased from less than a half million dollars in 1901 to over 3- millions in 1906) thle expsorts of all kindls of tobacco to foreign colluntries have decreased until in 1906 tley were only $9,063 in value, as compared with $266,479 in 1901. Meantime the shipmllents of leaf tobacco to the United States only alout quadrulled. 1t ap)Ipears from this that tle rapidly increasing tobacco imanulfacturing industry of Porto Rico, witlh its advantage of cheap labor, low rent, and the expectation of abundant water power at an early date, will ten(t more and more to absorl the raw tolbacco produced in the island, exporting it mainly in the form I of finished goods to the great market of the United States, where it is admitted free of duty, and( to withdlraw it from( the foreign markets, which it can only reach over tariff walls. COFFEE. The coffee industry, as has bIeen repeatedly noted, is the only exce(ptioni to the general prosperity. Mention has been madel of the alternations in relative importance which the sugar an(l coffee exports showed from 1841 to the present time, sugar having been in the lead till 1879, when for the first time it was surpassed by coffee. After that there were several alternations until 1888 when coffee took a forward bound, maintaining its lead until 1899. In the "}banner year "-1 896-the exports of coffee were nearly four times those of sugar in value. The political upheaval of 1898 and still more the hurricane of 1899 gave a blow to the coffee industry from which it hlas nllt yet recovered. The various causes of this decline Ilave already been discussed. Since 1900 the industry has somewhat revived, an(l it is predicted that the crop of 1907 will be fully 50 million pounds, or nearly that (of the blanner year 1896. From 1905 to 1906 coffee has even gained( in relative importance as compared(l to sugar, the coffe exports ill 1905 having been in value only o(e-fifth those of sugar, wlile in 1906 they were one-fiourth. Thus dlring tlhat year ((off(ee increased even more than tobacco, and ther(, seems (,eve(ry lpr)spect that, it will maintain its relative position. As regar(ls its de stination, co(ffee differs essentially from t he other two main exports. While the United States takes practically all thl sugar and more than half thle molasses exported fromn Porto Rico and( practically all the tobacco, itJ took in 1906 not quite 1 per cent of the coffee measured by value, though a little more than 1 per cent by weight. In (iother wor(ls, Porto Rican (coffee has to rely at preseint almost (entirely on the foreign mairket. With imports o(f coffee into the Unite(id States in th1e fiscal year 1906 amounting to 852 million pounds, valued at $73,256,134, of which only 18 million pounds, valued at. $1,638,024, were reexported, leaving 834 million pounds, valued at $71,618.110, as the approxilmate coffee consumption of the United States, it seemls surprising that the 28,503,350 pounds of coffee exported frolm Porto Rico in 1906, representing a value of $3,496,082, were not all absorbed tby this immense llarket so close to the island. Instead of so Io(ing the United States imported 51 million dollars' worth of coffee fromi Brazil, 5~ million dollars' worth fromin Venezuela, 4 million (dollars' worth from Colombia, 3 millions from Guatemala, 2~ millions froin C(osta Rica, and 2j million dollars' worth from Mexico. Various reasons have been assigned for this phenomenon. The most obvious reason at first sight woul(l seem to be the cheapness of Brazilian coffee. The Brazilian laborer works for even less wages FISCAL YEAR. Percent. FISCAL YEAR. Ier cn'rCt. 1901K........................ 54.32 1904......................... 5:. 42 1902......................- 47. 37 190 5................-....... 6i:. 74 1903... --- —- ---.. —.-. ---- I 49. 49 1 90i -..(.-. - -..!. I0.99 Tie decline in relative imllprtanlce in 1906 was nIlt due to an absolute (declinel in sugar slhipmlents, for tllose of 1906 exce('(eed those off 1905 by $2,258,744, bult to tlhe greater proportional incre(ase of the tolbacco anri (coffee exports, tol(.accl( having risen froIn 13.36 per centn in 1 90)5 to 15.33 )per cent in 906 O( ()f thle total exports, wllile coffee rose froml 13.11 Ier ce(it in 1.905 to( 15.03 per cent ill 1906. Though sugar will lloubtl(ess comtinue to increase' in ab})solte amntlilt, yet, as noteli eblsewhere, it is nsot likely to increase or perhaps even to maintaiin its rmlative imlportansce, sin(ce the sugar landis are practically all occu(pio(d, and any increas(e must comem fromn ilmproved methtods of (culttivtiol, wllile tobac)(co and coffee caIn be grown alllost anywherce (,n the island, and coffeeo, at least, aldmits of fourfold inicrease per acrre thlirough improlvemnu nt in mlethliods. Consiel(ring the vast ilncrease of the sugar expiorts fromn less than 5 millioin dollars in 1901 to over 14 million (ollars in 1906. it is somewhat surprisilng to( find timlt till exphorts of mlolasses have (ldring the Sallm period remnaineld practicallv stationary at t.albot half a muillion dollars, beling $595,902 in 190))t al $553,850 in 1906, shared a.lbout equally b)etween the UTnited( Stat.es an ( 'anliada, t lhe (qatltity going to other countries beinlg insignifticant. The maini reason is to b)e foulnd ini the greater perfection of moI(ldern lletllo(ds (of sugar extraction used( in the new "('entrals," wherelly a greater percentage of the julice is converte(l intlo sugar. It is probalble also tOhat a greater proportion of Imolasses is nlow fedl to cattle or used as fertilizer or in the distillation of rum, leaving less for export. COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 190(. 49 than the Porto Rican, and as no shade is used in, Brazil, the output per acre is greater andl the( labor less, so that Brazilian (cofftee brings a profit at prices which to the Porto Rican planter would mean a loss. However, though the cheapness of Brazilian coffee m1ight explain why Porto Rican coffee finds it difficult to gain a footing in the United States, it will not account for the fact that it miaintains its footing in Europe and Culba, where it also meets the comlpetition of Brazilian coffee, while the pulrses of Europeans and Culbans as a lrle are not longer than those of Americans. It is stated, on the other hand, that the preference of Americans is for strong coffees, such as those of Brazil. This, however, would not account for the 9 million dollars' worth of coffee imports from Mexico and Central America, whose p)rod(lct is mill like that of Porto Rico, The true exp)lanation is to )be found mainly in the fact that 11h countries whi(ch consume most of the Porto Rican coff'ee have a high import duty on all coffee, converting it into a luxury. In tlhes( countries, the consumer, having to pay a high price, takes care to get a suplerior article for his money, anld lence gives thle )reference to the mild coffees of Porto Rico and otlher countries ()ver the strong coffee of Brazil, even though the latter may be a trifle ('chapr. In countries which admit coffee free, on the (contrary, the1 original difference in the cost of production makes a greater difference in thle final price to the consumer, and hence leads hiiui to prefer the cheaper article. Accordingly we fin(l, as a general rule, that, while Brazil, the producer of 72 per cent of the worl(l's coffee, has of coullrs tlhe lion's share in all the markets, the mild coffees find(l tleir way mostly to countries with a high import duty and low per c(apita consumption, while tlie countries which admit coffee free and therefore have a high per capita consutmption draw their supply almost entirely fronm Brazil. The relation l)etweien rate of duty and( per capita consumption is exhibited in the following tablle: RATE OF DUTY AND CONSUMPTION OF COFFEE IN VARIOUS COUNTRIE S. COUNTRY. duty per I._ COUNTRY.. dtut per j ita pount1 I t I ( cnuunT111 - ' [ tion.,[ ' tion. Ccents. Pounds. I Cenls. I Pounds. a 10. (i } 2. 17 Germany-........I 4.3 (;. Cuba.............. -- - 132G ( 1.21) Itly.....20...... Austria- llngary.} 2.. 4 107.4 Netherhands... r. 14.9 Belgium... --- —-.. Free. 17.81 Spain --- - 12. 1.s Froic, p~e 21. 3 ( 7 United Kingdomli 3. 4 0. 17 n ------- / 11. 9 IUnited StaI tes.... Free. 11.75 a General. e Maximum. b From United States. f Minimum. c Imported by sea. g Conventional. d Imported by land. Custom, however, counts for a good deal. It lias almdost lpassed into a proverb that, "Whoever gets acc(ustomIl(ed to Ptorto iRican coffee will have no other." Tihis is illustrated l)y the tablIe on page 55. whi(ch shows that live c(untris- Cuba. Spain, France, Germany, and Italy —have been the principal customiers for Porto Rican coffee ever sin(ce 1870, and that th(eir relativ( conlsuillt ion (of this p)roduct has remained more o(r less constant. The thr(ee notalde changes in recent years have been tilie great increas(e (f (offee exports to Austria-Hungary, rising froii 34,365 pounIds in 1885 to 3,898,731 pounds in 1904; the lpracti-cal cessationi of coffee exports to the United Kingdom, which, liavinig tak(en 5,i92,226 poun(ls in 1881 and 1,102,310 pounds as late as 1895. took none in 190(), and the great increase of exports to Cuba since the establishment of reciprocity. 29764-07 4 In 1l)06i the perceltages of exports of co(ffee(t to tbhe various c('(lntries, in quantities, w(ere as follows: PEIRCENTArEv(S ()F (,OFFEE I! SHl15ENTS IRM() PO( T( RCl ()TAKEN BY VAmRIOU COUNTRIES IN 190)(). COUNTRY. Io'r ce tl. C'()UNTRY. Cuba....-....... 41.35 3) Gerllmany -.-.-.......... Spain.- i.................. 21.!93! United. States............. France...................... 17.54 Other co ntries........... Austria...................... 7.1 Italy.................. 5.5 i. To al....... S I~......... I or 'cenIt. 3.28 1. )7 2.03 1 ). 00 In 1)90)2, 1.903, and 1904 France was by far the be)(st. custom(-r, taking in each year front o(ne-third to inearly half the co)ffte cxp()ortls. In the same years, too, Spain took about ()i per cent mo11tr than Cuba. With 1905, however, the ptreol(lnderatlce of (Cul)l Ib)(-,lme d(ecided, and there is reason to )(believef that this condition will last as long as r(eci)ro)cit.y lasts, unless iII(lecd ( 'Il)a developls a co'ff(e industry of lher own, which is not likt(ly so log as labor is d(ear in Cuba and cheapt in Porto RIico, and dear labor filinds m1luch more protitable employmen(t in 11w sugar i t i stry. O()TlI E ARTICEI,1S OF EXPORIT. As the remnaining (expor(ts ((thIlr than sugar andi mnolasses, tobacco, and1 coffee) constitlut( olnlly (.2() 1p)r c('(nt of thl( tot(al (expl)otts, they mightt be (liisiss(led witll a brief Imc(ltion w'r(1, i n)ot that some of thml are ce(rtain t)o (levelol larg(ely witiliin t11l( near fulture. Their reIlative i mi)>rtlanI (e in 1906) is sholwn in till- fo0llowing )pr(e(ntlages: RELATIVE [MPI)ORTANCE (OF MISEL, 1,LA N ER)I-S EXPOR)ITS i'ltFROM PIi)ORTO Rn-o iN 1916. Exports l'Per (ent AEXTlI('LE. to:all of totail coinlltries. exports. Do/lr rs. Fruits tiand nI ts................... 5..... 1l......... 502, 58 '2. Cotton, lunn m lla actu r l.......................... 217, 735..04 A nimai ls............................................ 173, 233.75 Straw arndt pal m leaf11, nanl lfctu lres of................... 117, 04).51 Hide(s tland skins otiher th.lha fl'r............................. II. 13().50) Plrfumnery and eosmetic.'s................................... 27, 71.12 l'erfoznei-y'l, 1)1} l5(l)eitl's --- 92(7, 771 12 Seed-s.... -...- -.......-..-..........-................... 2., 554.11 rea st ff - ---................................. - 12, 02.( 5 Starceh ll-........... —. --- —---- - -—.. -... ----------- 10, 37(.04 (4 All other...........- - -..........1......... I 10, 8)i3.47 Exports of foreignil -oig-in - -- 141. 412 I.-(il Mi)ore tiion lialf of the1 fruit was oiraiges, sililpp)ed ( l ('lsively to.tI(, I.Tinit(,e Sta.ts. Tl' is is mainlly the produlct of tI(e naltiye ( Orange tlr(es, whlic grow spo) I)anil' isly all (vei r Oi (1 islanil. Tlhe olraige p)lauitatiois set olit, si(ce t(, \lll) ri'call o(1cupall lionl are as v-t to() ylollg to( igure largc( ly i] tlie(' tralde( r tulrnIs, lholugh there (can ib1 no (i(uit that t1(10y wXill greally swell this class o(f (exi)oiis withlin two or tlthree yXars.N Nxt to o()rallges, theI] monst impI)(ltal itl(ris in this class are pinieappl'e a(1l ((coanitsilt. m( ost ()f Nwhicih finrl tllir way to the Unittd Sta t (s. Cottonl, as mallx, sei(,n by thle table ton Ipag(e 51, was an illlp)ortanlt item (f ('export b)(fore 1S77, r(a(chlling its highestf figure, $200,165, in 18S;5, evildeltly as a resullt (of the civil war iln (te TUnited States, which cu1t off flit ('(otto(l ('exports from( the So(uthern Stat es. With the ce(ssatio:n l(f the( war. tle lc(otton in(dustry of Port( Ritico rapidly (dec linledl, unltil thlie last rec'(-rdled e(xpo)rts, in 1878. aIi)mounlt(ld to o(lly,$2,919. The revival of this industry was indicated by anI 50 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. item of $104 among the exports to foreign countries in 1902, and with 1904 begins a rapidly ascending exportation of this article, the shipments to the United States and foreign countries amounting in 1906 to $217,735, considerably in ex:ess of the highest record under Spanish rule. At first these recent exports of cotton came almost entirely to the Unitedl States, but in 1906 the United Kingdom absorb)ed nearly one-third of them. Considerably more than half of the animals exported were cattle destined for Cuba, to replace those slaughtered during the rebellion. The same. was the case in earlier years, the exports of live stock to Cuba rising and falling with the rise and subsidence of political disturbance inll that country. IlThus from 1868 to 1880, during the twelve years' war, the exports of live stock were uniformly high, attaining their maximum of $540,0)91 in 1879; with the advent of peace they fell to an averrage of $140,000 a year. Next to cattle, horse(s, averaging about, $50,000 in value during the last six years, were thelic rmost impli)rtant item ( a among live stock, nearly all going to Cuba. Manlufa'ctrres o(f straw and palm leaf, consist ing mostly of palmleaf hats, are a llict luating ite m, rising as high as $177.,167 in 1902, nearly all of whlich went t(o the United States. Thile exports of these light, soft-c(lored, pliable, and veryv dura})le hats miglht readily be multiplied, were it, iot tlhat IIbis bIrancl'h of om('(erce(' is sulllject to the c'alplice of fashllion. Hides anld1 skins representIed an n avraige value (f a1 )bout $(90,000 during tlie last six Vears. In 1901 more thal half of tlim went, to for,'ignl coul.ntiries, lbut. since t hen the Ullited States has tended mtore and 111(r' to aibsorb tleili, lintil in 1906 the value (of those going ablr)oad had dwinidl(edl to $3,4174. Starch, mo4st of it probl)aly ((derivel fr(1 yaatias, is slil)l(ppd ('1 chiefly I (Cul)a, the valieo exlported thlitlher in 1905 having been $27, 11 o()ut ()f a t(otal of $28,284, this figure being the highest.t ever ro(ac']hed.l in a single year. IMPORT TRADE. In i lpolrts I(ie mo1ost striking fact is th le ablsence (of any article or gr)oup of arti('cle(s o(cul)ying so ldominant a, l positlio as sugar ((does am(, (xpol))'ls (()0.99 p)(r (cent); (r', still )more, sugar, tobacco,, mad cotffe ('o(bi)i(,iedl. whliclh, as we have s('en. constituite 9.71 per cent of ti' toal (x(Ios. ThI largest item (f imports, manufactures (of iron and st ('Cl, foirms Iunlv 16.02 per c('(il, of tl' tlotal inll(rts. The shatare whi('h ti s(vral (lass's of ilmports lad in tlie (total ()f 19.0; is shown il Jl'rce(ntages as follows: VALIUE ANI) PERH ( ENT OF (CLASSIS (F POi(RO RiCAN ImpOiIrs, 1906. Seven items, ranging from 34 millions to nearly a million, far exceeded all the rest. They were as follows: VALUE AND PER CENT OF PORTO RICAN IMPORTs, iiy ARTICLES, 1906. ~~~ARTICLES. Value. Per cent of total. Iron and steel manufactures............. R ice.................................-..-.-.-...-.......... Cotton cloth, and Inlnufiacturcs of...................... Meat and dairy products.................................. lBreadstuffs Fish................................ W ood, and manufactures of -----------—.................. Totl of 7 itenms..................... All other imrrports.............................-..........-.. Total imports, 190 --—...........-..-................ Dollars. 3,497,261 3,353,986 2,556, 991 2,011, 603 1,395,257 1,028, 865 933, 428 14,777,391 7,050,274 21,827,665 16.02 15. 37 11.71 9.22 6.39 4.71 4.28 67. 70 32. 30 100. 00 The 0otal imports increased flr(m 8,918,130 worth in 1901 to $821,827,01(5 worth in 19006. There was an iincrease in every year, except froim 1903 to 1904, when the imports decreased from $14,449,286 to $13,1(69,029. With tIhe exc(eption of a slight falling o(ff from 1904 to 1905, not large enough t1. affect the perc(entage, the share of the United States ill the t(otal ilumports has incre(,as(ed from ear ( yearr, as shown 1)y the following table: SHoARE ()F UI TITEI) STATES IN Polrro RICAN IMPORTS, 1901I T'I 1900. Share of YEAR. United(( States. [Per cett. 190 I.. ---.. ----.....-............ 78 i 19!()2... —..................... 82 190}3 -..... — ---. —............ 85 YEAR. Share of UInited States. Per cr0t[. I190......................... 8eS5 1904......................... — 85 19()06 -....................... 89 CLASS. Foodstiffs, c('runle Ior Irepi:rced (fireastlffsl fish, )i)(,:t and (lairy prodrtits, rie, 'eve(rages, veget' bl es, s1Igar | tm>olsses:and cnfectionery ).-......................_. Textiles:n111 n:1 uf:cItur C s thier(eof ((cot( i cloth, (olh(Ier fibers, wool Iand ll uflllll('ctures oflll'' )....................... Crude tmnteri:ils (oth(er n tax txtiles) for ma~ nufactiiring (coal a nd oils)..................................-...... Manu11facture(s (other th:n ta extilesI rea!dy for co)nsumption or for further use in nim:~iufnettlring (chemc.ltica1ls, drugs, and dyes' iron nid sticel n:f:u('atres' le;ther manulllfL(tllr'es; pp):le)('r 1and( its Iman',11flcl(tlr('s; wo(((l a11(d its n:u 1f:(',tllres,; cars and carria-ges; ca.ndles; tol,aco and its manulfac'tures; 1ooks, 1111ps, and (ngravings;, scientific instrlments; chinawa, r e, nd, soap.,) ---—...... All o lther i tmportst...................................... Perf tcent of tot'aI. In 19)0( the imports from the Unit(ed States exceeded those from foreign c(lunltries in all lines o(f goods, x('cept in chocolate, coffee, metals n(ot elsewhere specified, vegetable oils, perfumery, pipes and smiokerls' articles, salt, distilled sp)irits, and onions. The 212,.2S l(ipounds iof coffee impol'rted, mainly from Venezuela, were evidlently ilnported n merely for reexportation to Europe. One item in which the ilnmports from the United States and foreign countries are nlearly equal is fish, which conies in large( quantities from Nova Scot ia a1nd New PBrunswick. IMPOI(RTS FRIOIM THE IrNITEI) STATES. In 1906, o(f the imports fr)olm the U'nite,d States into Porto Rico, $7,60,482 worth, or 4t1 I(per cent, were agricultural. This represents a c(olsi(lderaible cha.nge from the years immediately preceding the American occupation, the hproportion (of agricultural imports from the United States during hli periodll 1893 too 1897 having Nbeen 62 per cent,. The decline has bieen cotin u(us fromn earlier years, the ligure for 1891 and 1892 having been 67l( per cent. Agricultirial imports. —Of the t(otal agricultural imports, rice c'onstitu.teld Iy far the rmost inmportant it(oi, its value in 1906 amounting to:3,347, i 101, (or 44 per cen('(t (f the total agricultural imports. Next followed men('at anld dairy pro()lduIts, $1,800,671; and breadstuffs, $1,395,257, these three c(ombined forminigr over 85 per cent of the 'total agricultural iminports. The imlports (of ri'ce from the United States increasedl continuously fromn 1901, the increase averaging umore than 20 per cent per annum, Dollu rs. 8, 8S3, 318 33,038,440 471, 054 40. 70 2. 1(1 29. 96( 13. 216 100. ()0 6, 538,852 2, 896(, 001 T ot l - --- -- --- ---------- --- --- -- -- -- 21, 827, 5 ^ In thoe itabl( frro m which t(lois 0II 1sumnnmary wals p rep,'ire('(, I 1 "AI itheA oter" [r lroably co01t1l0ai 1ed1 s all[ aIImoInts (tf arti('les 1)eomging too tlIm four spe(ifiedl classes. COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. 51 while the imports of rice from foreign countries ha.ve almost entirely ceased, having decreased from $159,371 in 1901 to $6,885 in 1906. Among breadstuffs the principal item was wheat flour, valued in 1906 at $1,181,114, or nearly 85 per cent of the total breadstuffs. It increased almost continuously from 1901. Bread and Ibiscuit also exhibited a steady increase until they amounted in 1906 to $139,644. Under the head of vegetables the principal item was beans and pease, $194,165. Beans and pease show great fluctuations in importations, the periods of their previous maxima, 1902 and 1903, coinciding also with thfe periods of their largest impl)orts from foreign countries, indicating short crops of these two products in the island. Beaus anid (rieled pe)ase of foreign origin valued at. $45,613 were shiipped from the United States to Port o Rico in 190t. Potatoes, almost exclusively derived from the TrUnitcd States, qafter fluctuating in the neighblorlood of $50,000 a year, suddenly rose to $104,876 in 1906. Onions in 1906 amlounted to St10,273, this being the ronly item among vegetables in which tlle impl)orts fromi foreign co(untlries, $60,405, greatly xceeded those from the United States. The imports of cocoat and chocolate0,260, also fell slightly below lthe total from| foreign countries, $26,456, and even below those from France alonell, $24,154. Among fruits aud nuts, amnounting to( $49,579 in 1906, the largest item was cannled goo(is, $15o,311. Pepper of foreign origin., to the value of $12,651, was shipped from th( United( St Qates to() Prto Rico. The United States sent to Port) Ric( $151,590 worth of refined sugar and $93,795 worth of (confectionery in 1906, thiese figu-res rei presenting a stlbstantial growth oveXr previous vears. Tim island also imnl)ported fromn the Ullit.d( States $368,156 worth l o(f tob1acco and manufactures tlhreo(f, mostly haf toba'11(CCO, )probab1)ly inten((ded( for wrappers. O)il cake to the va lue o(f $26,237 was imiiprted, etarly all being cotto()n-seed oil cake. Vgetdable od noilt a tned to $50,859, of which $28,053 worth was cotton-seed oil andl $20,732 worti li iseed oil. Spirits, winms, aind liquors amounted to $249,771, ]havring risen steadily from $77,304 in 1901. Nearly three-fourths of this was Vmalt liquors, the value of which is generally nmore than twice that. of ftlin wines, lthe amoiiunt of distilled liquors inimportedl 1('ing very small. Imports of live aniimals were insignificamnt except in 1906, whenl thly amounted to $52,646, (of whiclh $45,401 represented the value| of 2-15 mnules. By far ile la.rgest itfent alinm),ng animald pnodlmcts was nmeat aqnd dairy prn(licts, valued in 1906 at $1,800,t71, or tnearly double lthe( anmountt of 1901, which was $961,001. IHog prolducts, amounting to $1,091,397, fornmed 72 peTr cent of the total nmeat pro(dIucts ($1,513,860). They consisted princ('ipally o()f salted or pickled( pork, $484,367; hams, $317,877; and lard, $273,350. Lard comnpounds and( substitutes for la.rd amounted to $255,046; sausage and sausage meats to $109,846. Beef products anmount('iled t(o only $28,904, Porto Rico itself being a. large exporter of c(attle. Dairy products anmounted(l to $286,811, of which about one-half was cheese. This item has nearly (doubled since 1901, while milk lias pitrat ically doubled in a single year. There were $23,966! ' wortlii of foreign meat and meat extracts and $21,981 worth i of foreign cheese sli ipped, froun tlie 1nite(l States to Porto Rico.. Tonatgr'c7(t1r( l imoports.-Thle tnionagricultltural imports in 1906 amounted to( $10,988,509, or 59 per (cent of tilie(, total sliipnments of ldormiestic merchandise from the Unit(,ed Stat(s to Porto Rico. Two items a(iming themn, nanmely, c(ottoin cl(oth andt oilier imaufactla-'s (of cotton, $2,419,121, n and mnufac('tures (of iromn anti steel. $3,2t40,649, form more lthan half of the total. All tlie textiles together (cotton, other vegetable ftilbers, silk, and wool) amounted to $2,801,547, or 26 per cent of thlie total (of nonagricultural imports. Adding tlogetlhier agricultural impleimentls, iron andl steel( manufaictures, cars and c(arriages, copp)l)er manufactures, and metal furnittire, we have a tltal (of $:3,712,953 for metal goods, or 34 per c('(it (of the total of nonagricultu ral impolrts. Of foodstuffs, tlie (only item in this category is fishi, lhe imports of which are almost (,xa(ctly (iviieild bet weemin lie I lnited States and foreign countries, those from the former bel-ing valuied in 1t906 at $514,902, those from th( latter at $514,733, nearly all from Canada. It is to )be noted, however, thlat. $132,493 worthl of foreign fish were shipped from the United States to( Porto Rico in 1906, mo()st of it doutbtless originally from Canada, tlie largest item being $117,363 wortli of cod, etc. Of the fish imponlrts from the United States, the item "Codl, hadd(ock, hake, ant(l pllock" amounts to $436,108, or 85 per cent o(f the total lishl immports fronm tIle United Stat es. Herring were valued at $33,134; cannedl, salmon( at $30,378. Among textiles, the single item of c(oloretd I'cotto(n chlots amtountedi in 1906 to $1,220,247, or nearly one)-haif I(f tie tlot al o(f texliles. Uncolored clotlhs amounted to $37 1,2:30, w(,ari ng applarel to $279,650. InII c()ilored cloIths tfhere has been a steady inmcrease sinme) 19t01, except in 1904, whlen then.re was a decided falling off. Vlnc('lored ltths, on the I(thoer thand, Ihave alnmst uniformly d(eclined nfromu tI figure of $510,661, in 1901, in 1901 uil i 1906 tchey reached( t(lit( lowest 1figtre since 1,()900. In wea.ring applarel lihere hlas Ibeei (n t thie wliiole ari increase, but t lie maximuml ()f $445,951 in 1902 was 60 1per '('iti inI excess ()f tli1 tal for 1906(;. Under tl(, leadl (f woolen manufactunres, tlie largest item in 1906 was weari ing apparel, which amuontI'ed (i $5,5(3, out ()f a, total of $140,807 foir wmoolen (oods.I n woi(leis, liie imports from tie lUnitedl States iavi' nmearly doubled from tlie figure ()f $81,056 il 1902, tHe tignt e fior 1901 being albnormally small. Other vege(,table fibelrs (tlax, lmemp,i jute, etc.) we replresente(il in 190(6 lly ta t()tal ()f 43,9l:,01, in w]ich lmtl Ie largest it(em was $55,819 fi(r ci(rdage. Prom a. total ()f $19,072, ile itemi of vegetable ftibers (th1er tihan l cotiton lias risien to o(riell' Ih-i sIvell timies tha i aiimi(nt. Silk miianufa.ctref s amilm t lled in 10()6 to $97,718. Whliil(' sillk ilmorlts friomii firimein (cilmtmil'is iave faPllen () off nearly nv me-half, tolws, from lie Unite, Stabes siiw an inciase gireat (r' li an aiy o liter artticle, its figure for 1901 Irav.inmg been e$1(,620.:\grii'tulmtral implememnts c'ame' exclusively fromm tI)e I'milIed Si at es. They shoI(w a rapidal i nremasie, rising frlmn $8,132 ini 1901 to $42,365 in 19016. Ti'i last -nai-medl figure i'ncluded $130,911 for lo)()ws a ulivadrs (dbolet!)lss stlilpped for tIe molist part to the slugar plantations, whlich] art, rapidly 11mdlernizing their ()otfit. nibider tiie Ilead (If ilon and sleeI-, valued at $3.2-10.,649 in 1906, maciilinery ()f xvarinmis kimils'l rIepresented $1,S18,255. The( largest i1e11ms wein stw(ea':1m) engi)nes amiid parts (f, $304,31-1: stewingo mtacim)(iis, $198,446-; antd pumps aindl pump ing aiihinemryV $151,513. Tlte total for steia (-ngi, t1s, '0i,31, r(l'esent(s a large adlvance 1over 11(l figurme's ()f 119011, $.12,:183. Tbi' guIowin ratiiiwy' co(mi'erce is illustrated'( y tli fac- t (lhat t ie tm1mber (of lo'omomtives impolmrtedt in achli of thl' six yve's 1!01 —1906 was' 1, 2. 5, 0, 7, 16, wbile till vadue (if rails iipirlt eld r'se' fromn $20,436: to $132,7156; and tlihait (of railway n'ars fromm $54,227 t) $2t60,040. Tll it(')m llls pumps aind pulmpinlg mac'h]inery, $15)9,513; and plils anl film imigs. $232,323, ati-' )rolbabl d COInniected', for tlie most plart(, witli e1 irrigal. i WoIn works and t(le fa'ories in tl'1( smgatr listri(ts, atldi tl'ir ralpil i'ncrease' since 11901 festifil's to li' e'Xplansiml and1 mloderniziatin ()f 1liat industry. ThI.e in're'as(e in. sewinmg m(mahimnes from $6,285 ill 1901 to) $198,446 iM 1119011 is gratifyiig evixlle't' If tll' grXwing p)rmliasing I)(we'r ()f Pt11i() Rictan iolms-lmldliis. Sine-s a.nil plat's a(mlionted 11 111)()( to $1-18,90(5; stru'-tural ironl and ste-el to 872,031:- wirel' t() $55,73-4; buildlIrs' lardlware, saws, a1nd (ooIs 1() $75,5216; Xwire mails a(and spike's to $36';.294. In all Ihse, lt11' atd-anI', sit('I(, 190)1 las I)eeIin ve'ry gruat, X —varying betwe-en 1 x(wofold and tenfoldl. instrume'nts and s-il-intilic atplatlis advanced flomi $28,,377 in 1901 it $8S,860 in 111$, of wliclih lat,' ftotal $16f,667 was for e'le-itrie, a)pplianet'S, inmil(ming telegraph} and telephloe instr'u1,~(ents. T'I'le to(>al of iron and steel mtanuifa'tluress increaseid n -arly sexvemnfiold froim 1)901 to) 1906. In this tratel', for(lign c'(ia)penitioIn lhas pra''ti'ally c(ase|. (Carriages othier tian railway I-ars alvanm'eld from $16,313 in 1901 to $103,403 in 1906. ('Copper manufactures rose from $6,169 1() $319,)36, d3 mbt,less an (evildence of tIle gro()wt]i ()f t1h' eleu'trical industry. Furniture of metal rose fromlm $6,824 to $27,16;0. 52 COIMMIERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 190G. Wood and wood manufactures rose from a total of $309,985 in 1901 o a total of $824,500 il 1906. By far the largest item under this hea(d was 'Boards, deals, and planks," $265,698 in 1906. Furniture in(creasedf from $85,259 in 1901 to $136,572 in 1906. The total of leatlher goods for 1901 was $86,724, for.1906 $,441,652. Of the latter, $298,293 rIepresented (boots and shoes. In relative order of magnitude for the totals of 1906, the remaniring imports from the United States were as follows: MIS(ELLANEOUS IMIPOR(TS INTO) PO)iTi RICO FROM( TItE UNITE ) STATrEs E 1901- A N 1906. rTI(CLS., Soap......-.. -......... -... --- —. -.. — - Fertilizers......................... Chemicals, (lnigs, itT d d(i y................... Paper, andt manufactulres of........................... Bituminouis co' l.................. --- —-------—.-..... Mineral illtrminmating oil............................ Cement.. ----........................................ Books, maips, e(ngravings, etchings, etc.................... Candles... -...................................-.......... Glass and gllasswa re........................................ Paints, pigmen( ts, tanrd colors... —.........-.-... —. --- — India-rubller manuractnros.... --- —--------—....- ----—.... Straw arid pa ll-leaf mna llftactllr(s..................... Furs and filr skins............................... Earth(n, stonll,,and china war<,...... —...............Tin Irnanfact ress................................. 19)1 1906 Dollars. Dollar,,. 27, 348 247, 038 18,804 246, 002 89, 236 201, 472 (i6, 507 171,812 51 210 169,292 (9, 829 140,890 11,712 85,997 40, 904 83, 663 32,511 77,281 19, 830 69, 734 13, 85 51, 38( 9, 354 50,268 11,480 43,238.......... 41,275 15, 723 39,878 4,415 25,899 IMO'(t'riS F()M ()FOREI(IN C()UNTRIES. The $2,602,7<S8 wothll (of imports intto Port:o Rico fromn foreign coun tries were divilded, so far as specified(, amiong 24 count ries. Of thlese tlhre( w(ere 16 witlh a,total valule of impllorts exceeling in each case $20,000, w ll( whose c( bindli imiil)orts amntounte(d 1) $2,563,258, or 99 per c(nnlt of tlie( total. Six countries slhowed( imporls exce(eding $10(0,000(), ftheir combrtinled iiiportls ainoiunting to $,2,088,794, or 80 per (c(tnt of t the totall. T''hse( fact s a re exlhilit(dl in the followin table, showing tlie itmports from the 16 ((ountries in the ordetr of mXagnit tud f or '190I) antl tle (perc(lntag of each: VAI 1E A iND PI 'ERCENTA E (IF IIMPORT iIS INTO P)OTO I() tc(( FRO lFOREI(iN Cor(NTRIES, 190(;. East Indlies in vegetable fi)ers other than cotton. Germany leads in earthen, stone, and china ware, and malt liquors. Belgium leads in structural iron and steel. The iImports from the British East Indies (consist entirely of vegetalle fibers otltr than cotton, in which they far exceeded any other country and even slightly surpassed the total of all other foreign countries. The imports into Porto Rico from Uruguay consisted almost entirely of meat products, constituting about two-thirds of the total from countries other than the United States. The Netherlands furnished hardly anything but cheese,, of which they supplied 88 per cent of the imports froIn foreign c(untries. Denmark's share i consisted almost entirely of butter, constituting 94 per cent of the total fromi foreign countries. Most of the imports recorlded as coiming fromi the Canary Islands consiste(l of vegetables, chiefly onions. Imports froml Argentina consiste(l alimost entirely of meat produtcts. Mexico sent hardly anything,but beans and dried pease. Thet nominal share which Venezuela supplies of the imnports into Porto Rico is sometimes much larger than it was in 1906, having been $316,748 in 1905, but it consists almost entirely of coffee,, which is evidently inte(nted not for consumption in Porto Rico, but for reexportation. It may be well to note that the leading position here attributed to various co(ltntries in certain lines of goods, as compared with other foreign countries, is in most cases insignificant as compared with the imports of the same article from the United States. Of the total imports from foreign countries, $674,402 worth, or 26 per centt, were agricultural, as compared with 41 per cent in the case of shiprmenuts from the United States to Porto Rico. In 1895 the agricultural imports were 51 per cent of the total imports from for(eign (co(nl ties. Agri(ultuoral inmports frovm foreign countrics.-Of the agricultural imports from foreign countries in 1906, $212,359 worth, or 32 percent, consisted of meat and d(lairy products. Next in inmportance came vegetals)les, $1;72,871, or 26 per cent; and sp)irits, wines, and liquors, $103,253, or 15 per cent. These three together Imade a total of $488,483, or 73 pI)r cent. Bl:readstuffs, with a total of $34,153, consisted mostly of soup past(es, which form a large item of diet in Spanish-speaking countries. Chocolate from foreign countries is still in excess of tbat fromn th1 United States, though the increase of tite latter has been slightly larger than that of the former. Nearly all the foreign choc()late, coImes from France. Fruits and mits from foreign countries, almo)st all froim Spain, amounted to $32,16() (about two-thirds of the nlamo11nt from the JUnited States), nearly half of which (consisted of cained fruits. Oils, $71,285, co(msisted almost entirely of olive oil from Spain, $(3,884. Imports of this article h-ave on the whole been increasing, though the figure for 1906 had not yet reached the maximum of $68,(600, recorded in 1902. Meat and dairy products amionit to $212,359, and have remained approximately uniform for the last five years. More than half of it was meat, two-thirds from Uruguay, (one-fifth fro( Arg(en-tina. Dairy products consist practically of two itemis: Butter from Denmark, $:33,991; and cheese from Hollantd, $47,882, each o(f them equal to about one-third the amoiumnt of the same articl(e fr)om the ITnite(l States. Spirits, wines, anl liquors, $103,253, show an in(crease of ab(out 70 pcr cent since 1901. Nearly two-thirdls of this it(mn ((nsists of wines, of which Spain as late as 1902 furnished four-fifthls, though in 1906 France iha( taken the lead. Distilled li(quors are impiorted in small quantity, nearly all from France; malt liquors, about equal to other liquors in value(, came mostly from G(ler'any. In wines, the total was a little less than three-fuurths the amnount fromn the United States; iii spirits, more than twice; in malt liquors, one-eighthl. In vegetable(s, the principal item was o)nions, nearly all from Spain (th(lose imported from the Canary Islandls being prob)al)ly of Spanish origin), the imports from the United States in this case being less than those credited tfo Spain. Next in importance are beans and dried pease, in which Mexico is slightly in the lead of Spain at present, while in earlier years Spain had a practical monopoly. However, tle total of this item from f)reign coutntris is but little more than one-foutrth the amnount froml the United States, and there has been on thie whole a decrease in imports of vegetables from foreign coun Value. ('()UN RY. Dollars. Spain....................., 642,200 Ca n ada --.......... --- —... --- —------..... ---......i - -575, 787 Frai l........................ —.. ---..-. --- —-----—. 4-34, 7 5 lnitod King.................................. 24,112 G rm l v............... ---- ----------- -----—......... 148, 971 Be1lgillum........... -........ --- —.. -.. -1...-. 1, )939 'Tota,l for; (' com lntrios..-........ —........... 2,088, 794 British 1Eatst ilsnli(es.......-....-................. 98, 078 Urulgay.. --- —-—. -----—. --- —-----------—. --- —.- 93,27:; Cubli.... 2.....- -.. ----------.-, r))29 Netherla dis....................... 48, 181 It.ly............. —. --- —-----—. --............., 812 D)nnllm rk.....-..-.... ---... ----..-...-........... ---- 34, (6;8 Canary Islands.................-.......................... 1, 328 Argen tillna.- -.......... — -.....-............. 24,839 Mexi co,.7, -...........-............ —. ---.. — -..-..- 2'2, 857 Venezil..............................................., 899 Totail for 10 cotmit ri\s.-'...... --- ——.-. —..-. 474, 4(i4 Tot al for 1i) colrmt rics....-...................... 2,5 258 All other foreign countricr s.. -—.... -----—.. —:,:526) Total imports frouun foureign oi ntries.............. ' 2, 784 Per C('Tlt. 25 22 13 1(0 6 4 80 4 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 19 99 1( 100 Tlie impnrts fr om for'l igii cou(llntris were? oly abou t rote-eighth iof those from th1l I nitel(l St-atles, whiich in the fiscal year 1906 amoili ted to $19,224,1881. Amillng theise foreign ctollntries, Spain predmx(linates in (otto(in clothis, fruits and nits, glass and glassware, lebatlher, olive( oil, paper', pipes and smoker's' articles, rice, onions. T'hi' imip)orts from, (C'anadl a c(lnsist almlost e(intirely (-f fish, but, she leads als(o inri wool 1 and manufallures ()f woo)(1. France leads in c'llnic'als,, dlrugs, aidl (dyes, clc(date, perfumery, cosm(etics, and toilet liI)praratiomns, spirits, wiiins, a(nd woolens. The United Kingdoni leads in Iaints, pligmelnts, and colors, and stands next to the COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. 53 tries during the last five years, while shipments from the United States have greatly increased. Nonagricultural imports from foreign countries. —The nonagricultural imports into Porto Rico from countries other than the United States in 1906 amounted to $1,548,538, or 59 per cent of the total imports from foreign countries, as compared to the 26 per cent of agricultural imports, leaving 15 per cent or $379,844 unspecified, as "All other."' Of this total, about one-third was fish, a little more than one-fourth was textiles, and about one-sixth was metal goods. These facts are exhibited in the following table: IMPORTS INTO PORTO RICO OF NONAGRICULTURAL PRnoDucTS FROM FOREI(N COUNTRIES, 1906. ARTICLES. Value. 'ercent. Dollars. Fish........................ — --................... 514,733 33 Manufactures of vegetable fibers other than cotton-.... --- 179,097 12 Cotton malnufactures-.. --- —-..- ----- ------- 143,987 9 Wool manufactures.........-............ —. --- —------- 17,596 1 Silk manufactures -.........- -------- ------------------ 12,693 1 Total textile manufactures....-........... ---- 353,373 23 Iron manufactures 1.....-...... --- —---....... -.-. 162,057 10 Metal manufactures other than iron, copper, lead, and tin. 98,040 7 Total metal manufactures... —... -..-.. --- —- 260 0097 17 Wood, and manufactures of.....-... --- —------------ 109,038 7 Leather, and manufactures of.. --- —---------------------- 92,832 6 Chemicals, drugs, and dyes..... --- —-................ ---- 81,031 5 Paper, and manufactures of....................-..... 52, 20 4 Earthen, stone, and china ware...- ---------------------- 19, i(6 Perfrumery, cosmetics, and toilet preparations..-..-.- - 19,420 I Glass and glassware................. --- —--------------- 17,158 Pipes and1 smokers' articles.................... ----. --- — 14,231 I Paints, pigments, and colors-... —. --- —-------------—.- 10,819 1 Cement —.... —. —... --- —. --- -- —. 2,825 Salt -1.....-................. --- —--- 115 Total. -.- ----- ---- ------------- -—.... — -- ---- 1,548, 538 100 The imports of fish, nearly all fromn (anada, have nearly doubled during the last six years. Manufactures of vegetable fibers other than cotton, after rellaining practically stationary from 1900 to 1904, showed a great ilncrease in 1905 and 1906. In the latter year iiore' tlhan half of that iteml came from the British East Indies, consisting of jute (loth for lbags used in shipping coffee and sugar. The i1lp)orts of vegetable fiber manufactures from foreigln (countries lexcee(ed t.tose fr(o the United States b)y albout $3(,000, and it is to be noted( that $97.548 worth of foreign lmer(chlta(lise of this c(lass was i1mport01e from the United States, of which $85,836 wortl. was " bagging andl gunny clo1th." In imlports of cottoln mlanulfac(tures there has, (o tIlne wihole, been a decline since 1901, though Spain, 1 he leading (colt0lry, has somewhat increasedl her imlports fron) $.18.007 to $25,117. Inl)ports of woolens have diminished Iby more( than one-half, the leading country having been the United Kingldoil, until 1906, when Fran(ce took the first rank. Seven-tlenthls of the slmall quantity of silk manufactures camie froiml France, G erman y com( ing next. Iron and steel nmnufactlures lhave fluctllatcd so muchi thaii it is difficult to ascertain wiet (her t heir Ilovlemlint is ascending or descending. The total from foreign ('clintries aimounts 1(, otnly one-twentietJh of thel imports (f iron iimatiifac(tures froml the TUited States. In metals other thanlt itnl, (copp)er(, lea d i, ti, lhe United Kingdom liel tirst rank. (oplpr, lead, and tin imillorts were very small. The imports of wood 1ia1ufactr l(es fron( foreign countries 1consisted for the 1most part of boards a(ld otlher sawed lumbecr from Canada-$81,900. In almost (every line of leallher goods SpaIin held the first rank. More thlan half the c(lienilcals, drugs, and dlyes caile from Irance, followe(d by Italy aiid Spain. Spain also furnished over nilne-tenths (1f tl1( l papel'r manufactures. Perfumelry and cosmetics (catI( allin(st exc(lllsively fr(,o France; glass and glassware and smokers' articles mostly front Spain. STAT ISTIC L TABLES. EXPORTS OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF MERCHANDISE FROM PORTO Rico, 1871-1897 ANID 1901-1906. a [From Report of the Porto Rico Chamber of Commerce.] _II I___~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ INMANU- ANIM SUGAR. MOLASSES. COFFEE. TOBACCO, I FACTU! YEAR. _1__1 Quantity. Value. I Tor 1871 —............. —..................... - 95 1872...-.................................. --- —-- 81 1873............................ 87 1874.............................................. 71 1875 --- —------—. ------—. ----—. --- —-------—..... 74 1876...-..... -................... ------------- -- 69 1877-...-..-...6...-.... -...... 565 1878 -....... —............ --- —. ----. --- —------ 76 1879-...................... —... -—......... 71 1880 —......... --.....-..........4...6.. —.... 4 1881..- ----—. ------------—.. --- —-----—. --- —... 57 1882-........................-.... —.-.... — -- 83 1883............................................ 79 1884...-...... --- —...... —. --- —-. --- —-. --- — 98 1885 ---.... —.............. ---------.. —........ 88 1886 -—.. —...-... --- —.. —.. ----—...-.-.....-. 063 1887 --- —-. --------------------------------------- 80 1888...-.....-...............6...-............. - - - 1 1889...........6.................................. 3 1890...-................................ --- — 58S 1891-.. —.. ---—........ -—.. --—........ --—... 48 1892-........................- ------—........ -— 67 1893 4......-.-.-... --. —. — -------—.. --- ---—... 43 1894...-.......................................... 48 1895.... —. -—.. -----------.. —...... --- —-—.... — 59 1896 -..........-..-............ --- —. ---. --- ——. 55 1897.............................................. 57 1901 -......-.-.......6....3.....-......... 63 1902............................................. 84 1903:1-.................-... ----...... --- — ----- --- 104 1904........-...........-............ 115 1905... —.. -—...... -----..-. —. --- —- ---------- 121 1906-........................... -..-....-....... 183 5S.,039,935,639,755,.09,923,652,537,249,260 566,738,974, 959,777,792,987, 010,192,094,303,088,409,,941,775 649,397,558.059,756,128,283 Dollars. 6,198,201 5,343,577 5,715, 608 4,679,703 4, 865,808 4. 429, 776 5,542,042 7,487,278 4,265, 553 2,737,703 3,385,839 4,875,972 4,503,029 5,555, 561 4,959,131 3, 389, 633 4,266, 047 3, 368,880 3,358.801 3,149., 430 2,600,780 3,202,341 2,149,224 2,1 f5,368 2, 404,872 2,401,647 2,407,201 4,715,708 5,890.302 7, 49,122 8,690,814 11,925,804 14, 184,667 Quantity. Value. Gallons. Dollars. 7,210, 428 686,705 5,571,9506 530,662 4,897,200 4660,400 5,126,703 488,257 5,602,668 533,587 6,532,890 622,180 3,676,706 665,309 4,367,592 754, 402 4,306, 420 431,395 3, 343, 060 340, 840 3,842,048 379,303 4, 5560 858 612,683 6, 172,873 643,567 6, 687,300 692,984 6,129,119 630,784 4,137,265 405,946 5,822,362 567,574 4,220,514 423,463 4,140,723 403, 45 3, 346, 312 334,352 2, 473,942 2460,983 3, 82, 640 644,.855 2,037, 869 260,312 1,447,619 166,990 3,195,092 332,229 3, 923,099 328, 9(;; 2,305,826 242.354 2,848,314 595,902 3,080,132 579,097 4,278,479 665,000 3,500. 030 (21,326 4,612,062 576, 125 6,015,531 553,850 Quantity. Value. Quantity. Pounds. 20,822,299 18,355,133 25,840,533 17,769,195 26, 162,690 20,826,390 15,843,887 17,051,486 30,527,901 21,832,862 47,182,029 29, 435,446 37,109,800 25,756,611 47,105,476 36,436,769 27,284,241 50,489,967 37,719,768 43,300,983 41,130,154 4(;, 704, 544 48,541,873 49,803,672 39,683,160 57,961,291 51,097,824 12,157,240 26, 906,399 34,807,139 34,329,972 16,849,739 28,390,322 Dollars. 1,249,338 1,101,308 1,550, 432 1,066,151 1,569,761 1,249,583 3,010,338 3,325,040 4,765, 604 3,368,046 6,404,800 3,403,308 4,152,686 2,864,811 5,203,418 3,837,334 2,854,760 5,437,381 3,9406,634 4,643,769 4,407,291 7,49(, 431 8,475,339 7,853,024 5,640,055 8,915,975 7,340,901 1,678,765 3,195, (062 3,970,574 3,903,257 2,141,009 3,481,102 Pounds. 5,381,081 6,318,421 4,999,086 4,236, 475 6,325,781 6, 490,595 5,997,988 5,237,861 3,961,298 5,540,235 7,570,459 5,077,174 3,821,507 2,721,584 7,598,680 4, 464, 082 7,527,154 3,301,239 7,630,105 3,930,817 5,213,867 4,148,713 4,149,337 3,322,682 3,614,002 2,188,987 6,050,245 4,990,237 2,052,973 2,251,627 3,104,754 2,513,271 1, 443,970 I UNMANU~RED. ANIMN RED. Value. Quantity. Dollars. Number. 215,243 7,479 260,484 8,565 199, 93 5,328 172,997 6,496 268,121 5, 445 332,122 6,302 511,220 13,805 878,554 12,279 545,633 15,441 754,115 10,400 954,352 12,196 683,468 11,675 497,891 14,314 352,443 7,626 977,271 4,648 547,370 5,362 916,955 6,017 413,925 4,487 929,496 7,047 490,812 4,819 650,476 3,490 605,3363 3,347 585,147 5,205 423,165 4,362 414,8609 3,726 271,969 3,527 717,308 5,570 375,527 16,972 212,768 15,713 203,649 12,813 286,111 17,297 437,882 10,519 480,607 7.904 -7- -- - Value. Dollars. 353,207 434,950 288,378 314,822 174,072 220,560 507,931 431,405 540,091 395,396 449, 303 499,551 312,660 197,565 120,763 131,529 148,399 114, 222 173,656 122,015 74, 422 79, 627 151,036 114,278 87,938 90,148 133, 177 576, 577 421,855 322, 964 417,496 280,932 173,233 AL"S. YEAR. 1871......................... --- —------------------- 1872...............-....... --- —--........ — 187:3 -............................................. 1874.................-.-... --- —---- -----. —. 1875 —..-... —......... --—....... 1877............. --- —-- --------------- 1878 —.-... —.. -- —...... — ------—........ 1879..-... —....-..... -- ----------------—.. --- 1880......................... -...... | 18801...........-.................. 1882......-... ---- ------- ------------ - -- 1883...................................... 1884- -.................... —............... 1885. --- —------------------------------------ 1886 -.............. —..-...-..-....-.... 1887. 188....... --—................ --- —--......... — 1888.90 --- —--------------------------------- 1889-...................................... 1891...... —.... —........... --- —--.-...18879............................................... 1892................-... —..-.................... 1893.............-........-.- -....... 1894...........-. —. ---------------- ---—. 1895-......... ---.......-. —...-.......-.........! 189....-.......... --- —--...... --- —--------------- 1897.....-............ --- —---------------------- 1901....................... -- ---............. 1902 —.... --- —----.. --- —--.. --- —. --- —-------- 1903.................... - -----...-................ 1904..................................... 1905................ --- —-------------—.-. — 1906............................................. HIDES. COTTON. MINERAL GUANO. b CIGARS. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.m Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Pounds. Dollars. Pounds. Dollars. Tons. Dollars. Thousands.. Dollars. 727,241 65,451 940,951 87,525........................................... 582,377 52,414 653,2606 57, 075.......................................... 797,040 71,787 268,749 26, i40 - 473, 884 42, 649 229,554 22, 495 —..... --- —-.. --- —... — 635, 423 57,188 281,659 2(, 466 -----........ ---- 459, 264 41,334 131,457 12, 020 ----------—.....-..-.............. | --- - - -(1- -- 643, 733 96,510 44,529 4, 453 -................... —........................ 396 664 9 50 0 9 2 919 -----------—:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 39(1,11604 59,500 29.123 2 919... --- -................... 215,702 43, 480(.-.......................................... 583,503 86,225 ---............ -................... —.............. 573,7 8 77,887...................... 812,080 88,572.-.....-. ---.......................................... 812,080 88,572 I 1,203,02 120,255............ ---.................... 775,408 76,9( 2...................................... —.....!......... 704,418 6), 475 ------------ 1 704,418 69,475..-.........'...........-........... - -.......... -............................ 479,541 45,092-. ---........ —.-.... —. J...... ----..!....... 1....-.....-..... -- 772,574 72,174................................!.........- --- ----- -- 662,669 3,718.................................................................. 911,207 85,125..........-............... 628, 926 (0, 221........-................... ---...... ---- -—. ---. ---- --------—. - 937,224 89, 6 8 -..... ---......-.....-. 868 72,263.................. 643,013 51,03.................. 7,375 584,853 -....... --- —-.......... 543,:43 134, 658...................... 6,807 447,180 6-....... -....... 751, 580 43,301...........:. 8,356 495,711....................... 637,874 33,125...-......... 6,994 373,975. 381,29; 21,431............................................... 822,109 43, 154................................................. (189,722 81,542 i......-.............-................... 11,013 296,021 759,084 81,544............................................ 70,678 1,549,235 718,022 88,842.......................................... 67, 9(4 1,753,815 445,294 55,447.............................. 59,671 1,460,621 698, 004 86, 196........... 87,961 2,152,051 840,614 11, 139....................... 113,581 3,074,226 ~~~``~`~~~'''''''''~ `~~~~~~~~''`'`'''074:2'26 I All other,t... articles. I Dollars. 191,756 227, (;55 181,345 324,562 198,278 177,982 123, 106 190,829 55,431 90,753 84,792 233, 559 28,581 293,251 87,733 59,733 105,782 211,232 92, 639 117, 402 82,742 83, 78(1 120,011 139,958 100, 09(; 192,799 271, 8(07 263,925 422,149 471, 865 (84,917 1,109,567 1,193,706 Dollars. 9,047,426 8,008,125 8,500,553 7,111,636 7,693,281 7,085,563 10,460,959 13,129,927 10,647,193 7,779,078 11,736,276 10,397,113 10,258, 669 10,033,577 12,048,575 8, 416, 637 8,931,691 10,032,821 8,989,996 8,918,001 8,224,625 12,748,859 12,222,913 11,401,142 9,387,159 12,222,935 11,155,962 8,583,967 12,352,613 14,945,831 16,119,989 18,709,565 23,257,530 I a 1871 to 1897, calendar years; 1901 to 1906, fiscal years. The values from 1879 to 1897 have been converted into terms of United States currency in accordance with the rate of exchange shown on page 62. b Exports of guano practically ceased about 1896 and have just been resumed. See page 23. 54 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. EXPORTS OF COFFEE FROM PORTO RICO, 1870 TO 1906, BY COUNTRIES.a [From report of the Porto Rico Chamber of Commerce.] 55 YEAR. 1870..................... --- —---------- 1871.......-..-......-....... --- —..1872.................... —.............. --- 1873.....-.. --- —...... --- —-------------- 1874-...................... --- —-------- 1875...... ----................... 1876......-.......... --- —.. —. —. —. ---1877....-.................... --- —-------- 1878....-...........-........... --- —-..... 1879... —... --- —-.. —.. ------- —..-. ---1880..... —......... —......... --- —-—..1881................................ ---.. 1882... --- —-.. -----—. —... -----—.....1883 1884............ -------—. ------- 1884........................... 1885 7. ----.. —.. -....-........ - —. -.-. 1886........... ---......... --- —----------------- 188790..... --- —--.. —.....- -.. --- ------ 18883.. —...... --- —---—. —. --- —.. --- —---- 18934............-..-...-.. ----- 18945................................. 1895.....-...-............. -.-...-.-.-.1896-..... ----.-. —.-. --- —-. --- —---------- 1897.................... ----. —. --- —-. ---1898-1900.................. 1902.................... --- —. --- —------ 1903.......-....... —......... 1904.......... --- —----.. —. --- —1905-... —.. --- —-------------------------- 1906 ----.....-.....-.......... — - --.-. —. — United States. Spain. Cuba. France. Pounds. 151,925 328,293 848,274 2,614,545 4,729,028 3,803, 441 238,820 7,795 9,338 2,054,693 1,258,831 4,529,540 1,274,230 6, 482,196 3,987,978 3,642,150 2,208,130 673,459 910,213 246,100 917,374 105,228 412,878 999,709 858,989 77,409 318,097 108,684 2,210,126 29, 565 227,560 6,314,686 2,415,559 1,519,149 303,455 Pounds. 5,956,848 8,269,813 10,395, 689 9,780,323 6,578,111 10,231,950 13,870,008 8, 466,332 10,554,412 9,309, 429 9,035,924 14, 497,193 11,315,795 11,061,597 7, (636,917 17,121,691 12,055,176 11,738,743 17,191,580 13,546, 600 16,088,702 15,887, 469 17,024, 06t 15,273,235 17,347,632 14,141,799 15,3()0,737 8,714, 728 9,674,085 4,633,538 2,678,700 3,526,023 4,060,038 6,242,120 11,739,124 Pounds. 4, 496,841 5,081,624 2,488,664 6, 299,827 2,932,174 4,035,733 2,834,815 2,405,805 2, 0(9,231 3,274,355 2,261,992 5, 960, 813 4,647, 482 7,373, 567 5,161,289 5,481,719 3, 440, 506 5,356, 561 8,245,837 4,604,913 7,401,973 11, 695,426 10,652,182 11,727,535 12,104, 965 9,624, 669 16,177, 391 14,899,334 9,107,627 2,590,096 4, 640, 969 6,749, 321 5,424,747 3,990,730 6,234,276 Pounds. 1, 286,153 735,082 449,500 372,065 617,200 90,450 828,289 931,210 3,967,870 2,970,352 8,284,475 3,999, 363 5, 5(;0,341 3,735,233 8,171,910 11 197, 637 3,470,508 14,820,095 8,042,940 6,929,087 4, 496, 524 5,873,432 7,024,887 7,763, 7(63 6,145, 602 11,149,204 12,644, 119 23,003, 661 3,348,025 12,530,220 11,058,801 13, 664, 219 2, 986, 883 4,970, 686 Germany. Pounds. 665,464 1, 170,947 159,198 42, 165 110,885 286, 592 382,395 225, 539 1,340,701 3, 488, 454 1,597,693 2,449,337 2,280,111 5,749,613 3,873, 658 1,763,234 5, 744, 569 5,330,417 5, 538,163 2,950,08( 5,185,080 7, (78, 295 7,15;, 480 5, 1(64, 393 8,007,304 8, 643, 213 4,418,380 493,891 2,167, 789 2,669, 519 2,9(8, 853 278,659 930,124 Italy. Pounds. 2,089,582 1,895,337 2,050,500 2, 826, 712 918,344 2,366,381 997,900 45,500 993,220 1,308,740 1,.381,037 1,362, 660 1,542,947 1,068,519 1,104,806 2, (644, 945 2,08(3, 747 682, (630 1,821,589 3, 386, 169 2,96(3, 643 2,752,945 3,197.339 2,321. (630 2,140, 411 2, (28,030 4, 327,689 4, 216, 032 5, 354, 260 61i 1,033 1, 632,780 2,125, 445 1, 479, 186 1,018,544 1,604, 693 United Kingdom. Pounds. 3,136, 446 3, 468, 728 1,244,559 2,947,714 1,504,174 1,987,171 1,554,843 633, 096 390, 685 4,275,827 1,933,479 5, 692, 226( 3, 60, 767 1,304,124 750,737 2,194,339 309, 2(67 96, 293 523,211 729,374 128, (669 83,909 693,902 392, 363 782,048 1,102,310 329, 4;65 74,897 288, 420 11, 00 3, 800 31,859 51 356..........- - Austri. I Other otal. countries. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 298,967 17,416,762 386,958 20,822,299............ 877,947 18,355,133..... —....- 200,465 25,840,533 -- 57(6,101 17, 769,195:: --- —----- 3,078, 649 26,162,690............ 1, 128, (669 20,826, 390 -------—.......... -- 3,170, 478 15,843,887 -—...-.... - 1,720, 995 17,051,486........... 6,111,448 0,527,901..-........ i1,650, 546 21,832,862. --- —. ----.. 3,366, (668 47,182,029. —.. —... 1, 451, 1619 29, 435,446 -—. —. --- — I 1,810,119 37,109,800 ---—.... -.- 1,099, 540 25,756. 611 34, 365 2,064,;744 47,105,476 83, (691 1,181,957 36, 436,769...........- 3,502,813 27,284,241 508,400 724, 473 50, 489, 9(67 1,415,250 418,005 37,719,7168 1,446,813 1,886,159 43,300,983 2,989, 567 169, 000 41,130,154 3.214, 537 451,133 4(t, 704, 544 1,281,491 1,842,728 48,541,873 1, 067,25(1 582,128 49, 803, (672 642, 487 156, 461 39, (683, 160 2,248, 4(61 42, 943 57,961, 291 1,706, 5(;9 120,248 51,097,824 9, 407,018 609, 400 (64,072,977 38(6, 158 53,928 12,157,240 2, (629,339 395,242 26, 906,399 2,217,386 513,(690 35,207,139 3,808,731 418,279 34,329,972 754, 95(6 58, 6;98 16,850,095 2,030,997 57i, 9(67 28,390, 322 a 1870 to 1900, calendar years; 1901 to 1906, fiscal years. b Comprises two crops. TONNAGE OF VESSELS ENTERED AND CLEARED IN THE TRADE OF PonTo RIco WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIIES, YEARS ENDIED JUNE 30, 1901-190G. 1901 1902 1 1903 1904 1910)5 I 1906 COUNTRIES FROM WHICH ENTERED AND TO WHICH CLEARED. Entered. Clearedl. |Entereid. Cleared. Entered.. Clearel. IEntered. Cleared. Entered. Clearevl. Eritered. Cleared. Austria-Hungary...-... — ------—.-.-.-. — Belgium................. --- —-----—............ Denmark —..........-.........-...... France.............. - -. -----—............ Germany...... --- —------------------—. — Italy......................... --- —---------—.. Spain....................-.... --- —. --- United Kingdom..-.-..... — ----—.-........ British IIonduras................-.. -- ---- Canada............. --- —---------------------- Central American States: Guatemala........... -—. ---—...-...Honduras...........-... —....... --- Panama.....-.-. ---..........-. — Mexico.......... --- —-. --- —--—. --- —--------- West Indies: British............................... Cuba............ --- —. —. ----.. ---—. - Danish.............................. Dutch............-.......-.......-.. French... —.. —. ----—. ---------------- Iaiti........ --- —----------------------- Santo Domingo -....................... Argentina........ ---..-.....-... B razil.......... --- —---. --- —--..Colombia..........-...... --- —. ----. ---. Guiana-iBritish....................Uruguay....... --- —------------------------- Venezuela............ -—.. --—... —.French Africa........................ Total...................-........ Tons. 3,256 7, 862 59,255 16,090 5,545 11,420 15,521 69,911 7,778 1,193 8,738 46,541 "1,942 67,120 (663 Tons. 233 7,541 4, 867 33,329 (1, 142 8,691 99, 734 42,451 11,1660 1,092 8,062 57,221 2,442 40,999.......... Tons. 6, 606 3,322 67,341 19,131 7,827 Tons. 7,944 1,697 32,891 7,775 Tons. 1,295 (12:1 623 1,760 77. 866( 26, 162 6, 964' Tons. 10,376 1,834 39, 976 61, 100 Ton7s. 2,869 74,i14 17,311 (1, 3061 Tons. 5,0(67 51,573 6,307 To ns. T7'ons......; - 3, 2:33 895...-... —........... 8, 01.3... 4, 4(1 67,2 74 40, (177 8,1(0 I........ -------- 1, 607 6,415,3 7,260 9, 533 9. 624 20,8(68 103,378 5(6,367 51, 13( 40,996 41,952 1,834 2,875 6, 527 1,349 39, 965 71,345 1,260 2,775 68,750 13,398. '.'.'.'..'.'.'. 10, (113 11, 226 7, 601 31,417 i126,353 63,549 '53,720 67,521 56, 285 1,8:32 9, II() 6,287 438 37, 635 35, 27C6 310.5 2 41,852 2,547...................i:Ii;:[........... 1,621 3, 6(29 8, 760 9,0(:63 35, 5(61 125,720 72,718 74,158 58, 968 53, 831 309 5,351 10,753 6;59 36, 841 30, 543 (139 639.......... 70,172 15,870........... 24,236 22,152 94,301 25,184 4,278 2,409:37,144 (6, 9(;5 455 5,759 81,578 7,178 18, 9:34 120,374 108,317 2,188 4,161 166 26,001 935 18,802 Tons. 5),919 14,312 6,928 20,205 21,882 83, 589 27,420 950 4 1, 562 2,508 6(48 10,400 78, 459 Tons. 11,344 2, 235 46,285 (6, 201 4,311 196 2, 685 29,220 111,017 51,887 47,173 5,914 38, 270 13,559 7, 015 322,835 324,464 350,327 348, 139 376,299 360,235 400, 517 383,392 87,243 372,307 387,587 377,318 37G, 2!)9 3 i~i, 01i 00 17:3, 32 ', 7 8-?-.......... 350 - ---— ~ l 376,299 56 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. TONNAGE OF VESSELS ENTERED AND CLEARED IN THE TRADE OF PORTO RIco WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES, YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1901-1906 —Continued. NATIONALITY. 1901 Entered. Cleared. L 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Entered. Cleared. Entered. Cleared. Entered. Cleared. Entered. E. Cleared. Entered. American: Sailing................................ Steam.......................... Total American.................... Argentine: Sailing.............................. Austrian: Steamn................................. British: Sailing.......................... Steam........................... Colombian: Sailing.... —...............-.... Cuban: Sailing.................... Steamn.................. Danish: Sailing,....................... Steam -........................ Dutch: Sailing................................ Steam -............ -----—...... Dominican: Sailing................................ SteRam....................... French: Sailing....................... Steam....-.......................... Gennan: Steam............-........... Italian: Steam................... Norwegian: Sailing.......................... Steam......... —...... — -....... Russian: Sailing............................ Spanish: Sailing...........-..... ---... Steam.,................... ---.. Venezuelan: Sailing....................... Total foreign: Sailing.......................... Steaml................ -—... --- Total American and foreign: Sailing..................... Steam.................... Grand total.-........... Tons. 5,254 50, 915 Tons. Tons Tons. Tons. 11,457 2,247 9,181 3,312 57,848 72,202 60,936 63,140 Tons., 932 52,081 Tons. 3,780 66,169 Tons. 9,490 52,224 Tons. 1,661 65,055 Tons. 11,255 48, 937 Tons. 2, 45 62,917 Cleared. Tons. 12,263 48,774 62,1169 69,305 74,449 70,117 66,452 59,013 69,949 61,714 66,716 0,192 65,562 61,037.. 804. 0,228 12, 89 12,698 11,814 1..660 10,395.10,255 17, 367 11,323 8,742 7, 30 9,804 10.228 12,689 12,698 11,|814 10,2660 10,395 10,255 11,67 11,323 8,1742 7930 5, 724 5, 724 4,417 4, 467 13,814 13,814 32,405 32, 405 44,123 44,762 46, 501 46,051....... -.............................................. 188 299 -..- - -- -.. - —.-..- 94 94 9- 0097373 - -..........-....33................ 22,710 25,034 29,292 29,292 29,292 30, 599 25,587 25,587 14, 910 14, 910 13, 598 13,598 348 340 7 7 640 571 519 519 40 37 225 225 --- -- ------- ---—.- - -- -.. 2,134 2,134 8,747 6,415. 1,196 1,444 1,119 725 2,857 2,845 1,744 1,398 1,375 1,300 803 803........... --- —--..- -1,295 1,295........... 306 229 679 674 49 63 25 28 126 133 135 135 -- -----—.. ---—.. -------—.. -—.. ----......- --- --------—............... 2 4 2 4 196 2,762 900 951 738 738 595 916 718 718 51,087 58,651 53,611 53,625 55,956 55, 950 51,781 53,094 51,066 52,010 58,874 58,283 61,074 60, 004 56, 639 62, 590 64,247 60, 636 62,565 57,978 63, 098 60,538 64,085 60,300 3,114 3,154........ - 11,929 11,929 6,688 6,6881 8,607 8,607 895 1,755 —...-.-.-... —.- 966 966 2,628 2,628 4, 195 5,057 7,076 784 -....................................... 372 —........................ 372 1,111 1,221 1,223 1,231 1,261 1,117 2,179 2,323 1,984 1,780 1,138 1,173 104,450 88,586 112,320 108,821 125,187 120,981 119,653 114,144 109,007 103,672 111,685 115,322 988 919...................... — 111 222 235 233 266 214 14,726 15,405 16,485 16,073 19,090 16,975 17,124 17,007 15,436 14,806 11,403 10,574 245,940 239,754 259, 93 2 261,949! 290,/57 284,247 313,444 304,ti71 305,091 297,309 310,622 305,707 19,980 26,862 18,732 25,254 22,402 23,907 302,855 297,602 331,595 322,885 353,897 336,328 20,904 26,497 17,097 26,061 14,048 379,613 356,895 370,146 346,246 373,539 22,837 354,481 377,318 322,835 324,464 350,327 348,139 376,299 360,235 400,517 383,392 387,243 1 372,307 387,587 TONNAGE OF VESSELS CLEARED FROM THE UNITED STATES TO PORTO RICO AND FROM PORTO RICO TO THE UNITED STATES IN THEIR TRADE DURING THE YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1901 TO 1906. 1901 1902 a 1903 1904 1905 CUSTOMS DISTRICT. Cleared from the United States. Cleared from Porto Rico. Cleared from the United States. Cleared from Porto Rico. Tons. Baltimore, Md................ Boston and Charlestown, Mass................... Brunswick, Ga........................... Fernandina, Fla -.. —....I --- — New York, N. Y........................... Norfolk and 'Portsmouth, Va............... Philadelphia, PI'a -............. -----—..... Portland and Falmouth, M......... St. Johns, Fla............................ Savannah, Ga...-.........-....-....... Wilmington, N. C-....... -----------....... M obile, Ala................................. New Orleans, La....-....-l......-.... Pearl River, Miss........................ — Pensacola, Fla....................................... i Total........... 19,998 Tons. Tons. Tons............ i...... v, ---------- ---------................... i.......... ------ --- - —..................................................... _ -. -- -............................... Cleared from the United States. Tons. 3(i3........ 345" 137,853 7,47(6 11,222 1,937 1, 679 245 299 A35,195 1,915...... I Cleared Cleared fromn from the Porto United Rico.a States. Cleared from Porto Rico. a Cleared from the United States. Cleared from Porto Rico. a T( ns. Tons......... i...... ^ 110,414.......... 2,706.......... 14,371 563..........; 2,595 461.......................... -— i 43,765......... 1,687................. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons Tons.. 6,889...... 4,303......... 415.......... 5,340.......................... 90.......183,...... 1,856.................. 1,856............... 17,321..... 23,528........458............................. 3,765......... 3 3............................................... 4. 47,502......... 45,408................... -4 7:,: r:::47,2 4sp,4n8 ----- E.......... 864........ 5,772 1.................. 2,615....... 720.......... 247,628 188,520 255,9421 275,562 340,776 1906 Cleared Cleared from the from United Porto States. Rico. a 188,969 213,569 i 201,212 198,527 235,718 176,562 a No data available by districts. COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 19006. 57 STEAMSHIP LINES ENGAGED IN TRADE BETWEEN PORTO RICO AND THE UNITED STATES AND BETWEEN PORTO RICO AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES.a LINES OF VESSELS BETWEEN THE UNITEI STATES AND POLTO RICO. [All of these steamers are of American nationality.] NAMES OF LINES AND VESSELS. Port of Net dpao rt of arrival ton- departure and Port of arrival Other Porto Rican Carries arrivo l in and departure in nage.United States. Porto Rico. ports touched at. mail. United States. CARRIES PASSENGERS. Frequency of line -..-.-. -.. sailings from UInited Stataes to Date of sailing from U nited States. Date of sailing from Porto Rico. Cabin. Steer- I'orto Rico. age. New York and Porto Rico S. S. Co. New York and Porto Rico service: Coano.................. Carolina -. --- ——...... Ponce................... San Juan............... Berwind. Windber..... --- —-... New Orleans and Porto Rico service: Santurce............. Arkadia................ Pathfinder............ Massapequa...-... ---. Porto Rico island service: Ramos................. Vasco-... --- —. --- —Insular Line of steamers. Julia Luckenbach....-.... Harry Luckenbach........ Hugoma............. Benner Line of sail vessels. b Various.-............ 2,815 3,086 2,519 2,519 1,607 1,820 1,122 1,621 1,800 2,386 New York.........do.............do.........do......do...........do ---—.. New Orleans......do-.....-.-.....d o........ San Juan............do........... once............. Mayaguez..... Subject to change. i- -do............ San.1 nan.......... do -..-.... ----.... do................. do............ Engaged in coastwise trade.. do........... Ponce, Mayaguez, and any other ports at which there is cargo to load or discharge.....do......... Yes.. Yes.. Yes... No... YeNos.... No..No. No._ No. Yes... Yes... Yes... Yes... No..No... No... Yes_.. Yes... Yes... Yes... Bi-weekly, alterYes -J nately. Yes -. Once a month.... Yes..... do............ No....... do........... No......- do.-...-.. No.. Once a month.... No. (0...do-......... No..... do......... Every other Saturday. Irregular..........do...........do......,...do.. —.. Irregular........do..........do........ do...... Every other Tuesday. Irregular. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 826................ 160........ 1,977 1,799 1,284 800 New York.... 'Ponce (arrival)...... do....... San.1 uan....... New Orleans.....do...... New York.... San Juan......... All ports where there is cargo. INo No... No.... No.... No.... No.. No..... Bi-weekly, from Irreglar... Irregular. No.... New York.... do..... o. No.... Monthly from....do.... Do. New Orleans..-..-......-t- Every 45 days.............. a Compiled from data furnished by the collector of customs, San Juan, P. R.; the Maritime Association, 78 Broad street, New York; the Exporters' Encyclopedia, 65 Duane street, New York; and in part by the various companies. b The boats of the Benner Line are chartered sail vessels of an average of 800 tons net. LINES OF VESSELS TOUCI INIG FOREIGN PORTS. [All these steamers carry mails and have accommodations for both cabin and steerage passengers.] RO(TTTE S.f NAMES OFL NatiLonalit. lingEs Nfro he orto ico. VESSELS.. tonnage. Terminus in orts foreign countries. Foreign. Domestic. Compaiia Transatlantica de Vapores de Pinillo Izquierdo y Cia.: a Conde Wifredo...................... Catalina. Catalina... --- —... --- —... ---... --- —.. Miguel Mh. Pinillos........... Martin Saenz................. Pio IX.......................... Valbanera........... --- Compafnia de Vapores de A. Folch &c Co.: Miguel Gallart...................... Jose Gallart................. Juan Forgas.........-. —.-. — Argentina........................... Puerto Rico................... Berenguer el Grande....-........ - Compania General Transatlantica Espanola: Buenos Aires..-........ --- —Catalfia................... Leon XIII........................ Manuel Calvo.... —. —... ----—... Monserrat.............-.. ---. Montevideo......... —........... Compagnie Transatlantique Du Paquebot FranQais: Quebec........................ Montreal.......................... Salvador..-............ -- St. Domingue...................... Ferdinand de Lesseps............... Spanish............do.........do.........do.............do.........do........do..........do...........do.............do.............do...........do.........d......do........do..........do.............do........ 2,765 3,491 2,125 2,532 2,658 3,299 2,012 2,345 1,920 2,206 1,742 2,103 3,765 2,247 2, 950 3,411 2,306 3,673 2,083 2,083 407 483 1,541 Voyage begins at Barcelona, thence to Mallorca, Torreviej a, Alieante,Vallencia, Malaga, Cadiz, Canary Islands, Vigo, and Corufia, Spain; San Juan, Mayaguez, and Ponce, P. R.; Santo Domingo City: Santiago, Iabana, Nuevitts, and Cienfuegos, Cuba: Veracruz and Progreso, Mexico; New Orleans, La.; and thence to Barcelona. Voyage begins at Genoa; thence to Barcelona, Malaga, Cadiz, Las Palmas, Teneriffe, and La Patlma, LSpain: San Juan. P. R.; Itavana, (Cuba; Puerto lAirmon, Costa Ilica; Colon, Barranqcitos, Curagao, Puerto (Cabello, and La Guayra; I'once, San Juan, and returning thence to Spain and Genoa via the aforementioned Spanish ports. A vessel of this line touches at San Juan from Spain on the 22d of each month and sails,on same date to Central American ports, and returns to San Juan on the 28th, sailing on latter date to Spain and (enoa. iSteamers Quebec and( Montreal begin their voyages at Le Hlavre to Bordeaux, Coruna, St. Tholmas, San Juan, I'. It., Puerto Plata, Cape Iliti, Iort-au-PIrince. Upon arrival at Port-au-Prince they return to Le H1avre via Cape IHaiti, Puerto Plata, Sanchez, San Juan, i'. R., and St. Thomas. They touch at San Juan from Illavre on the 4th of every month and on return from l'ort-au-Prince to lHavre they touch at San Juan, P. R., on the 17th of every month. Steamers Salvador and St. Domingue begin their voyages at Fort de France to Pointe-a-l itre, Basse Terre, St. Thomas, Ponce, Mayaguez, Santo Domingo, J acmel, Port-au-Prince, and then return to Fort de France via Petit-Grava, Jerdmie, Santiago de Cuba, Les Cayes, Jacmel, Santo Domingo, Mayaguez, Ponce, St. Thomas, Basse Terre and Pointe-A-Pitre. These steamers touch at Ponce from Fort de France on the 4th of every month, and returning from Port-au-Prince they touch at Ponce on the 17th of every month. Transshipments are made from steamers from Europe to those plying in West Indies at St. Thomas and Port-au-Prince. The Ferdinand de Lesseps is used as a substitute steamer. Onice a montlh......do.............. Io............. lo............... -lo............... do.-............ do............. do............. I. dlo..... -...... lo........... Twice a month....... do.........do............do................ do...... --- — Twice a month...... do................ do............... do............ do.... -. Not fixed. ])o. Do. Do. I)o. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 22d and 28th of every month. 4th and 17th of every month. French............do.............do...........do.............do........ 58 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1!906. STEAMSHIP LINES EN(;GAGED IN TRADE BETWEEN PORTO RICO ANI) TIHE UNITED STATES A.ND BETWI:EEN PORTO RiCO AND FOREIGN Cou NTRI ES-Continuled. LINES OF V ESSELS TOUChiING FORIEIGN 'POltTS-Continucd. ROU T I -. NAMES OF LINES AND VESSELS. Nationality. Hamnburg-Amniericatn Line: Various st eilners......e.......... German....... I a Net.Intermnediate ports touched at. onnage. Terminus in foreign countries. Foreign. IDomestic. The vessels of this line are employed too intermittently to name. Their route is subject to frequent changes, v. 1,50 Ij amrburg......... and frequent variations of ports of call occur in notices of sailing of vessels of this line. The President 924 St. Thomas....... is at present regularly employed in the service between St. T'homnas, I'orto Rico, Santo Domingo, and Cuba. 1,900 La G ayra....... - Caracas -..N...... New York........ 1,850 (1-..(-.do... —..-.......(o.....-...... do............ 1,14 Ilaban..... --- —--—.. Santo Domingo.. --- ——.. --- —------- 2 045i............... Frquency of line I) touching at railings from to i home ports. Irregular; once or twice a month. Twice a month -. - Not fixed. 4th and 25th of every nmonth. President.................................do... The ied ''I)" Line: Philadelphia -.. —......-......... --- American.... Caracas -....-..-.-. —...-.. ---... —...... do..... Ilerrera Line: Julia-.... —.,..... ----..... ---. — Cuban... ---Norton Line:. Arabistan........-................-. British....... Casilda(. ----.... --- —---------—..- - -----. —......( Etofi-.... ---..-.-.........-...................o........ CoroTriodla -... --- — -d.o....... d ----..(-......: Every othe r Wednesday, al- Every two weeks. ternately. Once a month - - - Not fixed. Every 45 ldays.... Do.. do..-..... Do. d...( -. (o ------ - Do.....do.-......... Do. 2, n Vessels of mis line begrn tneir voyage at M.iontevideo, -Im ' }5 thence to Trinidad. Porto Rico, (Cuta, and New York, I 709 ansd thence to Montevideo again. I RIESO(RCt(ES AND LIABILITIES OF BANKING INSTITTTILONS IN PORTO RICO) AT THE CLOSE OF BUSINESS JIUNE 30, 1905. American First Bawo Io C o 1 o iii Nation aleord& Espaniol (eC Territorial Bank of k of Ford & P'ltrto Ritco, y,r gricolico, Portotico,' C. ode San Juanr S s. 'anJ ian:an Jmui. San JUa!'t RIESOURCE ES. Bonds............................-........ Stock ii vestments. ----—... --—..- —.. —.... --- —Amoun t loaned o(n collan terls.......-........ — Amount 1 oned on personal securi(tis........i.... Amounot- loaned on real estatle.....C-.... — Overdra'fts -.. —................._ —_ — ---- __ --- —Due fro n Ianks, iagenciecs, n11<\1 ipriva-te firms.... Real est,'Ie owned -..................-........ Real estate,,by foreculosure.....-....... Fuirniture and fixtulres........................ Expense,'5count.....-.............. —..-.... Cash on hInd -.................-......... —. --- —-- Other assets not includedl in t>love hladings,..-. Dollars. 73,000. 00 173, 993. 19 372,444. 54 3:174,025.01 261, 215. 46 142, 339. 73 82,773. 51 2,205. 45 11,1'51. 04 88(),610..50 1, 047,232. 65 Dollars. 210, 433. 00 44,522.74 1,541.43 517, 041. (i9 Ii, 981.92 54,000. 00 227, 135. 2(i 1, 28. 61il 11:, 457. 41 3931:1, 75(. O80 Dollars. <Sl(, 597. 00 220, 395. 36 101, 940. 21 260,383. 59 328,083. 78 421,579.73 12,122. 13 10.071.80 4, 551. 07 598,725. 00 1,925. 89 Dollars. Dollars. 10011.00 00 1,300. 00 143,018.75 42,1670.37 4, 4(5. 00 45,0679. 74 22,05(1. 40;21,053. 47...........- 29,823. 20 -—. —... —.- i 275. 16 115,081.07 547,420. 15........... 21,98:33. 59 955. 00 1,100. 00 1,(;32. 64 5,386. 813 53,579.14 24,27(;. t~6 15,900.00 3.:342. 24 Cred.ito y Caja L de A~litor Econoinlas Banco Ponce yl' a- Popular, ion e. ios' Stn San Juan. Germirii. Dollars. Dollars Dollars. 48, 937. 50 ------..... 24, 6 6 ' G ' 8 ----------— '..;' i9, 362.1 i ' 1:17, 230. 71 49, 090. 1i..t;... —... 28, 004. 72 5,437. 42 20, 675.51 2011,252.<8 88. --- I 800. (00 58,813. 00 1,4:8. 55 1,754. 54 3, 064. 81: ' 475. 1i3 6 144. Ii( 5, 182. (4 1,1630.66 878. 60 325, 5(17. 49 7,024. 28 1,533. 47, 985. 45 5. 00 1,120. 00 88(, 266(;. 00! 65,101. 70 46, 267. 73 Dollars. 1,177, 268. 00 419, 09. 48 414,588. 84 863, 800. 30 1,3031,691.33 26, 490. (62 1,440, 4(60. 48 220, 763. 19 2:39,257. 39 19,545. 96 30,913.51 1,957,773. 74 1,511, 268. 03 9, (624,911.87 Total. Total -............... —........... --- —-----— 3,13:2,491. ()8 ILIABILITIES. Capitl 1 stock paid in........................................ Suriplis foind-5...............1................. ---- 56, 000. 00 Amllont due l(depositors -..1..................!:1637,200. 12 A inmont duil other ranks................-.. —..... ---........ Tndiv( (j dedl pIrofits.. —.. --- —....... --- —...-... 81. 55 Interest I ccollmt...........-... ------ 32, 331... 99 Other liabillities not in'cluded in alove heildings... 2,4406, 077. 42 T otal:......... --- —-.. ---. --- —. --- —-- -- -!:3 132,491.108 1,517,503. 81 2,776,.3761.016 456, (88.00 744,217. 44.......7...... 1501, 2016. 43 2, 5,914.53 1 2,718.58 1, 38, 664. 32 'i.. 400,000. 00 140, (000. 00 134, 738. 6;2 1(0,634. 02 23,362. 36 17, 641. 06 100,000. o ( -—...-. ------ 120,000. 00,58(0. 88 -............ 27,000. 00 ( 244,702.07 93,18,5.09 0i681,297. 26;41;,23. 83 23.........171. 14 1 12,188.74 4,878.:74 1,119.89... 100,526;. 31 3,504. 49 45,:780. 00 Ad5; LuRR 05 i 744 217 44,q0t.; 9(1; 0I0 19,924. 54 18,000. 00 3,559. 33 2,157. 63 37,344.95 21,031.23........... I,. 00 843. 00 817. (68 3,420. 28 1,916. 69 9. 6(0 844. 50 (15 1011 70 4(; 2(7. 73 (;57,924. 54 235,297.84 3,999,705. 77 714,285.:38 40, 983. 05 6;1,308. (15 3,915, 406. 64 9, 624,911.87 1 517 50f3 Qi 2 9 77C1 *7C; 0C I I I,I i '110 1 1L'It I,)I). JII ~~ 110 II, l(3. klV I -1- LI ~ -. ~11 I,........ %xrJ, II...... J~J,,LI.O.). STATIS'IcI('S ()F 1)()PIPIA'PIO(N ()F PoRTO( RICO. [From (Census of Porto Ilico, 1899.] TOTAL POPULATION OF CITIES. (CITY. DIE I 'IITMENT. I(io1. Adjuntas -. —.......... l'onco- -.......... 1, 3 Aguada................ iAgna(dilla-........ 1, Agua lilla.......... -............, 425 Aguo s lIuenas n......-. i ua 1 -1..-..... 1,309 Aibonirto............... I'olne —.-. ---.-... 2,085 Anfi sco....... -..- - Ma yguez......... 2,483 Arcilao................ Areci bo............,008 Arroyo........ ---......... ua am....... 2, 137 lBayamon. -.... —...-.. Bay11 n.......... 2,218 lBareloiet............ A rc1ito..-........' 1,459 (a11o Rojo............. Maygllz -..-.-... 2,744 Caguas..-...-..-...... (uayanm........... 5, 450) Carolina. --- —--—... Bayamon — ---...1 a 2, 177 Cavey.....a............. tinvyma. -........ 3, 7(;3 Ceib l................... Iu acao......... 1,214 O(iles -.............. A recibo - -............ 1,356( Cidr.............. Guyama....... 1,034 Coamo 1 1..-.......... IoncC.e............ I. 3, 244 Cornrio.v.............. uavan.. -.... ---- 1,191 C(IlilY5. 1)E P'A1 i - 'oE. ln- - Iion. Fij,l rdo -.-.-. ---... - - II ullnl.ll —....... Gluayania.. ----..... I (Gy1 ualVam,-.... ---.. Gur'al)o -----... -do.............11 uma.......- II cao...........Jima Diaz -.-... —... Polc -...!- - J uncos -------- aIII.................. uayam.......... a jas....-a.......... Mayaguezr........ 1a res................. - Agiandilla -.. --—.... Manea ti......... ArTib............. lar-ti - Arecillo...... M unalT -..-.. —... I llI umaeao -........ Maricao............... Mayaguez...... Mayaguez................. - o...-......... Moca -...... —......... Aguadilla.... ----. Morovis............... Arecibo... —...-. — NagUa l)o............ Ilumacao.......... Patillas.......s-...-...... do....1....... Pefiiuelas........... Ponc.. ---PonceC................. do............. 1,057 3, 414 5,334 1,309 4, 428 2,2416 2,02(6 1,385 3,714 4, 494 1,277 I 177. CITY. Qebradill as.......... Rincon-............ Rio Grando..........i Rio I'idras........... Sabana Gra nde.-..... Salinas...-...... ----.San Gernman......... Sin J11uan............ Saln lormnzo.-. --- —-- San Seb istian....... S nta Isabel.......... Toa Baja............. Trujillo Alto....... Utuado..-.....-...... Vega Alta............ Vega Baja............ Vieques............... Yal)bucoa............ Yanuco.......... TDE PA RTME I 0TT. Areio......... Aguadiall.. ---..........' do -............. G uayma........ ---.. Mayaguez......... Bayamni.......... (11 nuyama. ----. --- Aguadilla....... — lonce.............. B'ay amon ------—.-—. —.do -........ —. A recibo......... —... Bavamion..............-do............. u umacao............ Ido............ Ponce. ----.... ----. Population. 1, 166 1,074 1,285 2,249 2,531 1,192 3, 954 32,048 2,084 1,700 1, 142 1,300 1,025 3, 619 1,081 2,288 2., 646 1,838 6.108 15 187 I 1,470 | 1, 064 1 1,812 1, 590 1,129 27,952 I -- - - -- --- - C(:MMIERCIAL ORT) RICO IN 190(. STATISTICS OF POPULATION OF PORTO RICo-Co()litinllCd. POPU01 'ATION BY IMUNICIPAIL DISTRICTS AN) I)DEPAI'ITENTS. 59 DEPARTMENT ANI) MtNICI 1PAL IPopulaDISTRCT. tion. Aguadilla department: Aguada........................8........ 10.S1 Aguadilla - -- 8. --- —-- ---------- --- 17, S )1 Isalbela ---.1 --- —--------------------- 1 4, SSS Lares....-..........-...... 20, S83 Moca-1. --—.-. —.... --.... - 12,410 Rtincon — - -- -.-.-. - —.... -- -----. ---- - f6, (641 SaTi Se)bastian............ ---------- 412 Total --- - --. ----. ---. ------- -------., (i45 Arecibo department: Ar ecil o.- -—.... --- —..-.- --- -------—.- 1 36(, 910 iBarceloneta- - -- ----------- ' 7 Camuny-10-......-..........-... 10. 8SS7 Ciales-18 11.....-......-.. -......, I 1.5 Ilatillo. -- - -..-.-.- -------- ---.' 10, 449 Manati.......... ---..... ------- ------- S Morovnis.......-....-....3.....-.-...... 1, 309 Quebradilas............ 7,432 Utuado... —. ----. ---------- —. --- —-- 43. 86( Total —....-........ _.... ----....... I _ 2,308 Bayamon department: Bayamon -................... --- ——..1.,940 Carolina ----.......... -- — 1, (15 Corozal — 8.....- - - --. —..- --- - 1, 5() Dorado 3.................. -.. ---- - -- 04 Loiza........................ 12,522 Naranjito -8.-......-.. --------—.. I X, 1() Rio Grandelc 1..... ---- - ---- - 12,3 Rio Piedras. —....................... 13. 7( San J nan. — ----—.-... —...- -32. ()4X8 10To Alt a ------- - ------------------- 90 DEPARTMENT AND MUNICIPAL. Poplla)DISTRICT. tioeu. yBavanon department -- -Continedll r' Ta 3laja-..-........-..... 4.030 T rjillo Alto -3..... ---. ---... 5,683 Vega Alta ---- -------—, --- — --- ---- 6, 107 VegaI Baja- -.................. (10, 305 Tot l - — 1 --- —---- ---... —.- (0,04 i Clayamnn departlent: Amgias Btiienas —..-............ -...... 7,977 A rrnvo- -------------------------------- 4,867 Ai sn_.. rrO O......................... 4, Cagn-i1 0.8...37............37......... 1.5 (Ca In-144.....2....... 14,442 Ci ra-7 - -—.... -. — -- - --------- - - - 7,552 Com erio — 8 --- —— 9 --- —--- -- -- --- --- 8 249 Gl yal ia ------—....... -.-. —.-.- ---. — 12,749.1 llcos. —.- ---—.. --- —-------,429 S l linlls....................-....-... 5,731 KSan I lor(lzo -...-......... -....... 13, 433 T ot i —..-.........-1.. I..... 98i llumacao (ldepart(ment: Fajardo I-i -8-.... - --- ------- -- - -----. — - I,782 Iu111mtac1no.........31................ 14313 Maunbr2o............................. () 221 Nagirabo ------------------------------- 10, 8731 Patillas. ---- - - -- - -—. -. - --- ---------.11, 1i3 Piedras......-............. 8, (>02 Vi)ques ---— 1 --- —— 1 --- —---- 42 Y al)ticoa. ---- -----------—. --- —---. 13,905 Total......-......-...-...-............ 88,501 i i i i!i 1i 11 I I!II i D)EPAltTMENT ANI) D TN MNICI PA opula1)I STRIt ICl'l. (tioll. MnIvIagiie(z deplalrtmenlt: A alsco...........................13, 311 CPaho Rojo ---------- ----— ljoI,154 (al})0 Rto jo........................ l;i, 154 IIornligullros-............. 3, 215 Lajas.......8...........-......... I - 8,789 Las Marias.. ---- --—. ---.-.- 11,279 M. riI no. -........8._-..-......... X 8,312 M Ivlagllez-......................... 35, 70) Salt lnaL (1 ra: rid-l................. 1, 5i0 San (eran..ia ---.-...2..... -..-.. -. 20, 246 Tottl.............................. 12) 7, 5i I: i i I Plone(, departnlont: Adj iuntas................. — - -. Ailonito- - —......... —.... -........... I3arralqlllluitas................ Ilarros........ Coalo....... -............... (. ia I Ailla:......-..... - -.......1 u: X Dic az:0-.-..... -- -- -—.. ---------— i I ef1 elas...._. --- —............ _ Santa Isabel........................... Yauco,-, --- —----- -- -------- lTotal — l t -.. -—... -.. -....... —.. --- Tlotatl iPirto i lii- - - 19, 484 8, 596(i 8, 10,3 14,845 15,144.9, 540 27, 891 12. 129 55,, 477 4, 858 27, 119 2(03, 191 953, 243 II 1 TOTAL (CMA1E AIIi OF THE1 UiNITIED STATES WITH PORTO I Y ENDED JtNE: 30, 185<5 TO HI )I~. IMPORTS FROIiM IPIRTO RC0(. FXI'()RTS To PORTO RIC0. ' IMPIRTS FROM OiRtTO RlICi)O. -Xi((oTS TO PORTO RIlCO. YEARII. E- R --- --- ------ ---------- -YEAR. --- - - Free. utia1le. T'otal. Doei Fo re igi. Total. F ree. IDutiable. Total. Domesric. orig. Toti 1. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. DollNrs. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 1855. ---- 138,812 2,313,5l1 2, 452,373 1,128,581 38, 937 1,1(7, 67518 18... 34,615 5,-442,888 5,477,493 2,116,499 4S, 209 2, 164,708 1856-. 37,782 3,18,4S 3,856,263 1,078, 349 41,125 1,119,474 18S84 --- —- 67, 48S 6,822,968 6,890, 456 2,188,69 i(;,0ort 2,224,6115 1857 9,77(0,738,172 5,747,942 1,399, 65 52,2S5 1,451,9390 1885.. 05 91' 5,-447,271 6, 104,263 1,5133,177 36,028 1,5119,205 1858.-.. 52,38) 4,380, 279 4,4:12,0(iS 1,:118,304 0 3,S | 1,341, 582 1886 431, 757 1 4-,12,787 4,5194,5441 1,(17<,1929 33, <40 1,710,569 1859 --- 27,5530 4,790,115 4,817,0145 1,5(;4,01 (17,32( 1,(132,227 1 SS7.... 74,317 - i 4,587,:123 4,(1, (0I 1,707 241 ti 251 1,738,492 18(0...... 47,586 4 46,4(5 349 4, 512,935 1,3174,837 34,087 1,418,924 18S88...- 2 293,450 4,1 19,l3; 4,412,483 1,920,358 49), 200 1,1)i1,1i8 18(11...... 10,514 3,353,758 3,314,272 1,237,399 35,2701 1,272, O 189.- 13 ',720 3, 03, ((353 3,77, 731,175,-458, 49, 473 2,224, 931 1815 - 2,312.:3, 483,941 3, 486,253 2,824,545 70,121, 894, () 18903 171,394 3,1877,232 4,051,62,24 (,88 2,297,538 18161 ----- 1,449 6<,168,5569 6,170,018 2,046.:389 8173 - l,128, 092-189M -,5951 1,307.155 3,164, 1310 212,334 42,31)11) 2,155,2)34 (i, 150, OLS 2,04~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i-3811~~~~~91, 0 1867...... I 8,004 5,305,195 5,13,243) 1,5953,474 41, 547 1,.. 0-mi 11,-70,2-8,007 2,8(),S,:11 - 471372 2,856,111 18618. —. 2, 6 SS I 6,342, 951 6,3:45, 639, 2,456,00:3 91,33,547,536 18)3.....' 3, 91,673 1,950 4,008, 623 502, 788 7,819 2,511)60 18619.. --- 7,265' 7,400,385 7,4(07,650;2,333,7539 106,132,440,1) 1894 - 3119 1 71146 14, S62 2,72 1870... 13, 490. 8, 1913,759 8,183,249 2,220,70 81,006,300,711 l1895 375,364 1,131,148 1, 512' I8203 141 181 44 1871...- - 11,976 9,440,4169 9, 452,445 2,51,305 86,334 2, 597,639 1896... 48,(1)8 2,248,041- 2,296,65 2, 8), 4)00 21, 694 2,11 021f094 1872. --- 1 26,336 11,301,430 11,327,71166 2,406),252 136,907,543,159 17...... 1,01,711 09, 111 11 4 1 4 8 2-,18 1873 -—. 448,355 7,5310,671 7,97!),1131 1,913,333 88,857 2,002, 190 198 C 9 41 3 1, 481,6291 24,3117 1,5094 1874...... 1,416, 442 5,418,277 6i, 884,719 1,857,060 149,329,) 00613819 1809 309,683 2,870,141 3,179,27 2,633,400i 52,448 2,1685,848 1875.... 243,357 (,6710,1325 1,91:3,682 2,1113,638 97,53,211,2 11!1))..... 11 1 3 37, 4,60892 13,557 I4,640,3449 18761..-.- 160,279 4,013,3515 4,173,794 1,70,162 65,794 1,815, 956 1901... ---.. --- —- -----. --- — 5,,137 6,861,91 101,41,965, 408 877 -. 83, 796 4,321,956 4,'405752 1,8,25 109,320 20895 19102 --- -------- ------------ 8,378,766 1,19,444 1 3,9 10,88-, 653 1878... 24,061 4,771, 756 4,800,8 17 1,5(04,4:31 49,1358 J1553,789!1190.. —.......11,0 95 II, 976, 134I 2691,711 12,2-5, 845 1879.. --- 64, 621 4,320,333 4,384,4 1,771,483 39,191 181064 194 11,722.S2 10,727,01 1 483,045 11,210,0 1880.. ---. 39,79 i 4,914,14093 5, 443,886 1,961), 284 47,28 9016,573 I 1905 - -------- -- 115:1,17,45.7 586,614 11,974 1881....... 516,302 I 3,343,897 3, 80,1 99 1,712,732 59181 1763, 712 1906.. -.10-...-.. ---I ---- - I4...1,142,41; 18,648,991 575,8390 19,224,8 1882..... 284041 5,432,832 5,7116,874 1,838,214 24,37 1 862, 581 | Trie comnmerce with IPorto Itico is not incluuded in the foreign coiiirImIerce of the utited Stats fler June 30, 19. wm 1190 1906 shipments frotm orto Rio to tlihe TUnited States are shonwn under the heId of " Imports," and lshipments fromi the United States to lPorto Rico under the hieadI of " E-xports.'" Coonmerce with Porto Rico not septarately stated in 1862, 1863, and 1864. 60 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. TOTAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF PORTO Rico, 1836 TO 1906. YEAR. Imports. Dollars. 1836; -..................... 4,005,944 1837.......................... 4,209,489 1838-.......................... 4,302,149 1841 -......................... 6,062,362 1843-....-..-.-....... 4,342,540 1844.......................... 5,257,228 1845.............. —....-... -- 6,094,887 1846...............-.. --...... 5, 550,590 1847........................ 5,763,945 1848...-...... —............ 4,469. 751 1849 -...-...-.. --- --... ---....- 4,981,584 1850.......................... 5,222,029 1851 -....-..........-.. -... 6,073, 870 1852 --—. ----. --- — --. ----.-.. 6,298.396 1853 -......................... 5,335,910 1854..... —............. 5, 536, 681 1855.-.... —.... ---------- --- 5,785,891 1856........................... 6,571, 10 1857 -... —..-_....-....-...-... 7,999, 005 185 - ------ ----------------- 7,456,364 1859-.........-........... ----- 6,764,673 1860o.................. --- — 7,545,957 1861 -........-....- - - 8,676,811 Exports. Dollars. 4, 099, 575 4,861,636 5,254,945 5,962, 445 5,054,905 6,204, 764 6, 257, 699 5,369,020 5, 865,818 5,595,137 5, 402, 371 5,877, 319 5,761, 975 4, 652, 340 5,299,327 5.062, 017 4,971,715 5,371,804 4, 429, 350 5,357,155 4,289,494 5,454,057 6, 063, 445 YEAR. 1862......................... 1883................... 1864..................... 1885 ------------------------- 1865........................... 1886.................. 1867.......................... 1868.......................... 1869.......................... 1870.......................... 1871.......................... 1872.. ----.... -—........... 1873..... --- —............... 1874.......................... 1875.....-.......-... -... 18761......................... 1877......................... 1878 —...... ---............... 1879. --- —--- 1880......................... 1881 ----.................. 1882..................... 1883......................... 1884............... Imports. Exports. YEAR. Dollars. 9,199,108 10,513,766 10,379,824 8,529, 740 8,871,327 8,551,892 8,754,690 9,066,902 13,479,951 15,484,808 15,435, 323 13,564, 815 13,249,355 13,364,131 13,324,865 13,119,847 13,133,982 14,426,905 12,753,189 10,884.749 13,299,375 11,977,275 11,340,494 Dollars. 5,793,962 5,557,195 4,965,382 6,059, 820 5,592, 247 6,023,502 5,730,239 6, 535,352 8,104,619 9,047, 426 8,00S,125 8,500,553 7,111,636 7, 693, 281 7,085,563 10, 460, 959 13,129,927 10,647,193 7,779,078 11,736,276 10,397,113 10, 258,669 10,033, 577 1885......................... 1886.......................... 1887................ 1888................ 1889......................... 1890.......................... 1891 -----—.............. 1892....................... 1893........................ 1894.......................... 1895......................... 1896........ -—... -—.. 1897......................... 1899.......................... 1900.......................... 1901.... ----..-..... ----...... 1902.......................... 1903.................-.... 1904......................... 1905......................... 1906.......................... Imports. Exports. Dollars. 10,072,919 9,089,570 8,946, 356 12,031, 499 11,517,122 15,179,338 14,030, 586 14, 339, 104 12, 642, (67 13,037, 961 10, 366, 052 2,183, 790 10, 725, 5683 9,805,919 9,989,505 8,918, 136 13,209, 610 14, 449,286 13,169,029 16, 536, 259 21,827, 665 Dollars. 12,048,575 8,416,637 8, 931,691 10,032, 821 8,989,996 8,918,001 8,224,625 12,748, 859 12,222,913 11,401,142 9, 387,159 12, 222, 935 11,155,962 10,156, 541 6,612,499 8,643,816 12,433,956 15,089,079 16,205,903 18,709,565 23,257,530 [NOTE. —Figures prior to 1900 are from the Report of the Porto Rico (Chamber of Commerce for 1904; those for 1901 and subsequent years from the tables prepared by the Bureau of Statistics. The figures for 1879 to 1897, inclusive, have been converted into gold values by the aid of the rates of exchange given in the table on page, 02. The years 1836 to 1900 are calendar ye-ars, 1901 to 1906 are fiscal years ending June 30 of the respective years. In 1901 and subsequent years the values given are those of domestic and foreign exports, exclusive of gold ancd silver bullion andi specie; prior to 1901 such discrimination is impracticable.j COMMEIIUTE OF TIlE INITEDI STATES WITH PORTO RICO, 1BY CUSTOMS DISTRICTS AND ARTICLES, YEARS ENIDED JUNE 30, 1901 TO 1906. SHIPMENTS PFROM THiE UNITED STATES TO 1POIITO) I ICO, BY CUSTOMS D)ISTRICT4S. CITSTOMS DISTrRICT. 1901 1902 193 1904 DOMESTIC SITIPMENTS. B altim ore, M d................. —... —.. ---—.......... —.. —......................... Boston and Charlestown, Mass —.-. --- —--------------------- —...............-..........-... B rinsw ick, G a......................................................................... Fernandina, 1Fla................-..- -....... ----.... —....- - --- ------------.-..-.. — N ew Y ork, N. Y......... -....-.....................-............-..................Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va -..-........ —...-........................................ Philadclphia, P'a............................................................. Portl'and and Falmouith, Me.................................................................. St. Jo Ihns, I a - -....... --- —-... --- —.............. --- —----- ------—.. - —... -—.-.. --. Savannah, G -a..................................................................... W ilmington, N. C...-............-................................... -......-.-. Apalachicola, Fla --........... --- —-- -—................ -------—. ---—.... --- ——.... -...-... Galveston, Tex....... —....... -—.... --- —........ --- —-........................... Mobile, Ala............................ New Orleans, Ia..... —.. ---...-....... --- —-..... --- ——........... Pearl River, M iss................................................................... Pensacola, Fla............................................................................... Total (Idomestic shipments............................................................... Total foreign shipments............................................. Total shipments to Porto Rico..-. ---—... —. -------—..-.............-.. — Dollars. 12,247 10, 649 7,564 5,559, 220 3,548 41,417 34, 664 4,063 11,739 1,995 22,965 1,133,315 18,531 Dollars. 31,1.97 3,408 6,825 8, 506, 393 43,543 10,953 17,276 8, 250 2,056,727 34,872 Dollars. 1,592 5, 054 8,872,547 58,318 80,276 50,557 25,979 2,750 5,220 8,025 2,845,193 20, 623 Dollars. 7,340,548 91,802 64,141 1(6. 994 33,599 9,459 10,594 3,140,967 18,911 - - -.... - - 1905 Dollars. 45,675 5, 264 9,509,024 43, 449 111,474 23, 639 49,807 5,265 10,060 8,914 3,557,0i0 9,438 8,438 1906 Dollars. 25,386 20,644 13,831,196 38,015 117,222 34,008 6,007 10, 500 111,327 4,367,827 75,214 11,645 I _ __ L _ _ __L _I i 6,861,917 1 10,719,444 11,976,134 10,727,015 13,387,457 I 18,648,991 103,491 I 163,209 269,711 483, 045 586, 613 575,890 6,965,408 | 10,882,6153 12,245,845 11,210,060 13,974,070 19, 224, 881 SHIIPMENTS FROM PORT() IICO TO TIlE rUNITED STA'ES, BY PRINCIPAL ARTIC(LES. I I I i.. ARTICLES. 1901 Quantity. Value. 1902 Quantity. Value. Dollars. 227,560 27,031 1903 1904 1905 1906 I)OMESTIC SHIPMENTS. Colffe, green or rav.. -. lbs.. 29,565 Cotton, umnanufactutred:n Se island. -.... -—..lbs.............. Fruits and inuts: Oranges...........s............ All other....... —.....-....... Hides and skins, other than i fur skins............ lbs. _ 357, 606 Perfumery and cosmetics................ Straw and palin leaf, manu- n fa'turess of............................ Sugar and inola, sses: Molasses —........galls.. 1, 231,654 Sugar, brown i.......Ibs. 137, 201, 828 Tobacco: Unmanufactured: Leaf i................... lbs. 525, 834 Manirfactures of: C(igars -----—................ M 11,013 All other articles.................. Dnollars. 4,305 Quantity. Vilue. Quantity. Dollars. 6,314,686 8 718,531 2,415,559............ -...........- 126, 722 -............ 230, 589........... ~ ---~. --- —-. 56, 994........... Value. Quantity. Vah:r 1C. Dollars. 279,461 15,601 352, 394 74, 585 1,519,149 39)9, 481 81,388......-.... 20), 889...i...... Quantity. Value. 51,364 19, 507 67, 888 9. 545 38, 976 654,1322 18. )7)9 -,- --- —?....1 38,1 97. 25r,, 155 4, 695,104 116, 944 296, 021 1 3, 330(............. 176,412 1,613,915 322, 636 1831, 817, 049) 5, 890, 089 601, 250 107,203 70,053 i1,51t3,253......... — 82,4)94 697, 698 85,916 -..-.. —...-. 629............ 40,19)8 2,773,914 i 376,757 226,143,508 | 7,467,579 330,338.......- - - 41,424 668,659 17, 164............ Dollars. 201,642 105,870 125, 311 125,536 82,640 23,426 89,155 251,286 11, 9125,575 421,652 2,146,846 28,326 303,455 518,411 817,156 3, 794,938 410,544,618 I ~ - 53,293............ 183.), 055 308,115 2,843,110 25), 231,607 8,688,951 271,319, 993 Dollars. 27,069 122,520 295, 585 201,109 112,665 27, 771 109,054 345, 733 14,184, 319 770, 224 135. (080 2, 385, 49)8 260, 813 59,185 1,454,784 _ — --. -. — 30, 327 2,195,723 1,396, 533 j 476, 539 67,243 1 1,746, 483............ i 5), 39)1 87, 569 113,223............ 3,069,576 83,534.-__ —_. — -— i - -..... ---—.i._....-. -.-....-..-.. - ______...-... I -' -_ _ -, --- —--,' -..... Total domestic ship-i 527, m en ts........................ ----— 2 —............ 19,0575,4 7 met, a t s (...........8,-2117,-422.10,.9, 147 -...... 576,-912............ 527, - 19,055, 474 Total foreignsl shipments.............. 1..... 84 -.... 142,0 8 145,914............ 105,880 -- - 86,987 Total merchandise........ --- 5,641,137..-... ---..- 8,378, 766............11,051,195 --—.... —. 11, 722,826. —.-. —...-..15,633,145 1..9, 142,461 COMMERCIAL 'PORTO RICO IN 190G. 61 COMMERCE OF TIlE IJNITEI) STATES WITI PORTO RICO, BY CUSTOMS DISTRICTS AND ARTI(ICLES, YEARS ENDEI) JIVNE 30, 19)(1 T) 1906-Continued. SIIPMENTS FRO)M TILE UNITED) STATES TO PORTO RICO, 1BY PR'IN(CIPAL ARTICLES. I Ol I 1902 1903 1901 1905 1906 ll[\1 I1 ARTICLES. Qluantity. Value. DOMESTIC SIIIPMENTS. Dollars. Agricultural implements........ --- —- 8, 132 Animals........-. —. --- — -—.. — 3,191 Books, maps, engravings, etchings. etc..-.............. —.......'. - 40,904 tQuantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Dollars........... 1 n6,983........... 21,71(; —....-. --- 69,840 QuantItity. Vallue. Dollars............ 15, 5, 08.- ----- - -. 1, 8r59 - ---- 71-577 Quantity.! Value. i Quantity. Value. Dollars. 1i, 543 1,929 76, 135 Dollars. Q32, 217. 13,117 1...-....... 6-t1, 414......... Dollars. 42,365 52, (;46 83, (663 I - - - -- - Breadstuffs: Bread and biscuit...-.Ilbs. Corn meal.... --- —-—.1)l)ls.. Wheat flour..... --- —- b.)bls. - All other....-...-. —. --- Total.... --- —---—. ----- -- Candles.. ---...l ---. --- — lbs.Cars, carriages, other vehicles and parts of: Cars, passenger and freight and parts of ----------------- All other........ — ---------- Cement.-....-.-.. —.- bbls. Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines.... --- —------------- Coal: Bituminous....... tons.. Cocoa, ground or prepared, and chocolate........-. --- —----- Copper, manufactures of...... Cotton, manufactures of: ClothsColored....-....-..yds.. Uncolored -..-.....- yds. Wearing apparel..... --- —-- All other........... ------ Earthen, stone and china ware.. Fertilizers,.-.. ---------- tons. Fibers, vegetable, etc., manufactures of. —.....-... — Fish: Dried, smoked, orcured-Cld, haddock, hake, 11nd p)ollock... —.........-.-.... --- —.. s.. All other...... --- —-------- Fruits and nuts.......-.....Furniture of metal..........-.. Furs and fur skins... ---. --- —Glass and glassware..........India rubber, manufactures of.. Instruments and apparatus for scientific purposes, etc....... Iron and steel and manufactures of: Rails for railways: Steel. tons.. Sheets and plates - l.. — b.l s.. Structural iron and steel -t................ tons. Wire. --- —---—.......-. lbs.. Builders' hardware, saws and tools....................... Machinery, machines, a n d parts ofPumps and pumping Imachinery................. Sewing machines and parts of......... --- —-—. ---—.. Steam engines and parts ofLocomotives..-.....-no — All other and parts of..-.. All other... Nails and spikes: Wire -.lbs - Pipes and fittings -.......lbsAll other.....-............... Total. -................. Leather and manufactures of: eather............... Manufactures of............... Meat and dairy products: Meat productsHams... -.. bs.Pork, salted or pickled -lbs - Lard..-.......... Ibs.. Lard compounds and sul)stitutes..... ---. ---- lbs.. Sausage and sausage meats,.............-..1 --- bs.. All other..... ---......... 1 Dairy productsButter.................lbs.. Cheese... --- —------—.lbs.. Milk........-.. --- —--—. --- - I --- --- -- -- _ --- - ---- --- -- -- 668,805 29,688 1,037,506 52,503 1,128,986 63,014 1,425,330) 1,610 2,308,168 118,558 2,832, 587 139,644 29,989 62,083 (,179 20,187 8,543 27,231 6,567 21,225 7,361 21,213 12,619 34,722 219,776 820,253 242,861 938,683 268,009 1,052,630 226,63) 983,151 200,(19 1,089,305 248,025 181,114........... 22, 985 -.. — 28, 706 - -... --- ——. 42,4:8 - - 16,708... ---- 26,405 — 39.777........... 935,00.1,040........ 079 1,185,313........... 1, 4,694......... 1,255,481395,257 375,818 | 32,511 658,408 51, 385 877,577 6,782 909,859 70,972 1,037,007 8,773 958,452 77,281........... 54,227 -...-..... 74,561........... 94,567........... 81,715........... 37,965...... 260,040 16,31-3 57,441 40,940....... ---- 40,788 ----—.... 103,956 -- 103,403 6, 907 11,712 23.623 41,165 29,455 55,133 27, 931 41212 45.2:14 59, 394 4,247 85,997........... 89,236........... 135,8416 141,790........... 1:39,996........... 164,990 - - -- 201,472 19,055 51,210 22,626 (2,793 48,375 158,390 75,121 235, 561 68,7:0 197,702 58, 74 169,292........... 3,102........... 13,630........ 23,(655........... 16,079..........70821,260 6,169 ------ 15,574 26,973........ 7 -909. —..-..... 20,636 ( ---- 39,336 13,649,707 659,725 15,557,706 792,083 17,343,887 917,102 13,071477 687,051 22,7:38,1:14 1,162,073 21,580,774 1,220,247 8,562,480 510,6 (61 7,219, 903 440,836i 9,777,378 5(19,102 6,424,921 403,022 8,027,372 466, 194 116,94 371, 2:30............ 101,701........... 445,951.......... 219,88)......... —. 203, 1........... 25:3, 8- I.....279, 650 ----- -- 112,794 --- —--- 381,956-338,377 ------ 81-376 616- - 547,994 5, 73: --- —- 11,2960...1..- 19,5. 19,207 -----—. 2i,6:37 --- — 39,878 570 18,8041:12( 11,9(15 1,00 38074 1, 826 88563 4.173 184,653 5.504 246,002 19,072 -30,100 -....-..... 47,26'5 --—....-. 73... 2........ 79,03......,:143,901 6,107,758 254,154 5, 310,52:3 228,496 3,399, 536 1 60285,595. 1 37,898 -4, 109.lit 204,1,)14 8, 57,919 436108 -..-..-.- ( 60,341..........- - 72,207 36.0..........., 208........... 41,025........... 7 94 20,473 - - 26,458 I. 31, 939.-.. --- —-. 29,456 -...... - ii, 9(.7 -- ---- 49,579 6,824 -... —. --- 11 1031 15, 254 —....-......18, 207 —..-.. ---'22, 992 — 27,160 ' ~~~~2,6l79 1.............72 4$ 2........... 718,.462. 41,275 1 --- 19,83 ------ 28,1116 ---—... -. -- i:33,8943 i.......... ---- 1,063..58, 58, 2 -- - ' — - 69, 734 9,354 --------- 19,606 I.......... 8,686.. ---- 26,136........... 30, ------,268 -- 28,377 -... --- —-- 81, 4........... 59 523.... ---- - 4,408.......... 47 72.......... 88, 601 20. 436 1,929 57,006 910 30, 472 455 14,. 632 3, 12 831,567 4,17 132,756 443,460 14,139 858,:345:30(), 426 1,007,780:33,054 2,579,!) 71)9.3144 (01.248 16,695 5,11(, 108 148,9(05 207 10,72( 949 56,01 1.11 10,281 55 4,018 128 9, (058 1,2(6: 72,031 816,888 19,452 907,881 22, 62(6 1,337,865 39,256 999 559 27,143 1., 990, 4-46 5, 088 2,296,320 I 55,734...... 36, 784.... —72, 351-76, 181 52052.........53. 5(151 -........-.- 75, 526 11,417... --- —-..- 17,200 -....-... 48,975 -... ---.-.. 29,6 7......-.- 49, 471....-.- - 159,513......... 6,285 -------- 15. 660 ----- - 93.190. 91,931-.. --- —-- 145,.130........... 198,441-16 0(1 5,0X2 9,7950 38100.................. 7 70, 0 16 5,916. --- —..-.- 37,3831 69,720. --... 76,570........... 134,314 - 92,144...... 2:38,:198 128825 576, 276 -- 2, 939 ----..- 81 I - --- 501,70 1 185,82 43, 831 8,702 (6853,:70 13,7(93 1,779,8'1, 778 37661, 247,925 26, 806 1i618 88:(36,2194 () 38,547 ( 90,,382 131,400 () | 17, 07 (") 101, 542 5,926, 471 232, 32:3 -- ----.. 93,881... —. ---.. 19,893 — 273, 553 -..) 96..:.1 -—.-967. 351, 562 -(-:38,825 411 -- I 1 171, 13; i 1. 434 ------- (- 11 5,55, N84.......... 3,(240,1149. --- - 431 77.............- -.... —. —. 13..........1.43.4 5 |..........1.13,0 | -,55,684.......... 10,854........ 24,632.... 29,81..........:2, 222........... 1,40......63, 50 ] —].-.... 7, 870 —......... 2)1, 699'). 280,073 - ---- 51,737:......... 295,082 --- 378,302 _`. __l._I_... I-l_i. --- — ~.............. — _, I-.................................., 641,308 4,576,737 4,085,873 120,756 187,968 247,397 650,289... - - - - 55,623 296, 409 289, 671 7,593 18,450 181,588 1,21)0,2:37 4, 239, 820 5,488,414 67,840 308,443 115,615 363, 193 488,9886 5,116 32,047 177, 2410 1, 499,694 4, 05-1, 476 3,79)0, 611 2,147, 564f 1132,207 165, 477 373:, 11(6 365, 861 160, 168 47,961 141, 130 82,054 112, 953 14,398 1,616,821 149,0)51 2,220,918 4, 1081, 313 32), 83:8 5,406, 542 3,272,058 241,865 3,841,451 2, 484,266 171, ())8 3,618, 45:3 380, 263 4:13, 09)1 682, 166........... 69, 356......... 4(, 006 67,119! 334,752 805,222 101,244 963, 965......... 19,354........... 215,159 3915, 496 2(1, 217 227, 35:3 67, 2.9 43,227 51,471 118,6 05 27, 962(2 2,958, 931 6, 299), 513 3, 703,587 4, 146, 2-9) 1,159,120 548, 741 1, 098, 455 3 17, 877 481,:367 273, 350 255, (046 109, 846 73, 37-1 86,550 146, 310 53, 951 34,170 288, 4)96i 41,519 454,656 74,621 i 939,452 104,966 891,742 2,876....... 7,64........... Total............................ 961,01........... 1,336,46...... 1,463,121........... 1,192,016...... 1,407,729. --- —....I. 1,800,671 a Quantity not stated prior to July 1, 19)05. 62 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH PORTO RICO, BY CUSTOMS DISTRICTS AND ARTICLES, YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1901 TO 1906-Continued. SHIPMENTS FROM TIHE UNITEDI) STATES TO PORTO RICO, BY PRINCIPAL ARTICLES-Continued. 1901 19 ARTICLES.. — ----- Quantity. Value. Quantity. DOMESTIC SHIPMENTS-COl.nt'i. Oil: Mineral, refined -- Illuminat- Dollars. ing...................-galls... 684,480 69,829 923,644 Vegetable....-........-. —...-........- 11,965.. Paints, pignents, and colors ---..-......-.- 13,865 --- Paper and manufactures of..63............... 66,507 Rice................... ---- Ibs. 36,807,682 1, 309,7235 350,520, 750 Silk, manufactures of.-.... --- -..... --- 1,620 ------- Soap....................................... 27,348 Spirits, wines and malt liquors: Malt liquors: in bottles,.............doz.qts.. 38,040 55,115 77,356 Spirits, distilled... - pf. galls.. 982 1,727 2,506 Wines.........-............ --- — 20,462...-.... Straw and palm leaf, manufac-! tures of................................... 11,480 -- Sugar, refined -..............bs.. 269, 1(12 14, 684 1, 559, 560 Tin, maniufactures of............;... —.. —. 4,415 ----- Toba(0co, unimanufacturetd: Leaf i....-. -....-.....lbs.. 139, 230! 24,415 342,190 Vegetables: Beans and pease.....bush 617 32,055 83,764 IPotatoes-.... ---. — bush.b 76,8 3 55,519 41, 736 All otlrhe r...-.............-... ---..-.-. ---- 13 19 -...... — Wood, a1111d iimanufacntures of: Luimber- Boards, deals, 1nd )lanks,............. —...- M ft.-,001 8(, 01, 6,206 Slhooks.......... ----—..... -—.. --—. 101, 456 ------ All oilier.......................... 26, 782 - Furni ture --- —---—. 8 5,25):........... All other...........-16,4 1t. —.......... Wool, matnufactures of........... --- —-- 8, 7 ------ All othler articles —...-...-..-......6..... 250,386 -.......... 02 1903 1904 1905 I 1906 Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Dollars. 91,980 21,864 29, 997 110, 222 1,803,065 9,464 44,898 110,051 3,962 36,705 31,366 70, 525 16, 278 9.)3, 718 166,741 4~2, 031 22,678 101,021 87,0:32 61,97(6 132, 830 177, 222 81,056 447, 559 892,990 60,583,001'| 107,179 3,704 2,104-1, 584 283,873 42,316 73,416 6,805 Dollars. 97,163. 33,549 35,006 116, 892 2,255,429 53, 366 94,371 1,176,118 34,340,385 148,850 72,015 7,041 1,983 40,501........... Dollars. 143,343 38, 912 31,127 115,296 2,326,127 57, 485 141,599 100,840 4,330 48,379 31,700 99, 373 26,518 82,711 46, 573 62, 840 18,819 1,062,052 80,838,816 104,546 1,891 2, 194,420 500,438 24,688 90, (;689......- - - Dollars. 117,199 46, 079 39), 837 170,158 2,508, 724 74,444 168,931 1,372,975 92,241, 934 119,550 111,019 5, 85(i 2,511 616.-... --- Dollars. 140, 8(30 50,859 51,386 171,812 3,347,101 97,718 247,038 159,093 8,070( 82,608 43,238 151, 590 25, 899 361,392 194,165 104,876 34,901 15, 518 -—..-.-. --- 95, 176 i 2,130,128 12,757......... 34,064........... 118, 836 3, 182,173 25, 761........... 140, 666 195, 309 106,1007 22,463 63,9 )26 63, 428 27,865 -- -- - I 166, 584 45,804 67,041 24, 720 143, 532 123,048 17, 854 93, (916 200, 607 133, 811 534,498 99)9,018 86,238 133,062 129,300 81, 674 28,425 108, 864 190,473 80,9)62 408,236 6,666 I115, 815 8, 587........... 84, 182 18,801 -------. —. --- —.. 75,924 --........... 141,478. — 1 ---' 92,957...... — I.. 353,347 -- --- 13,8(01 265, 698........... 69, 276........... 60,275 1, --- —--- 572 I........- -- 292,679......... 1 140, 807 - -....-..-. — 705,284 1......... Total domestic siipments....... 1, 917 10, 719, 44 -Total foreign shipments 1.................. 103,491........... 163, 209 --- Total mcrchand(ise.6..... --- —- -, ()65, 018 —........... 10,882,653 11,)76, 134...........'10, 727,015. 26!, 711..-.. —. --- I 483, 045. —.... —,........... ---- ----- 13, 387,457 -...... —. 18, 648, 99)1 58(6,613...-.. —.. i 575, 890 12, 245, 845.... -...- 11,210,060..-........13,974,070..........11.19,224,881.... ' ' '''' i'' SI111l'MENTS OF G(OIJ) ANI) SSILVER. FROM'THE UNITED STATES TO PORTO RICO. FROM PORTO RICO TO TIE UNITED) STATES. YEAR. a (Gold. i Silver. Gold. Silver. | Coin. | Bullion. C ullion. Coin. Bullion. oin. lBullion. 103 --— 97-9 | --- —-- 2,00( -......- 2,883-. —..-...... 1,282............ 19041 --- —0 -.-.1....1.......-...9............. -300............-7 8............ 0........... 190)o - -.. -.. —..... —......................1,032.............. —............ -- 1 6 ------------------------ -------- - -----------------------------------.................-. -............I.............. 1,1 0............ 78............ 100~............_~..........................................................~.-.-. -. --- —. — -I-.......... OI- - a No data available, in 1901 and 1902. RATES OF UNITED STATES )DOLLARS (NEW- YO(RK EXChANGE AT SICHT) IN PORTO RICO, 1879 TO 1900.a YEA.. lanuarv. FelIr- iMarch. April. May. ary. Per cent. Per cent. i Per c Pr cent. 'Per cent. 1879.-............................... 7 7 8 10 1880 b.............................9 i 9 9 10 1881- 0.............................. 1882 b -11 11 10 ) 1 1882........................... 11 | 11 [ 10 10 10 188: 1)........................ 1 13 13 113 1884...................... 17 16 16, 15 14 1885/........................ 15 14 13 13 15 1S81; b...................................! 20 i 20 18 17 10 1887 1................................. 24 24 i 23 2 22 18811 b -- 20 21 212 23 2 l1890,.............. -.. -... —...... -... i 23 2) 23 189)2 I.5.............-....-...........21 219 19 19 20 1893-2 8............... -..-............... 28 28 13 33 33 36 18(4 -............................ 41 45 49 52 52 18()5 b.....73 159 65 73 18(97c..-.............. 1; -- 1 (i 65 (;7 (17 18S8cI........e...1.............. 69 973 75 83 103 18)99c. 6;3 65 (5 3 63 62 1M)( c- (................................... 67 j;7 6(7 7 67 a 7 per cent means that 107 pesos had to be paid for 100 dollars. b> Mexican silver. June. i July. Per cent. 10 11 11 15 15 15 -23 24 23 29 261 20 27 44 52 73 59 67 113 67 'Per cent. 11 11 II 12 17 16 25 27 21 28 23 21 28 43 53 73 60 73 133 65 67 SepteraAugust. ber. October. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 11 10 10 11i 12 12 12 13 13 12 12 13 17 17 17 17 116 16 18 19 20 25. 25 25 28 28 26 21 23 24 27 2 6 24 16 14 16 21 21 21 31 29 29 39 39 39 55 55 55 71 71 71 60 60 58 72 (8 (;8 96; 76 73 68 (A a 68 d P'ar. d Par. d Par. I November. Per cent. 9 10 13 13 17 17 21 25 18 20 18 16 21 28 41 55 61 58 61 73 65 d Par. )ecelinber. Per cent. 7 10 12 12 17 15 21 26 12 20 20 17 21 28 41 57 62 60 68 67 66 d Par. c Porto Rican silver. d From August United States coin. COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. 63 TOTAL VALUES OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF MERCHANDISE, DOMESTIC AND) FOREIGN, INTO AN!) FROM PORTO RICO, 1887 TO 1906.a [Values prior to 1899 were reduced to it gold basis, calculated by average monthly rates of exchange at San Juan i the years named.] IMPOETS. EXPORTS EXPORTS. _____ _............. I[__ _Excess of YEAR. imports (-) From United From other ot. To United To other lo. i! or exports States. countries. States. co mntries. 1' Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 1887...............-.................-..-........-......-... -.- 2,317,681 6,023,107 8,340,788 3, 614, 666 4,997,106 8,611,772 + 270,984 1888 -1 --- —-- -... --- --------- -- ---- -- -—. ---- ---- -. --- - 2,784,054 8,826,343 11,610,397 2,587,282 7,094.391 9,681,673 ii - 1,928,724 1889....... --- —------------------------------------------- 2,91,645 8,152, 378 11,114,023 2,371233 6, 304,112 75, 34 11 2. 438678 1890 -........................ --- —. --- —---------------------- 3,094,257 11,553,804 14,648,061 2,008,385 6, 597,486 8,605,871 - (,042,190 1891-................................. --- —----------- 2,894,691 I 10,644,824 13,539,515 1 895,892 6,; 040,871 7,930 6 763 i -5,6)2'752 1892 —1 --- —---...............-......... ----. ---.. ------------ 2,856, 003 10,807,099 13, 663,102 c3,248,007 9,75 0, 65 121)'1998,( 58! - 664,444 1893....-....3.................. --- —--------------------------—. 3.209, 937 8,990, 236 12,200,173 1, 889, 28 9. 05, 874 11.79r,l -7 40, 061 1894...................-........ —.. --- —----------—.. --- 3, 08(1, 832 9, 494,800 12,581,(32 1,547,705 9,454,398 11, (002,103 -1, 579, 529 1895 --.. —..-.......-.. --- —-—...-.. 2, 259,838 7,74:3, 402 10,003,240 1,801, 41 7.255.158 9,058 609 - 944, 631 189(6............................. --- —---------------------- 2,555,534 9,201,823 11. 757,357 1,641,269 10,153,862 11,795,131 + 37,774 1897..........1... —........... ---—.. -- ------------- 1, 1,988, 888.............. d 10, 725,563 c 2, 81, 024.............. d I 1, 155, 63 4- 430, 400 1898..... ----------------------------- -- 1,5094......................................... 1,55,94414356........................... '1 1899 e ---- -- ---------------------------------------—.... 3,954,3619 5,851,547 9, 805, 916'I 3,457,557 (16, 98,(984 10,156,) 541 + 350, 625 1900 f.................6,952,114 3,037,391 9989,505 3,350,577 3 1,922 6,612,499 3,377, 006 1901 g....., 2....8.... 8.... '1..........3.02 (..8.4....1..-2...... h 6,965 408 1,952,728 8,918,136 i 5,641,137 3,002,679 8,643,816 - 274,320 1902 g................................... --- ——.-.. —..-. ---. h 10,882, 653 2, 326, 957 13.,209,610 i 8 37S, 766 4, 055,190 12,433, 95i -- 775,654 1903 g...... --- —--------------------------------------------- ----- h12,245,845 2,203, 441 14, 449, 286 1, 0:1,195 4,037, 884 15, 08, 079 + 639,793 1904 g................... --- —----------------—. --- —------ 11,210, 06(0 1,958,9(91 13,1i69, 029 i 11 722', 826 4. 543, 077 16(,265, 03 3, 096, 874 1905 g..... --- —. -—............ — - -------------------- - 13,9 74,070 2,562,189: 1)6, 536, 2.59 i 15,633,1145 3.076,420 18,709,565 3, 302,173 6 w190o. --- —------------------------------------------------------- 19,224, 881 2, 602,784 21,82"7 (65 i 1 9,142, 46l1 4,115,069 23.257,5:0 +1,429, 865 a 1.887 to 1896 calendar years; from Bulletin No. 13, 1898, Department of Agricullture. b Exportsfrom United States to l'orto Rico; fisca.l year. c Imports into United States from Porto Rico; fiscal year. d C(alendar y6ar; fronm report of San.lu'an Chaumloer of Commoerce, for the vear 1)904. cCalendar year; figures include coin and bullion, imm'ported, $ 115,279; sxportse(, 8104,963. Fromo report of W.ar Departmsent. f Calendlar year. From Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance, Bulrcau of Statistics, luly 1901. a7 Fiscal years. a Shipnments to Porto Rico. i Shipoments fromn l'orto Rico. TOTAL VALUES OF MRI'IIHANDISE IMPORTED) INTO AND EXO8RTED FRO)M PORTO RicO ITS TiuAsm- WrrI <O<NTrIEu s OTIEli THIAN THE [UNITED STATES, YEARS ENI)EI JUItNE 30, 19)01 Tr 190). IIM PORTS. X: IRTS. COUNTRY. 1901 19402 1: 190 195 1 1 101 1902 190: 1904 19105 11)906 EUROPE: Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollrs.Doll lars. Dollars. Dollars. IDollars. Austria-II ungary...... ----........... 13,245 17,945 1 7,315 1 0,251 451 55 342.07 267. 4i9,778 102,73 274,. 132 Belgium —. -.....8-...-..-.-...-..... 8,922 6,427 17.311i 4,4S2 68,520 111,939 1,619 6.192 1 362 7,327 969 11, 723 Denmark.. —..-. --- - ----—.-... —.... 12,217 14,.9491 21.063 161,385 24 373 34,1 t 18 6 18,( 3..S 1 7. I91 1.,974 4 25 7, 46i5 France...-......... ----...............I- 166,723 173,348 259, 992 178,235 330, 17(1 345,785 47:, 470 1. 479,9:2 '294,57:S 578, 5:3 3s2,828 634,31 Germany...................-.......... 152,201 202.040 155,917 100,160 105,290 148,971 140.772 326,422 342,27 354,1 '1 47 774 1136, 106 Gi raltar.... —.. -.... -.... -.. -..... -.... -..-...-.................. 5,441 4, 077 12, i5 5,420 2.864 S.)76 Italy...-...-1 5 1..-... -----------. 19,552 19,838 15, 30,884 25,952 38 812 88, 935 221.135 '259. 5S 14,3:3 139, 48s3 2 10, 11 Netherlands........................... 61,838 12,243 7.120( 13,579 24,012 48. 181 1,405 l' 5 17,828:34. SS.......... 3898 P ortugal --—. —. --- —--- ----- -- ---- - --...-.-. -. - -.......... 440 730 260 97................................... 1 7................... I'ortugal.~ ~.~.~.~~~~~~~~~.~~~ ~~.~~...~..~~~~:~~. ~ '.~.~.:.~~~I 440 7:10 2{i0 '(7 R ussia in Er op...................................................................................................................... Spain.. —.........-.... ---.....-....-.. 808, 441 869,479 7193,.01il 627,)982 58 57,93 4220 596,023 576.496 7,52 45,998 538, 430 813, 479 Sweden and Norwa'y — N orw ay..............................1................................................ Norway.14 35 1 --- —.- -- 413......... --- —---—. 1884 1 413 Sweden..-. -......~.....~..18...............- -..- - -- 35.1.4.....1 - ---—.-. --- I - ---- - - --- -- --- Sweden................. -..................... 5. 454 8 236 1,222 4, 335 Switzerland............................ 437 871 800 4,532 784 50............................ —...-.... United Kingdom...................... 374,837 401, 037 318,839 243, 7618 235,406 214,112 3,1910 17,982 4,01,548 1134, 380 NORTH AMERICA: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, etc..... 294,067 441,678!1390,140 4(10, 387 525,217 575,787 24 28812 249915 2 5 313,929:121,1638 16513 Quebec, Ontario, Manitola, etc........5..................................... 1,000.........:, 7........ British Honduras..................... 12.................................................. Mexico............. —... —.. -............................. --- —--- 4,192 12,673 22,857...........- 20...... 1534 5,1 O:36 West Indies — British.............................. 108 927.......... 2,756 2,:321 550 56,371 62, 544 4:3, 441 38, 13: 53, 594 i 23,1659 Cl..... —....................... 2958 15,689 5.482 30,596i 7,967 61, 52 1,110,048 48, 518 61,19 9 ';835,722 1,355,12:3 1,582,1904 Danish............................. 1,564 2, 249) 11.709 12,880 2 852 16,629 16. 094 22,)70 17. ( 5 9,956 12,112 11, 141 Dutch............................ 14,165 4,883 22,417 8,271 5, 949 1.372 4,91)1 (1, 044 6,427 10 413 19,743 3439 French............................. 24 ' 511 ---------- 18. --- --...... —.- 42,.483 I 32,382 26,787 12. 15 | 1,266 669 Haiti............................. 79 29.... —................................. 503 19 2( 555 876(i 553 Santo I)omuingo.................... 2,086 906(; 6,055 3,931 14. 153 1, 9 38. 9.54 17. 472 19, 518 20.339 26, 6917 46, 914 SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina...................................... 70,294 21,012 3,831 74,427 24, 839 15...........-. Colombia..........-.-.....-. -.......4.......... 136i l,61 8 435 1.0 42 250 3()0 375 -.......... 179 542 33 B ritish -. —.-.....-.................... ---............................................................. -................. - -.. 86 78 F rench -...........................................................- -...... —.. —.. ---........ —. —.-.-...........- 42. 14S 7,9 0.................... rag a ---------- - -. — --........................................-.......... —......956. Uruguay -.... —...... —.... ---................ 39, 796 96, 60 184, 7:4:, 31 93,273.......... 828 i Venezuela..-..... —... —..........|. 7,384 6,.321 1,020 15.3891 316, 748 20.8 )99:334 28 1,425 285 12.118 599 ASIA:' East Indies- British.................. 9,984 9,221 22,32t 10 502 88, 697, 078.......................................................... AFRICA: Canary Islands. —.......-. ---................. 7,980 16, 79 41,591 1 36, 474 31,328 -714............. 794.... ---.... —........ French A frica............................ -- -................-. —........... ---. --- —--. --- —-.................................................. '2,618 Total.....-.......-............ 11,952,728 2,326,957 2,203,441 1, 958, 969 2,562.189 2, 602, 784 3,1002,6 7!9 4,055, 190( 4,037,884 4,54:3,0)77:3,076,420 4,115, 069 RECAPITUIATI(N. Europe....................................1,620,297 1,718,177 1,607,321 1230,88 1,398,222 1,153,404 1,390,296 3.015,203 2,980, 181 3,291,247 1, 259,616 2,274,716 North America.-................. 315,06:3 475,0:32 43 5.831 463,031) 572 1:32 (160,.71 3 1,110it1,18 1,(039I,584 1,24:, 396 1,804,i058 1,836,728 South Arlerica-...... —.......-......... 7,384 11ti, 547 121,205 212,857 4166, i4 139, 261 1,315 4(03 44,40)1 8, 4:4 12, 746 1,007 Asia..................... 9,984 9., 221 22, 321 10.,5.2 88. (697 9)8, 078..................... --- Africa -......-..-.. ---.......-.....-....-........ 7,980 16 791 41, 91 41, 36, 474 31, 328.................-.... i 794 —.............. — 2, I ___________________ ____________ ___________________ ____ __; __ 64 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF MERCHANDISE INTO AND FROM PORTO RICO DURING THE YEARS ENDED) JUNE 30, 1901 TO 1906, SHOWING PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES FROM WHICH IMPORTED AND TO WHICH EXPORTED. [Does not include trade with the United States.] IMPORTS. 1901 1902 1993 1904 1905 1906 ARTICLES................ Quatity Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity.ty. Value. Quantity.i Value. Quantity., Value. Quantity. Value. Breadstuffs: Macaroni, vermicelli, and all similar preparations a — Imported from- Italy.l................. bs..-..-..... --- Spain....-...-. --- ------- lbs --- —----- Other countries.. —l......Ibs-_ - i...... Total..................bs............ All other........................... Total breadstuffs.......... Cement: Roman, Portland, and other hydraulic: Imported from- Germany.....................bs. 8,807,585 Other countries.....-... --- — bs... 233,989 Total...-.. —. --- —. — lbs.. 9,041,574 Chemicals, drugs, and dyes: Imported fromn — I rance................................ Germany.......................... -.. Italy - - -- ----- --------- ----- --- Spain........................................ United Kingdom........................... Other countries.. --- —-------—.-i --------- Total........................ Chocolate, prepared or manufactured, not including confectionery: Imported from --- France-....................Ibs. 17,812 United Kingdom............lbs.. 2,496 Other countries.-......... lbs. 6, 147 Total.................... s.. 26,455 Coffee: Imported from — Venezuela......... lb.... -I....... -.Other countries.............Ibs. ----- ---- Total................ lbs............ — Cotton, manufactures of: Cloths, bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed.Imported fronm — France - l...... --- —---- I bs.. 82,424 Germany..-..-.............. - bs. 14,727 S pain - Iba..........-........... 156,904 Tnited Kingdonm....... -. l 757,298 Other countries...........lbs.. 14,860 Total -....... --- —-. --- —s.. 1,026,213 All other........................ —. --- ——.. Tota: mnmufactu res of cotton.................................. Earthen, stone, andii china ware: Imported froniGermany................................... Other countries........................... Total........................ — -. Fibers, vegetable, and textile grasses,, and manufactures of: Imported from- France...-.... ---....-...-....-. - -......... - Germany....... --- —----—.............. Spain........................................ United Kingdom —...-.. —.. -. ----..-.... --- East Indies British...... —...- -—........ Other countries........................... Total..................... Dollars. Dollars. i Dollars. Dollars. 24,426 1,417 13,364 756 21,600 1,162 28,748 1,563............... - —....................... Dollars. 1,096 2,027 14 20,252 39,031 300 22,984 58,680 462 Dollars. 1,350 3,110 24 --- - --- ---- -—. -. --- —- 46,026 2,579 42,112 2,319 59,53 3,137 82,126 4,484 11,028 12,763 -..... 12,624-12,76722,634..29,669 11, 028......... 12,763........... 15,203........... 15,086 25,771 - - 34,153:' —:...'.......- i...... — I ---~1''................... 34,783 1,465,309 7,402 2,521,043 13,478 2,007,117 9,763 610,378 i 2,329 158,766 821 96,223 466...................... 778,000 610 2,215 35,604 1,561,532 7,868 2,521,043 13,478 1 2,007,117 9, 763 { 610,378 2,329 936,766 2,825 27,799 4,695 3,304 4,8,51 5,.381 4,692 30.741 8,564 10,565 6,009 3,522 1,939 30,991 -......... 4,504........... 4,229........... 5, 132....-...... 4,175........... 1,319.......... 31,112 3,082 9,577 4,409 6,406 1,788 33,070 4.356 6,471 4,034 3,431 572 48,681 3,829 11,806 10,420 5,396 899 I 50,722.... 61,340 --- -- - - 50,35050 ------- 56,374........... 51,934....-... --- 81,031 i 50,22 77.~._ -7__7 1,4.........-T... I 3,610 35,346 7,097 48,414 9,249 51,267 9,705 48,307 475 5,740 1,137 6, 286 1,378 4,308 896 4,141 806 Ir, 537 2,024 2,615 614 1, 412 366 868 3 3461 — 70 7 4 — 4,4t --- -—..- 1. 6, — 9 7,- 430 11,600 1,032 247 12,879 94,811 8,154 2, 438 1 O5, 403 24,154 1,655 647 26,456 4,8911 56,623 10,258 57,315 11,241 56,987 10, 967 154,233 12,338 4, 703,896...... 312,083 210,628 2,300 212,928 14,744 230 154,233 12,338 4,703,896 i 312,08.3 14,974 7,864 1,210( 18, 007 47. 365 1,632 13,472 135,343 11)2,382 72 1,934 20,342 8,595 10 31,585 117,777 69,509 3,829 23, 40)9 6,966 - - - - - 39,420 163,327 33,438 6,331 29,168 4,174 24,872 109,6085 19,762........... 3,826 20, 081 2,828 16,584 5,132 138,0883 18 934 58.602 2, 223 897 25,117 2,997 9,964 41,198 76,1078 251,269 30, 81 218,871 34,204 236,185 39,673 153,719 I26,735 237,335 157064 1....... 88, 59.1 -........... 83,318 -.......... 83,90)9........... 5, 012...... --- — 102, 789 233,142 — 119,475 117,522 - ----- 123,582101,747......... 143,987 -- 77=2::_ 2352.... 10,4733.8 9,413 -....... 9.,639....... 16.121 —.. —... — 13.844........... 9,459 - -.. -...... 21,391........... 9,514.......... 5,226........... 5,053 -.. --- —. 7,150 -........ — 9,174 10,432 19, )52..25,880....... - - - I~~ ~ ~ 2 5, 88_.......-.... 38,235......... 14,567 12, 376....... 19,606 1, 754 4, 957 27, 46;0 72,355 9,984 314 1, 196 9,936 20,303 82,630 9,221 590............. 5,539., 022 -........... I 14,992...... I.. -- 64,208........... 22,321.-. —.. --—. 601 4,090 ----- 2,212 -. --- 13,8144. 88,957. 10,502..... ----.. 1,247 2,0)30.......... 1,607......... 16,478.......... 55,849 88, 67....... 1,839 )..... 2,191 1, 373 25,525 48, 873 98,078 3,057 179,097 116,854 -I........... 12:3,876........... 16,68.3......... 120,857 -.-.. --- —-- 166,500 -. --- —--- a Included under ''All ot]her" prior to 1903. COMMERCIAL PORTO RlICO IN 1906. 65 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF MERCHANDISE INTO AND FROM PORTO RICO DURING THE YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1901 TO 1906, SHOWING PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES FROM WHICH IMPORTED AND TO WHICH EXPORTED-Continued. IMPORTS-Continued. 19)1 ARTICLES. 1902 1 1903 1904 ty. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Vai 19075 1906 Quantity. Value. I Quanti Value. Quantity. Value. lIe. Quantity. Fish: Cod, haddock, hake, and pollock, dried, smoked, salted, or pickledImported fromNova Scotia, New Brunswick, etc............. —..-...-.bs.. Other countries..... l..ibs.. Total. --- —-------—........ lbs. 11 erringDried or smokedImported f rom — Nova Scotia, NewBrunswick, etc.....................lbs.. Other countries.........lbs- i Total-.... —....... --- —lbs.. Pickled or saltedImported fromNova Scotia,New Brunswick, etc —.......-..-..-. ---. -- Is Other countries —. lbs.Total -...-.......-..- bs.. All other ---- ------------- Total fish.................. Fruits and nuts: Imported fromSpain............................ Other countries........... Total.. —. —............. - Glass and glassware: Bottles, vials, demijohns, carboys, and jars — Imported fromFrance.............. ----- Spain..... —. ---. —. ---. --- —-- Other countries..... —.......T ota -... ---...-. — - ---. ---All other-......... ---.. —.......... Total glass and glassware. - Iron and steel, and manufactures of: Building forms and all other structural shapes fitted for use- - Imported from — Belgium...................lbs.France-............ ------.lbs - Germany -.......-..-..-..-lbs.United Kingdom.......... Ibs.. Total-.-.-.-. --- —. ---.bs. - A ll other........................... Total iron and steel, and manufactures of -.. --- 6,394,075 15, 450 Dollars. 251,061 1,101 8,868,411 11,129 Dollars. 367,012 820 7, 774, 191 10, 004 Dollars. 326,451) 718 Dollars. [ Dollars. 6,274,489 310, 055 7, 3741,704 410,602 7,904,98,6 10, 565 821 8,7600 7 745 8.881 Dollars. 4It60, 0-14 816 li(i0, 860 6,409,525 252,162 8,879,540 367,832 7,784,195 327,177. 6,2285, 054 311),876 7,383,464 411,407 7,913,86i 93,775 2,291 24,(00) 385...................; 332,881 6,687 263,2(X) 5,831. 217 9............................................ 93,992 2, 300 24, (00 385.......... 332, 881 6, 687 263,200 5,831........ 465,520( 9,177 627,353 13,4118 735,, 040 18, 602 1 1,550,206 3,073 1,466,330 33, 158 1,169,674 30, 224 1,582 59- -...... 1.( --- - 3875 1')34 407, 102 9,236 627,353 13,418 735,5040 18, 62 1,588,281 31 10 11,46,11330 i 33,158 1,169,674 30,224. --- —----- 6,414........... 16 330........... 17, 985 -----—. — 14,589. —...-.. — -20,044. —... —.. - 2:3, 649.......... 270, 112.. 197,905......... 1(....64 - 1 2.- )..3.7.l...)...4.........., 733 —. —... 31,237.3, 8).......... 1,482 ----------:, i 32,986.... —..5......... 30,107 —. ---...-.,73..........- 1,9 I........... 1,84........... 1,52,10 --...... 2,059:........ 35,0 (X —..-.-..,-. 38,388...........- 33,266........... 3,:381........... 21,855........... 32,160... --- —--— 7-8. -..... 1,281 571, 1..................... 1,..................... 1, 12: --- —------ 765 ----- - ~ ---- 95.4: ---) ---..- 2,89, _.......... 2, 1S4 _:. t:i 4,:950( -.- —.-. 7,2:).... 1,(950 (8...........( 1,O5 I 5.......... 3 '- 6..........55 ------- 2,996 1 ---------- 3,2506 -------- - 4,215 II 7...............,54........... 6,1924......, 0....,, 1 4,571 3,...........7 7, 612 --------— I 9, 920 8 --- —----,865 13, 279......... 8, 1'2 11,023....... 17,158.. —.-...... - -5..........-.- -.-...-....1........... -........... 59 5 5 1 5.......... 279,599 5,56 1,505,941 29, 417 --—.-..-.- -.. --- --- -.....-. ----.. ---- --.........-................................ '8, 028 7,976................... ~...-...-...-.-...................... — -- -.......... - -...... 120,1363 2,51........................................ i....."............. — ' '- ' ' "" —........................... 7,00 1 331 —...... -.. -...........( --- - ------—. - --------—... ---.. —...... —.......j....37...... -.....;.....-....7.. 1 6 1 1 87 1,,944 29,417............. $.104,813........... 205,......... 178, 716........... 61,363........... 204,264........... 132, 6401 r" 1(1-4,81:'259..........5 9178..71..... 1............220,61-..........1. 162,057 Leather, and manufactures of: Imported from — Spain........................................ 146, 174........... 117,483 Other countries........7.................... 6, 170..-.... —.! 7,221 Total.................................. -152,3 44......124, 704 Meat and dairy prolducts: Imported from — I D enm ark -- - - - - - - - -................................. 9,174........... 12,397 Germany........................ --- —-----.. 2, 7)0. 5, 270 Netherlands.......................... ---— i17, 4(64. —.......- 6, 111 United Kingdom...... ---........2)-......- 20,()42..-....-... 55,84 Argentina............... —................................... 70,294 Uruguay....'.........I............ I........... 39, 796 Other countries....2.........-.- 21,93 I.... 12, 514 Total s........................... 72,308........... 201,966 ---—.. -.... 9, (7:3. —.. —.-.- 7, '284........... I 105,957 99, 5. 59 4, 34) 74, 891 7, (74........... 82,0:37........... 10,795 13,99 I --- —------ 82,5(;5 I..-...... 92,832 -I - = I - - - - I= = -I = - -i........... 20, 471 ( --- —- - - 8,632 ----- -- 5,10)2 48, 725...........: 421,(1)12..........I.21,012 ---- 91, 174 19,881 —..-.. —.. 214., 7......13,479............ --- —----- 3, 681 -...................... 3, 208...................... 1,422........... ---- -......... 3, 8:1..... ---.-....- 177,442...................... 8,31........... - ------- 221 3792 i.-.....-...... 2:1, 742 5, (67(6 23, 744 1,538 74, 427 (62,811 91, (;8(; 33, 991 7,349 47,882 1, 856 24,1619 85.211 11,451 2(01,624.... -... — 212,359 o Included under "All other" prior to 190)5. 29764-07 —5 66 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF MERCHANDISE INTO AND FROM PORTO RICO DURING THE YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1901 TO 1906, SHOWING PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES FROM WHICH IMPORTED AND TO WHICH EXPORTED-Continued. IMPORTS-Continued. I IIII 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 ARTICLES. Quantity. Value. tQuantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. I Quantity. Value. Metals, metal compositions, and manufactures of, n. e. s.: Imported fromBelgium.................... France......................... Germany......-.......... United Kingdom................. Other countries.................. Total..... ---.............. Oils: Olive, other than for manufacturing or mechanical purposes: Imported fromSpain....................galls.. Other countries..........galls.. Total...............galls.. All other.......................... Total oils.................. Paints, pigments, and colors: Imported fromFrance.......................... United Kingdom....-...-....-.. Other countries................. Total...................... TPaper, and manufactures of: Imported fromFrance.......................... Germany............. —......... Spain.......-............... Other countries................. Total.............-...... Perfumery, cosmetics, and all toilet preparations: Imported fromFrance........................ Other countries.................. Total............-..-...... Pipes and smokers' articles: Imported fromSpain........................... Other countries........ --- —..... Total..................... Rice: Imported from — Spain.....................-..- bs.. Other countries............ lbs.. Total..................lbs. Salt: Imported fromWCest Indies-Dutch........ lbs.. Other countries.............lbs_. Total..............l...bs., Silk, manufactures of............... Spirits, wines, and malt liquors: Malt liquorsImported fromGermany -.........-.. galls.. Other countries........ galls. Total... —.......galls.. Spirits, distilled — Imported from — France.. ----.-. ---...pf. galls. Other countries......pf. gallsTotal...........-pf. galls. WinesImported from — France....... --- —---—....-.. Spain.......................... Other countries............... Total...................... Total spirits, wines, and malt liquors............. 17,081 1,059 18,140 ------------ L Dollars. 12 1,711 1,942 2,199 1,324 Dollars. 195 4,280 4,097 39,759 1,514 Dollars. 38 10,606 5,302 42,339 1,394 Dollars. 4,076 5,028 22,860 944 Dollars. 6,690 7,149 6,794 45,139 1,135 Dollars. 13,554 7,927 12, 630 61,314 2, 615 7,188........... 49,845.......... 59,679. --- - 32,908. — - 66,907........ 98,040 ji~r....ja~~/~ll a1;sjL_~-rz~x~ _==I ISO - -1/ 17,638 1,436 88,821 1,294 68,600 1,804 79,117 1,652 48,549 83,961 1,653 1,274 50,269 1,487 96,126 697 54,885 974 92,356 1,127 63,884 1,642 19,074 90,115 10, 432........... 70, 404 80,769 12, 416........... 50,202 85,235 8,108........... 51,756 96,823 55,859 93,483 6,487........ --- 5,815 -... — — ~~~ ~ 5,1 {........... -- 65, 526 5,759 29, 506........... 82,820 —........ 58,310........... 58,243...........I 61,674........... 71,285 I II - I_ I I I -I I I --- - ---- - - i I ----- 145 224.......... 446........... 42. 11,198........... 9,793.......... 6,315........... 6,898 1,148........... 818........... 1,225...... 1,298. 1,425 12,387 974 31 9, 563 1,225 10,819 12,491...........1 10,835........... 7,986........... 8,238........... 14,786........... I,47~................. 1,991........... 3,294........... 3,917........... 4, 652........... 2,886........... 2,490........... 6,286........... 3,159......... 2,642........... 3,477. 2,533 2,674........... 36,888........... 32,729........... 24,748 31,424........... 37,213..... 45,590.......... 1,913.......... 1, 4,39........... 1, 404............1,506........... 47,078........ 40621......_.. 32,711 40,687.......... 43,253......... 52,260.......... 8,093........... 12,190........... 15,172.15,286.......... 13,40218,689.!....... 1,0661,6421,088........... 1,318.............731 —. ----.... 1,642- -1,088 1,318 I -872. --- — 731............ 9,159......... 13,832.. --------—........... 14,274...........14,274.19,420........... 5,403........... 14,430........... 12,874........... 9,238.10,157. 12,904. -........-.. 1,085 - -......... 810...........- 702. 780....-.. 408.1,327 6...........|i 6,488........... 15,240........... 13,57610,0.........._ 10..6..... —14,231 5,116,757 137,4353,075,655 74,613 1,920,971 55, 980 33,059 263,282 6,865 196,258 5,585 1,043, 42 21,93 841,346 16,293....... 18,778 443......60,075 1,300.6,160,699 159,371 3,917,001 90,906 1,920,971 55,033 1,085,758 33,502 263,282 6,865 256,333, 885 10,578,285 11,281 3,466,964 2,158 12,605,478 13,610 5,909,853 5,332 2,207,435 1,856 871,100 791 716,038 1,057 348,441 839 444,915 937 434,426 529 521,540 C637 249,757 324 11,294,323 12,338 3,815,405 2,997 13,050,393 14,547 6,344,279 5,861 2,728,975 2,493 1,120,857 1,115............ 20,939.......- 17,865........... 11,406........... 11,334.......... 7,033......... 12,693 14,343 9,967 26,456 19,171 25,274 19,180 15,279 11,499 19,204 13,596 24,041 16,936 8,012 5,573 4,707 3,424 1,335 932 8,808 4,144 i 2,110 1,414 2,578 1,739 22,355 15,540 31,163 22,595 26,609 20,112 24,087 15,643 21,314 15,010 26,619 18,675 2,275 7,421 3,302 10,418 4,049 12,748 3,130 10,263 3,729 12,463 4,659 15,211 1,346 2,380 1,990 3,602 3,039 4,751 2,174 3,559 1,465 2,646 1,945 3,191 3,621 9,801 5,292 14,020 7,088 17,499 5,304 13,822 5,194 15,109 6,604 18,402......... 5,363.......... 8,860.-i - 15,038-11,673. 11,941.28,431............ 2,32.......... 2,200 3,569,102........... 102 11,821........... 14,173...... 35,548.....6-.. 0,243.47,874.............41,805........... 48,175.......... 66,176........... 0,88.... 96858 ---— 85,485.. 71,270........... 78,294........ 103,253 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. 67 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF MERCHANDISE INTO AND FROM PORTO RICO DURING THE YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1901 TO 1906, SHOWING PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES FROM WHICH IMPORTED AND TO WHICH EXPORTED-Continued. IMPORTS-Continued. 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 ARTICLES. ------ --- _ — Quantity. Value. [Quantity. VValue.Quantity. Value. ^Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Vegetables: Beans and dried peaseImported from — pain -bush.. Mexico.................bush. - Other countries.........bush.. Total................bush.. OnionsImported fromSpain....................bush.. Canary Islands......... bush.. Other countries.........bush.. Total............bush.. All other........................... Total vegetables........... Wood, and manufactures of: Imported fromNova Scotia, New Brunswick,etc. Other countries.................. Total...................... Wool, hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, and other like animals, manufactures of: Imported fromFrance........................... United Kingdom................. Other countries.................. Total...................... All other articles..................... Total value of mer- free.. chandise...........jdut.. Total value of imports of merchandise.............. Brought in American vessels......... Brought in foreign vessels........ Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 26,926 52,275 31,842 77,584 30,375 82,045 13,751 32,994 14,584 35,452.............................................................. 1,881 3,426 5,332 12,591...................... 594 955 3,643 6,091 5,547 9,435 5,207 9,931 Dollars. 6,360 17,411 8,422 21,855 564 1,440 26,926 52,275 32,436 78,539 34,018 88,136 21,179 45,855 25,123 57,974 15,346 40,706 23,499 19,498 38,895 29,829 36,296 35,702 26,520 26,991 16,204 12,443 35,476 29,629...........5,761 5,965 12,295 8,826 26,468 26,939 19,273 20,356 21,470 25,880 852 729 1,817 2,687 554 573 2,575 3,425 1,136 1,464 5,025 4,896 24,351 20,227 46,473 38,481 49,145 45,101 55,563 57,355 36,613 34.263 61,971 60,405 -.....-.. 68,714.......... 91,236......... 86,519........... 89,076 7.......... 75,53871,760...........141,216........... 208,256 -....._.... 219,756.......... 192,286..... 167,775........ 172,871........... 22,501........... 45,700........... 39,373.... 47,179......... 68,539. 82,395 -.... —... 11,784 8,274.......... 9,283............ 8,84911,978...........26,643........... 34,285........... 53,974.......... 48,656........... 56,028 --—...8....... 0,517........... 109,038..... 9,437........... 7,045. 7,990.... 5,857...... 4,415.10,247..... 24,315........... 14,323.14,064...... 7,707... 7,453.4,521.... 5,810-... 6,642 —...-... 2,789. --- —--- 7,406........... 1,454......2,828........... 39,562........... 28,010........... 24,843........... 20,970...... 13,322..... 17,596........... 256,428........ 274,584.......... 282,502.244,763.292,654 379,844........... 37,791........... 86,642-.......... 45,744-.... 84,620 -464,737 247,001......1,914,937 —... 2,240,315........... 2,157,697...........1,874,349...........2,097,452...........2,355,783 —... —...- 1,952,728........... 2,326,957. —. --- —- - 2,203,441........... 1,958,969......... 2,562,189........... 9,85011,038.11,015 11,015..:. 1. '142,540........... 1,942,878........... 2,315,919........... 2,192,426........... 1,816,429........... 370,357.....-.... 2,191,832 2,602,784 633,674 1,969,110 DOMESTIC EXPORTS. Animals: CattleExported toWest IndiesBritish...................no.. Cuba....................no.. French...................no.. Other countries............no.. Total...................... HorsesExported toWest Indies-Cuba.. —.... no.. Other countries............no.. Total..................no.. All other........................... Total animals...-.-...-..-. Breadstuffs: CornExported toWest Indies — British................ush.. Cuba..................bush.. Dutch...............bush.. Other countries.........bush.. Total................bush.. All other........................... Total breadstuffs........... 56,328 353,525 41,427 6, 703 1,167 10,446 1/023 193 1,216 11215 804 122 54,945 264,068 31,562 3,490 870 8,887 570 949 41,470 173,564 26,152 50,464 750 11,817 221 277 36,089 256,323 12, 629 11,090 1,052 7,021 24 88 48,797 154,087 1,140 2,631 424 6,588 1i49 18,717 127,472 4,490 12,829 457,983 13,357 354,065 11,276 291,650 13,065 316, 131 8,185 206, 655 7,161 150,679 2,309 64,966 1,790 44,491 1,437 28,229 3,975 93,131 2,209 59,004 717 20,399 229 9,419 103 4,814 37 1,282 47 1,785 125 5,832 26 1,250 2,538 - 74,385. 1,893 49,305 1,474 29,511 4,022 94,916 2,334 64,836 743 21,649 --..... 44,389 14,907........... 1,88.3..... —__ - 6,.689..9....... 9,441.......... 905 ---- 57,7 --- —-- 5 7641,27. ----73 --- —------— 4 --- 4417,73( - 280,932. 173,233............................................................... 102....... 12,759.............. 4,267 2,173 3,353 2,263 ------- -------— 12,759 11,390 1,843 813 5,094 2,492 452. 276 2,416 1,591 13,021 10,645................ 2 --— 1 ------—...... 12,507 11,221 477 412 6,110 2,986 8,449 4,576 452 276 2,416 1,591 35,748 29,456 13,236 11,802 7...... - -- -..........".-..... — -- 405. —....... 41125 --—........ 500........... 2,986........... 4, 756.....6.... 92.....................929 12,302 I --- —------ I ---~~~~ ----1 --- —------ 68 COMMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 190;. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF MERCHANDISE INTO AND FROM PORTO RIco DURING THE YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1901 TO 1906, SHOWING PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES FROM WHICH IMPORTED AND TO WHICH EXPORTED-Continued. DOME.'STIC E XPORITS-Continued. ARTICLES. 1901 t 19 | Quantity. Value. Quantity. 02 1903 1904 1905 1906 Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Coffee, green or raw: Exported to — Austria-I hungary...........lbs.. France........ --- —-------— lbs. Germany....................ls-. Italy -........... —..........lbs.. Spain -......... —.. --- —-. ---lbs. West Indies-Cuba -.. —...l — bs.Otlher countries.............lbs.. Total....... --- —---- 11)bs.. Cotton, unnanmufactured: Exported toUnited Kingdom............ 1bs. Other countries.............Ibs. Total.................. lbs.. Fruits and nuts....................... Hides and skins, other than fur skins: Exported toFrance -........... ---.-.. ---. lbs. Germany.................... s Spain........................lbs. Other countries -.... —. --- — lbs. Total.................. lbs.. Seeds: Exported toGermany....... --- —.. -..... ----. United Kingdom ---—.-......... Other countries.................. Total. --- —---------------- Starch: Exported toWest IndiesCuba...................... bs.. Dlanish-......... -bs. Dutch -.....-. ---. --- —---— lbs.. Total. —..-..-..-..-... bs.Straw and palm leaf, manufactures of: Exported toWest IndiesCulao......................... Dutch.............. Santo i)o;ingo....... - - —. Other countries --—.............. Total... —................ Sugar and molasses: MolassesExported toCanada..............galls.. West indies-British -...galls.. Other countries.........-galls.. Total................ galls.. Sugar, brownExported toDenmark -...-........ —.-.lbs.. Spain -....-. ----. ---- ----.11)s.. West Indies-Danish...... Ibs Other countries........... bs.Total.................. lbs.. Sugar, refined — Exported toSpain...................... Ibs. Total.................. 1bs.. Total sugar and molasses. Tobacco, and manufactures of: UnmanufacturedLeafExported toBelgiumT.................bs. France... --- —.-. ----.. lbs. - Germany -.....-.-.-....- lbs. Gibraltar................lbs.Spain —................ lbs -. Other countries.........lbs. - Total..................lbs. 386,158 3,348,025 493,891 t11,033 2,590, 096 4, 633,538 (64,934 12,127,675 332,1161.i........... -47, 0(9 5,234 52,303 Dollars. 55,979 458,047 71,241 88,874 358, 553 633,125 8, (641 2,629,339 12,530,220 2,167,789 1,632,780 4,1640,969 2,1678,700 399, 042 Dollars. 342,071 1,471,631 258,050 220,988 533,091 293.256 49,544 2,217,386 11,058,791 2, 669, 519 2,085,445 6, 749, 321 3,534,023 498, 514 Dollars. 267,499 1,271,914 310,741 259,196 743,818 345,489 53,386 3,898,731 13, 664,219 2, 968,853 1,479,186 5,424,747 4,060,038 418,639 Dollars. 469, 778 1,563, 787 327, 625 184,075 615, 363 411, 770 51, 398 754,956 2, 986, 883 278,659 1,018, 544 3,990,730 (1, 242,120 58,698 Dollars. 102,073 373,660 33,331 139,319 521, 234 760,221 9,521 2,030,997 4,970,1686 930,124 1, 604, 693 6, 234, 276 11,739,124 576,967 Value. Dollars. 274,932 617,893 111,342 209,595 792,313 1,376,175 71,783 3,454,033 1,6(74,460 2(1,78,839 3,168,631 28,812,999 3,252,043 31,914,413 3,623,796 15,330,590 1,939,367 28,086,867..:....................3~i; 46il i i(.)4....:.....:,, 107,727 16,914 31, 600 91( 315,837 81,243 75,250 19,965 -4 --- —--- 1,346 104 ---------—.....-... — -............. 114,641 32,516 397,080 95,215 5,022 - - 4,854 --... 5, 520.......... 6,881....... 5,053.......... 6,164 7,994 97 34,409 (66 44,935 3, 82(6 5(1, 001 5,289 387 7,980 6,802 1, ii,22 1.600 1,019 1,775 132 61,757 48,194 4,965 7, 563 5,718 742 20,671 3,740 4,934 2,434 497 625 19,937 3,521 2,990 484 3, 474 42. 566 104, 7(62 13, 656 20,324 2,92(6 114,916 14,023 29, 345 3.556 23,458 -.- ----.-I........... 6 s........... —..................... -..........::::::,l::ffllIII: 688 4,509........ 9,900........ 8(60.......... 3, 940 14,100 8,514 81 92 - —... I............15,269 - - -- 26,554 r- - - -- - 1 =il7==7: I - __ - - - __ 1 3 1,822 3,313 144 1,014.9. —......................-...-.............. I........................ 938,750 30,1 10 12,140 981,00( 27,161 296,852 851 3,040 272. 10.308 62 10,370 1, 96(;( 4. 327 109 -—.......................................... 28,284 1 299,892 60 2,1527 108 50 23474 231 402 1,028 1,724 2,418 450...... 2,906 -........... 2,082........... 2,776. --- —-- 1,405 4,940 2,302 4, 439 1,147 2,553 1,004 3,291 -. —.....-. 2,695........... 755 5........... 5,572........... 8,214.-......-... 13, 086........... 7,995 1,6116,400 341,699 4 1,6432,301 249,702 1,503,565 287,813 1,61,6 065 313,211 1,768,952 324,839 937,343 166,408 --—:1 ---1 -..... 33,766 6,134.................... 260. 48 150 251................................ 1,283,250 41,709 1,61i6,660 |341,747 1,466,217 256,461 1,503,5651 287,813 1,661,065 31:3,211 1,768,952 |324,839 2,220,593 208,117 567,873 18,697............. 33,809 1,099 34,943 971 9,266 4019) 3,029 122 28,335 1.28 20,229 706 3,990 | 13 7,250 264 29,385 1,12 - -.............,000 210.. 9,120 281 2,558 91 3,480 106 7 281 186 1,135 56 1,838 84 1 5. 644 20.5(7 5,587 213 1 71,624 2,543 62, 453 1,8863 5,125 229, 9,088 348: 1,312 97- - --- —.......-................... 1,244 55 1, 312.... 7 1,2-44 55 1_... ~__)~ ---lT_ __l__T~l1 _ _ I _ I__ _ — 0 --- —---- 208,520 ----— 362,351 256,674........... 290, 356 315,074...... 325,068 208,520.................................... 14,879 1,362 9,598 922 10,429 969 24,822 2,573 —.....-...- --------—. 6, 984 559 537,815 21,495 171,605 4,781 99,220 5,103..................... 491,735 56, 577 773, 452 57,845 745, 518 30,601 422,092 14,357 180,705 8,321 22,303 1,395 29,095 2, 5116........ 95,259 5,214 10),896 4,302 23,503 1,514.......... 3,503,527 170,611 34 60 170 50............................... - - -.............. — 13,445 2,378 79, 407 456 10,213 1,055 8065 3,323 312 100 4,037,802 232,082 859,877 62,620 1,403,854 59,777 719,256. 25,293 317,548 16,230 47,437 4,068 CO)MMERCIAL PORTO RICO IN 1906. 69 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF MERCHANDISE INTO AND FROM PORTO RICO) DURING TIHE YEARS ENDED) JUNE 30, 1901 TO 1906, SHOWING PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES FROM WHICH IMPORTED AND) To WiIICI EXPORTEID —Coltintiod. ID)OMESTIC EX PORTS-Continued. ---- - ----- --- ~ I —~-~~I --- -~-~~ —I I 1 i)0l 1902 190~ ARTICLES. qtuantity. V, il. (luintity. i Valuc. Tobacco, and manufactures of-Con. Unmanufactured-Continued. Sterns and trimmingsExported toFrance... --- ——.. ----.lbs.Germany................ bs.. Gibraltar.-.............. -bs.. Spain-............-.. ---...- l s.Other countries-........lbs. Total -..................lbs.Manufactures ofCigarsExported toWest Indies —Danish.....M.Other countries..........M. Total...................M CigarettesExported toWest IndiesDanish...............M. Dutch..................M - Other countries..........M. Total.....-.............M. Total tobacco, and manufactures of. --- —-. --- —-.. All other articles..................... Total exports of dolmestic merchhandise............. Total foreign exports... ---..-........ Total exports............. Domestic and foreign merchandise: Carried in American vessels..... Carried in foreign vessels........ Quantity. Valelo. QIuantitv. Valle. Dollars. Dollars. Quantity. Va 39, 767 65, 139 35, 863 254,294 440) 1906 tlI. Quanlity. Value. Dollars. 3,977 4,982 2.925 10, 534 16 Ill, 925 72,899 341, (85 698 Dollars. 7,322 4.077 26, 420 40) Dollars. DI)ollars........................................... — 395, 5031' 22, 434 1~ 52~7,207 37, S59...-. - - L -—....!.. ------. --- —-- --------------........... 716 7,991 605 5,569 (08 5,534 323 3,740 286 3.165 322 3.864 102 2.103 2 413 115 1,77 7 1,972 172 061 2,040 36 786 818 10,094 25 5,982 72 312 96 5,712 392 5,205 353 ( 4,650 205 64:3 3001 1;2.3 156 318 235 464 42'1 807 333 83.6 81'1 836 816 -- ----.........../...................................... -..... --- —..-....-..-.. ----. 202' 410 127 195 12 266.. --- —-....... —.. 65 89 12 1,243; 1.8(9 427 1.818 282 i 584 235 464 486 676 187 345.. 2(.. 266,479 -1 --- —-- I08,279.......... 67 673........... 31,40...... 11..... 9, 063 -. —. —.-.- 32, 442. — - ---:- 35, i 51.-....5 --- 9,671 -—. -- 17, 28..... - - 26, 860 --—. --- 53, 671. 96(7-8 05 ----- 4 012. 338 3 7 4 443')47 - 272. -/ 4. 0610. 504. ----.-.-... 4,2834,574 2,. --------- -— i.-... ---.. 3,002,679.... — 4, 0-55 190.. 16,255 -- 18,391 2,986,424......... 1 4,036.799 Il........... 80,38 7.. --- —. — 4,037,884.......... 11,692. ---.. --- 4,026,192::: --- —— 11 - "i;;1,59 -—. ----.. 4,54:1,077........... 14.329 —.......... 4,528748........... 23,077...... 3,053. 3:43 -------- 54,475 --—. —;:. 4, 115,069 363., 80 3,751,989 0 I f I j ~~_ > - J S a J I,. 147 (.,. VrJvJ i yI UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 111111111 1 9015 00934 89081111 3 9015 00934 8908 BOU^ L -o. tO 6 1930 UtN4Y OF r X*uI LIBRARY h.3 V.$ n L -r'- - ~ l I