THtE RED BOOK OF MICHIGAN; CIVIL, MILITARY AND BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY. BY CHARLES LANMAN, AUTHOR "DICTIONARY OF CONGRESS," ETC. DETROIT: E. B. SMITH & COMPANY. WASHINGTON: PHIILP & BOLOMONS. 1871. .Z,;r4o / -I 4 --:. : . I l, Entered according to Act of Oongress, in the year eighteen hundred-and ueventy, by CHARLES LAlMAl, In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. CORRIGENDA. A few typographical errors have been discovered since this volume went to press, which the reader will please correct as follows: For La Honton read La Hontan. "Greenley " Greenly. " Robert McClerlan read Mc Clelland. " Mahew read Mayhew. "this table of population substitute that on page 507. Transfer names of J. J. & L. B. Adams to preceding page. For Labodee read Labadee. " Zini Pitcher read Zina. "G. L. Whiting read Whitney. Mharles M. Cooley read Thomas. Page 9. " 88. " 91. " 101. " 106. " 416. " 436. " 475. " 497. " 515. i PREFACE. THE Compiler of this volume is a native of Michigan, and although long an exile from its borders, he has never lost his affection for the beautiful country. lie has revisited it a number of times, and in a former publication did what he could to make known its physical attractions and aboriginal lore. Whilst cognizant of the fact that an admirable History of the Territory was in existence, and that one or two good Gazetteers of the State had been published, he felt convinced that there was still needed, for the use of the general public, a more comprehensive volume, and that want he has now endeavored to supply. His leading object has beeq' to prepare an authentic book of reference, rather than to make any display as a writer; and while he has been contented to perform the duties of a literary scout, the success of his present enterprise has been assured by the effective artillery of James H. Lanman and General John Robertson. To the first, who is a relative of the Compiler, he is indebted for the history of the Territory, from its earliest settlement down to the organization of the State; and the latter, who was the able and indefatigable Adjutant-General of Michigan durifig the War for the Union, has contributed a complete account of the important part which the State took in subduing the Rebellion. Not only has he chronicled the action of the Legislature, but he has taken special care to place upon the record, in compact form, the heroic achievements of the Officers and Soldiers who have honorably identified their names with the State of their nativity or adoption. With regard to the biographical part of this volume, the Compiler alone is responsible. Although most of this information has been obtained from original sources, he did not deem it advisable to amplify his records more than was absolutely necessary. IHe regrets, however, that a few of his notices are more brief than they should have been; and, if any persons have been omitted altogether, who deserved notice on account of their association with Michigan, it is because his efforts to obtain the proper data were unsuccessful. His leading intention has been merely to give the salient points in the lives of the persons who pass under consideration, referring the reader, who may desire further information, either to the historical narratives in the present volume, or to the more elaborate biographies hitherto published. Indeed, so far as the numerous officers are concerned, who acquired reputation during the Rebellion, or died the death of heroes, their services were found to have been so well depicted by General Robertson, that the Compiler has generally omitted their names altogether in his department of the work. To the many friends who have kindly assisted him, by their correspondence, he would tender his grateful acknowledgements. And, to the People of Michigan, he now dedicates this Historical Record, as an expression of his regard for their superior intelligence, persevering enterprise and exalted patriotism. CHARLES LANMAN. GEORGETOWN, D. C., November, 1870. iv PREFACE. CONTENTS. FIRST PART. CIVIL HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. PAGE General Description of the State.-Its Soil and Scenery; Heavily Timbered Land; Oak Openings; Burr Oak Plains; Prairies; Rivers; Lakes; Wild Ani mals; Birds and Fishes..................................................................... First Advance of the French Missionaries and Travellers.-Breboeuf; Daniel; Pijart; Raymbault; First Arrival of White Men at Saut de Ste. Marie; Fatter Jacques Bressani; Chaumonotot; Claude Dablon; Mesnard; Lallemand; Dreuillette; Gareau; Mesnard Advances to Che-goi-ne-gon; Allouez; Mar quette; Indian Council at Saut de Ste. Marie; Marquette's Explorations and Death; La Salle; His Explorations; Michilimackinac Founded; Death of La Salle; Saut de Ste. Marie; Fort St. Joseph; Detroit Founded by Cadil lac; Early Condition; Attacked by Ottawas and Foxes; Hennepin; La Hontan; Charlevoix; Their Operations on Lakes Erie, Huron, Michi gan, and Superior..................................................................... Colonial Pioneers.-Merchants; The Rangers of the Woods; The, French Peas antry; The Jesuits; French Soldiers; French Policy; Indian Mythology; Frontier Posts, and the Fur Trade at Michilimackinac and Detroit........... Struggle Between France and England for Possession -The Iroquois and Algonquins; British Troops Advance into Canada; Battle of Quebec; Death of Wolfe and Montcalm; British Detachment under Rogers takes Possession of Michigan; Rogers traverses Lake Erie; Pontiac makes his First Appear ance; Bellestre; Surrender of Detroit................................................ Condition of the Country under the English.-Pontiac forms a Confederacy to attack the English Posts; War breaks out; Siege of Detroit; Battle of Bloody Bridge; Indians assemble around Michilimackinac; Minavavana; Alex ander Henry; Wawatam; Michilimackinac destroyed; General Brad street arrives; Peace concluded; Death of Pontiac.............................. The Fur Trade and American Independence.-Hndson's Bay Company; English Administration of the Law; Criminal Trial; Quebec Act; Mineral Rock on Lake Superior; North-west Company; American Revolution; Expedi tions from Detroit; Indian Council held at Detroit; American Indepen dence established............................................................................ Organization of the North-western Territory.-Arthur St. Clair appointed Governor; English refuse to surrender the Posts: Indian Disaffection; Indian Coun 9 14 30 35 43 52 cil at Detroit; Message from the Spanish Settlements on the Banks of the Mississippi; Campaign of Genera] Harmar; Campaign of General St. Clair; Campaign of General Wayne; Extension of French Settlements; Michigan surrendered to the United States; Condition of the Territory in connection with the Fur Trade; Currency employed in the Fur Trade...... Condition after the Surrender of the Posts.-Michigan erected into a Territory; Gen eral Hull appointed Governor; Detroit destroyed by Fire; Administration of the Law; Third Indian Confederacy under Tecumseh and the Prophet; Le Mlarquoit; Land Office established; Walk-in-the-Water; Population in 1811; Memorial from MAlichiganr praying Aid from the General Govern ment; Savage Outbreak; Operations on the Wabash; American Fur Company...................................................................................... War between Great Britain and the United States.-Defenceless condition of Michi gan; Representations of William Hull; Appointed to Command the West ern Army; Crosses to Sandwich and Addresses the Canadians; Policy of Prevost; Surrender of Detroit; Tecurnseb; Conduct of Hull; Expedition to the River Raisin; Caplure of Chicago; Battle of the River Raisin General Harrison's Campaign; Commodore Perry; His Victory on Lake Erie; General Harrison arrives at Malden; Marches to Detroit; Battle of the Thames; Death of Tecumseh; His Character; Attack on Mackinaw; Peace concluded.......................................................................... Transition from Territory to State.-Lewis Cass appointed Governor of the Terri tory; It ondition at that Time; lublic Lands brought into Market; First Steamboat on the Lakes; University Founded; Expedition to Explore the Lakes; The Clinton Canal; G. B. Porter appointed Governor; Mode of making Surveys; Controversy with Ohio; State Organized............... History as a State and Present Condition.-Admission of Michigan into the Union as a State; Stevens T. Mason the first elective Governor; Act passed for establishing University of Michigan; Other Events of his Administration; Organization of the Militia; Administration of William Woodbridge and J. Wright Gordon; Branches of University Established; Grand Lodge of Free Masons; John S. Barry Elected Governor; Administration of Alpheus Felch and William L. Greenly; Epaphroditus Ransom elected Governor; Progress of Agriculture; Re-election of Governor Barry; Great Rail road Conspiracy Case; Commercial Advantages of Michigan; Adminis tration of Robert McClelland and Andrew Parsons; Election and Re-elec tion of Kinsley S. Bingham; Ship Canal at the Falls of St. Mary; Moses Wisner elected Governor; Election to the same Office of Austin Blair, Henry H. Crapo, and Henry P. Baldwin; and Complete List of Governors under French, English, and American Rule........................................ Education.-University of Michigan; Its Professors and Instructors; General Features; Homeopathic Controversy; Action on the Admission of Women as Students: Possessions and Advantages; Observatory; Adrian College; Albion College; Kalamazoo College; Michigan Female College; State Agricultural College; Hillsdale College; Public Schools of the State; State Normal School; State Reform School; Asylum for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind; Superintendents of Public Instruction; Asylum for the In sane; State Prison; Public School Statistics; Union School System, and List of Incorporated Literary Institutions.................................91 PAGE vi CONTENTS. 58 64 69 79 85 91 CONTENTS. .e vii PAGE 103 Agriculture.-Population and Statistics; Government Lands; Value of Crops; Fruit Culture; Counties of the State; Increase of Population............... Mineral Wealth.-Copper Interest of Lake Superior; Iron Interest of the Same; Salt Springs of Saginaw Plaster Beds of the Grand River; Magnetic Waters of Eaton Rapids; Chronological History of Geological Explora tions in Michigan........................................................................ Railroads.-Michigan Central Railroad and its Branches; Michigan Southern Railroad and Branches; Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad; Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad; Amboy, Lansing and Traverse Bay Railroad; Condi tion of New Railroads...................................................................... Lumbering Interest.-The Pine Forests; The Hard-wood Forests; Amount of Lumber Manufactured; Climate of the Lumber Region; Various Attrac tions................................................................. The Fisheries.-Their Commercial Value; Variety of Fish Taken; Principal Lo calities where the Business is Carried on........................................... Commerce.-The Great Lakes; Their Coast Line and Area; The Steamboat and other Shipping; European Consumers of Grain; The Northern Peninsula; The Southern Peninsula; Resources of the State; Ship Canal of St. Mary; Indebtedness of the State; Banking Institutions......................... The Indians and Antiquities of the State.-The Number of Indians in the State; Their Annuities and Condition; Ancient Gardens and Mounds; Ancient Mining on Lake Superior; The Mound Builders; Indian Names of Michi gan............................................................ Recent Developments.-The Grand Traverse Region; The Sand Dunes on Lake Michigan; The Saginaw Valley, Its Lumber, Salt Springs and Gypsum Beds; The Straits of Mackinaw; Mackinaw City; The Cheboygan Re gion, its Lumbering and Agricultural Interests.................................... NAotes.-Order of Odd-Fellows; Nativities of Population................................ SECOND PART. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN DURING THE REBELLION. Military Department of Michigan from 1861 to 1871......................................... Prefatory Notes.-Love of. Michigan for the'Old Flag; Necessity of an Historical Record; Origin of the Information.................................................. Introductory.-The American Rebellion; Unprepared condition of Michigan; Val edictory Message of Governor Moses Wisner; Sentiments of Governor Austin Blair; War Meeting in Detroit; Flag Song of Michigan Troops; Organization of Troops and provision for Ways and Means; Special Session of the Legislature and its Action; Curious Telegram............................ Raising of Troops.-The First Regiments; The Secretary of War to the Governor of Michigan; Camp of Instruction; Progress of Recruiting; Message of Governor Blair; Action of the Legislature; Re-inforcements Demanded; Action of the Adjutant General; Patriotism of the Churches; Additional 107 115 120 124 126 130 133 140 143 144 146 Troops sent to the Front; Particulars of the Draft; Military Census; Ap peal from Governor Blair; Report from Adjutant General Robertson; Gratitude of the Legislature; Michigan Cavalry; Enrollment of Districts; A new Draft; Another Report from the Adjutant General; Veteran Troops; Another call for Troops; Proclamation of Governor Blair; Continued Organization; Troops furnished by Counties; Action of Legislature; Val edictory Message of Governor Blair; Legislature thank the Retiring Gov ernor; Governor Crapo's Inaugural; Soldiers thanked by Legislature; Total number of Michigan Troops by Counties; Conscription; End of the War; Proclamation of thanks from Governor Crapo; Governor Baldwin comes into Office; Nativities of Michigan Volunteers; Analysis of Vol unteers; Table of Casualties; Table of Dates and Places when and where the Troops of the State were mustered in, and mustered out of the Public service................................................................................ Ftnancial Statistics.-Amount of the money expended by State for Enlisting Troops; Amounts paid by Counties; Appropriation by Legislature for Soldier's Home; Disbursements by Colonel George W. Lee..............5...... Sanitary Operations.-Michigan Soldier's Relief Association; Report of James M. Edmunds; Operations of the Association; The Christian and Sanitary Commissions; The Ladies' Aid Society of Kalamazoo; State Sanitary Fair; Appeal from Citizens to the Ladies; Response of the Ladies, and their Appeal to the People; Success of the Fair; The Christian Commis sion and Delegates to the Commission...............................................; Volunteer Surgeons.-Bright Array of Names..............................2 Soldier's Vote in the Field.-Letter of the Executive; Commissions for Army of the Potomac; For Army of the Cumberland; For Army of the Tennessee; and for Army of the Gulf; Result of the Vote for' Presidential Electors and Governor................................................................................ Reception of Troops.-Committee of Reception; Committee of Finance; Courte sies of Railroad and Steamboat Companies......................................... Presentation of Colors.-Adjutant General's Report; Letter of Major John H. Knight; Attendance of Soldiers; A War Poem; Number of Flags Present ed..........................................................................................2 The Harper Hospital.-Its Success and final Transfer into a Soldier's Home........ The Soldier's and Sailor's Monument.-Measure Inaugurated; Board of Directors; Officers and Committees, Adoption of Design by Randolph Rogers; Plan of Monument; Corner Stone laid by the Masonic and Odd Fellow Fraterni ties; Oration by Governor Blair....................................................... Cemeteries at Gettysburg, Sharpsburg, and Andersonville.-Appropriation by Legis lature; Appointment of T. W. Ferry as Commissioner; Appointment of John I. Bagley as Trustee; Andersonville........................................... Rebel Raidfrom Canada.-Adjutant General's Report; Action of the Confederate Secretary of the Navy; Manifesto of the Confederate President; Tele grams and Letters from Lieutenant-Colonel B. H. Hill and Commander J. C. Carter; The Steamers Philo Parsons and Michigan........................... The Michigan Contingent.-Heroism of Michigan Troops; Various Campaigns; Their Motto...................................................2. PAGI vui. CONTENTS. 150 197 208 210 212 213 217 218 221 222 231 CONTENTS. ix PA,G Regiment of Engineers and Mechanics.-Colonel William P. Innes; Engagement at Lavergne; Opinions of Greeley and Rosecrans; Services in the Atlanta Campaign; Colonel John Yates........................................................ The Cavalry Brigade.-First Regiment; Colonel T. F. Broadhead; Colonel Charles H. Town; Fifth Cavalry, Colonel J. T. Copeland, Colonel Freeman Nor vii, Colonel R. A. Alger; Sixth Cavalry, Colonel T. W. Kellogg, Colonel George Gray; Seventh Cavalry, Colonel W. D. Mann; General A. S. Wil liams; Operations of the Michigan Cavalry Brigade; Justice granted by Congress; Michigan Senators and Representatives; Report on Conduct of Michigan Troops at Gettysburg by General Custer; The Michigan Cavalry in Maryland; Report of Colonel C. H. Town; Report of General Kilpat rick; Report of Colonel Alger; Report of General Custer on Virginia Campaign; Raid of General Kilpatrick; Another Report by General Cus ter on operations around Richmond; Losses during Campaign; Additional Reports of Colonels Alger and Kidd; Report of Colonel Peter Stagg; Gen Custer's Report of Winchester Campaign; Services of Staff Officers; Cap tors of Battle Flags; Heroic Deaths; Final Actions of the Brigade.......... The Second Cavzlry.-Colonel F. W. Kellogg; Colonel Gordon Granger; Point Pleasant in Missouri; Colonel P. H. Sheridan, Boonville; Operations in Mississippi, Kentucky, and Tennessee; Colonel Archibald Campbell; Battle of Chicamauga; Further Operations; Colonel Thomas Johnson; Continued Engagements.................................................................. The Third Cavalry.-Colonel J. K. Mizner; New Madrid, in Missouri; Battle of Iuka; Report of Captain L. G. Wilcox; Tribute of General Rosecrans; Services in Kentucky, Tennessee and Mississippi; Arkansas Cattle; Michi gan City; Escort to General Canby; On duty in Texas......................... The Fourth Cavalry.-Colonel R. H. G. Minty; First Battle at Stanford, in Ken tucky; Numerous Engagements in Tennessee and Mississippi; Its Fight ing Reputation; Major F. W. Mix; Battles of Chicamauga and Missionary Ridge; Minty's Report; Lieutenant J. H. Simpson; Major Horace Gray; Death of Lieutenant Edward Tucker; Death of Lieutenant Randolph; Rebel Testimony; Death of Lieutenant T. W. Sutton; General Kilpatrick's Raid; Operations near Jonesboro; Famous Charge Under Minty; Private William Bailey's Exploit; Operations Around Atlanta; Corporal C. M. Bickford; Colonel B. F. Pritchard; Attack on Selma and its Capture; Capture of Jefferson Davis; Official Notes and Names of Officers and Men at the Capture; Distribution of the Reward.................................. The Eighth Cavalry.-Colonel John Stockton; Its Bright Record; Lieutenant Colonel G. S. Wormer; Capture of General Morgan; Major Edgerly; Lieu tenant-Colonel Mix; Operations Against the Forces of General Hood...... The Ninth Cavalry.-Colonel James I. avid; Pursuit of General Morgan and his Further Fighting Operationsin Tennessee and Kentucky; With General Sherman on his March from Atlanta to the Atlantic; Morgan's Escape..... The Tenth Cavalry.-Colonel Thaddeus Foote; Colonel L. S. Trowbridge; Affair at Watauga River; Death of Captain Weatherwax; Service with General Stoneman; Affair at Abbott's Creek; Incident at Strawberry Plains; Further Operations in that Vicinity.................................................. 233 235 265 270 273 287 289 292 The Eleventh Cavalry.-Colonel S. B. Brown; Operations at Saltville and Marion, in Virginia; Captain E. C. Miles; Death of Colonel Mason and Lieuten ant Davis; Lieutenant-Colonel Charles E. Smith; Subsequent Services in North Carolina........................................................................... PAGR The "Merrill Horse" Cavalry.-Captains James B. Mason, Jabez H. Rogers and AlmondE. Preston; Services in Missouri, Arkansas, and Georgia........... The Light Artillery.-Colonel C. O. Loomis; The Brave Boy McIntire; Report of General Rousseau; Guenther's Battery; Death of Lieutenant Van Pelt; Captain W. S. Bliss; Pittsburgh Landing; With General Sherman at Atlanta; Murder of Lieutenant Bliss; Siege of Corinth; Captains A. W. Dees; George Robinson; L. R. Smith; John C. Schultz; J. W. Church; John J. Dennis; John S. Andrews; Paddock and C. H. Lamphere; Oper ations in the South-west; Charles J. Thompson; Edward J. Hillier; Death of Captain S. De Gobyer at Vicksburg; Captains J. J. Daniels, C. H. O'Riordan, Charles Dupont, and Charles Heine.................................. The Sharp-shooters.-Colonel C. V. DeLand; Battle of the Wilderness; Civilized Indians; Major Levant C. Rhines; Corporal B. F. Young; Death of T. H. Gaffney; of Lieutenant G. A. Graveraet; Captain G. C. Knight and Lieutenant Martin Wager; Before Petersburg; Operations in Front of Petersburg; Colonel W. A. Nichols; The Fall of Petersburg and Rich mond; Michigan Troops the First to Enter Petersburg; Report of Gen eral O. B. Wilcox........................................................................... The First Infantry.-Colonel O. B. Wilcox; Opportune Arrival in Washington; Colonel John C. Robinson; Colonel H. S. Roberts; Death of Captain O. C. Comstock; Second Battle of Bull Run; Report of Chaplain Arthur Edwards; Death of Captains Wendell, Alcott, Whittlesey and Pomeroy; and Lieutenants Arnold, Garrison and Bloodgood; Colonel Franklin W. Whittlesey; Operations in Maryland and Virginia; Death of J. B. Ken nedy; At Gettysburg; In the Wilderness under Colonel W. A. Throop; Death of Captain James H. Wheaton; Major George Lockley; Death of Captain L. C. Randell and Lieutenant W. S. Woodruff; Report of Gen eral Wilcox on Operations in Virginia................................................ The Second Infantry.-Colonel J. B. Richardson; Colonel O. M. Poe; In Penin sula Campaign; Bull Run; Colonel Louis Dillman; In Mississippi Cam paign; Report of Colonel W. Humphrey; Battle of the Wilderness and Army of the Potomac; Order of General R. G. Berry; Testimony of Cor respondents; Rebellion Record; Death of Lieutenants Sherman, Fletcher, and Williams; Report of General Wilcox; Colonel Ralph Ely............... The Third Infantry.-Colonel Daniel McConnell; In Battles of the Peninsula; Report of Colonel A. A Stevens; Colonel B. M. Pierce; His Report of Operations; Colonel M. B. Houghton; In Virginia and at Gettysburg; In the South-west...........................................................................3 The Fourth Infantry.-Complimented by General McClellan; Death of Colonel Woodbury; Report of Captain J. F. Randolph; Colonel H. H. Jeffords and his Death; Colonel Lombard; His Death; Death of Captain W. H. Love land; Reorganized and again in the Field under Colonel J. W. Hall; Gen eral Griffin.................................................................................. CONTENTS. x 296 298 299 305 310 316 323 326 CONTENTS. Axi P&GB The Fifth Infantry.-Colonel H. D. Terry; Numerous Officers killed in the Vir ginia Campaign; Death of Colonel John Gilluly; Colonel E. T. Sherlock; His Death; Colonel Pulford; at Gettysbur_ and in Virginia; Numerous Casualties among Officers and Men; Testimony of General Berry and Gen eral Kearney; Letter from Colonel Sherlock....................................... The Sixth lnfantry.-Its Isolation; Colonel F. W. Curtenius; Services at Balti more and New Orleans; On Lower Mississippi; Captain Charles E. Clark; General T. Williams at Baton Rouge; Colonel Thomas S. Clark; His Re port; Exploit of Private Charles Dustin; Complimented by Generals But ler and Banks; Transfer to Artillery arm of Service; March on Mobile and its Surrender; Reports of General Butler and Weitzel; Miscellaneous Testimony.................................................................................... The Seventh Infantry -Colonel Ira R. Grosvenor; Heavy Losses at Antietam; In cluding Captains A. H. Zacharias and J. H. Turrill, and Lieutenants J. P. Eberhard and John A. Clark; Death of Baxter; His Heroism at Freder icksburg; Pennsylvania Campaign; Death of Colonel A. E. Steele and Lieutenant Slafter; In Command of Major S. W. Curtis; Operations in Vir ginia; Sergeant A. Smith's Exploit and Reward; Colonel Lapointe; Par ticulars-respecting Captain A. H. Zacharias; Death of Lieutenant John J. Brown.......................................................................................... The Eighth Infantry.-Colonel W. M. Fenton; Called the Wandering Regiment; Death of Adjutant N.M. Pratt and Lieutenant F. M. Badger; Nine Battles in four States; James Island; Death of Captains S. C. Gould and B. B. Church; At Bull Run; In AIlaryland; Mississippi and East Tennessee; Siege of Knoxville; Wilderness; Death of Colonel F. Graves; Colonel R. Ely; Cold Harbor; Death of Lieutenant E. A. Nye, Major W. E. Lewis, and Lieutenant T. Campbell; Weldon Road; Death of Major Belcher at South Mountain; Major R. N. Doyle at Petersburg; Report of Colonel W. M. Fenton of Operations at Wilmington Island; Report of General Ste vens; Tribute to Major Belcher by General J. D. Cox........................... The Ninth Infantry -Colonel W. W. Duffield; Defence of Murfreesboro; Death of Lieutenant A. Chase; Battle of Stone River; Colonel W. Wilkinson; Operations in Georgia; Death of Lieutenant C. F. Fox......................... The Tenth Infantry.-Colonel C. M. Lum; Services in Georgia; Buzzard's Roost; Jonesboro; Bentonville................................................................... The Eleventh Infantry.-Colonel William L. Stoughton; His Report of Stone ,River; Colonel Melvin Mudge; Chicamauga; Death of Captain C. W. Newbern; Mission Ridge; Death of Major B. G. Bennett; Loss of a Leg by Colonel Stoughton; Death of Lieutenant E. Catlin........................... The Twelfth Infantry.-Colonel W. H. Graves; His Report of Operations at Mid dleburg; Complimented by General Grant; Services in Arkansas............ The Thirteenth lnfantry.-Colonel Charles E. Stuart; Colonel Michael Shoemaker; Operations in Tennessee; Report of Colonel J. B. Culver; Death of Cap tain C. C. Webb; Report of Colonel Shoemaker; Report of Colonel Har ker; Services in Georgia; Exploit of Julius Lillie, Orderly Sergeant...... The Fourteenth Infantry -Colonel Robert P. Sinclair; In Alabama and Georgia; Jonesboro; Bentonville; Colonel H. R. Mizner; Colonel G. W. Drummond; March to Savannah; Capture of Flags................................................ 328 333 336 340 345 347 350 352 354 357 CONTENTS. PAGE The Fifteenth Infantry.-Colonel J. M. Oliver; At Shiloh; Death of Captain G. A. Strong and Lieutenant M. W. Dresser; Corinth; In Mississippi; Alabama; In Georgia Campaign; Colonel F. S. Hutchinson; Numerous Engage ments and extensive Marching; Death of Captain C. H. Barnaby at Atlanta....................................................................................... The Sixteenth Infantry.-Colonel T. B. W. Stockton; Gaines' Mill; Major N. E. Welch; Death of Captain T. C. Carr and Lieutenants B. McGraw and R. Williams; Captain R. W. Ransom; Death of Lieutenants M. Chittick and J. Ruby at Malvern Hill; Colonel N. E. Welch at Middleburg; Death of Captain J. M. Mott and Lieutenants Brown, Jewett, and Borden at Gettys burg, and R. T. Elliott at the Wilderness; Captains G. H. Swan and Guy Fuller; Major B. F. Partridge; Death of Colonel Welch; Incidents......... The &eventeenth Infantry.-General James E. Pittman; Colonel W. H. Withington; South Mountain; Death of Lieutenant George Galligan; Report of Colonel F. W. Swift; Colonel 0. Luce in Mississippi; Death of L. L. Comstock; Army of the Potomac; Death of Captain J. S. Vreeland and Lieutenant A. E. Canfield; Reports of General Wilcox and General McClellan........ The Eighteenth Infantry.-Organized by Hon. Henry Waldron; Colonel Charles C. Doolittle; In Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama; Colonel Hulbard; Cap tain Moore; Exploit........................................................................ The Nineteenth lnfantry.-Colonel Henry C. Gilbert; In Department of the Cum berland; A Surrender; Tribute from a Confederate Officer to Colonel Gilbert; In Atlanta Campaign; Death of Colonel Gilbert and Captain C. H. Calmer; Major E. A. Griffin; His Death, and that of Lieutenant Charles Mandeville, and Captains C. W. Bigelow and John J. Baker; Atlanta to the Sea; Report of Colonel David Anderson; Death of Captain L. Gibbon and Lieutenant C. G. Purcell; Note respecting Lieutenant Baldwin......... The Twentieth Infantry.-Tidus Livermore, Commandant; Colonel A. W. Wil liams; Services in Kentucky; Colonel W. H. Smith; Interview with Gen eral Morgan; Death of Lieutenant W. M. Green; Commended by General Burnside; In Tennessee; Death of Colonel Smith; Major Byron M. Cutcheon; At the Wilderness; Major George C. Ba nes; Casualties at Spottsylvania; Alexander Bush and Frank Philips; Colonel C. B. Grant; Casualties in Peninsula Campaign.................................................... The Twenty-first Infantry.J. B. Welch, Camp Commandant; Colonel Ambrose A. Stevens in Kentucky; Colonel W. B. McCreery at Stone River; Report of General Sheridan; Death of Colonel McCreery; Colonel L. K. Bishop in Georgia and South Carolina; Captain A. C. Prince.............................. The Twenty-second Infantry.-Hon. and Colonel Moses Wisner; Colonel Heber Le Favour at Chicamauga; Brave Sergeant and Corporals; Death of Cap tains W. A. Smith and E. Snell; In Note; Story of Johnny Clem........... The Twenty-third Infantry.-Colonels David Jerome and M. W. Chapin; In Ken tucky and Tennessee; Colonel O. S. Spaulding; Hard fought Battles; Major W. W. Wheeler; At Campbell's Station; Spaulding's Report; Death of Lieutenant W. C. Stewart at Resaca; Death of Captain David M. Ave rill at Franklin; Service in North Carolina...................................... Twe Twenty-Fourth Infantry.-The "Iron Brigade;" Colonel Henry A. Morrow; Battle of Gettysburg; Heroism of Privates William Kelly and Silburne xi'i 360 362 365 369 372 374 379 382 384 CONTENTS. xPAGiii PAGE Spaulding; Captain Albert M. Edwards; Nine Standard Bearers killed or Wounded; Report of Colonel Morrow complimenting Heroic Officers; Speed, O'Donnell, Wallace, Safford, Grace, Humphreville Dickey, and Shuttuck; On the Rappahannock; In the Wilderness; Death of Captain George Hutton and Lieutenant William B. Hutchinson; Colonel Morrow Wounded; Death of Seville Chilson; Siege of Petersburg; In Note; Patrick Maloney............................................................................. The Twenty-Fifth ~nfantry.-Hon. H. G. Wells Commandant of Camp; Colonel 0. H. Moore; In Kentucky; Battle with General Morgan; Tou(ching inter view between Union and Confederate Officers; General Hartsuff; Legis lature of Kentucky; The Rebel General Morgan on Colonel Mloore's Gen eralship; Various Operations in Georgia; Colonel Benjamin F. Orcutt; Death of Adjutant E. M. Brutzman; With the Army of General Sherman, The Twenty-Sixth Infantry.-The Skirmish Regiment; Colonel Judson S. Farrar; Death of Captain John C. Culver; In the Army of the Potomac; Major L. Saviers; A Tree cut down by Bullets at Spottsylvania; Complimented by Generals Barlow and Miles; at Cold Harbor; Death of J. A. Lothain; Cap tain A. G. Dailey; Captain S. H. Ives; Present at Surrender of Lee's Army.................................................................................. The Twenty-Seventh Infantry.-Colonel D. Ml. Fox; In Kentucky and Tennessee; Major Samuel Mioody; Services at Spottsylvania; Death of Lieutenants Charles H. Seymour, Charles T. Miller, and Major Moody; Captain E. S. Leadbetter; Death of Lieutenant J. W. Brennan; Captain Charles Wait at Petersburg; Death of Lieutenants Mason Vosper and Theodore S. Meade; Gallantry of Captain Wait and his War Cry of' Fort or Nothing;" Hero ism of Major Moody....................................................................... The Twenty-Eighth Infantry.-Hon. S. S. Lacy Commandant of Camp; Colonel Delos Phillips; Colonel W. W. Wheeler; Battle of Nashville; Joins the Army of General Sherman; Death of Lieutenant Matthew Holmes; Death of Lieutenant John E. Kenyon.......................................................... The Twenty-Ninth Infantry.-Hon. J. F. Driggs; Colonel Thomas F. Taylor; Col onel Charles C. Doolittle in Command of Decatur; Its Successful Defence; Nolansville; Death of Lieutenant F. Van Vliet; Colonel G. S. Wormer; Service in Michigan............................................4 The Colored Regiment-Colonel Henry Barns; Lieutenant-Colonel W T. Bennett; Colonel H. S. Chipman; In Florida; In South Carolina; Death of Cap tain A. E. Lindsey; Operations at Georgetown, S. C.; and Mustered out at Charleston.................................................................................... The MJilitia Guards.-The Scott Guard; The Detroit Light Guard; The Lyon Guard; Report of the Adjutant General on the Militia of Michigan, and conclusion of the History of Michigan during the Rebellion.................. THIRD PART. BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. The Names alphabetically arranged...................................... 415 388 392 397 400 405 406 408 410 CONTENTS. PAGE FOURTH PART. MISCELLANEOUS RECORDS. The Census of Michigan in 1870, (officially furnished for this work by the Cen sus Bureau)................................................................................. State Officers of Michigan from 1836 to 1870............................................... The Judiciary of Michigan in 1870.......................................................... Presidential Electors of Michigan from 1837 to 1869............................... Officers of the University of Michigan from 1837 to 1870............................... Trustees of Michigan Colleges in 1870......................................................... Books connected with the Territory and State of Michigan............................. Newspapers of Michigan with their Publishers in 1870................................... The Post Offices of Michigan in 1870........................................................... Constitution of the State of Michigan........................................................ Amendments to the Constitution................................................................ XlV 507 508 509 510 510 515 5i7 518 521 .526 548 FIRST PART. CIVIL HISTORY OF' MICHIGAN. I CIVIL HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE. The name of Michigan is derived from the Indian word Michsawgyegan, the meaning of which is the Lake Country. It is bounded on the north by Lake Superior; on the east by Lakes Huron, St. Clair, and Erie; on the south by Ohio and Indiana; and on the west by Wisconsin and Lake Michigan; and the extent of its dominion is fifty-six thousand two hundred and forty-three square miles.* Along the shores of Lake Erie there stretches a belt of level and heavily-timbered land, bearing a growth of large and noble forest trees upon a low and level soil. The land gradually rises towards the centre of the State, presenting a variegated scenery composed of tracts of dense wilderness, alternated with prairies, natural parks or oak openings, copses of burr-oak, marshes, barrens, and pine groves, each watered by small streams, lakes, or springs. That part of the State which borders Lake Superior is more bold and primitive, and is broken by mountains and plains, hills and valleys. The Porcupine Mountains, which are the dividing ridge, and separate the waters of Lake Superior and Lake Michigan, are about two thousand feet high and abound in the charms of Alpine and imposing coast scenery. Many parts of this northern peninsula exhibit a bold, rocky, and sterile prospect, which caused one of the early French travellers-La lonton-to call this region "the fag end of the world." It abounds with forests of white and yellow pine, and will probably never be favorable for agricultural production, although it is a rich mineral region. The northern part of the lower peninsula, generally speaking, is flat and swampy; the central and southern portions are gently rolling, covered with groves of oak, alternated with tracts of heavily-timbered land, are peculiarly favorable for the production of wheat, which is the staple product, and present the most picturesque points of scenery, and resources for even a dense population. The soil of Michigan is various in its character. It is in general much more level than that of New York and New England, being of alluvial formation, and comparatively free from rocks. The different species of soil consist of heavily-timbered land, oak openings, burr-oak plains, prairies, and pine groves, each of which will be considered. The heavily-timbered land consists of tracts which are densely wooded with a variety of large forest-trees, the principal of which are the black and * Additional information on the topography of the State will be found in subsequent pages of this volume. i I A* CIVIL HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. white walnut, oaks of different species, maple, ash, elm, linden, sycamore, hackberry, cottonwood, aspen, locust, butternut, box or dogwood, poplar, whitewood, beech, cherry, sassafras, white, yellow, and Norway pine, hem lock, spruce, tamerack, cedar, chestnut, and pawpaw; as well as the smaller trees and shrubs, such as willow, alder, sumach, and honeysuckle, together with the different kinds of undergrowth which are found in the Middle States. This timbered land is often found upon the borders of the streams, upon what are called bottoms, and also upon the ridges which border them. It is discovered along the shores of the lakes from Monroe to Detroit, and thence to Lake Michigan, in a belt varying from five to fifteen miles in breadth. But a small proportion of the peninsular part of the State is, however, densely wooded. There are various other species of soil which constitute a beautiful variety, and which will be described in their proper order. The heavily timbered soil is generally composed of a deep vegetable mold, sometimes mingled with clay, and produces a dense and luxuriant vegetation. Com pared with the other sections of the State, it is gloomy, being generally more lQW and level, and it is more difficult to clear from the thick and tangled mass of trees which covers it; but these disadvantages are made up by its fertility, and it yields in great abundance the grasses, oats, buck wheat, potatoes, rye, and large crops of corn. Perhaps it is not so favor able to wheat, being damp, from the fact that it is shut out from the sun, and also cold in its nature. In advancing into the interior of the State, across the narrow belt before described, we arrive upon a more dry and undulating soil-a species of land which swells into little hills like artificial mounds, and is called oak openings. This land is composed of a sandy loam, mingled sometimes with limestone pebbles, and appears light upon the surface, but, when laid open by the plough, turns black from the intermixture of lime in its composi tion. The trees, consisting chiefly of whiteoak, scattered over the ground generally from ten to sixty feet apart, and extending for miles like culti vated parks, now sweeping down to a clear stream, a fertile prairie, or the brow of a transparent lake, impress one with the idea that he is travelling through an old, rather than a newly-settled country. These openings con stitute a feature which distinguishes this from most of the adjoining States. The land, although not as productive as some other kinds of soil, yields heavy crops of oats and abundant harvests of wheat, besides the ordinary products of the Middle States. Although containing apparently but a thin covering of decomposed vegetable matter, the absence of that material is made up by the admixture of lime in its composition, which is favorable to vegetation; and in summer the surface is almost entirely covered with red, yellow, white, and purple flowers, which, in their richness and beauty, are not known in the older-settled portions of the country, spreading a gor geous carpet through the forest as far as the eye can reach. The surface of the oak openings also presents a turf of matted grass, which requires three or four yoke of oxen to break it up; and, as you can ride for miles in a carriage under the trees that are thus widely separated, it does not need so great an amount of labor in clearing it as the timbered land. The trees, however, are usually girdled in order to effect their decay. These oak openings extend throughout the greater part of the lower peninsula. Another species of soil of very great value is found in the State, comI mencing at the county of Jackson and studding the timbered land and oak ~ openings from the head of the Kalamazoo river to the shores of Lake Michigan. It is called burr-ak plains or openings; a soil which consists 10 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE. of tracts spread over with groves of trees of a small size, called the burr oak, with a rough bark and deep green foliage. They closely resemble cultivated orchards of pear trees, springing from a soil which is composed of a brown loam mingled with clay; yet they are highly productive, and are deemed by the settlers of the greatest value, yielding in abundance the crops of the Middle States-corn, oats, potatoes, buckwheat, rye, and all the products of the other kinds of soil. As the trees, like those of the whiteoak openings, are widely separated, this land requires but little clear ing; but four or five yoke of oxen are generally used to break it up for seeding. Corn to the amount of forty, and sometimes eighty, bushels to the acre is produced from these openings, and from forty to fifty bushels of oats. Thirty bushels of wheat to the acre are also frequently obtained from this land; but the average amount may be placed at about twenty five bushels. Scattered through the south and southwestern part, particularly upon the borders of the Kalamazoo, the Grand, and St. Joseph rivers are, what are called prairies. These consist of a soil destitute of trees, and covered with a deep surface of black sand and vegetable mold. It is more pro ductive than any other species, yielding very large crops of corn and pota toes, as well as wheat, which is, however, apt not to be as clean as that on the openings. All other crops that are produced in this climate it yields in great profusion. These prairies throughout the State are comparatively small, but in Illinois they stretch out beyond the horizon like a sea. Being comparatively easy to cultivate, and producing so abundantly, they are always selected by the farmers before any other kind of soil. The dry prairies on the banks of the Kalamazoo and St. Joseph rivers furnish a soil equal to any other in the West, and frequently from thirty to fifty bushels of corn have been raised upon them the first season, without being ploughed or hoed; and when the mold has been once subdued, from thirty to eighty bushels of corn, or forty of wheat, have been obtained to the acre; they are also very favorable for grass. Another species of soil found in the State is called wet prairies or marshes, tracts which are generally in part or in whole covered with water; and they produce a long coarse grass that is only favorable for winter stock, and make a fine ranging ground for horses and cattle in the spring. When drained, these wet prairies may be converted into valuable meadow land. Another species of soil that we meet with in the interior is termed barrens. They consist of tracts which are sparsely scattered over with stunted oaks or bushes, that would seem to indicate that the land is not favorable to vegetation. It is found, however, that by cultivation it produces well. The kind of soil which is called swamp or marsh land is found in considerable tracts in the greater part of the State. It is in winter covered with water, and has a deep mire, which is dangerous to the traveller, and is sprinkled here and there with a few scattering trees or groves of tamerack, which resemble pine. In many places these marshes are caused by beaverdams. The mineral productions of the State are various, and some of great value. Although the soil of the lower peninsula is, as has been before remarked, of alluvial formation, yet there are occasionally seen ledges of sandstone, which abounds in parts of the counties of Hillsdale, Jackson, Calhouln, Kalamazoo, Livingston, Ingham, Eaton, Barry, Shiawassee, Clinton, and other portions of the State. Gray limestone is also found; and on the immediate shore of Lake Huron a greenish-colored clay has been dliscovered. Indications of coal are apparent in the counties of Eaton, Ingliam, 11 CIVIL HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. and Shiawassee. On the banks of Grand river, near the Grand Rapids, beds of gypsum or plaster occur, which are of considerable importance. Salt-springs, used for the manufacture of salt, are scattered throughout a considerable portion of the interior; and clay, sand, marl, bog-iron ore, with other kinds, and springs tinctured with mineral qualities, especially sulphur, have been discovered in the eastern part of the peninsula, that will be of advantage for medicinal purposes. The shores of Lake Superior are rich in mineral wealth, especially copper, and a large mass of that metal, near the mouth of the Ontonagon river, of many thousand pounds' weight, excited the interest of travellers from the earliest period. Among the rocks on this part of the coast are to be found iron ore, prase, jaspar, carnelian, agate, sardonyx, and other rare stones of some value. The greater part of the State is also well watered by numerous rivers and small streams, which variegate the landscape, and flow into the surrounding lakes. The principal of these are the Raisin, Grand river, the Kalamazoo, the St. Joseph, the Huron, the Clinton, the Saginaw, and the Ontonagon. The Detroit, the St. Clair, and the St. Mary's cannot be properly called rivers, as they are only straits which connect the lakes in the eastern and more level portions. Upon the eastern border of the State the rivers are sluggish, but as you advance into the interior they become more clear and rapid. The St. Joseph is a transparent and beautiful, though shallow stream, which meanders through the western part of the State over a bed of limestone rock and pebbles, and watering counties of great fertility, consisting of oak lands and prairies, flows into Lake Michigan. The Kalamazoo is also a clear but narrow river, that runs over a surface of sand, limestone rock, or pebbles, and, watering extensive and productive tracts of the State, empties into the same lake. The Grand river is the largest stream in the interior, and, after furnishing a convenient channel for navigation and large manufacturing advantages, empties into Lake Michigan at Grand Haven. There are various other streams of less importance, which furnish sites for manufacturing establishments, and eligible points for settlement on their banks. The little lakes scattered over the soil are another peculiar point in the scenery. These are clear, and abound with fish; and in summer, when the vegetation upon their banks is in full bloom, appear like mirrors, where Nature, dressed in green and flowery robes, may admire her own beauty amid the solitude. But the great lakes which wash its shores are the most prominent feature of the State. These constitute much the largest body of fresh water on the face of the globe. To the eye they appear like oceans, and water the bor ders of the forest for thousands of miles, from the State of New York to the regions of Canada lying along the shores of Lake Superior, which are now ranged chiefly by tribes of Indians, fur traders, and miners. Their surges roll like those of the sea, and the mariner obliged to navigate them often encounters as dangerous storms as upon the ocean. Their waters, however, are not, like those of the open sea, of a blue color, but have a tinge of green, from the fact that they are fresh. They were formerly explored only by the bark canoes of the Indians, and were the theatre of the fur trade, whicli will be described hereafter; but are now crossed by steamboats of large tonnage, as well as vessels and ships of all sizes. The origin of the namnes of the great lakes is not wanting in interest. Lake Ontario was f()rmerlv called Lake Frontenac, while that of Erie is derived from a nation of Erries, who roamed along the northern borders 12 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE. of Ohio, and were destroyed by the Iroquois. Lake Huron was termed Karegnondi, and also Lake of Orleans. Lake Michigan was called Lake Michigonong, and also Lake of Puans and Illinese, and Lake of the Dauphin. Lake St. Clair was named by La Salle's expedition, from the day on which he entered the river. The length of Lake Superior is estimated at five hundred miles, and its breadth at one hundred and ninety. This lake is as clear as crystal, and the polished stones upon the bottom, as well as numerous shoals of fish, can be seen at a great depth. Lake Michigan is believed to be three hundred and thirty miles long, and sixty miles broad. Lake Huron is two hundred and sixty miles long, and, coastwise, three hundred and sixty; its breadth is one hundred and sixty miles. Lake Erie is two hundred and eighty miles long, and its widest part is about sixtythree miles. Lake St. Clair is thirty miles long and twenty-eight miles broad. It is thus seen that this chain of lakes must furnish an important channel of navigation in the future commerce of the country. The wild animals of this as well as the other portions of the Northwest are various. The mammoth or mastodon once roamed through its forests, and its skeletons are now found below the surface.* Herds of buffaloes roved over the prairies upon the borders of Lake Erie as late as 1720, and we have a full account of that fact fromi the early French travellers; but these have been driven, by the progress of emigration, to the plains which sweep along the base of the Rocky Mountains. The elk and moose and troops of deer formerly fed on the green herbage upon the banks of the Detroit; but these have now retired to the more unsettled portions of the State. The wolverine, the black or brown bear, the wolf, the elk, the deer, moose, lynx, wild-cat, panther, fox, marten, raccoon, porcupine, opossum, weasel, polecat, gopher, the black, red, gray, and striped squirrel, marmot or woodchuck, rabbit, hare, and various other species of animals, are now found in the interior. The beaver, the otter, the muskrat, and the mink inhabit the rivers and small streams, and furnished a valuable article of commerce during the early French, English, and American fur trade. Of birds, the robin, the blackbird, the thrush, the lark, the bluebird, different species of the sparrow, the wren, the woodpecker, the brant, and the loon, the jay, and the cuckoo, are the most common. The forests shelter flocks of the wild turkey and the partridge. The grouse or prairie-hen swarms on the prairies. Pigeons appear in large flocks at particular seasons of the year, and the snipe and the white partridge are not uncommon. The eagle, the brant, the buzzard, and others of the vulture kind, the crow, the raven, the heron, and owls of different species, the most distinguished of which is the great white owl, are among the carnivorous birds. The streams and lakes abound with numerous species of wild ducks, of various and beautiful plumage. They fly in large flocks along the shores of the lakes, and feed in the marshes which fringe them, sometimes blackening the surface by their numbers. The swan may sometimes be seen floating upon the waters; and flocks of wild geese, in the season of summer, collect around the small interior lakes, after their winter migrations, where they obtain their food from the wild rice, which is the peculiar product of this region. The rivers, interior lakes, and surrounding waters of the country abound with fish. These are of various species and of delicious kinds. Ili the strait of St. Mary and Lake Superior they are of a more valuable sort, from the * In the collection of geological specimens owned by the compiler of this volume is a very large and perfectly-preserved mammoth tooth, which was found near the mouth of the St. Joseph river in Michigan. k, ii 13 I CIVIL HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. fact that the water of the latter lake is clear and very cold. The quantity in the last-named lake is very great. The sisquovette, which are not found in other portions of the lake waters, are seen in great abundance in Lake Superior. They sometimes grow to the weight of eight or ten pounds. The principal fish which are found in the surrounding lakes and interior waters of the country are the sturgeon, whitefish, Mackinaw trout, salmon trout, common trout, muskalunge, pickerel, pike, perch, herring, the rock bass, the white and black bass, catfish, pout, common eel, bullhead, roach, sunfish, dace, sucker, carp, mullet, billfish, swordfish, bullfish, stone-carrier, sheep's-head, the gar, and many other kinds. The muskalunge, Mackinaw trout, and whitefish are deemed most valuable. The former is sometimes caught weighing forty pounds. The Mackinaw trout resembles in lustre and appearance the salmon. The whitefish, a very delicious fish, is similar to the shad, with brighter scales, which appear like burnished silver. This fish has been celebrated by the French travellers from the earliest period, and Charlevoix, who travelled through this region in 1720, once declared that "nothing of the fish kind could excel it." Great numbers of trout and whitefish are taken upon the lakes and shipped to Ohio, New York, and Pennsylvania, besides those which are consumed in the State. The northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan, bordering on Lake Huron, has not yet been thoroughly surveyed and brought into market. The soil of this section of the State is not so favorable for agriculture as that of the southern portion. It is more wet and marshy, abounds with pine, and is broken by sandhills and swamps. It has been remarked that the portion of the State bordering on Lake Superior is broken and rocky; and, although containing some elevated table-lands which may be adapted to cultivation, it may be considered unfavorable to agriculture. It has, however, been ascertained to be a rich mineral region. The most settled portion of the State has been organized into counties, as the advance of population has required. From the brief view which has been taken of the productions of the soil, it is clearly perceived that it affords a variety of resources. The low and densely-wooded land upon the immediate shore of the lower lakes, where the streams run sluggishly over beds of clay, is strikingly contrasted with the more rolling character of the oak lands, extending from this belt towards the centre, dotted as they are by natural ponds of pure water, and coursed by more rapid streams, which have their beds upon sand or gravel; and these in turn are entirely distinct from the more primitive, rocky, and rugged portion lying in that part of the upper peninsula bordering on the shores of Lake Superior. Exhibiting different degrees of fertility, the southern part, from its undulating character and its clear streams, affords a greater inducement for present settlement than the level strip to which allusion has been made, or the more primitive and rocky region of the north. It happens, accordingly, that emigration has in a great measure crossed this strip and sought the more rolling country, leaving the marshes and the mouths of the streams which flow into the eastern side; a section of the State somewhat unfavorable to settlement from the configuration of the land, but from the fact that it has been productive of the class of bilious disorders prevailing in the greater portion of our new country. FIRST ADVANCE OF THE FRENCH MISSIONARIES AND TRAVELLERS. The wide region stretching away in a luxuriant expanse of forest, river, and prairie, from the shores.of the great lakes westward to the banks of the 14 THE FRENCH MISSIONARIES AND TRAVELLERS. Mississippi, was first explored and colonized by the French. That portion of the French territory now comprised in the Canadas, the original point of French settlement, was long the centre of its trade, commerce, and re ligion; yet the government claimed the country, both by right of discovery and appropriation, that extended far beyond the boundaries of their actual colonization. Nor were the settlers who had established themselves upon the banks of the St. Lawrence at any time wanting in zeal and enterprise in extending their explorations. It was early the avowed object of that government to carry the cross of the Roman Catholic Church to the re motest bounds of the Western territory, and thus to secure the advantages of its great resources. The principal directors of the ecclesiastical estab lishments that were collected at Quebec, found it their policy to become informed of the condition of the domain upon the great lakes; and as early as 1634, the Jesuits, Brebeuf and Daniel, joined a party of Hurons who were returning from that walled city, and, passing through the Ottawa river, raised the first hut of the Society of Jesus upon the shore of Lake Iroquois, a bay of Lake hluron, where they daily rang a bell to call the savages to prayer, and performed all those kind offices which were calcu lated to secure the confidence and affection of the tribes on the lake shores. In order to confirm the missions, a college was founded in Quebec during the following year; and a hospital was established at the same place for the unfortunate of every class, both civilized and savage. Three nuns of Dieppe, in France, were selected to advance into the Canadian wilderness in 1639; an Ursuline convent, for the education of girls, was also erected; and at Silleri a small band of the HIurons was trained to the civilization and faith of the French, for the purpose of spreading the religion and influence of their colonies through the Western wilderness. A plan for the establishment of missions, not only among the Algonquins of the North, but also south of Lake Huron and in Michigan, was formed, indeed, within six years after the discovery of Canada. The French were at this period excluded from the navigation of Lake Ontario by the hostility of the Mohawks, and their canoes had never ruffled the waters of Lake Erie. The Ottawa, in consequence, was the only avenue to the West; and in 1641, Pijart and Charles"'Raymbault were found roaming as missionaries among the tribes of Lake Nipissing. In September, 1641, the first bark canoe, laden with French Jesuits, was paddled through the Ottawa river for the Falls of St. Mary, and, passing by the islands of Lake Huron, they reached these falls after a navigation of seventeen days. At this place they found a large collection of Indians from the neighboring tribes, many of whom had never seen civilized men, and had never heard of the true God. The white men were invited to dwell among them; for, said the savages, "We will embrace you as brothers; we will derive profit from your words." Raymbault, the first missionary to the tribes of Michigan, feeble with consumption, during the next year returned to Quebec. Thus the French at this early period had advanced their missionary posts beyond the shores of Lake Huron and to the outlet of Lake Superior. Father Jaques and Bressani, Jean de Breboeuf, Chaumonotot, Claude Dablon, Mesnard, and others, while carrying the cross through the forests of the Northwest, were not to be impeded by tortures and burnings, nor death even, from their darling projects. They toiled and suffered, were struck down with the tomahawk; they lived the life of beggars, and died the death of martyrs; were covered with burning bark, and scalded with boiling water, and scarred with hot iron, until the gentle Lallemand cried out amid his tortures, "We are made a spectacle unto the world, and Xo I 15 i, I I I 4 4 1 -i 1CIVIL HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. angels, and to men;" but with the zeal of ancient martyrdom the Jesuits pressed on from the strongholds of Quebec, filling the ranks of the dead as one after another fell, advancing to the remote boundaries of the lake shores the cross and the lilies of the Bourbons. During the month of August, 1654, two young fur-traders having joined a band of the Ottawas or Algonquins, in their bark canoes, upon an exploration of five hundred leagues, reappeared after two years before St. Louis with a fleet of fifty canoes. Describing the territory stretching around the great lakes in glowing colors, and the savage hordes which were then scattered through the forests, they sought to efibect a wider extension of French commerce into that region. Their request was granted; and in 1656, Gabrielle Dreuillette and Leonard Gareau, former missionaries among the Hurons, were selected for the mission; but just below Montreal a band of Mohawks attacked their fleet, Gareau was mortally wounded, and the expedition prevented. The traders of the lakes, seeking the furs which abounded in those forests, and backed by the Western Indians, who desired a league by which they might resist the Iroquois, soon advanced to Green Bay, and in 1659 two of them passed the winter on the shores of Lake Superior. During the following year they returned to Quebec, escorted by sixty canoes, laden with peltry, and paddled by three hundred Algonquins. The zeal of Francis de Laval, the bishop of Quebec, appears to have been kindled, by their accounts of the country, with a desire to enter upon the mission, but to Rene Mesnard was allotted this task, so full of hazard. Charged with the duty of exploring the territory around Green Bay and Lake Superior, and of establishing at some convenient point a place for the general assembly of the neighboring tribes, this aged man, in August, 1660, with but few preparations, departed on his mission, trusting, to use his own words, "in the Providence which feeds the little birds of the desert, and clothes the wild flowers of the forest." During the month of October he reached a bay on the south shore of Lake Superior, which he named St. Theresa; writing to a friend, "in three or four months you may add me to the memento of deaths." After a residence there of eight months, in the year 1661, he complied with the invitation of the Hurons, who had taken refuge in the isle of St. Michael, and, leaving'his converts, advanced with one attendant to the Bay of Che-goi-me-gon. Lost in the forest, he was never afterward seen; and among the amulets of the Sioux were discovered his breviary and cassock. But the rude missionary posts around the lakes struggled on, and were in danger of falling, when the Canadian colonies were re-enforced in 1665 by a royal regiment, with Tracy as viceroy, Courcelles, a veteran officer, as governor, and Talon, a man of business and perseverance, as intendant, and the representative of the King in civil matters. French enterprise now pressed forward to the West with increased vigor, and in August, 1665, Father Claude Allouez, following the old course of the Ottawa, on the 1st day of October reached the principal village of the Chippewas in the Bay of Che-goi-me-gon. A chapel dedicated to the Holy Spirit soon arose amid the green luxuriance of the forest, and the passions of the rough tribes were subdued by paintings which the missionary displayed of the horrors of hell and the terrors of the final judgment. The dwellers around St. Mary flocked to his station; the Hurons and Ottawas, upon the deserts north of Lake Superior, secured his presence at their wigwams; and the Pottowatomies, from the borders of Lake Michigan, invited him to their homes, while the Sacs and Foxes travelled from their villages, and the Illinois came to gather counsel and to describe the beauties of their quiet 16 THE FRENCH MISSIONARIES AND TRAVELLERS. river. The Sioux, also, from the west of Lake Superior, in a land of prai ries, living on wild rice and skin-covered cabins, welcomed:the stranger. After residing for niearly two years upon the southern margin of Lake Suveri