Ourxebs' $etits of Latin StooI                        ooa&s.
PUBLISHED BY CROCKER AND BREWSTER,
47 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON.
THE LATIN SCHOOL BOOKS prepared by Prof. E. A. AsDREWS, exclnsive of his' Latin-English Lexicon, founded on the Latin-German Lexicon of
Dr. Freund, constitute two distinct series, adapted to different and distinct purposes. The basis of the First Series is Andrews' First Latin Book; of the
Second, Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar.
FIRST SERIES.
This Series is designed expressly for those who commence the study of Latin
at a very early age, and for such as intend to pursue it to a limited extent only,
or merely as subsidiary to the acquisition of a good English education. It consists of the following works, viz.:1.   Andrews' First Latin          Book      or Progressive Lessons in Reading and Writing Latin. This small volume contains most of the
leading principles and grammatical forms of the Latin language, and, by the
logical precision of its rules and definitions, is admirably ftted to serve as an
introduction to the study of general grammar. The work is divided into lessons of convenient length, which are so arranged that the student will, in all
cases, be prepared to enter upon the study of each successive lesson, by possessing a thorough knowledge of those which preceded it. The lessons generally consist of three parts:-lst. The statement of important principles in
the form of rules or definitions, or the exhibition of orthographical or etymological forms; 2d. Exercises, designed to illustrate such principles- or forms;
and 3d. Questions, intended to assist the student in preparing his lesson. In
addition to the grammatical lessons contained in this volume, a few pages
of Reading Lessons are annexed, and these are followed by a Dictionary comprising all the Latin words contained in the work. This book is adapted to
the use of all schools above the grade'of primary schools, including also Academies and Female Seminaries. It is prepared in such a manner that it can be
used with little difficulty by any intelligent parent or teacher, with no previous
knowledge of the language.
2.   The Latin      Reader, with a Dictionary and          Notes,
containing explanations of difficult idioms, and numerous references to the
Lessons contained in the First Latin Book.
3. The Viri Romae, with a Dictionary and Notes, referring, like those of the Reader, to the First Latin Book. This series of three
small volumes, if faithfully studied according to the directions contained in them
will not only render the student a very tolerable proficient in the principles of
the Latin language and in the knowledge of its roots, from which so many words
of his English language are derived, but will constitute the best preparation for
a thorough' study of the English grammar.
SECOND SERIES.
NoTE.-The " Latin Reader" and the " Viri Romme," in this series, are the same as in
the first series.
This Series is designed more especially for those who are intending to become
thoroughly acquainted with the Latin language, and with the principal classical
authors of that language. It consists of the following works:1. Latin Lessons. This small volume is designed for the
younger classes of Latin students, who intend ultimately to take up the larger
Grammar, but to whom that work would, at first, appear too formidable. It
contains the prominent principles of Latin grammar, expressed in the same
language as in the larger Grammar, and likewise Reading and Writing Lessons,
with a Dictionary of the Latin words and phrases occurring in the Lessons.
1




NEW SERIES OF LATIN SCHOOL BOOKS.
2.   Latin   Grammar. Revised, with Corrections and Additions. A Grammar of the Latin Language, for the use of Schools and Colleges. By Professors E. A. ANDREWS and S. STODDARD. This work, which
for many years has been the text-book in the department of Latin Grammar,
claims the merit of having first introduced into the schools of this country the
subject of grammatical analysis, which now occupies a conspicuous place in
so many grammars of the English language. More than twenty years have
elapsed since the first publication of this Grammar, and it is hardly necessary
to say that its merits-placing it in a practical view, preeminently above every
other Latin -Grammar-have been so fully appreciated that it has been adopted
as a Text Book in nearly every College and Seminary in the country. The
present edition has not only been thoroughly revised and corrected (two years of
continuous labor having been devoted to its careful revision and to the purpose of
rendering it conformable in all respects to the advanced position which it aims to
o(cupy,) but it contains at least one third more matter than the previous editions.
To unite the acknowledged excellencies of the older English manuals, and of
the more recent German grammars, was the splecial aim of the authors of this
work; and to this end particular attention was directed:-1st. To the preparation of more extended rulesfor the pronunciation of the.language; 2d. To a clear
e.pition of its inflectional changes; 3d. To a proper basis of its syntax; and
4th. To qreater precision in rules and definitions.
3.   Questions on the Grammar. This little volume is
intended to aid the student in preparing his lessons, and the teacher in conducting his recitations.
4.   A   Synopsis of Latin        Grammar, comprising the
Latin Paradigms, and the Principal Rules of Latin Etymology and Syntax.
The few pages composing this work contain those portions of the Graimnar to
which the student has occasion to refer most frequently in the preparation of
his daily lessons.
5. Latin     Reader.     The Reader, by means of two separate
and distinct sets of notes is equally adapted for use in connection either with
the First Latin Book or the Latin Grammar.
6. Viri Romse. This volume, like the Reader, is furnished with notes and references, both to the First Latin Book and to the Latin
Grammar. The principal difference in the two sets of notes found in each of
these volumes consists in the somewhat greater fulness of those which belong
to the smaller series.
7.   Latin    Exercises.      This work contains exercises in
every department of the Latin Grammar, and is so arranged that it may be
studied in connection with the Grammar through every stage of the preparatory course. It is designed to prepare the way for original composition in the
Latin language, both in prose and verse.
8.   A   Key   to  Latin    Exercises.      This Key, in which
all the exercises in the preceding volume are fully corrected, is intended'for
the use of teachers only.
9.   Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic War, with a
Dictionary and Notes. The text of this edition of Caesar has been formed by
reference to the best German editions. The Notes are principally grammatical.
The Dictionary, which, like all the others in the series, was prepared with great
labor, contains the usual significations of the words, together with an explanation of all such phrases as might otherwise perplex the student.
10.    Sallust.    Sallust's Jugurthine War and Conspiracy
of Cataline, with a Dictionary and Notes. The text of this work, which was
based upon that of Cortius, has been modified by reference to the best modern
editions, especially by those of Kritz and Geriach; and its orthography is, in
2




NEW SERIES OF LATIN SCHOOL BOOKS.
general, conformed to that of Pottier and Planche. The Dictionaries of Caesar
and Sallust connected with this series are original works, and, in connection
with the Notes in each volume~ furnish a very complete and satisfactory apparatus for the study of these two authors.
11. Ovid. Selections from the Metamorphoses and Heroides
of Ovid, with Notes, Grammatical References, and Exercises in Scanning.
These selections from Ovid are designed as an introduction to Latin poetry.
They are accompanied with numerous brief notes explanatory of difficult
phrases, of obscure historical or mythological allusions, and especially of grammatical difficulties. To these are added such Exercises in Scanning as serve
fully to introduce the student to a knowledge of Latin prosody, and especially
of the structure and laws of hexameter and pentameter verse.
In announcing the Revised Edition of ANDREWS AND STODDARD'S LATIN
GRAMMAR, the Publishers believe it to be quite unnecessary to speak of the
merits of the work. The fact that in the space of about Twenty Years, SIXTYFIVE EDITIONS, numbering above Two Hundred Thousand Copies,
have been required for the purpose of meeting the steadily increasing demand
for the work, sufficiently evinces the estimation in which it has been hel.
In preparing this Revised and Enlarged Edition, every portion of the original
work has been reconsidered in the light of the experience of twenty years
spent by the present editor in studies connected with this department of education, and with the aid of numerous publications in the same department,
which, during this period, have issued from the European press. The results
of this labor are apparent on almost every page, in new modifications of the
old materials, and especially in such additional information in regard to its
various topics as the present advanced state of classical education in this
country seemed obviously to demand. The publishers commend this new
edition to the attention of Teachers throughout the country, and express the
hope that in its present form it will be deemed worthy of a continuance of the
favor which it has so long received.
The following are extracts from a few of the many letters the Publishers
have received from teachers from all parts of thecountry in commendation
of this work:The revised edition of Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar is without doubt the
best published in America. I have no doubt that the time is near at hand when this
series of works will, by all lovers of the classics, be considered as the' National Series.'
The pronunciation is now by the same class considered the American Standard. I will
hail with joy the day when every college and school in our country shall have adopted
Prof Andrews' series as the foundation of true classic knowledge. As such I consider
it. and for that reason have I used it since I first knew its existence.-Mfaritin Armstrong,
Potomac Semiuary, Romney, Va.
Allow me to say, after a careful examination, that, in my judgment, it is the best
manual of Latin Grammar to be found in the English language. In revising it the
author has preserved the happy medium between saying tpo much and too litle, so desirable for a Latin text-book for this country. In philosophical arrangement, simplicity
of expression, and for brevity and fulness. it must entitle the author to the first rank
in American classical scholarship. I shall use it in my classes, and recommend it to all
teachers of Latin in this country. —. E. Cobleigh, Professor of Ancient Languages and
Literature, in Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis.
I most heartily concur in the above recommendation.-F. 0. Blair, Professor in Lawrence University.
The Grammar, as revised, is, I think, for school purposes superior to any work of the
kind yet published in America. Philosophic in its arrangement and definitions, and full
and accurate in its details, it sets forth the results of the learned researches of the Germans in language easy of comprehension and suitable for reference in daily recitations.L. H. Deneen, Lebanon, Illinois.
I am highly pleased with the Revised Edition, 4nd consider the additions as decided
improvements  In my opinion Dr. Andrews' works surpass all others in the market.
I see no reason why the Grammar should not now supersede even Zumpt's, both in the
study and recitation rooms.-Sidney A. Norton, Hamzilton, Ohio.
3




NEW SERIES OF LATIN SCHOOL BOOKS.
I have reason to believe that the improvements, introduced into the last edition of
Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Gramniar by my respected and lamented friend Dr. Andrews. a little before his death, add very decidedly to the value of a work, which has
done more to give the knowledge of that language to the youth of this country than any,
perhaps than all others. —Theodore W. Woolsey, President of Yale College, New Haven.
No book, probably, has done more to improve classical training in American schools
than Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar. Its use is almost universal; and where it
has not itself been adopted as a manual, it has made grammars of similar excellence
necessary. The last edition, the sixty-fifth, was carefully revised by the lamented Dr.
Andrews, not long before his death, by whom it was greatly enlarged by the incorporation of much valuable information, derived mainly from the last edition of the Latin
Grammar of Professor Zumpt. It will therefore be found to be much improved as a repository of the principles and facts of the Latin language.- Thomas A. Thacher, Professor of Latin in Yale College, New Haven.
It is unnecessary to commend a Latin Grammar, which has been for twenty years in
common use in our Colleges, and has generally superseded all others. The Revised
Edition contains the results of the labors of Dr. Andrews, during all that time, on various Latin Classics, and on his great Latin Lexicon; and cannot, therefore, but be
greatly improved.-Edward Robinson, D. D., LL. D., Prof. of Biblical Literature in
Union Theol. Seminary, New York City.
1I regard Andrews' and Stoddard's new Latin Grammar, as an exceedingly valuable
work. It evidently contains the results of the Author's careful and long continued investigation, and from itz fulness, clearness, and accuracy, will undoubtedly become the
Standard Latin Grammar of this Continent. In Western New York, we have for a long
time been using the earlier editions, and they have rapidly won upon the public regard.
This new edition will give it a stronger claim upon our favor. It must rapidly supersede all others. I can unhesitatingly recommend the New Grammar as the best in use.Lewis H. Clark, Principal of Sodus Academy, Wayne Co., N. Y.
I have looked over the new edition of the Grammar with great interest. It is now
eighteen years since I introduced it into this college, and I have never felt inclined to
change it for any other. The revision, without changing its general character, has added
greatly to its fulness and completeness. It is now fully equal to Zumpt's in these respects, and far superior to it in adaptation to the class room. There is no other school
grammar that can pretend to compare with.it. I have introduced the new edition here,
and have no idea I shall ever wish to substitute another. The services of Prof. Andrews
in the cause of classical learning in the United States cannot be over estimated.-M. Sturgus, Professor in Hanover Co'lege, Indiana.
I am willing to say that I am decidedly in favor of Andrews' Latin Series.- Geo. Gale,
Galesville University, Wisconsin.
Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar I consider decidedly the best Latin Grammar
ever published.-Ransom Norton, North Livermore, Maine.
Such a work as Andrews and Stoddard's Revised Latin Grammar needs no recommendation, it speaks for itself.-A. A. Keen, Professor of Greek and Latin, Tufts College,
Medford, Ms.
I have examined the revised edition of Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar, and
think it a complete success. I see it has all of Zumpt's merits and none of his defects,
and welcome its advent with great pleasure.-James M. Whiton, Hopkins Grammar
School, New Haven, Conn.
I have examined Andrews, and Stoddard's Latin Grammar, and say. without hesitation, that the principles of the Latin language can be more easily and systematically
acquired from it than any work I have ever seen. The arrangement and simplicity of its
terms are such as to make it easily comprehended by the beginner, while, at the same
time, its copiousness is sufficient for the most advanced student. The author has evidently noted and profited by the defects in this respect of most of the Latin Grammars
now in use. —C. W. Field4, Mauch Chunk. Pa.
The superior merits of the original work. are too well known and appreciated to neel
any commendation from me. I have had some means of knowing how great pains and
labor Dr. Andrews has bestowed upon this final revision and improvement of the work,
and. therefore, was not unprepared to find its acknowledged excellence materially increased, and I do not hesitate to say, that its value has been greatly enhanced, and that
it has been brought as near as practicable to the present state, of philological science.John D. Philbrick, Superintendent of Public Schools, city of Boston.
I have looked the Grammar through with much care and a great degree of satisfaction,
and I unhesitatingly pronounce it superior to any Latin Grammar in method and manner of discussion, and happily adapted to the wants of both teachers and pupils. —J. W.
Simonds, Principal of New England Christian Institute, Andover, N. H.
4




NEW SERIES OF LATIN SCHOOL BOOKS.
We have lately introduced the Revised Edition, and regard it as a great improvement
upon former editions. We shall use it exclusively in future.-E. Flint, Jr., Principal
of Lee High School.
After a due examination, I am happy to state that the Author has admirably accomplished the objects which he aimed at in making this last revision. He has added much
that is in the highest degree valuable without materially changing the arrangement of
the original work. The work appears to me well adapted to the daily use of our Classical Schools, and I shall hereafter direct my classes to use it.- C. L. Cushman, Principal
of Peabody High School, South Danvers, Ms.
The Revised Grammar seems to me greatly improved and to be every thing a scholar
could wish.-Z. B. Sturgis, Charlestown, Indiana.
I have subjected the Revised Edition to the test of actual use in the recitation room,
and am persuaded that in its present form it decidedly surpasses every other Latin Grammar in point of adaptation to the wants of students in our Academies, High Schools
and Colleges.-William S. Palmer; Central High School, Cleaveland, Ohio.
I think Andrews' Series of Latin Works the most systematic and best arranged course I
have ever seen,-and believe if our pupils would use them altogether, we should find
them much better scholars. I shall use them wholly in my school.-A. C. Stockin,
Principal of Monmouth Academy, Mlaine.
The examination of the Revised Edition has afforded me very great pleasure, and leads
me to express the deep and sincere conviction that it is the most complete Grammar of
the Latin language with which I am acquainted, and best adapted for ready consultation
upon any subject connected with the study of Latin Authors. The paper, the typography,
and the binding,-the whole style of publication-are such as to commend the good taste
and judgment of the Publishers.-J. R. Boyd, Principal of Mapleswood Young Ladies
Institute, Pittsfield, Mass.
I find the Revised Edition to be just what is needed for a Latin Grammar,-clear, comprehensive, yet concise, in the subject matter. I shall introduce it as a permanent textbook.-B. F. Dake, Principal of Clyde High School, Wayne Co., N. Y.
I have carefully examined your Revised Edition throughout, particularly the Corrections and Additions. It now appears to me all that can be desired. It seems like parting with a familiar friend to lay aside the old edition, with its many excellencies, and
adopt the neow. but I shall cheerfully make the sacrifice for the greater benefit that will
accrue to those commencing the study of Latin from time to time.-J. H. Graham, Principal of Northfield Institution, Vermont.
I thought before that the old edition was entitled to the appellation of " The Latin
Grammar," but I perceive its value has been much increased by the numerous emendations and additions of Prof. Andrews. The Grammar is now fitted to be a complete
hand-book for the Latin scholar during his whole course.-E. W. Johnson, Canton Academy, Canton, N. Y.
I unhesitatingly pronounce the Revised Edition of Andrews and Stoddard's Latin
Grammar the best Grammar of the Latin Language, and shall certainly use my influence
in its behalf.-H. E. J. Clute, Edinboro', Pa.
After a thorough examination, I have no hesitation in pronouncing it the best Latin
Grammar for the purposes of the recitation room that I have Ever examined. In its
present form it ought certainly to displace a large majority of the Grammars in common
use. Its rules of Syntax are expressed with accuracy and precision, and are in fact,
what all rules ought to be, reliable guides to the learner.-James W. Andrews, Principal
of Ilopewell Academy, Penn.
Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar, in the arrangement and adaptation to the
learner. has excelled all others, and the revised edition is certainly a great improvement,
and I do believe is better adapted to the wants of the student than any other. The
whole seems to be critically revised and corrected. Prof. Andrews Was truly the student's benefactor.-M. L. Severance, North Troy, Vermont.
It gives me great pleasure to bear my testimony to the superior merits of the Latin
Grammar edited by Professor Andrews and Mr. Stoddard. I express most cheerfully,
unhesitatingly, and decidedly, my preference of this Grammar to that of Adam  which
has, for so long a time, kept almost undisputed sway in our schools.-Dr. C. Beck, Cambridge.
I know of no Grammar published in this country, which promises to answer so well
the purposes of elementary classical instruction, and shall be glad to see it introduced
Into our best schools.- Charles K. Dillaway, Boston.
Your new Latin Grammar appears to me much better suited to the use of students
than any othergrammar I am acquainted with.-Prof. TWm. M. Holland, Hartford, Ct.
5




NEW SERIES OF LATIN SCHOOL BOOKS.
I have adopted the Latin Grammar of Andrews and Stoddard in the school under my
charge, believing it better adapted, upon the whole, for elementary instruction than any
similar work which I have examined. It combines the improvements of the recent Ger.
man works on the subject with the best features of that old favorite of the schools, Dr.
Adam's Latin Grammar.-Henry Drisler. Professor of Latin in Columbia College.
A careful review of the Revised Edition of Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar,
shows that this favorite text-book still continues to deserve the affections and confidence
of Teachers and Pupils, incorporating as it does the results of Prof. Andrews' own constant study for many years with the investigations of English and German Philologists.
No other Grammar is now so well fitted to meet the wants of the country as the rapid
demand for it will show beyond doubt.-A. S. Hartwell, University of St. Louis.
This Grammar of the Latin Language. now universally pronounced the very best. is
greatly improved by the corrections, revisions and additions of this revised edition. We
do not believe a text-book was ever written which introduced so great an improvement
in the method of teaching Latin, as this has done. We wish the revised edition the
greatest success, which we are sure it merits.-Rhode Island Schoolnmaster.
I have examined your revised edition with considerable care, and do not hesitate to
pronounce it a great improvement upon the old editions, and as near perfection as we
are likely to have. I have no doubt it will come into general use.-A. Williams, Professor
of Latin, Jefferson College, Canonlsburg, Pa.
I have been much interested in the Revised Edition. The improvement is very striking,
and I shall no longer think of giving it up and putting Zumpt in its place. I am much
pleased with the great improvement in the typography. You have given to our schools a
book fifty per cent better in every respect, and I trust you will have your reward in
largely increased sales.-William J. Rolfe, Master of Oliver High School, Lawrence, Ms.
I can with much pleasure say that your Grammar seems to me much better adapted
to the present condition and wants of our schools than any one with which I am acquainted, and to supply that which has long been wanted-a good Latin Grammar for
common use.-F. Gardner, Principal of Boston Latin School.
The Latin Grammar of Andrews and Stoddard is deserving, in my opinion, of the approbation which so many of our ablest teachers have bestowed upon it. It is believed
that, of all the grammars before the public, this has greatly the advantage, in regard
both to the excellence of its arrangement, and the accuracy and copiousness of its information.-H. B. Hackett, Prof. of Biblical Literature in Newton Theological Seminary.
The universal favor with which this Grammar is received was not unexpected. It will
bear a thorough and discriminating examination. In the use of well-defined and expressive terms, especially in the syntax, we know of no Latin or Greek grammar which
is to be compared to this.-American Quarterly Register.
These works will furnish a series of elementary publications for the study of Latin
altogether in advance of any thing which has hitherto appeared, either in this country
or in England.-American Biblical Repository.
I cheerfully and decidedly bear testimony to the superior excellence of Andrews and
Stoddard's Latin Grammar to any manual of the kind with which I am acquainted.
Every part bears the impress of a careful compiler. The principles of syntax are happily
developed in the rulestwhilst those relating to the moods and tenses supply an important
deficiency in our former grammars. The rules of prosody are also clearly and fully exhibited.-Rev. Lyman Coleman, Manchester, Vt.
This work bears evident marks of great care and skill, and ripe and accurate scholarship in the authors. We cordially commend it to the student and teacher.-Biblical
Repository.
Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar is what I expected it would be-an excellent
book. We cannot hesitate a moment in laying aside the books now in use, and introducing this.-Rev. J. Penney, D. D., New York.
Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar bears throughout evidence of original and
thorough investigation and sound criticism. It is, in my apprehension, so far as simplicity is concerned, on the one hand. and philosophical views and sound scholarship on
the other, far preferable to other grammars; a work at the same time highly creditable to
Its authors and to our country.-Professor A. Packard, Bowdoin College, Maine.
I do not hesitate to pronounce Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar superior to
any other with which I am acquainted. I have never seen, any where, a greater amount
of valuable matter compressed within limits equally narrow.-Hon. John Hall, Principal
of EUington School, Conn.
We have no hesitation in pronouncing this Grammar decidedly superior to any now
in use.-Boston Recorder.
6




VALUABLE CLASSICAL WORKS.
tr,       abins    n'is 0seiaus.
Robinson's Hebrew Lexico. Sixth Edition, Revised
and Stereotyped. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, including the Biblical Chaldee. Translated from the Latin of William Gesenius,
late Professor of Theology in the University of Halle-Wittemberg. By EDWARD
ROBINSON, D. D., LL. D. Professor of Biblical Literature in the Union Theological Seminary, New York. A new edition, with corrections and large additions, partly furnished by the author in manuscript, and partly condensed
from his larger Thesaurus as compiled by Roediger. These corrections and
additions were made by br. Gesenius, during an interval of several years,
while carrying his Thesaurus through the press, and were transcribed and furnished by him expressly for this edition. They will be found to be very
numerous. every page having been materially corrected and enlarged, and a
large number of articles having been re-written. It is printed on a new type,
the face and cut of which is very beautiful, and has been highly commended
and approved.
Dr. Robinson had already been trained to the business of lexicographical labor, when
he began the translation of the present work. He is, in an uncommon degree, master
of his own native tongue. He has diligence, patience, perseverance-yea, the iron diligence of Gesenius himself. For aught that I have yet been able to discover, all that can
reasonably be expected or desired. has been done-by the translator; not only as to renderiag the work into English, but as to the manner and the accuracy of printing. The
work will speak for itself, on the first opening. It does honor, in its appearance, to editor, printers, and publishers. I have only to add my hearty wish, that its beautiful
white pages may be consulted and turned over, until they become thoroughly worn with
the hands of the purchasers.-Prof. Stuart, in the Bibliosl Repository.
There is no lexicon in English that can be put on a level with Robinson's. I recommend
the present as the best Lexicon of the Hebrew and Biblical Ohaltee whieh an English
scholar can have. —Rev. Dr. Samuel Davidson, of London.
Gesenius' Lexicon is known wherever Hebrew is studied. On the merits of this work
criticism has long ago pronounced its verdict of approval.-London Jewish Chronicle.
This is a very beautiful and complete edition of the best Hebrew Lexicon ever yet
produced. Gesenius, as a Hebrew philologist, is unequalled.-London Clerical Journal.
This is decidedly the most complete edition of Gesenius' Manual Hebrew Lexicon.London Journal of Sacred Literature.
ohItnson's 3atfrmon               of thte tosaes, ina              rtek.
A Harmony of the Four Gospels, in Greek, according to the text of Hahn. Newly arranged, with Explanatory Notes, by EDWARD
ROBINSON, D. D., LL. D., Professor of Biblical Literature in the Union Theological Seminary, New York. Revised Edition.
This work of Dr. Robinson confines itself to the legitimate sphere of a Harmony of the
Gospels; and we do not hesitate to say that in this sphere it will be found to be all that
a Harmony need or can be. The original text is printed with accuracy and elegance.
It is a feast to the eyes to look upon a page of so much beauty. Its arrangement is distinguished for simplicity and convenience. No one will ever be able to comprehend the
relations of the Gospels to each other, or acquire an exact knowledge of their contents,
unless he studies them with the aid of a Harmony. The present work furnishes in this
respect just the facility which is needed; and we trust that among its other effects, it
will serve to direct attention more strongly to the importance of this mode of study.Prof. Hackett, of Newton Theological Seminary.
la lII     r''s     r'itl     ttit.
Arithmetic, Oral and Written, practically applied by means
of Suggestive Questions. By THOMAs H. PALMER, Author of the Prize
JEsst on Education, entitled the " Teacher's Manual," "The Moral. Instructor," etc.
7




VALUABLE CLASSICAL WORKS.
&ohinsgn             annrooni of the Mgspes, in              Ingisk.
A Harmony of the Four Gospels, in English, according to the common version; newly arranged, with Explanatory Notes. By
ED)VARD ROBINSON, D. I)., LL. D.
The object of this work is to obtain a full and consecutive account of all the
facts of our Lord's life and ministry. In order to do this, the four gospel narratives have been so brought togetlier, as to present as nearly as possible the
true chronological order, and where the same transaction is described by more
than one writer, the different accounts are placed side by side, so as to fill out
and supply each other. Such an arrangement affords the only full and perfect
survey of all the testimony relating to any and every portion of our Lord's history. The evangelists are thus made their own best interpreters; and it is
shown how wonderfully they are supplementary to each other in minute as
well as in important particulars, and in this way is brought out fully and
clearly the fundamental characteristics of their testimony, unity in diversity.
To Bible classes, Sabbath schools, and all.vho love and seek.the truth in their
closets and in their families, this work will be.found a useful assistant.
I have used " Robinson's English Harmony " in teaching a Bible Class. The result, in
my own mind, is a conviction of the great merits of this work, and its adaptation to impart the highest life and interest to Bible Class exercises, and generally to the diligent
study of the Gospel. It is much to be desired that every one accustomed to searching
the Scriptures should have this invaluable aid.-Rev. Dr. Skinner, New York.
gobil     sfn's       ittitllarg           of   tt-e   bible.
Robinson's Bible Dictionary.               A   Dictionary for the
use of Schools and Young Persons. By EDWARD RoBINSOX, D. D., LL. D.
Illustrated with Engravings on wood, and Maps of Canaan, Judea, Asia Minor,
and the Peninsula of Mount Sinai, Idumea, etc.
etmfunts of 3strjmmg.
The Elements of Astronomy; or The World as it is
and as it Appears. By the author of " Theory of Teaching," " Edward's First
Lessons in Grammar," etc. Revised in manuscript by George P. Bond, Esq.,
of the Cambridge Observatory, to whom the author is also indebted for superintending its passage through the press.,titt's Familg bibll.
Scott's    Family       Bible.     Boston    Stereotype    Edition.
6 vols. royal 8vo., containing till the Notes, Practical Observations, Marginal
References, and Critical Remarks, as in the most approved London edition,
with a line engraved likeness of the Author, Family Record, etc.
This Edition is the only one that has, or can have, the benefit of the final
Additions and Emendations of the Author. The extent of these may be
judged from the fact that upwards of Four tHundred Pages of letter-press were
addkled; and as they consist chiefly of Critical Remarks, their importance to
the Biblical student is at once apparent. The Preface to the entire work contains an elaborate and compendious view of the evidences that the Holy Scriptures were given by inspiration of God. Prefixed to each Book, both in the
Old and New Testament, is an Introduction, or statement of its purport and
intent. There are also copious Marginal References, with various Tables, a
Chronological Index, and a copious Topical Index.
Orders solicited.
8




SALLUST'S
I S T OR Y
or THE
WAR AGAINST JUGURTHA,
AND OF THE
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE:
WITH A
DICTIONARY AND NOTES.
BY
PROF. E. A. ANDREWS.
SIXTEENTH EDITION.
PHILADELPHIA:
PECK & BLISS.
1859.




Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1841, by
DURRIE & PECK,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the District of
Connecticut.




PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
The first edition of Sallust by the present editor having been favorably
received by the public, no alteration in its plan has been thought necessary
In preparing a second edition, however, every part has been carefully
revised.
The text, in the former edition of the Jugurthine War was based upon that
of Cortius. It was not until nearly the whole of that portion of the work was
printed off, that the editor was able to obtain the highly valuable editions,
which, within a few years past, have issued from the German press. Of these
such use was made in the remainder of the work, as the brief time allowed for
this purpose would permit.
The text of Cortius was distinguished from those previously in common use
by frequent ellipses, especially of particles, pronouns, and the substantive verb
These ellipses gave to the author's style an appearance of peculiar harshness;
and rendered the connexion at times obscure and difficult. Besides other
valuable improvements in the text of this author, the German editors, after the
most careful collation of manuscripts and early editions have in many instances
restored the words omitted by Cortius.
The text adopted in both parts of the present edition is, in general, that of
Kritz. but modified by reference to the editions of Planche, Burnouf, Gerlach,
Herzog and the Bipont editors. The alterations made in this edition will, it is
believed, commend themselves to all, who shall examine them with care,
as serving to remove many of the difficulties found in the common
editions.
The orthography of the first edition, which, with few exceptions, was that
adopted by the Bipont editors and by Planche, has been retained.
The following extracts from the preface to the first edition will sufficiently
explain its general plan.
"In arranging the two treatises of Sallust constituting the text of this work,
the first place has been assigned to the War against Jugurtha. Such an
arrangement seemed to be expedient in a work intended for the use of students
not previously familiar with Roman history; inasmuch as the History of
Catiline's Conspiracy, which occurred many years after the war against Jugurtha, contains numerous allusions to persons engaged in that war, and to political events connected with it.
3




4                          PREFACE.
As some of the most prominent difficulties in Latin syntax arise from the use
of the oratio obliqua, the occurrence of this construction has generally been
denoted by means of single inverted commas, while direct quotations are distin
guished by the usual marks.
To the preparation of the accompanying Dictionary, much time and labor
have been devoted. The design has been to unite, so far as a due regard to
brevity would permit, the advantages of a Lexicon Sallustianum with those of
a general dictionary." To this end the common significations of each word
are given, whether occurring in Sallust or not, but in noting the constructions of
words, those only are mentioned, which are found in this author. "The plan
of the work did not permit the introduction of extended discussions relating to
points of history or biography, customs or laws. For minute information on
these and kindred subjects, it was thought better to refer the student to his
Classical Dictionary and Roman Antiquities, and especially to some good
Roman history; such, for example, as Ferguson's Roman Republic.
In preparing the notes of this edition, it has been the aim of the editor to
supply such information only, as could not properly be inserted in the Dictionary
He has endeavoured to furnish precisely such aid as he supposed a diligent student would need, and to present it in such a form as would direct his mvestiga.
tions, instead of superseding them. A free use has been made of the materials
contained in the notes of Burnouf, Planche and Kritz, and such other notes
have been added as the design of the work seemed to require. In explaining
the grammatical constructions, the editor has generally contented himself with
a simple reference to that part of the grammar in which a solution of the difficulty may be found, leaving it to the student's own reflection to make the
application




LIFE OF CAIUS CRISPUS SALLUSTIUS.
SALLUST, the celebrated Roman historian, was born at Amiterum, a town,
in the Sabine territory, in the year of Rome 668, 86 years before the birth of
Christ, and in the consulship of Cinna and Carbo. While young he removed
to Rome, where he devoted himself to literary pursuits, under the direction of
Atteius Praetextatus, a celebrated Athenian grammarian, and an instructor in
the art of rhetoric.
At an early age, probably about the year of Rome 695, he obtained the
questorship, and consequently became entitled to a seat in the senate. In the
year 701, during a period of great civil commotion, he was made a tribune of
the people; and in the dissensions consequent upon the death of Clodius, he
took an active part in opposition to Milo. To this course he was probably
moved not less by personal hostility to Milo, whom he had greatly injured, and
from whom he had received a severe, but well merited chastisement, than by
attachment to the party of Clodius. In the year 704 the censors, Appius Claudius and Calpurnius Fiso, degraded him from his rank as senator, on account
of the infamy of his private character.
It was probably about this time, that he wrote the Illstory of the Catilinarian
Conspiracy, with the exception, perhaps, of the part relating to the characters
of Caesar and Cato, though some ascribe to the whole work a later date. Of
most of the events connected with this conspiracy, Sallust had been an eye
witness, and, with few exceptions, lie appears to have recorded them with exemplary impartiality. Though at a later period, the bitter enemy of Cicero, he
manifests no such hostility in his account of this conspiracy, unless it be found
in the somewhat faint praise which he bestows upon that illustrious orator and
patriotic statesman.
Notwithstanding he expressed the determination in the introduction of this
history, of spending the remainder of his days remote from the agitations of
public life, he yet entered soon after with renewed ardor into the violent strug.
gles which arose between the parties of Pompey and Caesar. In this contest he
espoused the cause of Caesar, to whom he was personally attached, and through
whose influence, in the year of the city 706, he was again made questor, and
consequently reinstated in the senate. In the following year by the same influence he was raised to the pretorship, and about this time also he married
Terentia, whom Cicero had recently divorced.
1*                        5




6            LIFE OF CAIUS CRISPUS SALLUSTIUS.
Soon after these events the civil war was renewed in Africa, where the remnants, of the senatorial party had been assembled under the command of Scipio
and Cato. To oppose these Sallust was directed to conduct a detachment of
several legions, by the way of Capua to the shores of Campania, where they
were to embark for Africa. On arriving at the port of embarkation, a mutiny
arose among the troops on account of their unwillingness to leave Italy, and to
encounter anew the hardships and dangers to which they had been so long exposed. Sallust found his authority of no avail to suppress the insurrection, and
was compelled to secure his own safety by a precipitate flight to Rome,
whither he was followed by a great number of the troops. Order being
at length restored by the presence and authority of Caesar, the legions consented to embark, and shortly afterwards landed in Africa. Subsequently inan expedition entrusted to his command, against the island of Cercina, Sallust is said
to have evinced considerable courage, military skill and prowess.
After the close of this war, he was appointed to the command of the African
province, where he acquired immense riches by oppressing the people. On his
return home, he was accused by the Numidians, of mal-administration of the
affairs of his province, but escaped punishment through the friendship of Caesar
with whom he is reported to have shared his spoils. Scarcely, however, had he
been acquitted, when Caesar, on whom all his fortunes depended, was
assassinated, on the ides of March, in the year of Rome 710.
With this event terminated the political career of Sallust, who thenceforward
devoted himself wholly to the pursuits of private life. In his retirement, besides
other historical works of which a few fragments now remain, he composed the
History of the Jugurthine War, for which he had collected ample materials
during his residence in Africa. He also erected a magnificent residence upon
the Quirinal Hill, and laid out those beautiful gardens, which afterwards bore
his name, and which were long considered as the pride and ornament of Rome.
After his decease, which occurred in the year 718, his house and gardens became the favorite residence of successive Roman emperors.
As a historian, Sallust has few equals. His style is in a high degree concise
resembling in this and in other respects that of Thucydides, whom, he seens
to have taken as his model. He is distingaished also for his uncommon talent
at graphic description, and his masterly delineations of character. In his
writings he is ever the advocate of virtue, and the stern, uncompromising foe
of corruption in every form, whether exhibited in the renal administration of
government, or in the obscurer vices of private ii'e. Unfortunately for his
memory, the principles of virtue inculcated in his writings seem to have had
but little influence in the conduct of his life; and posterity has shown the less
indulgence to his faults, from the contrast which they exhibit to his own moral
precepts




C. CRISPI
SALLUSTII
JUGURTHA,
8EU
BELLUI JUGURTHINUM.
I. FALSO queritur de natura sua genus humanum, qu6d,
imbecilla atque aevi brevis, forte potius quam virtute regatur. Nam contra reputando neque majus aliud neque
prestabilius invenies, magisque natura industriam hominum quam vim aut tempus deesse. Sed dux atque imperator vitas mortalium animus est; qui ubi ad gloriam virtutis via grassatur, abund6 pollens potensque et clarus
est, neque fortuna eget: quippe que probitatem, industriam aliasque artes bonas neque dare neque eripere
cuiquam potest. Sin, captus pravis cupidinibus, ad inertiam et voluptates corporis pessum datus est, perniciosa
libidine paulisper usus, ubi per socordiam vires, tempus,
ingenium defluxere, nature infirmitas accusatur: suam
quisque culpam auctores ad negotia transferunt. Quod
si hominibus bonarum rerum  tanta cura esset, quanto
studio aliena ac nihil profutura multumque etiam periculosa petunt, neque regerentur magis, quam regerent casus,
et eo magnitudinis procederent, uti pro mortalibus gloriA
wterni fierent.
11. Nam uti genus hominum compositum est ex corpore
et aninia, ita res cunct.e studiaque omnia nostra, corpo



2              C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
ris alia, alia animi naturam sequ"untur. Igitur praBclara
facies, magne divitike, ad hoc vis corporis et alia omniahujuscemodi brevi dilabuntur; at ingenii egregia facinora,
sicuti anima, immortalia sunt. Postremo corporis et
fortunae bonorum ut initium, sic finis est, omniaque orta
occidunt, et aucta senescunt: animus incorruptus, seternus, rector humani generis, agit atque habet cuncta, neque
ipse habetur. Quo magis pravitas eorum admiranda est,
qui, dediti corporis gaudiis, per luxum atque ignaviam
wetatem agunt, ceterum ingenium, quo neque melius neque
amplius aliud in natura mortalium est, incultu atque socordia torpescere sinunt, quum prwesertim tam multae variseque sint artes animi, quibus summa claritudo paratur.
III. Veruim ex his magistratus et imperia, postremo
omnis cura rerum publicarum minime mihi hac tempestate cupienda videntur; quoniam neque virtuti honos
datur, neque illi, quibus per fraudem is fuit, utique tuti,
aut eo magis honesti sunt. Nam vi quidem regere patriam aut parentes quamquam et possis, et delicta corrigas,
tamen importunum est; quum preosertim omnes rerum
mutatipnes coedem, fugam aliaque hostilia portendant.
Frustra autem niti, neque aliud se fatigando nisi odium
qu.erere, extremn  dementite est: nisi forte queln inhonesta et perniciosa libido tenet potentiae paucorum decus
atque libertatem suam gratificari.
IV. Ceterum ex aliis negotiis, quoe ingenio exercentur,
in primis magno usui est memoria rerum gestarum:
cujus de virtute quia multi dixere, praetereundum puto,
simul, ne per insolentiam quis existimet memet studium
meum laudando extollere. Atque ego credo fore, qui,
quia decrevi procul a republica aetatem agere, tanto
tamque utili labori meo nomen inertiae imponant;. certe,




JUGURTHA.                    3
quibus maxima industria videtur salutare plebem et conviviis gratiam quearere. Qui si reputaverint, et quibus
ego temporibus magistratus adeptus sim, et quales viri
idem assequi nequiverint, et postea que genera hominum
in senatum pervenerint, profecto existimabunt me magis
merito quam ignavia judicium animi mei mutavisse, majusque commodum ex otio meo, quam ex aliorum negotiis,reipublicee venturum. Nam seepe ego audivi, Q. Maximum, P. Scipionem, praterea civitatis nostrae prseclaros
viros solitos ita dicere,'quum majorum imagines intuerentur, vehementissime sibi animum ad virtutem accendi.'
Scilicet non ceram illam neque figuram tantam vim in
sese habere, sed memoria rerum gestarum eam flammam
egregiis viris in pectore crescere, neque priuis sedari,
quam virtus eorum famam atque gloriam adaequaverit.
At contra quis est omnium his moribus, quin divitiis et
sumptibus, non probitate neque industria cum majoribus
suis contendat? Etiam homines novi, qui antea per virtutem soliti erant nobilitatem antevenire, furtim et per
latrocinia potius quam bonis artibus ad imperia et honores nituntur; proinde quasi prastura et consulatus atque
alia omnia hujuscemodi per se ipsa clara et magnifica
sint, ac non perinde habeantur, ut eorum, qui ea sustinent,
virtus est. Veruim ego liberius altiusque processi, dum
me civitatis morum piget taedetque: nunc ad inceptum
redeo.
V. Bellum scripturus sum, quod populus Romanus cum
Jugurtha, rege Numidarum, gessit: primum, quia mag.
num et atrox variaque victoria fuit; dein, quia tune primum supe'biae nobilitatis obviam itum est. Quse contentio divina et humana cuncta permiscuit, e6que vecordim
processit, uti studiis civilibus bellum atque vastitas Italiwa




4             C. CRISPI SALLUSTI1
finem faceret. Sed priusquam hujuscemodi rei initium
expedio, pauca supra repetam, quo ad cognoscendum
omnia illustria magis magisque in aperto sint. Bello
Punico secundo, quo dux Carthaginiensium Hannibal post
magnitudinem nominis Romani Italiae opes maxima attriverat, Masinissa rex Numidarum, in amicitiam receptus
a P. Scipione, cui postea Africano cognomen ex virtute
fuit, multa et praclara rei militaris facinora fecerat, ob
qure, victis Carthaginiensibus et capto Syphace, cujus in
Africa magnum atque late imperium valuit, populus Romanus, quascumque urbes et agros manu ceperat, regi
dono dedit. Igitur amicitia Masinissae bona atque honesta nobis permansit: imperii vitaque ejus finis idem fuit.
Deinde Micipsa filius regnum solus obtinuit, Manastabale
et Gulussa fratribus morbo absumptis. Is Adherbalem et
Hiempsalem ex sese genuit; Jugurthamque, Manastabalis
fratris filium, quem Masinissa, quod ortus ex concubin&
erat, privatum reliquerat, eodem cultu, quo liberos suos,
domi habuit.
VI. Qui ubi primum adolevit, pollens viribus, decora
facie, sed multo maxime ingenio validus, non se luxu
neque inertia corrumpendum dedit; sed, uti mos gentis
illius est, equitare, jaculari, cursu cum requalibus certare:
et, quum omnes gloria antei'ret, omnibus tamen carus
esse; ad hoc pleraque tempora in venando agere, leonem
atque alias feras primus aut in primis ferire; plurimum
facere, et minimum ipse de se loqui. Quibus rebus Micip.
sa tametsi initio letus fuerat, existimans virtutem Jugur.
thin regno suo glorive fore, tamen, postquam hominem
adolescentem, exacta sua tetate, et parvis liberis, magis
magisque crescere intellegit, vehementer eo negotio permotus, multa cum animo suo volvebat. Terrebat eum




JUGURTHA.                    5
natura mortalium avida imperii et praeceps ad explendam
animi cupidinem, praeterea opportunitas suse liberorumque atatis, qua etiam mediocres viros spe praeda transversos agit, ad hoc studia Numidarum in Jugurtham accensa, ex quibus, si talem virum interfecisset, ne qua seditio aut bellum oriretur, anxius erat.
VII. His difficultatibus circumventus, ubi vide* neque
per vim neque insidiis opprimi posse hominem tam acceptum popularibus, quod erat Jugurtha manu promptus et
appetens gloriaE militaris, statuit eum objectare periculis.
et eo modo fortunam tentare. Igitur bello Numantino
Micipsa quum populo Romano equitum atque peditum
auxilia mitteret, sperans vel ostentando virtutem vel hostium sevitia facile eum occasurum, prmefecit Numidis,
quos in Hispaniam mittebat. Sed ea res longe aliter, ac
ratus erat, evenit. Nam Jugurtha, ut erat impigro atque
acri ingenio, ubi naturam P. Scipionis, qui tune Romanis
imperator erat, et morem hostium cognovit, multo labore
multaque cura, praeterea modestissime parendo et saepe
obviam eundo periculis in tantam claritudinem brevi pervenerat, ut nostris vehementer carus, Numantinis maximo
terrori esset. Ac sane, quod difficillimum in primiS est,
et prcelio strenuus erat, et bonus consilio; quorum alterum
ex providentia timorem, alterum ex audacia temeritatem
afferreplcrumque solet. Igitur imperator omnes fere res
asperas per Jugurtham agere, in amicis habere, magis
magisque eum in dies amplecti; quippe cujus neque consilium neque inceptum ullum frustra erat. Huc accedebat
munificentia animi et ingenii solertia, quis rebus sibi multos ex Romanis familiari amicitia conjunxerat.
VIII. Ea tempestate in exercitu nostro fudre complures
novi atque nobiles, quibus divitiae bono honestoque potio



6             C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
res erant, factiosi domi, potentes apud socios, clari magis
quam honesti, qui Jugurthae non mediocrem animum pollicitando accendebant,'si Micipsa rex occidisset, fore,
uti solus imperii Numidias potiretur: in ipso maximam
virtutem; Romee omnia venalia esse.' Sed postquam,
Numantia deleta, P. Scipio dimittere auxilia et ipse reverti
domum decrevit, donatum atque laudatum magnifice pro
concione Jugurtham in praetbrium abduxit, ibique secreto
monuit,' uti potius publice quam privatim  amicitiam
populi Romani coleret, neu quibus largiri insuesceret;
periculose a paucis emi, quod multorum esset. Si permanere vellet in suis artibus, ultro illi et gloriam et regnum
venturum; sin properantius pergeret, suamet ipsum pecunia prvecipitem casurum.'
IX. Sic locutus, cum litteris eum, quas Micipse redderet, dimisit. Earum sententia hkec erat: "Jugurthae
tui bello Numantino long6 maxima virtus fuit; quam rem
tibi certo scio gaudio esse. Nobis ob merita sua carus
est: uti idem senatui et populo Romano sit, summa ope
nitemur. Tibi quidem pro nostra amicitia gratulor. Eni
habes virum dignum te atque avo suo Masinissa." Igitur
rex, ubi ea, quae fama acceperat, ex litteris imperatoris ita
esse cognovit, quum virtute tur gratia viri permotus,
flexit animum  suum, et Jugurtham  beneficiis vincere
aggressus est; statimque eum adoptavit, et testamento
pariter cum filiis heredem instituit. Sed ipse paucos post
annos, morbo atque aetate confectus, quum sibi finem vitam
adesse intelligeret, coram amicis et cognatis, itemque
Adherbale et Hiempsale filiis, dicitur hujuscemodi verba
cum Jugurtha habuisse.
X. "Paivum ego te, Jugurtha, amisso patre, sine spe
sine opibus in meum regnum accepi, existimans non




JUGURTHA.                    7
miniIs me tibi quam [liberis,] si genuissen, ob beneficia
carum fore: nequde ea res falsum me habuit. Nam, ut
alia magna et egregia tua omittam, novissime, rediens
Numiantia, meque regnumque meum gloria honoravisti,
tuique virtute nobis Romanos ex amicis amicissimos
fecisti; in Hispania nomen familis renovatum est; postrerm, quod difficillimum inter mortales est, gloria invidiam  vicisti. Nunc, quonianm  mihi natura finem vitae
facit, per hanc dextram, per regni fidem moneo obtestorque te, uti hos, qui tibi genere propinqui, beneficio meo
fratres sunt, caros habeas; neu malis alienos adjungere,
quam sanguine conjunctos retinere. Non exercitus neque
thesauri praesidia regni sunt, verum amici, quos neque
armis cogere, neque auro parare queas; officio et fide
pariuntur. Quis autem amicior, quam frater fratri? aut
quem alienum fidurn invenies, si tuis hostis fueris? Equidem ego vobis regnum trado firmum, si boni eritis; sin
mali, imbecillum. Nam concordia parvae res crescunt,
discordia maximae dilabuntur. Ceterum ante hos te, Jugurtha, qui aotate et sapientia prior es, ne aliter quid
eveniat, providere decet; nam in omni certamine, qui
opulentior est, etiam si accipit injuriam, tamen quia plus
potest, facere videtur. Vos autem, Adherbal et Hiempsal, colite, observate talem hune virum; imitammni virtuter, et enitimini, ne ego meliores liberos sumpsisse videar,
quam genuisse."
XI. Ad ea Jugurtha, tametsi regem ficta locutum intelligebat, et ipse longe aliter animo agitabat, tamen pro
tempore benigne respondit. Micipsa paucis post diebus
moritur. Postquam illi more regio justa magnifice fecerant, reguli in unum convenere, uti inter se de cunctis
negotiis disceptarent. Sed Hiempsal, qui minimus ex illis
2




8             C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
erat, natura fejox, et jam ante ignobilitatem Jugurtha3,
quia materno genere impar erat, ldespiciens, dextera
Adherbalem  assedit, ne medius ex tribus, quod apud
Numidas honori ducitur, Jugurtha foret. Dein tarnen uti
etati concederet fatigatus a fratre, vix in partem alteram
transductus est. Ibi quum multa de administrando imperio dissererent, Jugurtha inter alias res jacit,'oportere
quinquennii consulta et decreta omnia rescindi; nam per
ea tempora confectum  annis- Micipsam  parum animo
valuisse.' Turn' idem' Hiempsal'placere sibi' respondit;'nam ipsum illum tribus proximis annis adoptatione in
regnium pervenisse.' Quod verbum in pectus Jugurthae
altius, quam quisquam ratus erat, descendit. Itaque ex
eo tempore ira et metu anxius moliri, parare, atque ea
rnodo animo habere, quibus Hiempsal per dolum caperetur. Quae ubi tardius procedunt, neque lenitur animus
ferox, statuit quovis modo inceptum perficere.
XII. Primo conventu, quem ab regulis factum supra
memoravi, propter dissensionem placuerat dividi thesauros, finesque imperii singulis constitui. Itaque tempus ad
utramque rem decernitur, sed maturius ad pecuniam distribuendam. Reguli interea in loca propinqua thesauris,
alius alio, concessere. Sed Hiempsal in oppido Thirmida
forte ejus domo utebatur, qui proximus lictor Jugurtha
carus acceptusque ei semper fuerat.. Quem  ille casu
ministrum oblatum promissis onerat, impellitque, uti tamquam suam visens domum eat, portarum claves adulterinas paret, nam verse ad Hiempsalem referebantur; ceterum,' ubi res postularet, se ipsum cum magna manu venturum.' Numida mandata brevi confecit, atque, ut doc
tus erat, noctu Jugurtha  milites introducit. Qui post
quam in aedes irrupdre, diversi regem querere, dormien



JUGURTHA.                    9
tes alios, alios occursantes interficere, scrutari loca abdita,
clausa effringere, strepitu et tumultu omnia miscere; quum
interim Hiempsal reperitur, occultans se in tugurio mulieris ancilk, qu  initio pavidus et ignarus loci perfugerat, Numide caput ejus, uti jussi erant, ad Jugurtham
referunt.
XIII. Ceterum fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam
brevi divulgatur: Adherbalem omnesque, qui sub imperio
Micipsae fuerant, metus invadit. In duas partes discedunt Numidee: plures Adherbalem sequuntur, sed illurn
alterum bello meliores. Igitur Jugurtha quam maximas
potest copias armat, urbes partim vi, alias voluntate imperio suo adjungit, omni Numidiae imperare parat. Adherbal, tametsi Romam legatos miserat, qui senatum docerent de eade fratris et fortunis suis, tamen fretus multitudine militum parabat armis'contendere. Sed ubi res
ad certamen venit, victus ex prcelio profugit in provinciam, ac deinde Romam contendit. Turn Jugurtha, patratis consiliis, postquam omnis Numidiae potiebatur, in
otio facinus suum cum animo reputans timere populum
Romanum, neque adversus iram ejus usquam, nisi in avaritia nobilitatis et pecunia sua, spem habere. Itaque paucis diebus cum auro et argento muto legatos Romam
mittit, quis kraecepit, primum' uti veteres amicos muneribus expleant, deinde novos acquirant, postremo quecumque possint largiendo parare, ne cunctentur.' Sed ubi
Romam legati venere, et ex praecepto regis hospitibus
aliisque, quorum ea tempestate in senatu auctoritas pollebat, magna munera misere, tanta commutatio incessit,
uti ex maxima invidia in gratiam et favorem nobilitatis
Jugurtha veniret, quorum pars spe, alii prxemio inducti
singulos ex senatu ambiendo nitebantur, ne graviis in




10             C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
eum consuleretur. Igitur ubi legati satis confidunt, die
constituto senatus utrisque datur. Turn Adherbalem hoc
modo locutum accepimus:
XIV. "Patres conscripti, Micipsa pater meus moriens
mihi praecepit,' uti regni Numidime taritummodo procurationem existimarem meam, ceteruim jus et imperium ejus
penes vos esse: simul eniterer domi militioeque quam maximo usui esse populo Romano; vos mihi cognatorum, vos
affinium loco ducerem: si ea fecissem, in vestra amicitia
exercitum, divitias, munimenta regni me habiturum.' Quae
quum prrecepta parentis mei agitarem, Jugurtha, homo
omniur, quos terra sustinet, sceleratissimus, contempto
imperio vestro, Masinissae me nepotem, et jam ab stirpe
socium atque amicum populi Romani, regno fortunisque
omnibus expulit. Atque ego, patres conscripti, quoniam
e6 miseriarum venturus eram, vellem potius ob mea quarn
ob majorum meorum beneficia posse a vobis auxilium
petere, ac maxime deberi mihi beneficia a populo Romano, quibus non egerem; secundum, ea si desideranda
erant, uti debitis uterer. Sed quoniam parum tuta per se
ipsa probitas est, neque mihi in manu fuit, Jugurtha qualis
foret, ad vos confugi, patres conscripti, quibus, quod mihi
miserrimum est, cogor prius oneri quam usui esse. Ceteri reges aut bello victi in amicitiam a vobis recepti
sunt, aut in suis dubiis rebus societatem vestram appetiverunt: familia nostra cum populo Romano bello Carthaginiensi amicitiam instituit, quo tempore magis fides ejus.
quam  fortuna petenda erat. Quorum  progeniem vos,
patres conscripti, nolite pati me, nepotem Masinisse.
frustra a vobis auxilium petere.
Si ad impetrandum nihil causma haberem preiter miserandam  fortunam, quod paulo ante rex genere, fama




JUGURTHA.                    1]
atque copiis potens, nunc deformatus aeunlnis, inops,
alienas opes exspecto, tamen erat majestatis populi Romnani prohibere injuriam, neque pati cujusquam regnun
per scelus crescere. Verum ego his finibus ejectus sum,
quos majoribus meis populus Romanus dedit; unde pater
et avus meus una vobiscum expulere Syphacem et Carthaginienses. Vestra beneficia mihi erepta sunt, patres
conscripti, vos in mea injuria despecti estis. Eheu me
miserum!   Huccine, Micipsa pater, beneficia tua evasere, uti, quem tu parem cum liberis tuis, regniqueparticipem  fecisti, is potissimum stirpis tuse extinctor sit?
Numquam    ergo familia nostra quieta erit? semperne
in sanguine, ferro, fuga versabimur?  Dum Carthaginienses incolumes fuere, jure omnia saeva patiebamur:
liostes ab latere, vos amici procul, spes omnis in armis
erat. Postquam  illa pestis ex Africa ejecta est, aeti
pacem agitabamus: quippe quis hostis nulnls erat, nisi
forte quem vos jussissetis. Ecce autem ex improviso Jugurtha intoleranda audacia, scelere atque superbia sese
efferens, fratre meo atque eodem propinquo suo interfecto, primum regnum ejus sceleris sui praedam fecit:
post, ubi me iisdem dolis nequit capere, nihil minus quam
vim aut bellum exspectantem in imperio vestro, sicuti
videtis, extorrem patria, domo, inopem et coopertum
miseriis effecit, ut ubivis tutius quam in meo regno essem.
"( Ego sic existimabam, patres conscripti, ut praedicantem audiveram patrem meum,'qui vestram amicitiam
diligenter colerent, eos multum laborem suscipere, ceterum ex omnibus maxime tutos esse.' Quod in famili&
nostra fuit, prsestitit, uti in omnibus bellis adesset vobis.
nos uti per otium tuti simus, in manu vestra est, patres
conscripti. Pater nos duos fratres reliquit; tertium, Ju2 




12            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
gurtham, beneficiis suis ratus est conjunctum nobis fore.
Alter eorum necatus est, alterius ipse ego manus inipias
vix effugi.  Quid agam? aut quo potissimum infelix
accedam? Generis presidia omnia exstincta sunt: pater,
uti necesse erat, naturae concessit; fratri, quemr minirma
decuit, propinquus per scelus vitam eripuit; affines, amicos, propinquos ceteros, alium alia clades oppressit: capti
ab Jugurtha pars in crucem acti, pars bestiis objecti sunt;
pauci, quibus relicta est anima, clausi in tenebris cum
mcerore et luctu morte graviorem  vitam  exigunt. Si
omnia, quae aut amisi, aut ex necessariis adversa facta
sunt, incolumia manerent, tamen, si quid ex improviso
mali accidisset, vos implorarem, patres conscripti, quibus
pro magnitudine imperii jus et injurias omnes curse esse
decet. Nunc vero exsul patria, domo, solus atque omnium honestarum rerum egens, qu6 accidam, aut quos
appellem? nationesne an reges, qui omnes familie nostra
ob vestram  amicitiam  infesti sunt? an qubquam  mihi
adire licet, ubi non majorum meorum hostilia monumenta
plurima sint? aut quisquam nostri misereri potest, qui
aliquando vobis hostis fuit?
Postremo Masinissa nos ita instituit, patres conscripti,'ne quem coleremus nisi populum Romanum, ne societates, ne foedera nova acciperemus; abunde magna prsesidia nobis in vestra amicitia fore; si huic imperio fortuna
mutaretur, un niobis occidendum esse.' Virtute ac dis
volentibus, magni estis et opulenti, omnia secunda et obedientia sunt; quo faciiius sociorum injurias curare licet.
Tantum illud vereor, ne quos privata ainicitia Jugurthae
parum cognita transversos agat, quos ego audio rnaxima
ope nlti, ambire, fatigare vos singulos,'ne quid de absente, incognita causa, statuatis: fingere me verba, et




JUGURTHA.                    18
fugarn simulare, cui licuerit in regno manere' Qubd
utinam ilium, cujus impio facinore in has miserias projectus sum, eadem hec simulantem videam, et aliquando aut
apud vos, aut apud deos immortales rerum- humanarum
cura oriatur! Nme ille, qui nune sceleribus suis ferox
atque praeclarus est, omnibus malis excruciatus, impietatis
in parentem nostrum, fratris mei necis mearumque miseriarum graves poenas reddet. Jam jam frater animo meo
carissime, quamquam tibi immaturo, et unde minime decuit, vita erepta est, tamen letandum magis quam dolendum puto casum tuum: non enim regnum, sed fugam,
exsilium, egestatem et omnes has, qume me prerunt,
erumnas cum anima simul amisisti. At ego infelix, in
tanta mala przecipitatus ex patrio regno, rerum humanarum spectaculum praebeo, incertus quid agam, tuasne injurias persequar, ipse auxilii egens, an regno consulam,
cujus vitar necisque potestas ex opibus alienis pendet.
Utinam emori fortunis meis honestus exitus esset, neu
vivere contemptus viderer, si defessus malis injuriae concessissem. Nune neque vivere libet, neque mori licet
sine dedecore. Patres conscripti, per vos, per liberos
atque parentes vestros, per majestatem populi Romani,
subvenite misero mihi, ite obviam injuriae, nolite pati regnum Numidiae, quod vestrum est, per scelus et sanguinem
familime nostrae tabescere."
XV. Postquam rex finem loquendi fecit, legati Jugurthie, largitione magis quam causa freti, paucis respondent:'Hiempsalem ob saevitiam suam ab Numidis interfectum: Adherbalem ultro bellum inferentem, postquan
superatus sit, queri, quod injuriam facere nequivisset:
Jugurtham ab senatu petere, ne se alium putarent, ac
Numantiae cognitus esset, neu verba inimici ante facta




14            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII.
sua ponerent.' Deinde utrique curia egrediuntur. Senatus statim  consulitur.  Fautores legatorum, praeterea
magna pars gratia depravata, Adherbalis dicta contemnere, Jugurthae virtutem extollere laudibus; gratia, voce,
denique omnibus modis pro alieno scelere et flagitio, sua
quasi pro gloria, nitebantur. At contra pauci, quibus
bonum  et aequum  divitiis carius erat,'subveniendum
Adherbali, et Hiempsalis mortem  severe vindicandam'
censebant: sed ex omnibus maximae Emilius Scaurus,
homo nobilis, impiger, factiosus, avidus potentile, honoris.
divitiarum, ceteruim vitia sua callide occultans. Is postquam videt regis largitionem famosam impudentemque,
veritus, quod in tali re solet, ne polluta licentia invidiam
accenderet, animum a consueta libidine continuit.
XVI. Vicit tamen in senatu pars illa, qume vero pretium
aut gratiam anteferebat. Decretum fit,'uti decem legati
regnum, quod Micipsa obtinuerat, inter Jugurtham et
Adherbalem dividerent.' Cujus legationis princeps fuit
L. Opimius, homo clarus et tune in senatu potens; quia
consul, C. Graccho et M. Fulvio Flacco interfectis, acerrim6 victoriam nobilitatis in plebem exercuerat. Eum
Jugurtha tametsi Romae in inimicis habuerat, tamen accuratissime recepit: dando et pollicitando multa perfecit,
uti famae, fidei, postremo omnibus suis rebus commodum
regis anteferret. Reliquos legatos eadem via aggressus,
plerosque capit: paucis carior fides quam pecunia fuit.
In divisione, quae pars Numidiae Mauretaniam attingit,
agro virisque opulentior, Jugurthab traditur; illam alteram
specie quam usu potiorem, quee portuosior et aodificiis
magis exornata erat, Adherbal possedit.
XVII. Res postulare videtur Africae situm paucis exponere, et eas gentes, quibuscum nobis bellumaut amicit



JUGURTHA.                   15
ia fuit, attingere. Sed quae loca et nationes ob calorem
aut asperitatem item solitudines minuis frequentata sunt, de
iis haud facile compertum narraverim; cetera quam paucissimis absolvam.
In divisione orbis terrae plerique in partem tertiam
Africam posuere: pauci tantummodo Asiam et Europam
esse, sed Africam in Europa. Ea fines habet ab occidente fretum nostri maris et Oceani; ab ortu solis declivem latitudinem, quem locum Catabathmon incolae appellant. Mare seevum, importuosum; ager frugum fertilis,
bonus pecori, arbore infecundus; ccelo terraque penuria
aquarum. Genus hominum salubri corpore, velox, patiens
laborum: plerosque senectus dissolvit, nisi qui ferro aut
bestiis interiere, nam morbus haud saepe quemquam superat. Ad hoc malefici generis plurima animalia. Sed
qui mortales initio Africam habuerint, quique postea accesserint, aut quomodo inter se permixti sint, quamquam
ab ea fama, quae plerosque obtinet, diversum est, tamen,
uti ex libris Punicis, qui regis Hiempsalis dicebantur, interpretatum nobis est, utique rem sese habere cultores
ejus terram putant, quam paucissimis dicam: ceterum fides
ejus rei penes auctores erit.
XVIII. Africam initio habu.re Gaetuli et Libyes, asperi incultique, quis cibus erat caro ferinaatque humipabulum, uti pecoribus. Hi neque moribus neque lege, aut
imperio cujusquam regebantur: vagi, palantes, qua nox
coegerat, sedes habebant. Sed postquam in Hispania
Hercules, sicuti Afri putant, interiit, exercitus ejus, compositus ex variis gentibus, amisso duce, ac passim multis,
sibi quisque, imperium petentibus, brevi dilabitur. Ex eo
numero Medi, Persae et Armenii, navibus in Afrlcan)
transvecti, proximos nostro mari locos occupav6re, sed




16            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
Persai intra Oceanum magis: hique alveos navium inversos pro tuguriis habuere, quia neque materia in agris,
neque ab Hispanis emendi aut mutandi copia erat:,mare
magnum et ignara lingua commercia prohibebant. Hi
paulatir per connubia Gaetulos secum miscuere; et quia
seepe tentantes agros, alia deinde alia loca petiverant,
semet ipsi Nomadas appellavere. Ceterum adhuc adificia Numidarum agrestium, quse mapalia illi vocant, oblonga, incurvis lateribus tecta, quasi navium carinae sunt.
Medi autem et Armenii, accessere Libyes; (nam hi propius mare Africum  agitabant, Gaetuli sub sole magis,
haud procul ab ardoribus:) hique mature oppida habuere;
nam freto divisi ab Hispanih&mutare res inter se instituerant. Nomen eorum paulatim Libyes corrupere, barbara
lingua Mauros pro Medis appellantes. Sed res Persarum
brevi adolevit; ac postea, nomine Numidae, propter multitudinem a parentibus digressi, possedere ea loca, quae
proxime Carthaginem Numidia appellatur. Deinde utrique alteris freti, finitimos armis aut metu sub imperium
suum coegere, nomen gloriamque sibi addidere; magis
hi, qui ad nostrum mare processerant, quia Libyes quam
Gaetuli minus bellicosi. Denique Africa: pars inferior
pleraque ab Numndis possessa est; victi omnes in gentem
nomenque imperantium concessere.
XIX. Postea Phcenices, alii multitudinis domi minuendae gratia, pars imperii cupidine, sollicitata plebe ct
aliis novarum  rerum  avidis, Ilipponem, Hadrumetum,
Iptim aliasque urbes in ora maritima condidere; hecque
brevi multum auctas, pars originibus suis praesidio, aliae
decori fuere. Nam de Cartllagine tacere melius puto
quam  parum  dicere, quoniam alio properare tempus
monet. Igitur ad Catabathmon, qui locus iEgyptum ab




JUGURTHA.                   17
Africa dividit, secundo mari prima Cyrene est colonia
Therm6n, ac deinceps duam Syrtes, interque eas Leptis,
deinde Philano6n are, quem locum  rEgyptum  versus
finem imperii habuere Carthaginienses; post aliae Punice
trl)es. Cetera loca usque ad Mauretaniam  Numidra
lenent: proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt. Super Numidiam Gxetulos accepimus, partim in tuguriis, alios incultius vagos agitare, post eos _Ethiopas esse, dein loca exusta solis ardoribus. Igitur bello Jugurthino pleraque ex
Punicis oppida et fines Carthagiensium, quos novissime
habuerant, populus Romanus per magistratus administrabat: Gatulorum magna pars, et Numida uisque ad
flumen Mulucham sub Jugurtha erant: Mauris omnibus
rex Bocchus imperitabat, praeter nomen cetera ignarus
populi Romani, itemque nobis neque bello neque pace
antea cognitus. De Africa et ejus incolis ad necessitudinem rei satis dictum.
XX. Postquam, diviso regno, legati Africa decessdre,
et Jugurtha contra timorem animi proemia sceleris adeptum sese videt, certum ratus, quod ev amicis apud Numantiam acceperat, omnia Romae vepalia esse, simul et
illorum pollicitationibus accensus, quos paulo ante muneribus expleverat, in regnum Adherbalis animum intendit. Ipse acer, bellicosus; at is, quem petebat, quietus,
imbellis, placido ingenio, opportunus injuriae, metuens
magis quam metuendus. Igitur ex improviso fines ejus
cum magna manu invadit; multos mortales cum pecore
atque alia praeda capit, aedificia incendit, pleraque loca
hostiliter cum equitatu accedit: deinde cum omni multitudine in regnum suumn convertit; existimans dolore permotum Adherbalem   injurias suas manu vindicaturum,




18            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII.
eamque rem belli causam fore. At ille, quod neque se
parem armis existimabat, et amicitia populi Romani magis quam Numidis fretus erat, legatos ad Jugurtham de
injuriis questum misit: qui tametsi contumeliosa dicta
retulerant, prius tamen omnia pati decrevit, quam bellum
sumere, quia tentatum antea secus cesserat. Neque eo
magis cupido Jugurthae minuebatur; quippe qui totum
ejus regnum animo jam invaserat. Itaque non, ut antea,
cum praedatoria manu, sed magno exercitu comparato
bellum gerere ccepit, et aperte totius Numidice imperium
petere. Ceterum, qua pergebat, urbes, agros vastare,
praedas agere; suis animum, hostibus terrorem augere.
XXI. Adherbal ubi intellegit e6 processum, uti regnum aut relinquendum esset, aut armisretinendum,necessario copias parat, et Jugurthm obvius procedit. Interim haud longe a mari, prope Cirtam oppidum, utriusque consedit exercitus, et quia diei extremum erat, prselium non inceptum. Sed ubi plerumque noctis processit,
obscuro etiamtum lumine, milites Jugurthini, signo dato,
castra hostium invadunt; semisornnos partim, alios arma
sumentes fugant funduntque. Adherbal cum paucisequitibus Cirtam profugit; et, ni multitudo togatorum fuisset,
quae Numidas insequentes mcenibus pronibuit, uno die
inter duos reges cceptum atque patratum bellum foret.
Igitur Jugurtha oppidum circumsedit, vineis turribusque
et machinis omnium  generum expugnare aggreditur;
maxime festinans tempus legatorum  antecapere, quos,
ante proelium factum, ab Adherbale Rornammissosaudiverat.  Sed postquam senatus de bello eorum accepit,
tres adolescentes in Africam legantur, qui ambos reges
adeant, senatus populique Romani verbis nuntient, vello




JUGURTHA,                    19
et censere eos ab armis discedere; de controversiis suis
jure potiuis quam bello disceptare: ita seque illisque dignum esse'
XXII. Legati in Africam maturantes veniunt, eo magis, quod Romae, dum proficisci parant, de proelio facto
et oppugnatione Cirtze audiebatur: sed is rumor clemens
erat.  Quorum, Jugurtha, accepta oratione, respondit:'sibi neque majus quicquam neque carius auctoritate
senati esse; ab adolescentia ita se enisum, uti ab optimo
quoque probaretur: virtute, non malitia P. Scipioni, summo viro, placuisse; ob easdem artes ab Micipsa, non
)enuria liberorum, in regnum adoptatum esse. Ceterlum
quo plura bene atque strenue fecisset, eo animum suum
iljuriam  minus tolerare.  Adherbalem dolis vitee suae
insidiatum; quod ubi comperisset, sceleri ejus obviam
tsse.  Populum Romanum neque recte neque pro bono
facturum, si ab jure gentium sese prohibuerit. Postremo
de omnibus rebus iegatos Romam bre.vi missurum.' Ita
utrique digrediuntur. Adherbalis appellandi copia non
fuit.
XXIII. Jugurtha ubi eos Africa decessisse ratus est,
neque propter loci naturam  Cirtam  armis expugnare
potest, vallo atque fossa mcenia circumdat,'turres exstruit, easque presidiis firmat: prmaterea dies noctesque
aut per vim, aut dolis tentare; defensoribus moenium
prcomia modo, modo formidinem ostentare; suos hortando ad virtutem arrigere; prorsus intentus cuncta parare.
Adherbal ubi intellegit omnes suas fortunas in extremo
sitas, hostem infestum, auxilii spem nullam, penuria rerum necessariarum bellum trahi non posse, ex his, qui
una Cirtam profugerant, duos, maxime impigros delegit;
eos multa pollicendo ac miserando casuni suum con3




20            C. CRISPI SALLUSITI
firmat, uti per hostium munitiones noctu ad proximun
mare, dein Romam pergerent.
XXIV. Numidce paucis diebus jussa efficiunt; litters
Adherbalis in senatu recitatse, quarum sententia haec fuit.
"Non mea culpa saepe ad vos oratum mitto, patres
conscripti, sed vis Jugurthas subigit, quem tanta libido
exstinguendi me invasit, uti neque vos necue deos immortales in animo habe'at, sanguinem meum quam omnia malit. Itaque quintum jam menseml socius et amicus populi Romani armis obsessus teneor, neque mihi
Micipsae patris mei beneficia; neque vestra decreta auxiliantur: ferro an fame acritis urgear, incertus sum.
Plura de Jugurtha scribere dehortatur me fortuna mea,
et jam antea expertus sum parum fidei mriseris esse: nisi
tamen intelligo ilium supra, quam ego sum, petere, neque
simul amicitiam  vestram  et regnum  meum  sperare:
utrum  gravius existimet, nemini occultumn est.  Nam
initio occidit Iliempsalem, fratrem meum, deinde patrio
regno me expulit. Quae sane fuerint nostree injuriae,
nihil ad vos. Verum nunc vestrum regnum armis tenet,
me, quemn vos imperatorem Numidis posuistis, clausum
obsidet; legatorum verba quanti fecerit, pericula mea
declarant. - Quid reliquum, nisi vis vestra, quo moveri
possit? Nam ego quidem vellem, et hrec, quao scribo, et
illa, qum antea in senatu questus sum, vana forent potiis,
quam miseria mea fidem verbis faceret. Sed quoniameo
natus sum, ut Jugurtha? scelerum ostentui essem, non jam
mortem neque arumnas, tantummodo inimici imperium
et cruciatus corporis deprecor. Regno Numidixe, quod
vestrum est, uti libet, consulite: me manibusimpiiseripite, per majestatem imperii, per amicitime fidem, si ulla
npud vos memoria remanet avi mei Masinissae."




JUGURTHA.                   21
XXV. His litteris recitatis, fuere, qui'exercitum in
Africam mittendum' censerent,' et quam primum Adherbali subveniendum: de Jugurtha interim utl consuleretur, qloniam legatis non paruisset.' Sed ab iisdem illis
regis fautoribus summa ope enisum, ne tale decretum
ficret. Ita bonum publicum, ut in plerisque negotiis solet, privata gratia devictum. Legantur tamen in Africam
majores natu, nobiles, amplis honoribus usi; in quis fuit
M. Scaurus, de quo supra memoravimus, consularis, et
tune in senatu princeps. Hi, quod res in invidia erat,
simul et ab Numidis obsecrati, triduo navim ascendere:
deinde brevi Uticam appulsi litteras ad Jugurtham mittunt,'quam ocissime ad provinciam accedat, seque ad
eum ab senatimissos.' Ille ubi accepit homines claros,
quorum auctoritatem Roma pollere audiverat, contra
inceptum suum venisse, primo commotus, metu atque
libidine diversus agitabatur.  Timebat iram  senati, ni
paruisset legatis: porro animus cupidine caecus ad inceptum scelus rapiebat. Vicit tamen in avido ingenio pravum consilium. Igitur, exercitu circumdato, summa vi
Cirtam irrumpere nititur; maxime sperans, diducta manu
hostium, aut vi aut dolis sese casum victorise inventurum.
Quod ubi secus procedit, neque, quod intenderat, efficere
potest, uti priuis, quam  legatos conveniret, Adherbalis
potiretur, ne amplius morando Scaurum, quem plurimum
metuebat, incenderet, cum paucis equitibus in provinciamn
venit. Ac tametsi senati verbis graves minm nuntiabantur, quod ab oppugnatione non desisteret, multa tamen
oratione consumpta, legati frustra discessere.
XXVI. Ea postquam Cirte audita sunt, Italici, quorum virtute mcenia defensabantur, confisi, deditione facta
propter magnitudinem populi Romani inviolatos sese fore




~22 ~      C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
Adherbali suadent;' uti seque et oppidum Jugurthae tradat; tantum ab co vitam paciscatur, de ceteris senatui
curoe fore.' At ille, tametsi omnia potiora fide Jugurtha,
rebatur, tamen, quia penes eosdem, si adversaretur, cogendi potestas erat, ita, uti censuerant Italici, deditionem
facit.  Jugurtha in primis Adherbalem  excruciatum
necat; deinde omnes puberes Numidas et negotiatores
promiscue, uti quisque armatis obvius fuerat, interfecit.
XXVII. Quod postquam Romoe cognitum est, et res in
scnatu agitari ccepta; iidem illi ministri regis interpellando, ac saepe gratia interdum jurgiis trahendo tempus,
atrocitatern facti leniebant. Ac ni C. Memmius, tribunus plebis designatus, vir acer et infestus potentiae nobilitatis, populum Romanum edocuisset't  agi, uti per
paucos factiosos Jugurthae scelus condonaretur,' profecto
omnis invidia prolatandis consultationibus dilapsa foret:
tanta vis gratiam atque pecuniee regis erat. Sed ubi senatus delicti conscientia populum timet, lege Sempronia
provinciae futuris consulibus Numidia atque Italia decretae,
consules declarati P. Scipio Nasica, L. Bestia Calpurnius. Calpurnio Numidia, Scipioni Italia obvenit. Deinde exercitus, qui in Africam portaretur, scribitur: stipendium aliaque, quse bello usui forent, decernuntur.
XXVIII. At Jugurtha, contra spem nuntio accepto,
quippe cui Romae omnia venum ire in animo hleseiat,
filium et cum eo duos familiares ad senatum legatos mit.
tit; hisque, ut illis, quos Hiempsale interfecto miserat,
pracepit,'omnes mortales pecunia aggrediantur.' Qui
postquam Romam adventabant, senatus a Bestia consultus est,'placeretne legatos Jugurthm recipi mcenibus:
iique decrevere,'nisi regnum ipsumque deditum venissent. uti in diebus proximis decem  Italia decederent




JUGURTHA.                   23
Consul Numidis ex senati decreto nuntiari jubet: ita infectis rebus illi domum discedunt. Interim Calpurnius,
parato exercitu, legat sibi homines nobiles, factiosos,
quorum auctoritate, quxe deliquisset, munita fore sperabat: in quis fuit Scaurus, cujus de natura et habitu supra
memoravimus. Nam in consule nostro multme bonaeque
artes animi et corporis erant, quas omnes avaritia prepediebat. Patiens laborum, acri ingenio, satis providens,
belli haud ignarus, firmissimus contra pericula et insidias.
Sed legiones per Italiam Rhegium atque inde Siciliam,
porro ex Sicilia in Africam transvecta. Igitur Calpurnius initio, paratis commeatibus, acriter Numidiam ingressus est, multosque mortales et urbes aliquot pugnando
cepit.
XXIX. Sed ubi Jugurtha per legatos pecunia tentare,
bellique, quod administrabat, asperitatem ostendere ccepit, animus cager avaritia facile conversus est. Ceterurn socius et administer omnium consiliorum assumitur
Scaurus; qui tametsi a principio, plerisque ex factione
ejus corruptis, acerrime regem impugnaverat, tamen
magnitudine pecunim. a bono honestoque in pravum abstractus est.  Sed Jugurtha primo tantummodo belli
moram redimebat, existimans sese aliquid interim Roma
pretio aut gratia effecturum; postea vero quam participem negotii Scaurum  accepit, in maximam spem adductus recuperandae pacis, statuit cumn is de omnibus
pactionibus praesens agere. Ceterum interea fidei causa
mittitur a consule Sextius qusestor in oppidum Jugurthm
Vaccam; cujus rei species erat acceptio frumenti, quod
Calpurnius palam legatis imperaverat, quoniam deditioms morli inducise agitabantur. Igitur rex, uti constituerat, in castra venit; ac pauca, preesenti consilio, locutus
3*




24            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
de invidia facti sui, atque in deditionem uti acciperetur.
reliqua cum Bestia et Scauro secreta transigit: dein postero die, quasi per saturam exquisitis sententiis, in deditionem accipitur. Sed, uti pro consilio imperatum erat,
elephanti triginta, pecus atque equi multi cum parvo
argenti pondere quaestori traduntur. Calpurnius Romam
ad magistratus rogandos proficiscitur. In Numidia et
exercitu nostro pax agitabatur.
XXX. Postquam res in Africa gestas, quoque modo
acte forent, fama divulgavit, Romte per omnes locos et
conventus de facto consulis agitari. Apud plebem gravis invidia; patres solliciti erant; probarentne tantum
flagitium, an decretum consulis subverterent, parum constabat: ac maxime eos potentia Scauri, quod is auctor et
socius Bestia ferebatur, a vero bonoque impediebat. At
C. Memmius, cujus de libertate ingenii et odio potentice
nobilitatis supra diximus,i(inter dubitationem et moras
senati concionibus popuium  ad vindicandum hortari,
monere, ne rempublicam, ne libertatem suam desererent;
multa superba et crudelia facinora nobilitatis ostendere'
prorsus intentus omni modo plebis animum accendebat.
Sed, quoniam ea tempestate Romeo Memmii facundia
clara pollensque fuit, decere existimavi unam ex tam
multis orationem ejus perscribere, ac potissimum ea dicam, que in concione post reditum Bestia hujuscemodi
verbis disseruit.
XXXI. "Multa me dehortantur a vobis, Quirites, ni
studium reipublica omnia superet, opes factionis, vestra
patientia, jus nullum, ac maxime, quod innocentia plus
periculi quam honoris est. Nam illa quidem piget dicere, his annis quindecim quam ludibrio fueritis superbias paucorum; quam foede quamque inulti perierint




JUGURTHA.                    25
vestri defensores; ut vobis animus ab ignavia atque so.
cordia corruptus sit, qui ne nunc quidem, obnoxiis in.
imicis, exsurgitis, atque etiam nunc timetis eos,quibus vos
decet terrori esse. Sed quamquam haec talia sunt, tamen
obviam ire factionis potentiae animus subigit. Certe ego
libertatem, qua mihi a parente tradita est, experiar: verum id frustra an ob rem faciam, in vestra manu situm
est, Quirites. Neque ego vos hortor, quod sepe majorcs
vestri fecere, uti contra injurias armati eatis. Nihil vi,
nihil secessione opus est: necesse est, suomet ipsi more
praecipites eant.  Occiso Tiberio Graccho, quem reg.
num  parare aiebant, in plebem  Romanam quzestiones
habitze sunt. Post C. Gracchi et M. Fulvii caedem, item
vestri ordinis multi mortales in carcere necati sunt:
utriusque cladis non lex, verutm libido eorum finem fecit.
Sed sane fuerit regni paratio plebi sua restituere: quidquid sine sanguine civium ulcisci nequitur, jure facturn
sit, Superioribus annis taciti indignabamini aerarium
expilari, reges et populos liberos paucis nobilibus vectigal
pendere, penes eosdem et summam gloriam, et maximas
divitias esse: tamen hac talia facinora impune suscepisse
parum habuere, itaque postrerno leges, majestas vestra,
divina et humana omnia hostibus tradita sunt. Neque
cos, qui ca fecere, pudet aut pcenitet, sed incedunt per
ora vestra magnifici, sacerdotia et consulatus, pars triumphos sues ostentantes, perinde quasi ea honori, non praedw habeant. Servi were parati imperia injusta domino.
rum non perferunt: vos, Quirites, imperio nati, equo animo servitutem toleratis? At qui sunt hi, qui rempublicanl
occupavCre? Homines sceleratissimi, cruentis manibus,
immani avaritia, nocentissimi iidemque superbissimi;
quis fides, decus, pietas, postremo honesta atque inho



26            C. CRISPI SALLUSTI!
nesta, omnia qumstui sunt. Pars eorum occidlsse tribunos plebis, alii qusestiones injustas, plerique cdem in
vos fecisse pro munimento habent. Ita quam quisque
pcssime fecit, tam maxime tutus est; metum a scelere
suo ad ignaviam vestram transtulere: quos omnes eadem
cupere, eadem odisse, eadem metuere in unum coegit: sed
haec inter bonos amicitia, inter malos factio est. Quod
si tam vos libertatis curam haberetis, quam illi ad dominationem accensi sunt, profecto neque respublica, sicuti
nunc, vastaretur, et beneficia vestra penes optimos, non
audacissimos forent. Majores vestri parandi juris et majestatis constituende gratia bis per secessionem arrnati
Aventinum occupavere: vos pro libertate, quam ab illis
accepistis, non summa ope nitemini? atque eo vehementius, quod majus dedecus est parta amittere, quam omnino non paravisse. Dicet aliquis: "Quid igitur censes?"
Vindicandum in eos, qui hosti prodidere rempublicam;
non manu neque vi, quod magis vos fecisse quam illis
accidisse indignum est, verum quaestionibus et indicio ip
sius Jugurthae, qui si dedititius est, profecto jussis vestris
obediens erit; sin ea contemnit, scilicet existimabitis qualis illa pax aut deditio sit, ex qua ad Jugurtham scelerum
impunitas, ad paucos potentes maximae divitiae, in rempublicam damna atque dedecora pervenerint. Nisi forte
nondum etiam vos dominationis eorum satietas tenet, et
illa quam hEec tempora magis placent, quum regna, provinciae, leges, jura, judicia, bella, atque, paces, postremo
divina et humana omnia penes paucos erant; vos autem,
hoc est populus Romanus, invicti ab hostibus, imperatores
omnium gentium, satis habebatis animam retinere; nar
servitutem quidem quis vestrum recusare audebat? Atque
ego, tametsi flagitiosissimum existimo impune injuriam




JUGURTHA.                    21
acceisse, tamen vos hominibus sceleratissimis ignoscere,
quoniam cives sunt, sequo animo paterer, nisi misericordia
in perniciem casura esset. Nam et illis, quantum importunitatis habent, parum est impune male fecisse, nisi deinde faciendi licentia eripitur, et vobis mterna sollicittdo
remanebit, quum intelligetis aut serviendum esse, aut per
rnanus libertatem retinendam.  Nam fidei quidem aut
concordise quze spes est? Dominari illi volunt, vos liberi
esse; facere illi injurias, vos prohibere; postremo sociis
vestris veluti hostibus, hostibus pro sociis utuntur. Potestne in tam diversis mentibus pax aut amicitia esse?
Quare moneo hortorque vos, ne tantum scelus impunitum
omittatis..-Non peculatus terarii factus est, neque per vim
sociis ereptae pecunite; quse quamquam gravia sunt, tamen consuetudine jam pro nihilo habentur: hosti acerrimo prodita senati auctoritis, proditum imperium vestrum; domi militikeque respublica venalis fuit. Quae nisi
quaesita erunt, ni vindicatum in noxios, quid erit reliquum,
nisi ut illis, qui ea fecere, obedientes vivamus? nam impune qu3elibet facere, id est regem esse. Neque ego vos,
Quirites, hortor, ut malitis cives vestros perperam quam
rect6 fecisse, sed ne ignoscendo malis bonos perditum
eatis. Ad hoc in republica multo praestat beneficii quam
maleficii immemorem esse; bonus tantummodo segnior
fit, ubi negligas, at malus improbior. Ad hoc si injuriae
non sint, haud szepe auxilii egeas."
XXXII. HaEc atque alia hujuscemodi scpe dicendo,.Memmius populo persuadet, uti L. Cassius, qui tune prUe.
tor erat, ad Jugurtham mitteretur, eumque, interpositt
fide publica, Romam duceret, quo facilius indicio regs,
Scauri et reliquorum, quos pecunia captae arcessebant,
delicta patefierent.  Dum hlec Romae geruntur, qui in




28           CC. CRISPI SALLUSTII
Numidia' relicti a Bestia exercitui prveerant, secuti morenl
imperatoris sui, plurima et flagitiosissima facinora fecire.
Fuere, qui auro corrupti elephantos Jugurthae traderent:
alii perfugas vendere, pars ex pacatis praedas agebant:
tanta vis avaritime animos eorum veluti tabes invaserat.
At Cassius, perlata rogatione a C. Memmio, ac perculs
omni nobilitate, ad Jugurtham proficiscitur; ~Eque timido
et ex conscientia diffidenti rebus suis persuadet,'quoniam
se populo Romano dedidisset, ne vim quam misericordiam  ejus experiri mallet.'  Privatim  prseterea fidem
suam interponit, quam ille non minoris quam publicam
ducebat. Talis ea tempestate fama de Cassio erat.
XXXIII. Igitur Jugurtha, contra decus regium, cultu
quam maxime miserabili cum Cassio Romam venit. Ac
tametsi in ipso magna vis animi erat, confirmatus ab omnibus, quorum potentia aut scelere cuncta ea gesserat, quT
supra diximus C. Baebium tribunum plebis magna mercede
parat, cujus impudentia contra jus et injurias omnes munitus foret. At C. Memmius, advocata concione, quamquam regi infesta plebes erat, et pars'in vincula duci'
jubebat, pars,' ni socios sceleris sui aperiret, more majorum de hoste supplicium sumi,' dignitati quam irme magis consulens, sedare motus, et animos eorum mollire;
postremo confirmare'fidem publicam per sese inviolatam
fore.' Post, ubi silentium ccepit, producto Jugurtha, verba
facit; Romam Numidiaeque facinora ejus memorat, scelera
in patrem fratresque ostendit.'Quibus juvantibus quibusque ministris ea egerit, quamquam intelligat populus Romanus, tamen velle manifesta magis ex illo habere. Si
verum aperiat, in fide et clementia populi Romani magnam spem illi sitam: sin reticeat, non sociis saluti-fore,
sed se suasque spes corrupturum.'




JUGURTHA.                    29
XXXIV. Deinde, ubi Memmius dicendi finem fecit, et
Jugurtha respondere jussus est, C Baebius tribunus plebis,
quem pecunia corruptum  supra diximus, regem tacere
jubet: ac tametsi multitudo, quae in concione aderat,
vehementer accensa terrebat eum clamore, vultu, saepe
impetu atque aliis omnibus, qume ira fieri amat, vicit tamen
impudentia.  Ita populus ludibrio habitus ex concione
discedit: Jugurthae Bestiamque et ceteris, quos illa quaestio
exagitabat, animi augescunt.
XXXV. Erat ea tempestate Romm Numida quidam,
nomine Massiva, Gulussae filius, Masinissse nepos; qui,
quia, in dissensione regum Jugurthae adversus fuerat,
dedita Cirta, et Adherbale interfecto, profugus ex Africa
abierat. Huic Sp. Albinus, qui proximo anno post Bestiam cum Q. Minucio Rufo consulatum gerebat, persuadet,' quoniam ex stirpe Masinissee sit, Jugurthamque
ob scelera invidia cum metu urgeat, regnum Numidie
ab senatu petat.' Avidus consul belli gerendi moveri,
quam senescere omnia malebat; ipsi provincia Numidia,
Minucio Macedonia evenerat.'Que postquam Massiva
agitare cepit, neque Jugurthe in amicis satis presidii
est, quod eorum alium conscientia, alium mala fama et
timor impediebat, Bomilcari, proximo ac maxime fido
sibi, imperat,'pretio,' sicuti multa confecerat,'insidia.
tores Massivae paret, ac maxime occultS, sin id parum
procedat, quovis modo Numidam interficiat.' Bomilcar
mature regis mandata exsequitur; et per homines talis
negotii artifices itinera egressusque ejus, postremo loca
atque tempora cuncta explorat; deinde, ubi res postulabat, insidias tendit. Igitur unus ex eo numero, qui ad
caedem parati erant, paulo inconsultiis Massivamaggreditur, illum  obtruncat; sed ipse deprehensus, multis hor



30            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII.
tantibus et in primis Albino consule, indicium profitetur.
Fit reus magis ex equo bonoque quarm ex jure gentium
Bomilcar, comes ejus, qui Romam fide publica venerat.
At Jugurtha manifestus tanti sceleris non prius omisit
contra verum niti, quam animum advertit supra gratiam
atque pecuniar suam invidiam facti esse. Igitur, quamquam in priore actione ex amicis quinquaginta vades
dederat, regno magis quam vadibus consulens clam in
Numidiam Bomilcarem dimittit, veritus ne reliquos populares metus invaderet parendi sibi, si de illo supplicium
sumptum foret, et ipse paucis diebus profectus est, jussus ab senatu Italia decedere. Sed postquam Roma egressusest,fertur smepe e6 tacitus respiciens postremo dixisse:' urbem venalem et mature perituram, si emptorem
invenerit.'
XXXVI. Interim Albinus, renovato bello, commeatum, stipendium aliaque, qume militibus usui forent, maturat
in Africam portare; ac statim ipse profectus, uti ante
comitia, quod tempus haud longe aberat, armis aut deditione aut quovis modo bellum conficeret. At contra
Jugurtha trahere omnia, et alias, deinde alias moree causas facere; polliceri deditionem, ac deinde metum simulare; instanti cedere, et paulo post, ne sui diffiderent,
instare: ita belli modo, modo pacis mora consulem ludificare. Ac fuire, qui tum Albinum haud ignarum consilii regis existimarent; neque ex tanta properantia tam
facile tractumn bellum socordia magis quam dolo crederent. Sed postquam, dilapso tempore, comitiorum dies
adventabat, Albinus, Aulo fratre in castris pro prcetore
relicto, Romam decessit.
XXXVII. Ea tempestate Romas seditionibus tribuniciis atrociter respublica agitabatur. P. Lucullus et L.




JUGURTHA.                   31
Annius, tribuni plebis, resistentibus collegis, continuare
magistratum nitebantur: qute dissensio totius anni comitia impediebat. Ea mora in spem adductus Aulus, quern
pro prietore in castris relictum supra diximus, aut confiieendi belli aut terrore exercitus ab rege pecunia capiendae, milites mense Januario ex hibernis in expeditionenl
evocat, rrmagnisque itineribus, hieme aspera, pervenit ad
oppidum Suthul, ubi regis thesauri erant. Quod quaniquam et saevitia temporis et opportunitate loci neque capi
neque obsideri poterat; nam circum murum, situm in
praerupti montis extremo, planities limosa hiemalibus
aquis paludem fecerat; tamen, aut simulandi gratia, quo
regi formidinem adderet, aut cupidine caocus ob thesauros
oppidi potiundi, vineas agere, aggerem jacere, aliaque,
quae incepto usui forent, properare.
XXXVIII. At Jugurtha, cognita vanitate atque imperitia legati, subdolus ejus augere amentiam, missitare
supplicantes legatos, ipse quasi vitabundus per saltuosa
loca et tramites exercitum ductare.  Denique Aulum
spe pactionis perpulit, uti, relicto Suthule, in abditas regiones sese veluti cedentem insequeretur:'ita delicta
occultiora fore.' Interea per horines callidos die noctuque exercitum tentabat; centuriones ducesque turmarum, partim  uti transfugerent, corrumpere; alii, signo
dato, locum uti desererent.  Quae postquam ex sententia instruit, intempesta nocte de improviso  multitudine Numidarum Auli castra circumvenit. Milites Romani, perculsi tumultu insolito, arma capere alii, alii se
abdere, pars territos confirmare; trepidare omnibus locis
vis magna hostium, celum nocte atque nubibus obscuratum, periculum anceps: postremo fugere an manere
tutius foret, in incerto erat. Sed ex eo numero, quos
4




32             C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
paulo ante corruptos diximus, cohors una Ligurum cum
duabus turmis Thracum et paucis gregariis militibus
transierc ad regem, et centurio primi pili tertiee legionis
per munitionem, quarn, uti defenderet, acceperat, locum
hostibus introeundi dedit, eaque Numide cuncti irrupere. Nostri fceda fuga, plerique abjectis armis proximum collem occupavere. Nox atque prmeda castrorum
hostes, quo.minus victoria uterentur, remorata sunt. Deinde Jugurtha postero die cum Aulo in colloquio verlba
facit:'tametsi ipsum cum exercitu fame ferroque clausum tenet, tamen se humanarum rerum memorem, si secum fredus faceret, incolumes omnes sub jugum missurum: prmeterea, uti diebus decem Numidia dlcederet.'
Quae quamquam gravih et flagitii plena erant, tamen,
quia mortis metu mutabant, sicuti regi libuerat, pax convenit.
XXXIX. Sed ubi ea Romie comperta sunt, metus atque mceror civitatem invasdre. Pars dolere pro gloria
imperii, pars insolita rerum bellicarum timere libertati:
Aulo omnes infesti, ac maxime, qui bello ssepe preciari
fuerant, quod armatus dedecore potiuis quam  manu
salutem quaesiverat. Ob ea consul Albinus ex delicto
fratris invidiam ac deinde periculum timens, senatum
de fcedere consulebat; et tamen interim exercitui supplementum scribere, ab sociis et nomine Latino auxilia
arcessere, denique modis omnibus festinare.  Senatus
ita, uti par fuerat, decernit,'suo atque populi injussu
nullum potuisse fcedus fieri.' Consul impeditus a tribunis plebis, ne, quas paraverat copias, secum portarct,
paucis diebus in Africam proficiscitur: nam omnis ex'ercitus, uti convenerat, Numidia deductus, in provincia
hiemabat. Postquam eo venit, quamquam persequi Ju



JUGURTHA.                   33
gurtham  et mederi fraterna invidiae anirus ardebat.
cognitis militibus, quos praeter fugain, soluto imperio,
licentia atque lascivia corruperat, ex copia rerum statuil
sibi nihil agitandum.
XL. Interea Romse C. Mamilius Limetanus tribunus
plebis rogationem ad populum promulgat,' Uti quaereretur in eos, quorum consilio Jugurtha senati decreta neglexisset; quique ab eo in legationibus aut imperiis pecunias accepissent; qui elephantos, quique perfugas tradidissent; item, qui de pace aut bello cum hostibus pactiones
fecissent.' Huic rogationi partim conscii sibi, alii ex partium invidia pericula metuentes, quoniam aperte resistere
non poterant, quin illa et alia talia placere sibi faterentur.
occulte per amicos, ac maxime per homines nominis Latini et socios Italicos impedimenta parabant. Sed plebes
incredibile memoratu est, quam intenta fuerit, quantaque
vi rogationem jusserit, decreverit, voluerit, magis odio
nobilitatis, cui mala illa parabantur, quam cura reipublicae:
tanta libido in pajtibus erat.ylgitur ceteris metu perculsis, M. Scaurus, quem legatum Bestir fuisse supra docuimus, inter lketitiam plebis et suorum fugam, trepida etiamtum civitate, qnum ex Mamilii rogatione tres qusesitores
rogarentur, effecerat, uti ipse in eo numero crearetur.
Sed quoestio exercita aspere violenterque, ex rumore et
libidine plebis. Ut swpe nobilitatem, sic ea tempestate
plebem ex secundis rebus insolentia ceperat.
XLI. Ceteruim mos partium popularium et senati factionum, ac deinde omnium malarum artium, paucis ante
annis Romae ortus est, otio et abundantia earum rerum,
qurI prima mortales ducunt.  Nam  ante Carthaginem
deletam populus et senatus Romanus placide modesteque
inter se rempublicam  tractabant: neque glorim neque




34            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
dominationis certamen inter cives erat: metus hostilis in
bonis artibus civitatem retinebat. Sed ubi illa fornido
mentibus decessit, scilicet ea, quaw secundae res amant,
lascivia atque superbia incessere. Ita, quod in advcrsis
rebus optaverant otium, postquam adepti sunt, asperius
acerbiusque fuit. Namque ccepere nobilitas dignitatem
in dominationem, populus libertatem in libidinem vertere:
sibi quisque ducere, trahere, rapere. Ita omnia in duas
partes abstracta sunt; respublica, quas media fierat,
dilacerata.  Ceterum nobilitas factione magis pollebat;
plebis vis, soluta atque dispersa in multitudine, minus
poterat.  Paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur;
penes eosdem zerarium, provincise, magistratus, gloriam
triumphique erant; populus militia atque inopia urgebatur. Praedas bellicas imperatores cum paucis diripiebant:
interea parentes aut parvi liberi militum, ut quisque potentiori confinis erat, sedibus pellebantur. Ita cum potentia avaritia sine modo modestiaque invadere, polluere
et vastare omnia, nihil pensi neque salcti habere, quoad
semet ipsa praecipitavit. Nam ubi primium ex nobilitate
reperti sunt, qui veram gloriam injustapotentite anteponerent, moveri civitas, et dissensio civilis, quasi permixtio terrae, oriri cacpit.
XLII. Nam postquam Tiberius et C. Gracchus, quorum
najores Punico atque aliis bellis multum reipublicae addiderant, vindicare plebem in libertatem, et paucorurn
scelera patefacere ccepere, nobilitas noxia, atque eo perculsa, rnodo per socios ac nomen Latinum, interdum per
equites Romanos, quos spes societatis a plebe dimoverat,
Gracchorum actionibus obviam ierat; et primno Tiberium, dein paucos post annos eadem ingredientem Caium
tribunum alterum, alterum triumvirum coloniis deducen



JUGURTHA.                   35
dis, cum M. Fulvio Flacco ferro necaverat. Et sane
Grracchis cupidine victoriae haud satis modoratus animus
fuit: sed bono vinci satius est, quam malo more injuriam
vincere. Igitur ea victoria nobilitas ex libidine suL usa,
inultos mortales ferro aut fuga exstinxit; plusque in reliquum  sibi timoris quam  potentiae addidit.  Quee res
pleruimque magnas civitates pessum dedit, dum alteri
alteros vincere quovis modo, et victos acerbiuis ulcisci
volunt. Sed de studiis partium et omnis civitatis moribus
si singulatim aut pro magnitudine parem diserere, tempus
quam res maturiuis me deseret: quamobrem ad inceptum
redeo.
XLIII. Post Auli fcedus exercitusque nostri fcedam
fugam, Q. Metellus et M. Silanus, consules designati, provincias inter se partiverant, Metelloque Numidia evenerat, acri viro, et, quamquam adverso populi partium, fama
tamen equabili et inviolata. Is ubi primuim magistratum
ingressus est, alia omnia sibi cum collega ratus, ad bellum, quod gesturus erat,'animum intendit. Igitur diffidens veteri exercitui, milites scribere, presidia undique
arcessere, arma, tela, equos et cetera instrumenta militias
parare, ad hoc commeatum    affatim, denique omnia,
quae in bello vario et multarum rerum egenti usui esse solent. Ceterum ad ea patranda, senatus auctoritate socii
nomenque Latinum et reges ultro auxilia mittere; postrem6 ornis civitas summo studio adnitebatur.  Itaque,
ex sententia omnibus rebus paratis compositisque, in
Nurmidiam proficiscitur magna spe civium, quum propter bonas artes, tum maxime, quod adversuim divitias
invictum animum gerebat; et avaritia magistratuum ante
id ternpus in Numidia nostrae opes contusae, hostiumque
auctee erant.
4*




36             C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
XLIV. Sed ubi in Africam venit, exercitus ei traditur Sp. Albini proconsulis inert, imbellis, neque periculi
neque laboris patiens, lingua quam  manu promptior
praedator ex sociis et ipse praeda hostium, sine imperio
et modestia habitus. Ita imperatori novo plus ex malis
moribus sollicitudinis, quam  ex copia militum  auxilii
aut bonme spei accedebat. Statuit tamen Metellus, quamquam et eestivorum tempus comitiorum mora imminuerat, et exspectatione eventus civium animos intentos
putabat, non prius bellum attingere, quam majorum disciplina milites laborare coegisset.  Nam Albinus, Auli
fratris exercitusque clade perculsus, postquam decreverat
non egredi provincia, quantum temporis estivorum in
imperio fuit, pleruimque milites stativis castris habebat;
nisi quum odos aut pabuli egestas locum mutare subegerat. Sed neque muniebantur ea, neque more militari
vigilise deducebantur: uti cuique libebat, ab signis aberat. Lixae permixti cum militibus die noctuque vagabantur, et palantes agros vastare, villas expugnare, pecoris et mancipiorum predas certantes agere, eaque mutare
cum mercatoribus vino advectitio et aliis talibus; prrterea frumentum publice datum vendere, panem in dies
mercari: postremo, qusecumque dici aut fingi queunt
ignavia3 luxuriaeque probra, in illo exercitu cuncta fuere,
et alia amplius.
XLV. Sed in ea difficultate Metellum non minius
quam in rebus hostilibus magnum et sapientem vil um
fuisse comperior, tanta temperantia inter ambitionem
scevitiamque moderatum.  Namque edicto primum adjumenta ignavia sustulisse;'ne quisquam in castris
panem  aut quemn alium  coctum cibum venderet; ne
lixae exercitum sequerentur; ne miles gregarius in cas



JUGURTHA.                   37
tris neve in agmine servum aut jumentum haberet:' ceteris arte modum statuisse. Praeterea transversis itineribus quotidie castra movere, juxta ac si hostes adessent,
vallo atque fossa munire, vigilias crebras ponere, et eas
ipse cum legatis circumire: item in agmine in primis
modo, modo in postremis, saepe in medio adesse, ne quisquam ordine egrederetur, uti cum signis frequentes incederent, miles cibum et arma portaret. Ita prohibendo a
delictis magis quam vindicando exercitum  brevi confirmavit.
XLVI. Interea Jugurtha, ubi, que Metellus agebat, ex
nuntiis accepit, simul de innocentia ejus certior Roma
factus, diffidere suis rebus; ac tum demum veramdedit.
ionem facere conatus est. Igitur legatos ad consulern
cum suppliciis mittit, qui tantummodo ipsi liberisque vitam
peterent, alia omnia dederent populo Romano. Sed Metello jam antea experimentis cognitum erat genus Numidarum infidum, ingenio mobili, novarum rerum avidum
esse. Itaque legatos alium ab alio diversos aggreditur;
ac paulatim tentando, postquam opportunos sibi cognovit,
multa pollicendo persuadet,' uti Jugurtham maxime vivum,
sin id parum procedat, necatum slbi traderent:' ceterfim
palam, qume ex voluntate forent, regi nuntiari jubet. Deinde ipse paucis diebus, intento atque infesto exercitu, in
Numidiam procedit; ubi, contra belli faciem, tuguria plena
hominum, pecora cultoresque in agris erant; ex oppidis
et mapalibus prefecti regis obvii procedebant, parati frumenturn dare, commeatum portare, postremo omnia, lque
imperarentur, facere. Neque Metellus idcirco minus, sed
pariter ac si hostes adessent, munito agmine incedere, lath
explorare omnia, illa deditionis signa ostentui credere, et
insidiis locum tentari. Itaque ipse cum expeditis cohorti



38            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
bus, item funditorum et sagittariorum delecta manu apud
primos erat; in posaremo C. Marius legatus curn equitibus
curabat: in utrumque latus auxiliarios equites tribunis
legionum et praefectis cohortium dispertiverat, uti cum his
permixti velites, quacunque accederent equitatus hostium,
propulsarent. Nam in Jugurtha tantus dolus tantaque peritia locorum et militiae erat, ut, absens an prsesens, pacem
an bellur gerens perniciosior esset, in incerto haberetir.
XLVII. Erat haud longe ab eo itinere, quo Metellus
pergebat, oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vacca, forum
rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum; ubi
et incolere et mercari consueverant Italici generis multi
mortales. Huc consul, sirnul tentandi gratia, et, si paterentur, opportunitate loci presidium imposuit; praeterea
imperavit frumentum et alia, quce bello usui forent, comportare;: ratus, id quod res monebat,,frequentiam negotiatorum et commeatum juvaturum exercitum, et jam
paratis rebus munimento fore. Inter haec negotia Jugurtha impensius modo legatos supplices mittere, pacem
orare, praiter suam liberorumque vitam omnia Metello
dedere. Quos item, uti priores, consul illectos ad proditionem domum dimittebat: regi pacem, quam postulabat,
neque abnuere neque polliceri, et inter eas moras promissa legatorum exspectare.
XLVIII. Jugurtha ubi Metelli dicta cum factis composuit, ac se suis artibus tentari animadvertit; quippe
cui verbis pax nuntiabatur, ceterum re bellum asperrimum erat, urbs maxima alienata, ager hostibus cognitus,
animi popularium tentati; coactus rerum necessitudine,
statuit armis certare. Igitur explorato hostium itinere,
in spem victoriae adductus ex opportunitate loci, quam
maximas potest copias omnium generum parat, ac per




JUGURTHA.                   39
tramites occultos exercitum Metelli antevenit. Erat in
ea parte Numidi., quam Adherbal in divisione possederat, flumen oriens a meridie, nomine Muthul; a quo aberat mons ferme millia viginti, tractu pari, vastus ab
natura et humano cultu: sed ex eo medio quasi collis
oriehatur, in immensum pertingens, vestitus oleastro ac
myrtetis aliisque generibus arborum, ~qe  humi arido
atque arenoso gignuntur. Media autem planities deserta
penuria aquae, prieter flumini propinqua loca; ea consita
arbustis pecore atque cultoribus frequentabantur,
XLIX. Igitur in eo colle, quem transverso itinere
porrectum docuimus, Jugurtha, extenuata suorum acie,
consedit: elephantis et parti copiarum pedestrium Bomilcarem prsefecit, eumque edocet, que ageret; ipse propior montem cum omni equitatu pedites delectos collocat: dein singulas turmas atque manipulos circumiens
monet atque obtestatur,' uti memores pristine virtutis
et victoria sese regnumque suum ab Romanorum avaritia defendant: cum his certamen fore, quos antea victos sub jugum miserint. ducem illis, non animum mutatum. Qume ab imperatore decuerint, omnia suis provisa;
locum superiorem, uti prudentes cum imperitis, ne pauciores cum pluribus, aut rudes cum bello melioribus manum consererent. Proinde parati intenticque essent, signo
dato, Romanos invadere: illum diem aut omnes labores
et victorias confirmaturum, aut maximarum verumnarum
initium fore.' Ad hoc viritim, uti quemque ob militare
facinus pecunia aut honore extulerat, commonefacete
beneficii sui, et eum ipsum aliis ostentare: postremo
pro cujL'sque ingenio, pollicendo, minitando, obtestando
alium alio modo excitare; quum interim Metellus, ignarus hostium, monte degrediens cum exercitu, conspica



40             C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
tur, primo dubius, quidnam  insolita facies ostenderet,
(nam inter virgulta equi Numideque consederant, neque
plane occultati humilitate arborum, et tamen incerti,
quidnam esset, quum natura loci, turn dolo ipsi atque
signa militaria obscurati); dein, brevi cognitis insidiis,
paulisper agmen constituit.  Ibi commutatis ordinibus,
in dextero latere, quod proximum hostes.erat, triplicibus
subsidiis aciem instruxit; inter manipulos funditores et
sagittarios dispertit, equitatum omnem in cornibus locat,
ac pauca pro tempore milites hortatus, aciem, sicuti instruxerat, transversis principiis, in planum deducit.
L. Sed ubi Numidas quietos, neque colle degredi animadvertit, veritus ex anni tempore et inopia aquae, ne
siti conficeretur exercitus, Rutilium legatum cum expeditis cohortibus et parte equitum praemisit ad fumen, ut
locum castris antecaperet; existimans hostes crebro impetu et transversis prceliis iter suum remoraturos, et, quoniam  armis diffiderent, lassitudinem  et sitim  militum
tentaturos. Deinde ipse pro re atque loco, sicuti monte
descenderat, paulatim procedere: Marium post principia
habere: ipse cum sinistrse alae equitibus esse, qui in agmine principes facti erant. At Jugurtha, ubi extremum
agmen Metelli primos suos praetergressum videt, prassidio
quasi duum millium peditum montem occupat, qua Metellus descenderat, ne forte cedentibus adversariis receptui ac post munimento foret; dcin repente, signo dato,
hostes invadit. Numidae, alii postremos caedere, pars a
sinistra ac dextera tentare, infensi adesse atque instare,
omnibus locis Romanorum ordines conturbare; quorum
etiam qui firnioribus animis obvii hostibus fuerant, ludificati incerto prcelio, ipsi rnodo eminus sauciabantur
neque contra feriendi aut manum conserendi copia erat




JUGURTHA.                   41
Antea jam docti ab Jugurtha equites, ubicumque Rom.
anorurn turma insequi cceperat, non confertim, neque
in unum sese recipiebant, sed alius alio quam maxime
divcrsi. Ita numero priores, si a persequendo hostes deterrere nequiverant, disjectos ab tergo aut lateribus circumveniebant: sin opportunior fugae collis, quam campi
fuerant, ea vero consueti Numidarum  equi facile inter
virgulta evadere; nostros asperitas et insolentia loci retinebat.
LI. Ceterim facies totius negotii varia, incerta, fceda
atque miserabilis: dispersi a suis, pars cedere, alii insequi; neque signa neque ordines observare; ubi quemque periculum ceperat, lbi resistero ac propulsare: arma
tela, equi viri, hostes atque cives permixti; nihil consilio
neque imperio agi; fors omnia regere. Itaque multum
diei processerat, quum etiamtum eventus in incerto erat
Denique omnibus labore et sestu languidis, Metellus, ubi
videt Numidas minus instare, paulatim milites in unum
conducit, ordines restituit, et cohortes legionarias quatuor
adversum pedites hostium collocat. Eorum magna pars
superioribus locis fessa consederat  Simul orare, hortari
milites,'ne deficerent, neu paterentur hostes fugientes
vincere: neque illis castra esse, neque munimentum ullum,
quo cedentes tenderent: in armis omnia sita.' Sed nec
Jugurtha quidem interea quietus erat; circumire, hortari,
renovare prcelium,,et ipse cum delectis tentare omnia,
subvenire suis, hostibus dubiis instare, quosfirmoscognoverat, eminus pugnando retinere.
LII. Eo modo inter se duo imperatores, summi viri,
certabant, ipsi pares, ceterum opibus disparibus: nam
Metello virtus militum erat, locus adversus; Jugurth2e
alia omnia praeter milites opportuna. Denique Ro



42            C. CR1SPI SALLUSTII
mani, ubi intelligunt neque sibi perfugium esse, neque
ab hoste copiam pugnandi fieri, et jam die vesper erat,
adverso colle, sicuti praceptum fuerat, evadunt. Amisso
loco, Numidwe fusi fugatique: pauci interiere, plerosque
velocitas et regio hostibus ignara tutata sunt. Interea
Bomilcar, quem elephantis et parti copiarum pedestriurn
praefectum ab Jugurtha supra diximus, ubi eum Rutilius
praetergressus est, paulatim suos in sequum locum deducit: ac, dum legatus ad flumen, quo preemissus erat, festinans pergit, quietus, uti res postulabat, aciem exornat;
neque remittit, quid ubique hostis ageret, explorare.
Postquam Rutilium consedisse jam, et animo vacuum
accepit, simulque ex Jugurthee prcelio clamorem augeri,
veritus, ne legatus, cognita re, laborantibus suis auxilio
foret, aciem, quam,: diffidens virtuti militum, art6 statuerat, quo hostium itineri officeret, latius porrigft, eoque
modo ad Rutilii castra-procedit.
LIII. Romani ex improviso pulveris vim magnam animadvertunt, nam prospectum ager arbustis consitus
prohibebat; et primo rati humum aridam vento agitari; post, ubi equabilem manere, et, sicuti acies movebatur, magis magisque appropinquare.vident, cognitA
re, properantes arma capiunt, ac pro castris, sicuti imperabatur, consistunt. Deinde, ubi propius ventum est,
utrimque magno clamore concurriturA Numidae tantum
modo remorati, dum in elephantis auxilium putant, postquam eos impeditos ramis arborum, atque ita disjectos
circumveniri vident, fugam faciunt, ac plerique, abjectis
armis, collis aut noctis quse jam aderat, auxilio integri
abeunt. Elephanti quatuor capti, reliqui omnes, numero quadraginta, interfecti.  At Romani, quamquam
itinere atque opere castrorum et prcelio fessi lassique




JUGURTHA.                   43
erant, tamen, quod Metellus amplius opinione morabatur, instructi intentique obviam procedunt: nam dolus
Numidarum   nihil languidi neque remissi patiebatur.
Ac prirno, obscura nocte, postquam baud procul inter se
erant, strepitu, velut hostes, adventare, alteri apud alteros
formidinem simul et tumultum facere: et pene imprudentia admissum facinus miserabile, ni utrimque preemissi equites rem exploravissent. Igitur pro metu repente gaudium exortum; milites alius alium laeti appellant, acta edocent atque audiunt; sua quisque fortia facta
ad ccelum ferre. Quippe res humanae ita sese habent:
in victoria vel ignavis gloriari licet; adversac res etiam
bonos detrectant.
LIV. Metellus, in iisdem castris quatriduo moratus,
saucios cum cura reficit, meritos in preliis more militia
donat, universos in concione laudat, atque agit gratias:
hortatur,'ad cetera, quee tlevia sunt, parem  animum
gerant: pro victoria satis jam pugnatum, reliquos labores pro praeda fore.' Tamen interim transfugas et alios
opportunos, Jugurtha ubi gentium, aut quid agitaret, cum
paucisne esset, an exercitum haberet, uti sese victus
gereret, exploratum misit. At ille sese in loca saltuosa
et natura munita receperat, ibique cogebat exercitum
numero hominum ampliorem, sed hebetem infirmumque,
agri ac pecoris magis quam belli cultoreMi. Id ea gratia eveniebat, quod proeter regios equites nemo omnium
Numidarum ex fuga regem sequitur; quo cujusque animus fert, eo discedunt, neque id flagitium militime ducitur; ita se mores habent. Igitur Metellus ubi videt
etiamtum regis animum ferocem esse, bellum renovan,
quod nisi ex illius libidine geri non posset, praeterea
iniquum certamen sibi cum hostibus, minore detrimento
5




44            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
illos vinci, quam suos vincere, statuit non prceliis neque
acie, sed alio more bellum gerendum. Itaque in Numid.ie loca opulentissima pergit, agros vastat, multa castella ct oppida, temere munita aut sine prmesidio, capit
incenditque; puberes interfici jubet, alia omnia militum
praedam esse.  Ea formidine multi mortales Romanis
dediti obsides; frurnentum et alia, quae usui forent, affatim praebita; ubicumque res postulabat, presidium inpositum. Quaw negotia multo magis, quam prcelium inale
pugnatum  ab suis, regem  terrebant: quippe cui spes
omnis in fuga sita erat, sequi cogebatur; et, qui sua loca
defendere nequiverat, in alienis bellum gerere. Tamen
ex copia, quod optimum videbatur, consilium capit: exercitum plerumque in iisdem locis opperiri jubet; ipse
cum delectis equitibus Metellum sequitur, nocturnis et
aviis itineribus ignoratus Romanos palantes repente aggreditur.  Eorum plerique inermes cadunt, multi capiuntur, nemo omnium   intactus profugit; et Numidiae,
priusquam ex castris subveniretur, sicuti jussi erant, in
proximos coles discedunt.
LV. Interim Romae gaudium ingens ortum, cognitis
Metelli rebus; ut seque et exercitum  more majorum
gereret, in adverso loco victor tamen virtute fuisset,
hostium agro potiretur, Jugurtham, magnificum ex Auli
socordia, spem salutis in solitudine aut fuga coegisset
habere. Itaque senatus ob ea feliciter acta dis immortalibus supplicia decernere; civitas, trepida antea et sollicita de belli eventu, leta agere; de Metello fama prae
clara esse. Igitur eo intentior ad victoriam niti, omnibus
modis festinare; cavere tamen, necubi hosti opportunus
fieret; meminisse, post gloriam invidiam seqdi. Ita quo
clarior eo magis anxius erat, neque post insidias Ju



JUGURTIA                    45
gurthae effuso exercitu preedari: ubi frumento aut pabulo opus erat, cohortes cum omni equitatu presldium
agitabant: exercitus partem ipse, reliquos Marius ducehat. Sed igni magis quam praeda ager vastabatur. Duobus locis haud longe inter se castra faciebant: ubi vi
opus erat, cuncti aderant; ceterim, quo fuga atque formido latiuts cresceret, diversi agebant. Eo tempore Jugurtha per colles sequi, tempus aut locum pugnm quaerere, qua venturum hostem audierat, pabulum et aquarum
fontes, quorum penuria erat, corrumpere, modo se Metello,
interdum Mario ostendere, postremos in agmine tentare,
ac statim in colles regredi, rursus aliis, post aliis minitari,neque prcelium facere, neque otium pati, tantummodo
hostem ab incepto retinere.
LVI. Romanus imperator ubi se dolis fatigari videt,
neque ab hoste copiam pugnandi fieri, urbem magnam
et in ea parte, QU'& sita erat, arcem regni, nomine Zamam, statuit oppugnare; ratus, id quod negotium poscebat, Jugurtham laborantibus suis auxilio venturum, ibique
prcelium fore. At ille, que parabantur, a perfugis edoctus, magnis itineribus Metellum  antevenit; oppidanos
hortatur,' mcnia defendant;' additis auxilio perfugis,
quod genus ex copiis regis, quia fallere nequibat, firmissimum erat: proeterea pollicetur,' in tempore semet cum
exercitu affore.' Ita compositis rebus, in loca quam
maxime occulta discedit, ac post paulo cognoscit Marium ex itinere frumentatum cum paucis cohortibus Sic.
cam missurnm; quod oppidum primum omnium post ma]am pugnam ab rege defecerat. Eo cum delectis equitlbus noctu pergit, et jam egredientibus Romanis, in pcrta
pugnam facit: simul magna voce Siccenses hortatur
uti cohortes ab tergo circumveniant: fortunam illis praT




46            C. CIISPI SALLUSTII
ciari facinoris casum dare. Si id fecerint, postea sese in
regno, illos in libertate sine metu aetatem acturos.' Ac
ni Marius signa inferre atque evadere oppido properavis
set, profecto cuncti aut magna pars Siccensium fidem
mutavissent: tanta mobilitate sese Numidoe agunt. Sed
milites Juglrthini, paulisper ab rege sustentati, postquam
majore vi hostes urgent, paucis amissis, profugi discedunt.
LVII. Marius ad Zaram pervenit.   Id oppidum, in
campo situm, magis opere quam natura munitum erat,
nullius idonee rei egens, armis virisque opulentum. Igitur Metellus, pro tempore atque loco paratis rebus, cuncta
maenia exercitu circumvenit; legatis imperat, ubi quisque curaret; deinde, signo dato, undique simul clamor
ingens oritur. Neque ea res Numidas terret; infensi
intentique sine tumultu manent.  Prcelium  incipitur.
Romani, pro ingenio quisque, pars eminus glande aut
lapidibus pugnare, alii succedere, ac murum modo suffodere, modo scalis aggredi, cupere prcelium manibus
facere. Contra ea oppidani in proximos saxa volvere;
sudes, pila, prmeterea pice et sulphure tedam mixtam,
ardenti mittere. Sed ne illos quidem, qui procul manserant, timor anrmi satis muniverat: nam plerosque jacula
tormentis aut manu emissa vulnerabant; pariquepericulo, sed fama impari boni atque ignavi erant.
LVIII. Dum apud Zamam sic certatur, Jugurtha ex
improvise castra hostium  cum  magna manu invadit:
remissis, qui in preesidio erant, et omnia magis quam
proelium  exspectantibus, portam  irrumpit.  At nostri,
repentino metu perculsi, sibi quisque pro moribus consulunt: alii fugere, alii arma capere; magna pars vulnerati aut occisi. Ceteruim ex omni multitudine non




JUGURTHA.                   47
amplius quadraginta, memores nominis Romani, grege
facto, locum cepere paulo qumrn alii editiorem, neque
inde maxima vi depelli quiverunt, sed tela eminus missa
remittere, pauci in pluribus minus fiustrati: sin Numidte
propiiis accessissent, ibi vero virtutem ostendere, et eos
maxima vi cmedere, fundere atque fugare. Interim letellus, quum acerrime rem gereret, clamorem hostilem ab
tergo accepit: deinde, converso equo, animadvertit fugam
ad se versum fieri; qum res indicabat populares esse.
Igitur equitafum omnem  ad castra propere mittit, ac
statim C. AMarium cum cohortibus sociorum; eumque lacrymans per amicitiam perque rempublicam obsecrat,'ne
quam contumeliam  remanere in exercitu victore, neve
hostes inultos abire sinat.' Ille brevi mandata efficit.
At Jugurtha munimento castrorum impeditus, quum alii
super vallum praecipitarentur, alii in angustiis ipsi sibi
properantes officerent, multis amissis, in loca munita
sese recepit.  Metellus, infecto negotio, postquam nox
aderat, in castra cum exercitu revertitur.
LIX. Igitur postero die, prius quam ad oppugnandum
egrederetur, equitatum omnem in ea parte, qua regis adventus erat, pro castris agitare jubet; portas et proxima
loca tribunis dispertit; deinde ipse pergit ad oppidum,
atque, ut superiore die, murum aggreditur. Interim Jugurtha ex. occulto repente nostros invadit. Qui in proxirno locati fuerant, paulisper territi perturbantur; reliqui
cito subveniunt, neque diutius Numidme resistero. quivissent, ni pedites cum equitibus permixti magnam cladem
in congressu facerent. Quibus illi freti, non, ut equestri
prcelio solet, sequi, dein cedere, sed adversis equis concurrere, implicare ac perturbare aciem: ita expeditis
oeditibus suis hostes pene victos dare.
5 *




48            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
LX. Eodem tempore apud Zamam magna vi certabatur. Ubi quisque legatus aut tribunus curabat, eo acerrime niti; neque alius in alio magis quam in sese spem
habere: pariterque oppidani agere. Oppugnare, aut parare onnibus locis: avidius alteri alteros sauciare, quam
semet tegere: clamor permixtus hortatione, letitia,gemitu,
item strepitus armorum ad ccelum ferri, tela utrimque
volare.  Sed illi, qui mcenia defensabant, ubi hostes
paulum modo pugnam remiserant, intenti prcelium equestre prospectabant. Eos, uti qumeque Jugurthae res erant,
ketos modo, modo pavidos animadvcrteres; ac sicuti
audiri a suis aut cerni possent, monere alii, alii hortari,
aut manu significare, aut niti corporibus, et ea huc illuc,
quasi vitabundi aut jacientes tela, agitare.  Quod ubi
Mario cognitum est, (nam is in ea parte curabat), consulto lenius agere, ac diffidentiam rei simulare; pati Numida-s sine tumultu regis prcelium visere. Ita, illis studio
suorum adstrictis, repente magna vi murum aggreditur;
et jam scalis egressi milites prope summa ceperant:
quum oppidani concurrunt, lapides, ignem, alia prseterea
tela ingerunt. Nostri primo resistere; deinde, ubi unae
atque alterne scale comminutme, qui supersteterant, afflicti
sunt; ceteri quoquo modo potuere, pauci integri, magna
pars confecti vulneribus abeunt. Denique utrimque prcelium nox diremit.
LXI. Metellus postquam videt frustra inceptum, ne.
que oppidum capi, neque Jugurtham nisi ex insidiis aut
suo loco pugnam facere, et jam aestatem exactam esse,
ab Zama discedit, et in his urbibus, quam ad se defecerant, satisque munitat loco ant mcenibus erant, praesidia
imponit: ceterum exercitum in provinciam, qua; proxima
est Numidise, hiemandi gratia collocat. Neque id tem



JUGURTHA.                   49
pus ex aliorum  more quieti aut luxuriT concedit; sed,
quoniam armis bellurn parum procedebat, insidias regi
per amicos tendere, et eorum perfidia pro armis uti parat.
Igitur Bomilcarem, qui Romae cum Jugurtha fuerat, et
inde, vadibus datis, clam de Massivae nece judicium fugeiat, quod ei per maximam amicitiam maxima copia
fallendi erat, multis pollicitationibus aggreditur. Ac prim6 efficit, uti ad se colloquendi gratia occultus veniat:
deinde fide data,'si Jugurtham vivum aut necatum tradidisset, fore, ut illi senatus impunitatem et sua omnia concederet,' facile Numidae persuadet, quum ingenio infido,
tum metuenti, ne, si pax cum Romanis fieret, ipse per
conditiones ad supplicium traderetur.
LXII. Is, ubi primum opportunum fuit, Jugurtham anxium ac miserantem fortunas suas accedit; monet atque
lacrymans obtestatur' uti aliquando sibi liberisque et
genti Numidarum optime merenti provideat: omnibus
prceliis sese victos, agrum vastatum, multos mortales
captos aut occisos, regni opes comminutas esse: satis
saepe jam et virtutem militum et fortunam tentatam:
caveat, ne, illo cunctante, Numida sibi consulant.'. His
atque talibus aliis ad deditionem regis animum impellit.
Mittuntur ad imperatorem legati, qui'Jugurtham imperata facturum' dicerent,'ac sine ulla pactione sese regnumque suum in illius fidem tradere.' Metellus propere
cunctos senatorii ordinis ex hibernis arcessiri jubet: eorum atque aliorum, quos idoneos ducebat, consilium habet.
Ita more majorum ex consilii decreto per legatos Jugurihee imperat argenti pondo ducenta millia, elephantos
omnes, equorum et armorum aliquantum. Qure postquain
sine mora facta sunt, jubet'omnes perfugas vinctos addueL' Eorum magna pars, ut jussum crat, adducti,




hO            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
pauci, quum primuim deditio ccepit, ad regem Bocchum
in Mauretaniam abierant. Igitur Jugurtha, ubi armis virisque et pecunia spoliatus est, quum ipse ad imperandum
Tisidium vocaretur, rursus ccepit flectere animurn suum,
at ex mala conscientia digna timere. Denique multis
diebus per dubitationem  consumptis, quum modo taedio
rerumn adversarum omnia bello potiora duceret, interdum
secum ipse reputaret, quam gravis casus in servitium ex
regno foret, multis magnisque praesidiis nequidquam per.
ditis, de integro bellum sumit. Et Romae senatus de pro.
vinciis consultus Numidiam Metello decreverat.
LXIII. Per idem tempus Uticm forte C. Mario per
hostias dis supplicanti magna atque mirabilia portendi'
haruspex dixerat:'proinde, quae animo agitabat, fretus
dis ageret; fortunam quam saepissime experiretur, cuncta
prospera eventura.' At illum jam antea consulats ingens cupido exagitabat, ad quern capiendum praeter vetustatem  familiae alia omnia abunde erant, industria,
probitas, militia  magna scientia, animus belli ingens,
domi modicus, libidinis et divitiarum victor, tantummodo glorize avidus. Sed is natus et omnem pueritiam
Arpini altus, ubi primum setas militiae patiens fuit, stipendiis faciendis, non G-raeca facundia neque urbanis
Inunditiis sese exercuit: ita inter artes bonas integrum
ingenium brevi adolevit. Ergo ubi primum tribunatum
militarem a populo petit, plerisque faciem ejus ignorantibus, facile notus per omnes tribus declaratur.  Deinde
ab eo magistratu alium post alium sibi peperit, semper
quo in potestatibus eo modo agitabat, uti ampliore, quam
gerebat, dignus haberetur. Tamen is ad id locorum
talis vir (nam postea ambitione prseceps datus est) consulatumi petere non audebat: etiamtum alios magistratus




JUGURTIIA.                   51
plebes, consulatum nobilitas inter se per manus tradebat: novus nemo tam clarus, neque tam egregius factis
erat, quin is indignus illo honore et quasi pollutus habe.
retur.
LXIV. Igitur ubi Marius haruspicis dicta eodem intendere videt, quo cupido animi hortabatur, ab Metello
petendi gratia missionem rogat. Cui quamquam virtus,
gloria atque alia optanda bonis superabant, tamen inerat contemptor animus et superbia, commune nobilitatis
malum. Itaque primum, commotus insolita re, mirari
ejus consilium, et quasi per amicitiam monere,'ne tam
prava inciperet, neu super fortunam, animum gereret:
non omnia omnibus cupienda esse; debere illi res suas
satis placere: postremoi caveret id petere a populo Romano, quod illi jure negaretur.' Postquam haec atque alia
talia dixit, neque animus Marii flectitur, respondit, ubi
primum potuisset per negotia publica, facturum sese,
quae peteret;' ac postea sepius eadem postulanti fertur
dixisse,'ne festinaret abire; satis mature illum cum filio
suo consulatum petiturum.' Is eo tempore contubernio
patris ibidem  militabat, annos natus circiter viginti.
Quee res Marium quum pro honore, quem affectabat,
turn contra Metellum vehementer accenderat. Ita cupidine atque ira, pessimis consultoribus, grassari, neque
facto ullo neque dicto abstinere, quod modo ambitiosum
foret: milites, quibus in hibernis preErat, laxiore imperio quam antea habere: apud negotiatores quorum
magna multitudo Uticne erat, criminose simul et Imagnifice de bello loqui:'dimidia pars exercitus sibi perinitteretur, paucis diebus Jugurtham in catenis habiturum: ab imperatore consulto trahi, quod homo inanis
et regiae superbiae imperio nimis gauderet.' Quae orn



52            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
nia illis eo firmiora videbantur, quod diuturnitate, belli
res familiares corruperant, et animo cupienti nihil satis
festinatur
LXV. Erat pramterea in exercitu nostro Numida quidam, nomine Gauda, Manastabalis filius, Masinissae nepos, quem rMicipsa testamento secundum heredem scripserat, morbis confectus, et ob earn causam mente paulum
imminuta.  Cui Metellus petenti,,' more regum uti sellam juxta poneret,' item postea' custodiae causa turmam
equitum  Romanorum,' utrumque negaverat; honorem,
quod eorum mod6 foret, quos populus Romanus reges
appellavisset; praesidium, quod contumeliosum foret, si
equites Romani satellites Numidme traderentur.  Hune
Marius anxium aggreditur, atque hortatur, uti contumeliarum imperatoris curn suo auxilio pcenas petat:
hominem ob morbos animo parum valido secunda oratione extollit:' ilium regem, ingentem virum, Masinissre
nepotem esse; si Jugurtha captus aut occisus foret, imperium Numidim sine mora habiturum; id adeo mature
posse evenire, si ipse consul ad id bellum missus foret.'
Itaque et illum, et equites Romanos, milites et negotiatores, alios ipse, plerosque spes pacis impellit, uti Romam
ad suos necessarios aspere in Metellum de bello scribant,
Marium imperatorem poscant. Sic illi a multis mortalibus honestissima suffragatione consulatus petebatur:
simul ea tempestate plebes, nobilitate fusa per legeli
Mamiliam, novos extollebat. Ita Mario ctncta procedere.
LXVI. Interim Jugurtha, postquam, omissa deditione,
bellum incipit, cum magna cura parare omnia, festinare,
cogere exercitum; civitates, qume ab se defeceraht, forinidine aut ostentando praemia affectare; communire




JUGURTli4.                  53
suos locos; arma, tela, alia, quae spe pacis amiserat, reficere aut commercari; servitia Romanorum allicere, et
cos ipsos, qui in presidiis erant, pecunia tentare; prorsus nihil intactum  neque quietum pati, cuncta agitare.
Igitur Vaccenses, quo Metellus initio, Jugurtha pacificante, praesidium  imposuerat, fatigati regis suppliciis,
neque antea voluntate alienati, principes civitatis inter
se conjurant: nam vulgus, uti pleruimque solet,(et maxime Numidarum, ingenio mobili, seditiosum atque discordiosum erat, cupidum novarum rerum, quieti et otio
adversum. Dein, compositis inter se rebus, in diem tertium constituunt, quod is festus celebratusque per omnem
Africam ludum et lasciviam magis quam formidinem
ostentabat. Sed ubi tempus fuit, centuriones tribunosque militares, et ipsur praefectum oppidi T. Turpilium
Silanum, alius alium domos suas ihvitant: eos omnes
preeter Turpilium inter epulas obtruncant: postea milites palantes, inermes, quippe in tali die ac sine imperio,
aggrediuntur. Idem plebes facit, pars edocti ab nobilitate, alii studio talium rerum incitati, quis acta consiliumque ignorantibus tumultus ipse et res novte satis placebant.
LXVII. Romani milites, improviso metu incerti ignarique, quid potissimum facerent, trepidare: ad arcem
oppidi, ubi signa et scuta erant,praesidium hostium: portre,nte clausse fugam prohibebant: ad hoc mulieres puerique
pro tectis edificiorum saxa et alia, quas locus prsebebat,
certatim mittere. Ita neque caveri anceps malum, neque
a fortissimis infirmissimo generi resisti pose: juxta boni
malique, strenui et imbelles inulti obtruncari. In ea tantA
asperitate, sevissimis Numidis et oppido undique clauso,
Turpilius praefectus unus ex omnibus Italicis profugit




54             C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
intactus. Id misericordiane hospitis, an pactione aut
casu ita evenerit, parurn comperimus; nisi, quia illi in
tanto malo turpis vita integra fama potior fuit, improbus
irltestabilisque videtur.
LXVIII. Metellus postquam de rebus Vaccas actis
comperit, paulisper mostus e conspectu abit; deinde, ubi
ira et segritudo permixta sunt, cum maxima cura ultum
ire injurias festinat. Legionem, cum qua hiemabat, et
quam plurimos potest Numidas equites pariter cum occasu solis expeditos educit; et postera die circiter horam
tertiam pervenit in quamdam planitiem, locis paulo superioribus circumventam.  Ibi milites, fessos itineris
magnitudine, et jam abnuentes omnia, docet'oppidum
Vaccam non amplius mille passuum abesse: decere illos
reliquum laborem equo animo pati, dum pro civibus
suis, viris fortissimis atque miserrimis, poenas caperent:'
praeterea predam benigne ostentat. Ita animis eorum
arrectis, equites in primo late, pedites quam artissimeire,
et signa occultare jubet.
LXIX. Vaccenses ubi animum advertere ad se versum exercitum pergere, primo, uti erat res, Metellum esse
rati, portas clausere: deinde, ubi neque agros vastari, et
eos, qui primi aderant, Numidas equites vident, rursum
Jugurtham arbitrati, cum magno gaudio obvii procedunt.
Equites peditesque, repente signo dato, alii vulgum effusum oppido caedere, alii ad portas festinare, pars turres
capere; ira atque presde spes amplius quam lassitudo
posse. Ita Vaccenses biduum modo ex perfidia lhetati:
civitas magna et opulens cuncta poene aut prsdee fuit.
Turpilius, quem  prmfectum  oppidi unum ex omnibus
profugisse supra ostendimus, jussus a Metello causam
dicere, postquam  sese parum  expurgat, condemnatus




JUGURTHA.                    55
verberatusque capite pcenas solvit: nam is civis ex Latio
erat.
LXX. Per idem tempus Bomilcar, cujus impulsu Jugurtha deditionem, quam metu deseruit, inceperat, suspectus regi, et ipse eum suspiciens, novas res cupere, ad
pturniciem ejus dolum qumerere, die noctuque fatigare
animum. Denique omnia tentando, socium sibi adjungit Nabdalsam, hominem nobilem, magnis opibus, carum
acceptumque popularibus suis, qui plerumque seorsum
ab rege exercitum ductare et omnes res exsequi solitus
erat, quam Jugurthze fesso aut majoribus adstricto superaverant; ex quo illi gloria opesque inventne. Igitur utriusque consilho dies insidiis statuitur:' cetera, uti res posceret, ex tempore parari' placuit. Nabdalsa ad exercitum
profectus, quem inter hiberna Romanorum jussus habebat, ne ager, inultis hostibus, vastaretur. Is postquam
magnitudine facinoris perculsus ad tempus non venit,
metusque rem impediebat, Bomilcar, simul cupidus incepta patrandi, et timore socii anxius, ne, omisso vetere
consilio, novum qumereret, litteras ad eum per hoinines
fideles mittit, in quis mollitiem socordiamque viri accusare, testari deos, per quos juravisset, monere,'ne pramia Metelli in pestem converteret; Jurgurthwe exitium
adesse; ceteruim suane an Metelli virtute periret, id
modo agitari: proinde reputaret cum animo suo, praemia
an cruciatum mallet.'
LXXI. Sed quum    hee litterae allatae, forte Nabdalsa
exercito corpore fessus in lecto quiescebat, ubi, cognitis Bomilcaris verbis, primo cura, deinde, uti regrurn
animum solet, somnus cepit. Erat ei Numida quidam,
negotiorum curator, fidus acceptusque et omnium consiliorum, nisi novissimi, particeps. Qui postquam alla6




56            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
tas litteras audivit, ex consuetudine ratus opera aut in.
genio suo opus esse, in tabernaculum introiit: dormiente
illo epistolam, super caput in pulvino temere positam
sumit ac perlegit, dein propere, cognitis insidiis, ad regern
pergit. Nabdalsa post paulo experrectus, ubi neque epis.
tolam reperit, et rem omnem, uti acta erat, cognovit,
primo indicem persequi conatus, postquam id frustra fuit,
Jugurtham placandi gratia accedit; dicit'quae ipse paravisset facere, perfidia clientis sui preeventa:' lacrymans
obtestatur'per amicitiam perque sua antea fideliter acta,
ne super tali scelere suspectum sese haberet.'
LXXII. Ad ea rex, aliter atque animo gerebat, placide
respondit. Bomilcare aliisque multis, quos socios insidiarum cognoverat, inteifectis, iram oppresserat, ne qua
ex eo negotio seditio oriretur. Neque post id locorum
Jugurthae dies aut nox ulla quieta fuit: neque loco neque
mortali cuiquam aut tempori satis credere, cives, hostes
juxta metuere, circumspectare omnia, et omni strepitu
pavescere, alio atque alio loco, sepe contra decus regium, noctu requiescere, interdum somno excitus, arreptis
armis, tumultum facere; ita formidine quasi vecordia
exagitari.
LXXIII. Igitur Metellus, ubi de casu Bomilcaris et
indicio patefacto ex perfugis cognovit, rursus, tarnquam
ad integrum bellum, cuncta parat festinatque. Marium,
fatigantem de profectione, simul et invisum et offensum,
sibi parum idoneum ratus, domum dimittit. Et Romas
plebes, litteris, qute de Metello ac Mario missae erant,
cognitis, volenti animo de ambobus acceperant. Imper
atori nobilitas, quse antea decori, invidise esse: at illi
altnrl generis humilitas favorem addiderat: ceterum in
utroque magis studia partium, quam bona aut mala sua




JUGURTHA.                   57
roderata. Preterea seditiosi magistratus vulgum exag.
itare, Metellum  omnibus concionibus capitis arcessere,
Marii virtutem in majus celebrare. Denique plebes sic
a censa, utl opifices agrestesque omnes, quorum res fidesque in manibus sitse erant, relictis operibus, frequentarent
Marnum, et sua necessaria post illius honorem ducerent.
Ita, perculsa nobilitate, post multas tempestates novo
homini consulatus mandatur; et postea populus, a tribune
plebis Manilio Mancino rogatus,'quem vellet cum Jugurtha bellum gerere,' frequens Marium jussit. Sed senatus
paulo ante Metello Numidiam decreverat: ea res frustra.
fiit.
LXXIV. Eodem     tempore Jugurtha, amissis' amicis,
quorum plerosque ipse necaverat, ceteri formidine, pars
ad Romanos, alii ad regem Bocchum profugerant, quum
neque bellum geri sine administris posset, et novorum
fidem  in tanta perfidia veterum  experiri periculosum
duceret, varius incertusque agitabat; neque illi res, neque
consilium aut quisquam hominum satis placebat: itinera
preefectosque in dies mutare; m6od  adversum hostes,
interdum in solitudines pergere; smpe in fugh, ac post
paulo in armis spem habere; dubitare, virtuti an fide
popularium minus crederet: ita, quocumque intenderat,
res adversve erant. Sed inter eas moras repente sese
Metellus cum exercitu ostendit.  Numide ab Jugurtha
pro tempore parati instructique; dein prcelium incipitur.
Qua in parte rex pugnme adfuit, ibi aliquamdiu certatum;
ceteri omnes ejus milites primo concursu pulsi fugatique.
Romari signorum et armorum aliquanto numero, hostium
pnucoi ain potiti: nam ferme Numidas in omnibus prceliis
nlagis pedes quam arma tuta sunt.
7.Y WV  Ea fuga Jugurtha, impensius modo rebus suis




58            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
diffidens, cum perfugis et parte equitatus in solitudincs
dein Thalam pervenit, in oppidum magnum et opulentum, ubi plerique thesauri filiorumque ejus multus pueritihe cultus erat. Quse postquam Metello comperta sunt,
quamquam   inter Thalam flumenque proximum, spatio
millium quinquaginta, loca arida atque vasta esse cognoverat, tamen spe patrandi belli, si ejus oppidi potitus
foret, omnes asperitates supervadere, ac naturam etiam
vincere aggreditur. Igilur omnia jumenta sarcinis levari
jubet, nisi frumento dierum decem; ceterum utres modo
et alia aquae idonea portari. Praeterea conquirit ex agris,
quam plurimum potest domiti pecoris, e6que imponit vasa
cujusque modi, sed pleraque lignea, collecta ex tuguriis
Numidarum. Ad hoc finitimis imperat, qui se post regis
fugam Metello dederant, quam plurimum quisque aquam
portaret: diem locumque, ubi praesto forent, praedicit.
Ipse ex flumine, quam proximam oppido aquam supra
diximus, jumenta onerat: eo modo instructus ad Thalam proficiscitur. Deinde ubi ad id loci ventum, quo
Numidis prEeceperat, et castra posita munitaque sunt,
tanta repente ccelo missa vis aquae dicitur, ut ea modo
exercitui satis superque foret. Preterea commeatus spe
amplior, quia Numidae, sicuti plerique in nova deditione,
officia intenderant.  Ceterum  milites religione pluvia
magis usi, eaque res multum animis eorurn addidit; nam
rati sese dis immortalibus cura esse.  Deinde postero
die, contra opinionem Jugurthae, ad Thalam perveniunt.
Oppidani, qui se locorum asperitate munitos crediderant,
magna atque insolita re perculsi, nihilo segnius belluin
parare: idem nostri facere.
LXXVI. Sed rex, nihil jam infectum Metello credens,
quippe qui omnia, arma, tela, locos, tempora, dxenique




JUGURTHA.                   59
naturam ipsam, ceteris imperitantem, industria vicerat,
cum liberis et magna parte pecunim ex oppido noctu
profugit. Neque postea in ullo loco amplius uno die aut
una nocte moratus, simulabat sese negotii gratia properare; ceterum proditionem timebat, quam vitare posse
celeritate putabat: nam talia consilia per otium et ex
opportunitate capi.  At Metellus, ubi oppidanos prcclio
intentos, simul oppidum et operibus et loco munitum videt,
vallo fossaque mconia circumvenit. Deinde locis ex copia
maxime idoneis vineas agere, aggerem jacere, et super
aggerem impositis turribus, opus et administros tutari.
Contra haec oppidani festinare, parare: prorsus ab utrisque nihil reliquum fieri. Denique Romani, iulto ante
labore prceliisque fatigati, post dies quadraginta, quam eo
ventum erat, oppido modo potiti: prteda omnis a perfugis
corrupta. Ii postquam murum arietibus feriri resque suas
afflictas vident, aurum atque argentum et alia, quve prima
ducuntur, domum regiam comportant: ibi vino et epllis
onerati, illaque et domum et semet igni corrumpunt; et
quas victi ab hostibus poenas metuerant, eas ipsi volentes
pependere.
LXXVII. Sed pariter cum capta Thala legati ex oppido Lepti ad Metellum venerant, orantes,' uti praesidium
prmefectumque e6 mitteret: Hamilcarem quemdam, horn.
inem nobilem, factiosum, novis rebus studere, adversum
quem neque imperia magistratuum neque leges valerent:
ni id festinaret, in summo periculo suam salutem, illorum
socios fore.' Nam Leptitani jam inde a principio belli
Jugurthini ad Bestiam consulem et postea Romam nmiserant, amicitiam societatemque rogatum: deinde, ubi ea
impetrata. semper boni fidelesque mansere, et cuncta a
Bestia, Albino Metelloque imperata nave fecerant. Ita6*




60             C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
que ab imperatore facile, quse petebant, adepti, et missae
e6 cohortes Ligurum quatuor, et C. Annius prafectus.
LXXVIII. Id oppidum ab Sidoniis conditum est, quos
accepimus profugos ob discordias civiles navibus ill os
locos venisse: ceteruim situm inter duas Syrtes, quibus
nomen ex re inditum. Nam duo sunt sinus prqe in extrema Africa, impares magnitudine, pari natura: quorum
proxima terrae praealta sunt; cetera, uti fors tulit, alta,
alia in tempestate, vadosa. Nam ubi mare magnum esse,
et savire ventis ccepit, limum arenamque et saxa ingentia
fluctus trahunt: ita facies locorum cum ventis simul mutatur. Syrtes ab tractu nominatae. Ejus civitatis lingua
modo conversa connubio Numidarum: leges cultusque
pleraque Sidonica, qume eo facilius retinebant, quod procul
ab imperio regis metatem agebant. Inter illos et frequentem Numidiam multi vastique loci erant.
LXXIX. Sed quoniam in has regiones per Leptitanorum negotia venimus, non indignum videtur egregium
atque mirabile facinus duorum Carthaginiensium memorare: cam rem nos locus admonuit. Qua tempestate Carthaginienses plerarque Africe imperitabant, Cyferenses
quoque magni atque opulenti fuere.  Ager in medio
arenosus, una specie: neque flumen, neque mons erat,
qui fines eorum discerneret; qure res eos in magno diuturnoque bello inter se habuit. Postquam utrimque legiones, item classes smpe fusae fugataque, et alteri alteros
aliquantum attriverant, veriti, ne mox victos victoresque
defessos alius aggrederetur, per inducias sponsionem faciunt, uti certo die legati domo proficiscerentur: quo in
loco inter se obvii fuissent, is communis utriusque populi finis haberetur.' Igitur Carthagine duo fratpes missi,
quibus nomen Philkenis erat, maturavere iter perg6re




JUGURTHA.                   61
Cyrenenses tardius iere. Id socordiane an casu acciderit, parum cognovi: ceterum solet in illis locis tempestas haud secus- atque in mari retinere. Nam ubi per loca
aequalia et nuda gignentium ventus coortus arenam humo
excitavit, ea magna vi agitata ora oculosque implere
solet: ita, prospectu impedito, morari iter.  Postquam
Cyrenenses aliquanto posteriores se vident, et ob rem
corruptam domi pcenas metuunt, criminari Carthaginienses ante tempus domo digressos, conturbare rem, denique omnia malle, quam victi abire. Sed quum Pceni
aliam conditionem, tantummodo sequam, peterent, Graeci optionem Carthaginiensibus faciunt,' ut vel illi, quos
fines populo suo peterent, ibi vivi.obruerentur, vel eadem
conditione sese, quem in locum vellent, processuros.' PhiIaeni, conditione probata, seque vitamque suam reipublicae
condonavere: ita vivi obruti; Carthaginienses in eo loco
Philenis fratribus aras consecravere: aliique illis domi
honores instituti. Nunc ad rem redeo.
LXXX. Jugurtha postquam, amissa Thala, nihil satis
firmum contra Metelhum putat, per magnas solitudines
cum paucis profectus, pervenit ad Gaetulos, genus hominum ferum incultumque, et eo tempore ignarum nominis Romani. Eorum multitudinem in unhm cogit, ac
paulatim consuefacit ordines habere, signa sequi, imperium observare, item alia militaria facere. Praeterea regis
Bocchi proximos magnis muneribus et majoribus promissis ad studium sui perducit; quis adjutoribus regeni
aggressus impellit, uti adversum Romanos bellum suscipiat. Id ea gratia facilius proniusque fuit, quod Bocchus
initio hujusce belli legatos Romam miserat, foedus et
amnicitiam petitum: quam rem opportunissimam incepto
bello pauci impediverant, caeci avaritia, quis onnnia, ho



62            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
nesta atque inhonesta, vendere mos erat. Etiam antca
Jugurthae filia Bocchi nupserat. Verum ea necessitudo
apud Numidas Maurosque levis ducitur, quia singuli,
pro opibus quisque, quam plurimas uxores, denas alii,
alii plures habent, sed reges eo amplius. Ita animus
multitudine distrahitur; nulla pro socia obtinet; pariter
omnes viles sunt.
LXXXI. Igitur in locum ambobus placitum exercitus
conveniunt. Ibi, fide dat& et accepta, Jugurtha Bocchi
animum oratione accendit:'Romanos injustos, profunda
avaritia, communes omnium hostes esse: eandem illos
causam belli cum Boccho habere, quam secum et cum
aliis gentibus, libidinem imperitandi, quis omnia regna
adversa sint: turn sese, paulo ante Carthaginienses, item
Persen regem, post, uti quisque opulentissimus videatur,
ita Romanis hostem fore.' His atque aliis talibus dictis,
ad Cirtam  oppidum iter constituunt, quod ibi Metellus
praedam captivosque et impedimenta locaverat: ita Jugurtha ratus, aut, capta urbe, opera pretium fore; aut,
si Romanus auxilio suis venisset, prcelio sese certaturos.
Nam callidus id modo festinabat, Bocchi pacem imminuere, ne moras agitando aliud quam bellum mallet.
LXXXII. Imperator postquam de regum societate
cognovit, non temere, neque, uti, sepe jam victo Jugurtha, consueverat, omnibus locis pugnandi copiam facit
ceterum haud procul ab Cirta, castris munitis, reges opperitur; melius esse ratus, cognitis Mauris, quoniam is
novus hostis" accesserat, ex commodo pugnam facere.
Interim Roma per litteras certior fit provinciam Numidiam
Mario datam; nam   consulem factum  ante acceperat.
Quis rebus supra bonum atque honestum perculsus, neque
lacrymas tenere, neque moderari linguam: vir egregius




JUGURTHA.                   63
in aliis artibus nimis molliter agritudinem pati. Quam
rem alii in superbiam vertebant, alii bonum ingenium
contumelia accensum esse, multi, quod jam'parta victoria ex manibus eriperetur: nobis satis cognitum est, illum
magis honore Marii quam injuria sua excruciatum, neque
tam anxie laturum fuisse, si adempta provincia alii quam
Mario traderetur.
LXXXIII. Igitur eo dolore impeditus, et quia stultitia
videbatur alienam rem periculo suo curare, legatos ad
Bocchum mittit, postulatum,'ne sine causa hostis populo
Romano fieret: habere tum magnam copiam societatis
amicitiEeque conjungendae, qua potior bello esset: quamquam opibus suis confideret, tamen non debere incerta
pro certis mutare: omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum
aegerrime desinere: non in ejusdem potestate initium
ejus et finem esse; incipere cuivis, etiam ignavo, licere;
deponi, quum victores velint. Proinde sibi regnoque suo
consuleret, neu florentes res suas cum Jugurthm perditis
misceret.' Ad ea rex satis placide verba facit:'sese
pacem  cupere, sed Jugurthae fortunarum  misereri; si
eadem illi copia fieret, omnia conventura.' Rursus imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit: ille probare partim, alia abnuere. Eo modo sepe ab utroque
missis remissisque nuntiis tempus procedere, et ex Metelli voluntate bellum intactum trahi.
LXXXIV. At Marius, ut supra diximus, cupientissima
plebe consul factus, postquam ei provinciam Numidiam
populus jussit, antea jam infestus nobilitati, tum vero
multus atque ferox instare: singulos modo, modo universos ledere; dictitare'sese consulatum ex victis illis
spolia cepisse;' alia prasterea magnifica pro se, et illis
dolentia. Interim, quaE bello opus erant, prima habere:




64            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
postulare legionibus supplementum, auxilia a populis et
regibus sociisque arcessere: praeterea ex Latio fortissimum quemque, plerosque militiae, paucos faman cognitos,
accire, et ambiendo cogere homines emeritis stipendiis
secum proficisci. Neque illi senatus, quamquam adversus erat, de ullo negotio abnuere audebat: ceteruim supplementum etiam laetus decreverat; quia neque plebi
militia volenti putabatur, et Marius aut belli usum aut
studia vulgi amissurus. Sed ea res frustra sperata: tanta
libido cum Mario eundi plerosque invaserat. Sese quisque praeda locupletem fore, victorern domum rediturum,
alia hujuscemodi animis trahebant, et eos non paulunm
oratione sua Marius arrexerat. Nam postquam, omnibus,
quae postulaverat, decretis, milites scribere vult, hortandi causa, simul et nobilitatem, uti consueverat, exagitandi, concionem populi advocavit; deinde hoc modo
disseruit.
LXXXV. "Scio ego, Quirites, plerosque non iisdem
artibus imperium a vobis petere, et, postquam adepti sunt,
gerere: primo industrios, supplices, modicos esse; deinde
per ignaviam et superbiam  atatem agere. Sed mihi
contra ea videtur: nam quo pluris est, universa respublica quam consulatus aut praetura, eo majore cura illam
administrari, quam haec peti, debere. Neque me fallit,
quantum cum maximo beneficio vestro negotii sustineam. Bellum parare simul, et verario parcere; cogere ad
militiam eos, quos nolis offendere; dorni forisque omnia
curare; et ea agere inter invidos, occursantes, factiosos,
opinione, Quirites, asperius est. Ad hoc alii si deliquere,
vetus nobilitas, majorum fortia facta, cognatorum et affinium opes, multma clientelme, omnia haec praesidio adsunt: mihi spes omnes in memet sitas, quas necesse est




JUGURTHA.                    65
et virtute et innocentia tutari; nam  alia infirma sunt.
Et illud intelfigo, Quirites, omnium ora in me cbnveT^ai
esse: aequos bonosque favere, quippe benefacta mea
reipublica procedunt; nobilitatem locum invadendi querere.  Quo mihi acriuis adnitendum  est, ut neque vos
capiamini, et illi frustra sint. Ita ad hoc etatis a pueritia fui, ut omnes labores, pericula consueta habeam
Qua ante vestra beneficia gratuito faciebam, a uti, accepta mercede, deser'am, non est consilium, Quirites.
Illis difficile est in potestatibus temperare, qui per ambitionem  sese probos simulavere: mihi, qui omnem
eetatem in optimis artibus egi, bene facere jam ex consuetudine in naturam  vertit.  Bellum me gerere cum
Jugurtha jussistis; quam rem  nobilitas egerrime tulit.
Quaesob reputate cum animis vestris, num id mutari
melius sit, si quem ex illo" globo nbbilitatis ad hoc aut
aliud tale negotium mittatis, hominem veteris prosapiae
ac multarum imaginum^ et nullius stipendii, scilicet ut
in tant& re ignarus omnium  trepidet, festinet, sumat
aliquem ex populo moniforem officii sui. Ita plerumque
evenit, ut, quem vos imperare jussistis, is sibi imperatorem alium queerat. Atque ego scio, Quirites, qui, postquam consules facti sunt, acta majorum et Graecorum militaria praecepta legere cceperint; preposteri homines; nam
gerere quam fieri ternpore posterius, re atque usu prius
est. Comparate nunc, Quirites, cum illorum superbia
me hominem novum. Quse illi audire et legere solent,
eorumn partem vidi, alia egomet gessi: quoe illi litteris, ea
ego militando didici. Nunc vos existimate, facta an dicta
pluris sint. Contemnunt novitatem mearn; ego illorum
ignaviam: mihi fortuna, illis probra objectantur. Quamquam ego naturam unam et communem omnium existi



66            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
mo, sed fortissimum quemque generosissimum, Ac si
jam ex patribus Albini aut Bestiae quari possef,' Mene
an illos ex se gigni maluerint,' quid responsuros creditis,
nisi,'sese liberos quam optimos voluisse?' Quod si jure
me despiciunt, faciant idem majoribus suis, quibus, uti
niihi, ex virtute nobilitas ccepit. Invident honori meo;
ergo invideant labori, innocentize, periculis etiam meis,
quoniam per hcec illum cepi. Verum homines corrupti
superbia ita aetatem agunt, quasi vestros honores contemnant; ita hos petunt, quasi honeste vixerint. Ne illi
falsi sunt, qui diversissimas res pariter exspectant, ignaviae voluptatem  et praemia virtutis.  Atque etiam
quum apud vos aut in senatu verba faciunt, pleraque
oratione majores suos extollunt; eorum fortia facta
memorando clariores sese putant: quod contra est. Nam
quanto vita illorum  preclarior, tanto horum socordia
flagitiosior. Et profecto ita se res habet: majorum gloria posteris quasi lumen est; neque bona eorum neque
mala in occulto patitur. Hujusce rei ego inopiam patior,
Quirites; verum, id quod multo praeclarius est, meamet
facta mihi dicere licet. Nunc videte, quam iniqui sint.
Quod ex aliena virtute sibi arrogant, id mihi ex mea non
concedunt; scilicet, quia imagines non habeo, et quia
mihi nova nobilitas est, quam certe peperisse melius est,
quam acceptam corrupisse.  Equidem ego non ignoro,
si jam mihi respondere velint, abunde illis facundam et
compositam orationem fore. Sed in maximo vestro beneficio, quum omnibus locis me vosque maledict'is lacerent,
non placuit reticere, ne quis modestiam in consclentiam
duceret. Nam me quidem, ex animi mei sententia, nulla
oratio laedere potest: quippe vera necesse est bene praedicet, falsam vita moresque mei superant. Sed quoni



JUGURTHA.                   67
am vestra consilia accusantur, qui mihi summum honorcm et maximum negotium imposuistis, etiam atque etiam
reputate, num eorum poenitendum sit. Non possum,
fidei causa imagines, neque triumphos aut consulatus
majorum meorum ostentare; at, si res postulet, hastas,
vexillum, phaleras, alia militaria dona; praeterea cicatrices adverso corpore. Hau sunt mese imagines, hec nobilitas, non haereditate relicta, ut illa illis, sed quae egomet
plurimis laboribus et periculis quaesivi. Non sunt composita mea verba; parum id facio; ipsa se virtus satis
ostendit: illis artificio opus est, ut turpia facta oratione
tegant. Neque litteras Greeas didici: parum placebat
eas discere, quippe qume ad virtutem doctoribus nihil profuerunt. At illa multo optima reipublicae doctus sum,
hostem ferire, prmssidia agitare, nihil metuere nisi turpem
famam, hiemem et mstatem juxta pati, humi requiescere, eodem tempore inopiam et laborem tolerare. Iis
ego preceptis milites hortabor, neque illos arte colam,
me opulenter; neque gloriam  meam  laborem  illorum
faciam. Hoc est utile, hoc civile imperium. Namque,
quum tute per mollitiem agas, exercitum supplicio cogere, id est dominum, non imperatorem esse. Haec atque
talia majores vestri faciendo seque remque publicam celebravere.  Quis nobilitas freta, ipsa dissimilis moribus,
nos, illorum mmulos, contemnit; et omnes honores, non
ex merito, sed quasi debitos, a vobis repetit. Ceterum
homines superbissimi procul errant. Majores eorum omnia, qure licebat, illis reliquere, divitias, imagines, memoriam sui preciaram: virtutem non reliquere; neque poterant: ea sola neque datur dono, neque accipitur.' Sordidum me et incultis moribus' aiunt, quia parum scite convivium exorno, neque histrionem ullum, neque pluris pretii




68            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
coquum quam villicum habeo. Qua    mihi libet confiteri, Quirites, nam ex parente meo, et ex aliis sanctis
vlris ita accepi, munditias mulieribus, viris laborem convenire; omnibusque bonis oportere plus gloriwequam divitiarum esse; arma, non supellectilem decori esse. Quil
ergo, quod juvat, quod carum zestimant, id semper faciant; ament, potent: ubi adolescentiam habuere, ibi senectutem agant, in conviviis, dediti ventri et turpissimae
parti corporis: sudorem, pulverem, et alia talia relinquant
nobis, quibus illa epulis jucundiora sunt.  VerAm non
est ita: nam ubi se flagitiis dedecoravere turpissimi viri,
bonorum preemia ereptum eunt. Ita injustissime luxuria
et ignavia, pessimse artes, illis, qui coluere eas,nihilofficiunt, reipublicae innoxiae cladi sunt. Nunc, quoniam illis,
quantum mores mei, non illorum flagitia poscebant, respondi, pauca de republica loquar. Primuim omnium de
Numidia bonum habete animum, Quirites. Nam quae ad
hoc tempus Jugurtham tutata sunt, omnia removistis,
avaritiam, imperitiam, superbiam. Deinde exergitus ibi
est locorum sciens; sed mehercule magis strenuus quam
felix; nam magna pars ejus avaritia aut temeritate ducum attrita est. Quamobrem vos, quibus militaris est
atas, adnitimini mecum, et capessite rempublicam: neque
quemquam ex calamitate aliorum aut imperatorum superbia metus ceperit. Egomet in agrnine, in prcelio, consultor idem et socius periculi, vobiscum adero; meque
vosque in omnibus rebus juxta geram. Et profecto, diis
juvantibus, omnia matura sunt, victoria, preeda, laus'
quee si dubia aut procul essent, tamen omnes bonos reipublicae subvenire decebat.  Etenim ignavia nemo immortalis factus, neque quisquam parens liberis, uti eterni
forent, optavit; magis, uti boni honestique vitam exige



JGURTHA.                    69
rent. Plura dicerem, Quirites, si timidis virtutem verba
addererit; nam strenuis abunde dictum puto."
LXXXVI. Hujuscemodi oratione habita, Marius postquam plebis animos arrectos videt, propere commeatu,
stipendio, armis, aliis utilibus naves onerat: cuum his A
Manlium legatum proficisci jubet. Ipse interea milites
scribere, non more majorum, neque ex classibus, sed uti
cujusque libido erat, capite- censos plerosque. Id factum
alii inopia bonorun, alii per ambitionem consulis memoralbant, quod ab eo genere celebratus auctusque erat, et
homini potentiam quaerenti egentissimus quisque opportunissimus, cui neque sua cura, quippe qua nulla sunt,
et omnia cum pretio honesta videntur.  Igitur Marius
cum aliquanto majore numero, quam decretum erat, in
Africam profectus, paucis diebus Uticam advehitur. Exercitus ei traditur a P. Rutilio legato: nam Metellus
conspectum Marii fugerat, ne videret ea, quse audita animus tolerare nequiverat.
LXXXVII. Sed consul, expletis legionibus cohortibusque auxiliariis, in agrum fertilem et praeda onustum
proficiscitur, omnia ibi capta militibus donat, dein castella et oppida natura et viris parum munita aggreditur;
prcelia multa, ceterum levia, alia aliis locis facere. Interim novi milites sine metu pugnse adesse, videre fugientes
capi aut occidi, fortissimum quemque tutissimum, armis
libertatem, patriam parentesque et alia omnia tegi, gloriam
atque divitias quaeri. Sic brevi spatio novi veteresque
coaluere, et virtus omnium requalis facta. At reges, ubi
de adventu Marii cognoverunt, diversi in locos difficiles
abeunt. Ita Jugurthae placuerat, speranti mox effusos
hostcs invadi posse, Romanos, sicuti plerosque, remoto
metu, laxius licentiusque futuros.




70             C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
LXXXVIII. Metellus interea Romam profectus, contra spem suam iletissimis animis excipitur, plebi patribusque, postquam invidia decesserat, juxta carus. Sed
Marius impigr6 prudenterque suorum et hostium res par.
iter attendere, cognoscere quid boni utrisque aut contra
esset, explorare itinera regum, consilia et insidias antevenire, nihil apud se remissum neque apud illos tutum
pati. Itaque et Gatulos et Jugurtham, ex sociis nostris
praedas agentes, saepe aggressus in itinere fuderat, ipsumque regem haud procul ab oppido Cirta armis exuerat. Quae postquam gloriosa modo, neque belli patrandi
cognovit, statuit urbes, qua viris aut loco pro hostibus
et adversum se opportunissimse erant, singulas circumvenire: ita Jugurtham aut praesidiis nudatum, si ea pateretur, aut prcelio certaturum. Nam Bocchus nuntios
ad eum saepe miserat,' velle populi Romani amicitiam,
ne quid ab se hostile timeret.' Id simulaveritne, quo
improvisus gravior accideret, an mobilitate ingenii pacem
atque bellum mutare solitus, parum exploratum est,
LXXXIX. Sed consul, uti statuerat, oppida castellaque munita adire; partim vi, alia metu aut praemia ostentando, avertere ab hostibus.  Ac prim6 mediocria
gerebat, existimans Jugurtham ob suos tutandos in manus venturum. Sed ubi ilium procul abesse, et aliis negotiis intentum accepit, majora et magis aspera aggredi
tempus visum est. Erat inter ingentes solitudines oppidum magnum atque valens, nomine Capsa, cujus conditor
Hercules Libys memorabatur. Ejus cives apud Jugurtham immunes, levi imperio, et ob ea fidelissimi habebantur; muniti adversum hostes non mcenibus modo et
armis atque viris, verum etiam multo magis locorum asperitate. Nam, praeter oppido propinqua, alia omnia vas



JUGURTHA.                   71
ta, inculta, egentia aque, infesta serpentibus, quorum
vis, sicuti omnium ferarum, inopia cibi acrior; ad hoc
natura serpentium, ipsa perniciosa, siti magis quam alia.
re accenditur.  Ejus potiundi Marium maxima cupido
invaserat, quum propter usum belli, turn quia res aspera
videbatur, et Metellus oppidum  Thalam magna gloria
ceperat, haud dissimiliter situm munitumque, nisi quod
apud Thalam non longe a ncenibus aliquot fontes erant,
Capsenses una modo, atque ea intra oppidum, jugi aqua,
cetera pluvia utebantur. Id ibique et in omni Africa, qum
procul a mari incultius agebat, eo faciliuis tolerabatur,
quia Numidae plerumque lacte et ferina carne vescebantur, et neque salem neque alia irritamenta gulae quaerebant: cibus illis adversum famem atque sitim, non libidini
neque luxuriae erat.
XC. Igitur consul, omnibus exploratis, credo, dis fretus; (nam contra tantas difficultates consilio satis providere non poterat; quippe etiam frumenti inopia tentabatur, qubd Numidae pabulo pecoris magis quam   arvo
student, et quodcumque natum fuerat, jussu regis in loca
munita contulerant; ager autem aridus et frugum vacuus
ea tempestate, nam  estatis extremum erat); tamen pro
rei copia satis providenter exornat: pecus omne, quod
superioribus diebus prmdae fuerat, equitibus auxiliariis
agendum attribuit: A. Manlium legatum cum cohortibus
expeditis ad oppidum Lares, ubi stipendium et commeatum locaverat, ire jubet, dicitque'se praedabundum post
paucos dies eodem venturum.'  Sic incepto suo occultato,
pergit ad flumen Tanam.
XCI. Ceterum in itinere quotidie pecus exercitui per
centurias item turmas aequaliter distribuerat, et, ex coris
utres uti fierent, curabat: simul et inopiam  frumenti
7*




72            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
lenire, et, ignaris omnibus, parare, qums mox usui forent.
Denique sexto die, quum ad flumen ventum  est, maxi-'ma vis utrium effecta. Ibi castris levi munimento positis, milites cibum capere, atque, uti simul cum occasu
solis egrederentur, paratos esse jubet, omnibus sarcinis
abjectis, aqua modo seque et jumenta onerare. Dein,
postquam tempus visum, castris egreditur, noctemque
totam itinere facto, consedit: idem proxima facit. Dein
tertia multo ante lucis adventum pervenit in locum tumulosum, ab Capsa non amplius duum millium intervallo, ibique, quam  occultissime potest, cum  omnibus
copiis opperitur. Sed ubi dies coepit, et Numidas, nihil
hostile metuentes, multi oppido egressi, repente omnem
equitatum, et cum his velocissimos pedites cursu tendere
ad Capsam, et portas obsidere jubet: deinde ipse intentus proper6 sequi, neque milites praedari sinere. Quae
postquam oppidani cognovere, res trepidae, metus ingens,
malum improvisum, ad hoc pars civium extra mcenia in
hostium potestate, coegere, uti deditionem facerent. Ceterum oppidum incensum, Numidm    puberes interfecti,
alii omnes venum dati, preeda militibus divisa. Id facinus
contra jus belli non avaritia neque scelere consulis admissum: sed quia locus Jugurtha opportunus, nobis aditu
difficilis; genus hominum  mobile, infidum'ante, neque
beneficio neque metu coercitum.
XCII. Postquam tantam rem Marius sine ullo suorum
incommodo patravit, magnus et clarus antea, major et
clarior haberi ccepit. Omnia,'non bene consulta modo,
verum etiam casu data in virtutem trahebantur; milites
modesto imperio habiti, simul et locupletes, ad ccelum
ferre; Numidae magis quam mortalem timere; postremo
omnes, socii atque hostes, credere illi aut mentem divinam




JUGURTHA.                   73
esse, aut deorum nutu cuncta portendi. Sed consul, ubi
ea res bene evenit, ad alia oppida pergit: pauca, repug.
nantibus Numidis, capit, plura, deserta propter Capsensium miserias, igni corrumpit: luctu atque casde omnia
complentur. Denique multis locis potitus, ac plerisque
exercitu incruento, aliam  rem  aggreditur, non eadem
asperitate, cua Capsensium, ceteruim haud secuis difficilem. Namque haud longe a flumine Mulucha, quod Jugurthe Bocchique regnum disjungebat, erat inter ceteram
planitiem mons saxeus, mediocri catello satis patens, in
immensum editus, uno perangusto aditu relicto; nam
omnis natura, velut opere atque consulto, preceps. Quem
locum Marius, quod ibi regis thesauri erant, summa vi
capere intendit. Sed ea res forte, quam consilio, meliius
gesta. Nam castello virorum atque armorum satis, magna vis frumenti et fons aquse; aggeribus turribusque et
aliis machinationibus locus importunus; iter castellanorum
angustum admodum, utrimque praecisum.  Vinee cum
ingenti periculo frustra agebantur; nam quum ece paultum
processerant, igni aut lapidibus corrumpebantur: milites
neque pro opere consistere, propter iniquitatem loci, neque
inter vineas sine periculo administrare: optimus quisque
cadere aut sauciari, ceteris metus augeri,
XCIII. At Marius, multis diebus et laboribus consumptis, anxius trahere cum animo suo, omitteretne inceptum, quoniam frustra erat, an fortunam opperiretur,
qua saepe prospere usus fuerat. Qume quum multos dies
noctesque aestuans agitaret, forte quidam Ligus, ex cohortibus auxiliariis miles gregarius, castris aquatum egressus,
haud procul ab latere castelli, quod aversum prceliantibus
erat, animum advertit inter saxa repentes cochleas: quarnim quum unam atque alteram, dein plures peteret. studio




74            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
legendi paulatim prope ad summum montis egressus est.
Ubi postquam solitudinem intellexit, more ingenii humanl
cupido difficilia faciendi animum vertit. Et forte in eo
loco grandis ilex coaluerat inter saxa, paululum modo
prona, deinde flexa atque aucta in altitudinem, quo cuncta
gignentium natura fert: cujus ramis modo, modo eminentibus saxis nisus Ligus, in castelli planitiem pervenit,
qubd cuncti Numidoe intenti prceliantibus aderant. Exploratis omnibus, quae mox usui fore ducebat, eadem
regreditur, non temere, uti escenderat, sed tentans omnia et circumspiciens. Itaque Marium propere adit, acta
edocet; hortatur, ab ea parte, qua ipse escenderat, castellum tentet; pollicetur sese itineris periculique ducem.
Marius cum Ligure, promissa ejus cognitum, ex prmesentibus misit; quorum uti cujusque ingenium erat, ita rein
difficilem aut facilem  nuntiavere. Consulis animus tamen paulum arrectus. Itaque ex copia tubicinum et cornicinum numero quinque quhm velocissimos delegit, et
cum his, praesidio qui forent, quatuor centuriones, omnesque Liguri parere jubet, et ei negotio proximum diem
constituit.
XCIV. Sed ubi ex precepto tempus visum, paratis
compositisque omnibus ad locum pergit. Ceterum illi,
qui ascensuri erant, prmedocti ab duce, arma ornatumque mutaverant, capite atque pedibus nudis, uti prospectus nisusque per saxa facilius foret: super terga gladii et
scuta verum  ea Numidica ex coriis, ponderis gratia
simu]l, et offensa quo leviis streperent. Igitur praegrediens Ligus saxa, et si quse vetustate radices eminebant,
Jaqueis vinciebat, quibus allevati milites facilius escenderent: interdum timidos insolentia itineris levare manu:
ubi paulo asperior ascensus erat, singulos pre se inermes




JUGURTHA.                    75
mittere, deinde ipse cum illorum.armis sequi: quam dubia
nisu videbantur, potissimus tentare, ac smpius eadem
ascendens descendensque, dein statim digrediens, ceteris
audaciam  addere. Igitur, diu multumque fatigati, tandem  in castellum  perveniunt, desertum  ab ea parte,
quod omnes, sicuti aliis diebus, adversum hostes aderant.
Marius, ubi ex nuntiis, quae Ligus egerat, cognovit,
quamquam toto die intentos prcelio Numidas habuerat,
tur vero cohortatus milites, et ipse extra vineas egressus, testudine acta succedere, et simul hostem tormentis
sagittariisque et funditoribus eminus terrere.  At Numidm, ssepe antea vineis Romanorum subversis, item incensis, non castelli mcenibus sese tutabantur; sed pro
muro dies noctesque agitare, maledicere Romanis, ac
Mario vecordiam objectare, militibus nostris Jugurthae
servitium minari, secundis rebus feroces esse. Interim
omnibus Romanis hostibusque, proelio intentis, magnL
utrimque vi pro gloria atque imperio his, illis pro salute
certantibus, repente a tergo signa canere: ac primo mulieres et pueri, qui visum processerant, fugere; deinde,
uti quisque muro proximus erat, postremO cuncti, armati
inermesque. Quod ubi accidit, eo acriuis Romani instare, fundere, ac plerosque tantummodo sauciare; dein
super occisorum corpora vadere, avidi gloriae certantes
murum   petere, neque quemquam  omnium  prseda morari. Sic forte correcta Marii temeritas gloriam ex cutpa invenit.
XCV. Ceterum dum ea res geritur, L. Sulla questor
cum magno equitatu in castra venit: quos uti ex Latio
et a sociis cogeret,.Rome   relictus erat. Sed quoniain
nos tanti viri res admonuit, idoneum visum est, de natura
ckiltuque ejus paucis dicere: neque enim alio loco de




76             C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
SullIa rebus dicturi sumus, et L. - Sisenna optima et
diligentissime omnium, qui eas res dixere, persecutus
parum  mihi libero ore Jocutus, videtur.  Igitur' Sulla
gentis patriciae nobilis fuit, familia prope jam exstincta
majorum ignavia: litteris Graecis ac Latinis juxta, atque
doctissime, cruditus; animo ingenti, cupidus voluptatum,
sed gloriee cupidior, otio luxurioso esse; tamen ab negotiis nunquam voluptas remorata, nisi quod de uxore potuit
honestius consuli: facundus, callidus, et amicitia facilis:
ad simulanda negotia altitudo ingenii incredibilis: multarum rerum ac maxime pecunine largitor. Atque illi felicissimo omnium ante civilem victoriam, nunquam super
industriam fortuna fuit; multique dubitavere, fortior an
felicior esset: nam, postea quee fecerit, incertum habeo,
pudeat magis, an pigeat disserere.
XCVI. Igitur Sulla, ut supra dictum est, postquam in
Africam atque in castra Marii cum equitatu venit, rudis
antea et ignarus belli, solertissimus omnium in paucis
tempestatibus factus est. Ad hoc milites benigne appellare; multis rogantibus, aliis per se ipse dare beneficia, invitus accipere, sed ea properantius quam  Wes
mutuum, reddere, ipse ab nullo repetere, magis id laborare, ut illi quam plurimi deberent; joca atque seria
cum humillimis agere; in operibus, in agmine atque ad
vigilias multus adesse, neque interim, quod prava ambitio solet, consulis aut cujusquam bhni famam iedere,
tantummodlo neque consilio neque manu priorem alium
pati, plerosque antevenire. Quis rebus et artibus brevi
Mario militibusque carissimus factus.
XCVII. At Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam aliosque locos munitos et sibi utiles, simul et magnam pecuniam  amiserat, ad Bocchum  nuntios mittit,'quam




JUGURTHA.                   77
primum in Numidiam copias adduceret; prcelii faciendi
tempus adesse.' Quem ubi cunctari accepit, et dubium
belli atque pacis rationes trahere, rursus, uti antea, proximos ejus donis corrumpit, ipsique Mauro pollicetur Numidire partem tertiam, si aut Romani Africa expulsi, aut,
integris suis finibus, bellum compositum foret. Eo prmemio illectus Bocchus cum magna multitudine Jugurthar
accedit. Ita amborum exercitu conjuncto, Marium jam
in hiberna proficiscentem, vix decima parte die reliqua',
invadunt, rati noctem, qum jam aderat, et victis sibi munimento fore, et, si vicissent, nullo impedimento, quia
locorum scientes erant; contra Rornanis utrumque casum in tenebris difficiliorem fore. Igitur simul consul ex
multis de hostium adventu cognovit, et ipsi hostes aderant; et priusquam exercitus aut instrui, aut sarcinas colligere, denique antequam  signum  aut imperium  ullum
accipere quivit, equites Mauri atque Gietuli, non acie
neque ullo more prcelii, sed catervatim, uti qqusque foes
conglobaverat, in nostros incurrunt. Qui omnes trepidi improviso metu, ac tamen virtutes memores, aut armaa
capiebant, aut capientes alios ab hostibus defensabant:
pars equos ascendere, obviam ire hostibus: pugna latrocinio magis quam proelio similis fieri: sine signis, sine
ordinibus equites pedites permixti'cedere alios, alios
obtruncare; multos, contra adversos acerrime pugnantes,
ab tergo circumvenire: neque virtus neque arma satis
tegere, quod hostes numero plures et undique circmfusi
erant. Denique Romani veteres et ob ea scientes belli,
si quos locus aut casus. conjunxerat, orbes facere, atque
ita ab omnibus partibus simul tecti et instructi hostium
vim sustentabant.
XCVIII. Neque In eo tam aspero negotio Marius ter



78            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
ritus, aut magis quam antea demisso animo fuit; sed
cum turma sua, quam ex fortissimis magis quam familiarissimis paraverat, vagari passim, ac modo laborantibus suis succurrere, modo hostes, ubi confertissimi obstiterant, invadere; manu consulere militibus, quoniam
imperare, conturbatis omnibus, non poterat.  Jamque
dies consumptus erat, quum tamen barbari nihil remittere, atque, uti reges praeceperant, noctem pro se rati,
acriuis instare. Tumn Marius ex copia' rerum consilium
trahit, atque, uti suis receptui locus esset, colles duos
propinquos inter se occupat, quorum in uno, castris parum amplo, fons aqume magnus erat, alter usui opportunus quia magn. parte editus et?rmeceps pauca munimenta quarebat. Ceterium apud aquam Sullam cumequitibus noctein agitare jubet: ipse paulatim dispersos milites, neque minus hostibus conturbatis, in unum contrahit, dein cunctos pleno gradu in collem subducit. Ita
reges, loci difficultate coacti, prcelio deterrentur; neque
tamen suos longiuis abire sinunt, sed, utroqtie colle multitudine circumdato, effusi consedere. Dein crebris ignibus factis, plerumque noctis barbari suo more letari,
exsultare, strepere vocibus, et ipsi duces feroces, quia non
fugerent, pro victoribus agere. Sed ea cuncta Romanis,
ex tenebris et editioribus locis facilia visu, magnoque
hortamento erant.
XCIX. Plurimum ver6 Marius imperitia hostium confirmatus, quam maximum silentium haberi jubet, ne
signa quidem, uti per vigilias solebant, canere. Deinde,
ubi lux adventabat, defessis jam hostibus et paulo ante
somno captis, de improviso vigiles, item cohortium, turmarum, legionum tubicines simul omnes signa' canere,
milites clamorem tollere atque portis erumpere. Mauri




JUGURrHA.                   79
atque Gaetuli, ignoto et horribili sonitu repente exciti,
neque fugere, neque arma capere, neque omnino facere
aut providere quidquam poterant: ita cunctos strepitu,
clamore, nullo subveniente, nostris instantibus, tumultu,
terrore, formido, quasi vecordia, ceperat. Denique omnes fusi fugatique: arma et signa militaria pleraque cap.
ta; pluresque eo prcelio quam omnibus superioribus interempti: nam somno et metu insolito impedita fuga.
C. Dein Marius, uti cceperat, in hiberna proficiscitur,
que propter commeatum in oppidis maritimis agere decreverat: Neque tamen victoria socors aut insolens factus,
sed, pariter ac in conspectu hostium, quadrato agmine incedere. Sulla cum equitatu apud dextimos, in sinistra A.
Manlius cum  funditoribus et sagittariis, praterea cohortes Ligurum curabat; primos et extremos cam expeditis manipulis tribunos locaverat. Perfugae, minime -cari
et regionum scientissimi, hostium iter explorabant. Simul consul, quasi nullo imposito, omnia providere, apud
omnes adesse, laudare, increpare merentes. Ipse armatus intentusque, item milites cogebat; neque secus, atque
iter facere, castra munire, excubitum in porta cohortes
ex legionibus, pro castris equites auxiliarios mittere, prmeterea alios super vallum in munimentis locare: vigilias
ipse circumire, non tam  difidentia futurum, quae imperavisset, quam uti militibus exoequatus cum imperatore labos volentibus esset. Et sane Marius illoque aliisque temporibus Jugurthini belli pudore magis quam malo
exercitum coercebat: quod multi per ambitionem fieri
aiebant, pars, quod a pueritia consuetam duritiam et alia,
quoe ceteri miserias vocant, voluptati habuisset: nisi tamen respublica pariter ac savissimo imperio, bene atque
decore gesta.
8




80            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
CI. Igitur quarto denique die, haud longe ab oppido
Cirta undique simul speculatores citi sese ostendunt,
qua re hostes adesse intelligitur. Sed quia diversi redeuntes, alius ab alia parte, atque omnes idem significabant, consul incertus, quonam  modo aciem instrueret,
nuilo ordine commutato, adversum omnia paratus ibidem opperitur. Ita Jugurtham spes frustrata, qui copias
in quatuor partes distribuerat, ratus ex omnibus aeque
aliquos ab tergo hostibus venturos. Interim Sulla, quem
primum hostes attigerant, cohortatus suos, turmatim et
quam maxime confertis equis, ipse aliique Mauros invadunt; ceteri in loco manentes ab jaculis eminus emissis
corpora tegere, et, si qui in manus venerant, obtruncare.
Dum eo modo equites prceliantur/Bocchus cum peditibus,
quos Volux filius ejus adduxerat, neque in priore pugna,
in itir re morati, adfuerant, postremam  Romanorum
aciem invadunt. Turn Marius apud primos agebat, quod
ibi Jugurtha cum plurimis erat., Dein Numida, cognito
Bocchi adventu, clam cum paucis ad pedites convertit:
ibi Latine (nam apud Numantiam loqui didiceiat) exclamat,'nostros frustra pugnare; paulo ante Marium sua
manu interfectum:' simul gladium sanguine oblitum ostendere, quem in pugna, satis impigre occiso pedite nostro,
cruentaverat. Quod ubi milites accepere, magis atrocitate rei quam fide nuntii terrentur, simulque barbari animos tollere, et in perculsos Romanos acrius incedere.
Jamque paulum ab fuga aberant, quum Sulla, profligatis
iis, quos adversuim ierat, rediens ab latere Mauris incurrit.
Bocchus statim avertitur. At Jugurtha, dum sustentare
suos et prope jam adeptam victoriam retinere cupit, circumventus ab equitibus, dextra, sinistra omnibus occisis,
solus inter tela hostium vitabundus erumpit. Atque inter



JUGURTHA.                   81
im Marius, fugatis equitibus, accurrit auxilio suis, quos
pelli jam acceperat. Denique hostes jam undique fusi
Tur spectaculum horribile in campis patentibus: sequi,
fugere, occidi, capi; equi atque viri afflicti, ac multi,
~rulneribus acceptis, neque fugere posse, neque quietem
pati; niti modo, ac statim concidere: postremo omnia,
qua visus erat, constrata telis, armis, cadaveribus, et inter
ea humus infecta sanguine.
CII. Postea loci consul, haud dubie jam victor, pervenit in oppidum Cirtam, quo initio profectus intenderat.
Eo post diem quintum, quam iterum barbari male pugnaverant, legati a Boccho veniunt, qui regis verbis ab
Mario petivere,' duos quam fidissimos ad eum mitteret:
velle de suo et de popuK Romani commodo cum iis disserere.' Ille statim L. Sullam et A. Manlium ire jubet.
Qui quamquam   acciti ibant, tamen placuit verb,, apud
regem facere, utl ingenium aut aversum flecterent, aut
cupidum pacis vehementius accenderent. Itaque Sulla,
cujus facundie, non etati a Manlio concessum, pauca
verba hujuscemodi locutus:
"Rex Bocche, magna nobis laetitia est, quum te talem
virum di monuere, uti aliquando pacem quam bellum
malles; neu te optimum cum pessimo omnium Jugurtha
miscendo commaculares; simul nobis demeres acerbarn
necessitudinem, pariter te errantem et illum sceleratissimum persequi. Ad hoc populo Romano jam a principio
melius visum, amicos quam servos querere: tutiusque
rati, volentibus quam coactis imperitare. Tibi vero nulla
opportunior nostra amicitia: primum quod procul absumus, in quo offensse minimum, gratia par, ac si prope adessemus: dein, quod parentes abunde habemus, amicorum
neque nobis neque cuiquam omnium satis fuit. Atque




82            C. CRISPI SALLUSTIT
hoc utinam a principio tibi placuisset! Profecto ex populo Romano ad hoc tempus multo plura bona accepisses,
quam mala perpessus es. Sed quoniam humanarum reruin Fortuna pleraque regit, cui scilicet placuisse te et
vim et gratiam nostram experiri, nunc, quando per illam
licet, festina, atque, uti ccepisti, perge. Multa atque opportuna habes, quo facilius errata officiis superes. Postremo hoc in pectus tuum demitte, nunquam populum Romanum beneficiis victum esse; nam, bello quid valeat,
tute scis."
Ad ea Bocchus placide et benign6; simul pauca pro
delicto suo verba facit:'Se non hostili animo, sed ob
regnum tutandun arma cepisse: nam Numidie partem,
unde vi Jugurtham expulerit, jure belli suam factam;
earn vastari a Mario pati nequivisse: preterea, missis
antea Romam legatis, repulsum  ab amicitia. Ceterum
vetera omittere, ac tur, si per Marium liceret, legatos
ad senatum missurum.' Dein, copia facta, animus barbari ab amicis flexus, quos Jugurtha, cognita legatione
Sullae et Manlii, metuens id, quod parabatur, donis corruperat.
CIII. Marius interea, exercitu in hibernis composito,
cum expeditis cohortibus et parte equitatus proficiscitur
in loca sola, obsessum turrim regiam, quo Jugurtha perfugas omnes praesidium imposuerat.  Tur rursus Bocchus, seu reputando, quae sibi duobus proeliis venerant,
seu admonitus ab aliis amicis, quos incorruptos Jugurtha
reliquerat, ex omni copia necessariorum quinque delegit,
quorum et fides cognita, et ingenia validissima erant.
Eos ad Marium, ac deinde, si placeat, Romam legatos ire
jubet; agendarum rerum, et quocumque modo belli corn.
ponendi licentiam ipsis permittit. Illi mature ad hiber



JUGURTHA.                   83
na Romanorum proficiscuntur: deind6 in itinere a Geetulis latronibus circumventi spoliatique, pavidi, sine de.
core ad Sullam perfugiunt, quem consul in expeditionem
proficiscens pro praetore reliquerat. Eos ille non pro
vanis hostibus, ut meriti erant, sed accurate ac liberaliter
liabuit; qua re barbari et famam Romanorum avaritiae
falsam, et Sullam, ob munificentiam in sese, amicum rati.
Nam etiamtum largitio multis ignota erat; munificus
nemo putabatur, nisi pariter volens; dona omnia in benignitate habebantur. Igitur queestori mandata Bocchipatefaciunt; simul ab eo petunt, uti fautor consultorque sibi
adsit: copias, fidem, magnitudinem regis sui, et alia, quTe
aut utilia, aut benevolentiae credebant, oratione extollunt:
dein, Sulla omnia pollicito, docti, quo modo apud Marium,
item apud senatum, verba facerent, circiter dies quadraginta ibidem opperiuntur.
CIV. Marius postquarm, confecto, quo intendert, negotio, Cirtam redit, de adventi legatorum icertior factus,
illosque et Sullam Ab Utica venire jubet, item L. Bellienumpraetorem,praeterea omnes undique sertatorii' ordinis;
quibuscum mandata Bocchi cognoscit, quis legatis potestas eundi Romam  ib consule, interea inducie postulabantur. Ea Sullae et plerisque placuere: pauci ferocius
decernunt, scilicet ignari humanarum rerum, qume fluxae
et mobiles semper in adversa mutantur. Ceterum Mauri, impetratis omnibus, tres Romam profecti sunt, cum
Cn. Octavio Rufo, qui quaestor stipendium in Africam
portaverat: duo ad regem redeunt.  Ex his Bocchus
quum cetera, turn maxime benignitatem et studium SullIe libens accepit. Romm legatis ejus, postquam' errasse
regern, et Jugurthme scelere lapsum,' deprecati sunt, amicitiam et foedus petentibus hoc modo respondetur. " Sen8*




84             C. CRISPI SALLUSTIT
atus et populus Romanus beneficii et injurie memor esse
solet: ceterum Boccho, quoniam pcenitet, delicti gratiam
facit: fcedus et amicitia dabuntur, quum meruerit."
CV. Quis rebus cognitis, Bocchus per litteras a Mario
petivit,'uti Sullam ad se mitteret, cujus arbitratu de
communibus negotiis consuleretur.' Is missus cum presidio equitum atque peditum, item funditorum Belearium:
praeterea iere sagittarii et cohors Peligna cum velitaribus
armis, itineris properandi causa; neque his secus atque
aliis armis adversum tela hostium, quod ea levia sunt,
muniti.., Sed in itinere, quinto denique die, Volux, filius
Bocchi, repepte in campis patentibus cum mille non ampliius equitibus sese ostendit; qui temere et effuse euntes
Sullae aliisque omnibus et numerum ampliorem vero, et
hostilem  metum  efficiebant.  Igitur se quisque expedire, arma atque tela tentare, inteidere: timor aliquantus, sed spes amplior, quippe victoribus, et adversum eos,
quos saepe vicerant. Interim equites exploratum prsemissi, rem, uti erat, quietam nuntiant.
CVI. Volux adveniens questorem appellat dicitque'se
a patre Boccho obviam illis simul, et praesidio missum.'
Deinde eum et proximum diem sine metu conjuncti eunt
P6st, ubi castra locata, et diei vesper erat, repente Maurus incerto vultu, pavens ad Sullam accurrit, dicitque
sibi ex speculatoribus cognitum, Jugurtham haud procul
abesse:' simul,' uti noctu clam secum profugeret,' rogat
atque hortatur. Ille animo feroci negat' se totiens fusum
Numidam pertimescere: virtuti suorum satis credere:
etiam si certa pestis adesset, mansurum potius,quamproditis, quos ducebat, turpi fuga incertam ac forsitan post
paulo morbo interiturae vite parceret.' Ceterimr ab eodem monitus,' uti noctu proficiscerentur,' consilium appro



JUGURTHA.                   85
bat: ac statim'milites ccenatos esse, in castris ignes
quam creberrimos fieri, dein prima vigilia silentio egredi'
jubet. Jamque nocturno itinere fessis omnibus, Sulla
pariter cum ortu solis castra metabatur, quum equites
Mauri nuntiant Jugurtham circiter duum millium intervallo ante consedisse. Quod postquam auditum est, turn
vero ingens metus nostros invadit: credere se proditos a
Voluce et insidiis circumventos: ac fuere, qui dicerent
manu vindicandum, neque apud illum tantum scelus inul.
tum relinquendum.
CVII. At Sulla, quamquam eadem existimabat, tamen
ab injuria Maurum prohibet. Suos hortatur,' uti fortem
animum gererent: saepe ante paucis strenuis adversum
multitudinem bene pugnatum: quanto sibi in proelio
minus pepercissent, tanto tutiores fore: nec quemquam
decere, qui manus armaverit, ab inermis pedibus auxilium petere, in maximo metu nudum et caecum corpus ad
hostes vertere.' Deinde Volucem, quoniam hostiliafaceret, Jovem maximum obtestatus, ut sceleris atque perfidima Bocchi testis adesset, ex castris abire jubet. Ille
lacrymans orare,'ne ea crederet: nihil dolo factum, ac
magis calliditate Jugurthae, cui, videlicet speculanti, iter
suum cognitum esset, Ceterum, quoniam neque ingentem multitudinem haberet, et spes opesque ejus ex patre
suo penderent, credere illum nihil. palam ausurumn, quum
ipse filius testis adesset: quare optimum factum videri,
per media ejus castra palam transire: sese, vel premissis
vel ibidem relictis Mauris, solum cum Sulla iturum.' Ea
res, ut in tali negotio, probata: ac statim profecti, quia
de improviso acciderant, dubio atque hzesitante Jugurtha,
incolumes transeunt. Deinde paucis diebus, quo ire intenderant, perventum est.




86            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
C VIII. Ibi cum Boccho Numida quidam; Aspar nom.
ine, multium et familiariter agebat; praemissus ab Jugurtha, postquam Sullam accitum audierat, orator, et subdole speculatum Bocchi consilia: prseterea Dabar, Massugradae filius, ex gente Masinissue, ceterum  materno
genere impar (nam pater ejus ex concubina ortus erat)
Mauro ob ingenii multa bona carus acceptusque. Quem
Bocchus fidum esse Romanis multis ante tempestatibus
expertus, illico ad Sullam nuntiatum mittit,'paratum sese
facere, quse populus Romanus vellet: colloquio diem,
locum, tempus ipse deligeret; consulta sese omnia cum
illo integra habere: neu Jugurthte legatum pertimesceret;
quo res communis licentius gereretur; nam ab insidiis
ejus aliter caveri nequivisse.' Sed ego comperior Bocchum magis Punica fide, quam ob ea, quae predicabat,
simul Romanos et Numidam spe pacis attinuisse, multinmque cum animo suo volvere solitum, Jugurtham Romanis.
an illi Sullam traderet: libidinem adversum nos, metum
pro nobis suasisse.
CIX. Igitur Sulla respondit,'pauca coram  Aspare
locuturum; cetera occulte, aut nullo aut quam paucisslmis presentibus;' simul edocet, qua sibi responderentur.
Postquam, sicuti voluerat, congressi, dicit'se missum a
consule venisse quaesitum ab eo, pacem an bellum agitaturus foret.' Tum rex, uti preceptum fuerat,'post diem
decimum redire' jubet;'ac nihil etiam nunc decrevisse,
sed illo die responsurum:' deinde ambo in sua castra
digressi. Sed ubi plerumque noctis processit, Sulla a
Boccho occulte arcessitur: ab utroque tantummodo fidi
interpretes adhibentur; praterea Dabar internuntius,
sanctus vir et ex sententia ambobus: ac statim sic rex
incipit:




JUGURTHA.                   87
CX. "Nunquam ego ratus sum fore, uti rex maximus
in hac terra et omnium, quos novi, privato homini gratiam deberem. Et, mehercule, Sulla, ante te cognitum,
multis orantibus, aliis ultro egomet opem tuli, nullius indigui. Id imminutum, quod ceteri dolere solent, ego laetor: fuerit mihi eguisse aliquando amicitiae tuse, qua apud
animum meum nihil carius habeo. Id adeo experiri licet'
arma, viros, pecuniam, postremo quidquid animo libet,
sume, utere: et, quoad vives, nunquam tibi reditam gratiam putaveris; semper apud me integra erit: denique
nihil, me:sciente, frustra voles. Nam, ut ego existimo,
regem armis quam munificentia vinci minus flagitiosum.
Ceterum de republica vestrY, cujus curator huc missus es,
daucis accipe. Bellurn ego populo Romano neque feci,
neque factum unquam volui: fines meos adversum armatos armis tutatus sum. Id omitto, quando vobis ita placet: gerite, uti vultis cum Jugurtha bellum.- Ego flumen
Mulucham, quod inter me et- Micipsam fuit, non egrediar,:eque Jugurtham id intrare sinam. Prweterea, si quid
meque vobisque dignum petiveris, haud repulsus abibis."
CXI. Ad ea Sulla pro se breviter et modice; de pace
et de communibus rebus multis disseruit. Denique regi
patefecit,'quod polliceatur, seatum et populum Romanum, quoniam amplius armis valuissent, non in gratiam
habituros; faciendum aliquid, quod illorum magis quam
sua retulisse videretur. Id adeo in promptu esse, quoniam Jugurthae copiam haberet: quem si Romanis tradidisset, fore, uti illi plurimum  deberetur; amicitiamln
fcedus, Numidice partem, quam nunc peteret, tunc ultro
adventuram.' Rex primo negitare:'affinitatem, cognationem, praeterea fcedus intervenisse: ad hoc metuere, ne,
fluxa fide usus, popularium animos averteret, quis et Ju



838           C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
gurtha carus, et Romani invisi erant:9 denique ssepius
fatigatus, lenitur, et ex voluntate Sullse' omnia se facturum' promittit. Ceterum ad simulandam pacem, cujus
Numida, defessus bello, avidissimus, que utilia visa, constituunt. Ita, composito dolo, digrediuntur.
CXII. At rex postero die Asparem, Jugurthm legatum,
appellat, dicitque' sibi per Dabarem ex Sulla cognitum,
posse conditionibus bellum poni: quamobrem regis sui
sententiam exquireret.' Ille laetus in castra Jugurthme venit. Deinde, ab illo cuncta edoctus, properato itinere,
post diem octavum redit ad Bocchum, et ei nuntiat'Jugurtham cupere omnia, qus imperarentur, facere, sed
Mario parum fidere: saepe antea cum imperatoribus Romanis pacem conventam frustra fuisse. Ceteruin Bocchus, si ambobus consultum, et ratam pacem vellet, daret
operam, ut una ab omnibus, quasi de pace, in colloquium
veniretur, ibique sibi Sullam traderet. Quum talem virum in potestatem habuisset, tum fore, uti jussu senatus
atque populi Romani fcedus fieret: neque hominem nobilem, non sua ignavia sed ob rempublicam in hostium
potestate. Jelictum iri.'
CXIII. Hsec Maurus secum ipse diu volvens tandem
promisit. Ceterum dolo an vere cunctatus, parum comperimus: sed pleruimque regise voluntates, ut vehementes,
sic mobiles, sepe ipsse sibi adversse. Postea, tempore et
loco constituto, in colloquium uti de pace veniretur, Bocchus Sullam modo, modo Jugurthee legatum appellare,
benigne habere, idem ambobus polliceri: illi pariter lketi,
ac spei bonse pleni esse. Sed nocte ea, quae proxima fuit
ante diem colloquio decretum, Maurus, adhibitis amicis,
ac statim, immutata voluntate, remotis, dicitur secum
ipse multa agitavisse, vultu corporis pariter atque animo




JUGURTHA.                    89
varius: qum scilicet, tacente ipso, occulta pectoris patefecisse. Tamen postremo Sullam arcessiri jubet, et ex
ejus sententia Numidme insidias tendit. Deinde, ubi dies
advenit, et ei nuntiatum est Jugurtham haud procul
abesse; cum paucis amicis et questore nostro, quasi obvius honoris causa, procedit in tumulum facillimum visu
insidiantibus. Eodem Numida cum plerisque necessariis
suis inermis, uti dictum  erat, accedit; ac statim, signo
dato, undique simul ex insidiis invaditur. Ceteri obtruncati: Jugurtha Sulle vinctus traditur, et ab eo ad Marium
deductus est.
CXIV. Per idem tempus adversumn Gallos, ab ducibus
nostris Q. Cppione et Cn. Manlio male pugnaturn: quo
metu Italia omnis contremuerat. Ibique et inde usque ad
nostram  memoriam Romani sic 1 —buere:'alia omnia
virtuti sum prona esse; cum Gallis pro salute, non pro
gloria certare.' Sed postquam bellum in Numidia confectum, et Jugurtham vinctum adduci Romam nuntiatum
est, Marius consul absens factus, et ei decreta provincia
Gallia: isque calendis Januariis magna gloria consul triumphavit. Ea tempestate spes atque opes civitatis in illo
site.








C. CORISPI
SALLUSTII
BELLUM CATILINARIUM,
SIVE
DE   CONJURATIONE            CATILINE.
I. OMNES homines, qui sese student prestare ceteris
animalibus, summa ope niti decet, ne vitam  silentio
transeant, veluti pecora, qusa natura prona atque ventri
obedientia finxit. Sed nostra omnis vis in animo et
corpore sita est: animi imperio, corporis servitio magis
utimur: alterum  nobis cum  dis, alterum  cum  belluis
commune est.   Quo mihi rectius videtur ingenii quam
virium opibus gloriam queerere, et, quoniam vita ipsa,
qua fruimur, brevis est, memoriam nostri quam maxime longam efficere. Nam divitiarum et formae gloria
fluxa atque fragilis est; virtus clara aeternaque habetur.
Sed diu magnum inter mortales certamen fuit, vine corporis an virtute animi res militaris magis procederet;
nam et, prius qu'am incipias, consulto, et, ubi consulueris, mature facto opus est. Ita utrumque per se indigens,
alterum alterius auxilio eget.
II. Igitur initio reges (nam in terris nomen imperii id.
primum fuit) diversi, pars ingenium, alii corpus exercebant: etiamtum vita hominum  sine cupiditate agitabatur, sua cuique satils placebant. Postea vero quam in
Asia Cyrus, in Graecia  Lacedmmonii et Athenienses
91                 9




92            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
ccepere urbes atque nationes subigere, libldinem dominandi causam belli habere, maximam gloriam in maximo
imperio putare; turn demum periculo atque negotiis compertum est in bello plurimum ingenium posse. Qu6d si
ra)gum atque imperatorum animi virtus in pace ita uti in
bello valeret, mquabilius atque constantiuis sese res humanae haberent; neque aliud alio ferri, neque mutari ac
misceri omnia cerneres. Nam imperium facile his artibus retinetur, quibus initio partum  est. Verum ubi pro
labore desidia, pro continentia et zequitate libido atque
superbia invasere, fortuna simul cum moribus immutatur. Ita imperium semper ad optimum quemque a minis bono transfertur. Qume homines arant, naviganlt,
aedificant, virtuti omnia parent.  Sed multi mortales,
dediti ventri atque /somno, indocti incultique vitam,
sicuti peregrinantes, transiere; quibus profecto contra
naturam corpus voluptati, anima oneri fuit. Eorum ego
vitam mortemque juxtha astimo, quoniam de utraque siletur. Vertum enimvero is demum mihi vivere atque fruj
anima videtur, qui, aliquo negotio intentus, praeclarifacinoris aut artis bony famam querit. Sed in magna copia
rerum aliud alii natura iter ostendit.
III. Pulchrum est bene facere reipublicae; etiam bene
dicere haud absurdum est; vel pace vel bello clarum
fieri licet; et qui fecere, et qui facta aliorum scripsere,
multi laudantur.- Ac mihi quidem, tametsi haudqua
quam par gloria sequitur scriptorem et auctorem rerum,
tamen in primis arduum videtur res gestas scribere: primum, quod facta dictis sunt exsequanda; dehinc, quia
plerique, qume delicta reprehenderis, malevolentia et invidia dicta putant; ubi de magna virtute et gloria bonorum memores, quse sibi quisque facilia factu putLt, vequo




CATILINA.                   93
animo accipit; supra ea, veluti ficta pro falsis ducit. Sed
ego adolescentulus initio, sicuti plerique, studio ad Iempublicam latus sum, ibique mihi adversa multa fuere.
Nam pro pudore, pro abstinentia, pro virtute, audacia,
largitio, avaritia vigebant.  Quee tametsi animus aspernabatur, insolens malarum  artium, tamen inter tanta
vitia imbecilla aetas ambitione corrupta tenebatur; a
me, quum ab reliquis malis moribus dissentirem, nihilo
minms honoris cupido eademque, quse ceteros, fama atque
invidia vexabat.
IV. Igitur ubi animus ex multis miseriis atque periculis requievit, et mihi reliquatm etatem a republics procul
habendam  decrevi, non fuit consilium  socordia atque
desidia bonum otium conterere; neque vero agrum colendo aut venando, servilibus officiis, intentum awtatem
agere; sed a quo incepto studioque me arnfitio mala detinuerat, eodem rreressus, statui res gestas populi Romani
carptim, ut queeque memoria digna videbantur, perscribere; eo magis, quod mihi a spe, metu, partibus reipublicee animus liber erat. Igitur de Catilina conjuratione,
quam verissime potero, paucis absolvam. Nam id facinus in primis ego memorabile existimo sceleris atque
periculi novitate. De cujus hominis moribus pauca prius
explananda sunt, quam initium narrandi faciam.
V. Lucius Catilina, nobili genere natus, fuit magna vi
et animi et corporis, sed ingenio malo pravoque. i Huic
ab adolescenti& bella intestina, credes, rapinse, discordia
civilis grata fuere, ibique juventutem  suam  exercut.
Corpus patiens inedie, vigili;e, algoris, supra quam ciquam credibile est. Animus audax, subdolus, varius.
cujus rei libet simulator ac dissimulator, alieni appetens,
sui profusus, ardens in cupiditatibus; satis eloquentire,




94             C. CRISPI SAiLUSTII
sapientia parum. Vastus animus immoderata, incredibilia, nimis alta semper cupiebat. Hune post dominationem Lucii Sullae libido maxima invaserat reipublica
capiendae; neque id quibus modis assequeretur, dum sibi
regnum pararet, quidquam pensi habebat. Agitabatui
magis magisque in dies animus ferox inopia rei familiaris
et conscientia scelerum; quee utraque his artibus auxerat,
quas supra memoravi. Incitabant preeterea corrupti civitatis mores, quos pessima ac diversa inter se mala, luxuria atque avaritia, vexabant.' Res ipsa hortari videtur,
quoniam de moribus civitatis tempus admonuit, supra
repetere, ac paucis instituta majorum domi militiaeque,
quomodo rempublicam   habuerint, quantamque reliquerint, ut paulatim immutata, ex pulcherrirna pessima ac
flagitiosissima facta sit, disserere.
VI. Urbem Romam, sicuti ego accepi, condidere atque
habuere initio Trojani, qui, Aenea duce, profugi sedibus incertis vagabantur; cumque his Aborigines, genus
hominum agreste, sine legibus, sine imperio, liberum at —
que solutum.. Hi postquam in una moenia convenrre,
dispari genere, dissimili lingua, alius alio more vivntes,
incredibile memoratu est, quam facile coaluerint. Sed
postquam res eorum civibus, moribus, agris aucta, satis
prospera satlsque pollens videbatur, sicuti pleraque mortalium habentur, invidia ex opulentia orta est. Igitur
reges populique finitimi bello tentare, pauci ex amicis
auxilio esse; nam ceteri metu perculsi a periculis aberant.  At Romani domi militieque intenti festinare,
parare, alius alium hortari, hostibus obviam ire, libertatem, patriam  parentesque armis tegere.  Post, ubi
pericula virtute propulerant, sociis atque amicis auxilia
portabant; magisque dandis quam accipiendis beneficiis




CATILINA.                   95
amicitias parabant. Imperium legitimum, nomen imperii regium habebant: delecti, quibus corpus annis imfirmum, ingenium sapientia validum erat, reipublicae consultabant. Hi vel aetate vel curve similitudine Patres
appellabantur.  Post, ubi regium imperium, quod initio
conservandae libertatis atque augendea reipublicae fuerat,
in superbiam dominationemque convertit, immutato more, annua imperia binosque imperatores sibi fecere. Eo
modo minime posse putabant per licentiam insolescere
animum humanum.
VII. Sed ea tempestate cceplre se quisque magis extollere, magisque ingenium in promptu habere. Nam regibus boni quam mali suspectiores sunt, semperque his aliena virtus formidolosa est. Sed civitas, incredibile memoratu est, adepta libertate, quantum brevi creverit: tanta
cupido gloriae incesserat. Jam primum juventus, simulac
belli patiens erat, in castris per laboris usum militiam
discebat; magisque in decoris armis et militaribus equis,
quam in scortis atque conviviis, libidinem habebant.
Igitur talibus viris non labos insolitus, non locus ullus
asper aut arduus erat, non armatus hostis formidolosus:
virtus omnia domuerat. Sed glorim maximum certamen
inter ipsos erat: sic se quisque hostem ferire, murum ascendere, conspici, dum tale facinus faceret, properabat;
eas divitias, eam bonam famam magnamque nobilitatem
putabant; laudis avidi, pecunime liberales erant; gloriam
ingentem, divitias honestas volebant. Memorare possem, quibus in locis maximas hostium copias populus
Romanus parva manu fuderit, quas urbes natura munitas
pugnando ceperit, ni ea res longius nos ab incepto traheret.
VIII. Sed profecto fortuna in omni re dominatur; ea
9*




96            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
res cunctas ex libidine magis quam ex vero celebrat obscuratque. Atheniensium res gestee, sicuti ego existimo,
satis ample magnificemque fuere; verum aliquanto minores tamen, quam fama feruntur.  Sed quia provenere
ibi scriptorum magna ingenia, per terrarum orbem Atheniensium facta pro maximis celebrantur. Ita eorum, qui
ea fecere, virtus tanta habetur, quantum verbis eam potuere extollere praeclara ingenia. At populo Romano nunquam ea copia fuit, quia prudentissimus quisque negotiosus maxime erat; ingenium nemo sine corpore exercebat; optirnus quisque facere quam dicere, sua ab aliis
bene facta laudari, quam ipse aliorum narrare malebat.
IX. Igitur domi militiseque boni mores colebantur:
concordia maxima, minima avaritia erat; jus bonumque
apud eos non legibus magis quam natura valebat. Jurgia, discordias, simultates cum hostibus exercebant; cives
cum civibus de virtute certabant: in suppliciis deorum
magnifici, domi parci, in amicis fideles erant. Duabus
his artibus, audacia in bello, ubi pax evenerat, aequitate
seque remque publicam curabant.  Quarum rerum ego
maxima documenta haec habeo, quod in bello saspius
vindicatum est in eos, qui contra imperium in hostem
pugnaverant, quique tardius, revocati, prcelio excesserant,
quam qui signa relinquere, aut, pulsi loco, cedere ausi
erant; in pace vero, quod beneficiis magis quam metu
imperium agitabant, et, accepta injuria, ignoscere quam
persequi malebant.
X. Sed ubi labore atque justitia respublica crevit, reges
magni bello domiti, nationes ferat et populi ingentes vi
subacti, Carthago, aemula imperii Romani, ab stirpe interiit, cuncta maria terrceque patebant, ssevire fortuna
ac miscere omnia ccepit. Qui labores, pericula, dubias




CATILINA.                   97
atque asperas res facile toleraverant his olium, divitie,
optandae alias, oneri miserieque fuere  Igitur primo pecuniae, deinde imperii cupido crevit: ea quasi materies
omnium malorum fuere. Namque avaritia fidem, probitatem, ceterasque artes bonas subvertit; pro his superbiam, crudelitatem, deos negligere, omnia venalia habere edocuit. Ambitio multos mortales falsos fieri subegit; aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in lingua promptum
habere; amicitias inimicitiasque non ex re sed ex commodo eestimare, magisque vultum quam ingenium bonum
habere. Haec primo paulatim crescere, interdum vindicari: post, ubi contagio, quasi pestilentia, invasit, civitas
immutata; imperium ex justissimo atque optimo crudele
intolerandumque factum.
XI. Sed primo magis ambitio quam avaritia animos
hominum exercebat, quod tamen vitium propius virtutem erat. Nam gloriam, honorem, imperium bonus et
ignavus aeque sibi exoptant; sed ille vera via nititur,
huic quia bonae artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis contendit.  Avaritia pecuniae studium  habet, quam nemo
sapiens concupivit: ea, quasi venenis malis imbuta, corpus animurnque virilem effeminat; semper infinita, insatiabilis est, neque copia neque inopia minuitur.  Sed
postquam L. Sulla, armis recepta republica, bonis initiis
malos eventus habuit, rapere omnes, trahere; domun
alius, alius agros cupere, neque modum neque modestiam victores habere, fkeda crudeliaque in cives facinora
facere. Hue accedebat, quod L. Sulla exercitum, quem
in Asia ductaverat, quo sibi fidum faceret, contra morem
majorum luxuriose nimisque liberaliter habuerat. Loca
amcena. voluptaria,,facile in otio feroces militum animos
molliverant. Ibi primuim insuevit exercitus populi'Ro



98            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
mani amare, potare, signa, tabulas pictas, vasa caelata
mirari, ea privatim ac publice rapere, delubra spoliare,
sacra profanaque omnia polluere. Igitur hi milites, postquam victoriam adepti sunt, nihil reliqui victis fecere.
Quippe secunda res sapientium animos fatigant; nedum
illi corruptis moribus victoria temperarent.
XTI. Postquam divitice honori esse ccepere, et eas gloria, imperiurn, potentia sequebatur, hebescere virtus,
paupertas probro haberi, innocentia pro malevolentia
duci ccepit. Igitur ex divitiis juventutem luxuria atque
avaritia cum superbia invasere: rapere, consumere; sua
parvi pendere, aliena cupere; pudorem, pudicitiam, divina atque humana promiscua, nihil pensi neque moderati habere.  Operoe pretium  est, quum dotnos atque
villas cognoveris in urbium modum exeadificatas, visere
templa deorum, quae nostri majores, religiosissimi mortales, fecere. Verium illi delubra deorum pietate, domos
suas gloria decorabant; neque victis quidquam praeter
injurim licentiam eripiebant. At hi contra ignavissimi
homines, per summum scelus omnia ea sociis adimere,
quse fortissimi viri victores hostibus reliquerant; proinde
quasi injpriam facere id demum esset imperio uti.
XIII. Nam quid ea memorem, qua, nisi his, qui videre,
nemini credibilia sunt, a privatis compluribus subversos
montes, maria:constructa esse? Quibus mihi videntur
ludibrio fuisse divitia; quippe, quas honeste habere licebat, abuti per turpitudinem  properabant.  Sed libido
stupri, ganeae ceterique cultus non minor incesserat,
* *   vescendi causa terra marique omnia exquirere;
doimire prius quam  somni clupido esset; non fameni
aut sitim, neque frigus neque lassitudinem opperrt,; sed
ea omna luxu antecapere. HEec juventutem, ubi fa



CATILINA.                   99
miliares opesd4efecerant, ad facinora incendebant. Animus imbutus malis artibus haud facile libidinibus ca'lebat: eo profusius omnibus modis questui atque sumptui
deditus erat.
XIV. In tanta tamque corrupta civitate Catilina, id
quod factu facillimum era-t, omnium flagitiorum  atque
facinorum circum se, tamquam stipatorum, catervas iabebat. Nam quicumque impudicuS, adulter, ganeo, x:
bona patria laceraverat, quique alienum mes grande cbiflaverat, quo flagitium aut facinus redimeret; praeterea
Qmnes undique parricidae, sacrilegi, convicti-judi6iis, aut
pro factis judicium fimente's; ad hoc, quos manus atque
lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili alebat; postremo omnes, quos flagitium, egestas, conscius animus exagitabat;
hi Catilinae proximi' familiaresque erant. Quod si quis
etiam  a culpa vacuus in amicitiam ejus inciderat, quotidiano usu atque illecebris facile par similisque ceteris
-efficiebatur.  Sed maxime adolescentium familiaritates
appetebat; eorum animi  iogjes et retate fluxi dolis haud
difficulter capiebantur. Nam  uti cujusque studium  ex
retate flagrabat, aliis scorta prIebere, aliis canes atque
equos mercari; postremo neque sumptui neque modestis
sums parcere, dum illos obnoxios fidosque sibi faceret.
Scio fuisse nonnullos, qui ita existimarent, juventutem,
quse domum Catiline frequentabat, parum honeste pudicitiam habuisse; sed ex aliis rebus magis, quam quod
cuiquam id compertum foret, hec famia valebat.
XV. Jam primufm adolescens Catilina multa nefanda
stupra fecerat, cum virgine nobili, cum sacerdote Vestas,
alia hujuscemodi contra jus fasque. Postremo captus
amore Aureliae Orestillae, cujus praeter formam  nihil
unquam bonus laudavit, quod ea niubere illi ctubitabat,




100           C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
timeng privignum adulta retate, pro certo crdilltir, necato
filio, vacuam domum scelestis nuptiis fecisse. Quam quidem res mihi in primis videtur':causa fuisse facinoris
nlaturandi. Namque animus impurus, dis hominibusque
infestus, neque vigiliis neque quietibus sedari poterat:
ita conscientia mentem excitam vastabat. Igitur colos
exsanguis, fcedi oculi, citus modo, modo tardus incessus;
prorsus in facie vultuque yegordia inerat.
XVI. Sed juventutem, quam, ut supra diLiimus, illexerat multis modis, mala facinora edocebat. Ex illis testes
signatoresque falsos commodare; fidem, fortunas, pericula vilia habere, post, ubi eorum famam atque pudorem  a'ttriverat, majora alia imperabat. Si causa peccandi in prasens minus suppetebat, nihilo minus insontes
sicuti sontes ciMrfTmvenire, jugulare; scilicet, ne per
otium torpescerent manus aut animus, gratuito potius
malus atque crudelis erat. His amicis sociisque confisus
Catilina, simul quod ms alienum per omnes terras ingens
erat, et quod plerique Sullani milites, largius suo usi, rapinarum et victorise veteris memores civile bellum exopta'bant, opprimendme reipublicae consilium cepit. In Italia
nullus exercitus; Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum
gerebat; ipsi consulatum petenti magna spes; senatus
nihil sane intentus; tutae tranquilleque res omnes; sed
ea prorsus opportuna Catilinme.
XVII. Igitur circiter calendas Junias, L. Cesare et
C. Figulo consulibus, primo singulos appellare; hortari
alios, alios tentare; opes suas, imparatam rempublicam,
nmagna prmmia conjurationis d6ie're. Ubi satis explorata
sunt, qum voluit, in unum omnes donvocat, quibus maxima necessitudo et plurirmum audacie inerat  E6 conven1re senatorii ordinis P. Lentulus Sura, P. Autronius,




CATILINA.                  101
L. Cassius Longinus, C. Cethegus, P. et Servius Sullse,
Servii filii, L. Yargunteius, Q. Annius, M. Porcius Laeca,
L. Bestia, Q. Curius; praterea ex equestri ordine M
Fulvius Nobilior, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius Capito, C.
Cornelius: ad hoc multi ex coloniis et municipiis, domi
nobiles. Erant praterea complures paulo occultius consilii hujusce participes nobiles, quos magis dominationis
spes hortabatur quam inopia aut alia necessitudo. Ceteriim juventus pleraque, sed maxime nobilium, Catilinam
inceptis favebat. Quibus in otio vel magnifice vel molliter vivere copia erat, incerta pro certis, bellumn quam
pacem malebant. Fuere item ea tempestate, qui crederent M. Licinium Crassum non ignarum ejus consilii
fuisse; quia Cn. Pompeins, invisus ipsi, magnum  exercitum ductabat, cujusvis opes voluisse cpntra illius potentiam crescere, simul confisum, si conjuratio valuisset,
facile aupd illos principem se fore.
XVIII. Sed antea item conjuravere pauci contra rempublicam, in quibus Catilina fuit. De quo, quam verissime potero, dicam. L. Tullo, M. Lepido consulibus, P.
Autronius et P. Sulla, designati consules, legibus ambitus
interrogati pcenas dederant. Post paulo Catilina, pecuniarum repetundarum reus, prohibitus erat consulatum
petere, quod intra legitimos dies' profiteri nequiverat.
Erat eodem tempore Cn. Piso, adolescens nobilis, summme audaciae, egens, factiosus, quem ad perturbandam
rempublicam inopia atque mali mores stimulabant. Cum
hoc Catilina et Autronius circiter nonas Decembres, consilio communicato, parabant in Capitolio calendis Januariis L. Cottam et L. Torquatum consules interficere;
ipsi, fascibus correptis, Pisonem cum exercitu ad obtinendas duas Hispanias mittere. Ea re cognita, rursus




102           C. CRISPI SALLUSTIT
in nonas Februarias consilium caedis transtulerant. Jam
turn non consulibus modo, sed plerisque senatoribus perniciem machinabantur. Quodni Catilina maturassset pro
curia signum sociis dare, eo die post conditam urbem Romanam   pessimum  facinus patratum  foret. Quia nondum frequentes armati convenerant, ea res consilium
diremit.
XIX. Postea Piso in citeriorem Hispaniam quaestor
pro praetore missus est, adnitente Crasso, quod eum infestum inimicum Cn: Pompeio cognoverat. Neque tamen
senatus provinciam invitus dederat; quippe fcedum hominem a republica procul esse volebat; simul quia boni
complures presidium in eo putabant, et jam turn potentia Cn. Pompeii formidolosa erat. Sed is Piso in provincia ab equitibus Hispanis, quos in exercitu ductabat,
iter faciens occisus est. Sunt, qui ita dicunt, imperia
ejus injusta, superba, crudelia barbaros nequivisse pati;
alii autem, equites illos, Cn. Pompeii veteres fidosque
clientes, voluntate ejus Pisonem  aggressos; nunquam
Hispanos preeterea tale facinus fecisse, sed imperia seva
multa antea perpessos. Nos earn rem in medio relinquemus. De superiore conjuratione satis dictum.
XX. Catilina, ubi eos, quos paulo ante memoravi,
convenisse videt, tametsi cum singulis multa swpe egerat,
tamen in rem fore credens universos appellare et cohortari, in abdita.m partem sedium secedit; atque ibi omnibus arbitris procul amotis, orationemr hujuscemodi habuit.
"Ni virtus fidesque vestra spectata mihi forent, nequidquam opportuna res cecidisset; spes magna, dominatio in manibus frustra fuissent: neque ego per ignava
aut vana ingenia incerta pro certis captarem.  Sed




CATILINA.                  103
quia multis et magnis tempestatibus vos cognovi fortes
fidosque mihi, eo animus ausus est maximum atque pulcherrimum facinus incipere; simul quia vobis eadem,
quae mihi, bona malaque esse intellexi: nam idem velle
atque idem nolle, ea demum firma amicitia est. Sed,
ego quae mente agitavi, omnes jam antea diversi audistis.
Ceterum mihi in dies magis animus accenditur, quum
considero, quae conditio vitae futura sit, nisi nosmet ipsi
vindicamus in libertatem. Nam postquam respublica in
paucorum potentium jus atque ditionem concessit, semper illis reges, tetrarchae vectigales esse; populi, nationes
stipendia pendere; ceteri omnes, strenui, boni, nobiles
atque ignobiles, vulgus fuimus, sine gratia, sine auctoritate, his obnoxii, quibus, si respublica valeret, formidini
essemus. Itaque omnis gratia, potentia, honos, divitime
apud illos sunt, aut ubi illi volunt; nobis reliqu6re,
pericula, repulsas, judicia, egestatem.  Quae quousque
tandem  patiemini, fortissimi viri?  Nonne emori per
virtutem praestat, quam vitam miseram atque inhonestam, ubi alienae superbiae ludibrio fueris, per dedecus
amittere? Veruim enim vero, pro deum atque hominum
fidem! victoria in manu nobis est; viget atas, animus
valet: contra illis annis atque divitiis omnia consenuerunt.  Tantummodo incepto opus est, cetera res expediet.  Etenim  quis mortalium, cui virile ingenium
inest, tolerare potest, illis divitias superare, quas profundant in exstruendo mari et montibus coequandis, nobis
rem familiarem etiam ad necessaria deesse? illos binas
aut amplius domos continuare, nobis larem familiarem
nusquam ullum esse?  Quum tabulas, signa, toreumata
emunt, nova diruunt, alia aedificant, postremo omnibus
nodis pecuniam trahunt, vexant, tamen summa libidine
10




104            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
divitias vincere nequeunt. At nobis est domi inopia, foris
as alienum; mala res, spes multo asperior. Denique
quid reliqui habemus printer miseram animam? Quin
igitur expergiscimini? En illa, illa, quam sepe optlistis,
libertas, praeterea divitime, decus, gloria in oculis sita
sunt! fortuna omnia ea victoribus prarnia posuit. ltes,
teinpus, pericula, egestas, belli, spolia magnifica magis,
quhm oratio mea, vos hortentur.  Vel imperatore vel
milite me utimini: neque animus neque corpus a vobis
aberit. Haec ipsa, ut spero, vobiscum una' consul again;
nisi forte me animus fallit, et vos servire magis quam imperare parati estis."
XXI. Postquam accepere ea homines, quibus mala
abunde. omnia erant, sed neque res neque spes bona ulla,
tametsi illis quieta movere magna merces videbatur,
tamen postulare plerique, uti proponeret, quse conditio
belli foret, quam prsemia armis peterent, quid ubique opis
aut spei baberent. Tumr Catilina polliceri tabulas novas, proscriptionem locupletium, magistratus, sacerdotia,
rapinas, alia omnia, quae bellum atque libido victorum
fert. Praterea'esse in Hispania citeriore Pisonem, in
Mauritania cum exercitu P. Sittium Nucerinum, consilii
sui participes: petere consulatum  C. Antonium, quem
sibi collegam fore speraret, hominem et familiarem et
omnibus necessitudinibus circumventum: cum  eo se
consulem initium agendi facturum.' Ad hoe maledictis
indrepat omnes bonos, suorum unumquemque nominans
laudare; admonebat alium egestatis, alium  cupiditatis
sure, complures periculi aut igrominia;, multos victorie
Sullanme, quibus ea prmdae fuerat.  Postquam omnium
animos alacres videt, cohortatus ut petitionem  suam
curse haberent, conventum dimisit.




CATILINA.                  105
XXII,'uere ea tempestate, qui dicerent Catilinarn,
oratione habita, quum ad jusjurandum populares sceleris
sui adigeret, humani corporis sanguinem vino permixtum in pateris circumtulisse; inde, quum post exsecrationem omnes degustavissent, sicuti in solemnibus sacris fieri consuevit, aperuisse consilium suum; atque eo,
dictitare, fecisse, quo inter se magis fidi forent, alius alii
tanti facinoris conscii. Nonnulli ficta et haec et multa
praaterea existimabant ab iis, qui Ciceronis invidiam, quae
postea orta est, leniri credebant atrocitate sceleris eorum,
qui pcenas dederant. Nobis ea res pro magnitudine parum comperta est.
XXIII. Sed in ea conjuratione fuit Q. Curius, natus
haud obscuro loco, flagitiis atque facinoribus coopertus;
quem censores senatu probri gratia moverant.  Huic
homini non minor vanitas inerat quam audacia: neque
reticere, quse audierat, neque suamet ipse scelera occultare; prorsus neque dicere neque facere quidquam pensi
habebat. Erat ei cum Fulvia, muliere nobili, stupri vetus
consuetudo: cui quum minius gratus esset, quia inopia
minus largiri poterat, repente glorians maria montesque
polliceri ccepit; minari interdum ferro, nisi obnoxia foret;
postremo ferocius agitare, quam solitus erat. At Fulvia,
insolentia Curii causa cognita, tale periculum reipublicae
haud occultum habuit; sed, sublato auctore, de Catilinae
conjuratione, quae quoque modo audierat, compluribus
narravit. Ea res in primis studia hominum accendit ad
consulatum mandandum   M. Tullio Ciceroni. Namque
antea pleraque nobilitas invidia estuabat, et quasi pollli
consulatum credebant, si eum quamvis egregius homo
novus adeptus foret. Sed ubi periculum advenit, invidia
atque superbia post fuere.




106           C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
XXIV. Igitur, comitiis habitis, consules declarantur
M. Tullius et C. Antonius; quod factum primo populares
conjurationis concusserat. Neque tamen Catilinm furor
nlinuebatur, sed in dies plura agitare, arma per Italiam
locis opportunis parare, pecuniam sua aut amicorum fide
sumptam mutuam Faesulas ad Manlium quemdam portare, qui postea princeps fuit belli faciendi. Ea tempestate plurimos cujusque generis homines adscivisse sibi
dicitur, mulieres etiam aliquot, qum primo ingentes sumptus stupro corporis toleraverant, post, ubi Tetas tantummodo quzestui neque luxuriae modum fecerat, res alienum
grande conflaverant. Per eas se Catilina credebat posse
servitia urbana sollicitare, urbem incendere, viros earum
vel adjungere sibi, vel interficere.
XXV. Sed in his erat Sempronia, quoe multa sepe
virilis audaciae facinora commiserat. Heec mulier genere
atque forma, prmeterea viro atque liberis satis fortunata
fuit: litteris Greecis atque-Latinis docta, psallere et saltare elegantius, quam  necesse est probae, multa alia,
quae instrumenta luxurie sunt.  Sed ei cariora semper
omnia quam decus atque pudicitia fuit: pecuniae an
famme minus parceret, haud facile discerneres; libidine
sic accensa, ut saepius peteret viros, quam peteretur. Sed
ea ssepe antehac fidem prodiderat, creditum abjuraverat,
csedis conscia fierat, luxuria atque inopia praeceps abierat. Verum ingenium ejus haud absurdum; posse versus facere, jocum movere, sermone uti vel modesto, vel
molli, vel procaci; prorsus multe facetiae multusque lepos
incrat.
XXVI. His rebus comparatis, Catilina nihilo minuis in
proximum annum consulatum petebat; sperans, si designatus foret, facile se ex voluntate Antonio usurum. Ne



CATILINA.                  107
que interea quietus erat, sed omnibus modis insidias
parabat Ciceroni. Neque illi tamen ad cavendum dolus
aut astutiae deerant. Namque a principo consulatus sui,
multa pollicendo per Fulviam, effecerat, ut Q. Curius,
de quo paulo ante memoravi, consilia Catilinae sibi proderet. Ad hoc collegam suum Antonium pactione provinciae perpulerat, ne contra rempublicam sentiret: circum se pracsidia amicorum atque clientium occulte habebat. Postquam dies comitiorum venit, et Catilina neque
petitio neque insidia, quas consuli in campo fecerat, prospere cessere, constituit bellum facere, et extrema omnia
experiri, quoniam quse occulte tentaverat, aspera fcedaque
evenerant.
XXVII. Igitur C. Manlium Faesulas atque in earn
partem  Etruriee, Septimium  quemdam  Camertem  in
agrum  Picenum, C. Julium in Apuliam dimisit; praeterea alium alio, quem ubique opportunum sibi fore credebat.  Interea Rom1 -.  — nmul umnoliri; consuli insidias tendere, parare ince.., opportuna loca armatis
hominibus obsidere, ipse cum telo esse, item alios jubere, hortari, uti semper intenti paratique essent, dies
noctesque festinare, vigilare, neque insomniis neque labore fatigari. Postremo ubi multa agitanti nihil procedit, rursus intempesta nocte conjurationis principes convocat per M. Porcium Laecam, ibique multa de ignavia
corum questus, docet'se Manlium procmisisse ad earn
multitudinem, quam ad capienda arma paraverat, item
alios in alia loca opportuna, qui initium belli facerent,
sequc ad exercitum proficisci cupere, si prius Ciceronem
oppressisset; eum suis consiliis multium officere.'
XXVIII. ilgitur perterritis ac dubitantibus ceteris, C.
Cornelius, eques Romanus, operam  suam pollicitus, et
10 *




108           C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
cum eo L. Vargunteius senator, constituere ea nocte
paulo post cum armatis hominibus, sicuti salutatum, introire ad Ciceronem, ac de improviso domi suas imparatum confodere. Curius ubi intelligit, quantum periculi
consuli impendeat, propere per Fulviam Ciceroni dolum,
qui parabatur, enuntiat. Ita illi, janua prohibiti, tantum
facinus frustra susceperant.
Interea Manlius in Etruria plebem sollicitare, egestate
si-iul ac dolore injuria novarum rerum cupidam, quod
Sulle dominatione agros bonaque omnia amiserat; praeterea latrones cujusque generis, quorum in ea regione
magna copia erat; nonnullos ex Sullanis colonis, quibus
libido atque luxuria ex magnis rapinis nihil reliqui feccrant.
XXIX. Ea quum Ciceroni nuntiarentur, ancipiti male
permotus, quod neque urbem ab insidiis privato consilio
longiis tueri poterat, neque exercitus Manlii quantus aut
quo consilio foret, satis' s:m habebat, rem ad senatum  refert, jam  antea..gi rumoriuus exagitatam.
Itaque, quod plerumque in atroci negotio solet, senatus
decrevit,'darent operam  consules, ne quid respublica
detrimenti caperet.' Ea potestas per senatum, more Romano, magistratui maxima permittitur, exercitum parare,
bellum gerere, coercere omnibus modis socios atque cives,
domi militieque imperium atque judicium summum habere; aliter sine populi jussu nulli earum rerum consuli
jus est.
XXX. Post paucos dies L. Saenius senator in senatu
litteras recitavit, quas Fasulis allatas sibi dicebat, in
quibus scriptum erat'C. Manlium arma cepisse cum
magna multitudine, ante diem sextum calendas Novembres.' Simul, id quod in tali re solet, alii porteiita atque




CATILINA.                   109
prodigia nuntiabant, alii'conventus fieri, arma portari,
Capuse atque in Apulia servile bellum moveri.' Igitur
senati decreto Q. Marcius Rex Faesulas, Q. Metellus
Creticus in Apuliam circumque loca missi: ni utrique ad
urbem irperatores erant, impediti, ne triumpharent, calumnia paucorum, quibus omnia, honesta atque inhonesta, vendere mos erat. Sed praitores Q. Pompeius Rufus Capuam, Q. Metellus Celer in agrum Picenum; hisque permissum,' uti pro tempore atque periculo exercitum compararent.' Ad hoc,' si quis indicavisset de conjuratione, qum contra rempublicam facta erat, praemium'
decrevere'servo libertatem et sestertia centum, libero
impunitatem ejus rei et sestertia ducenta;' itemque decrevere,'uti gladiatorive familiae Capuam  et in cetera
municipia distribuerentur, pro cujusque opibus; Rome
per,totam  urbem  vigiliav  haberentur, hisque minores
magistratus prveessent.'
XXXI. Quibus rebus pet Lnota civitas, atque immutata urbis facies erat; ex summa laetitia atque lascivia,
que diuturna quies pepererat, repente omnes tristitia invasit; festinare, trepidare; neque loco nec homini cuiquam satis credere; neque bellum gerere, neque pacem
habere; suo quisque metu pericula metiri. Ad hoc mulieres, quibus relpublic  magnitudine belli timor insolitus
incesserat, afflictare sese, manus supplices ad ccelum tendere, miserari parvos liberos, rogitare, omnia pavere, superbia atque deliciis omissis, sibi patriseque diffidere. At
Catilinve crudelis animus eadem  illa movebat, taretsi
prasidia parabantur, et ipse lege Plautia interrogatus
erat ab L. Paulo. Postremo dissimulandi causa et ut
sui expurgandi, sicuti jurgio lacessitus foret, in senatum
venit.  Turn M. Tullius consul, sive praesentiam  ejus




110           C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
tiniens, sive ira commotus, orationem habuit luculentam
atque utilem reipublicae, quam postea scriptam edidit.
Sed, ubi ille assedit, Catilina, ut erat paratus ad dissimulanda omnia, demisso. vultu, voce supplici postulare,'patres conscripti ne quid de se temere crederent: ea
familia ortum, ita ab adolescentia vitam instituisse, ut
omnia bona in spe haberet: ne existimarent, sibi, patricio homini, cujus ipsius atque majorum plurima beneficia
in plebem Romanam essent, perdita republica opus esse,
quum earn servaret M. Tullius, inquilinus civis urbis
Romre.' Ad hec maledicta alia quum adderet, obstrepere
omnes, hostem atque parricidam vocare. Tum ille furibundus: " Quoniam quidem circumventus," inquit, "ab inimicis proeceps agor, incendium meum ruina restinguam."
XXXII. Dein se ex curia domurn proripuit. Ibi multa
secum ipse volvens, quod neque insidiae consuli procedebant, et ab incendio intelligebat urbem vigiliis munitam,
optimum  factun credens exercitum  augere, ac, prius
quam legiones scriberentur, antecapere, que bello usui
forent, nocte intempesta cum paucis in Manliana castra
profectus est. Sed Cethego atque Lentulo ceterisque,
quorum cognoverat promptam audaciam, mandat,'quibus
rebus possent, opes factionis confirment, insidias consuli
maturent, caedem, incendia, aliaque belli facinora parent:
sese propediem cum magno exercitu ad urbem accessuruin.' Dum hrec Romee geruntur, C. Manlius ex suo
numero legatos ad Marcium Regem mittit, cum mandatis hujuscemodi:
XXXIII. "Deos hominesque testamur, imperator, nos
arma neque contra patriam cepisse, neque quo periculum
aiiis faceremus, sed uti corpora nostra ab injuria tuta
forent, qui miseri, egentes, violentia atque crudelitate




CATILINA.                   11I
fceneratorumrplerique patrise, sed omnes fama atque fortunis expertes sumus: neque cuiquam nostrum licuit
more majorum lege uti, neque, amisso patrimonio, liberum  corpus habere: tanta saeviia fceneratorum  atque
pratoris fuit.  Smepe majores vestrum  miseriti plebis
Romanae, decretis suis inopiae opitulati,sunt: ac novissime memoria nostra, propter magnitudinem weris alieni,
volentibus omnibus bonis, argentum aere solutum est7
Saepe ipsa plebes, aut dominandi studio permota, aut superbia magistratuum, armata a patribus secessit. At nos
non imperium  neque divitias petimus, quarum  rerum
causa bella atque certamina omnia inter mortales sunt,
sed libertatem, quam nemo bonus nisi cum anima simul
amittit. Te atque senatum obtestamur, consulatis miseris civibus; legis presidium, quod iniquitas praetoris eripuit, restituatis; neve earm nobis necessitudinem imponatis, ut quneramus, quonam mode, maxime ulti sanguinem
nostrum, pereamus."
XXXIV. Ad haec Q. Marcius respondit:'Si quid ab
senatu petere vellent, ab armis discedant, Romam supplices proficiscantur: ea mansuetudine atque misericordia senatum populumque Romanum semper fuisse, ut
nemo unquam   ab eo frustra auxilium  petiverit.'  At
Catilina ex itinere plerisque consularibus, praeterea optimo
cuique litteras mittit:' Se falsis criminibus circumventum,
quoniam factioni inimicorum resistere nequiverit, fortunta
cedere, Massiliam in exsilium proficisci: non quo sibi tanti
sceleris conscius esset, sed uti respublica quieta foret, neve
ex sua contentione seditio oriretur.' Ab his longe diversas
litteras Q. Catulus in senatu recitavit, quas sibi nomrine
Catilince redditas dicebat: earum exemplum infra scripturn est.




112           C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
XXXV. "L. Catilina Q. Catulo. Egregia tua fides
re cognita gratam in magnis meis periculis fiduciam commendationi nmee tribuit.  Quamobrem defensionem in
novo consilio non statui parare: satisfactionem ex nulla
conscientia de culpa proponere decrevi: quam me dius
fidius veram  licet cognoscas.  Injuriis contumeliisque
concitatus, quod, fructu laboris industriaeque mere privatus, staturn dignitatis non obtinebam, publicam miserorum causam pro mea consuetudine suscepi: non quin
Res alienum meis nominibus ex possessionibus solvere
possem, quum et alienis nominibus liberaiitas Orestilhle
suis filiaeque copiis persolveret; sed quod non dignos
homines honore honestatos videbam, meque falsa suspicione alienatum  esse sentiebam. Hoc nomine satis
honestas pro meo casu spes relique dignitatis conservandae sum secutus. Plura quum scribere vellem, nuntiatum est vim mihi parari. Nunc Orestillam commendo,
tueuque fidei trado: earn ab injuria defendas, per liberos tuos rogatus. Haveto."
XXXVI. Sed ipse paucos dies commoratus apud C
Flaminium in agro Arretino, dum vicinitatem, antea sollicitatam, armis exornat; cum fascibus atque aliis imperii insignibus in castra ad Manlium contendit. Haec ubi
Rornae comperta sunt, senatus Catilinam  et Manlium
hostes judicat; ceterae multitudini diem statuit, ante quam
sine fraude liceret ab armis discedere, prater rerum capitalium condemnatis. Preeterea decernit,'uti consules delectum habeant; Antonius curl cxercitu Catilinam persequi maturet; Cicero urbi prmsidio sit.' Ea temppstate
mihi imperium populi Romani multo maxime miserabile
visum est cui quum ad occasum ab ortu solis omnia
domiita armis parerent, domi otium atque divitic, quae




CATILINA.                  113
prina mortales putant, affluerent, fuere tamen cives, qui
seque remque publicam obstinatis animis perditum irent
Namque duobus senati decretis, ex tanta multitudine, neque prmmio inductus conjurationem patefecerat, nequc ex
c;stris Catilinae quisquam omnium discesserat: tanta vi^
morbi, uti tabes, plerosque civium animos invaserat.
XXXVII. Neque solum illis aliena mens erat, qui
conscii conjurationis fuerant, sed omnino cuncta plebes
novarum rerum  studio Catilinme incepta probabat. Id
adeo more suo videbatur facere. Nam semper in civitate, quibus opes nulls sunt, bonis invident, malos extollunt; vetera odere, nova exoptant; odio suarum rerum mutari -omnia student; turba atque seditionibus
sine cura aluntur, quoniam egestas facile habetur sine
damno. Sed urbana plebes, ea vero prieceps ierat multis de causis.  Primum omnium, qui ubique probro atque petulantia maxime prsestabant, item alii, per dedecora patrimoniis amissis, postremr  omnes, quos flagitium
aut facinus domo expulerat, hi Romam, sicuti in sentinam, confluxerant.  Deinde multi memores Sullanre
victoriae, quod ex gregariis militibus alios senatores videbant, alios ita divites, uti regio victu atque cultu aetatem
agerent, sibi quisque, si in armis forent, ex victoria talia
sperabant. Prseterea juventus, qua in agris manuum
mercede inopiam toleraverat, privatis atque publicis largitionibus excita, urbanum otium ingrato labori prmetulerat: eos atque alios omnes malum publicum   alebat
Quo minus mirandum est homines egentes, malis moribus, maxima spe, reipublicae juxta ac sibi consuluisse.
Preterea quorum   victoria Sulla  parentes proscripti,
bona erepta, jus libertatis imminutum erat, haud sand
alio animo belli eventurn exspectabant. Ad hoc qui



114            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
cumque aliarum atque senati partium erant, conturbari
rempublicam, quam nmius yalere ipsi malebant. Id ade6
malum multos post annos in civitatem reverterat.
XXXVIII. Nam postquam, Cn. Pompeio et M. Crasso consulibus, tribunicia potestas restituta est, homines
adolescentes, summam potestatem nacti, quibus aetas
animusque ferox erat, ccepere senatum criminando plebem exagitare; dein largiendo atque pollicitando magis
incendere; ita ipsi clari potentesque fieri. Contra eos
summa ope nitebatur pleraque nobilitas, senati specie,
pro sua magnitudine. Namque, uti paucisl eruim"'bsolvam, per illa tempora quicumque rempuibicam agitavere, honestis nominibus, alii, sicuti populi jura defen(lerent, pars, quo senati auctoritas maxima foret, bonum
publicum simulantes, pro sua quisque potentia certabant
neque illis modestia, neque modus contentionis erat; utrique victoriam crudeliter exercebant.
XXXIX. Sed postquam Cn. Pompeius ad bellum
maritimum atque Mithridaticum missus est, plebis opes
imminutme, paucorum  potentia crevit.  Hi magistratus,
provincias aliaque omnia tenere; ipsi innoxii, florentes,
sine metu attatem agere, ceteros judiciis terrere, qui
plebem in magistratu placidius tractarent. Sed ubi primuim dubiis rebus novandi spes oblata est, vetus certamen animos eorum arrexit. Quod si primo prcelio
Catilina superior aut Mequa.manu discessisset, profecto
magna clades atque calamitas rempublicam oppressisset;
neque illis, qui victoriam adepti forent, diutius ea uti
licuisset, quin defessis et exsanguibus, qui plus posset,
imperium atque libertatem  extorqueret.  Fuere tamen
extra conjurationem complures, qui ad Catilinam initio
profecti sunt: in his erat A. Fulvius, senatoris filius,




CATILINA.                  115
quem retractum ex itinere parens necari jussit. Isdem
temporibus Romse Lentulus, sicuti Catilina preeceperat,
quoscumque moribus aut fortune novis rebus idoneos
credebat, aut per se/aut per alios sollicitabat; neque
solim cives, sed cujusque modi genus hominurn quod
inodo bello usui foret.
XL. Igitur P. Umbreno cuidam negotium dat, uti le~
gatos Allobrogum requirat, eosque, si possit, impellat ad
societatem belli; existimans publice privatimque sere
alieno oppressos, praeterea, quod natura gens Gallica bellicosa esset, facile eos ad tale consilium adduci posse.
Umbrenus, quod in Gallia negotiatus erat, plerisque principibus civitatium notus erat, atque eos noverat: itaque
sine mora, ubi primium legatos in foro conspexit, percontatus pauca de statu civitatis, et quasi dolens ejus casum,
requirere coepit,'quem exitum  tantis malis sperarent?'
Postquam  illos videt queri de avaritia magistratuum,
accusare senatum, quod in eo auxilii nihil esset; miseriis
suis remedium  mortem  exspectare: "At ego," inquit,
" vobis, si modo viri esse vultis, rationem ostendam, qua
tanta ista mala effugiatis." Hac ubi dixit, Allobroges in
maximam spem adducti Umbrenum orare, uti sui misereretur:'nihil tam asperum neque tam difficile esse, quod
non cupidissime facturi essent, dum ea res civitatem tero
alieno liberaret.' Ille eos in domum D. Bruti perducit,
quod foro propinqua erat, neque aliena consilii, propter
Semproniam; nam turn Brutus ab Roma aberat. Praeterea Gabinium arcessit, quo major auctoritas sermoni
inesset. Eo presente, conjurationem aperit; nominat
socios, praeterea multos cujusque generis innoxios, quo
legatis animus amplior esset: deinde eos pollicitos-operamn suam domum dimittit.
11




116           c. CRISPI SALLUSTI!
XLI. Sed Allobroges diui in incerto habuere, quidnam
consilii caperent. In altera parte erat aes alienum, stu.
dium belli, magna merces in spe victorire; at in altera
inajores opes, tuta consilia, pro incerta spe certa prawmia.
Hec illis volventibus, tandem vicit fortuna reipublica.
Itaque Q. Fabio Sangae, cujus patrocinio civitas pluri.
mum utebatur, rem omnem, uti cognoverant, aperiunt.
Cicero, per Sangam consilio cognito, legatis praecepit, ut
studium conjurationis vehementer simulent, ceteros adeant, bene polliceantur, dentque operam, uti eos quam
maxime manifestos habeant~
XLII. Isdem fere temporibus in Gallia citeriore atque
ulteriore, item in agro Piceno, Bruttio, Apulia rnotus erat.
Namque illi, quos antea Catilina dimiserat, inconsulte
ac veluti per dementiam cuncta simul agebant: nocturnis consiliis, armorum atque telorumn portationibus, festinando, agitando omnia, plus timoris quam periculi effecerant. Ex eo numero complures Q. Metellus Celer praetor ex senati consultu, causa cognita, in vincula conjecerat; item in ulteriore GalliC C. Murena, qui ei provinciae legatus praeerat.
XLIII. At Roma Lentulus cum ceteris, qui principes
conjurationis erant, paratis, ut videbantur, magnis copiis,
constituerant, uti, quum Catilina in agrum Foesulanurn
cum exercitu venisset, L. Bestia tribunus plebis, concione habita, quereretur de actionibus Ciceronis, bellique
gravissimi invidiam optimo consuli imponere t; eo signo,
proxima nocte cetera multitudo conjurationis suum quisque negotium exsequeretur. Sed ea divisa hoc modo
dicebantur, Statilius et. Gabinius uti cum magna manu
duodecim simul opportuna loca urbis in.renderent, quo
tumultu facilior aditus ad consulem ceterosque, quibus




CATILINA.                  117
insidiae parabantur, fieret; Cethegus Ciceronis januam
obsideret, eumque vi aggrederetur, alius autem alium;
sed filii familiarum, quorum ex nobilitate maxima pars
erat, parentes interficerent; simul, caede et incendio percullsis omnibus, ad Catilinam erumperent.  Inter lihe
parata atque decreta Cethegus semper querebatur dejgnavia sociorum:' illos dubitando et dies prolatando magnas opportunitates corrunipere; facto, non consulto in tali
periculo opus esse; seque, si pauci adjuvarent, languentibus aliis, impetum in curiam facturum.' Natura ferox,
vehemens, manu promptus erat; maximum bonum in
celeritate putabat.
XLIV. Sed Allobroges ex preecepto Ciceronis per Gabinium ceteros conveniunt; ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio, item Cassio postulant jusjurandum, quod signatum
ad cives perferant:' aliter haud facile eos ad tantum negotium impelli posse.' Ceteri nihil suspicantes dant;
Cassius semet eo brevi ventururn pollicetur, ac paulo ante
legatos ex urbe proficiscitur. Lentulus cum his T. Volturcium quemdam Crotoniensem mittit, uti Allobroges,
priusquam domum pergerent, cum Catilina, data et accepta fide, societatem confirmarent. Ipse Volturcio litteras ad Catilinam dat, quarum exemplum infra scriptum
est.
"Quis sim, ex eo, quem ad to misi, cognosces. Fec
cogites, in quanta calamitate sis, et.memineris te virum
esse; consideres, quid turn rationes postulent: auxilium
petas ab omnibus, etiam ab infimis."
(Ad hoc mandata verbis dat:'quum ab senatu hostis
judicatus sit, quo consilio servitia repudiet? in urbe parata esse, quae jusserit; ne,cunctetur ipse propius cce.dere.'




118           C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
XLV. His rebus ita actis, constituta nocte, qua proficiscerentur, Cicero, per legatos cuncta edoctus, L. Valerio Flacco et C. Pomptino praetoribus imperat, uti in
ponte Mulvio per insidias Allobrogum comitatus deprehendant; rem omnem aperit, cujus gratia mittebaiitur;
cetera, uti facto opus sit, ita agant, permittit. Illi, homines militares, sine tumultu praesidiis collocatis, sicuti
preceptum  erat, occulte pontem  obsidunt.  Postquamn
ad id loci legati cum Volturcio venerunt, et simul utrimque clamor exortus est, Galli, cito cognito consilio, sine
mora prmtoribus se tradunt. Volturcius primo, cohortatus ceteros, gladio se a multitudine defendit; deinde, ubi
a legatis desertus est, multa priuis de salute sua Pomptinum obtestatus, qubd ei notus erat, postremo timidus ac
vitte diffidens, velut hostibus sese prsetoribus dedit.
XLVI. Quibus rebus confectis, omnia propere per
nuntios consuli declarantur. At illum ingens cura atque
laetitia simul occupavdre: nam  letabatur, intelligens,
conjuratione patefacta, civitatem periculis ereptam esse;
porro autem anxius erat, dubitans, in maximo scelere
tantis civibus depxehe nis, quid facto opus esset; pdenam
illorum sibi oneri, impunitatem perdendme reipublicae fore
credebat. Igitur, confirmato animo, vocari ad sese jubet
Lentulum, Cethegum, Statilium, Gabinium, itemque
Cceparium quemdam Terracinensem, qui in Apuliam ad
concitanda servitia proficisci parabat. Ceteri sine mor&
veniunt' Cceparius, paulo ante dono egressus, cognito
indicio, ex urbe profugerat. Consul Lentulum, quod
praetor erat, ipse manu tenens perducit; reliquos cum
custodibus in redem Concordia venire jubet. E6 senatum'dvocat, magnaque frequentia ejus ordinis, Volturcium cum legatis introducit; Flaccum pramtorem scrini



CATILINA.                   119
um cum litteris, quas a legatis acceperat, eodem afferre
jubet.
XLVII. Volturcius interrogatus de itinere, de litteris,
postremo quid, aut qua de causa, consilii habuisset, prim6 fingere alia, dissimulare de conjuratione; post, ubi
fide publica dicere jussus est, omnia, uti gesta erant, aperit; docetque'se paucis ante diebus a Gabinio et Ccepario socium adscitum  nihil ampliu-s scire quam legatos;
tantummodo audire solitum  ex; Gabinio P. Autronium,
Servium Sullam, L. Vargunteium, multos praeterea in ea
conjuratione esse.' Eadem Galli fatentur, ac Lentulum
dissimulantem coarguunt proeter litteras sermonibus,
qubs ille habere solitus erat:'ex libris Sibyllinis regnum
Roma tribus Corneliis pQrtendi; Cinnam atque Sullam
antea, se tertium esse, cui fatum foret urbis potiri; pramterea ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesimum annum,
quem sepe ex prodigiis haruspices respoirdissent bello
civili cruentum fore.' Igitur perlectis litteris, quum prius omnes signa sua cognovissent, senatus decernit,' uti
abdicato magistratu Lentulus, itemque ceteri in liberis
custodiis haberentur.' Itaque Lentulus P. Lentulo Spintheri, qui turn edilis erat, Cethegus Q. Cornificio, Statilius C. Coesari, Gabinius M. Crasso, Cceparius (nam is
paulo ante ex fuga retractus erat) Cn. Terentio senatori
traduntur.
XLVIII. Interea plebes, conjuratione patefacta, qua
primo cupida rerum novarum nimis bello favebat, mutata mente, Catilina consilia exsecrari, Ciceronem ad ccelum tollere; veluti ex servitute erepta, gaudium atque
laetitiam agitabat.  Namque alia belli facinora pradaw
magis quam   detrimento fore, incendium vero cridele,
immoderatum, ac sibi maxime calamitosum    putabat;
11 




120           C. CRISPI SALLUST1I
quippe cui omnes copise in usu quotidiano et cultu corporis erant. Post eum diem quidam L. Tarquinius ad
senatum adductus erat, quem ad Catilinam proficiscentern ex itinere retractum aiebant. Is quum se diceret
indicaturum de conjuratione, si fides publica data esset,
jussus a consule, qute sciret, edicere, eadem fere, quae
Volturcius, de paratis incendiis, de caede bonorum, de itinere hostium senatum docet: preterea'se missum a M.
Crasso, qui Catilinm nuntiaret, ne eum Lentulus et Cethegus aliique ex conjuratione deprehensi terrerent; eoque
magis properaret ad urbem accedere, quo et ceterorum
animos reficeret, et illi facilius e periculo eriperentur.'
Sed ubi Tarquinius Crassum nominavit, hominem nobilem, maximis divitiis, summa potentia, alii rem incredibilem rati, pars, tametsi verum existimabant, tamen quia
in tali tempore tanta vis hominis lenienda magis quam
exagitanda videbatur, plerique Crasso ex negotiis privatis
obnoxii conclamant' indicem falsum esse,' deque ea re
postulant, uti referatur.  Itaque, consulente Cicerone,
frequens senatus decernit,'Tarquinii indicium  falsum
videri, eumque in vinculis retinendum, neque amplius
potestatem faciendam, nisi de eo indicaret, cujus consilio
tantam rem mentitus esset.' Erant eo tempore, qui existimarent indicium illud a P. Autronio machinatum, quo
facilius, appellato Crasso, per societatem periculi reliquos
illius potentia tegeret. Alii Tarquinium a Cicerone immissum aiebant, ne Crassus, more suo suscepto malorum
patrocinio, rempublicam  conturbaret.  Ipsum Crassum
ego postea praedicantem audivi,' tantam illam conturneliam sibi ab Cicerone impositam.'
XLIX. Sed isdem temporibus Q. Catulus et C. Piso
neque precibus, neque gratia, neque pretio Ciceroncm




CATILINA.                  121
impellere potuere, uti per Allobroges aut per alium indicem C. Cesar falso nominaretur.  Nam uterque cum
illo graves inimicitias exercebant; Piso oppugnatus in
judicio pecuniarum  repetundarum, propter cujusdaln
Transpadani supplicium injustum; Catulus ex petitione
pontificatus odio incensus, quod extremr aetate, maximis
honoribus usus, ab adolescentulo Caesare victus discesserat.  Res autem opportuna videbatur, quod is privatim
egregia liberalitate, publice maximis muneribus grandem
pecuniam debebat.  Sed ubi consulem ad tantum facinus impellere nequeunt, ipsi singulatim  circumeundo,
atque ementiendo, quae se ex Volturcio aut Allobrogibus
audisse dicerent, magnam illi invidiam conflaverant; usque adeo, ut nonnulli equites Romani, qui prtesidii causa
cum telis erant circum sedem Concordiae, seu periculi
magnitudine, seu animi mobilitate impulsi, quo studium
suum in rempublicam clarius esset, egredienti ex senatu
Caesari gladio minitarentur.
L. Dum hsec in senatu aguntur, et dum legatis Allobrogum  et Tito Volturcio, comprobato eorum  indicio,
proemia decernuntur; liberti et pauci ex clientibus Lentuli diversis itineribus opifices atque servitia in vicis ad
eum eripiendum sollicitabant; partfi  exquireharit duces
multitudinum, qui pretio rempublicam vexare soliti erant.
Cethegus autem per nuntios familiam atque libertos suos,
Jectos et exercitatos in audaciam, orabat, ut, grege facto,
cum telis ad sese irruapereat. Consul, ubi ea parlari
cognovit, dispositis prmsidiis, ut res atque tempus monebat, convocato senatu, refert,'quid de his fieri placeat,
qui in custodiam traditi erant.' -Sed eos paulo ante frequens senatus judicaverat'contra rempublicam fecisse.'
Tum D Junius Silanus, primus sententiam rogatus, quod




122            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
eo tempore consul designatus erat, de his, qui in custodiis
tenebantur, praterea de L. Cassio, P. Furio, P. Umbreno,
Q. Annio, si deprehensi forent, supplicium sumendure
decreverat: isque postea, permotus oratione C. Caesaris,
pedibus in sententiam Tib. Neronis iturum se dixerat;
quod de ea re, praesidiis additis, referendum  censucrat.
Sed Caesar, ubi ad eum ventum est, rogatus sententiam a
consule, hujuscemodi verba locutus est.
LI. "Omnes homines, patres conscripti, qui de rebus
dubiis consultant, ab odio, amicitia, ira atque misericordia vacuos esse decet. Haud facile animus verum providet, ubi illa officiunt, neque quisquam omnium libidini
simul et usui paruit. Ubi intenderis ingenium, valet; si
libido possidet, ea daminatur, animus nihil valet. Magna
mihi copia est memorandi, patres conscripti, qui reges
atque populi, ira aut misericordia impulsi, male consuluerint; sed ea malo dicere, quae majores nostricontralibidinem  animi sui recte atquo ordine fecere. Bello Macedonico, quod cum rege Perse gessimus, Rhodiorum civitas, magna atque magnifica, quw populi Romani opibus
creverat, infida atque adversa nobis fuit: sed postquam,
bello confecto, de Rhodiis consultum est, majores nostri,
ne quis divitiarum magis, quam injuria causa bellum inceptum diceret, impunitos eos dimisere. Item bellis Punicis omnibus, quum saepe Carthaginienses et in pace et
per inducias multa nefaria facinora fecissent, nunquam
ipsi per occasionem talia fecere: magis, quid se dignum
foret, quam quid in illis jure fieri posset, quaerebantlIoc idem vobis providendum est, patres conscripti, ne
plus valeat apud vos P. Lentuli et ceterorum scelus,
quam vestra dignitas; neu magis irae vestrae quam fama
consulatis. Nam si digna pcena pro factis eorum reperi



CATILINA.                  123
tur, novum consilium approbo; sin magnitudo sceleris
omnium  ingenia exsuperat, his utendum  censeo, qul
legibus comparata sunt. Plerique eorum, qui ante me
sententias dixerunt, composite atque magnifice casum
reipublica  miserati sunt: qume belli smevitia esset, qum
victis acciderent enumeravere: rapi virgines, pueros;
divelli liberos a parentum complexu; matres familiarum
pati, quam victoribus collibuissent; fana atque domos exspoliari; cmdem, incendia fieri; postremo armis, cadaveribus, cruore atque luctu omnia compleri.  Sed, per
deos immortales! quo illa oratio pertinuit? an, uti vos
infestos conjurationi faceret?  Scilicet, quem res tanta
atque tam  atrox non permovit, eum oratio accendet!
Non ita est; neque cuiquam mortalium injuriae sum parvm videntur: multi eas gravius equo habuere.   Sed
alia aliis licentia est, patres conscripti. Qui demissi in
obscuro vitam habent, si quid iracundia deliquere, pauci
sciunt; fama atque fortuna eorum pares sunt: qui magno imperio prmediti in excelso aetatem agunt, eorum facta
cuncti mortales novere. Ita in maxima fortuna minima
licentia est: neque studere, neque odisse, sed minime
irasci decet: qume apud alios iracundia dicitur, ea in
imperio superbia atque crudelitas appellatur.  Equidem
ego sic existimo, patres conscripti, omnes cruciatus minores, quam facinora illorum esse; sed plerique mortales
postrema meminere, et in hominibus impiis sceleris
eorum obliti de piena disserunt, si ea paulo severior fuit.
D. Silanum, virum fortem atque strenuum, certo scio,
qum dixerit, studio reipublice  dixisse, neque illum in
tanta re gratiam  aut inimicitias exercere: eos mores,
eam modestiam viri cognovi. Verum sententia ejus mihi non crudelis, (quid enim in tales homines crudele fieri




l24           C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
potest?) sed aliena a republica nostra videtur. Nam pro.
fect t aut metus aut injuria te subegit, Silane, consulem
designatum, genus pcenae novum decernere. De timore
supervacaneum est disserere, quum praesertim diligentia
clarissimi viri, consulis, tanta prsesidia sint in armis. De
pcena possumus equidem dicere, id quod res habet, in
luctu atque miseriis mortem aerumnarum requiem, non
cruciatum esse, eam cuncta mortalium mala dissolvere;
ultra neque curae neque gaudio locum esse. Sed, per
deos immortales! quarmobrem in sententiam non addidisti, uti prius verberibus in eos animadverteretur? An,
quia lex Porcia velat? At aliae leges item condemnatis
civibus non animam eripi, sed exsilium permitti jubent.
An, quia gravius est veyrberari quam necari?  Quid autem acerbum aut nimis grave in homines tanti facinoris
convictos? Sin, quia levius est; qui convenit in minore
negotio legem timere, quum ear in majore neglexeris?
At enim quis reprehendet, quod in parricidas reipublice
decretum erit? Tempus, dies, fortuna, cujus libido gentibus moderatur. Illis merito accidet, quidquid evenerit;
ceter.im vos, patres conscripti, quid in alios sttuatais,
considerate. Omnia mala exempla ex bonis orta sunt;
sed ubi imperium ad ignaros aut minus bonos pertent,
novum illud exemplum ab dignis et idoneis ad indignos
et non idoneos transfertur. Lacedsemonii devictis Atheniensibus triginta viros imposuere, qui rempublicam corum tractarent.  Hi primo ccepere pessimum quemque
et omnibus invisum  indemnatum  necare: ea populus
Ietari et merito dicere fieri. Post, ubi paulatim licentia
crevit, juxta bonos et malos libidinos. interficere, ceteros
mnetu terrere. Ita civitas servitute oppressa stulte lhetitiae graves pcenas dedit. Nostra memoria, victor Sulla




CATILINA.                  125
quum Damasippum et alios hujusmodi, qui malo reipublicae creverant, jugulari jussit, quis non factum ejus laudabat?'Homines scelestos et factiosos, qui seditionibus
rempublicam exagitaverant, merito necatos' aiebant. Sed
ea res magna initium cladis fuit: nam uti quisque domum aut villan, postremo aut vas aut vestimenturn
alicujus concupiverat, dabat operam, uti is in proscriptorum numero esset. Ita illi, quibus Damasippi mors laetitiae fuerat, paulo post ipsi trahebantur; neque pri'is
finis jugulandi fuit, quim Sulla omnes suos divitiis explevit. Atque ego huec non in M. Tullio neque his
temporibus vereor; sed in magna civitate multa et varia
ingenia sunt. Potest alio tempore, alio consule, cui item
exercitus in manu sit, falsum aliquid pro vero credi. Ubi
hoc exemplo per senati decretum consul gladium eduxerit, quis illi finem statuet, aut quis moderabitur? Majores
nostri, patres conscripti, neque consilii neque audaciae
unquam eguere; neque illis superbia obstabat, quo minis
aliena instituta, si modo proba erant, imitarentur. Arma
atque tela militaria ab Samnitibus, insignia magistratuum
ab Tuscis pleraque sumpserunt: postremo quod ubique
apud socios aut hostes idoneum videbatur, cum summo
studio domi exsequebantur; imitari quam invidere bonis
malebant. Sedeodem illo tempore, Grzeciae morem imitati, verberibus animadvertebant in cives, de condemnatis summum supplicium sumebant. Postquam respublica adolevit, et multitudine civium  factiones valuere,
circumveniri innocentes, alia hujuscemodi fieri ccepere,
tum lex Porcia aliaque leges paratae sunt, quibus legibus exsilium damnatis permissum est.  Hanc ego causam, patres conscripti, quo minus novum consilium capiamus, in primis magnam puto. Profecto virtus atque




126           C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
sapientia major in illis fuit, qui ex parvis opibus tantuin
irmperium fecere, quam in nobis, qui ea bene parta vix
retinemus. Placet igitur eos dimitti et augere exercituLn
Catilin'e? Minime; sed ita censeo:'publicandas eo.
rum pecunias, ipsos in vinculis habendos per municipia,
quae maxime opibus valent; neu quis de his postea ad
senatum referat, neve cum populo agat: qui aliter fecerit, senatum existimare eum contra rempublicam et salutem omnium facturum.'"
LII. Postquam Caesar dicendi finem fecit, ceteri verbo alius alii varie assentiebantur: at M. Porcius Cato,
rogatus sententiam, hujuscemodi orationem habuit.
"Longe mihi alia mens est, patres conscripti, quum
res atque pericula nostra considero, et quum sententias
nonnullorum mecum ipse reputo. Illi mihi disseruisse
videntur de pcena eorum, qui patrie, parentibus, aris atque fQcia suis bellum paravere: res autem monet cavere
ab illis magis quam, quid in illis statuamus, consultare.
Nam cetera maleficia tum persequare, ubi facta sunt:
hoc, nisi provideris, ne accidat, ubi evenit, frustra judicia
implores: capta urbe, nihil fit reliqui victis. Sed, per
deos immortales! vos ego appello, qui semper domos,
villas, signa, tabulas vestras pluris quam rempublicam
fecistis, si ista, cujuscumque modi sunt quse amplexamini, retinere, si voluptatibus vestris otium  prebere
vultis, expergiscimini aliquando, et capessite rempublicam. Non agitur de vectigalibus, neque de sociorum
inijuriis; libertas et anima nostra in dubio est. Saepenu1nero, patres conscripti, multa verba in hoc ordine
feci, stepe de luxuria atque avaritia nostrorum civium
questus sum, multosque mortales ea causa adversos
habeo. Qui mihi atque animo meb nullius unquam de



CATILINA.                  127
licti gratiam fecissem, haud facile alterius libidini malefacta condonabam. Sed ea tametsi vos parvi pendebatis, tamen respublica firma erat; opulentia negligentiam
tolerabat. Nunc vero non id agitur, bonisne an malis
moribus vivamus, neque quantum aut quarn magnificum
imperium populi Romani sit; sed cujus hae  cumque
modi videntur, nostra, an nobiscum una hostium futura
sint.
"Hic mihi quisquam mansuetudinem et misericordiam nominat. Jampridemn equidem nos vera rerum vocabula amisimus, quia bona aliena largiri liberalitas,
malarum rerum  audacia fortitudo vocatur; eo respublica in extremo sita est. Sint sane, quoniam ita se mores habent, liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus eerarii: ne illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur; et dum paucis sceleratis parcunt, bonos omnes
perditum eant. Bene et composite C. Cesar paulo ante
in hoc ordine de vita et morte disseruit; credo, falsa
existimans ea, quae de inferis memorantur;' diverso itinere malos a bonis loca tetra, inculta, fceda atque formidolosa habere.' Itaque censuit'pecunias eorum  publicandas, ipsos per municipia in custodiis habendos;' videlicet timens, ne, si Romse sint, aut a popularibus conjurationis, aut a multitudine conducta per vim eripiantur.
Quasi vero mali atque scelesti tantummodo in urbe, et
non per totam Italiam sint, aut non ibi plus possit audacia, ubi ad defendendum opes minores sunt. Quare
vanum equidem hoc consilium est, si periculum ex illis
metuit;.sin in tanto omnium metu solus non timet, eo
magis refert me mihi atque vobis timere.
"Quare quum de P. Lentulo ceterisque statuetis, pro
certo habetote vos simul de exercitu Catilinse et de om12




128           C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
nibus conjuratis deeernere.  Quanto vos attentiius ea
agetis, tanto illis animus infirmior erit: si paululum
modo vos languere viderint, jam omnes feroces aderunt.
Nolite existimare majores nostros armis rempublicar ex
parva magnam fecisse. Si ita res esset, multo pulcherrimam ear nos haberemus: quippe sociorum atque civium, preterea armorum atque equorum major nobis copia quam illis. Sed alia fuere, quse illos magnos fecere,
quae nobis nulla sunt; domi industria, foris justurn imperium, animus in consulendo liber, neque delicto neque
libidini obnoxius. Pro his nos habemus luxuriam atque
avaritiam, publice egestatem, privatim opulentiam; laudTrnus divitias, sequimur inertiam; inter bonos et malos
discrimen nullum; omnia virtutis prsemia ambitio possidet. Neque mirum, ubi vos separatim sibi quisque consilium capitis, ubi domi voluptatibus, hic pecuniae aut
gratiae servitis; eo fit, ut impetus fiat in vacuam rempublicam. Sed ego hasc omitto.:"Conjuravere nobilissimi cives patriam  -incendere,
Gallorum gentem infestissimam nomini Romano ad bellum arcessunt; dux hostium cum exercitu supra caput
est: vos cunctamini etiam nune, quid intra mcenia deprehensis hostibus faciatis? Misereamini, censeo, (deliquere homines adolescentuli per ambitionem,) atque
etiam armatos dimittatis. Ne ista vobis mansuetudo et
misericordia, si illi arma ceperint, in miseriam vertet.
Scilicet res ipsa aspera est, sed vos non timetis eam.
Immo vero maxima; sed inertia et mollitia animi alius
alium exspectantes cunctamini, videlicet dis immortalibus confisi, qui hanc rempublicam in maximis saepe periculis servavere. Non votis neque suppliciis muliebribus
auxilia deorum parantur; vigilando, agendo, bene con



CATILINA.                  129
sulendo prospera omnia cedunt: ubi socordiee te atque
ignavime tradideris, nquidquam  deos implores; rati. infestique sunt.  Apud majores nostros T. Manlius Torquatus bello Gallico filium suum, quod is contra imperium  in hostem  pugnaverat, necari jussit, atque ille
egregius adolescens, immoderatse fortitudinis, morte pcenas dedit: vos de crudelissimis parricidis quid statuatis,
cunctamini?  Videlicet vita cetera eorum huic sceleri
obstat. Verum parcite dignitati Lentuli, si ipse pudicitiae, si famca suae, si dis aut hominibus unquam ullis
pepercit: ignoscite Cethegi adolescentie, nisi iterum
patrim bellum fecit. Nam quid ego de Gabinio, Statilio, Ccepario loquar? quibus si quidquam unquam pensi
fuisset, non ea consilia de republica habuissent.
"Postremo, patres conscripti, si mehercule peccato
locus esset, facile paterer vos ipsa re corrigi, quoniam
verba comtemnitis; sed undique circumventi sumus.
Catilina cum exercitu faucibus urget; alii intra mlcenia
atque in sinu urbis sunt hostes; neque parari, neque
consuli quidquam occulte potest: qu' magis properandum est. Quare ita ego censeo:'quum nefario consilio sceleratorum civium respublica in maxima pericula
venerit, hique indicio T. Volturcii et legatorum Allobrogum convicti confessique sint caedem, incendia, aliaque
se fceda atque crudelia facinora in cives patriamque paravisse, de confessis, sicuti de manifestis rerum capitalium,
more majorum supplicium sumendum.'"
IIII. Postquam Cato assedit, consulares omnes itemque senatus magna pars sententiam ejus laudant, virtutem animi ad ccelum ferunt, alii alios increpantes timidos vocant; Cato clarus atque magnus habetur; senati
deeretum fit, sicuti ille censuerat.  Sed mihi multa le



130           C. CRISPI SALLUSTI1
genti, multa audienti, quae populus Romanus domi mi.
litikeque, mari atque terra prmeclara facinora fecit- forte
libuit attendere, qums res maxime tanta negotia sustinuisset.  Sciebam  sapenumero parva manu cum magnis
legionibus hostium contendisse; cognoveram parvis copiis bella gesta cum opulentis regibus; ad hoc saepe fortunae violentiam  toleravisse; facundia Graecos, gloria
belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse. Ac mihi multa agitanti
constabat, paucorum civium  egregiam virtutem cuncta
patravisse; eoque factum, uti divitias paupertas, multitudinem paucitas superaret.  Sed postquam luxu atque
desidia civitas corrupta est, rursus respublica magnitudine sua imperatorum  atque magistratuum viia sustentabat, ac, sicuti effeta parente, multis tempestatibus haud
sane quisquam Romam virtute magnus fuit. Sed memoria.
mea, ingenti virtute, diversis moribus fuere viri duo, M.
Cato et C. Caesar: quos quoniam res obtulerat, silentio
prmeterire non fuit consilium, quin utriusque naturam et
mores, quantum ingenio possem, aperirem.
LIV. Igitur his genus, mtas. eloquentia prope aequalia
fuere; magnitudo animi par, item gloria, sed alia alii.
Caesar beneficiis atque munificentia magnus habebatur;
integritate vitae Cato. Ille mansuetudine et misericordia
clarus factus; huic severitas dignitatem addiderat. Camsar dando, sublevando, ignoscendo; Cato nihil largiendo
gloriam  adeptus est. In altero miseris perfugium; in
altero malis pernicies: illius facilitas, hujus constantia
laudabatur. Postremo Caesar in animum induxerat laborare, vigilare; negotiis amicorum intentus, sua negligere; nihil denegare, quod dono dignum esset; sibi
magnum imperium, exercitum, novum bellum exoptabat, ubi virtus enitescere posset.  At Catoni studium




CATILINA.                  131
modestia, decoris, sed maxime severitatis erat. Non divitiis cum divite, neque factione cum factioso, sed curm
strenuo virtute, cum modesto pudore, cum innocente abstinentia certabat; esse quam videri bonus malebat: ita,
quo minus gloriam petebat, eo magis sequebatur.
LV. Postquam, ut dixi, senatus in Catonis sententiam
discessit, consul optimum factum ratus noctem, quae instabat, antecapere, ne quid eo spatio novaretur, triumviros, quae supplicium postulabat, parare jubet: ipse, dispositis proesidiis, Lentulum  in carcerem deducit; idem
fit ceteris per prsetores. Est locus in carcere, quod Tullianum appellatur, ubi paululum descenderis ad levam,
circiter duodecim pedes humi depressus. Eum muniunt
undique parietes, atque insuper camera lapideis fornicibus vincta, sed incultu, tenebris, odore fceda atque terribilis ejus facies est. In eum locum postquam demissus
est Lentulus, vindices rerum capitalium, quibus praeceptum erat, laqueo gulam frege,. Ira ille patricius, ex
clarissima gente Corneliorum, qui consulare imperium
Romae habuerat, dignum moribus factisque suis exitium
vitce invenit. De Cethego, Statilio, Gabinio, Ccepario
eodem modo supplicium sumptum est.
LVI. Dum ea Romm geruntur, Catilina ex omni copi;i, quam et ipse adduxerat, et Manlius habuerat, duas
legiones instituit; cohortes pro numero militum complet: deinde, ut quisque voluntarius aut ex sociis in
castra venerat, oequaliter distribuerat, ac brevi spatio
legiones numero hominum  expleverat, quum initio non
amplius duobus millibus habuisset. Sed ex omni copia
circiter pars quarta erat militaribus armis instructa; ccteri, ut quemque casus armaverat, sparos aut lanceas, alii
praeacutas sudes portabant. Sed postquam Antonius cum
12 *




132            C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
exercitu adventabat, Catilina per montes iter facere,
modo ad urbem, modo in Galliam versuis castra movere.
hostibus occasionem pugnandi non dare: sperabat propediem magnas copias sese habiturum, si Roma socii
incepta patravissent. Interea servitia repudiabat, cujus
initio ad eum magna~ copi& concurrebant, opibus conjurationis fretus, simul alienum suis rationibus existimans,
videri causam civium cum  servis fugitivis communicavisse.
LVII. Sed postquam in castra nuntius pervenit Romm
conjurationem patefactam, de Lentulo, Cethego, ceteris,
quos supra memoravi, supplicium sumptum; plerique,
quos ad bellum spes rapinarum aut novarum rerum studium illexerat, dilabuntur: reliquos Catilina per montes
asperos magnis itineribus in agrum Pistoriensem abducit, eo consilio, uti per tramites occulte perfug ret in Galliam. At Q. Metellus Celer cum tribus legionibus in
agro Piceno presidebat, ex difficultate rerum eadem illa
existimans, quav supra diximus, Catilinam agitare. Igitur, ubi iter ejus ex perfugis cognovit, castra propere
movit, ac sub ipsis radicibus montium consedit, qua illi
descensus erat in Galliam properanti. Neque tamen Antonius procul aberat, utpote qui magno exercitu locis
oequioribus expeditus in fuga sequeretur.  Sed Catilina,
postquam videt montibus atque copiis hostium sese clausum, in urbe res adversas, neque fuga neque praesidii
ullam spem, optimum factum ratus in tali re fortunam
belli tentare, statuit cum Antonio quam  primtum confligere.  Itaque, concione advocata, hujuseemodi orationem habuit.
LV~1I. " Compertum ego habeo, milites, verba virtutem  non addere; neque ex ignayv   strenuum, neque




CA-TILINA.                 133
fortem ex timido exercitum  oratione imperatoris fieri.
Quanta cujusque animo audacia natura aut moribus inest, tanta in bello patere solet: quem neque gloria neque
pericula excitant, nequidquam hortere; timor animi auribus officit. Sed ego vos, quo pauca monerem, advocavi; simul uti causam  mei consilii aperirem. Scitis
equidern, milites, socordia atque ignavia Lentuli quantam
ipsi cladem nobisque attulerit; quoque modo, dum ex
urbe praesidia opperior, in Galliam proficisci nequiverim.
Nunc vero quo in loco res nostrae sint, j!lxta mecur
omnes intelligitis.  Exercitus hostium  duo, unus ab
urbe, alter a Gallia obstant: diutius in his locis esse,
si maxime animus ferat, frumenti atque aliarum rerum
egestas prohibet. Quocumque ire placet, ferro iter aperiendum est. Quapropter vos moneo, uti forti atque parato animo sitis, et, quum prcelium inibitis, memineritis
vos divitias, decus, gloriam, praeterea libertatem  atque
patriam in dextris vestris portaie. Si vincimus, omnia
nobis tuta erunt, commeatus abunde, colonise atque
municipia patebunt: sin metu cesserimus, eadem  illa
adversa fient: neque locus neque amicus quisquam teget, quem arma non texerint.  Priterea, milites, non
eadem nobis et illis necessitudo impendet: nos pro patria, pro libertate, pro vita certamus: illis supervacaneum
est pugnare pro potentia paucorum. Quo audacius aggredimini, memores pristina virtutis. Licuit vobis cum
sunmma turpitudine in exsilio vatatem  agere; potuistis
nonnullj Rome, arissis bonis, alienas opes exspectare.
Quia illa fceda atque intoleranda viris videbantur, haec
sequi decrevistis. Si haec relinquere vultis, audacia opus
est: nemo, nisi victor, pace bellum mutavit. Nam in
lfug't salutem sperare, quum arma, quis corpus tegitur,




134           C. CRISPI SALLUSTII
ab hostibus averteris, ea vero dementia est. Semper in
prcelio iis maximum est periculum, qui maxime timent;
audacia pro muro habetur. Quum vos considero, milites, et quum facta vestra vestimo, magna me spes victoria tenet. Animus, mtas, virtus vestra me hortantur,
praeferea necessitudo, quwe etiam  timidos fortes facit.
Nam multitudo hostiumn ne circumvenire queat, prohibent angustie loci. Quod si virtuti vestre fortuna inviderit, cavete inulti animam amittatis; neu capti potius
sicuti pecora trucidemini, quam virorum more pugnantes, cruentam atque luctuosam victoriam hostibus relinquatis."
LIX. Hec ubi dixit, paululum   commoratus, signa
canere jubet, atque instructos ordines in locum aequum
deducit: deinde, remotis omnium  equis, quo militibus,
exwequato periculo, animus amplior esset, ipse pedes exercitum pro loco atque copiis instruit. Nam, uti planities erat inter sinistros -iontes, et ab dextra rupes aspera, octo cohortes in fronte constituit, reliqua signa in
subsidio artius collocat. Ab his centuriones omnes lectos et evocatos, prseterea ex gregariis militibus optimum
quemque armatum in primam aciem subducit. C. Manlium in dextera, Feesulanum quemdam in sinistra parte
curare jubet: ipse curn libertis et colonis propter aquilam assistit, quam bello Cimbrico C. Marius in exercitu
habuisse dicebatur. At ex altera parte C. Antonius,
pedibus aeger, quod prelio adesse nequibat, M. Petreio
legato exercitum permittit. Ille cohortes veteranas, quas
tunulti causa conscripserat, in fronte; post eas ceterum
exercitum  in subsidiis locat.  Ipse equo circumiens,
unumquemque nominans appellat, hortatur, rogat, uti
meminerint se contra latrones inermes, pro patria, pro




CATILINA.                  135
liberis, pro aris atque focis suis cernere. Homo miiitaris, quod amplius annos triginta tribunus, aut prafectus,
aut legatus, aut praetor cum magna gloria in exercitu
fuerat, plerosque ipsos factaque eorum fortia noverat; ea
commemorando militum animos accendebat.
LX. Sed ubi, omnibus rebus exploratis, Petreius tuba
signum dat, cohortes paulatim incedere jubet; idem facit
hostium  exercitus. Postquam  eo vehtum  est, unde a
ferentariis prcelium committi posset, maximo clamore
cum infestis signis concurrunt; pila omittunt; gladiis
res geritur. Veterani, pristinse virtutis memores, cominus acriter instare; illi haud timidi resistunt; maxima vi certatur. Interea Catilina cum expeditis in prima
acie versari, laborantibus succurrere, integros pro sauciis
arcessere, omnia providere, multum ipse pugnare, sape
hostem ferire: strenui militis et boni imperatoris officia
simul exsequebatur. Petreius ubi videt Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, cohortem praetoriam
in medios hostes inducit, eosque perturbatos atque alios
alibi resistentes interficit; deinde utrimque ex laternbus
ceteros aggreditur. Manlius et Fmesulanus in primis pugnantes cadunt. Postquam fusas copias, seque cum paucis relictum videt Catilina, memor generis atque pristinae
dignitatis, in confertissimos hostes incurrit, ibique pugnans confoditur.
LXI. Sed confecto prcelio, tum vero cerneres, quanta
audacia quantaque vis animi fuisset in exercitu Catilinne
Nam fere quem quisque vivus pugnando locum ceperat,
eum, amissa anima, corpore tegebat. Paucl autem, quos
medios cohors pratoria disjecerat, paulo diversiuis, sed
omnes tamen adversis vulneribus conciderant. Catilina
vero longe a suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est




136     C. CRISPI SALLUSTII CATILIN:.
paululum etiam spirans, ferociamque animi, quar habuerat vivus, in vultu retinens. Postremo ex omni copia
neque in prcelio neque in fuga quisquam civis ingenuus
captus est: ita cuncti suse hostiumque vita juxta pepercerant. Neque tamen exercitus populi Romani latarn
aut incruentam victoriam adeptus erat; nam strenuissimus quisque aut occiderat in prcelio, aut graviter vulneratus discesserat.' Multi autem, qui de castris visendi
aut spoliandi gratia processerant, volventes hostilia cadavera, amicum alii, pars hospitem aut cognatum reperiebant; fuere item, qui inimicos suos cognoscerent. Ita
varie per omnem exercitum laetitia, moeror, luctus atque
gaudia agitabantur.




DICTIONARY.
A                             ABSTRAHO
A., an abbreviation of the preno- away; to throw on the ground prosmen Aulus.                         trate; to lay by, throw aside, remove,
A, Ab, Abs, prep. with the abl. S  Abjiro, ire, ivi, dtum, a. (ab 4
195, R. 2. From; in regard to, in re- juro,) to deny falsely upon oath. Ab.
spect of. Before the agent of a pas- jurare credituem, to forswear a debt,
sive verb, by, Denoting relative posi- falsely to deny under oath one's intion, on, at, in: as, ab dextera parte, debtedness.
on the right side. Denoting order of  Abnuo, ere, ui, a. (ab 4f nuo, obs.), to
cime, after. After verrsof requescing deny or refuse by countenance or gesor demandzng, of, from. In composi- ture; to express dissent by a nod or
tion, see 6 196, 1, & 6 197, 1.    shake of the head; with ace. and dat.,
Abdicatus, a, um, part., disinherited, to refuse, deny, decline, reject; Milidismissed, deposed: from           tes fessi et abnuentes omnia,-declinAbdico, are, dvi, atum. a. (ab 4 dico, ing all farther efforts.
are, to give,) to turn out of doors, dis-  Aborigines, um, m. pl. (ab 4- origo),
inherit; to depose; to lay down, re- a people of Italy who anciently inhasign, abdicate.                    bited the region where Rome was
Abditus, a, um, part. 4, adj., hidden, afterwards built, and whose kings
concealed, removed, secret, retired, were Saturn and Janus; the Aborigiprivate. Abditea regiones, unknown nes. C. 6.
regions: from                        Absens, entis, adj. (abs f ens, ~ 154,
Abdo, ere, vdi, Itum, a. (ab 4' do), to R. 1.), absent, abroad.
remove from view, hide, conceal, se-  Absolvo, ere, olvi, olitum, a. (ab 4'
crete; to remove.                  solvo), to loose, unloose; to set at lib
Abduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (ab' duco), erty, discharge, release, liberate; to
$ 225, IV, to take away, remove; to despatch, dismiss; to finish, complete.
lead, lead away or off, lead aside, car- Absolvere paucis, to despatch in a few
ry; to draw off, withdraw.         words, declare briefly, speak briefly or
Abeo, ire, ii, Itum, irr. n. (ab 4 eo), concisely.
$ 242, R. 1. to go away, depart, go  Abstinentia, e,f. (abstinens, tempeoff, go. escape, retire, withdraw. Prea- rate), abstinence, moderation; freeceps abire, to go headlong, to plunge dom from avarice, uprightness, disinheadlong into crimes.              terestedness; temperance, sobriety.
Abjectus, a, ur, part., cast off,  Abstlneo, ere, ui, a. (abs f teneo), to
thrown away, cast down, thrown abstain from, keep from, refrain from.
aside: from                          Abstractus, a, ur, part.: from
AbjIcio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. (ab 4  Abstriho, Ire, traxi, tractum, a. (abs
jaco) to cast, throw, throw or cast 4l traho), ~ 242, R. 1. to draw or tear




ABSUM               138               ACER
away; taiee away by force, lead away,  Accensus, a, um, part. <, adj (accenlead or draw aside; to tear, rend, divide. do), set on fire, &c. Fig. excited, enAbsum, esse,fui, irr. n. (ab 4 sum), kindled, inflamed, stirred up, animated.
O 242, R. 1. to be absent, to be dis- stimulated, prompted; exasperated.
tant; to be wanting in assistance,   Acceptio, onis, f. (accipio), an acwithhold one's help, keep or stand cepting or receiving.
aloof  Paulum abesse, to be near, be  Acceptus, a, urn, part. 4f adj. (acctupon the point, want but little.   pio), received, accepted, heard, &c.;
Absumo, ere, psi, ptum, a. (ab' grateful, pleasing, acceptable, O 222.
sumo), to consume, destroy; to slay,  Accedo, ire, cidi, n. (ad f cado), O
cut off.                           224, to fall, fall down at or before.
Absumptus, a, um, part. (absumo).  Quo accidam? i. e. ad cujus genua
Absurdus, a, um, adj. (ab 4f surdus, supplex accidam? to whom  shall I
deaf), absurd, inconsistent, foolish, prostrate myself (in supplication?) To
ridiculous, unapt, unbecoming; des- fall upon, come upon. Quo gravior
picable, contemptible. Absurdum est, accideret, that he might fall (upon him)
1 269, R. 2.                       with greater weight or effect:-to hapAbundantia, As, f. (abundans, abun- pen, occur, befall. Si quid mali acctJant), abundance, plenty.          disst, if any calamity had occurred.
Abunde, adv. f indec. subs. Q 212, R.  Accio, ire, ivi, itum, a. (ad 4 cio, to
4. (abundus, abundant), abundantly, move), to send for, call, call in, sumamply, sufficiently, plentifully; in abun- mon, desire to come, invite.
dance, enough, plenty.               Acclpio, ere, epi, eptum, a. (ad 
Abutor, i, usus sum, dep. (ab 4' capio), ~ 272, ~ 273, 230, R. 2. to reutor), to abuse, turn to an improper ceive, take; to bear, suffer, bear with;
use, misuse.                      to hear, learn, be informed, compreAc, conj. the same as atque, uRe it is hend, understand; to admit; to obtain,
used b0fore consonants only, ~ 198.1, R. gain, get; to accept of In regnum
(b.) and. After alius, aliter,juxta, simi- accipere, to adopt as an heir to the
liter, par, similis, etc. than or as, _ throne, to admit to a participation of
198, 3, R. Ac si, as if, $ 263. 2. Ac sovereignty.
is sometimes used for et quidem. See  Accitus, a, um, part. (accio), sumAtque. Like et, it sometimes connects moned, invited, Ire accitus, to go on
udversative sentences, and may then be invitation.
translated but.                      Accurate, adv. (accurdtus, accurate),
Accedo, Lre, essi, essum, n. (ad 4, diligently, accurately, carefully, attencedo), O 233, &(Remark 2,) ~ 224, ~ 210. tively, cautiously. Habere accurate, to
to draw near, approach, arrive at, treat with attention. Accuratissima
come, come to, resort to, aceost; to recipere, to receive with every attcn
go; to attack; to be added to, joined, tion.
annexed; to accrue. Huc accedebat,   Accurro, ere, curri 4f cucurri, cur
to this was added.                 sum, n. (ad 4' curro, to run), to run to;
Accendo, Ire, di, sum, a. (ad 4 can- to run.
do, obs.), to set on fire, light up, kin-  Accuso, are, avi, atum, a. (ad 4dle; to burn. Fig. to excite, inflame, causa), d 217, to accuse, arraign, imstir up, heighten, increase. Accendi peach; to blame, chide, complain of,
ad dominationem, to be inflamed with find fault with, censure.
a lust of power                      Acer, acris, acre, adj., sharp, sour,




ACERBE               139           ADHERBAL
acrid.  Fig. sharp, brisk, powerful, gone by, spent. Acta edocere, to
vehement; cruel, savage; fiery, im- make known what has been done.
petuous, furious; severe; brave, bold,  Ad, prep. with the ace., to, unto; at.
enterprising, gallant, fierce, courage- near, hard by; in; even to; towards,
ous; diligent, strenuous; acute, quick, about; against; according to; besides,
keen, penetrating: violent, energetic, in addition to; after; for; in regard to,
vigorous.                          in what pertains to. In composition,
Acerbe, adv., sharply, severely, bit- see  196, 2. & ~ 197, 2.
terly. harshly, cruelly: from        Adcequo, are, avi, atum, a. (ad +
Acerbus, a, um, adj., unripe, sour. ceque, to level), to equal, level; to
Fig. cruel, inimical, bitter; hurtful, equal, make equal.
troublesome, disagreeable, unpleasant;  Additus, a, um, part. 4' adj., added;
hard, severe, harsh; austere, mo- appointed; placed    near or over:
rose.                              from
Acerrmne, see Acriter.             Addo, ere, didi, ditum, a. (ad 4 do), $
Acies, ei,f., the sharp edge or point 224, to add; to throw or cast in or upon;
of any thing; the organ of sight, the to appoint, give, put, impart, bestow
pupil of the eye, the eye; a line of sol- Addere nomen gloriamque sibi, to acdiers, file, battalion. Prima acies, the quire, gain-. Addere multum  reifirst rank or van of an army. Postre- publice, to aid, assist, benefit-. Adma acies, the rear rank, the rear:-an dereformidinemn alicui, to inspire with
army; an army in battle array; force, fear, to intimidate.
power; acuteness, shrewdness, talent.  Addiuco, ere, uxi, uctum, a. (ad 4
Statuit non praeliis neque acie bellum duco), to conduct, bring, lead; to ingerendum,-not by pitched battles, nor duce, cause; to bring to, reduce; to
by regular warfare.                bring, persuade.
Acquiro, ere, quiswvi, quisitum, a.  Addctus, a,?um, part. (addico),
(ad 4- quero), to acquire, get, procure, brought, brought to, led to, conductgain, obtain.                      ed; induced. Adductus in spem, led
Acrlter, adv. comp. acrius, sup. acer- to hope or to entertain hopes.
tme' (acer), vehemently, sharply, keen-  Ademptus, a, um, part. (adimo), ta
ly, eagerly, hard, closely; valiantly, ken away.
stoutly, courageously; vigorously;   Adeo, adv. (ad 4' eo), so, so far, to
strenuously; exceedingly; studiously, such a degree, insomuch; too, indeed.
diligently; severely, cruelly.     Id adeo, and this or that indeed, and
Acta, orum, n. pl. (actus), acts, ac- this too, and what is more; then,
tions, deeds; glorious exploits,   therefore, accordingly.
Actio, 5nis, f. (ago), an act, action,  Adeo, ire, ii, ~tum, irr. n. 4 a. (ad
proceeding, measure, official conduct; 4 eo), ~ 233, to go to; to approach;
an accusation, charge; an action at to review, reconnoitre; to come near;
law, arraignment, judicial process or to approach in a hostile manner, atproceeding.  Prior actio, the first tack; to undertake.
stage of a judicial process or action.  Adeptus, a, urn, part. (adipiscor)
Actus, a, um, part. (ago), led, con- that has obtained, gained, acquired
ducted, &c.; brought up or near. Acta Pass. obtained, acquired, gained, O
testtadire, the testudo being brought 162, 17, (a.)
up' —forced, compelled; finished,   Adesse, Aderam, etc, see Adsum.
achieved, performed, done; past, over,  Acdherbal, tlis, m., a Numidian
1 3




ADHIBEO              140            ADOLESCO
prince, the son of Micipsa. J 5. 9, trare bellum, to have the management
10, &c.                           of, or to be the leader in a war. to
Adhlbeo, ire, ui, Itum, a. (ad 4f ha- wage war, to carry on war.
beo), to adopt, use, employ; to take,  Admirandus, a, um, part. 4 mstj,
admit, receive, call for; to apply; to admirable, worthy of admiration, to
bring, bring on; to offer, pay; to treat, be wondered at, astonishing, amazing,
use.                              wonderful: from
AdhibYtus, a, um, part. (adhibeo),  Admiror, ari, atus sum, dep. (ad 4
sent for, called for, admitted.   miror), to wonder greatly, marvel, bex
Adhuc, adv. (ad 4- huc), hitherto, astonished or surprised; to look at
thus far, as yet, still, even yet.  with admiration, admire, wonder at.
Adigo, ere, egi, actum, a. (ad 4 ago),  Admissus, a, um, part.: from
to drive, thrust, impel; to force, corn-  Admitto, ere, misi, missum, a. (ad 4
pel.  Adigere ad jusjurandum, to mitto), to send to, or onward; to reoblige to make oath, to bind by an ceive, admit: Fig. to commit a crime,
oath.                              perpetrate; to permit, allow.
Adimo, are, emi, emptum, a. (ad 4  Admndum, adv. (ad 4 modus), very,
emo), to take away, remove, deprive of. exceedingly, much, greatly, truly,
Adipiscor, i, adeptus sum, dep. (ad about.
f apiscor, to get), to acquire, get, ob-  Admonco, ere, ui, Itum, a. (ad 4f mo.
tain, gain, procure; to reach, over- neo), ~ 218, & R. 1., to remind, put in
take; to undertake, assume, take upon mind, warn, admonish, advise, sug
one's self.                        gest; to incite, encourage, stimulate
Adituss,s, m. (adeo), a going to, ap- urge on.
proach, access; an entrance.        Admonitus, a, um, part. (admoneo).
Adjumentum, i, n. (adjuvo), aid,  Adnitens, tis, part., striving, exert
help, assistance. Adjumenta-igavies, ing one's self, using one's interest
the incentives to sloth, the means of from'idleness.                           Adntor, i, isus 4 ixus sum, dep
Adjungo,?re,junxi,junctum, a. (ad (ad d  nitor), to rest or lean upon; 1
4 jungo, to join), ~ 224, to add, join, 273, 1. to strive, aim at, exert one's
annex, unite; to associate, take or self to reach or obtain.
admit as an associate; to conciliate;  Adolescens, entis, adj. 4- subs. m.
to acquie, obtain.                f. (adolesco), young; a young man oi
Adjutor, oris, m., an aider, abettor, woman; a youth, one growing to ma
helper, assistant: from            turity.
Adjuvo, are, jlui, jutum, a. (ad 4-  Adolescentia, ea, f. (adolescens)
juvo), to help, succor, aid, assist.  youth, the period of life intervening
Administer, tri, m. (ad 4 minister, a between one's fourteenth and twenty
servant) a servant, inferior officer, eighth years, or, as others ray, bemanager; a laborer, workman; an tween one's fifteenth and thirtieth
assistant, promoter, abettor.     years.
Administro, are, avi, atum, n. 4 a.  Adolescentilus, i, m, dim. (adolcs(ad 4 millistro, to serve), to act, min- cens), a young man, youth, stripling
ister, attend, serve, work, do work or Also adj., young, very young.
service; to perform one's part; to ad-  Adolesco, ere, olivi, adultum, n. (ad
minister, operate, manage, conduct, 4 olesco, to grow), to grow, grow up,
direct, govern, regulate.  Adminis- increase. Fig. to advance, increase




ADOPTATIO              141              JeDES
Iecomc greater; to mature, ripen,    Adventus, us, m. (advento), a corncome to maturity.                  ing, arrival, approach.
Adoptatio, 5nis, f. (adopto), an   Adversarius, i, m., an adversary,
adopting, adoption.                an enemy: from
Adoptdtus a, um, part.: from       Adversor, dri, Ctus sum, dep. freq.
Adopto, are, avi, atum, a. (ad 4f (adverto), to oppose, resist.
r(to), to choose, assume, take; to se-  Adversus, a, um, part. 4 adj. (ad.
lect; to adopt, take for a son.    verto), 6 222, opposite, over against,
Adscisco, ere, sczvi, scitum, a. (ad &f fronting, in front, Vulnera adversa,
scisco, to inquire), to take, receive, ap- wounds in front. Adverso corpore, in
prove, admit, unite; to gain over, en- front, in the fore part of the body;list in one's cause.               adverse, hostile, contrary, opposing
Adscdtus, a, um, part. (adscisco), re- Passively, that which is an object ot
ceived, admitted.                  hostility or aversion to any one;-opAdsisto, see Assisto.            posed, averse, unfavorable, disadvan
Adstrictus, a, um, part., straitened, tageous, bad. Adversc res, calami.
bound; occupied, engaged, engrossed, ties, misfortunes, adversity.  Volunabsorbed, earnestly intent: from   tates ipsce sibi adversc, —inconsistent,
Adstringo, ere, nxi, ictum, a. (ad 4 -at variance with. In adversa mustringo, to bind), to bind close, tie, tari, to be changed to the opposites
fasten.                            Adverso colle evadere, to ascend tho
Adsum, adesse, adfui, irr. n. (ad 4 hill in front. Adversis equis concur
sum), 8 224, to be present, be at hand, rere, to charge directly forward. Adbe here; to arrive, come; to defend, versus, i, m., an adversary, enemy,
aid, assist, succor, stand by; to come opponent.  Metello  adverso popul
upon, fall on, press on or upon; to partium. ~ 222, R. 2.
be; to be near, be fast approaching;  Adcerszts 4' Adversism, adv. 4 prep.
to give attention.                 with the ace., against, in front of, opAdulter, eri, m., an adulterer; a de- posite to, over against, facing; unfabauchee, seducer.                  vorable to; towards. Cibus illis adAdulterinus, a. um, adj. (adulter), versumfamem erat, their food was for
adulterous,  spurious;  adulterated, the removal of hunger: from
forged, false.                       Adverto, ere, erti, ersum, a. (ad 4
Adultus, a, um, part. 4 adj., (ado- verto), to turn to or towards. Fig. to
lesco), grown up; full grown, adult, advert to, apply one's thoughts to, atperfect, mature, ripe.             tend, heed, observe, perceive, underAdvectitius, a, um, adj., brought stand; so, adverto animum, or Ant
from   abroad,  foreign,  imported: madverto, which see.
from                                 Advocatus, a, unm. part., being callAdvEho, ere, exi, ectum, a. (ad 4 ed, summoned, invited, called togeteho, to carry), to conduct, carry to, ther: from
carry or remove; to import, convey,  Adv~co, are, dvi, atum, a. (ad'f
bring.                             voco), to call, call to; to summon, emAdvenio, ire, cni, entum, n. (ad 4 ploy, use.
venio), to come, come to, arrive.   AEdes 4'.Edis, is, f., in the sing., a
Advento, are, dvi, n. freq. (advenio), room, chamber, apartment; a temple;
to come frequently; to come on, in the pl., a house, habitation, dwellcome, approach, arrive at.         ing, edifice; temples.




JEDIFICIUM            142           X]STIVUS
3Edificium, i, n., an edifice, struc- val, coetaneous. Subs. a contempohire, building: frotm            rary, one equal in years, of the same.Edifico, are,' az, atum, n. - a. age.
(osdes 4' facio), to build; to erect or  A:quattter, adv. (cequahls), equally;
rear a building; to construct.    proportionally..AEdilis, is, m. (cades), an edile, a Ro-  lgEque, adv. (cequus), equally, in an
man magistrate who superintended equal degree, similarly, alike, indif.
the repairs of the temples and other ferently, as it happens.
public buildings..?Equitas, iatis, f. (equus), equality..IEger, &cgra, cegrum, adj., ~ 250, Fig. equity, impartiality, regard to the
weak, infirm, lame, diseased, corrupt- equal rights or natural equality of
ed; faint, sick, ill; sorrowful, unhap- others; justice; moderation, equanimipy, troubled, afflicted.         ty; moderation of affections, tranquil-.F'gre, adv. comp. asgrius, sup. ager- lity of mind.
ermrn, (ager), unwillingly, discontent- GEquum, i, n., equity, justice: from
edly; with inconvenience; hardly,  AEquus, a, urnm, adj., level, smooth,
scarcely, with difficulty, with much plain, equal, even; like, stmilar. Fig
ado. Jtgre ferre, to bear ill, dislike, just, equitable, fair, impartial, honest,
be offended with, displeased.     upright; reasonable, right, fair, mode
_/Egrttido, 7nis, f. (cager), sorrow, rate. Injurias graviits aquo thabere,
grief, affliction, anguish, solicitude, to feel injuries too deeply, Q 256, R. 9;
care, trouble. Nimis molliter asgritu- -moderate, calm, unruffled, comdinem pati, to take trouble too much posed, undisturbed. AEquo animo, pato heart, to feel affliction too sensi- tiently, calmly, with equanimity, with
tively;-bodily infirmity, illness.  indifference, without emotion.  Ex
~Egyptus, i,f, Egypt, a large coun- aequo bonoque, in accordance with justry in the northeastern part of Affica; tice and equity.
but, by some of the ancients, it was  XE3rarium, i, n. (cas, S 100, 8.), the
reckoned a part of Asia. J. 19.   place where the public money was.,milius, i, m., a Roman name be- kept, treasury, exchequer; the public
longing to the zEmilian gens.     money, national revenue.
mEniltus, a, um, adj. &4 subs., emu-  Adrumna, a, f., labor, toil, hardship;
lous; a rival, emulator, imitator.  difficulty, calamity, trouble, misforAEnias, a, m., the son of Venus and tune, misery, adversity.
Anchises, who, after the fall of Troy,  As, eris, n., copper, brass, bronze;
is said to have led a colony of Tro- any thing made of copper, &c.; mojans into Italy, and to have laid the ney, coin. XJs alienum, money owed
foundations of the Roman state. C. 6. to another, a debt. -Es mutuum, a
XEquabilis, e, adj. (eqquo, to level), loan, money borrowed or lent.
equal; equable, uniform, always the  JXstas, itis,f. (vestus), the summer;
same, unchanged; consistent. Vir summer air, summer heat.
fame aequabili,-of consistent charac-.,st'mo, are, avi, atum, a., to esti.
ter. of unsullied reputation.     mate, value, appreciate, regard; to set.Aquabstlter,'adv. comp. aptabiljits, a value on any thing. Fig. to esti,quabilis), equally, evenly, uniformly nate, rate; to think, hold, judge, becalmly, equably.                  lieve, determine; to consider, weigh..Aquralis, e, adj. (cequus), equal, like  Astivus, a, urnm, adj. (estus), relat.
similar; even, level, plain, flat; coe- ing to summer. summer. Atstiva,as



fSTUO               143           AGGREDIOR
tra, or simply estiva, brum, n. sum- go), to agitate, toss. Fig. to afflict.
mer quarters, a stationary summer vex, torment, distress, harass. Affliccamp; a campaign.                  tare se, to be cast down or afflicted,.Estuo, are, avi, atum, n. (Cstus), to to sorrow, grieve, give a loose to disbe very hot; to boil with heat; to boil, tress, to beat one's breast or wring
undulate, flow. Fig. to burn with de- the hands in grief.
Bire; to be anxious, perplexed, unde-  Afflictus, a, um, part. 4f adj., troucided, disturbed in mind. Invidi&, to bled, afflicted, ruined, prostrated, desbe inflamed-.                      perate: from
AEstus, us, m., any burning or     Affiigo, ere, ixi, ictum, a, (ad 4,fligo,
scorching heat, hot weather; the ebb- to dash against), to dash against,
ing and flowing of the tide; a boiling throw to the ground, overthrow. Fig.
or bubbling up. Fig. force, violence; to harass, distress, vex, disquiet, troudoubt, uncertainty, perplexity.    ble; to injure, hurt, ruin.
XEtas, iais, f. (azvum), age, time of  Affuo, ere, uxi, n. (ad ~4 fiuo, to
life; life. JAatem qaere, or habere, to flow), to flow to or towards. Fig. to
live; to pass one's life..Etas extre- run or flock towards; to have in abunma, old age.                       dance; $ 224, to abound, be abundant.
AEternus, a, um, adj. (cevum), eter-  Affore, def. verb (ad 4 fore), fut.
nal, everlasting; durable, lasting, per- inf., to be about to be present: with a
petual; immortal.                  suFject accusative, would be present,
tEthiops, dpis, m., an Ethiopian. J. would assist.
19.                                  Africa, ce, f., Africa, one of the
lEvum, i, n., length of time, dura- three great divisions of the world, as
tion; time, life, age. -Evi brevis, of known to the Greeks and Romans.
short duration, short-lived;-an age, It is sometimes put for the Roman
generation.                        province in Africa. J. 5,13,14,17-23,
Afer, Afra, Afrum, adj., African. 39, &c.
Afri. orum, m. pl., the Africans. J. 18.  Africanus, a, um, adj. (Africa), AfAffatim, adv. (ad f fatim, sufficien- rican. Africanus, i, m., the agnomen
cy), abundantly, largely, in abundance, of the two Scipios, by whom the Carcopiously, sufficiently.           thaginians were conquered. J. 5.
Affecto, are, avi, atum, a, freq. (affi-  Afrtcus, a, um, adj. (Africa), Africzo, to affect), to seek after, aim at stu- can. Mare Africum, the Mediterradiously, solicit; to covet, desire, as- nean Sea. J. 18.
pire to; to strive a/fter, try to gain  Agendus, a, um, part. (ago), to be
over.                              done.  Agendarum    rerum  licentia,
Affero, afferre, attuli, allatum, irr. a. power to negotiate.,ad 4' fero) to take, bring, carry; to  Agens, tis, part. (ago)
assert; to report, announce; to pro-  Ager, agri, m., a field, farm; ground,
duce, cause, occasion.             land, soil; an estate; a territory, tract.
Adm% *^ t-4.    - s  Aimid, w tkW,- cQULtry
ous, adjoining; related by marriage.  Agger, Mris, m. (agggro, to heap ilps
Subs. a relation by marriage.      a heap or pile, as of stones, earth,
AffinYtas, atis, f. (affinis), vicinity, wood, 4c.; d mound, bulwark, bank.
near union, connection; affinity, alli- rampart, dam, mole
uice by marriage.                    Aggridior, i, essus sum, dep. (ad +
Ajflicto, tre, avi, atum, a.freq. (afli- gradior, to step), ~ 233, (3.) ~ 271, to
13*




AGGRESSITS            144               ALIBI
go to, come near, approach; to attack,  Ago,'re, egi actum, a., to copduct
assail, assault, to accost, address, drive, lead; to pursue; to guide, dlmake court to. Fig. to undertake, rect, move. Animus agit cuncta,attempt, go about, prepare for, enter directs, moves, animates.' Agere vina
upon, commence. Aggredi majora et eas, to push forward the mantelets;
magis aspera, to attempt greater and -to do, perform, act, execute, transmore difficult enterprises. Aggredi or act; to be; to live; to abide, tarry, reatggredipecunia, to try to bribe or cor- main; to be employed, be engaged.
iupf, to tamper with.              Agere se, to conduct one's self, beAggressus, a, urnm, part. (aggredior). have. Agere cum aliquo, to hold inAgitditus, a, urn, part.: froa   tercourse, treat with; to pass, spend.
Aglto, 5re, divi, dtum, a. freq. (ago), consume; to procure; to treat, disto drive, conduct; to toss about, drive cuss. Agere cum  populo, to treat
to and fro, agitate, disturb, toss, put with or address a request to the peoin motion; to debate, discuss; to fol- ple, to apply to the people; —to manlow, pursue; to pass, spend; to be, live, age, conduct, direct. Agere pro vicdwell, remain; to deport or conduct toribus, to act the part or assume the
one's self, behave, act; to make, exer- air of victors. Agerejoca atque seria,
cise, be employed in, be engaged in. to converse sportively or seriously.
Agttare imperium, to govern, adminis- Non agitur de vectigalibus, the quester the government. Agitare presi- tion is not concerning (our) revenues.
dium or presidia, to mount or keep Dum heec aguntur, while these things
guard, to guard, to do duty in a gar- are going on. Id agitur, this is atrison or escort. Agitare inducias, to tempted, the aim is this, ~ 273, 1.
keep or observe a truce. Agitare pa-  Agrestis, e, adj. (ager), belonging to
cem, to be at peace; —to meditate, the fields, rustic, rural. Fig. unpothink of, weigh, ponder over, rev-lve!ished, savage, uncivilized, wild, rude.
in the mind. Mente or animo agitare, Subs. a peasant, countryman, rustic.
abs. to think; to think of, plot;-to  Aio, ais, ait, def. verb, ~ 183, 4. 3
prepare, set about, attempt; to consi- 272, to say, speak; to affirm, assert,
der. Id modo agitari, that this was testify, aver.
the only question,' 265. Pass. imp.  Ala, ac, f., a wing; the wing of an
debates are had, there is conversation. army, flank; a squadron of horse staAgitaregaudium, laetitiam, luctum, etc., tioned on the flanks of an army.
to manifest, exhibit or feel gladness,  Alacer, cris, cre, adj., lively, spright&c. Maeror agitabatur,-was felt, pre- ly, cheerful, ready, active, prompt,
vailed, was.  Varius, incertusq7e agi- fierce, eager.
tare, to be in doubt and perplexity.  Albinus, i, m. (albus, white), a RoStatuit nihil sibi agitandum,-that man surname of the Posthumian gels
nothing was to be done by him, that Sp. Albinus, a Roman consul, A. U.
he must adopt no active measures.. C. 644. J. 35, 36, 44, 77.
Paucorum arbitrio agitabatur, life was  Algor, o,'is, m. (algeo, to be cold),
passed, or affairs were conducted, ac- cold, chillness.
cording to the will of the aristocracy.  Alias, adv. (alius), in another way,
Agmen, hnis, n., an army on the at another time; otherwise; somemarch, the act of marching, d march; times.
an army, troop, multitude. Int agrine,  Alibi, adv. (alius 5' ibi), cisewhere,
on a march: fromn                  in another place. Alii —-ahb, in edif:




ALIENATUS             145            ALLOBROX
ferent places, some in one place, and some, somebody, some one, some
others in other places.           thing, any, any one.
Alienatus, a, um, part., estranged,  Aliquot, ind. adj. pl. (alius <4 quot,
alienated, made the property of an- how many), someseveral, some cerother, transferred, set aside, cast off, tain, a few, not many.
rejected, slighted, repulsed: from  Alter, adv., in a different manner,
Alieno, are, avi, atum, a., to alien- otherwise, in any other way, else.
ate, cause to become the property of Aliter ac, otherwise than, different
another, transfer, separate, cast off, from what;-moreover, however, neestrange: from                    vertheless.
Alienus, a, um, adj. (alius), ~ 222,  Alius, a, ud, adj. ~ 107, another.
& R. 2, & R. 6. belonging to another other, another person or thing; dior others, of another, another's, fo- verse, different; alius-alius, onereign. Alieni appetens, greedy of the another, in which expression alius deproperty of others. -Es alienum, a notes one of many; alii-alii, partim
debt;-averse from, opposed to, alien- -alit, pars-alii or alii-pars, some
ated or estranged in affection, inimi- -others. Aliis alia licentia, what is
cal to; unseasonable, inconsistent, in- lawful for some is not lawful for
congruous, unsuitable, not adapted to others, all have not the same license.
one's nature or genius; hurtful, disad- Reguli alius alib concessere, the prinvantageous, unfavorable. Neque alie- ces retired one to one place another
na consilii, not unsuitable for the pur- to another, or, to different places.
pose. Alienus locus, a place or posi- Alius alii assentiebantur, one agreed
tion chosen by an opponent, and with one (leader) another with anhence, unfavorable, disadvantageous. other. Alia deinde alia loca petiveSubs. a stranger, one of another fa- raat,-first one place and then another.
mily.                              PreiUa multa alia aliis locis facere,Alio, adv. (alius), $ 191, R. 1, to in various places, $ 207, R. 32. Alius
another place, thing or person; to ab alio, one after another. Alius ac
another subject; to another end or or atque, other than. With a comnpurpose.  Alius-alib, one to one parative, any one or any thing else;
place another to another, one hither- with the addition of a negative, no one
another thither.                   or nothing else. In the plural it is
Aliquamdiu, adv. (aliquis 4 diu), for sometimes usedfor ceteri, the rest, the
some time.                        others.
Aliquando, adv. (alius 4f quando),  Allatus, a, um, part. (affero),
at some time, sometimes; formerly; brought.
at length, now at last.             Allevatus, a, urm, part.: from
Aliquantum, adv., somewhat, some,  Allevo, are, avi, atum, a. (ad' levo),
considerably, a little, rather: from  to lift up, raise aloft, support.
Aliquantus, a, um, adj. (alius 4  AllIcio, ere, exi, ectum, a. (ad 4
quantus), some, somewhat, considera- lacio, to allure), to attract, invite, aible. With a genitive, some part, a lure, entice, decoy, inveigle, wheedle
considerable part.  Aliquanto, abl. seduce.
with comparatives, considerably, a  Allobrox, ogis, pl. Allobroges, <gum,
good deal..., the Allobroges, a people of Gallia
Allquis, qua, quod 4f quid, gen. ali- Narbonensis, whose principal city was
cujus. tndef. pro. ~ 138. (alius 4 quis), Vienna near the Rhone. C. 10-50.




ALO                146             AMPLUS
Alo, ere, alui, aiitum or altum, a., to by bribery, courting of popular lavor.
support by feeding; to nourish, cher- Lex ambitus, a law concerning bribery
ish, feed, support, maintain. Pass. to and corruption.
be maintained, to live.              Ambo, ce, o, adj. ~ 118,1. R. 1. both.
Alte, adv. (altus), on high, high.  Amentia, ce, f. (amens, mad), mad.
highly; deeply, low. Liberius altiis- ness, insanity, folly.
que processi,-too freely and too far.  Amicitia, ce, f., friendship, amity,
Alter, era, erum, adj. gen. alterius, an alliance, league of friendship: from
Q 107 O  212, one of two, the other.  Amicus, a, urn, adj. (amo), O 222,
Alter — lter, the one-the other, the friendly, kind, cordial, benevolent.
former-the latter, the one part-the  Amicus, i, m, (amicus, a, urn), a
other part;-the second, O 120, 1. friend; an ally.
Unus et alter, one and the other,    Amissus, a, urn, part.: from
several, some, one after the other.  Amitto, ere, isi, issum, a. (a 4' mitto),
It is used to express reciprocal action; to send away, dismiss, let go; to lose,
as, Alteri alteros sauciant,-one an- throw away.
other, each other.                   Amo, dre, dvi, dtum, a., to love, be
Altitudo, inis, f. (altus), highness, fond of, delight in; to fall in love; to
loftiness, height; depth. Fig. depth, make love; to be in love, to have a
inscrutableness, profundity. Aucta in mistress. Omnia qucv ira fieri amat,
altitudinem,-in height, upwards.   -delights to have done, is wont to do,
Allus, a, um, part. (alo).         272.
Altus, a, um, adj., high, tall, lofty;  Amoenus, a, urn, adj. (amo), pleasant,
deep.  Fig. lofty, elevated, noble, delightful, charming, sweet.
great; deep, profound.               Amor, oris, m. (amo), love, desire,
Alveus, i, m., the channel or bed of affection, passion.
a river; a trough; the hull, bedy, or  Amotus, a, um, part.: from
hold of a ship.                      Amoveo, ere, 5vi, otum, a. (a - moAmbio, ire, ii, itum, a, (amb, $ 196, veo), to remove, take away, withdraw.
(b). & 1, 4, eo), to go around; to sur. Amovere aliquem senatu, to expel from
round, encompass, invest; to go about the senate.
soliciting votes, canvass for an elec-  Ample, adv. (amplus), amply, largetion; to solicit or endeavor to gain by ly, profusely.
earnest entreaty, to endeavor to make  Amplector, i, exus sum, dep. (am 4
interest with.                     plecto, to intertwine), to embrace, enAmbitio, onis, f. (ambio), a going circle, surround, clasp. Fig. to love,
round; a soliciting or canvassing for cherish.        ~
office; an eager desire of honor, popu-  Amplexor, ari, &tus sum, dep freq.
larity, power, &c., ambition; flattery, (amplector), to embrace. Fig. to love,
adulation, seeking popularity, curry- cherish.
ing favor.                           Ampliiis, adv. (comp. of ample), $
Ambitiosus, a, um, adj. (ambitio), 256, R. 6. more, further, longer; begoing or winding round; ambitious; side. Morari ampliis opinione, to
tending or calculated to conciliate fa- tarry longer than is expected. Amplius
vor, popular.                      posse or valuisse, to be more powerful
Ambitus, us, m. (ambio), a going   Amplus, a, unm, adj., large, spacious,
round; a compass, circuit; an unlaw- ample, great, extensive. Fig. splen
ful seeking or canvassing for office, as did, illustrious, magnificent, glorious,




AN                147             ANTEEO
high, honorable.  Amplior, larger, noun; as, Fatigare animum, to weary
greater, more abundant, higher, more one's self. See J. 11, 13, 39, 62, 70,
honorable, &c. Amplior vero, larger 81, 110, &c. The genitive animi is
than the reality, larger than it was.  often annexed somewhat pleonasticalAn, adv. 4 conj., of doubt or inter- ly to words denoting qualities or attrirogation; in indirect questions, whe- butes of the mind, as, timor animi,
ther; in direct questions it is not trans- judicium animi, virtus animi, munifit
lated. An-an, whether-or: the first centia animi, instead of timor, judian is sometimes omitted, or its place cium, etc.
supplied by ne or utrum, ~ 265, R. 2.  Annitor, i, ixus or isus sum, dep. (ad
Anceps, cipitis, adj. 6 111, (am'' nitor), to rest or lean upon; to strive,
caput, ~ 112,2.), having two heads; dou- aim at, exert one's self to reach or
ble, twofold; doubtful, uncertain, du- obtain.
bious; faithless.                    Annius, i, m. (C.), a Roman praefect
Ancilla, as, f., a maid-servant, fe- sent by Metellus to command the garmale slave.                        rison of Leptis.
Angustia, ca, f., a narrow place, de-  Annius, i, m. (L.), a tribune of the
file; narrowness, straitness. It is used Roman people. J. 37.
most frequently in the plural: from  Annius, i, m. (Q.), a Roman senator
Angustus, a, um, adj. (ango, to who was confederate with Cataline.
strangle), strait, narrow, close, con- C. 17, 50.
fined, limited.                      Annus, i, m., a year. Annis infirAnYma, as,f, air, breath; the living mus or confectus,-with age.
principle, life; the soul, spirit, mind,  Annuus, a, um, adj. (annus), lasting
intellect.                         a year; recurring every year, yeary,
Animadverto, ere, rti, rsum, a. (ani- annual.
mus S4 adverto), ~ 272, to take heed,  Ante, prep. with the acc., before,
attend to; observe, take notice of, previous to; in advance of; opposite
perceive; to punish, inflict punish- to; with persons, in a comparison,
ment. Animadvertitur, imp., punish- more than, superior to. Ante te cogment is inflicted.                 nitum, before knowing you. ~ 274,
Animal, alis, n. (anima), a living R. 5, (a).
creature, animal.                    Ante, adv., before, formerly. Paulo
Animus. i. m., wind, breath; the ante, just now, a little while ago, a
mind, soul, intellect; the attention; short time since, just before;-forthe thoughts, will, purpose, desire, de- ward, in advance.
sign; inclination, disposition, regard,  Antea, adv. (ante 4- is), before, aforeaffection, feeling,' anger; courage, time, previously, formerly, heretofore
spirit. Animum  advertere, to turn   AntecApio, Ore, cepi, captum, a. (ante
one's mind to, observe, see Animad- <4 capio), to take possession of beforeverto. Vertere antmum, to turn one's hand, pre-occupy; to anticipate, premind, change one's purpose or de- vent; to provide beforehand. Ante.
sign. Bonum animum habere, to have capere famem, sitim, etc., to excite
good courage, be of good courage. hunger and other appetites premaVolvere, reputare or trahere cum ani- turely.
no, to revolve in one's mind. Animo,  Anteeo, ire, ii, irr. a. (ante 4' eo), ~
ahl., in mind, imagination, or purpose. 233, to go before, precede. Fig. to
It may often be translated by a pro- surpass, outstrip, outdo, excel




ANTEFERO              148           ARBITRATUS
Antefero, ferre, tuli, litum, irr. a. to speak to, address, accost, hail, ap,ante 4 fero), Q 221, to carry before; ply or betake one's self to; to call:o set before. Fg. to prefer, give the upon, invoke, entreat, beseech; to acpreference to.                     cuse.
Antehac, adv. (ante - hic), before,  Appello, ere, ptli, pulsum, a. (ad 
beforetime, formerly; before that time, pello, ere), to drive to or towards; to
previously.                        direct one's course to, arrive at, reach.
Antpobno, ere, osui, ositum, a. (ante  Appetens, entis, part. f adj., O 213,
4f pono), ~ 224, to set before. Fig. to desirous of, thirsting after, fond of,
prefer, assign a higher place.     eager for; covetous, greedy: from
Antevenio, ire, eni, entunt, a. <4 n.  Appelo, ere, r vi, itum, a. (ad. 4 peto),'ante 4 venio), O 233, to get before, to try to get or obtain, seek; strive
get the start of, anticipate. Fig. to for, aim at; to approach; to attack;
prevent, thwart; to excel, exceed, sur- to wish for, desire eagerly, covet.
pass.                                Apprehendo, ere, endi, ensum, a. (ad
Antonius, i, m. (C. Hibrlda), a Ro- 4 prehendo, to lay hold of), to catch
man consul, and the colleague of or lay hold of, take, seize, apprehend,
Cicero, was the son of M. Antonius catch.
the oiator and the uncle of M. Anto-  Apprehensus,a, um,part. (apprehennius the triumvir. He was the com- do).
mander in chief of the army by which  Approbo, are, avi, atum, a. (ad 4.
Catiline and his followers were de- probo),to approve, commend, applaud;
feated. C. 21, 36, 57.             to prove, confirm, demonstrate, make
Anxie, adv., anxiously. earnestly, evident.
with concern, grief or pain: from    Appropinquo, are, ivi, itum, n. (ad
Anxius, a, um, adj. (ango, to stran- 4 propinquo, to approach), to draw
gle), 6 213, R. 4, (1.) &  265, anxious, nigh, approach.
disquieted, vexed, troubled, disturbed,  Appulsus, a, um, part. tappello, ere),
uneasy, apprehensive, solicitous, fear- driven to, guided, having reached or
ful.                               put into, having made for.
Aperio, ire, erui, ertum, a. (ad 41  Apud, prep. with the ace., at, close
pario), to open, set open. Ferro iter by, near, with, among, in, before, by,
aperire, to open a passage,-cut one's on the part of, at or in the house of, in
way through with the sword:-to un- the possession of.
cover, unveil. Fig. to open, display,  Apulia, ae, f., Apulia, a country of
discover, show, disclose, make known, lower Italy bordering upon the Adriexhibit, portray.                  atic sea. C. 27, 30, 42, 46.
Aperti, adv., openly, clearly, dis-  Aqua,,f., water. Hiemales aque,
tinctly, manifestly, without disguise; the winter-rains.
publicly: from                       Aquila, e, f., an eagle; the stand.
Apertus, a, um, part. 4 adj. (aperio), ard of the Roman legion.
open, standing open. Fig. clear, ma-  Aquor, dri, atts sum, dep. (aqua), to
nifest, evident. In aperto esse, to be get, draw or fetch water; to water.
plain, evident or intelligible.      Ara,,C, f., an altar; a monument.
Appello, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ad 4- Fig. religion.
pello, cbs. to speak), $ 230, to call,  Arbiter, tri, m., an arbitrator, um
name, term, entitle; to pronounce, de- pire, judge, mediator; a witness.
clare; to denominate; to designate;  Arbitratus, us, m. (arbitror), will




ARBITRIUM              149               ARS
judgment, opinion, pleasure, choice; used in battering down walls with a
mediation, intervention.           head like that of a ram, a batteringArbitrium. i, n. (arbiter), the sen- ram.
tence of an arbitrator; award, deter-  Arma, 5rum, n. pl., all kinds of war
nilnation, decision, judgment; will, like arms offensive and defensive
pleasure, inclination.             weapons; war, warfare. Arma atque
Arbitror, ari, atus sum, dep. (arbi- tela militaria, arms defensive and of:
ter), O 272, to judge, think, imagine, fensive. Manus armare, to take arms
be of opinion, suppose.            in one's hands.
Arbor 64 Arbos, oris,f., a tree.   Armitus, a, um, part. (armo), armed,
Arbustum, i, n. (arbor), a plantation, equipped. Armati, 5rum, m. pl., armshrubbery, thicket, orchard; brush- ed  men, men   in  arms, soldiers,
wood.                              troops.
Arcesso, ere, ivi, ztum, a., to call,  Armenius, a, um, adj., of Armenia,
send for, invite, summon, to summon a country of Asia, lying between the
to a court of justice; 9 217, accuse, Taurus and the Caucasus, Armenian
arraign. Arcessere capitis, to accuse Armenii, orum, m. pl., the Armenians.
of a capital crime. In the pres. inf. J. 18.
pass. this verb is of either the 3d or  Armo, rare, dvi, itum, a. (arma), to
the 4th conjugation, arcessi or arces- arm, equip.
siri.                                Aro, are, avi, atum, a. 4' n., to
Arcis, see Arx.                  plough; to till, cultivate; to acquire by
Arcte, or ArtO, adv. (arctus, strait), husbandry.
straitly, closely, strictly, compactly, in  Arpinum, i, n., a town of Latium,
close order.                       near Campania, where Plautus, CiceArdens, entis, part. 4f adj., on fire, ro, and Marius were born. It is now
burning.  ~ 213, R. 4, (5.)' (4). called Arpino. J. 63.
Fig. eager, ardent, impatient: from  Arrectus, a, um, part. (arrigo).
Ardeo, ere, arsi, arsum, n., to burn,  Arreptus, a, um, part. (arripio).
be on fire; to be ready, eager, impa-  Arretinus, a, umr., adj., of or pertient.                             taining to Arretinum, a city of EtruArdor, 5ris, m. (ardeo), heat, burn- nia, now called Arezzo. C. 36.
ing heat, fire. Fig. eagerness, irnpa-  Arrtgo, Ore, exi, ectum, a. (ad 4' rego),
tience, ardent desire, ardor. Haud to lift up, raise; to excite, rouse, aniprocul ab ardoribus, not far from the mate, encourage.
burning heat, i. e. near the equator.  ArrYpio, Ore, ipui, eptum, a. (ad'
Arduus, a, um, adj., high, lofty, rapio), to take by force, seize, lay
steep, difficult to reach. $ 222  Fig. hold of.
difficult  hard, laborious, arduous,  Arrigo, are, avi, atum, a. (ad'
troublesome.                       rogo),' 224, to arrogate, claim  or
Arena, e, f. (areo, to be dry), sand, attribute to one's self unjustly.
gravel.                              Ars, artis, f., an art, faculty, quali
Arenosus, a, um, adj. (arena), sandy. ty, endowment, character; method
Argentum, i, n., silver; silver mo- way, trait of character, manner
ney; money.                        means; profession, occupation, emArldus, a, um, adj. (areo, to be dry), ployment, habit, practice, pursuit 
dry parched, dried up, thirsty, arid.  science; contrivance, skill, ability
Aries, Vtis, m., a ram; an engine exertion, industry. In ai;s artibus




ARTF               150              ATQTJE
in other respects, in other points:-  AsperItas, atis,f. (asper), roughness
deceitful art, stratagem, artifice.  ruggedness, harshness, unevenness,
ArtO, articis, artissime, see Arcte.  cragginess; sourness. Fig. trouble,
ArtYfex, icis, m. 4 f. (ars 4 facio), difficulty, danger, peril, formidable naan artificer, artist. Adj. skillful, tried, ture or character.
practised.                           Aspernor, ari, atus sum, dep. (ad 4f
Artificium, i, n, (artifex), an art, sperno, to reject), to reject, avoid,
trade; skill, science, contrivance, arti- shun, spurn; to slight, despise, disfice, artfulness,                  dain, contemn, scorn.
Arvum, i, n. (aro), a ploughed field;  Assentior, iri, ensus sum, dep. (.d
a fallow field; arable land, glebe; a 4 sentio), to assent, consent, approve
field. Fig. agriculture, tillage; stand- agree, express one's assent.
ing corn.                            Assequor, i, catus sum, dep. (ad +
Arx, arcis, f., a lofty place, top or sequor), $ 229, to come up with, reach,
summit of a hill; a castle, fortress, overtake. Fig. to gain, obtain, prostrong hold, citadel, bulwark.     cure, compass, accomplish.
Ascendo, ere, di, sum, a. 4 n. (ad 4  Assideo, ere, edi, essum, n. (ad 4
scando, to climb), to ascend, mount, sedeo, to sit), ~ 233, to sit, sit down
climb. Nravim ascendere, to embark. seat one's self, take one's seat near
Ascensus, us, m. (ascendo), the act or by.
of ascending; an ascent.             Assisto, ere, sfiti, n. (ad 4' sisto, to
Asia, c, f., Asia, one of the three stand), to stand near or by; to stand.
great divisions of the earth as known  Assimo, ere, psi, ptum, a. (ad 4'
to the ancients, including also, accord- sumo), ~ 210, R. 4, to take, assume,
ing to some writers, Egypt, or at choose, adopt, use; claim, arrogate.
least that par. of it east of the Nile.  Astutia, a, f. (astutus, shrewd),
In a more limited sense, Asia Mior. craftiness, knavery; circumspection
J. 17, C. 2, 11.                   wariness, address.
A par, dris, m., the name of a Nu-  At, conj. ~ 198,9, but, yet  At enim,
midian,sent by Jugurtha as ambassa- but, is used to mark strong opposition
dor to Bocchus. J. 108-113.        or dissent, and likewise serves to inAsper, a, um, adj., & 222, 3, rough, troduce an objection. So likewise at,
rugged, harsh; craggy, uneven; sour, especially with a pronoun; as, at ego,
acrid; unpleasant, disagreeable. Fig. C. 40.
unpolished; cruel, savage, bloody;   Athenau, irum, f. pl., Athens, the
troublesome, difficult, calamitous; capital of Attica, and most celebrated
dangerous, perilous, stormy; severe, city of Greece.
rigorous, strict. Asperce res, difficult  Atheniensis, e, adj. (Athena), Atheenterprises, also troubles, calamities, nian, belonging to Athens. Atheniperils. Mala res, spes multo asperior, enses, ium, m. pl., the Athenians. C.
(our) circumstances are bad, (our) 2, 8, 51.
prospects Si0  worse. Asperum foe-   Alque, conj. l98,,1R.(b.)ana; but
-lumque evenire, to terminate unsuc- but even, and even, certainiy. After
tessfully and disgracefully. Asperum aliter, secus, alius, etc. than. It often
et acerbum, dangerous and trouble- has the force of et quidem, and that
some.                              too, and in truth, and serves to connect
A.spre, adz. (asper), roughly, harsh- two words or propositions of which the
t1, bitterly, severely,            latter enhances or adds weight to the




ATROCITAS             151           AUTRONIUS
sZgnlfication of the former; as, atque regard. Auctoritas senatus, an ordiid, and that too.                  nance or decree of the senate.
Atrocitas, dtis, f. (atrox), cruelty,  Auctus, a, um, part. 4- adj. (augeo)
atrocity, barbarity, severity; terrible- enlarged,  increased,  augmented
ness, horribleness.                grown, &c., advanced, promoted.
Atrociter, adv., cruelly, fiercely, Moribus aucta, improvedatrociously, barbarously, severely, vio-  Audacia, ce, f. (audax), boldness
lently, harshly: from              courage, intrepidity, spirit, valor; auAtrox, ocis, adj., raw, crude; savage, dacity, impudence, presumption.
atrocious, barbarous, fierce, cruel; ter-  Audaciter &4 Audacter, comp. auda.
rible, horrible; perilous, dangerous.  ciits, adv. boldly, courageously, auda.
Attendo, ere, di, tum, a. (ad 4, tendo), ciously: from
to stretch, extend. Attendere sc. an-  Audax, acis, adj., bold, resolute,
imum, to attend or give heed to, mind, confident, courageous;  audacious,
give or direct one's attention to, mark, daring, impudent: from
observe, $ 233, Q 265.               Audeo, ere, ausus sum, n. pass..
Attente, adv. (attentus, attentive), at- 142, 2, & $ 271, to dare, presume. It
tentively, deliberately, diligently, care- may be followed by an accusative with
fully, assiduously, vigorously, with facere,aggredi or the like understood,
spirit.                            to attempt, endeavor to do, undertake.
Atlero, ere, trivi, tritum, a. (ad  -  Audio, ire, ivi, itum, a., to hear,
tero, to rub), to rub against; to chafe, hearken, listen to. It is construed
wear away, impair; to wear, weaken, with the inf. and ace. or with an acc.
wear out, destroy.                 and a present participle, ~ 272, & R. 5.
Attineo, ere, inui, entum, a. (ad 4 Auditur, imp., it is reported, a report
teneo), to hold, keep, detain; to occu- is heard, ~ 141 R. 2.
py, keep possession of, keep in sus-  Auditus, a, um, part.:audio).
pense, amuse.                        Auge, ere, auxi, auctum, a. 4- n., to
Attingo, ere, tgi, actum, a. (ad 4 tan- increase, augment, enlarge; to heightgo, to touch), to touch, come in con- en, exalt, dignify, advance, promote;
tact with; to reach, arrive at, attain; to grow, increase.
to border upon; to engage in, enter  Augesco, ere, n. inc. (augeo), to inupon; to treat slightly of, touch light- crease, grow greater.
ly upon, speak briefly of.           Aulus, i, m., a Latin preenomen; a
Attribuo, ere, ui, fitum, a. (ad f4 tri- brother of the consul Sp. Albinus. J.
buo), to attribute, assign, bestow, 36-39, 55.
give.                                Aurelia, se,f. (Orestilla), the wife of
Attritus, a, um, part. (attero.)  Catiline. C. 15, 35.
Auctor, oris, m. 4f. (augeo), an au-  Auris, is,f., the ear.
thor, contriver, creator, maker, found-  Aurum, i, n., gold; money.
er, cause; a reporter, informant; an  Ausus, a, un, part. (audeo).
adviser, approver, instigator; a doer,  Aut, conj., ~ 198, 2, or; aut-aut,
performer.                         either-or; nbn-aut, neither-nor.
AuctorYtas, atis, f. (auctor), authori-  Autem, conj., ~ 198,4, but, yet, never
ty, dominion, power, jurisdiction; pro- theless, however; also, likewise.
perty in a thing; commission, autho-  Autronius, i, m. (P.), a Roman sority to act; influence; force, weight, nator, who was an associate of Catiinterest  credit, reputation, esteem, line. In his childhood he had been
14




AUXILIARIUS             152          BENIGNITAS
the school-fellow of Cicero. He was learic isles, were two m number, lying
elected to the consulship, for the year in the Mediterranean sea; they are
689, in conjunction with P. Sylla, but now  called Majorca and Minoica.
they were both set aside on account Their inhabitants were anciently celeof bribery  He was afterwards ban- brated as skillful slingers. J. 105.
ished from his country on account of  Barbarus, a, um, adj., barbaric, not
the part he took in the conspiracy of Greek nor Roman, foreign; barbaCatiline, as were also Cassius, Laeca, rian, wild, savage, barbarous, rude,
Vargunteius, Servius Sylla and C uncivilized.  Barbari, 5rum, m. pl.,
Cornelius. C. 17. 18, 47. 48.      barbarians; neither Greeks nor RoAuxiliarius, a, um, adj. (auxilium), mans; savages.
aiding, helping, auxiliary.          Bellicosus, a, um, adj. (belium), warAuxilior, ari, atus sum, dep.,' 223, like, valorous.
R. 2, to assist, help, aid, succor: from  Bellicus, a, um, adj. (bellum), of or
Auxilium, i. n. (augeo), assistance, relating to war; warlike, martial.
aid, help, succor: pi., auxiliary troops,  Bellienus, i, m. (L.), the name of a
auxiliaries.                       Roman praetor. J. 10-1.
Avaritia, se,f. (avirus, avaricious),  Bellua, cr, f, a beast.
avarice, covetousness.               Bellum, i, n., war. Belli, gen. 4
Ave, aveto, n. def.' 183, 8, hail, be hello, abl.,' 221, R. 3, in war, in time
thou safe: farewell, adieu. It is often of war. Belli domique, see Domus.
aspirated, have, haveto.             Bene, adv. (benus, obs. for bonus),
Aventinum, i, n., Mount Aventine, comp. meliis, sup. optim, well, largeone of the seven hills of Rome. J. 31. ly. Bene polliceri, to promise well,
Aversus, a, um, part. 4 adj., ~ 222, make many and fair promises:-sucturned away, turned from, opposite cessfully, happily. Benefacere to act
to; unfriendly, hostile, alienated, op- well, perform illustrious deeas, see
posed: from                        Benefactum, under Factus, Bene diAverto, ere, erti, ersum, a. (a 4 ver- cere, to speak well or eloquently.
to), 5242, R. 1, to turn away, avert,  Benedico, ere, xi, ctum, a 4 n., to
remove, divert, turn; to alienate, es- speak well of, commend.
trange: to put to flight.            Benefacio, ere, eci, actum, n. (bene 4
Avide, adv., eagerly, earnestly: from  facio), to do good, benefit, confer a
Av'dus, a, um, adj. (aveo, to desire), favor.
9 213, eager, earnest, ardent, desirous,  Benefactum, i, n. (benefucio), a kindgreedy; avaricious, covetous; ambi- ness. benefit, favor; a good act or
tious.                             deed.
Avius, a, um, adj. (a 4 via), impas-  Beneficium, i, n. (benefacio), a kindsable, inaccessible; unfrequented, so- ness, benefit, favor' an office, promo
litary, lonely.                    tion.
Avus, i, m, a grandfather.         Benevolentia, a, f. (benevulens, benevolent), benevolence, good-will, kindB                  ness, favor.
Bebazs, i, m. (C.), a tribune of the  Benigni, adv. (benignus, kind), kind
Roman people, A. U.C. 643; corrupt- ly, courteously, liberally, freely, wiled by Jugurtha. J. 33, 34.         lingly.
Balearis, e, adj., Balearic, of the  Benignltas, atis,f (benignus, kind)
Balearic isles. The Baleares, or Ba- kindness. liberality, bounty, benignity




BESTIA              153              CAISAR
courtesy.  In benignitate habere, to  Brevis, e, adj., short, of short duraattribute to kindness, to ascribe to tion, transitory, short-lived, brief. Bre.
liberality.                        vi, abl., or brevi tempore, shortly, in a
Bestia, c,f., a wild beast.      short time.
Bestia, e, m. (L. Calpurnius), a Ro-  Brevzter, adv. (brevis), shortly, in
man senator and tribune of the people, brief, in a word, briefly.
A. U. C. 691, confederate with Cati-  Bruttius, a, um, adj. of or belongline. C. 17, 43. Also, Q. Calpurnius ing to the Bruttii, a people inhabiting
Piso Bestia, a grand-son of the former, a country at the southern extremity
who was consul, A. U. C. 643. J. 27-  of Italy, now called Calabria. Brut35. 77.                            tius ager, the country of the Bruttii
Biduum, i, n. (bis 4 dies), the space C. 42.
of two days.                         Brulus, i, m. (D. Junius), a Roman
Btin, Ce, a, adj. pl. A  119, III, two by consul A. U. C. 677; he was the hustwo; two: from                     band of Sempronia, who favored the
Bis, num. adv. ~ 119, twice, on two conspiracy of Catiline, but Brutus himoccasions.                         self does not appear to have taken
Bocchus, i, m., a king of Mauritania part with the conspirators. C. 40.
in alliance with Jugurtha. J. 19, 61,.
&c. 
Bomnilcar, iris, m., a Numidian, in  C., an abbreviation of the prceno.
whom   Jugurtha placed great confi- men Caius.
dence. J. 35. 49, 53. 61, 70-73.     Cadaver, eris, n., a corpse, carcass,
Bonum, i, n., any good or blessing; dead body: from
a good thing; right, rectitude, what  Cado, ere, cecldi, n., to fall; to fall
is riga t or proper; benefit, advantage; or die in battle; to be slain; to perish;
profit; a favor; excellence, virtue, to fall out, happen, occur, turn out,
equity. Bonum honestumque, virtue issue or result in.
and honor;-an endowment, qualifi-    CeCcus, a, um, adj., blind. Ccacum
cation, good quality. Maximum bo- corpus, i. e. cceca pars corporis, the
num, the chief good.   Neque recte blind side, the back. Cupidine cacus,
neque pro bono, i. e. neque recte nepue blinded by passion, or desire.
bene. Bona orum, n. pl., goods, pro-  Cades, is, f., a cutting; a woundperty, effects, advantages, good things: ing; murder, slaughter, massacre, carfrom                               nage: from
Bonus, a, ur, adj. (comp. melior,  C&edo, Lre, cceczdi, ccesum, a., to cut,
sup. optimus), 5 250, good; brave, gal- cut down; to strike, beat; to kill,
lant, resolute, energetic; valuable, pre- slay, slaughter, destroy.
cious, useful, $ 222; virtuous, worthy;  Caelatus, a, um, part., carved, sculpwell disposed, friendly. Boni, orum, tured, embossed: from
m. pl., the opulent, prosperous; able,  Caelo, are, avi atum, a. (ccelum  a
respectable, men of character or tal- graving tool), to carve figures in reent. Bona amicitia, faithful, steadfast, lief; to emboss.
true-    Boni fratres, affectionate-.  Caepio, onis, m. (Q. Servilius), a IoAger bonus pecori,-suitaoie for,- man general who was defeated by tire
adapted to. Imperium a minus bono Gauls and Cimbri A. U. C. 649. J
transfertur,-from the less able or co, 114.
pable, the less skillful or expert.  Caesar, aris, m. (C. Julius), was the




CAESAR              154         CAPITOLIUM
son of L. Julius Caesar and Aurelia,  Campus, i, m., a level surface; a
the daughter of Aurelius Cotta. After plain, open field. Campus or Campus
the conquest of the Germans, Gauls, Martius, the field of Mars, an open
and Britains, he turned his arms field in Rome where the comitia were
against Pompey, who had'espoused held.
the cause of the senate, and having  Canis, is, m. if., a dog.
defeated him, established himself as  Cano, ere, cecIni, cantum, n. 4 a., to
sole monarch of the Roman empire. sing; to play upon a musical instruIn the conspiracy headed by Catiline, ment. With signum,canere is someCaesar was suspected of favoring the times active and sometimes neuter, and
cause of the conspirators. C. 47, signum, accordingly, is either the ob50-54.                            ject or the subject. Tubicines signa
Ccesar amrs, m. (L. Julius), was canere (i. e. canebant), the trumpeters
consul with C. Figulus A. U. C. 690. sounded or gave the signal. Signa
He was the uncle of the triumvir M. canunt, the signals sound or are given.
Antony, and brother in law of Lentu-  Capesso, ere, ivi, Rtum, a. intensive,
lus. C. 17.                       ~ 187, II, 5, to take, catch at, lay hold
Caius, i, m., a Roman precnomen.  of, seize, take in hand, undertake, enCalamitas, atis,f., calamity, mishap, ter upon, take the management of.
misfortune, disaster, adversity, loss, Capessere rempublicam, to engage
injury, damage; distress.         zealously in public affairs or in the
Calamitosus, a, um, adj. (ctlamitas), service of the republic, take care of
O 222, calamitous, ruinous, disastrous, the state: from
pernicious, destructive.            Capio, ere, cepi, captum, a., to take,
Calende, iirum,f. pl., (calo, to call,) take up, receive, adopt; to hold, conO 326, the first day of the month; the tain; to seize, lay hold of, overtake,
calends.                          catch; to make use of. Arma capere,
Calld,, adv. (callidus), skillfully, to seize or take up arms. Consilium
expertly, shrewdly, cunningly, art- capere, to form a design, adopt a plan,
fully.                            conclude, determine, consult;-to acCalliditas, atis, f., skillfulness, art- quire, obtain, derive; to choose, sefulness, shrewdness, skill, craft, sub- lect; to enjoy, feel; to capture, take
tilty: from                       possession of, occupy, overpower, opCalltdus, a. um, adj. (callum, callus), press; to charm, captivate, allure, gain
skillful, tried, experienced, shrewd, over, attract; to take prisoner; to take
crafty, sly, subtle, cunning.     in, deceive, cheat, entrap, ensnare,
Calor, oris, m. (caleo, to be warm), circumvent, get the advantage of.
warmth, heat.                      Capere poenam or pcenas, see Po3na.
Calpurnius, i, m., see Bestia.  Capere detrimentum, to    suffer-.
Cilumnia, ce, f, false accusation, Rempublicam capere, to seize, usurp-.
slander, calumny; wiles, chicanery,  Capitalis, e, adj. (caput), relating to
cabals.                           the head or life, capital, deadly. Res
Cameira, Ce, f., a vault, arched roof, capitalis, a capital crime, a crime to
or ceiling.                       be punished with death.
Camers. ertis, adj., of or pertaining  CapYto, onis, m., a Roman cogno.
to Camerinum, now Camerino, a town men, see Gabinius.
of Umbria   Subs., a Camertian. C.   Capitolium, i, n., (caput), the Cap)
27.                               tol, one of the seven hills of Rome




CAPSA              155           CATILINA
the citadel of Rome and the temple rival of Rome, founded oy a colony of
of Jupiter Capitolinus, built upon the Tyrians under the direction of queen
Capitoline hill.                  Dido. It was destroyed by the Ro.
Capsa, C, f., a city of Numidia, mans under P. Scipio AEmilianus, A
built in the midst of vast deserts, but U. C. 608. J. 18, 19, 414 79. C 10.
taken and destroyed by Marius. J.  Carus, a, um, adj. ~ 222, dear, pre
89-94, 97.                       cious, costly; beloved, valued. Carum
Capsenses, ium, m. (Capsa), the in- cestimare, to reckon precious, value
habitants of Capsa. J. 89, 92.   highly.
Captivus, a, urn, adj. (capio), cap-  Cassius, i, m. (L.) a Roman praetor
tive, taken prisoner. Subs- a pri- who was sent to invite Jugurtha to
soner.                           come to Rome, A. U. C. 643. As a
Capto, are, avi, atum, a. freq. (ca- judge he was distinguished for the
pio), to catch at, catch, strive to ob- soundness and wisdom of his decitain, seek for or strive after eagerly.  sions, and it is to him that Cicero asCaptus, a, um, part. (capio), seized, cribes the custom of enquiring, in jucaptured, taken, enslaved, caught, dicial investigations, cui bono fuisset.
overtaken, captivated. Captus somno, See also Longinus. J. 32, 33.
overtaken or overcome by sleep.    Castellani, orum, m., soldiers in garCapuw,, c,f, a city of Campania, in rison; a garrison: from
Italy. C. 30.                      Castellum, i, n, dim. (castrum, a
Caput, ~tis, n., a head; a man, per- castle), a castle, fortress, fort, fortified
son; life. Capite censi, the poorest place.
class of Roman citizehs, who, in the  Castra, 5rum, n, pl., a camp, enassessments, were rated at nothing, campment. Facere or locare castra,
but merely numbered as citizens. to encamp, pitch. Fig. war, wa-fare.
Supra caput, see Supra. CapitA pre-  Casirus, a, um, part. (cado).
was solvere, to suffer capital punish-  Casus, us, m. (cado), a fall or fallment, be put to death.           ing. Fig. misfortune, adversity, disasCareer, eris, m., a prison, gaol, ter, calamity; an event, case, circumplace of confinement.            stance, situation, accident, fortune,
Careo, ere, ui, n., ~ 250, & 2, (2.) chance. Casu, abl., by chance, accito be without, want, be in want of, be dentally;-occasion, opportunity. Pro
free from, be destitute of; abstain meo casu, considering my situation,
from.                            case or circumstances. Casum dare,
Carina, ce,f., the keel or bottom of to afford an opportunity.
a ship.                            Catabathmos, i, m. O 54, a declivity,
Caro, carnis,f., flesh.        gradual descent; a sloping valley be.
Carptim, adv. (carpo, to pluck), by tween Egypt and Africa, the Catabathdetached parts; separately, in separate mus. J. 17, 19.
parts.                             Catena, ce,f., a chain.
Carthaginiensis, e, adj., of or be-  Caterva, Ca, f., a troop, battalion,
longing to Carthage, Carthaginian. band or company of soldiers; a muiCarthlaginienses, ium, m. pi., the Car- titude, concourse of people.
thaglnians, inhabitants of Carthage.  Catervatim, adv. (caterva), in corn
J. 5, 14, 19, 79. C. 51.: from   panics or troops; in crowds.
Car.hiago, Ynis,f., Carthage, a cele-  Catilina, ea, m. (L. Sergius), Catibrated maritime city of Africa, and the line, a Roman of noble birth but pro
14 *




CATO               156              CEP1
fligate manners, who, with many to yield to, give place to, retire before
others of the   nobility, conspired retreat, fly; to happen, turn out, suagainst the republic, and collected an ceed, end, result. issue, go on.
army in Etruria, intended to act    Celebrdtus, a, um, part. 4 adj., cele.
against his country. His conspiracy brated, extolled, distinguished, brought
being brought to light by the vigi- into notice; solemnized, frequented.
lance of M. T. Cicero, the consul, from
Catiline took the command of his ar-  Celebro, are, dvi, itum, a. (celeber,
my, which he attempted to lead to frequented), to frequent, resort to; to
Rome, but was defeated by C. Anto- celebrate, solemnize; to praise, extol,
nius. the other consul, and, with most celebrate, honor, render famous, illusof his army, perished in a desperate trious, or distinguished.
battle. C. 4, 5, &c.                 Celer, eris, m. (Q. Metellus), a RoCato, onis, m. (M. Porcius), was the man praetor, who commanded the
grandson of Cato the censor, and like forces of the state in the country of
him was distinguished for great strict- the Piceni, during Catiline's conspiness and severity of manners. After racy, A. U. C. 691. C. 30, 42, 57.
the rest of Pompey's party had surren-  Celeritas, atis,f. (celer, swift), swiftdered to Cwesar, Cato, who had com- ness, quickness, speed, celerity, actimanded the army in Africa, put an vity.
end to his own life at Utica;'whence  Censeo, ere, ui, censum, a., ~ 272,
he has obtained the agnomen of Uti- i 273, 2, $ 262, R. 4, to think, judge,
censis. C. 52-55.                 suppose, imagine, apprehend, be of
Catulus, i, m. (Q. Lutatius), a Ro- opinion; to express one's opinion in
man senator of great dignity and in- a deliberative assembly, to vote, adfluence. Hie was consul with M. vise; to ordain, decree, resolve; to
Lepidus, A. U. C. 676. C. 34, 35, 49. rate, assess, tax, appraise; to make a
Causa, ca, f., a cause, reason, census or an estimate of the property,
ground. Cause with a genitive, on and an enumeration of the families
account of, for the sake of, as; a of the citizens; to estimate, value.
color, pretext, pretence, excuse; occa-  Censor, oris, m. (censeo), a censor,
sion, motive, provocation; a cause, a Roman magistrate appointed every
suit or process at law. Causam di- fifth year to take the census. and to
cere, to plead for one's self, to plead, inquire into the character of the citito defend, make a defence. Qua de zens.
caus? from what motive? for what    Census, a, urn, part. (censeo\. Capite
reason?                          censi, see Caput.
Caveo, ere, cavi, cautum, n. 4 a. O  Centum, num. adj. pl. ind., a hun273, 1, O 262, R. 6. to beware or take dred.
heed of, be aware, be on one's guard,  Centuria, cp,f. (centum), a century
avoid, shun; with prep. a or ab, to or hundred of any thing; a squadron.
guard against; to take care, provide; consisting of a hundred horse; a hunto keep off, ward off             dred foot soldiers; a division of the
Cecldi, see Cado. Cecidi, see Ccedo. Roman people, a century, a hundred
Cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. 4 a., to  Centurio, anis, m. (centuria), a cap
give place, give way, yield, withdraw, tain of a century or hupdrcd a celn
retire, leave, depart; to cede, give up, turion.
yield. concede, grant to submit; $223.! Cepi. see Capiao




CERA                157         CIRCUMFUSUS
Cera, ~B, f., wax; the material of  Cethegus, i, m. (C.), a Roman scnawhich family images were formed.   tor of the Cornel:an gens. He was
Cerno, ere, crevi, crelum, a., to sift; put to death for the part he took in
to consider, deliberate, distinguish, de- the Catilinarian conspiracy. C. 17
cide, judge, decree; O 272, to discern, 32,43, &c.
see, perceive; to contend, fight.    Cibus, i, m., food, nourishment, al
Certamen, mhis, n. (cerlo), a contest, ment, victuals, meat.
strife, contention, debate, dispute, dis-  Cicatrix, icis,f., a cicatrice, scar.
sension; a battle, engagement; com-  Cicero, 5nis, m. (XlL Tullius), the
petition, zeal. The adverse party is most illustrious of the Roman orators,
in the abl. with cum. Certamen est. 9265. was born at Arpinum in the year B
Certans, tis, part, (certo), contend- C. 103. In his consulship, A. U. C.
ing, striving, vieing with one another. 691, occurred the celebrated conspi,
Certatim, adv. (certo), earnestly, racy of Catiline, which was detected
eagerly, emulously.                and suppressed by his patriotic vigiCertg or Certo, adv. (certus), cer- lance. He was put to death during
tainly, for certain, assuredly.    the triumvirate of Antory, Octavius,
Certo, are, Cvi, atum, n., to con- and Lepidus, at the age of sixty-four.
tend, strive, vie, struggle, fight; to C. 23. 26, &c.
strive emulously, try to outdo each  Cimbricus, a, um, adj., Cimbrian
other, strive to be first. Certatur, the pertaining to the Cimbri, a people ot
contest is carried on, they contend, Germany. C. 59.
$ 184, 2. The thing in which one con-  Cinna, c, m. (L. Cornelius), an astends is in the abl. without a prep., and sociate of Marius in the civil wars,
the person with whom he contends is in and distinguished for his acts of cruthe abl. with cum.                 elty. His daughter Cornelia was the
Certus, a, um, adj., determined, re- wife of Julius Caesar. C. 47.
solved; fixed upon, established, ap-  CircYter, prep. with the acc. 4 adv,
pointed; sure, well acquainted. Cer- about, near.
tioremfacere, to inform, acquaint, no-  Circum, prep. with the acc., around
tify, apprise; Certiorfieri, to receive about; near. Adv., around, near.
notice, be informed,-tried, faithful;  Circumditus, a, um, part.: from
safe, trust-worthy, certain, fixed; re-  Circumdo, dare, dedi, datum, a. (ctrsolute, bold; clear, well-known, well- cum 4, do), to put, place or set round,
ascertained, manifest, evident. Pro to surround, encompass, environ, incerto habere, credere, etc., to consider vest.
as certain, be well assured, confident-  Circumeo, ire, ii, itum, irr. a. (cir
ly believe. Certa, n. pl., certainties.  cum 4- eo), to go round; to surround.
Cessi, see Cedo.                 Circumire vigilias, to visit the guards,
Cetera, ceterum, adj. (not used in go the rounds.
inom. inas.), other, the other, the rest,  Circumfero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr
residue, remainder. Cetera, ace. pl. a. (circum 4,fero), to carry round
in other respects, as for the rest 234,  Circumfundo, ere, idt, isum, a.
II.                                (circum 4, fundo), to pour around.
Cetruim, adv. 4f adversative conj. sprinkle about, circumfuse; to sur
(cetera), as for the rest, in other re- round, encompass.
bpects, otherwise; but, furthermore,  Circumfuisus, a, um part. (circum
moreover                           fundr', poured round; surrounding




CIRCUMSIDEO             158             CLIENS
Circumsldeo, ere, edi, essum, a. 4- n. zens living in the same place, and un
circum e( sedeo, to sit), to sit or take der the same laws; a city, state, na
one's stand round; to besiege, invest, tion, empire, government; the freedom
lay siege to.                      of the city, citizenship.
Circunmspecto, are, a. 4 n.freq., to  Clades, is, f., loss, injury, misfortook round or about; to look upon or tune, disaster; overthrow, discomfitregard with suspicion: from        ure; slaughter, destruction.
Circumsptcio, ere, exi, eclum, a. - n.  Clam, adv. 4 prep. with ace. and abl.,
(circum 4 specio, to see), to look round. privately, privily, secretly; without the
Fig. to take heed, weigh, consider knowledge of
carefully.                           Clamor, oris, m., (clamo, to cry
Circumvenio, ire, eni, entum, a. (cir- aloud), a loud voice, cry, shout, shoutcum 4& venio), O 233, (3.) to come round; ing; a loud noise, din.
to surround, encompass, enclose, in-  Claritudo, mnis, f., clearness, disvest, blockade, beset. Fig. to oppress, tinctness; fame, character, reputation,
crush, overthrow, take by surprise; to renown: from
circumvent, defraud, deceive, betray,  Clarus, a, um, adj., clear, bright,
beset. Falsis criminibus circumvenire, splendid; loud, distinct. Fig. manito beset with false charges.       fest, open, evident; famous, illustriCircumventus, a, um, part. (circum- ous, noble, renowned, distinguished,
venio), surrounded, encompassed, be- celebrated.
set on all sides; circumvented, op-  Classis, is,f., a class, company, orpressed.                           der or rank of citizens. one of the five
Cirta, e,f., a city of Numidia not or, including the capite censi, six divifar from the sea, the capital of the sions of the Roman people made by
kingdom of Syphax, of Masinissa, and Servius Tullius, according to the comof his son Micipsa. It is now.galled parative value of their estates; a fleet
Constantia. J. 21-26, &c.          of ships of war, an armament. Ex
Citcrior, adj. of the comp. degree, classibus, according to classes.
sup. cilimus, $ 126, 1, (cis, on this side),  Claudo, ere, si, sum, a., to shut,
nearer, hither.                    close, confine, shut in, inclose; to surCito& adv. (citus), soon, quickly, round, encompass; to finish.
speedily, shortly.                   Clausus, a, un, part. (claudo), shut
Citus, a, um, part. 4 adj. (cieo, to up, inclosed, surrounded, hidden, conexcite), excited; swift, quick, rapid. cealed. Subs. clausum, i, n., an enSpeculatores citi sese ostendunt,-at closure, a place shut up.
full speed.                          Clavis, is,f. (claudo), a key.
Civ~lis, e, adj., of or belonging to a  Clemens, entis, adj., quiet, placid,
citizen, civil. Civilia studia, civil con- calm, gentle; mild, meek, merciful;
tention, strife among the citizens. light, easy. Clemens rumor a mild
Civilis victoria, a civil victory, a vic- report, i. e. extenuating the deed a
tory in a civil war. Civile imperium, mild rumor, a doubtful, obscure, or
a government befitting citizens, cour- vague report.
teous or humane government: from     Clementia, e,f. (clemens), mildness,
Civis, is, m. -f., a citizen, free in- gentleness, calmness, stillness; kindhabitant of a town or city.        ness, humanity, clemency, mercy, ma
Civitas, atis, f., gen. pl. in um or deration.
ihin, n 83, 4, (1.) (ciis), the body of citi-  Cliens, entis, m., a client, one undei




CLIENTELA              159              COGO
the protection of a patron; a retainer, check; to repress, curb, control, stop,
beneficiary, dependent.            to chastise, punish.
Clientela, e,f. (aliens), the relation  Coercitus, a, urn, part. 4 adj. (coer.
of clients to their patrons, clientship; ceo), restrained, controlled; capable
protection; a train of clients, or de- of being restrained.
pendents.                            Cogito, ire, dvi, atum, a. 4 n. (con
Cn., an abbreviation of Cneus.   4 agito), 265, to revolve in the mind
Cnceus, i, m., a Roman prconomen. think, ponder, consider, meditate, reCoactus, a, um, part. (cogo).   flect, deliberate.
Coaequo, are, ivi, a. (con 4 acequo, to  Cognatio, 5nis,f. (con 4 nascor), re
level), to make equal or even, to level. lation by blood, kindred.
Coalesco, Ire, lui, litum, n. (con'  Cognitus, a, urn, adj. (con 4 nas
alesco, tb grow), to grow together, co- cor), connate; related by blood, nearly
alesce, unite, blend or be blended, akin, closely allied, kindred. Subs.,
grow to, grow. Fig. to be or become a relative, kinsman, relation by blood.
united; to agree.                    Cog'nitus, a, um, part. 4 adj. (cog
Coarguo, ere, ui, a. (con intensive 4 nosco), ~ 222, ascertained, known, disarguo, to show), to prove, show, de- covered, tried, proved, understood, ex
monstrate; to convince, convict; to amined. Causa cognit&,-the cause
disprove, confute.                 having been tried, judicially investi
Cochlea, ac,f., a snail, cockle, peri- gated. Hence it may be translated, afwinkle.                            ter trial. Cognitum est mihi, I have
Coctus, a, um, part. (coquo).    ascertained or learned. ~ 272.
Coegi, see Cogo.                   Cognomen, inis, n. (con 4 nomen), a
Coelum, i, n., heaven, the heavens; Surname, family name, name subjointhe air, skies. region of the air, atmos- ed to the nomen or name, as prcsnophere. Colo terr&que penuria aqua- men was prefixed to it; as P. Corne
rum,-from the atmosphere and the ltus Scipio, ~ 279, 9. It is sometimes
earth, i. e.-of rain and spring-water. used for the agnomen, the appellation,
Cacnaitus, a, um, part. ~ 162, 16, hav- title; as, P. Cornelius Scipio Africaing supped: from                   nus.
Coeno, are, ivi, dtum, n. 4 a. (cena,  Cognosco, Ire, novi, nitum, a. (con 4'
supper), to sup. Esse coenatus, to sup, nosco), ~ 265, ~ 272, to know; to learn,
dispatch supper.                   hear, find, find out, make one's self
Cceparius, i, m. (Q.), a Terracinian acquainted with, ascertain, discover;
who was confederate with Catiline. hence, to know, understand, be inC. 46, 47, 52, 55.                 formed, be assured;-to study, examCcepi, def. verb, ~ 183, 2, ~271, I be- ine, investigate, explore, inspect; to
gan, commenced. Perf. pass., cceptus try a cause; to find by experience; to
est, which has an active signification, recognize; to acknowledge, confess;
but is used in preference to ccepit be- to perceive, see. Promissa ejus cogfore a passive infinitive: see $ 183, nitumn misit, despatched (some) to ex2, N.                              amine his proposals, i. e. to ascertain
Caeptus, a, um, part. (coepi), having the practicability of what he proposed.
begun. Pass. begun.                  Cogo, Are, coegi, coactum, a. (con. 
C(oerceo, ere, ui, Itum, a. (con 4 ar- ago), to collect, assemble, gather, drive
ceo, to ward off), to surround, em- or bring together; to drive, impel; to
brace; to keep in, confine, restrain, constrain, compel, force, urge, neces




COHOIS               160          COMMERCOR
litate induce, prevail on; to confine, will not treat them  rigorously and
restrain, restrict. Cogere sub imperi- myself indulgently.
urn, to reduce, bring —. Cogere in   Colonia,,ff., a colony, plantation,
unum, to bind or unite together. With settlement; a number of people emiinf. and ace. or subj with ut. The -grating by public authority to a dis'
passive takes the inf.  3 271.     tant settlement, colonists, emigrants:
Cohors, tis,f, a pen or coop; a co- from
hort, a band of soldiers consisting of.Colonus, i, m. (colo), a hustandman,
the tenth part of a legion, and conse- tenant, farmer, cultivator; a colonist,
quently containing at different peri- settler, emigrant.
ods from 300 to 600 men. Cohortes    Color, or colos, oris, m., a color,
legionaric or ex legionibus, legionary complexion, tint, hue. Colos is used
cohorts or cohorts of the legions. See by Sallust in preference to color.
Legionarius.                         Comes, itis, m. 4,f., a companion
Cohortatus, a, um, part.: from   associate, attendant, assistant, comCohortor, ari, atus sum, dep. (con 4' rade, fiiend.
hortor), 6 273, 2, to exhort, encourage.  Cominus, adv. (con 4, manus), hand
Collectus, a, um, part. (colligo).  to hand, in close combat.
Collega, rA, m., a colleague, copart-  Comitatus, us, mn. (comntor, to acner in office.                     company), a number of followers, a
Collibet, libuit or libitum est, imp. train, company, retinue, suit.
verb, (con 4- libet), it pleases, is agree-  Comitia, orum, n. pl. (comes), a pubable. It is sometimes used personally, lie meeting or assembly of the people
as, quce victoribus collibuissent, what for the purpose of voting; a public
should please the victors, what the election. Comitiahabere, to hold an
victors pleased.                   assembly of the people.
Colllgo, ere, egi, ectumn, a. (con 4c  Commacilo, are, dvi, atum, a. (con
lego), to gather together, collect, as- 4 maclo, to stain), to spot, stain, polsemble.                            lute, disgrace.
Collis, is, m., a hill, hillock, rising  Commeatus, us, m..(commeo, to go
ground,                            and come), a passage; a furlough; a
Colloco, are, avi, atum, a. (con 4 convoy; provisions, supplies, victuals.
loco), to place, settle, dispose, arrange,  Commemoro, are, avi, atum, a. (con
set, set in order, station, post.  4- memoro), to mention, make mention
Colloquium, i, n., conversation, con- of, call to mind, recount, relate.
verse, discourse; a conference, inter-  Commendatio, onis, f., commendaview: from                         tion, recommendation, praise: from
Colloquor, i, cutus sum, dep. (con 4,  Commendo, are, avi, atum, a. (con 4
loquor), to speak together, converse, mando), to commit to the charge of
confer.                            any one, consign to any one's care,
Colo, ere, colui, cultum, a., to exer- intrust with; to commend, recomcise, practise, pursue, study, labor me! d.
upon, cultivate, attend to, tend, till, (Comercium, i, n. (con 4, merx. mercherish, take care of; to respect, chandise), commerce, trade, traffic,
honor, regard, venerate, worship, love, ba: tering.
esteem, favor, treat respectfully, culti-  Commercor, art, dtus sum, dep. (con
vate the friendship of;to inhabit. Ne- 4e mnercor), to buy together, purchase.
gue illos artE colam, me opulenter, I buy up




COMMINUO              161            COMPONO
CommYnuo, ere, ui, itum, a. (con' the same, general, universal, belong
iotnuo), to lessen, diminish; to crush ing to many or all, belonging to the
or break to pieces. Fig. to weaken, public. Res commuanis, a joint or muimpair, wear away.                tual interest, common concern.
Comminiitus, a, urn, part. (comni-  Commutatio, 6nis, f. (commute), a
nue).                             changing, change, alteration.
Committo, ere, ist, issum, a. (con. 4  Commut ltus, a, un, part.. from
mitto), to join together, unite or bring  CommUite, are, avi, atum, a. (con 4
together; to do, act, cause, perform, muto), to change, alter; to exchange,
perpetrate, commit; to begin, com- traffic.
mence.   Committere proelium, pug.  Comparatus, a, um, part.. from
nam, etc., to begin a battle, to make an  Compare, aire, avi, attum, a. (con 4
attack, to fight, engage.          pare), to procure, get, furnish, preCommodo, are, avi, itulm, a. (corn- pare, provide, get ready; to collect; to
modus, convenient), to adjust, adapt, establish, institute, ordain; to acquire;
accommodate; to give, afford, allow, to connect; to compare.
lend, furnish, supply.               Comperio, Ire, peri, pertum, a. or
Commodum, i, n. (commodus), ad- Comperior, iri, pertus sum., dep. (con
vantage, profit, interest, utility, con-  pario), 272, ~ 265, to discover, find
venience. Ex commodo acstimare, to out, ascertain, learn, be informed
estimate according to (its) profit. Ex know. Parum  comperimus, I have
commodopugnamfacere,-at a favora- not ascertained, I am uncertain.
ble opportunity, under favorable cir-  Compertus, a, um, part., (comperioi,
cumstances.                        found out, fully ascertained, known
Conzmonefacio, ere, fJcz, factum, a. for certain; discovered, detected.
(commoneo, to remind, 4 facio), ~ 218, Narrare compertum, to speak with
to put in mind, remind, advise.    certainty. Compertum  est mihi, or
Commordtus, a, um, part.: fronm  cmoIrtum habeo, ~ 274, R. 4, it has
Commwror, ari, atus sum, dep. (con been made known to me, I have asm snoror), to stop, pause, stay, abide, certained, I know, I am certain, $
remain, tarry.                    272.
Commotus, a, urn, part., moved,   Compleo, ere, ovi, etum, a. (con 4
troubled, disturbed, &c.: frrn    pleo, obs., to fill), O 249, 1. to fill, fill up;
Commniveo, ere, ovi, 5tum, a. (con 4 to complete, perfect, finish, perform.
moveo), to move together, move, stir,  Complexus, us, m. (complector), a
remove; to move, touch, affect; to compassing, encircling; an embracdisquiet, trouble, alarm; to stir up, ex- ing, embrace.
cite, provoke.                       Complires, ura, O 110, adj.,l. (coit
Communicatus, a, um, part.: from  4 plus), many, a great many a conCommunlco, are, Ovi, itum, a. (con- siderable number.
minis), to communicate, impart, share  Compono, ere, osui, os'tum, a. (con 4with any one, commune, confer; to pone), to put or place together; to put
join, unite, connect; to share, par- in order, arrange, dispose, order, to
take, mingle. Causanm communicare, lay up; to bury; to end, bring to a
to make common cause.             close or conclusion; to settle, adjust,
Commfnio, Ire, ivi, itum, a. (con 4' accommodate; to calm, still, appease,
munio), to fortify, secure.       tranquilize; to compound, compose,
Commiinis, e, adj. p 222, 3, common, make up; to make, compose, contrive,




COMPORTO             162           CONDITUS
plan; to agree upon, arrange, concert;  ConcYto, are, avm, dtum, a. (con 4
to compare.                      cito, to excite), to stir up, put in mo.
Comporto, are, avi, atum, a. (con' tion, excite, stimulate, incite, rouse.
porto), to carry or bring together, provoke, irritate, move, cause, raise.
bring, carry, collect.             Conclamo, arc, avi, atum, n. 4 a.
Composite, adv., sedately, calmly, (con 4 clamo, to cry), ~ 272, to cry out
quietly, orderly, neatly, handsomely; together, cry aloud, cry out with a
in elegant language, in well turned loud voice, shout, exclaim.
periods, in good set terms: from   Concordia, e, f. (concors, concordComposttus, a, urn, part. 4f adj. ant), concord, agreement, union, har(compono), put together, arranged, mony, unanimity. Also the name of
composed, made up, compounded; a Roman goddess, Concord. C. 46,
elegant, regular, well arranged, in 49.
good order, skillfully disposed,' et in  Conc.ubna, ce, f. (concubo, to lie
order, apt, fit, beautiful; ended, set- with), a concubine.
tled.                              Concipio, ere, 4 Concupisco, Ore,
Comprobatus, a, um, part.: from  ivi, itum, a. (con 4f cupio), to desire
Comprobo, are, avi, atum, a. (con 4' greatly, long for, covet.
probo), to approve, prove, confirm; to  Concurro, ere, curri, cursum, n. (con
allow; to make good, verify.     4 curro, to run), to run together,
Conatus, a, urn, part. (conor).  meet, flock together; to fight, engage
ConcEdo, ere, essi, essurm, n. 4 a. in fight, charge, rush to the fight, join
(con 4 cedo), ~ 223, & ~ 225, IV. to re- battle, engage, contend, rush together;
tire, yield, depart, withdraw, give to concur, agree. Concurritur, they
place; to go, repair; to assent to; to rush together, charge, an onset or
yield, give up; to grant, give, allow, charge is made.
permit, concede, resign, relinquish.  Concursus, ts, m. (concurro), a runConcedere natures, to pay theibt of ning or meeting together; a connature, to die a natural death. Inju- course; a conflict, charge, engageriac concedere, to submit to. In gen- ment, onset, shock.
tem nomenque imperantium concessere,  Concutio, ere, ussi, ussum, a. (con 4
were merged, sunk or lost in-. In quatio, to shake), to shake, move viojus atque ditionem concedere, to come lently, agitate, cause to tremble. Fig.
under, become subject to, yield to-. to trouble, disquiet, alarm, terrify, put
Concessum est, imp., it was yielded or in fear, agitate; to injure, weaken.
accorded.                          Condemnatus, a, um, part.: from
Concessus, a, um, part. (concedo),  Condemno, are, Ldvi, atum, a. (con 4
permitted, conceded, granted, allowed, damno), ~ 217, to condemn.
&c.                                Condidi, see Condo.
ConcYdo, ere, tdi, n. (con 4 cado), to  Conditio, 5nis.f. (condo), a making,
fall down, fall to the ground. Fig. constructing, framing; a laying up,
to fall, die; to perish, sink.   preserving; a state, situation, condi
Concio, onis, f. (concieo, to call to- tion, circumstances; a contract, stipu
gether), a meeting or assembly of peo- lation, condition, promise, advantage.
ple. Pro concione, in public, before terms of agreement.
a  public  assembly:-an   oration,  ConditoT, oris, m. (condo), a marer
harangue, public speech or address.  builder, founder, inventor, author.
Concitatus, a, um, part.: from   Conditus, a, um, part., founled




CONDO               163            CONFUGIO
built  Post conditam urbem, after or away, wear out, injure, weaken. Sit
since the foundation of the city sc. confici, to perish with thirst.
Rome: from                           Confido, ire, Jfsus sum, n. pass
Condo, Ire, didi, ditum, a. (con.' $ 142, 1 & 2, (con 4 fido, to trust to,
do), to lay or treasure up, hoard; to abs. to trust, feel confident; with dat.
hide, conceal, bury; to finish, end; or abl. $ 223, R. 2, & ~ 245, II. or inf.
to make, build, found, establish.  with acc.l272. depend upon, believe
Crundono, are, avi, alum, a. (con 4 confidently, confide or put confidence
dono), to give freely, grant, present, in, trust to, rely upon.
bestow; to remit, excuse, pardon,    Confinis. e, adj. (con 4-finis),' 222,
overlook, Pass over, forgive; with the R. 1. next to, adjoining, bordering up.
accusative of the crime and the dative on, contiguous, near.
of the person, it signifies to pardon the  Confirmatus, a, urn, part.. from
fault for his sake, on his account.  Confirmo, are, ivi, itum, a. (con 4Altertus libidini malefacta condonare, firmo), to confirm, strengthen, estabto pardon crimes to gratify the lust of lish, reestablish, restore strength, to
another;-to give up, devote, sacrifice, render efficient; ~ 273, 2, to encourConduico, re, xi, ctum, a. (con 4f du- age, animate, support; to persuade,
co,) to bring or lead together, conduct, induce, inspire with courage, reasassemble, collect; to hire, bargain for. sure; to ratify, confirm; to prove,
Conductus, a, urn, part. (conduco), show; to affirm, assert, assure, debrought together, collected; hired.  clare. ~ 272. Labores et victorias con.
Confectus, a, urn, part. (conficio), fin- firmare, to crown-.
ished, ended, destroyed, injured; wast-  Confisus, a, um,part. (confido), trusted, worn out. Confectus annis, su- ing to, relying or depending onb being
perannuated.                       confident, trusting.
Confercio, ire, si, turn, a. (con ffar-  Confiteor, eri, essus, sum, dep. (con
cio, to stuff), to stuff or cram  to- 4.fateor), $271, & Rem. 4, to congether, crowd together; to stuff, or tess, acknowledge, own.
fill full                            Confligo, Ire, xi, ctum, a. (con ffligo,
CoLnfro, ferre, contuli, collatum, a. to beat against), to strike against; to
irr. (con &4fero), to bring, carry, put fight, contend, engage, conflict.
or lay together; to collect, gather.  Conflo, ire auivi, atum, a. (con 4 fo,
Confertim, adv., closely, in a heap to blow), to blow together, bring toor crowd, in a compact body: from  gether; to make up, compound; to
Confertus, a, urn, part. 4' adj. (con- raise, make, create, excite. iEs aliefercio), crammed full, crowded, fill; num conflare, to contract a debt, to
thick, close, dense, in close array.  run into debt:-to excite, stir up,
CoTfessus, a, um, part. (confiteor), cause, occasion.
having confessed. Subs. one who has  Confluo, ere, xi, n. (con j fluo, to
made confession.                  flow), to flow or run together; to flock
Confdczo, Ire, eci, ectum, a. (con' or crowd together.
fadcio), to make together; to make,  Confodio, are, idi, ossum, a. (con'
cause, effect, execute, prepare, per- fodio, to dig) to dig. Fig. to wound,
form; to end, finish, terminate, ac- pierce, stab, thrust through.
complish, complete, conclude; to kill,  Conffgio, ire, igi, ugitum, n. (con
slay, destroy, consume; to overpower, 4 fugio), to flee to for succor, flee or
subdue, prostrate; to waste, wear Iave recourse to.
15




CONGLOBO              164           CUNSERVO
Conglobo, are, aiz, atum, a., (con 4 conscious), joint knowledge; con,
globo, to make round), to gather into science, consciousness; conscioue
a round body, conglobate, crowd to- ness of guilt, a bad conscience, an
gether, gather together, collect.  evil or guilty conscience; guilt, guil.
CongrUdior, i, gressus sum, dep. (con tiness.
4' gradior, to step), to move or go to-  Conscius, a, ur, adj. (conscio), ~ 213,
gether, go with; to meet, come to- &   2 222, R. 3. conscious, privy to, acgether go up to, accost, address, speak cessary, witness of, partaking of, conto, converse with; to fight, engage.  cerned in, in the secret of. The noun
Congressus, us, m. (congredior), a denoting the crime is sometimes wantcoming together, meeting; a conflict, ing, and it is then translated guilty,
encounter, contest, battle, engage- conscious of guilt. Alius alii-conscii,
ment.                             being witnesses for one another, being
Congressus, a, um, part. (congre- mutually privy.
dior).                              Conscribo, ere, ipsi, iptum, a. (con +
Conjtcio, Ire,jeci,jectum, a. (con 4 scribo), to write, write together. Conjacio), to throw together, throw, cast, scribere milites, to raise, levy, enlist,
hurl, discharge, thrust, force, impel. enroll-.
Conjicere in vincula, to put in prison,  Conscriptus, a, urn, part. (conscribo),
to imprison.                      written; enlisted, enrolled.  Patres
Conjunctus, a, urn, part. adj., con- conscripti, the senators, the conscript
nected, united, attached: from    fathers.  The first Roman senators
Conjungo, ire, nxi, nctum, a. (con' were called patres, and those subsejungo, to join), Q 224, to join or unite quently added to their number were
together, connect, associate.     denominated conscip. In process
denominated conscripti. In process
Conjuratio,  nis, f. (conjuro), a of time it became customary to adswearing together, a confederacy or dress the whole body of senators by
cojnbination confirmed by  at      dre se        d patres  crip
plot, conspiracy;a the body of conspi, xhe  tpatres conscripti.
plot, conspiracy; the body of consp-  onsecro, are avi, atum, a. (con
r'ators.
tConratss. a, urn, part., comn, sacro, to consecrate), to consecrate,
leagued. Subs. onurpati, orum, in., dedicate, make sacred, devote to the
leagued. Subs. conjurati, 5rum, m.,              appropriate.
conspirators: fron                gods; to devote, appropriate.
conspirators: from
Conjuro, are, avi, atum, n. (con 4  Consenesco, ire, senui, n. (con 4 sejurO), i271, to swear together, co- nesco), to grow old; to grow into dis
bine, league together; to conspire, en use, become obsolete, or out of date;
bine, league together; to conspire, a
ter into a conspiracy.            Fig. to grow weak or feeble fade, deo
Connubium, i, aI (con 4 nubo), a cay, waste, lose energy or strength,
lawful marriage,.-:dLck, marriage, be impaired.
into~termarri-i~.,sConslro, ire, sevi, sltum, a. (con 4'
Conor r, atus um, fp.    271, to sero, to sow), v249, I. to sow, set,
strive, endeavor altermn.pt, -ry under- plant, fill
take.                               Consgro, tre, ui, turn, a. (c~n 4' sero.
Conquiro, gre,is;,i,';'., a. C.ia q' to join together), to join or knit toqucEro), to seek after, searc' i;: ie- gether,  Conserere manum, to join
gently, get together, tir to nrrowuc, battle, fight hand to hand, engage in
collect.                          cl ose combat.
Conscientia, s, f. (conscil: to t e  Conservo, are, avi, atum, a. (con 




CONSIDERO              165           CONSUESCO
servo), to preserve, keep, defend, pro- stans, firm), firmly, steadily, uniform
tect, save, maintain.             ly, evenly, regularly.
Considero, are, avi, atum, a., ~ 265,  Constantia, ea, f. (constans), firm
to consider, meditate, think of, weigh. ness, steadiness, uniformity of con.
Consdo, ere, edi, essum, n. (con 4 duct, constancy, consistency, perse
sido, to sit), to sit down together; to verance.
sit down, seat one's self; to settle,  Consterno, ere, stravi, stratum, a.
take up one's abode; to fall, sink; to (con 4. sterno, to strew), to strew or
pitch, encamp; to sit in ambush.   cover over.
Consilium, i, n. ~ 275, III. R. 1, (1.)  Constttuo, ere, ui, utum, a. (con 4
counsel, advice; deliberation, consi- statuo), to set up, erect; to found,
deration, consultation, agreement, pre- build; to place, put, dispose, arrange,
meditation; a notion, idea, design, in- station, post; to stop, cause to halt,
tention, measure, aim, plan, scheme, to establish, appoint, fix, assign, setintent, purpose, end; determination, tle, vindicate, assert; ~ 271, ~ 273, 2,
judgment, resolve  Non est consi- to resolve, determine, decide, decree,
lum, it is not (my) intention, ~ 273, 1. ordain, prescribe.  Constituere  in
Consilium capere or trahere, to form diem, to agree upon, fix, appoint-.
a design or resolution, adopt a plan or Iter constituere, to resolve to advance
measures:-prudence, wisdomr dis- or march. Qum utilia visa cont-;
cretion, skill, sagacity, forethought, tuere, to decide upon such measures
penetration, reason; artifice, strata- as seemed proper, to adopt suitable
gem, art, management; a council, measures.
assembly of men in council. Pra-     Constititus, a, urn, part. (constitUo)
senti consilio, in presence of the coun-  Consto, are, stiti, n. (con 4 sto, to
cil. Quo consilio for what reason? stand), to stand together, stand; to be
why?   Habere consilium, to hold a consistent, correspond. Imp., constat,
council. Non est consilium, may be; 223, it is evident, manifest, clear or
followed by quin for ut non. ~ 262, certain; it is agreed, it is the common
R. 10, 2.                          opinion, ~ 269, R. 2. ~ 265.
Consisto, ere, consfti,n. (con 4 sisto,  Constratus, a, un, part. (consterno)
to place), to stand firmly, stand fast,  Constructus, a, un, part. from
make a stand, stand, stand still, stop,  Construo, ere, xi, ctum, a. (con  -
post one's self, stay.             struo, to build), to put together, to
ConsYtus, a, urn, part. (consero), construct, fabricate, build, form. Conplanted, sown, set, filled, overgrown. struere maria, to form seas, i. e. fish
Conspectus, us, m., the act of see- ponds of vast extent.
ing; a sight, view, observation: from  Consuefacio, ere, fed, factum, a.
Consplcio, Are, exi, ectum, a. (con 4 (consuesco 4 facio), ~ 272, to accusspecio, to see), to see, behold, look at, tom. train by use or practice, inure,
observe, discern, perceive; to look at habituate.
with admiration, look upon, mark.    Consuesco, ere, evi, etum, n. a. (con
Conspici, to be admired, to attract at- 4 suesco, to become accustomed), J
tention, to gain admiration, to render 271, to become accustomed or used to
one's self conspicuous.            a thing, acquire a habit by practice,
ConspYcor, ari, atus sum, dep. (con 4 to accustom, inure  Consuevi, I am
specio, to see), to see, behold, descry. accustomed, am wont or used. ConConstanter, ins, issimi, adv. (con-I suevit, imp., is wont, customary.




CONSUETUDO            166          CONTEMPTUS
Consuetido, Ynis,f. (consuesco), cus-  Consultd, adv. (consultus), designedtom, usage, use, habit; intercourse, ly, on purpose, deliberately.
familiarity, intimacy. Stupri consue-  Consulto, are, avi, atum, n. 8f a.freq
tudo, a criminal intercourse.    (consulo), ~ 265, to advise, consult, deConsuetus, a, urn, part. 4 adj., ac- liberate; to take care of, provide for,
customed, habituated, inured; usual, look to, consult for, constitute a coun
ordinary, wonted. Pericula consueta cll for.
habere, to be inured to-.          Consultor, oris, m. (consulo), one
Consul, ulis, m. (consulo), a consul, who asks counsel or advice, a client,
one of the two supreme magistrates one who gives counsel, a counsellor,
annually elected at Rome. Consul adviser, counsel.
destgnatus, consul elect, one who had  Consultum, i, n1. (consultus, part.)
been elected consul, but had not yet deliberation, consideration; a decree,
entered upon the duties of his office. statute, ordinance, resolution; counThe Romans marked the year by the sel, advice; a measure, plan, design;
names of the consuls then in office, a subject of deliberation, consultation
as L. Cesare et C. Figulo consulibus, or discussion, a question. Consulto,
in the consulship of L. Caesar and C. abl., by design, on purpose.
Figulus.                           Consultus, us, m. (consulo), a decree,
Consularis, e, adj. (consul), of or be- ordinance, statute, resolution.
longing to a consul, consular. Subs.  Consultus, a, um, part. f4 adj. (conconsularis, is, m., one who has been sdlo), deliberated upon, considered;
consul, an ex-consul, a man of consu- asked, consulted. Consulto opus est,
lar rank or dignity.             there is need of deliberation. ConConsulatus, us, m. (consul), the of- sulta sese omnia cum illo integra ha.
fice of consul; the consulship or con- here, that every thing deliberated upon
sulate.                          with him, was (still) unchanged.
Consilo, tre, ui, tum, n. 4 a., to con-  Consimo, ere, umpsi, unptum, a.
suit, deliberate; to deliberate upon, (con 4- sumo), to eat, devour, consume,
discuss, take counsel, ask one's opi- destroy; to kill, slay; to waste, spend,
nion, ask advice, consider, consult squander, exhaust, use up, lose, lay
about, judge, ~ 265. Male consulere, out, employ, use, make use of. Multo adopt wrong measures. De aliquo tam  orationem consumere, ti waste
consulitur, a discussion or delibera- many words, to debate a long time.
tion is had, we, they, &c., deliberate,  Consumptus, a, ur, part. (consumo)
~ 248, I. R. 1. Senatus consulitur, the  Contagio, onis, f. (contingo, to
opinion of the senate is asked:-with touch), contact, touch; contagion,
the dative, to provide for, take care of, infection, disease. Fig. moral contalook to, consult for, regard, respect, gion or infection.
serve, aid. Consultum est mihi, my in-  Contemno, ire, empsz, emptum, a.
terests have been provided for, my (con 4 temno, to despise), to make no
safety has been consulted. Consulere account of, contemn, despise, slight,
iraB,famce, etc., to be influenced by or hold in contempt, make light of, treat
by a regard for-. Gravius in aliquem with contempt.
consulere, to adopt severe measures  Contemptor, oris, m. (contemnc), a
towards-.                        despiser, contemner. Adj. disdainfil,
Consiltatio, onis, f. (consulto), a haughty, contemptuous.
consultation, deliberation.        Contemptus, a, um, part. 4 adj. tcon



CONTENDO              167           CONTUSUS
temno), despised, contemned, slight- est, it is exactly the reverse, or the reed; contemptible, abject, vile, despica- verse of this is true.
ble.                                Contriho, are, xi, ctum, a. (con 4 traContendo, ere, die tum, a. 4f n. (con 4' ho), to draw together, assemble, unite
tendo), to stretch, strain; to exert, put together, collect.
forth, employ, to strive, attempt, en-  Contremo, ere, ui, a. (con 4 tremo, to
deavor; to seek for earnestly, urge, tremble), to tremble,, tremble greatly.
solicit; to compare; to go to, shape quake through fear, f' greatly agitaone's course, hasten; to contend, dis- ted.
pute, fight, engage.                Controversia, xf. (controversus, disContentio, onis, f. (contendo), a puted), a controversy, debate, dispute.
straining or stretching; an effort, ex-  Contubernium, i, n. (con &4 taberna,
ertion, endeavor; a contention, con- a hut,) a certain number of soldiers
test, dispute, debate, controversy.  living in the same tent; a tent; a livContero, ere, trivi tritum, a. (con' ing together, intimacy, companiontera, to rub), to break or bruise small, ship, intimate familiarity, constant inpound, grind; to wear out; to spend, tercourse, company. Also, a company
employ, waste, consume.           of noble youth, who followed a geneContinentia, ae,f, a holding, check- ral into his province, and continued
ing, restraining; probity; moderation, near him, in order to learn the art of
temperance, continence, abstinence, war, and the management of the
self-control:from                affairs of a province. These served
Contineo, ere, tinui, tentum, a. (con 4' in the pretorian cohort.  s contuberteneo), to contain, hold or keep to- nio patris militabat,-was serving in
gether; to hold, keep, retain; to keep the cohort of his father.
in, restrain, curb, check.          Contili, see Confero.
Continuo, are, avi, atum, a. (con-  Contumelia, ar,f., an affront, an intinuus, continued), to continue, pro- jury coupled with contempt, outrage,
long, join one to another, connect, insult, contumely, reproachful lanunite. Continuare nlagistratum, to pro- guage.
long a magistracy, to continue it be-  Contumeliosus, a, unm, adj. (contu.
yond its proper term.             melia), reproachful, abusive, insolent,
Contra, prep. with the acc., against, outrageous, injurious, contumelious,
contrary to, in opposition to. Facere insulting.
contra rempublicam, to act against the  Contundo, are, Audi, isum, a. (con,
state, to be guilty of treason. Contra tundo, to beat), to beat, batter, break,
ea, in opposition to these things, on the bruise, crush. Fig. to lessen, weaken,
other hand, on the contrary: followed impair; to quell, subdue; to check,
by ac, atque, etc., contrary to what, baffle, thwart.
otherwise than. Contra postulate, in  Conturbatus, a, um, part: from
reply to-.  Contra inceptum suum    Conturbo, Are, avi, ltum a.'con 4
venisse, had come for the purpose of turbo, to disturb,) to disturb, disquiet,
opposing his design. Adv. against, disorder, confuse, throw into confu.
in opposition, on the contrary, on the sion.
other hand, in return, Contra fertre  Contusus, a, ur, part. (contundoi,
to return blows.  With sum, the broken, bruised, reduced, weakened,
contiary, the opposite. Quod contra impaired.
15*




CONVENIO              168           CORN EL1US
Convinio, 2re, veni, ventum, n. 4 a.  Coorior, Zri, ortus sum, ~ 177, dep.
tcon 4- venio), to come together, meet, (con 4- orior), to rise together; to riie
flock, assemble, collect. Convenire arise.
alsquem, to meet, meet or have an in-  Coortus. a, ur, part. (coorior).
terview with, go up to, speak to, ac-  Copia, ca, f. (con 4- ops), plenty,
cost, visit-;-to agree, correspond. abundance, supply, store, number; efharmonize, consent; to be agreed or fects, substance, wealth, riches, resettled.  Pax convenit, a peace is sources, property; - 275, III, R. I,
agreed upon, and in the passive, Pax power. opportunity, ability, means,
conventafuerat,-had been concluded: facilities, leave, permission. Est milh
-- 2231 to suit, agee, fit, be adapted copia, or habeo topiam, I have it in my
to, belong to; to become or be be- power, I am able, I can. Magna miht
coming to. Imp., convenit, it is fit, pro- copia est memorandi, I could easily reper, suitable, becoming; it is agreed, late. ~ 259, R. 3. Habebat magnam
it is settled; it is consistent.  copiam societatis conjungende, he had
Conventio, onis,f. (convenio), a meet- great facilities for forming, or he could
ing or assembling together; an assem- easily form an alliance. Facere cobly, meeting; an agreement.       piam, to give or afford opportunity.
Conventus, a, um, part. (convenio).  Populo Romano nunquam  ea copia
Conventus, us, m. (convenio), a meet- fuit,-that advantage. Jugurtlhc coing either public or private, assembly, piam habcbat, he had Jugurtha in his
convention; a council, assembly for power. Ex copia, or ex copiA rerum,
consultation. Primo conventu, at the from or in the existing state of things,
first sitting or meeting. Facere con- in present, or under existing circumventus, to hold meetings.          stances, all things considered, on the
Conversus, a, um, part., turned, whole. Pro rei copia, considering his
changed, altered: from            circumstances. Rarely in the singuConverto, ere, ti. sum, a. (con 4- lar, a multitude of men, also, an armed
verto), to turn about, wheel, turn; to force, especially an undisciplined multurn back, return; to betake one's titude; in the plural copiuc, an army,
self; to change, transform, alter, con- forces, troops.
vert; to apply, turn, direct. Regium  Coquo, Ire, coxi, coctum, a., to cook
imperium in superbiam convertit, sc. se, or dress victuals, to boil, roast, toast,
turned, changed, ~ 229, R. 4, 1.  bake.
Convictus, a, um, part.:from      Coquus, i. m. (coquo), a cook.
Convinco, Ire,vci, victum, a. (con  C Coram,prep. with the abl., before,
vinco), ~ 217, to convict, convince, in presence of, before the eyes of, in
overcome by argument, prove clearly. view of.
Convivium, i, n. (con  vtivo), a feast,  Corium i, n., the skin or hide of a
banquet, entertainment.           beast; leather.
(onvico, tre, ivi, atum, a. (con 4  Cornelius, i, m., a Roman name beooco), to call together, assemble, sum- longing to persons of the gens Cor
mon, convoke.                     nelia. C. 47, 55.   The Cornelian
Cooplrio, ire, ui, turn, a. (con 4 ope- gens contained many families, among
rio, to cover), to cover over, envelop. which were the Lentuli, Scipiones,
Coopertus, a, um, part. (cooperio), ~ Cinnce, Rufini and Sulle. C. Corne249, 1, covered over. Fig. overwhelm- lis a Roman knight confederate with
ed, covered, plunged, or sunk in.  Catiline. C. 17,28.




CORNICEN              169          CRUCIATUS
CornYcen, Ynis, m. (cornu 4 cano),  Creber, bra, brum, adj., frequent, oft
he that blows a horn, a horn-blower, repeated, thick, close, numerous.
conieter.                            Credibllis, e, adj. (credo), ~ 222, creCornificius, i, m. (Q.), a distinguish- dible, probable, likely, that may be
ed Roman, the colleague of Cicero in believed.
the office of augur. C. 47.          Creditum, i, n., any thing comCornu, n. indec. in sing. in pi. cor- mitted to one's trust, a trust, debt,
n'ua, uum, ~ 87, a horn; sail yards; the loan, credit: from
wing of an army.                     Credo, ere, Ydi, Ttum, n. 4 a., ~ 223
Corpus, oris, n., a body, solid sub- R. 2, ~ 272, to credit, believe, trust,
stance; the body, the person; cor- to think, suppose, imagine. Credo,
poreal or physical powers. Vis cor- when interposed between the parts of
poris, bodily strength.            a sentence, may be translated, I supCorrectus. a, urn, part. (corrigo), set pose, I imagine, I should think, or,
right, corrected, remedied, repaired.  perhaps, probably;-to  confide in,
Correptus, a, urn, part. (corripio).  trust, rely on; to confide or consign
Corrrgo, ere, exi, ectum, a. (con 4 to one's care, commit to one's trust,
rego), to set right, make straight, intrust, commend.
order, regulate. Fig. to amend, cor-  Creo, are, avi, atum, a., to make,
rect, reform, remove, remedy.     create, form; to cause, occasion; to
CorrYpio, ere, ipui, eptum, a. (con 4, appoint, elect, create.
rapio), to snatch, lay hold of hastily,  Cresco, Ire, crevi, n., to increase,
seize; to attack; to carry off.   grow; to extend, spread; to be proCorrumpo, Ire, ipi, uptur, a. (con moted, advanced, rise; to become
~4 rumpo, to break), to waste, impair, greater, thrive.
mar, debase, spoil, damage, hurt, in-  Cret'cus, i, m. (Q. Metellus) a Roman
jure, destroy, ruin, corrupt. Res.fa- consul, A. U. C. 684, and a general
miliares corrumpere, to impair-. Op- in the war with Catiline. C. 30.
portunitates corrumpere, to lose, throw  Crevi, see Cresco.
away. Fig. ~ 273,2, to bribe, seduce,  Crimen, inis, n., a charge, accusacorrupt, mislead, deceive.        tion. crimination, impeachment, reCorruptus, a, urn, part. 4' adj. (cor- proach; a crime, fault. Falsa crimirumpo), spoiled, ruined, corrupted; na, false accusations, slanders, calumbad, corrupt, depraved; misled, de- nies.
ceived, seduced, bribed. Ob rem cor-  CrimYnor, ari, atus sum, dep. (criruptamn, on account of the ruin of the men), ~ 272, to accuse, charge with a
affair, or, of their failure in the busi- crime, blame, reproach.
ness, (entrusted to them). ~ 274, R. 5.  Criminosl, adv. (criminosus, accuCotta, ae, m. (L. Aurelius), a Roman satory), reproachfully, slanderously, in
consul in the year of the city 689. an accusatory manner, severely, cenC. 18.                            seriously.
Crassus, i, m. (M. Licinius), sur-  Crotoniensis, e, adj. (Croton), of
named Dives or the Rich, on account Crotona, now Crotone, a town in the
of his immense wealth, was a member south part of Italy, Crotonian. Subs
of the first triumvirate in connexion a Crotonian. C. 44.
with P mpey and Caesar. He perish-  Cruciatus, us, m.- (cruaio, to torod in a war with the Parthians, A. U. ment), torment, torture, pain, agony
C. 700. C. 17, 38, 47, 48         anguish.




CRUDELIS              170              CURA
Crudilis, e, adj. (crudus, bloody), sures, delicacies, indulgences. Libido
cruel, fierce, savage, barbarous.  stupri, ganeae, ceterique cultus,-other
Crudelitas, atis, f. (crudelis), cruel- sensual indulgences. Cultus mrsera.
ty, inhumanity.                    bilis, a sorry plight, a mean garb.
SCrudeltter, adv. (crudelis), in a cruel  Cim and Quum, adv., see Quum
manner, cruelly.                     Cum, prep. with abl., with, along
Cruento, are, avi, atum, a., to make with, together with, in conjunction or
bloody, stain, imbrue, sprinkle with company with. So simul cum or cum
blood: from                        simul:-provided with. With verbs
Cructdus, a, um, adj., bloody, cruel, and phrases denoting contention, with,
fierce, ferocious: from            against. With' the ablative of accom.
Cruor, oris, m., blood from a wound, paniment it may often be translated
gore.                              and. In composition, see 9 196, 5.
Crux, crucis, f, a cross. In crucem  Cunctans, tis, part.: from
grere, to crucify.                   Cunctor, ari, atus sum, dep., to de.
Cuiquam, see Quisquam.           lay, stay, linger; to hesitate, be perCujuscumquemindi, or cujuscumque plexed or at a loss, doubt, scruple.
mrodi, (gen. of quicumque 4' modus), of ~ 265.
whatever kind or sort, whatsoever i  Cunctus, a, un, adj., all, all togemay be.                            ther, the whole. It either agrees with
CijuslTbet, see Quilibet.        its noun or governs it in the genitive.
Cujusmidi, or cujus modi, of what ~ 212, R 2. N. 6.
kind or sort, of whatever kind.       CupWdi, adv. (cupidus), eagerly
CujusquemUdi, or cujusque modi, gladly.
(gen. of quisque  mnodus), of what   Cupidttas, atis, f. (cupidus), desire,
kind; of each or every kind, every.  fondness; eager or inordinate desire,
Culpa, ca, f., a fault, blame, guilt, lust, passion; thirst for gain, avarice,
offence, crime.                    excessive love of money, covetous.
Cultor, bris, m. (cole), a cultivator, ness.
tiller, husbandman; an inhabitant.   Cupido, Ynis,f. 4 m. (cupio), desire,
Exercitus agri ac pecoris magis quam eagerness, appetite, thirst, cupidity,
belli cultor,-skilled in, conversant passion. Cupido honoris, the desire
with fields and herds of cattle-.  of preferment, ambition.
Cultus, fis, m. (colo), cultivation, cul-  CupVdus, a, ur, adj. (cupio), ~ 213,
ture. Fig. culture, care, attention, im- ~ 275, III, R. 1. (2.) desirous, fond,
provement, education; attire, dress, eager.
clothing, apparel, habit. Cultus cor-  Cupiendus, a, um, part. 4 adj. (cut
poris, dress, apparel;-style; manner pie), to be desired, desirable.
of living, habits of life; elegance in  Cupiens, tis, part. 4 adj., desiring,
dress, furniture, &c.; provision or sup- desirous, wishing, willing, favoring,
plies of the necessaries and conve- friendly, eager, ardent: from
niences of life, things necessary or  Cupio, Fre, ivi, itum, a., ~ 271, to
convenient for sustenance, education, covet, desire, be willing, wish, long
&c. Filiorun ejus multus pueritice for.
cultus, large supplies for the childhood  Cura, C, f, care, concern, anxiety,
of his sons, i. e. supplies of whatever solicitude, trouble, sorrow, affliction.
was requisite for his sons during their diligence, attention, study, thought,
childhood;-luxuries, delights, plea- regard; management, charge. Haie




CURATOR              171             DECEDO
re cure,, ~ 227, & R. I & 2, to pay regard to, attend to, aid. Est mihi cure,           D
I have a care or regard, I take care  D., an abbreviation of the praenoof, attend to. Cum cur&, carefully, men Decimus.
diligently. Curam habere, to be con-  Dabar, aris, m.. a Numidian, the
cerned or anxious, to care for.    grandson of Masinissa. J. 108,Curator, oris, m. (curo), an overseer, 112.
agent, manager, superintendent.     Damasippus, i. m., (L.)'was cityCuria, a, f., one of the thirty parts pretor, A. U. C. 671. He was attachinto which Romulus divided the Ro- ed to the party of Marius, and put to
man people, a curia or ward; the con- death great numbers of the nobility
secrated place where the curie assem- belonging to the opposite faction. He
bled; the place where the senate met, was himselfdultimately put to death
the senate-house.               - by Sylla. C. 51.
Curius, i, m. (Q.), a profligate Ro-  Damnatus, a, um, part.: from
man senator who conspired with Ca-   Damno, are, avi, atum, a., to con
tiline. C. 17, 18.                demn, doom, sentence: from
Curo, are, avi, atum, a. (cura), ~ 273,  Damnum, i, n., loss, hurt, damage,
1. to take care of, look to, cause, injury, disadvantage.
order, attend to, provide, regard; also,  Datus, a, um, part. (do).
either with or without an accusative, to  De, prep. with the abl., of, from; by;
have the superintendence, care, or after; about, concerning; because of
control,todotheduties ofacommander, on account of, owing to; among.
to manage, preside over, govern, coin- De with the abl. is sometimes used inmand.                             stead of the accusative after an active
Cursus, us, m. (curro, to run), a run- verb, but in a sense somewhat different;
ning, the act of running; a course, presenting the object not as one thing
journey, way. Cursu, abl., quickly, but as resolved into parts; and may be
speedily, in haste; also, in running.  translated simply concerning, respectCustodia, te, f., the act of keeping ing, or the things, the circumstances,
or guarding; a guard-house, a prison. the particulars, the facts, &c. relating
Libera custodia, free custody, when a to; as, indicare de conjuratione; do.
criminal of high rank was committed cere de ccede; de casu alicujus cognoto the charge of some responsible indi- scere, etc. This form of expression
vidual, to be kept safely until he was is equivalent to the Greek ra repi or
tried, but without being committed to rT, followed by the genitive. For its
prison:-a guard, watch: from      force in composition, see ~ 197, 7.
Custos, 5dis, m. 4 f., a keeper, pre-  Debeo, ere, ui, itum, a. (de 4 habeo),
server, guard, watch; a guardian, de- to owe, be in debt, be indebted to, be
fender, protector.                 obliged to. With the infinitive, it deCyrene, es, f.   4  Cyrene, a Gre- notes duty, it is proper, it is indispencian city in the north part of Africa. sable, one ought.  271.
J. 19.                            I Debltus, a, um, part. (debeo), owing,
Cyrenensis, e, adj. (Cyrene), Cyre- due, merited, deserved.
nian, relating to Cyrene. Cyrenenses, I Decido, ere, cssi, essum, n. (de 4
ium, m., the Cyrenians. J. 79.    cedo), $ 242, & R  1. to depart, go
Cyrus, i, m, Cyrus the Great, the away, withdraw, retire, retreat; to
founder of the Persian empire. C 2. abate, die away, subside; to retire




DECEM                172            DEFENSO
from, depart from, qui; to give place, hCc parata atque decreta, during these
yield                             preparations and resolves.
D)sci, num. adj. ind., ten.       Decus, oris, n. (decet), an ornament,
December, bris, m. (decem), the month grace; credit, reputation, character,
December, the tenth month from honor; what is becoming. Contra
March, which was the first month of decus regium, contrary to, or in derothe Roman year. It is also used as gation of regal dignity. Sine decore,
an adjective, of December.         in sorry plight.
Dfcerno, ire, crevi, cretum, a. (de 4  Dedecuro, are, avi, a., to dishonor
cerno), ~ 271, ~ 272,'273, 2, $ 262, R. disgrace, render infamous: from
4, to think, judge, conclude; to delib-  Dedecus, uris, n. (de 4' decus), discrate, determine, resolve; to decide, grace, dishonor, shame, infamy; a
pronounce, settle; to decree, vote, or- disgraceful action. Per dedecus or
der, appoint, assign, grant; to fight, per dedecora, dishonorably, disgracecontend.                          fully, in disgraceful ways.
Decet, decere, uit, imp., it becomes,  Dedi, see Do.
is becoming or proper, beseems, be-  Deditio, onis, f. (dedo), a yielding
hooves, is right, fit, suitable or meet, up, surrender, submission, capitulaone ought. With a nominative, Quca tion. Facere deditionem, to surrendab imperatore decuerint, such things er, capitulate. In deditionem accipere,
as it behooved a commander (to pro- to receive on surrender.
vide). For its construction, see ~ 223,  Dedititius, a, um, adj. (deditio), one
& ~ 269, & R. 2, & ~ 209, R. 3. (5), and who has surrendered. Dedititius est,
(a).                              he has surrendered.
Decemus, a, um, num. adj. (decem),  Deditus, a, um, part. 4' adj., given,
the tenth.                        given up; devoted, addicted, attached
Decrmus, i, m. (decem), a Roman to: from
prtrnomen.                          Dedo, gre, deddi, deditum, a. (de in.
Declaro, are, avi, atum, a. (de 4 tensive 4 do),  223, to give, give up,
claro, to make clear), to declare, show submit, surrender, capitulate; to apclearly, evince, tell, manifest; to de- ply or devote one's self to.
dare, proclaim.                     Deduco, are, uxi, uctum, a. (de 4
Declivis, e, adj. (de 4 clivus, an as- duco, ~ 197, 7), to bring or lead down;
cent), bending downwards, steep, slop- to convey, conduct, remove, withing, declining.                   draw, bring or lead forth, lead
DecorS, adv. (decorus), becomingly, out; to accompany; to bring, lead,
fitly, properly.                  move.
Decoro, are, avi, atum, a. (decus), to  Deductus, a, urn, part. (deduce,) led,
adorn, beautify, grace, embellish, de- conducted, brought, removed. ~ 242.
corate.                             Defendo, ere, di, sum, a (de 4 fenDecorus, a, urn, adj. (decus), come- do, obs.), abl. with ab. to keep or ward
ly, graceful, beautiful; proper, becom- off, repel; to defend, keep, protect,
ing, fit, seemly, decorous.       guard, preserve; to maintain, assert,
Decritum, i, n, (decerno), a decree, support.
act, ordinance, statute. Decretumfit,  Defensio, onis, f. (defendo), a dowith ut. J. 16.                   fending, defence.
Decretus, a, urn, part. (decerno), de-  Defenso, are, a. freg (defendo), to
tennried, resolved, appointed. Inter defend.




DEFENSOR              173              DEMO
Defcnsor, rris, m. (defendo), a de- prtmum-dehinc, in the first placefender, advocate, preserver,       in the second place.
Defessus, a, um, adj. (de 4-fessus),  Deinceps, adv. (dein 4r capio), suc
weary, tired, worn out, fatigued, faint, cessively, after that, next, in the next
languid, exhausted.                place.
DefIcio, ere, eci, ectltm, n. 4- a. (de  Delectus, a, urn part. 4 adj. (deligo;,
Scfacio), to fail, be wanting; to lose chosen, selected, elected.  Delecti,
strength or power, become feeble; to orum, m. pl., men chosen or selected;
perish, cease; to be discouraged or a select band of soldiers.
disheartened, give up, give over; to  Delectus, us, m. (deligo), a choosing
end; to forsake; with a and abl. to selecting, choice; a levy of soldiers.
rebel, revolt.                     Habere delectum, to make a levy, draft
Dejfuo, Ire, uxI, n. (de 4 fluo, to soldiers.
flow), to flow down; to fall off. Fig.  Deleo, ere, evi, ltum, a., to blot out,
to escape, vanish, pass away, cease, efface, expunge, erase. Fig. to overperish, go to waste or decay.      throw, destroy.
Deformitus, a, um, part., deformed,  Deletus, a, um, part. (deleo).
disfigured, marred. Fig. changed,    Delicit, arurn,f. pl. (delicio, to enhumbled, brought low, shorn of one's tice), delights, pleasures, pastimes, deglory: from                        licacies, luxuries.
Deformo, are, avi, atum, a. (de 4  Delictum., i, n. (delinquo), a fault,
formo, to form), to form, fashion; to crime, guilt, offence, sin. Delicta cordeform, disfigure, spoil.          rigere, to rectify abuses, correct evils.
Degredior, i, gressus sum, dep. (de  Deltgo, ere, egi, ectum, a. (de 4 lego),
gradior, to step), ~ 242, to descend, to choose, pick out or select, in refe.
go down.                           rence to a particular use or purpose.
Degusto, are, avi, atum, a. (de 4  Delinaqu, ere, liqui, lictum, a. 4- n.
gusto, to taste), to taste, taste of.  (de 4- linquo, to leave), to fail, be wantDehinc, adv. (de 4 hinc), henceforth, ing; to fail in duty, offend, trespass,
hereafter; afterwards, after this or transgress, do wrong, do or act amiss.
that, next, then, in the next place. Es, que delinquo, the faults which I
See Deinde.                        commit, my crimes or faults.
Dehortor, ari, atus sum, dep. (de 4  Delubrum, i, a., a shrine, temple.
hortor), to dissuade, discourage, ad-  Dementia, ae,f. (demens, mad), madvise to the contrary, dissuade from. ness, folly. Per dementiam, through
An infinitive following it is translated madness, madly.
by the English gerundive, as, Scribere  Demissus, a, um, part. 4 adj., low
dehortatur me fortuna mea,-from let down, sunk. Fig. cast down, diswriting.  Dehortari ab   aliquo, to heaitened, dejected, sad, melancholy,
discourage from espousing one's downcast, discouraged; low, humble,
cause, or engaging in    one's de- in humble life, in a private station:
fence.                             from
Dein, or Deinde, adv. (de 4- in, or  Demitto, ere, isi, issum, a. (de 4
tnde), then, after that, afterwards, mitto), to send down, cast, thrust or
again, thence, from thence; hereafter, let down, lower. Fig. to fix, fasten,
in future; in marking the divisions of impress. In pectus demittere, to ima subject, next in order, in the next press deeply on tlie mind.
place. Ptrmum-deinde, and rarely| Demo, Ire, dempsi, demptum, a.'de




DEMUM                174           DETRECTO
r emo), ~ 224, R. 2, to take-away, take scando, to climb), to go down, desoff, subtract, withdraw, remove.   cend, descend from. Fig to pene.
Dezmum, adv., at length, at last, trate, sink into, pierce, make an imfinally, only, alone, exclusively. Turn pression.
demum, then at length, not till then;-  Descensus, us, m. (descendo), a detruly, certainly, indeed, in truth, espe- scent.
cially. Ea demumfirma amicitia est,  Desero, ere, serui, sertum, a. (de.
that indeed-.                      sero), to abandon, leave forsake, deDenego, are, avi, atum, a. (de 4 sert.  Tempus deserat, time would
nego), to deny, not suffer; not to give, fail. Desesere labores, etc., to cease
refuse to give; to refuse.>        to perform, discontinue, leave off
Deni, aE, a. num. adj. ~ 119, III, (de-  Desertus, a. um, part 4 adj. (desero,
cem), ten by ten, ten, ten each.   abandoned, deserted, {4c.; desert, lone
Denique, adv., to conclude, in fine, ly, uninhabited.
at last, finally, in short; at length.  Desidero, dre, avi, atum, a., to deo
Depello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. (de 4 sire, wish, long for; to regret, need,
pello), to drive, put or thrust down; require.
to drive away, expel, remove, repel.  Desidia, B, f. (deses, idle), sloth,
Depono, are, posui, posltum, a. (de 4. slothfulness, idleness, inactivity,
pono), to lay or put down, lay, put; to  Designatus, a, ur, part. 4 adj.,
lay by, throw aside; to cast away, lay consul, prcetor, etc. designatus, consul,
aside, abandon; to leave, leave off, &c. elect:from
give up.                             Designo, are, avi, atum, a. (de 4
Depravo, are, avi, atum, a. (de &4pra- signo), to mark, mark out; to signify
vus), to deprave, spoil, corrupt, vi- denote, mean; to choose, elect, ap.
tiate.                             point.
Depricor, ari, atus sum, dep. (de 4  Desino, gre, sivi, strum, n. 4 a. (de
precor, to pray), to pray for earnestly, 4. sino), to cease, leave off, give over
supplicate, beseech, beg; to deprecate, desist, to end, terminate.
avert by prayer, beg to be freed or  Desisto, ere, sttit, sStum, n. (de.
saved from, pray that some evil may sisto, to stand); $ 242, R. 1. to cease,
be averted; to avert, remove, drive or give over; desist from, leave off.
turn away, avoid, escape; to allege in  Despectus, a, um, part.:from
deprecation or plead in excuse, offer  Desplcio, ere, exi, ectum, a. (de 4
as an apology. ~ 272.              specie, to see), to look down upon.
Deprehendo, ire, di, sum, a. (de 4 Fig. to despise, contemn, look upon
prehendo, to take), to seize, catch, ar- with contempt; to disdain.
rest, take unawares, overtake; to take  Desum, deesse, defui, irr. n. (de 4'
in the act, detect, surprise; to find, sum), with dat. ~ 224, R. 1. to fail, be
discover, perceive, discern.       wanting or lacking. Deest mihi, it is
Deprehensus, a, um, part, (depre- wanting to me, I lack.
hendo).                              Deterreo, ire, vi, ltum, a (de 4 ierDepressus, a, un, part., depressed, reo), 5 242, & R. 1. to deter, frighten,
sunk:from                          scare, discourage.
Deprlmo, ire, pressi,pressum, a. (de  Detlneo, ire, ui, entum, a. (de 4f
4 premo), to -press or weigh down, de- teneo), to detain, keep, hold, hinder.
press, sink.                         Detrecto, are, dvi, alum, a. (de 4.
Dr.scetdo, ere, di, sum, n. (de 4 tracto), to decline, refuse; to speak ill




DETRIMENTUM              175          DILIGENTER
3f, disparage, diminish, lower, sink, die noctuque, $ 253, day and night. In
impair the reputation of.          dies, daily, from day to day, every
l)etrtmentum, i, n. (detero, to wear), day. Diem statuere, to appoint or fix
detriment, disadvantage, damage, loss, a day;-time, length of time.
harm.                                Difficlis, e. adj. (dzs 4 facilis), $
Deus, i, m. S 53, a god, deity, divi- 222, 3, hard, difficult. Difficilis aditu,
nity. Per deos immortales, in questions hard to approach, of difficult'access,
and exhortations denotes earnestness, 250, 1.
really, pray tell, &c.               Difficultas, atis, f. (difficilis, ~ 101,
Devictus, a, um, part., conquered, 2), difficulty, trouble.
overcome, made to yield, overruled:  Difficulter, adv. (difficilis), difficulty
from                               with difficulty. Haud dificulter, withDevinco, ere, vici, victum, a. (de 4 out difficulty,
vinco), to conquer, vanquish, subdue,  Diffidentia, ce, f., mistrust, distrust,
overcome, make to yield.           want of confidence, diffidence:from
Dexter, tera, terum, 4 tra, trum, adj.  Diffido, ere, diffisus sum, n. pass. $
~ 125, 4, right, on the right hand.  142,1 & 2, (dis fido, to trust to), and
Dextera 4 Dextra, cf. (sc. manus), ~ 223, R. 2, to distrust, mistrust, lack
the right hand; the right side. Dex- confidence, despair, give up as, hopeIra, sinistra, on the right and left.  less, despair of, fear.
Dextlmus, a, um, adj. sup. of dexter,  Dignitas, dtis,f., merit, desert; dig125, 4, farthest to the right, on the nity, greatness, authority, rank, repuextreme right.                     tation, standing, honor, nobility, exDico, ere, ixi, ictum, a., ~ 272, ~ 271, cellence, eminence, worth; office:
& R. 2, I 265, to speak, say, tell. Dicere from
sententiam, to give one's opinion as a  Dignus, a, um, adj. ~ 244, worthy,
senator, to vote;-to set forth, recount, deserving, either in a good or bad sense.
narrate, relate, record, write, write of, Non dignus, unworthy;-convenient,
celebrate, report; to appoint; to agree meet, fit, suitable, proper, deserved.
to, determine, fix upon; to mention; Digna timere, to fear condign or meritto speak in public, harangue, plead.  ed punishment.
Dictito, are, dvi, atum, a.freq. (dico),  Digredior, edt, gressus sum, dep.
I 272, $ 276, III. to speak or tell often, (dis 4 gradior, to step), to go or step
give out, say commonly; to pretend. aside, turn aside; to depart, set off,
Dictum, i, n. (dico), a word, saying, separate, part.
expression; a command; a proverb;    Digressus, a, um, part. (digredior).
the response of an oracle; an answer,  Dilabor, i, lapsus sum, dep. (dis 4
reply; a prediction, prophecy.     labor), to slip or glide different ways,
Dictus, a, um, part. (dico), said, to flee, run away, disperse, be scatterspoken, narrated, related, recorded, ed; to decay, go to ruin, fade or melt
mentioned, determined.             away, waste, come to nothing, pass
Dideci, see Disco.               away.
Didueco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (dis. 4 duco,  Dilaceratus, a, urn, part.:from
I 196 (b.)), to lead or draw aside, sepa-  Dilacero, are, avi atum, a. (dts 4
rate, sever, part, divide.         lacero), to tear or rend in pieces, deDiductus, a, um,part. (diduco).  stroy, waste, make havoc of.
Dies, diei, m.  f., in pl. m. only, I  Dilapsus, a, um, part. (dilabor).
90, a day. Dies noctesque ~ 236, and  Diligenter, adv. (diligens, diligent),
16




DILIGENTIA              176             DISSERO
diligently, carefully, attentively, indus- separate, divide; to determine, judge,
triously.                           ~ 265.
Diligentia, C,f. (diligens), diligence,  Disciplina, aC, f. (disco), discipline,
carefulness, attention, industry.   instruction, learning, education; sciDimidius, a, um, adj. (dis, medi- ence, skill; an art, profession; mill
us), halved, half.                  tary discipline; use, custom, habit.
Dimitto, Ire, misi, missum, a. (dis 4  Disco, ere, didici, a. 4 n., ~ 271, to
mitto), to send different ways or to learn, acquire a knowledge of; to
different places, send off or away, dis- study; to understand, know.
patch; to dismiss, discharge, let go,  Discordia, Ce, f. (discors, discordsend away, discard; to lay aside; to ant), discord, dissension, disagreeleave, omit, forego, pass over; to re- ment, variance, debate, strife, broil.
mit, forgive.                         Discordiosus, a, um, adj. (discor.
Dimoveo, ire, mmv, mbtum, a. (dis dia), prone to discord, quarrelsome.
4, moveo), to move, stir; to put aside,  Discrimen, inis, n. (discerno), a diremove, separate. Fig. to alienate.  vision, separation; a difference, dis
Dirlmo, ere, emi, emptum, a. (dis 4^ tinction.
emo), to part, divide, separate; to in-  Disjectus, a, um, part. 4, adj., dis
terrupt, put an end to, put a stop to, persed, routed, scattered: from
break off; to render n.ll, frustrate.  Disjlcio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. (dis 4
Diripio, ere, ripui, reptum, a. (dis 4 jacio, to cast), to cast asunder, to
rapio), tc tear asunder or in pieces; overthrow, disperse, scatter, rout, dis
to plunder, spoil, pillage, rob, seize, comfit, put to flight.
carry off.                            Disjungo, ere, xi, ctum, a. (dis 4
Diruo, ere, ui, itum, a. (dis 4, ruo, jungo, to join), to disunite, disjoin,
to overthrow), to pull down, over- separate, divide.
throw, destroy, demolish.             Dispar, aris, adj. (dis 4 par), uneDis see Deus.                     qual, dissimilar, unlike, different.
Discedo, Ire, cessi, cessum, n. (dis 4  Dispergo, ere, si, sum, a. (dis 4 sparcedo), to part, divide, open; to depart, go, to scatter), to scatter on all sides,
go away; to go, betake one's self. disperse. Fig. to spread abroad, disDiscedere, abire, etc. are used to mark seminate, scatter.
the result of a contention, to come off;  Dispersus, a, urn, part. (dispergo).
as, discedere aqua manu, see Manus.   Dispertio, ire, ivi, itum, a. (dis 4
Discedere victus, to be vanquished or partio), to divide, distribute.
worsted. In alicujus sententiam dis-  Dispono, ere, posui, positum, a. (dis
cedere, to go over to his opinion, to f pono), to place here and there, to
vote with him  on a division of the distribute; to place or set in order,
senate, to approve of or assent to his dispose, arrange; to station.
opinion. Ab armis discedere, to lay   DisposTtus, a, um, part. (dispono).
down one's arms. Profugus disce-      Dissensio, onis,f., a disagreement,
dere, to flee.                      dissension, difference, variance - from
Discepto, are, avi, atum, a. (dis 4  Dissentio, ire, si, sum, n. (dis 4 sen.
capto) with de and abl. to contend, tio), to be of a contrary' opinion, disdispute, debate, discuss, confer, rea- sent, disagree. Fig. to differ, be difson; to judge, decide, determine.   ferent or dissimilar.
Dtscerno, ere, crevi, cretum, a. (dis  Dissero, ere, serui, sertum, n. (dis 4
4 cerno) to distinguish, discern; to sero, to join together), with de and the




DISSIMILIS             177                DO
abl. rarely with acc. and sometzmes der or in pieces, separate, disjoin; to
with both acc. 4- abl to discourse, talk, tear away, separate by violence.
converse, debate, reason, argue, dis-  Diverse, adv., in different parts, dipute, speak, treat or speak of, discuss; versely; different ways.  Pauci pau.
to declare, relate, 0 265.          lo diversiius conciderant,-in places
Dissin1ilis, e, adj. (dis 4- similis), slightly different,-a little removed:
$ 250, unlike, dissimilar, different.  from
Dissimiltter, adv. (dissimilis), differ-  Diversus, a, um, part. 4 adj. (diver.
ently, in a different manner.       to, to turn aside), turned another way
Dissimulator, oris, m., a dissembler; turned different ways, in different dione who conceals the truth, one who rections, from  different quarters, at
pretends that that is not which is, different places, separate. Omnesjam
skillful in dissimulation: from     antea,diversi audistis,-have already
Dissimulo, are, dvi, atum, a. (dis 4 heard separately, or some in  one
simulo), to dissemble, cloak, disguise, place, some in another;-opposite,
conceal, counterfeit, feign.        contrary; different, unlike, of a differDissolvo, ere, solvi, solitum, a. (dis ent character, having different views
4- solvo), to dissolve, loose, untie, un- or tastes, inconsistent, diverse, variloose, disunite; to dissipate; to re- ous. Diversus agitabatur, was varimove, terminate, end, put an end to, ously agitated, was agitated by oppodestroy. Dissolvi senectute, to die of site feelings. Reges diversi, pars inold age.                            genium, alii corpus exercebant,-purDistraho, ere, axi, actum, a. (dis 4- suing opposite courses.
traho), to draw or pull asunder, divide,  Dives, itis, adj., rich, wealthy, opuseparate; to perplex, distract.     lent.
Distrtbuo, ere, ui, fitum, a. (dis -  Divido, ere, vsi, vZsum,a., to divide,
tribuo), to divide, distribute.     part, separate; to distribute, portion
Ditio, 5nis,f., rule, power, donlin- out, allot.
ion, empire, authority.               Divinus, a, um, adj. (divus, divine),
Diu, adv. comp. diutius, sup. diutis- divine, heavenly.
srme, (properly the abl. of dins, obs. a  Divisio, bnis,f. (divido), a dividing,
day), in the day-time, by day; long, division, separation; a distribution.
for a long time. The comparative,     Divisus, a, um, part. (divido).
diutius, is sometimes used for the    DivitiaC, arum,f. pl. (dives), riches,
positive, diu.                      wealth.
Dius Fidius, i.e. Jovisfilius, the son  Divulgo, are, dvi, atum, a. (dis 4
of Jupiter, see Fidius. Dius, in this vulgo, to publish), ~ 265, to make pubcombination, is by some supposed to lie, publish, divulge, spread abroad.
be a Greek genitive, by others the no-  Do, dare, dedi, datum, a., -223 to
minative for Deus.                  give, bestow, grant, afford, offer, preDiuturnitas, atis,f., length of time, sent, furnish, confer, impart, make.
long  continuance, long   duration: occasion. Darefidem, to give a profrom                                mise, promise. Darefidem publicamn
Diuturnus, a, um, adj. (diu), of long to pledge the public faith, to give asduration or continuance, long, last- surance of impunity. Darejusjuran.
ing long continued, protracted.     dum, to take an oath, to swear. Dare
Divello, ere, velli, 4- vulsi, vulsum, operam, to endeavor, labor, strive,
a, (dis - vello, to pluck), to pull asun- take care, be at pains. Dare cngoe




DOCEO              178            DONUM
tium, to give in charge, to charge, deceit, treachery, cunning, fraud, arti
commission, direct. Dare ponas, to fice, craftiness; subtlety, dexterity
give satisfaction, hence, to suffer pun- adroitness, address, acuteness. Dole
ishment, be punished. Dare se, to an ver}, in pretence or in reality.
yield, submit, give up to, resign. Dare  Dominatio, onis, f., dominion, rule,
hostes victos, to conquer the enemy, ~ authority, government, power, sove274, R. 4, fin. Dare senattm legatis, to reignty, tyranny, despotism, dominagive an audience of the senate-, to tion: from
admit the ambassadors to plead their  Dominor, ari, dtus sum, dep., to be
cause before the senate. PrcEcipitem lord and master, rule, bear rule, reign,
dare, to throw, plunge or carry head- govern, domineer.
long, to precipitate. Dare litteras, to  Domrnuis, i, m. (domus), a master of
deliver-. Dare dono aliqutd, to give a house, master of slaves, proprietor,
anything as a present, to present, ~ possessor, owner, lord, ruler, master,
227. Dare provinciam, to commit, tyrant.
allot, assign-.                    Domntus, a, um, part. 4. adj., tamed,
Doceo, ere, ui, turn, a., ~ 231, & R. subdued; tame: from
3, ~ 272, ~ 271, ~ 265, to show, inform,  Domo, are, ui, ztum, a., to subdue,
tell, declare; to teach, instruct. Doc- conquer, overcome, vanquish, break
tus sum, I have been taught, hence, I or tame wild animals; to obtain the
know.                            mastery over, gain the ascendency,
Doctr, adv. (doctus), learnedly, skill- surmount; to render easy or practicafully.                           ble.
Doctor, oris, m. (doceo), a teacher,  Domus, us, 4 i, f., ~ 89, a private
instructor, master.              house, a house, home, habitation,
Doctus, a, urn, part. 4 adj. (doceo), dwelling, place of abode. Domi, at
O 250, ~ 271, R. 1, taught. instructed; home, 2 221, R. 3, in one's own house,
learned, skilled, well versed.   ri 6oine's own country. Doimi ilitie.
Documentum, i, n. (doceo), adocu- que or belli, in peace and in war
ment, example, pattern, lesson; a Domi-foris, at home-abroad. Do.
proof, instance, specimen.       mum, after a verb of motion, home;
Dolens, tis, part. 4 adj., grieving, se domum proripere, to hasten home,
sorrowing, deploring, lamenting, occa- $ 237, R. 4. Domo, from home; domo
sioning vexation or chagrin, painful, egressus, leaving home, O 255. R. 1.
afflictive, offensive, ~ 222, 3: from.  Extorrem patria, domo, an exile from
Doleo, ere, ui, n. 4 a., ~ 232, (2.) to my country and my home.
grieve, sorrow, be sad or sorry, be in  Donatus, a, urn, part., presented,
pain, be grieved or afflicted; to mourn, honored. rewarded, loaded with pretake to heart, grieve or be sorry for, sents: from
deplore, Jament.                   Dono, are, avi, ttum, a. (donum), to
Dolor, oris, m. (doleo), pain, grief, give liberally, bestow freely, present;
distress, sorrow, anguish, a painful with an accusative of the person, to
sense or feeling, indignation, chagrin, honor, reward, distinguish by revexation, resentment, anger, mortifi- wards.
cation. Dolor injuric, indignation or  Donum, i, n. (do), a gift, free gift
resentment on account of-.        present, offering, bribe.  Milztaria
Dolus, i. m., a devi.-; crafty pur- dona, military rewards, honorary repose, artifice, stratage:, -ik; i iile. wards bestowed publicly upon merito




DORMIO              179             EDICO
rious soldiers. Dignum dono, worth 1263, 2, & 4. Dum pararet, provided
the giving.                      he could-so he could but obtain.
Dormio, ire, ivi, itum, n., to sleep,  Duo, a, o, hnum. aij., two, S 118, 1.
be asleep, slumber.                Duodecim, num. adj. ind. (duo -4 deDubie, adv. (dubius), doubtfully, du- cem), twelve.
biously. Haud dubie, without doubt,  Duritia, ce, f, (durus, hard), hardundoubtedly, unquestionably.     ness, callousness, roughness, hardi
Dubitatio, onis, f., a doubting; ness, austerity, self-denial, power of
doubt, uncertainty, hesitation, sus- endurance.
pense, irresolution, indecision. Per  Duum, see Duo, & $ 118, 1, R. 1.
dubitationem, in indecision: from  Dux, ducis, m. d4f., a leader, guide,
Dubito, are, avi, atum, n., ~ 271, conductor, general.
O 265, to doubt, be in doubt, be uncertain, hesitate, scruple, waver, de-          E.
lay, be backward, be reluctant.
Dublium, i, n., doubt, uncertainty.  E or Ex, prep. with the abl. $ 195,
In  dubio, in  doubt, in  danger: R. 2, from, out of. Denoting the mafrom                             terials of which any thing is made, of,
Dubius, a, um, adj. (duo), ~ 265, out of. Denoting time, from, since,
doubtful, dubious, uncertain, danger- after.-Of; on account of, in conseous; hesitating, wavering; dark, quence of; partitively, of, among;threatening, gloomy.  Dubie res, according to, in accordance or controubles, difficulties, perils, perplexi- formity with; in, on. Ex altera parte,
ties, adverse or untoward circumstan- on the other side. Pendere ex aliquo,
ces: also, subjects of doubt or perplex- to depend upon-. E or ex with the
ity. Hostes dubii,-wavering, on the ablative is often used to denote a repoint of giving way.             mote cause. With its noun it is often
Ducenti, cT, a, num, adj. (duo 4 cen- uwed instead of an adverb; as, Ex imturn), two hundred.              proviso, unexpectedly. Denoting a
Duco, ere, xi, ctum, a., to draw, lead, change of condition, from, in place of,
conduct, take along; to protract; to instead of, from being, after: E; sumlead, command, as a general; to at- ma lctitia, tristitia invasit. Ex vo.
tract; to take, assume, acquire; to es- luntate, according to one's pleasure,
teem, hold, think, consider, account, wish, desire, as one pleases. Ex copi&
reckon, regard, place, put, ~ 214, ~ 227, rerum, literally, from  the store of
$ 230, ~ 272; to ascribe, impute, attri- things, plans, or measures; i. e. from
bate, construe. When joined with which a choice could be made, in pretrahere and rapere which denote the sent circumstances. Ex sententia, acact of acquiring by violence, ducere is cording to one's wishes. Ex senten.
supposed to mean, to obtain by cun- tia ambobus, acceptable to both. In
sing and deceit, to enrich one's self composition, see ~ 196, 6, & ~ 197, 9.
by fraud.                          Ea, see Is.
Ducto, are, ivi, atum, a.freq. (duco),  E., adv, (is), sc. parte, or vat, that
to lead frequently, lead, conduct, com- way, through that place, in that way.
mand as a general.                 Eadem, adv. (properly abl. fern. of
Dum, conj. 4 adv., while, whilst, idem, sc. via), the same way.
whilst that, during the time that or in  Ecce, int., lo! see! behold!
which, as long as; until; provided,  Eldico, ere, xi, ctum, a. 4 n. (e &
16*




EDICTUM              180             EJECTUS
dico) ~ 265, to declare publicly, speak (ex - fugio), to fly, fly away, escape.
out, relate, tell, publish, order.  flee: ~ 229, to avoid, shun, evade,
Edictulm, i, n. (edico), an edict, pro- escape from.
clamation, order, charge, injunction,  Ejfundo, re,fjidi,fiisum, a. (ex 4
general order.                      undo), O 242, to spill, pour out, shed'
Edltus, a, um, part. 4 adj., publish- to spread, scatter, disperse; to pour or
ed; raised, elevated; high, lofty. Edi- rush forth in crowds.
tus in immensum, of vast height: from  EffUse', adv., in a scattered manner
Edo, lre, edidi, editum, a., to utter without restraint, loosely, scatteringly
or put forth, speak; to declare, show, irregularly:from
tell, relate, set forth, exhibit; to pub-  Effsus, a, um,part. 4, adj. (efftndo),
lish, put out, spread abroad, make poured out; let loose, scattered, disknown; to raise, elevate.          persed, in disorder, spread abroad.
Edoceo, ere, ui, tum, a. (e 4 doceo, poured forth. Effusi consedere,-irreO 197, 9), O 231, & R. 3, ~ 265, ~ 271, to gularly, in a disorderly manner.
teach, instruct carefully; to direct,  Egens, tis, part. 4 adj. (egeo), needshow, inform, make known.          ing, wanting, demanding, requiring;
Edoctus, a, urnm, part. (edoceo), ~ needy, in want, poor, destitute of.
234, I.                            Egentissinus quisque, the most needy:
Educo, ere, xi, ctum, a. (e - duco), from
to draw or lead forth, draw out, draw.  Egeo, Ire, uz, n.. 250, 2, (2.) &  i
Effectus, a, urnm, part. (efficio), made, 220, 3, to need, want, be in want of,
done, finished, completed.         stand in need of, require, be destitute
Effemnno, are, ivi, itutm, a. (ex 4- of, lack, be lacking in.
femina, a female), to make feminine;  Egestas, atis, f. (egeo), want, poto enervate, render soft or effeminate. verty, indigence, beggary; destitution.
Efflro, ferre, extili, elatum, irr. a.  Ego, mei, pro. ~ 132, & ~ 133, m. 4ex 4-fero), to bring forth, carry forth. I; pl. nos, we. Mecum, with myself,
or out; to produce, yield; to publish; in my own mind.
to say, speak; to raise, exalt, advance,  Egomet, intensive pro. m. 4-f., ~ 133,
promote. Se efferre, to boast one's R. 2, I myself. Nosmet, we ourselves.
self, pride one's self, be elated, puffed Egridtor, Idi, gressus sum, dep. (e
up. Pecunia aut honore efferre, to &4 gradior, to step), ~ 242, & R. 1, &
distinguish by pecuniary rewards or R. 3, last clause, ~ 276, II. to go out,
promotion.                         depart, depart from, set forth from; to
Effltus, a, urnm, adj. (ex &4fetus, hav- ascend, mount, climb; to pass over,
ing brought forth), having brought go beyond. Scalis egressi, having asforth young; past bearing; worn out, cended by means of ladders.
exhausted, decayed, weak, feeble.    Egregius, a, um, adj. (e f- grex), exE fficio, ere,fleci,fectum, a. (ex 4-fa- cellent, remarkable, eminent, surpasscio), O 273, 1, to bring to pass, do, ing, egregious, notable, noble, singucflict, accomplish, complete, finish, to lar, rare, extraordinary.
make, perform, execute; to render; to  Egressus, us, m. (egredior), a going
cause, occasion.                   out.
Effrtn e, a:re, fregi,fractu.m,~ ac:  EEgressus,, urnm, part. (egredior%
4-frango), to break, break open, break  Eheu, int. ~ 238, 2. & ~ 240 ah!
in pieces                          alas!
Effdgio, Ire, Rigt, ugttum n., 4- a.. Ejectus, a, utl, part.: fom




EJICIO              181             EQUES
EJticio. Ore,jeci, jectunm, a. (e $ jacio), with a subj. or inf., ~ 273, 1, to make
Q 242, & R. 1, to cast or throw out, an effort, strive, struggle, endeavor
eject, expel; to banish, drive out.  try, exert one's self  Enisum  est
Elegaiter, adv. (elegans, elegant), pass. impers., an effort was made
elegantly, choicely, nicely, gracefully. they exerted themselves.
Elephantus, i, m. 4 f., an elephant.  Enumero, ire, avi, atum, a. (e 4- nuEloquentia, ce, f., (eloquens, elo- mero, to number), ~ 265, to enumerate,
quent), eloquence,                 recount, reckon up, recite.
Ementior, iri, itus sum, dep. (e 4  Enuncio, aire, avi, atum a. (e &4 nunmentior), to lie; to pretend falsely, cio), to pronounce, proclaim, declare,
feign, falsify, state or report falsely.  express, divulge, disclose, reveal.
Emereo, ire, ui, itum, a., and Eme-  Eo, ire, ivi, itum, irr. n., ~ 182, 210,
ieor, erz, itus sum, dep. (e 4f mereo), to to go, travel, march, proceed. Venum
merit, deserve; to serve out.      ire, see Venus. Perditum ire, to be
Emeritus, a, urn, part. pass. 4- act. going to destroy, to be bent upon de- adj. (emereo 4- emereor), merited, de- stroying, ~ 276, II.  Eunt ereptum
served. Homines emeritis stipendiis, prcemia, ~ 276, II. R 2. Contra in-'211, R. 6, men who have completed jurias armatus ire, to go in arms-,
their term of military service.    to take up arms-. Ire pedibus in
Eminens, tis, part. f adj., rising up, sententiam, to agree, or go over to any
standing out, eminent, high, lofty, pro- one's opinion. In the Roman senate,
jecting:from                       when two or three of the senators had
Emineo, ere, ui, n. (e 4j mineo, to expressed their opinions, the rest were
hang over), to rise or grow up, be accustomed to go over to the seats of
raised above, stand out, project.  those of whose opinions they approved.
EmInus, adv. (e 4 manus), from a Obviam itum est, see Obviam,
distance, at a distance, afar off.   E, adv. (is), Eb is used either for
Emissus, a, urn, part.: fron    tlhe d dative of is, orfor the ablative,
Emitto, ere, misi, missum, a. (e 4- (a), thither, to that place, to this.
mitto,) to send forth or out, let go; to When followed by ut, quo, or a geni
sling, hurl, throw, discharge.     tive, so far, to such a pitch or degree.
Emo, ere, emi, emptum, a., to buy, to that degree, to such a pass, $ 212,
purchase.                          R. 4, N 3. (b) For ibi or in eo loco,
Emorrior, i, mortuus sum, dep. (e 4 there, in that place.  With comparamorior), to die, die outright, utterly tives, by so much, so much, the.
perish. Emori per virtutem, to die Also, either with or without the parbravely.                           ticles, quo, quod, quia, &c. on that acEmptor, oris, m. (emo), a buyer, pur- count, for that reason, for that, therechaser.                            fore; for this or that purpose.
En, int., lo! see! behold!         Eo, see Is.
Enim, conlj. 279,3, (c.) for, indeed,  Eodem, adv (idem) to the same
but, now. At enim, but, indeed. Enim place, thither, to the same end or obtero, or enimvero, indeed, truly.  ject, to the same purpose,
Enisus, a, urn, part. (enitor).    Epistila, e,f., a letter. epistle.
Enitesco, Ore, nitui, n. inc. (eniteo, to  Epulae, irum,f. pl., food, victuals,
shine), to shine forth, become famous, a feast, banquet.
become distinguished.                Eques, Itis, m. 4 f. (equus), a horseEnitor, i, nisus bum, dep. (e 4 nitor), man, trooper; a knight.  Equttes




EQUESTER             182              EVADO
knights, a title of rank amongst the  Eruditus, a, um, part. 4 adj. (eruRomans. The knights constituted an dio), taught, instructed, learned, skilorder of citizens between the patricians ful, versed, skilled.
and plebeians. Also, cavalry, horse,  Erumpo, ere, ipi, uptur, a. 4' n. (e
horsemen.                          - rumpo, to break). $ 242, to break or
Equester, tris, tre, adj. (eques), per- burst forth, sally forth.
taining to a horseman, equestrian.  Escendo, ere, di, sum, n. (e 4- scanEquestre proelium, a battle of cavalry; do, to climb), to mount, ascend.
-belonging to the Equites or knights.  Et, conj., and, even: et-et, bothEquester ordo, the order of knights. and, not only-but also. The clause
Equtdem, conj. (ex or e intensive, 4- introduced by et is sometimes explana.
quidem), indeed, truly, in truth, for my tory of the preceding one. Et like ac
part. This word in most authors is or atque has sometimes the force of et
usuallyjoined with verbs of the first quidem: see Atque, and is sometimes
person singular.                  used instead of sed. See Ac. Et is
Equitatus, us, m., riding; the cav- sometimes omitted, at the close of an
airy, a body of horsemen, troop of enumeration, before alius, cetera, relihorse: from                       quus, omnes, etc.
Equyto, are, Evi, atum, n. (eques), to  Etenim, conj. (ct 4 enim), for, truly,
ride on horseback.                because that.
Equus, i, m., a horse, steed. Equo  Etiam, conj. 4 adv., also, likewise,
citrosire, to ride round.          besides, even; yet, still, as yet. EtiErectus, a, urn, adj., part. (erigo), am atque etiam, again and again, over
erect, elevated.-'Fig- confident, en- and over again, repeatedly. Etiam
couraged, attentive, roused, excited, nunc, even now, still, yet. Etiam turn,
awakened.                         even then, down even to that time,
Ereptus, a, um, part. (eripio).  already. Etiam si, even if, although,
Ergo, illative, conj., therefore, then. though.  Etiamtum, adv. (etiam  4
ErIgo, ere, exi, ectum, a. (e 4 rego), tur), still at that time, still. This
to raise, erect, set upright; to lift or particle denotes that somethingformer
set up,-build up, elevate; to cheer ly existed which has now ceased to exist
up, encourage; to rouse, excite.     Etruria, mc,f., Etruria,' not TuscaErlpio, ere, ipui, eptum, a. (e 4 ra- ny, a country of Italy lying on the
pio), ~ 224, R. 2, & ~ 242, R. 1, to take right of the Tiber. C. 27.
away by force; take away, extort,   Eundo, gerund, (eo, ire).
wrest from; to free, liberate, rescue,  Eur&pa, e,f., Europe, one of the
withdraw, extricate, save, deliver from. three great divisions of the eastern
Ire ereptum, to be bent upon taking continent. It is said to have been
away, strive to take away.        named from   Europa the daughter of
Erratum, i, n., a mistake, error; a Agenor king of Phoenicia. J. 17.
fault, cffence: from                Evado, ere, si, sum, n. 4, a. (e 4 vaErro, are, avi, atum, n., to wander do), ~ 242, & R. 1. to go out, get a ay,
up and down, wander about, stray, go escape from; to make one's way
astray Fig.toerr,mistake, gowrong, penetrate, pass; to ascend, mount,
be mistaken.                      climb; to run away, escape  Fig. to
Eriidio, ire, ivi 4, ii, Itum, a. (e 4- end, turn out, terminate  become,
rudis), to teach. instruct, inform, di- prove. Evadere huc to end in this,
rect; to bring up, educate.       come to this.




EVENIO               183             EXISTIMO
Eovenio, ire, in,, entum, n. (e 4 ve-  Excio, ire, ivi, itum, and Exczeo
1io),  223, 260, R. 3, to come out, ere, ivi, Ytum, a. (ex 4 cio or cteo
come, proceed; to happen, fall out, S 242, to move), to raise, excite, rouse
occur, turn out; to fall by lot, fall to to call out, incite, induce, lead, disthe lot of.                         turb.
Eventus, us, m. (evenio), an event,  Exclpio, ere, epi, eptum, a. (ex 4f caaccident, issue, effect, result, conse- pio), to receive, take up; to except
quence, end.                          Excito, are, avi, atum, a.freq. (ex
Evocatus, a, ur, part., called out, cio), to call out, rouse, to move, stir
summoned, invited. Evocati, orum, up, excite, incite, spur on, stimulate.
m. pl., in military language, were vete-  Excitus, and Excitus, a, urn, part.
ran soldiers, who after completing their (excio and excieo).
term of service were induced to enlist  Exclamo, are, avi, atum, a. (ex 4
again, and to whom a more honorable clamo, to cry aloud), $ 272, to cry; or
station was assigned, re-enlisted vete- call out, exclaim; to call or say with
rans: from                          a loud voice.
Evoco, are, avi, atum, a. (e f voco),  Excriicio, are, avi, atum, a. (ex 4-'242, R. 1, to call out, invite, sum- crucio, to torment), to torture. Fig
mon; to reienlist.                  to afflict, torment, distress, disquiet,
Ex, see E.                        harass, fret, vex, disturb.
Exactus, a, urn, part. - adj. (exigo),  Excibo, are, ui, ltum, n. (ex &4 cubo,
driven away; past, finished, spent.  to lie), to sleep out of doors; to watch,
Excdijicatus, a, unm, part., built: keep watch, mount guard, stand senfrom                                try.
Excedifico, are, avi, atum, a. (ax 4  Exemplum, i, n. (extmo, to take out),
edifico), to build up, build, finish,  a copy, transcript; an example, inExcequatus, a, urn, part., shared stance, precedent.
equally, made equal: from             Exerceo, ere, ui, Itum, a. (ex 4 arExequo, are, avi, atum, a. (ex 4 ceo, to keep off), to practice, train,
c.quo, to level), to make equal or even, exercise, employ, use, make  use
equalize, equal; to make to tally with of, occupy, indulge, gratify; to conor agree. Facta dictis sunt exccquan- duct, carry on, prosecute.  Exerda, deeds must be truly represented cere inimicitias cum aliquo, to be on
by words, must be faithfully narrated. terms of enmity with-.
Fxagitatus, a, urn, part.: from     Exercitatus, a, urn, part. 4 adj., exExaglto, are, avi atum, a. (ex 4f agi- ercised, versed, trained, practiced, hato), to harass, vex, agitate, disturb; to bituated: from
rouse, stir up, irritate, move, excite;  Exerclto, are, iavi, atum, a. freq. (exto inveigh against, censure, reproach; erceo), to exercise.
to debate, agitate, discuss, bruit, noise  Exercitus, us, m. (exerceo), an army
abroad.                               Exercetus, a, urn, part. (exerceo), ex
Excedo, ere, essi, essum, n. (ex 4- ercised; wearied, tired; conducted
cedo), ~ 242, & R. 1, to depart, go forth, carried on.
retire, withdraw.                     Exigo, ere, egi, actum, a. (ex - ago).
Excelsus, a, um, adj. (excello, to be to lead out, to send fortn or out, to
high), high, lofty. In excelso cfatem drive out; to pass, lead, spend; to
agere, to live or pass one's life in an finish, complete, perform.
elevated station.                      ExisCdmo, are, avi, atum, a. (etx 4 s




EXITIUM              184           EXSANGUIS
time), O 272, to judge, think, esteem, experience; to find. Ertrema omnia
account, reckon, suppose, imagine; to experiri, to try all desperate measures,
decide, determine; to estimate, consi- to go to all extremes.
der, weigh, $ 265.                   Experrectus, part. (expergiscor).
Exitium, i, n. (exeo, to go out), ruin,  Expers, tis, adj. (ex 4- pars), ~ 213
mischief, destruction; issue, end, R. 5, (2.) not concerned in, free from,
death.                             without, destitute of, void of.
ExItus, us, m. (exeo), a going out,  Expertus, a, urn, part. (experior).
exit; an event. issue, end, close, ter-  Expilo, are, avi, atum, a. (ex e pilo
mination, result.                 to pillage), to rob, plunder, pillage.
Exopto, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ex 4   Expldno, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ex 4
opto), to wish or desire greatly, covet, piano, to make plain), to make plain
desire; to choose.                 or smooth. Fig. to explain, interpret,
Exorior, mri, ortus sum, dep. $ 177, shew, relate, tell.
(ex r. orior), to rise, arise, spring up.  Expleo, ere, evi, itum, a. (ex' pleo,
Exornatus, a, um, part. 4 adj., obs.) 249, I., to fill, fill up; to satisfy,
adorned, furnished, embellished:from satiate, gratify; to complete, accomExorno, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ex 4- plish, supply. Muneribus explere, to
orno, to fit out), ~ 249, I, to adorn, load with gifts.
embellish, deck out, dress; to furnish,  Explordtus, a, urn, part. 4- adj., cersupply, equip; to arrange, prepare, tainly known, ascertained, explored,
provide, dispose, make preparations.  sure: front
Exortus, a, um, part. (exorior).   Exploro, are, avi, dtum, a. (ex -
Expedio, ire, ivi f4 ii, itum, a. 4 n. ploro, to cry), ~ 265, to search dili(ex 4 pes), to free, discharge, liberate; gently, search, scrutinize, explore, exto disentangle, free from difficulties, amine, spy out, seek out, ascertain,
disengage, unloose, extricate; to des- reconnoitre.
patch, finish, put an end to, accom-  Expono, ere, osui, ositum, a. (ex 
plish, bring about, bring to a happy pono), to put out, set forth, expose; to
conclusion; to get ready, put in readi- explain, tell, relate, declare; to disness, prepare; to explain, relate, tell, play.
set forth.                           Expugno, are, avi, atum, a. (ex 
Expeditio, onis, f. (expedio), a mili- pugno), to conquer, vanquish, subdue,
tary expedition.                   overcome. Expugnare or expugnare
Expeditus, a, un, part. - adj. (expe- armis, to storm, carry or take by
dio), freed, liberated, disengaged; storm; to assault.
light armed, unencumbered; free from  Expulsus, a, urn, part. (expello).
baggage, prepared, equipped, ready.  Expurgo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (ex 4
Expello, ire, pili, pulsum, a. (ex 4- purgo, to cleanse), to purge, cleanse,
peUo), ~ 242, to drive out or away, ex- purify. Fig. to clear, justify, exculpel.                               pate, excuse.
ERpergiscor, i. experrectus sum, dep.  Exquiro, ere, quisivi, quisitum, a
(ezpergo, to awaken), to awake, rouse (ex 4 quaro), to search out, examine
one's self, rouse up.              ask, explore, inquire into, seek out.
Experimentum, i, n., an experiment, Exquirere sententias, to take the votes
trial, proof; experience: from     or opiniops.
Experior iri, expertus sum, dep., to  Exquisitus, a, um, part.'exqutro).
try, make trial of, use, attempt, prove.  Exsanguis, e, adj. (ex - sanguis)




EXSECRATIO              185               EXUO
without blood, bloodless, pale, lifelss,  Exsupero, are, dvi, datum, n.' a
feeble, weak, exhausted.            (ex 4' supero), to surpass, excel, ex
Exsecratio, 5nis, f., imprecation, ceed, go beyond, overcome.
execration, curse; an oath: from      Exsurgo, ere, surrexi, surrectum, n
Exsecror, iri, atus sum, dep. (ex 4 (ex' 4 surgo, to rise), to rise, rise up
sacro, to make sacred), to curse, exe- rouse one's self; to recover strength
crate, detest.                      take courage.
Exsequor, t, cutus sum, dep. (ex 4  Extenuatus, a, urn, part.: from
sequor), to follow, pursue; to copy,  Extenuo, are, dvi, dtum, a. ex 4'
imitate; to prosecute, continue; to tenuo, to make thin), to make small
execute, accomplish, do, perform.   or slender, to attenuate, thin  Ex
Exsilium, i, n. (ex 4' solum, the soil), tenuare aciem, to diminish the depth
banishment from   one's native soil, of the line by extending it in length
exile.                              to draw out, extend.
Exspectatio, 3nis, f., an expecting,  Exter or Exterus, a, urn, adj. $ 125
expectation, desire: from           4, (ex), of another country, foreign,
Exspecto, are, avi, atum, a. 4' n. (ex comp. exterior, sup. extremus, which
4 specto), to look for, wait for, expect; see.
to long for, hope or wish for, de-    Extollo, ire, a. (ex 4 tollo), to lift or
sire.                               hold up, raise up, elevate; to raise to
Exspolio, are, ivi, atum, a. (ex 4f high honors or offices; to praise, mag
spolio), to spoil, rob, strip, plunder, nify, exaggerate.  Extollere se, to
pillage.                            raise up one's self, assume import
Exstinctor, oris, m. (exstinguo), an ance, feel one's importance. Extolextinguisher, destroyer.            lere verbis, laudibus or laudando, to
Exstinctus, a, urn, part. 4 adj., ex- praise, extol.
tinguished, cut off extinct, destroyed;  Extorqueo, ire, orsi, ortum, a. (ex 4
decayed, sunk into obscurity: from  torqueo, to turn), to extort, wrest, take
Exstinguo, gre, nxi, nctum, a. (ex 4' away by force.
stinguo, to extinguish), to put out, ex-  Extorris, c, adj., exiled, banished.
tinguish, quench; to cut off, kill, de- It is construed with the ablative like
stroy, remove.                      Exsul, which see.
Exstruo, ere, uxi, uctum, a. (er 4  Extra, prep. with the ace., without,
struo, to build), to build up, raise, rear, out of.
neap or pile up, construct. Exstruere  Extremum, i, n., the end, close, exmare, to build up a sea, i. e. to fill and tremity. Esse, or situm esse in extre.
build upon the sea, fill the sea with mo, to be reduced to the last extremibuildings.                          ty. Eo in extremo, in so critical a' Exsul, ulis, m. &4 f. (ex 4 solurn, the situation: from
soil) one banished from his country,  Extremus, a, um, adj., sup. of
an exile. It is followed by the ablative Exter; extreme, last, latest final.
of the place, from which one is banish- farthest, very or most remote, utmost,
ed, depending  on  ex in   composi- greatest, outermost. Extrema demention.                               tia, the height of madness. Primos
Exsulto, are, avi, iatum, n. freq. (ex- et extremos locare, to station in front
stIZo, to leap out), to leap, frisk, bound, and rear. Extremum agmen, the rear
leap with joy. Fig. to rejoice great- rank, the rear, ~ 205, R. 17.
ly, exult.                            Ezuo,?re, ui, utum, a., ~ 251 to




EXURO               186            FACTUS
strip off, put off. Fig. to deprive of, of catervc facinorosorum  homtnum
dispossess, strip.                 ~ 324, 2.
ExUro, ere, ussi, ustum, a. (ex 4- uro,  Facio, ere, feci, factum, a. 4 n., to
to burn), to burn.                 make, do, form; absolute, to act, perExustus, a, um, part. (exuro), burnt, form  deeds or exploits;-to elect,
scorched, parched, burnt up.       choose, create, constitute, excite,
cause,render; to commit, perform, exe-"~F.         cute; to pretend, feign; to value, esFabius, i, m. Q. Fabius Maximus teem, care for, ~ 214. Facere versus, to
Verrucosus Cunctator, a descendant compose-; with the accusative it often
from the illustrious family (gens) of forms a periphrasis, as, facere inju
the Fabii, was appointed dictator in riam, to injure: deditionem, to surren
the war against Hannibal, and by der; verba, to speak, converse. Bene
wisely protracting the war, at length facere, see Bene. Parum facere, to
freed Italy from her formidable inva- value little. Gloriam meam laborem
ders.                              illorum facere, to turn or convert
Fabius, i, m., see Sanga.       their toif to my glory. Dilicti graFacetiwc, arum, f. pl. (facetus, face- tiamfacere, to pardon, forgive, excuse
tious), facetiousness, pleasantry, wit, -. Facere optionem, to give a choice,
humor.                             give liberty of choice: modum, to set
Facies, ei,f. (facio), the face, coun- bounds: insidias, to lay snares: nihil
tenance, visage; the form, figure, ap- reliqui, to leave yothing fidem verbis,
pearance, sight, aspect, mien, look.  to give assurance to, cause to be beFactle, adv., easily, readily, without lieved-: periculum alicui, to cause
difficulty; willingly, contentedly; cer- danger to: qucestionem, to institute
tainly, indisputably, evidently: Haud a prosecution. Imperativefac, ~ 162,
facile, not easily, not readily, rarely, 4. Fac cogites, reflect, consider, ~ 267,
seldom: from                       R. 3.
Factlis, e, adj., ~ 125, 2, (facio),'  Factio, bnis,f. facio), a making, do222, ~ 276, III. easy, ready, without ing; a faction, party, side; union or
difficulty. Amicitiafacilis, easily con- combination, for the purpose of gainciliating friendship, ~ 250.       ing or retaining undue power.
Faciltas, atis, f. (facilis), easiness,  Factibsus, a, um, adj. (factio), facfacility, readiness. Fig. gentleness, tious, seditious, addicted to faction,
courteousness, courtesy, kindness, devoted to party, influeficed by party
good humor, complaisance, sociabili- spirit.
ty, conversableness.                 Factum, I, n., a deed, action, enterFacinorosus, a, um, adj., wicked, prise, exploit, act, occurrence, provillainous, atrocious: from        ceeding, conduct, achievement, fact,
FacYnus, oris, n., an action, deed, circumstance. Optimumfactum est, it
exploit, affair or enterprise (either is the best way, it is best:from
good or bad); a bold or audacious act.  Factus, a, um, part. (fio), made,
Ingcnii egregia facinora, the great done, elected. Bene factum, a thing
achievements-, choice products-. done well, a well performed act, a
Rei militaris facinora, military ex- noble or illustrious deed. Facto opus
ploit. Belli facinora, warlike mea- est, there is need of action, one must
sures;-wickedness, villainy, guilt, act. Quidfacto opus est, what needs
crime. Caterv&c facinorum, instead to be done.  Utt facto opus sit, ita




FACUNDIA              187              FAUX
agznt, as should need to be done, as ly, familiar. Resfamiliares, and opes
circumstances should require-.     familiares, family estate, private pro.
Facundia, ae,f., eloquence:from  perty, property. Familiaris, is, m., a
Facundus, a, urnm, adj. (fari, to say), friend, acquaintance.
eloquent.                            Familiaritas, atis, f. (familiarZs),
I'a$siil, arum,f.pl., a town of Etru- familiarity,  acquaintance,  familiar
ria, now Fiezoli. C. 24, 30, &c.   friendship, intimacy. It is found in
Fa;sulanus, a, um, adj., of or belong- the plural, C. 14, when an intimacy
ing to Feesulae, Fasulan. Subs. A. with several persons is spoken of.
Famsidan, an inhabitant of Foesule.  FamiliarVter, adv. (familtaris), faC. 53, 60.                         miliarly, intimately, on terms of iltiFallacia, a,,f. (fallax, deceitful,) de- macy.
ceit, trick, artifice, craft.        Fambsus, a, um, adj. (fama), famous,
Fallo, ere, fefelli, falsum, a. 4- n., to much talked of, celebrated, notorious;
deceive, delude, mislead; to violate infamous.
one's promise; to act treacherously,  Fansm, i, n., consecrated ground, a
disappoint, betray. Nisi me animus temple, fane.
fallit, unless I am mistaken;-to be  Fas, n. ind. ~ 94, divine law, justice,
concealed, escape the notice of, elude. equity, right. Jusfasque, human and
Nec me fallit, I am not ignorant, I divine law.
well know. Fallor, I am deceived or Fascis, is, m., a bundle of wood
mistaken.                          twigs, &c., a faggot; the fasces, a
Falso, adv., falsely, without reason, bundle of rods, containing an axe,
unjustly:from                      carried by the lictors before certain
Falsus, a, um, part. 4 adj. (fallo), Roman magistrates, especially before
deceived, mistaken, misled, deluded; the consuls.  Fasces corripere, to
deceitful, treacherous, faithless, hypo- seize upon the fasces, and by metonyme,
critical, insincere, false; pretended, to seize upon the consular power, to
feigned, untrue; unfounded, ground- make one's self consul by force.
less. Habere falsum, to deceive, dis-  Fateor, Eri,fassus sum, dep., to conappoint.  Pro falsis ducere, to con- fess, own, grant, acknowledge; to
sider as untrue.                   show, manifest, discover.
Fama, w, f., fame, report, rumor;  Fatigo, are, avi, &itum, a., to tire,
fame, reputation, character, renown; weary, fatigue; to vex, trouble, harass
FamnA cognitus, known by reputation; to importune, press with solicitation,
-fama or mala fama, ill fame, oblo- urge importunately, ~ 273, 2; to rouse,
quy, censure, calumny, infamy, scan- incite, stimulate, push on; to weaken,
dal;-opinion, belief.              impair, corrupt.
Fames, is,f., hunger, fasting.     Fatum, i, n. (for, to say), a pro
Familia, cr,f, (familus, a servant), phecy, oracle, prediction; fate, des.
the slaves belonging to one master; tiny. Cuifatumforet, who was desa family; a company, band. Filius tined.
familias, and mater familias, see Fi-  Fautor, bris, m. (faveo), a favorer,
lius and Mater: for the genitive fa- promoter, partisan.
milia.s see ~ 43, 2.                 Faux, cis,f. Q 94, the larynx, gullet,
Famdliaris, e, adj. (famzlia), of or throat, jaws; a narrow passage, pass
belonging to the same retinue of or defile.   Faucibus urget, is close
dlates, ot to a family, intimate, friend- upon (us), has (us) in his jaws.
17




FAVEO               188                FIDES
Faveo, ire,fam, fautum, n., ~ 223, Ferrn studio, to be moved or carried
R. 2, to favor, countenance, befriend. away by ardor of feeling.
Favor, oris, m. (faveo), favor, good  Ferocia, a, f. (ferox), ferocity, fierce
will, kindmass, popularity.         ness.
Februar:us, a, urn, adj. (februus,  FerocYter, adv., fiercely, savagely, fopurifying), of or pertaining to the rociously, insolently, violently, harshmonth February.                     ly: from
Feliceter, adv., happily, fortunately;  Ferox, 6cis, adj. (fero), insolent,
luckily, prosperously, successfully: fierce, headstrong, violent; bold, infrom                                trepid, brave, warlike, gallant; cruel,
Felix, icis, adj. (leo, obs. to create), savage, ferocious, untamed, unsubhappy, fortunate, felicitous; rich, opu- dued. Multus atque ferox instare,lent; prosperous, successful; fruitful, incessantly and furiously.
fertile.                              Ferrum, i, n., iron. Fig. a sword.
Fenerator, oris, m. (fenero, to lend  Fertilis, e, adj, ~ 213. R. 5, (2.)
money on interest), a money lender, (fero), fertile, fruitful, productive;
one who lends money on interest, a abundant, copious, rich.
usurer.                               Ferus, a, urn, adj., wild, rude, unculFera, e,f. (ferus), a wild beast.  tivated, uncivilized; fierce, cruel, barFere, adv., almost, nearly, well nigh, barous, savage.
about; for the most part.             Fessus, a, urn, adj. (fatiscor, to
Ferentarii, orum, m. pl. (fero), light grow tired), wearied, tired, fatigued;.
ained troops.                       weary, exhausted, worn out, enfeeFerinus, a, um, adj. (fera), of or be- bled.
longing to a wild animal.             Festino, are, avi, atum, n. 4, a. (festi.
Ferio, ire, a., to strike, smite, beat, nus, quick), ~ 271, to hasten, make
cut, wound, to encounter hand to haste, bestir one's self, be in a hurry;
hand. Ferire arietibus, to batter,  to hasten. accelerate, hurry, do speediFerme, adv. (fere), almost, nearly, ly, hasten to accomplish; to hurry to
about; for the most part, generally, and fro, be agitated.
usually.                              Festus a, um, adj., festival, festive;
Fero, ferre, tuli, latum, a. 4 n., to joyful. Festus dies, a holiday, fescarry, bear, bring, carry away; to pro- tival.
duce; to carry off, plunder; to cause,  Fictus, a, urn, part. S4 adj. (fingo),
occasion; to exhibit, show; to gain, made, formed, contrived; false, feignattain; to suffer, endure, sustain; to ed, fictitious, imaginary, fabulous.
say, tell, relate, report, represent. Ficta loqui, to dissemble, speak inFertur, is said, ~ 271;-to lead, con- sincerely.
duct, tend; to move, incite, incline,  Fidglis, e, adj. (fides), faithful, sindispose; to extol, exalt; to propose, cere, trusty, sure.
report, represent. Ferre opem alicui,  Fideelter, adv. (fidelis), faithfully,
to give assistance, to assist-. Utifors sincerely, honestly.
tulit, as chance has brought about, as  Fides, i,f. (fido, to t  ut to), fait\.
it happens. Fert animus,-inclines, is truth, honesty, hono-, veracity, faith
disposed. Neque aliud al'oferri cer- iulness, fidelity, devoted attachment,
neres, you would not see (lit.) one friendship; a promise, assurance, word,
thing carried one way, another an- obligation, engagement; a promise of
other, i  e. perpetual commotion pardon; public faith, security, pro




FIDIUS              189             FLECTO
tcction, help, aid, assistance; credit; ere finem, to make an end, to end,
faith, belief, confidence, trust; credi- terminate. Finern statuere, to fix a
bility, certainty, truth. Resfidesque, limit, set boundaries.
property and credit. Fidei causa, for  Finitimus, a, um adj., (finis), neigh
credit's sake, to maintain appearan- boring, bordering upon, adjoining.
ces, also, for the purpose of inpiring Finitimi, orum, m., neighbors, neighconfidence. Pro deum atque hoiinum boring people.
fidem! in earnest asseverations, wit-  Fio, fieri, factus sum, irr. pass. of
ness gods and men! Per regnifidem, facio, $ 180, S 210, to be made or done,
by royal faith, by the honor of a king. to become, happen, come to pass, to
Datu et acceptafide, having exchanged be conducted or carried on; to be
promises of fidelity. Fide nuntii, con- elected, to be. Fit, imp. it happens,
fidence in-. Punica fides, Cartha- $ 262, R. 3. For other significations, see
ginian faith, i. e. bad faith, perfidy. Facio.
Fide publica dicere, to speak under a  Firmo, are, ivi, atum, a., to make
public pledge of impunity.         firm, strengthen, establish, confirm,
Fidius, i, m., the same as filius, a secure, fortify, guard: from
son. It is found only in the combi-  Firmus, a, um, adj., firm, steady,
nation Diusfidius, or Medius fidius; constant, stable, sure, resolute, intreme Diusfidius, sc. juvet, so help me pid, determined, solid, strong, secure,
the son of Jupiter, i. e. Hercules, or, robust, durable, lasting, substantial, to
by Hercules. Others takefidius to be be depended upon, faithful, certain.
properly an adjective signifying faith-  Flaccus, i, m. (L. Valerius), alRDful, and Diusfidius to be, the god of man prator, who adhered to the cause
faith.                             of the senate during the conspiracy
Fiducia, a, f. (fido, to trust to), of Catiline. A. U. C. 691. C. 45,46.
trust, confidence, reliance.         Flaccus, i, m. (M. Fulvius), a friend
Fidus, a, um, adj. (fido, to trust to), of C. Gracchus. J. 16., 31.42.
Q 222, faithful, trusty, to be relied on;  Flagitibsus, a, um, adj., infamous,'safe, secure.                     flagitious, wicked, profligate, dissoFigulus, i, m. (C. Marcius Figulzs lute, disgraceful, dishonorable: from
Thermus), was consul with L. Caesar,  Flagitium, i, n. (flagito, to dun), a
A. U. C. 690. C. 17.               disgraceful or shameful crime, profliFigura, a,f. (fingo), a figure, form, gacy, dissoluteness, lewdness; shame,
shape; image, likeness,            disgrace, dishonor, infamy, reproach.
Filia, ae,f., a daughter: from   Caterve flagitiorum, instead of jlaiFilius, i, m., a son. Filiusfamilias, tiosorum hominum, the abstractfor the
a son who is under his father's autho- concrete, ~ 324, 2.
rity.                                  lagro, are, avi, atum, n. (flo, to
Fingo, 4re,finxi,fictum, a., to form, blow), to burn, be on fire. Fig. to be
fashion, make; to suppose, feign, pre- inflamed, enkindled, excited.
tend; to imagine, conceive; to' de-  Flaminius, i, m., (C.), a confederate
vise, contrive. Fingere verba, to con- ofCatiline of whom nothing is known.
trive a fictitious narrative, set up false C. 36.
pretences.                           Flamma, ca,f., a flame, blaze. Fig
Fzmrs, is, m. ff., the end, conclu- ardor, desire.
sin: a boundary, limit. Fines, lim-  Flecto, Are, xi, xum, a., to bend, bow
its, tounds; a country, territory. Fac- turn. Fig. to move, touch, persuade




FLEXUS              190             FRATER
prevail upon, appease, to change, alter,  Formtdolbsus, a, um, adj. (foimido)
influence.                        timorous, afraid;. 222,3, causing fear,
Flexus, a, urn, part. (flecto).  fearful, terrible, formidable, fright
Florens, tis, part. - adj., flourishing, ful.
blooming. Fzg. prosperous: from     Fornix, Ccis, m., an arch or vault.
Floreo, ere, ui, n. (flos, a flower,  Fors, tis,f., chance, luck, hap, for.
$ 187, I, 1), to flourish, bloom, blossom. tune. Forte, abl., by chance, by forFluctus, us, m. (Jluo, to flow), a tune, casually, accidentally, peradven
wave.                             ture. After si, nisi, ne, etc., perhaps,
Flumen, Ynis, n. (fluo), a stream, a perchance.
nver.                               Forsltan, adv. (fors, sit, an), per.
Fluxus, a, um, adj. (fluo), flowing, haps, perchance, peradventure.
running. Fig. fleeting, transient, un-  Fortis, e, adj., brave, valiant, galsteady, inconstant, not to be depend- lant, courageous, bold, firm, resolute,
ed upon. Fluxa fide uti, to be trea- intrepid, fearless. Fortiafacta, gloricherous;-pliant, weak, feeble.     ous deeds, gallant achievements.
Focus, i, m. (foveo), a hearth. Fig.  FortitUdo, Inis,f. (fortis), fortitude,
a house, home, fireside.          bravery, courage, resolution, magnaFoed, adv., basely, cruelly, disgrace- nimity, intrepidity, boldness, fearlessfully: from                       ness.
Feedus, a, um, adj., ugly, deformed,  Fortina, re, f. (fors), fortune,
unseemly, unsightly, ghastly, foul, chance, hazard, hap, luck; the godloathsome, filthy; Fig. base, shame- dess Fortune; good fortune; bad forless, disgraceful, vile, mean, dishon- tune, misfortune; state or condition
orable; cruel, barbarous.         in life, rank, fortune, situation, lot,
Ftedus, Uris, n., a league, covenant, circumstances; the favor, smiles or
treaty, alliance.                 interposition of fortune. MaximaforFons, tis, m., a fountain, spring tuna, the highest rank:-fortunce, pl.,
well, fount.                      property, possessions, riches, wealth,
Forem, es, et, etc. def. (~ 154, R. 3), an estate, fortune; also, lot, fortune.
227, I might be, &c.; inf.fore, the fate, condition, circumstances.
same as futurus esse; with a subject  Fortunitus, a, um, adj. (fortuno, to
accusative, would or should be. Imp. prosper), happy, fortunate, lucky, proswith ut and the subjunctive. ~ 262, R. perous, blest.
3. Nunquam ego ratus sumfore, uti.  Forum, i, n., a market place, marI never thought it would come to ket, mart; the Forum, a place in
pass-   Perdend: reipublica fore, Rome where assemblies of the people
see Sum.                          were held, justice was administered,
Foris, adv., without, out of doors, and other public business transacted.
abroad, away from home, in foreign Oppidum, forum  rerum venalium, a
parts or countries.               market-town, mart.
Forma, a,f., a form, shape, figure,  Fossa, ac,f. (fodio, to dig), a ditch;
person; beauty, comeliness,       a trench, moat.
Formuido, Ynis,f., fear, terror, dread;  Fragilis, e, adj., brittle, weak, frail
that which produces fear, a terror, in- fragile. Fig. frail, perishable: from
timidation; aih object of apprehen-  Frango, ere, fregi, fractum, a., to
sion. Facere or addere formidinem, break, break in pieces.
to excite fear inspire fear.        Frater, tris, m., a brother.




FRATERNUS              191             FUNDO
Fratenus, a, um, adj. (frater), of a discedere, to depart without accombrother, fraternal.                plishing one's purpose.
Fraus,fraudis,f, fraud, deceit, guile,  Frustrdtus, a, um, part., frustrated,
treachery, dishonesty; punishment, disappointed.  Pauci  in  pluribus
loss, damage, detriment, harm, injury. minus frustrati, a few among many
Sine fraude, without hurt or harm, being less disappointed (in their aim,)
with impunity;-a fault, crime.     i. e. missing less; (i. e. than did the
Fregi, see Frango.               enemy): from
Frequens, tis, adj., frequent, con-  Frustro, are, avi, atum, a. and Frusstant; numerous, many, in great num- tror, ari, atus sum, dep., (frustra), to
bers; crowded, full, populous, in full deceive, disappoint, frustrate.  Spes
assembly.  Frequentes incedere, to mefrustratur, I am disappointed in my
march in a body. Frequens Numidia, expectation.
the populous parts of Numidia.       Frux, frugis, f. ~ 94, the fruit or
Frequentatus, a, um, part. &4 adj. produce of the earth, corn, pulse, fruit.'frequento), frequented, much used,  Fudi, see Fundo.
resorted to, visited.                Fuga, ca, f., flight; exile, banish
Frequentia, e,f. (frequens), a crowd, ment. Fig. dismay, consternation
throng, press, concourse, multitude, Facerefugam, to flee.
assembly.                            Fugitus, a, umpart. (fugo), routed.
Frequento, are, avi, atum, a. (fre. discomfited, put to flight.
quens), to frequent, go often to, attend  Fugiens, tis, part. d, adj., flying, tryupon, resort much to, haunt; to go in ing to escape, fugitive: from
great numbers; to fill with inhabitants,  Fugio, ere, fugi, n. ~4 a., to flee or
crowd, fill, O 249, I.            fly, run away, escape; to avoid,
Fretum, i, n., a strait, narrow part shun.
of the sea. Fretum nostri maris et   Fugitivus, a, urn, adj. (fugio), fugioceani, i. e. the straits of Gibraltar.  tive. Fugitivus servus, a runaway
Fretus, a, un, adj. ~ 244, trusting to, slave.
relying or depending on.             Fugo, are, ait, 4tum, a., to put to
Frigus, Uris, n., cold.         flight, rout.
Frons, tis, f., the front of the head,  Fui, etc., see Sum.
the forehead, brow; the front of any  Fulvia, a, f., a woman of noble
thing, Frons aciei, the front or family but profligate character, by
van.                               whom the conspiracy of Catiline war
Fructus, us, m. (fruor), the fruits of first brought to light. C. 23.
the earth, income, profits; profit, ad-  Fulvius, i, m. (A), the son of a Rovantage, benefit, use.             man senator, put to death by his father
Frumentor, ari, atus sum, dep., to for adhering to the party of Capline.
collect corn, purvey, forage: from  C. 39.
Frumentum, i, n., corn or grain of  Fulvius, i, m, (M.) see Nobilior.
all kinds, wheat, barley: from     See also Flaccus.
Fruor, i, Itus or ctus sum, dep    Fundtor, ri, ri, m. (funda a sling),
245 1, to enjoy, reap the fruits of.  a slinger.
Frustra, adv., to no purpose, in   Fundo, re,fudi,fusum, a., to pour,
vain. Frustra esse, to be frustrated, to scatter abroad, discomfit. rout, disdisappointed; to be in vain, to fail, to perse; to pour'out, shed, to overbe unsuccessfll. See Sum. Frustra throw, lty prostrate.
17 




FUR             192              GERO
Fur, furls, m. 4 f., a thief, pilferer, er of brothels, rioter, reveller, gluttorn
plunderer. Fur wrarii, a peculator.  debauchee.
Furibundus, a, urn, adj. (furo, to be  Gauda, A, m., a Numidian, the son
mad), raging much, furious, mad, out- of Manastabal, and grandson of Ma
rageous.                          sinissa. J. 65.
Furius i, m. (P.), an associate of  Gaudeo, ere, gavisus sum, n. pass
Catiline, and one of the colonists es- ~ 142, 2, &. 247, 1, (2.) to rejoice, be
tablished by L. Sylla at Fwsule. C. 50. glad; to delight in.
Furor, oris, m. (Juro), fury, mad-  Gaudium, i, n. (gaudeo), joy, gladness, rage.                       ness, pleasure. Corporis gaudia, sen
Furtim, adv. (fur), by stealth, se- sual pleasures. Gaudium denotes an
cretly, furtively,                emotion less violent than lstitia.
Fusus, a, um, part. (fundo), scatter-  Gemltus, us, m. (gemo, to groan), a
ed, routed; defeated, worsted.    groan, sigh.
Futirus, a, um, part. (sum), about to  Generosus, a, um. adj. (genus), nobe, future.                       ble, born of a noble race; generous,
brave, excellent, noble.
G.                   Gens, tis, f., a clan among the Romans, containing many families deGabtnius, i, m., a Roman name. scended from  a common ancestor.
P. Gabinius Capito, a Roman knight, From the gens each individual of the
who was put to death as an accom- Romans derived his name (nomen);
plice of Catiline. C. 17, 40, 43, from the family (familia), his cogno&c.                               men, as M. Porcius Cato, C. Julius
Gatiilus, a, um, adj., Getulian, of Cacsar, from the Porcian and Julian
or belonging to Getulia, a large coun- clans: also, those who have a comtry of Africa south of Numida,. G<- mon origin and language, a race,
tili, brum, m. pi., Getulians. J. 18, stock, people, nation, tribe. It is
19, 80,88, &c.                    often synonymous with natio, but
Gallia, v,f., Gaul  Gallia citerior, strictly includes it, being of wider sig.
hither Gaul, otherwise called Cisalpine niJication. Ubi gentium, see Ubi.
Gaul, that part of Italy lying between  Genus, eris, n., a race, descent, kind,
the Alps and the Rubicon. Gallia family, stock, lineage, kindred, breed;
ulterior, farther Gaul, also called a race, tribe, nation, people; a kind
Transalpine Gaul a large country of sort, quality, class. Maternum genus,
Europe nearly commensurate with the the maternal, side. Genus humanum
modem kingdom of France. J. 114. or hominum, the human race, manC. 42, 56-58.                     kind; a race of men.
Gallicus, a, um, adj. (Gallia), of or  Gero, ere gessi, gestum, a., to bear
pertaining to Gaul, Gallic. C. 52.  carry, have; to show, exhibit. Gerere
Gallus, i, m., an inhabitant of Gaul, se, to act, carry or conduct one's self,
a Gaul. J. 114. C. 47, 52.        behave;-to do, execute, perform, desGanea, a, f., a place appropriated patch, carry on. Dum hcec geruntur,
to revelry and debauchery, a brothel, while these things are going on:-to
bagnio; a sumptuous feast, luxurious administer, manage, conduct, sustain,
banquet, debauchery, riot, revelling, regulate, rule, govern; to practice,
drunkenness, gluttony.            pursue, exercise, entertain, to treat.
Ganeo, 6nis, m. (ganea), a frequent- Gerere bellum, to wage or carry on




GESTUS              193           GRATUITO
war. Gerere consulatum, to bear or daughter of Scipio Africanus the el
execute the office of consul. Animo der. They were educated with great
gerere. to bear in mind, think, feel. care by their mother, and became
Alsteratque animo gerebat, at variance distinguished orators, but in consewith his real sentiments. Remgerere, quence of espousing the cause of the
to fight a battle, to conduct an attack. people in a factious manner, and pass.
Res geritur, the affair is carried on, ing laws odious to the nobility, they
the battle is fought. Gerere animum were put to death. J. 16, 31, 42.
super fortunam, to cherish desires  Gradus, us, m., a step, stair. Pleno
above one's rank.                 gradu, at full speed, rapidly.
Gestus, a, um, part. (gero), done,  Grcecia, cc,f., Greece. C. 2, 51.
performed. Res geste, things done,  Grecus, a, um, adj., of Greece,
actions, deeds,  exploits,  warlike Greek, Grecian. Graci, m. pl. the
achievements, illustrious deeds, feats, Greeks, the Grecians. C. 53.
undertakings.                       Grandis, e, adj., large, big, great.
Gignentia, ium, n. pl., plants, herbs, Grandis pecunia, a large sum of moshrubs, trees, vegetables: from   ney.
Gigno, ere, genui, genitum, a., to  Grassor, ari, atus sum, dep. freq.
generate, beget, produce, bring forth. (gradior, to step), to go on, advance,
So, ea sese gignere, to beget, to have proceed, press forward. Ad gloriam
offspring of one's own, in distinction grassari, to advance, to pursue, aim
from adopted children. Gigni, to be at-. Cupidine atque ira grassari, to
produced, be born, to grow, spring. proceed or act with vehemence under
With abl. without a prep. J. 48, like the influence of-.
genitus, ~ 246.                     Gratia, cc,f. (gratus), grace, favor,
Gladiatorius, a, um, adj. (gladiator, benevolence, good-will, good graces,
a gladiator), of a gladiator, pertaining friendship; popularity, favor with othto gladiators, gladiatorial.  Familia ers; in&ence, intrigue, interest, augladiatoria, a company or school of thority, power; a kindness, favor, obgladiators.                       ligation; a requital, return, gratitude,
Gladius, i, m., a sword.        thanks. Agere gratias, to give thanks.
Glans, dis,f., mast, an acorn, chest- Facere gratiam, to grant pardon, fornut; a leaden ball or bullet, such as give. Gratia, with a genitive, often
was discharged from  the slings or of a gerund $275, III, R. 1. (1,) or
other military engines.           with an adj. pronoun, for the sake of,
Globus, i, m., a globe, ball, sphere; on account of, in reference to, for the
n troop, squadron, crowd, body. Glo- purpose of. Ea gratia, for this or
bus nobilitatis, a body of nobility.  that reason, on this or that account.
Gloria, e,f., glory, renown, fame, Colloquendigratia,'275, III, (1.) Gra
splendor. Gloria belli, military glory. tiam  debere, to owe thanks, be under
Glorior, ari, atus sum, dep. (gloria), obligations to. Gratiam reddere, tore
to glory, boast, brag, vaunt, pride quite, recompense-; In grattam haone's self.                       bere, to consider as a favor.
Gloriosus, a, um, adj. (gloria), glo-  Gratificor, ari; atus, sum, dep. (grarious, renowned, illustrious.     tus 4' facio), to gratify, oblige; to
Gracchus, i, m., Tiberius and Caius yield. sacrifice, give up, 9 223.
Gracchus were the sons of Tib. Semi-  Gatuitl, adv. (gratuitus, gratuitpronius Gracchus and Cornelia, the ous), ~ 223, R. 2, without a recom



GRATULOR              194            HIAREO
pense gratuitously; wantonly, with- is true or certain. Habere occulium,
out cause.                       to keep secret. Habere intentum, to
Gratilor, ari, atus sum, dep., to keep intent upon. Jugurtham eodem
congrctulate, wish one joy: from  cultu, quo liberos suos, domi habutt,
Gratus, a, um, adj., grateful, pleas- brought up-. In incerto habere, to
ing, acceptable, agreeable.       be uncertain. Parum habere, to acGravis, e, adj., heavy, weighty. Ftg. count or think it little, reckon it not
important; violent, vehement, great; enough. Aliquem manifestun habere,
severe, sore, bitter, oppressive; griev- to bring one out to the light, to make
ous, sad, calamitous. Morte gravior the evidence of one's guilt clear. In
vita, worse than-.                spe habere, see Spes. Rempublicam haGraviter, adv. (gravis), heavily, bere, to administer —. Habere silenstrongly, forcibly, vehemently, great- tium, to keep, preserve or maintain
ly, exceedingly, violently, much, se- silence. Habere ludibrio, to make a
verely, grievously.               mock of, befool, ~ 227, R. 2. QucasGregarius, a, urm, adj., of a flock. tionem habere, to make or carry on-.
Gregarius miles, a common soldier, Avaritia pecunica studium habet,-imprivate: from                     plies, comprehends. Habere vitam, to
Grex, gregis, m., a flock, herd, live, pass life. Habere in amicis, to
drove; an assembly, company. Grege reckon among one's friends, to treat
facto, having formed a band, in a as a friend. Animus habet cuncta, the
body.    /                        mind holds all things in subjection.
Gula, c, f., the gullet, windpipe; Haberi, to be had or held; to be kept,
the neck; gluttony, appetite.     preserved or retained, hence, to conGulussa, e, m., a brother of Micip- tinue, to be; also, to be held, reckonsa king of Numidia. J. 5, 35.     ed, accounted, considered, thought.
Virtus clara (eterna-qte habetur,-is,
Ha^  ~        continues; $210. Egestasfacile haHabeo, Ire, ui, itum, a.' n., to have. betur sine damno,-ispreserved or conhold, entertain, enjoy, possess, retain; tinues easily unharmed; i. e. is very
to make; to assemble; to obtain, get, safe from loss. Audacia pro muro
occupy; to keep, detain; to bear, to- habetur,-serves for-, is instead of-.
lerate, endure, support, sustain; to Sicuti pleraque mortalium habentur
treat; to pass, spend; to account, as most human affairs are, as for the
judge, esteem, think, reckon, hold, most part happens in human affairs.
estimate, consider, $ 272; to use, wear;  Halbtus, a, um, part. (habeo), had,
to give, bestow; to occupy, inhabit; held, reckoned, accounted, treated,
to deliver, pronounce, utter, speak. kept, controlled, restrained, governed.
In promptu habere, to manifest, dis-  Habitus, us, m. (habeo), habit, conplay; with certain participles habeo dition, state, dress; disposition, chaforms a periphrasis,' 274, R. 4, as, racter, manners, habits.
compertum habeo, I have ascertained,  Hadrumetum, i, n., a city of the
I know -Habere animo or in animo, Roman province in Africa, founded
to have in mind, to intend; to think by the Phenicians. J. 18.
of, regard. Post principia aliquem  Hecreo, ere, hwsi, hwsum, n., to be
habere, to place, station-. Se habere, fixed, adhere, stick; to remain fixed
to be. Dicere id quod res habet that stick fast. Alicui in animo herere, to
which the thing has, i. e. that which stick fast in one's mind, I 22.




HLSITO              195           HONESTE
Hcesto, are, 5vi, atum, n.freq (hce- nect two expressions which are thus do
ree), to hesitate, be at a loss, be per- dared to be of similar import.
plexed.                             Hie adv.,here, in this place.
HIamzlcar, aris, m., a factious noble-  Hicce, hcecce, hocce. adj. pro., this, ~
man of tne town of Leptis. J. 77.  134, R. 4.
Hannibal, dlis, m., a Carthaginian  Hiemalis, e, adj. (hiems), cf winter,
genera., celebrated for his hatred to wintry,
the Romans. J. 5.                   Hieino, are, dvi, atum, n. (hiens), to
Haruspex, icis, m., one who fore- winter, pass the winter.
told future events by inspecting the  Hiempsal, alis, m., the youngest son
entrails of victims, a soothsayer, di- of Micipsa, king of Numidia, Also a
viner.                            son of Gulussa and the successor of
Hasta, ce f., a spear, lance, pike, Jugurtha, and father of Juba. J. 5, 9,
javelin. The hasta pura, or headless 12, 15, 17, 24, 28.
spear, was sometimes given to soldiers  Hiems, emis, f., winter; stormy
as a reward of valor.             weather.
Haud, adv. ~ 191, R. 3, not.      Hippo, 5nis, m., a seaport town of
Haudquaquam, adv. (haud 4 qua. the Roman province in Africa. J. 19.
quam, sc. ratione), by no means, not  Hispania, s, f., Spain; Hispanie,
at all.                           arum, the two divisions of Spain, viz.
Haveto, see Ave.                 Citerior, or the division nearest to
Hebes, etis, adj., blunt, dull, obtuse, Italy, and Ulterior, or that most reheavy, stupid. Hebes exercitus, new, mote. J. 7, 10, 18, 19. C. 18.
raw, undisciplined-.                 Hispinus, a, um, adj. (Hispania),
Hebesco, ere, n. inc. (hebeo, to be pertaining to Spain, Spanish. Hilwpblunt), to grow blunt, dim or languid; ni, orum, m., the people of Spain, the
to languish, lose its lustre, be ob- Spaniards. J. 18. C. 19.
scured.                             Histrio, onis, m., a stage-player, a
Hercle, adv., by Hercules, truly: play-actor, buffoon, mimic.
from                                Hoc, see Hic. Ad hoc, besides this,
Hercules, is, m., a Theban hero, the besides, add to this, moreover.
son of Jupiter and Alcmena; also a  Homo, Inis, m. 4- f., a man or
Phoenician and Libyan hero, the son woman, a person; homines, pl., men,
of Jupiter and Astcrie. J. 18, 89.  persons, people, folks. Novus homo,
Hereditas, itis,f., inheritance, heir- a new noble, one who was the founship; an inheritance: from        der of his own honors, the first of his
Heres, edis, m. 4 f., an heir or heir- family that obtained the office of coness. Heredem instituere or scribere, sul, prmtor, censor, or curule edile,
to name or appoint as heir. Heres and consequently, the right of placing
secundus, second heir, one who suc- a waxen image of himself in tho
ceeded to the inheritance on failure atrium of his house, which right conof the first heir.                stituted nobility. Homo militaris, an
Iliberna, arum, n. pl. (hibernus, experienced warrior, a brave soldier.
wintry), winter quarters. Agere hiber-  HonestY, adv., (honestus), decently,
ha, to hold or make-.             virtuously, honorably, becomingly
Hie, hce, hoc, adj. pro., $ 134, this, creditably.  Parum  honestg pudic-t
this man; he, she; that, the same, tiam habere, to have too little regard
such. Hoc est, that is, is used to con- for-.




HONESTO               196               IBI
Honesto are, avi, atum, a., to make  Hostia, a,f., a victim, animal eacrihonorable, adorn, dignify, grace. ficed, a sacrifice.
Hlunestatus honore, elevated to office,  Hostilis, e, adj. (hostis), of or per
249, I.: from                    taniing to an enemy, hostile  Ho.tilis
Honestus, a, urn, adj. (honor), honor- metus, fear of the enemy  Hostile, n.,
able, noble, dignified, respectable; a hostile act or deed. Hostilia fAcediscreet, virtuous; right, fit, correct. re, to commit hostilities, or acts of
Omnium honestarum rerum egens, des- hostility.
titute of every thing befitting (my  Hostilter, adv., in a hostile manner:
rank). Honesta! divitice, respectable, from
moderate-. Amicitia honesta, corn-   Hustis, is, m. & f., ~ 222, R. 2, (c.)
mendable, inviolable, true, faithful. an enemy, a public enemy. It i8 used
Honestum., i, n., what is honorable, both actively and passively;. he who
fit, decent, proper or becoming, honor, is an enemy to us or to whom we are
virtue. Supra bonum atque honestum, enemies.
beyond what is proper or becoming.   Huc, adv. (hic ~ 191, R. 1.), hither,
Honor 4- Honos, oris, m., honor, to this place, here; to this, to this
respect, reverence; a public office, thing. Huc illuc, hither and thither,
magistracy, preferment, post, dignity. this;,ay and that.
Honoris causa, out of respect, in token  Hucclne, adv. (hue, ce, intensive, (
of respect. Est or ducitur honori,- 134, R. 4, & ne interrogative), hither?
as an honor, honorable. Honores, to this? Huccine beneficia tua evahonors, marks of distinction. Impe- sere? have your favors ended in this 
ria et honores, military and civil offi-  Hfujusce, see Hic.
ces.                                 Hujuscemodi, -f Hujusmodi, (hic 4
Honoro, are, avi, dtum, a. (honor), to modus, Q 134, R. 5), of this kind or
honor, respect; to dignify, exalt. Glo- sort, of the following kind, such, ot
ria aliquem honorare, to confer glory the same character.
upon, Q 249, I.                      Humanus, a, um, adj. (homo), huHora, ce, f., an hour, the twelfth man. of or belonging to a man; hupart of a day or night; a space of time, mane, kind; polished. Humana s res,
period; a season of the year.      human affairs.
HorribIlis, e, adj. (horreo, to trem-  Humilis, e, adj., low, near the earth.
ble), to be dreaded, dreadful, horrible, Fig. humble, poor, mean.
frightful, terrible.                 HumilTtas, atis, f. (humilis),. low.
Hortamentum, i, n. (hortor), an en- ness, shortness. Fig. baseness, meancouragement, incitement, stimulus.  ness, poverty.
Hortatio, onis, f., an encourage-  Humus, i,f., the ground, earth, soil.
ment, exhortation: from            Humi, gen., on the ground, in the
Horton, ari, atus sum, dep., ~ 273, ground, ~ 221, R. 3. Humo, from the
2, ~ 262, R. 4, to exhort, encourage, ground, ~ 255, R. 1.
excite, cheer; to incite, utir up, stimulate, spur on; to prompt, suggest.                 I
Pauca hortari, to exhort briefly.
Hsspes, itis, m  f., one who is en-  Ibi, adv. (is), there, in that place,
tertained in one's house, a guest, then, at that time; also for in illo or
stranger, sojourner, visitor; also, one in illis, in that, in these, in or among
who entertains, a host, entertainer.  them, therein;-then, thereupon.




IBIDEM              197               IMAGO
Ibidem, ald. (ibi 4 dem), in the same Ignoro, are, avi, atum, a. - n. (ignao
place.                             rus), to be ignorant of, not to know
Id, see Is.                      to be unacquainted with.
tdcirco, adv. (id 4- circa), on that  Ignosco, Ore, ovi, otum, a. 4 n. (in
account, therefore, for that reason.  f nosco),  223, R. 2, to pardon, exIden, ecdem, idem, pron. (is   - cuse, overlook, forgive, be indulgent.
demnum, S 134, R. 6), the same, the It commonly takes the dative ether of
same person or thing. Idem qui, et, the person or thing, sometimes the accte
ac, etc., the same as,-also, at once, sative of the thing.
yet, O 207, R. 27. Idem ille, that same,  Ignotus, a, um, part. 4 adj. (ignosco)
the same. Isdem for iisdem.        ~ 222, not known, unknown.
Idoneus, a, um, adj., ~ 222, fit, meet,  lex,'cis, J:, the ilex or great scarproper, suitable, convenient; good, let oak, holm-oak, evergreen oak.
worthy, deserving, either in a good  Ille, illa, illud, gen. illius, adj. pro.
or bad sense; sufficient, trust-worthy, O 134, he, she, that, that man, &c.,
safe; in a fit condition, ready for, pre- this, this man, &c. In Sallust ille in
pared for. Non idoneus, unsuitable, oratio obliqua usually takes the place
not deserving.                     of hic and tu in oratio directa. In
leram, etc., see Eo.             Ccsar is is more commonly used for
Ig'tur,illative, conj., ~ 198, 6, there- the same purpose.-For the distinction
fore, then, accordingly, of course, con- in the use of ille and hic, see ~ 207, R.
sequently; after a parenthesis, then, as 23. Ille at the beginning of a sen-,
I was saying, I say; at length, finally, tence often relates to the noun next preat last, in conclusion.            ceding, when the latter is in an oblique
Ignarus, a, um, adj., ~ 213, $ 272, case, and ille in the nominative: some$ 265, (in 4- gnarus, skillful), ignorant, times also when an adversative parunskillful, not knowing, unacquainted tile or a relative precedes ille.
with, inexperienced in, uninformed,  Illecebra, e,f., an enticement, allureunaware, unapprised; unknown, ~ 222. ment, attraction, charm, inducement.
Ignavia, ca, f., inactivity, sluggish- from
ness, sloth, idleness, cowardice. Per  Illectus, a, um, part.: from
ignaviam, in sloth, slothfully: from  Illicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. (in - lacio,
Ignavus, a, um, adj. (in 4 gnavus, to allure), to draw in, allure, entice,
active), inactive, slothful, remiss, slug- decoy, attract, invite, induce.
gish; cowardly, dastardly, irresolute;  Iltico, adv. (in 4- locus), there, in
worthless.                        that place; straightway, instantly, imIgnis, is, m., fire; a watch-fire. Ig- mediately, presently.
nemfacere, to kindle a fire.         1luc, adv. (illic, ~ 134, R. 3 & $ 191,
Ignobllis, e, adj., (in 4& nobilis), un- I, R. 1), to that place, thither. Hue
known, mean, ignoble; of mean ex- et illuc, see Huc.
traction, of low birth, base-born.    ulustris, e, adj. (in 4- lustro, to illuIgnobil-tas, atis, f., meanness of minate), clear, bright, luminous; manibirth, low birth, humble extraction.  fest, clear, evident, plain.
Ignominia, C, f, (in 4 nomen), ig-  Imgo, inis, f., an image, figure,
llominy, disgrace, reproach, dishoror, likeness, picture. Imagines, pl., is of.
infamy.                            ten:sed in reference to nobility, the
Ignordtus, a, um, part., not known, images of one's ancestors, the posses
unknown, undiscovered: from        sion of which was evidence of inherited




IMBECILLUS             198           IMPERANS
nobility, see Homo novus. Ilomo mul-  Immo, adv., nay, yes, yea. Immo
tarum irnaginum, one descended from vero, yes indeed, nay rather.
a long line of noble ancestors. Ima-  Immoderatus, a, um, adj. (in <4 mo.
gines non habeo, I am not of a noble deratus), immoderate, excessive, in 
family.                           temperate, irregular, unregulated, cxImbecillus, a, um, adj., weak, feeble, travagant, indiscriminate, undistinimbecile. Imbecilla etas, tender years, guishing; vast, boundless, immense.
youth.                              Immortalis, e, adj. (in 4 mcrtalts),
Imbellis, e, adj. (in 4 bellum), not immortal, everlasting, undying: never
suited to war, unwarlike, effeminate, to be forgotten.
weak; cowardly, dastardly, faint-    Immunis, e, adj. (in - nmunus,, free
hearted.                          or exempt from a public office, burden
Inbuo, ere, ui, utum, a., to wet, mois- or charge; free or exempt from taxes,
ten, steep, soak, imbue; to initiate, in- privileged.
struct.                             Immutatus, a, um, part.:from
Imbutus, a, um, part. (imbuo), wet,  Imnmto, are, avi, atum, a. (in -
steeped, imbued, tainted, infected; in- muto), to change, alter.
itiated, instructed, trained, inured, ex-  Impar, aris, adj. (in 4-par), uneven,
ercised.                           unequal, inferior, ~ 250.
Imitor, iri, dtus sum, dep., to imi-  Imparatus, a, um, adj. (in 4- paratate, seek to resemble, copy after.  tus), not ready, unprepared, unawares,
Immanis, e, adj. (in 4 magnus), off his guard. Imparata respublica,
huge, vast, boundless, excessive, en- the unprepared condition of the state.
ormous; hurtful, cruel, fierce, sa-  Impedimentum, i, n., hindrance, imvage.                             pediment, obstacle; the baggage beImmaturus, a, um, adj. (in 4 ma- longing to an army:from
turus), unripe, unseasonable, imma-  Imprdio, ire, ivi, itum, a. (in 4 pes),
ture, not fully grown, before the time, to entangle, hamper, embarrass; with
untimely.                         prep. a or subj. with ne, to hinder, reInmmemor, cris, adj. (in 4- memor), tard, prevent, stop, debar, obstruct,
unmindful, forgetful, heedless, regard- impede, keep back, check. Impedio
less, neglectful.                 ne, see NIe.
Immensus, a, um, adj. (in 4 mensus,  Impeditus, a, um, part. (impedio.)
measured), immense, vast, huge, im-  Impello, Ore, pili, pulsum, a. (in 4
measurable. In immensum, to a vast pello), to push, press or drive forward,
extent or distance, immensely. In urge on, impel; to lead, lead on, incite,
immensum editus, see Editus.      induce, constrain, compel, move: with
ImmYnuo, ere, ui,'itum, a. (in 4- min- ad and the acc. or with uti to denote a
uo), to lessen, diminish, shorten; to purpose, $ 273, 2.
impair, weaken, debilitate; to violate,  Impendeo, ire, n. (in 4- pendeo), Q
infringe. Pacem inmminuere, to dis- 224, to overhang, hang over, impend,
turb, hinder, prevent-.           threaten.
Imminutus, a, um, part. (imminuo).  ImpensE, adv. (impensus, expended)
Immissus, a. um, part., sent in, in- at great charge or cost. Fig. greatly
troduced; suborned: from           exceedingly, earnestly, eagerly, zealImmitto, ere. isi, issum, a. (in' 4 ously, much. Impensius modo legatos
tto), to send or let in, cast, throw; mittere,-with very great earnestness.
to suborn                         I Inmprans, tis, part. (impero), order




IMPERATOR             199             IMPONO
ing governing, ruling, command- quered people to furnish military
ing.                               stores, troops, &e. ~ 223, (1) (b.) to
Imperaitor, iris, m. (impero, ~ 102, order one to furnish or supply, to de6;(, a commander, leader, general; the mand, require of. Imperatur mihi,
commander in chief of an army, a I am ordered.
name given by the army or senate to a  Impetro, are, avi, atum, a. 4 n. (in
victorious general, and retained by l- patro), to obtain, get, accomplish;
him until he had triumphed; a ruler, to procure by request or entreaty; to
governor, director. Imperator ad ur- obtain one's request, gain one's suit.
bern, see Urbs.                      Impetus, us, m. (imp~to, to assail),
Imperatum, i, n., an order, corn-an attack, assault, onset.
mand. Facere imperata, to do what    Impigtas, dtis, f. (impius), impiety,
is ordered, to obey orders. Faciam undutifulness, undutiful behavior tozmperata, or que imperarentur, is a wards the gods, one's parents, counform of submission by one who ac- try, &c.
knowledges himself vanquished.       ImpIger, gra, grum, adj. (in df piger,
Imperitia, ce, f. (imperitus), igno- inactive), diligent, active, prompt
rance, unskilfulness, inexperience  quick, ready, strenuous.
Imperlto, are, dvi, atum, a. 4 n.  Impigre, adv. (impiger), quickly,
freq. (impero), ~ 223, R. 2, to com- readily, promptly, actively.
nland, rule, govern.             ~     Impius, a, um, adj. (in - pilus, pi
Imperitus, a, urn, adj. (in 4- peritus, ous), wanting in duty to parents or
skilful), unskilful, ignorant, inexpe- other relatives, to rulers, one's counrienced.                           try, or the gods; impious, irreligious,
Inmperium, i, n., a command, order; wicked; undutiful, unkind, disloyal;
authority, power, control, sway, direc- barbarous, savage, cruel.
tion, discipline, government, rule; em-  Impleo, ire, Evi, Rtum, a. (in 4 pleo,
pire, dominion, office, station, corn- obs.), to fill.
mand, supreme power; military power  Imptco, are, avi, atum, or ui, Itum,
or authority (in distinction from ma- a. (in 4plico, to fold), to inwrap, ingistratus, civil magistracy). Civil ma- fold, envelop, involve, entangle, ingistrates, whether of the city or of a twine; to perplex, throw into disorder.
province, were said to be in imperio.  Implbro, are, dvi dtum, a. (in - plo.
Military officers, to whom was given TO, to cry out), to beg for, cry out for,
the power of making war, were said beseech earnestly, implore, invoke,
to be cum imperio.-Also, an empire, entreat.
a realm. Contra imperium, contrary   Impdno, gre, posui, posItum, a. (in 4
to orders. Natus imperio, born to pono), ~224, to place, put, set or'lay
command.    Legitimum  imperium, a upon or in; to set or place over; to
government founded on laws, a regu- impose, give, assign. confer, bestow;
lar government: from               to throw upon, charge to, impute, lay
Imnpero, are, dvi, dtum, n. 4- a., ~ upon, cast upon. Invidiam imponere,
2~3, R. 2, ~ 265, ~ 262, R. 4, ~ 273, 2, to cast the odium, lay the blame;to command, enjoin, order, direct, presidium, to place, or station-. In
appoint, give directions; to rule, go- stead of the dative after this verb, or
vern  With an accusative of a thing the accusative or ablative with in: 2'24)
and dative of a person, it is employed Sallust sometimes uses an adverb of
to denote the orders given to a oon- place as hue, eb, qub, &c. J. 47, 66C
18




IMPORTUNITAS             200              INANIS
75: and sometimes uses the verb abso-  Impuin, adv. (impiinis, with out pun
lutely. J. 100.                    ishment), without punishment, loss or
Importunetas, atts, f., importunity, damage, with impunity, safely; with
eagerness, unreasonableness; bold- out restraint, freely; quietly, tamely
ness, audacity, insolence: from    without resentment.
Importunus, a, um, adj., ~ 222, dan-  ImpunYtas, atis,f. (impunis), impugerous, perilous; unseasonable, in- nity, security or exemption from punconvenient, unadapted, unfavorable, ishment; remission of punishment
unsuitable, inopportune; troublesome, pardon.
painful, grievous, vexatious.        Impunitus, a, um, adj. (in 4, punitus,
Importuosus, a, um, adj. (in 4F por- punished), unpunished.
tuosus), without harbors.            Impurus, a, um, adj. (in' purus
Impositus, a, um, part. (impono), pure), foul, filthy, impure. Fig. base,
laid or put upon, imposed, cast upon, flagitious, debauched, wicked, vile,
set over, put in charge; placed, sta- contemptible, abandoned.
tioned.                              In, prep. with acc. 4' abl.,. 235, (2).
Imprimis, or Inprimis, adv. (in 4' With the acc. into, to, unto, towards,
primus, the same as in primis), above till, until, for, as, against, according
all, chiefly, especially, in the first to, through, on account of, in regard
place, first of alL                to, respecting. In potestatem habere,
Imprubus, a, um, adj. (in 4' probus,) to have in one's power: the same as
wicked, dishonest, knavish, depraved, in potestate habere, with the superadbad, unprincipled; vile, infamous; au- ded idea in the former case of getting
dacious, impudent.                into one's power.    The accusative
Improvisus, a, um, adj. (in 4' provi- therefore in such cases depends not on
sus), unforeseen, unlooked for, un- the verb expressed, but on a verb of
thought of, unexpected. De impro- motion understood, as in this case upon
viso, or ex improviso, unexpectedly, accipere, or the like. With the abl. in,
suddenly, on a sudden.             upon, among, amidst, within, at, near,
Imprudentia, ce,f. (impridens, not in the number of, over, notwithstandknowing), want of knowledge, igno- ing, in the case of, for; concerning,
rance, error, inadvertence, mistake, respecting, in regard to. In with ternmisapprehension.                   pus, tempestas, aetas or dies signifies
ImpiUdens, tis, adj. (in 4 pudens, mo- not simply a particular time, but also
dest), shameless, impudent, barefaced. the condition of things then existing;
Impudentia, c, f. (impudens), shame- as, Quippe in tali die, because the day
lessness, impudence, effrontery.   was such. It may sometimes be transImpudicus, a, um, adj. (in 4fpudi- lated by when or since, with the addicus, modest), unchaste, immodest, tion of the substantive verb, the abla.
lewd.                             tive being translated as its subject; as
Impugnr, are, ivi, atum, a. (in 4f Novorumfidem in tanta perfidia vete.
pugno), to attack, assail, thwart, op- rum experiri periculosum duceret, —
pose, impugn.                      since such had been the perfidy of
Impulsus, us, m. (impello), an im- his former friends. In composition
pulse  Fig. impulse, instigation, in- see  196, 7, &  197,10. In —ersus
citement, persuasion.              see Versus.
Impulsus, a, um, part. (impello), dri-  Inanis, e, adj., empty, void. Fig. vain
ven impelled; moved, influenced.   frivolous ostentatious, boastful, proud




INCEDO              201             INCREPO
Incedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. (in 4  Incessus, us, m. (mncedo), a gait,
cedo), to walk, go, proceed; to come, pace, walking.
arrive; to approach, advance, march;  Incido, ere, cidi, n. (zn &4 cado), to
to walk with an air of consequence fall into or upon; to chance, happen.
or dignity, strut, go in state; to be, It is used especially concerning evils
appear; O 224, to come on, come upon; and misfortunes. In amicitiam ejus
quibus-belli timor insolitus incesserat, inciderat, had been so unfortunate as to
-the fear of war had rarely occur- form a friendship with him, ~ 233,
red, had been unusual, —to arise, be- R. 2.
come prevalent, occur, take place.   Incypio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. - n. (in
Incendium, i, n., a fire, conflagra- - capio), to commence, begin; to attion. Fig. a vehement emotion or tempt, undertake.
passion; danger, calamity, ruin. In-  Incito, are, ivi, alum, a.freq. (incieo,
cendium meum, the flame which sur- to incite), to incite, hasten or put forrounds me, the fire raised about me: ward; to stir up, excite, provoke; to
from                               encourage, stimulate, incite.
Incendo, ere, ndi, nsum, a. (in 4  Incognitus, a, um, adj. (in 4f cogni.
candeo, to glow), to kindle, set fire to, tus), unknown. Causa incognita, withburn, consume. Fig. to inflame, stir out trial, without.hearing.
up, instigate, incite, encourage, ani-  Incola, aB, m. d4f., an inhabitant; a
mate, excite; to vex, incense, irritate, resident foreigner: from
provoke.                             Incolo, ere, colui, cultum, a. 4 n. (in
Incensus, a, um, part. (incendo), 4 colo), to inhabit, abide, dwell or reburnt, consumed, inflamed,         side in a place.
Inceptum, i, n. (incipio), a begin-  Incolimis, e. adj. (in 4- columis,
ning, attempt; enterprise, undertak- safe), safe, sound, whole, entire, uning, design, purpose.              changed, in its original condition.
Inceptus, a, um, part. (incipio), be- uninjured, unhurt, unharmed, unsubgun, commenced, entered upon, en- dued.
gaged in, attempted, projected.      Incommodum, i, n. (in 4- commoIncertis, a, um, adj. (in 4 certus), dum), inconvenience, disadvantage,
~ 265, uncertain, doubtful, dubious; detriment, loss, damage.
not manifest, clear or certain; at a  Inconsult, adv. (inconsultus, inconloss, undecided. In incerto esse or siderate), inconsiderately, imprudenthabere, or incertum habere, to be un- ly, rashly, injudiciously, foolishly, incertain, know not. Eyui Numideque discreetly.
incerti, quidnam esset, they were not  Incorruptus, a, um, adj. (in 4 cormanifest, what they were; instead of ruptus), incorrupt, incorruptible, imincertum erat, quidnam essent, it was perishable, pure, uncorrupted, undoubtful, &c. Maurus incerto vultu, bribed, uninjured.
-with anxious looks, disturbed coun-  Incredibiis, e, adj. (in 4 credibilis),
tenance. Vagari incertis sedibus,- 5 276, III. $265. incredible, improbawithout a fixed residence. Incertum, ble, wonderful, strange. Incedibile
in, an uncertainty, an uncertain thing. memoratu, wonderful to tell or relate
Incessi, see Incedo and Incesso.  $ 276, III. R. 3.
Incesso, ere, cessivi or cessi, a. freq.  Incripo, are, avi, atum, s4 ui, tum,
sncedo), to attack, assail, assault, a. (in 4 crepo, to sound), to sound, reseize, take possession of; to appear.  sound. Fig. to chide, blame, rebuke,




INCRUENTUS              202             INFECTUS
reprove, upbraid, censure, assail, re-  Indignus, a, urn, adj. (in 4 dzgnus)
proach; to urge on, stimulate.      unworthy, undeserving; unbecoming
Incruentus, a, ur, adj. (in 4 cruen- shameful, unsuitable, unfit, inapprotus), bloodless, without bloodshed or priate, improper. In connection with
slaughter. Exercitu incrucnto, with- words denoting crime or suffering, inout loss.                           nocent, not deserving punishment.
IncultO, adv., plainly, rudely  Agere worthy. deserving better things.
inculte, to live rudely: from         Inditus, a, urn, part.: from
Incultus, us, m. (in 4f cultus), ne-  Indo, ere, didi, ditum, a. (in 4 do), to
glect, want of cultivation; filth.  put, put into, set upon; to give, apply.
Incultus, a, urn, adj. (in 4 cultus,  Indoctus, a, ur, adj. (in 4 doctus),
cultivated), uncultivated, uninhabited, untaught, unlearned, ignorant, unedudesert. Fig. rude, uncouth, unpolish- cated, without learning.
ed, without cultivation or refinement.  Inducice or Indutia, irum, f. pl. (in.
Incurro, ere, curri 4 cucurri, cur- duo, to put on), a truce or cessation
sum, a. 4 n. (in 4' curro, to run), O from hostilities, suspension of arms,
233, & (2.) to run into, upon or against; armistice. Inducias agitare, see Agito rush, rush upon, attack.         to. Per inducias, during an armisIncurvus, a, um, adj. (in 4' curvus, tice.
crooked), crooked, bending, curved.   Indico, ere, xi, ctum, a. (in 4 duco),
Inde, adv. ~ 191, R. 1, thence. from to lead or bring in, lead into, introthence, from  that, therefrom, from duce. Fig. to induce, persuade. In
that place; from that time, then, next, animum inducere, to make it a princi
afterwards, thenceforth.            ple, to propose, resolve, $ 271.
Indemnatus, a, um, adj. (in 4' dam-  Inductus, a, um, part. (induco).
natus), uncondemned, untried, un-     Industria, a, f,,  101, 1, industry
heard, without a trial.             diligence, activity: from
Index, Icis, m. 4 f. (inlico), a disco-  Industrius, a, um, adj., industrious,
verer, discloser, informer, witness.  prompt, active, assiduous, diligent.
Indicium, i, n. (index), a discovery,  Inedia, e, f. (in 4 edo, to eat), want
evidence, proof, information, disclo- of food, hunger. fasting.
sure, testimony. Indicium profiteri,  Ineo, ire, ivi, Btum, irr. n. 4 a. (in 4
to make a disclosure, turn informer or eo), to go into, enter; to commence,
state's evidence. Indicium pateface- begin, enter upon.
re, a pleonastic expression, instead of  Inermis, e, 4' Inermus, a, um, adj.
indicium facere.                    (in  airma), without arms, unarmed,
Indtco, are, avi, atum, a. (in 4' dico, defenceless.
to give), ~ 265, to show, discover, dis-  Iners, tis, adj. (in 4 ars), without
close, inform, give evidence or infor- art or skill; slothful, indolent, inactive,
ination, reveal, tell.              lazy, spiritless, without energy, cowIndtgens, tis, part., wanting, indi- ardly.
gent, needy, defective, deficient: from  Inertia, Cc,f. (iners, 1(0 i, unskillIndageo, ere, ui, n. (in, $ 197,10. 4' fulness; sloth, idleness, laziness, inaoegeo), to want, need, stand in need of, tivity, sluggishness, indolence.
require, S 250, R. 1. & 220, 3.       Infectus, a, um, adj.'in 4 factus),
Indignor, ari, atus sum, dep. $ 272, not done, undone, not made, unac
to scorn, disdain, be displeased with, complished, unperformed; ~ 222, imincensed, indignant: from           practicable. Infecto negotio, or infee



IN'ECTUS              203           INIMICUS
tis rebus, without accomplishing one's  Infirmus, a, unm slj. (in, farmus),
purpose.                           weak, feeble, infirm; faint-hearted.
Infectus, a, un, part. (inficio), 249, Inrrmissirnum  geaus, the feeblest
r. dyed, stained, colored.         class, sc. the women and children.
lIfecundus, a, um, adj. (in 4, fecun-  Infra, prep. with acc. 4 adv., below,
dus, fruitful), with abl.. 213, & 250, un- under, beneath.
fruitful, barren, unproductive.      Ingenium, i, n. (in f geno, to beget),
Infclix, izis, adj. (in, felix), un- nature, genius, quality; natural dispohappy, miserable, wretched, unfortu- sition, character, feelings, temperanate; barren, unfruitful.          ment, heart, temper, manner, way;
Infensus, a, urn, adj., angry, dis- natural capacity, genius, understandpleased, enraged, hostile.         ing, talents, parts, abilities, ingenuInftro, ferfe, intuli, illctum, irr. a. ity, mind, intellect, intellectual pow(in 4 fero), to bring or carry into, in- ers or faculties; counsel, advice. Introduce; to bring upon. Inferre bel- tendere ingenium or animum, to apply
lum, to wage war, carry on war, make the mind, employ the understanding,
war upon. Inferre signa, to carry the exercise the judgment.
standards against (the enemy), ad-   Ingens, tis, adj., great, large, huge,
vance or march against the enemy, vast; prodigious, immense, enormous;
to advance.                        powerful, mighty, great, important.
Inferus, a, um, adj., below, beneath,  Ingenuus, a, um, adj., (ingeno, to
underneath; Infri, arum, m., the in- implant by nature), native, natural;
fernal regions, the world of spirits; the free-born, born of parents who had
infernal gods, the shades, the dead, never been slaves, liberal, honorable,
who were supposed to live in a lower gentlemanly.
world, spread out beneath the surface  Ingero, Ore, gessi, gestum, a. (in +
of the earth. Comp. Inferior, lower, gero), to carry or put into; to throw,
inferior. Sup. Inf mus, lowest; last; cast, hurl or heap upon.
meanest, poorest, basest, humblest,  Ingratus, a, um, adj. (in 4 gratus),
worst.                             unpleasant, disagreeable, offensive;
Infestus, a, um, adj., act., ~ 222, hos- ungrateful, unthankful.
tile, unfriendly, inimical, at enmity  Ingredior, i, gressus sum, dep. (ti
with, bitter, implacable; pass., hateful, 4, gradior, to step), ~ 233, to enter, go
odious; exposed to, infested wlth. into; to walk, go, advance, proceed;
It is followed by the dative. Infesta to enter upon, set out; to commence,
signa, hostile standards, standards di- begin. Eadem ingrediens, commencrected against the enemy.          ing the same course, pursuing the
Inficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. (in, same measures.
facio), to stain, dye, color, tinge.  Inhonestus, a, urn, adj. (in 4, hones.
Infidus, a, um, adj. (in 4 fidus), ~ tus), dishonorable, disgraceful, shame222, unfaithful, faithless, false, treach- ful, base, inglorious.
erous, perfidious.                   Inimicitia, e. f., enmity, hostility:
Inf mus, see Inferus.            from
Infinitus, a, um, adj. (in 4, fihitus,  Inimlcus, a, unm, adj. (zn 4 amicus),
limited), infinite, endless, immense, inimical, hostile, unfriendly. InTmtboundless.                         cus, i, m., an enemy, a private enemy,
InfirmItas, atis,f., weakness, feeble- in distinction from  4ostis, a public
ness, infirmity, frailty: from     enemy.
18 *




INIQUITAS             204              INSTANS
Iniquitas, atis, f., inequality, un-  Insatiablis, e, adj (in 4 sa tio, to saevenness, steepness, disadvantageous tiate), insatiable.
nature; difficulty, disadvantage; injus-  Insequor, i, cutus sum, dep. (in 4
tice, oppression, unfairness from   sequor), to follow, pursue, follow close
InZquus, a, um, adj., (in 4f eequus), after, press upon, urge.
unequal, uneven; hard, difficult; dis-  lnsidice, drum, f. pl (insideo), an
advantageous, unfavorable; unjust, un- ambush, ambuscade; lying in wait,
fair partial, unreasonable.         snares, treachery, a plot, conspiracy.
Initium, i, n. (ineo), a commence- Insidias alicui tendere orfacere, to lay
ment beginning, origin. Initio, abl., snares for, form  plots against, prein the beginning, at first, in the first pare an ambuscade for.
place, originally. Initium agendi fa-  Insidians,tis,part. (insidior),lyingin
cere, to commence action.           wait, lying in ambush.
Injuria, rc,f., (iljurius, unjust), in-  Insidiator, oris, m., a lier in wait,
jury, wrong, injustice; damage, detri- lier in ambush: from
ment, hurt, harm. Facere injuriam,    Insidior, ari, dtus sum, dep. (in.
to inflict injury.                  sidia), ~ 224, to lie in wait, lie in amInjussu, abl. $ 94, (in 4 jussu), with- bush, lay snares for, plot against.
out orders, without leave.            Insigne, is, n. (insignis, distinguishijuste, adv., unjustly, wrongfully, ed), a badge, mark of distinction, sign,
injuriously: from!ensign.  Insignia, pl., badges or inInjustus, a, uwu, un adj. (in justus), signia of office; e. g. the axes and
unjust, wrongful, unreasonable; op rods, ivory seat, the pratexta or robe
pressive.                           of office, &c.
Innocens, tis, adj. (in 4' nocens), in-  Insblens, tis, adj. (in 4 soleo), unacnocent, faultless, harmless, guiltless, customed to, ignorant of; insolent.
blameless; disinterested, upright, free arrogant, haughty, presumptuous.
from rapacity or avarice              Insolentia, cc, f. (insolens), unusual
Innocentia, Es, f. (innocens), inno- ness, uncommonness, unusual nature
cence, purity, integrity, probity; dis- or character, novelty, strangeness,
interestedness, feeedom from rapacity strange behaviour, want of acquaintor avarice.                         ance with; excess, extravagance;
Innoxius, a, um, adj. (in 4 noxius), pride, haughtiness, insolence, arroact., harmless, innocent, inoffensive, gance, vanity. Per insolentiam, exblameless, innoxious; pass., safe, un- travagantly, excessively, beyond meahurt.                               sure.
Inopia, ai,f., want, indigence, need,  Insolesco, ~re, n. inc. (in 4' soleo), to
poverty, scarcity, lack:from       grow haughty or insolent.
Inops, (pis, adj, (in 4 ops), poor,  Insoltuts, a, um, adj., (in 4 solitus)
needy, indigent, necessitous, destitute, ~ 213, R. 1, (2), ~ 222, unaccustomed
helpless, powerless.                to, unacquainted with; strange, exInprimis, see Imprimis.           traordinary, unusual, unwonted.
Inquam   or inquio, inquis, inquit,  Insomnia, ce,f. (insomnis, wanting
&c. dej. verb, $ 183, 5, I say.     sleep), want of sleep, watching, wdkInquitinus, i, m. (incolo), one who ing
lodges in a hired house; a renter, ten-  Insons, tis, adj., (in 4 stms), inlo.
ant; a stranger, denizen. Also adj. cent, guiltless, unoffending.
immigrant, naturalized.               Instans tis part. (insto).




INSTITUO             205              INTER
Inqttuo, Ore, ui, utum, a. (in &4  Integer, gra, grum, adj., whole, enstatuo), to plant, place, appoint, insti- tire, undiminished; strong, vigorous
lute; to construct, build, make, form; new, fresh, unimpaired; pure, spot
to pronounce, declare, make, appoint;. less, unsullied; unhurt, uninjured;
to establish, introduce, ordain, deter- untouched, undetermined, open; upmine, ~ 271, to begin, commence; to right, honest, virtuous. De tntegro,
teach, instruct, bring or train up, edu- afresh, anew.
cate, direct; to decree; to order, regu-  Integrltas, jitis. f. (integer), soundlate; with ut or ne and the subj. or with ness; integrity, uprightness, probity
inf.                               honesty.
Institutum, i, n. (instituo), a purpose,  Intellgo, ere, exi, ectum, a. (inter 4
object, subject, plan, design, principle; lego), ~ 272, & ~ 265, to understand,
a custom, practice, institution, fash- comprehend, know, perceive, see.
ion, manners.                        Intempestus, a, um, adj. (in 4 tern
Insto, are, sttti, n. (in 4f sto, to stand), pestus, seasonable), unseasonable. In224, to stand in, over, or upon; to tempesta ntx, midnight, the dead of
be near or at hand, draw nigh, im- night.
pend, approach, threaten; to push or  Intendo, ere, di, turn 4 sum, a. (in 4
press upon, urge, harass, assail, be tendo), to bend, stretch; to increase,
earnest or pressing, pursue, pursue augment. Intendere officia, to go bewith reproaches, inveigh against.  yond or exceed one's duty, to do more
Instructus, a, um, part. (instruo), set than is required:-to direct, turn, apin order, arranged, marshalled; ~ 249, ply. Intendere or intendere animum,
R. 1. furnished, equipped, accoutred, to turn one's self, turn one's mind or
provided, prepared, in battle array.  thoughts, direct one's attention or enInstrumentum, i, n., furniture, an ergies, set one's-heart upon; $ 271, to
utensil, implement, instrument; bag- intend; to strive, exert one's self; to
gage, apparatus; means, assistance, aim, point. Intendere or iter intenaid. Instrumenta militia, munitions dere, to bend, turn or direct one's
of war: from                       course. Intendere ire, to design to go.
Instruo, ere, uxi, uctum, a. (in 4 Intendere aliquid, to propose, aim at,
struo, to build), to construct, build; to wish, intend. Intendere arma, atque
set in  order, dispose, arrange; to tela, to hold forth, present-.
draw up in battle array,'marshal; to  Intentus, a, um, part. 4- adj. (intenprepare, furnish, provide, equip, fit out, do), stretched, bent; intent upon, fixaccoutre.                          ed, attentive, eager, intent, occupied
Insuesco, ere, evi, itum, a. 4 n. (in with, bent on; vehement, forcible;
4 suesco, 271, to become accustom- watchful, careful, cautious, on the
ed), to be accustomed, be in the habit alert. It is followed by the dative or
of.                                by the ablative, either with or without
Insum, esse,fui, irr. n. (in 4 sum), in, and sometimes by the accusative
O 224, 4- abl with in, to be in.   with ad or in.
Insuper, adv. (in 4 super), upon,  Inter, prep. (in), with the ace ~ 235
above; from  above; besides, more- R. 2, between, betwixt,    among
over.                              amongst, amid, amidst; in, at, dur
Intactus, a, um, adj.'in 4- tactus, ing, within; above, before. Inter se
touched), untouched, unhurt, unat- mutually, to or with one another or
tempted. Bellum intactum, —-not begun. each other, together, between them.




1NTERDUM               206            INVERSUS
jointly. Procul or longe inter se, far rogo), ~ 265, to ask, question, inquire
from each other, far apart. Diversi interrogate; to examine, accuse,
inter se, opposite to one another.  charge, prosecute, impeach, try.
Interdum, adv. (inter 4, dum), some-  Intervallum, i, n. (inter 4 vallus, a
times, now and then, occasionally.  palisade), a space, interval, distance.
Interemptus, a, um, part. (interimo),  Intervenio, ire, veni, ventum, n. (znslain, killed, destroyed.           ter 4, venio), to come upon or between;
Intereo ire, ii, Itum, irr. n. (inter 4f to interfere, intervene; to interrupt,
eo), to perish, be destroyed, be slain, come or stand in the way, be opposed.
die.                                  IntestabIlis, e, adj. (in 4, testabilis
Interfectus, a, un, part.: from   that may testify), not permitted to
Interficio, ere,flci,fectum, a. (inter give evidence in a court of law, exe& facio), to kill, slay, murder, put to crable, detestable, odious, infamous.
death, destroy.                       Intestinus, a, unm, adj. (intus, withInterim, adv. (inter), in the mean in), internal, inward, intestine, civil,
time, meanwhile, in the meanwhile, domestic.
in the interim.                       Intolerandus, a, um, adj. (in 4, toleIntertmo, ere, emi, emptum, (inter 4 randus), not to be borne or endured,
cmo), to take away; to kill, slay, mur- intolerable, insuflfrable.
der, destroy.                         Intra, prep. with the ace., within, in.
Interiturus, a, urn, part. (intereo).  Also adv., within.
Internuntius, i, m. (inter 4, nuntius),  Intro, are, avi, itum, a., to go into,
a messenger that goes between two enter, penetrate; to come over, pass
parties, an  internuncio, interposer, within.
go-between, common or mutual friend   Introduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (intro,
or adviser.                         within, -4 duco), to bring or lead in,
Interpello, are, avi, attti,'a. (iOter conduct within, introduce., pello, obs.), to interrupt; to hinder,  Introeo, ire, ii, irr. n. (intro 4, eo),
disturb, prevent, stop, obstruct; to pre- ~ 276, II. to enter, go into.
vent as tribune by a veto.            Intueor, eri, itus sum, dep. (in 4,
Interp6no, ere, posui, positum, a. tueor), ~ 233, to look at, gaze upon,
(inter, pono), to interpose, put in be- behold.
tween. Interponere fidem, to pledge   Inultus, a, um, adj. (in 4 ultus), unone's credit, to engage one's word or revenged; unpunished, with impunity.
honor, pledge his faith or word of    Invado, ere, si, sum, n. 4 a. (in 4,
honor.                              vado), ~ 233, (3,) to go into, enter, fall
Interpositus, a, un, part. (interpono), upon, invade, attack, assail, rush
interposed, pledged.                against or upon; to seize, seize upon,
Interpres, etis, m. 4 f, a mediator, lay hold of, takepossession; absolute,
umpire, arbitrator, agent; an explain- to prevail, spread, extend.
er, translator, interpreter, dragoman.  Invenio, ire, veni, ventum, a. ktn m
Interpretatus, a, um, part. pass., in- venio), to find, find out, meet with.
terpreted, explained, translated, ~ 162, discover, ascertain; to contrive, de17: from.                           vise, invent; to acquire, gain, get, proInterpreter, iri, atus sum, dep. (in- cure; to detect, bring to light.
terpres,, to interpret, expound,.explain.  Inventus, a, um, part. (invenio).
lnterrogitus, a, um, part.: from    Inversus, a, um, part., turned upside
Interr-go, are, avi, atum, a. (inter 4, down, inverted: from




INVERTO              207            ITAQUE
Inverto, ere, ti, sum, a. (in <4 verto), ble), hastiness of temper, irascibility
to turn upside down, invert.       anger, wrath, passion.
Invictus, a, um, adj. (in  - victus),  Irascor, i, dep. (ira), tc be angry
unconquered, unsubdued, invincible, displeased, influenced by anger or reunconquerable.                     sentment.
Jnvldeo, ere, vidi, visum, n. 4' a. (in  Irdtus, a, um, adj. (ira), angry, dis4 video), ~ 223, R. 2, to envy, grudge, pleased, enraged.
deny, refuse. Fortuna virtuti invidet,  Ire, pres. inf. of Eo.
-denies success-.                    Irritamentum, i, n. (irrzto, to irriInvidia, aE,f., envy, jealousy, hatred, tate), an incitement, incentive, induceill-will, spite, malice, odium, blame, ment, encouragement, provocation.
dislike, dissatisfaction, popular odium,  Irrumpo, ere, ripi, ruptum, n. (in,'
unpopularity. Invidice alicui esse, to rumpo, to break), ~ 233, & Rem. 2, to
serve as a reproach, to cause one to break in or into, enter or rush in by
be odious. In ifividia esse, to be force, burst in or into.
odious: from                         Is, ea, id, gen, ejus, adj. pro. ~ 134,
InvIdus a, um, adj. (invideo), en- he, she, it; this or that man, &c., the
vious, invidious, malignant, spiteful.  same; such, so great, such a one, that
Inviolatus, a, um, adj. (in 4 viola- kind of person or thing. Id loci or
tus, injured), inviolate, unhurt, unin- locorum, see Locus. Eo, abl. in., with
jured, irreproachable, unimpeachable, comparatives, so much,' by so much,
pure, immaculate, unpolluted, unbro- the. Id quod, the thing which, which
ken.                               indeed, what, as, ~ 206, (13.) (b.) Is
Invisus, a, um, adj. (in 4 visus), not with et, atque, etc. and that indeed,
seen, unseen. Also, from invideo, ~ and that too. In the oratio obliqua, is
222, odious, hateful, hated, offensive, sometimes takes the place of tu in the
disliked, detested.                oratio directa.  See Ille in Dict.
Invito, are, avi, dtum, a., to invite,  Asdem the same asiisdem. See Idem.
ask, bid.                            Isse, perf. inf. of Eo.
Invitus, a, um, adj., unwilling, re-  Iste, ista, istud, gen. istius, dem, pro.
luctant, against one's will.       $ 134, & ~ 283, I, Exc. 4, this, that, he,
Ipse, a, um, gen. ipsius, ~ 135, & she, it, ~ 207, R. 25.
283, 1, Exc. 4. adj. pro., himself, her-  Ita, adv, (is), so, even so, so truly,
self, itself; or, he himself, &c.; also, so certainly, thus, in this manner, in
he, she, it; with ego or tu, expressed such a manner; so much, to such a
or understood, myself, thyself. Is ipse, degree, such, so constituted; therehe himself, even he. Of its use when fore, consequently, accordingly. It i,
joined with substantive pronouns used sometimes used redundantly, or by wa3
reflexively, as, parum tuta per se ipsa of apposition, before a clause, in a
probitas, see ~ 207, R. 28. Ipse some- manner similar to id, Q 206, (13),
times signifies, in himself, &c., person-  Italia,,f., Italy. J. 5, 2  28. C
ally, as, Duo imperatores,-iip pares; 16, &c.
also, in itself, of itself; as, Natura ser-  Italcus, a, um, adj. (Italia), Italian
pentium ipsa pernicosa, siti accendi- Italaci, orum, m., Italians, the inhabi
tur.                               tants of all parts of Italy, except GalIra, c, f., anger, displeasure, wrath, lia Cisalpina, and Latium. J. 47, 67
passion, ire, rage, resentment.      Itque, illative conj. ~ 198, 6, (ita 4
Iracundia, C, f. (iracundus irasci, que), therefore, then; and so, and thus




ITE             208             JUGUM
Ite, etc., see Eo.               Jampridem, adv., see Jam.
Item, adv., also, likewise, in like  Janua, ae,f a gate,door, entrance.
manner. Item often denotes the re-  Januarius, a, um, adj. (Janus), of o
petition of a preceding predicate; as, pertaining to the month of January
Ipse armatus, intentusque, item milites Januarice Calender, the first of Janucogebat, sc. ut armati inteutique essent, ary.
-to be armed-.                     Jocus, i, m. in pl. joci m, f joca, n.
Iter itinleris,., a going along; a  92, 2, a joke, jest; wit, raillery; hujourney, way, march, rout, road, path, mor, pleasantry. Movere jocum, to
course, progress, method, plan. Ex joke, jest, excite mirth, cause merri.
itinere, in itinere, and itinere, on the ment.
way, on the journey or march. Iter Jovis, see Jupiter.
facere, to go, march, travel. Iter  Jubeo, ere, jussi, jussum, a., $ 272,
pergere, to continue, pursue, prose- ~ 273, 2, (d.) to order, bid, comcute-. Magnis itineribus, byforced mand, charge, direct, enjoin; to
marches, with all speed. Iter trans- choose, elect, appoint; with the accuversum, a cross road, a transverse satie of the thing, and the dative of
course or direction, a march across        t,, 
th.         i         er e trnvre  athe person, to vote, decree, assign;the country. Itinere transverso, at t  r i
right angles.                    to ratify, approve. Rogalionemjubere,
Itrumadv., agai       to vote for a bill, to enact a law.
anItgrum,  a  n,  secd te, Pass. impers, ut jussum erat, as had
anew.
Itun., see Eo.                 been commanded.
Ituus, a, etm part.  (eo).       Jucundus, a, um, adj. (juvo), $ 222,
lU, a, smprt.     pleasant, agreeable, delightful, grate-,~~~J ful, pleasing, joyful.
Judicium, i, n. (judex, a judge),
Jacio, ere,jei, jactum, a., to throw, judgment; a trial, sentence, decision;
cast, fling, hurl; to throw or cast up, judicial power; a court of justice; a
raise, erect, place. Fig. to throw out suit or action at law, a law-suit, legal
a remark, say, remark casually, ob- process, legal remedy or redress;
serve, ~ 272.                    judgment, opinion, belief.  Mutare
Jaciilor, dri, dttus, sum, dep., to judicium animi, to alter one's purthrow ajavelin, throw, dart, cast, fling, pose or design. Judicium summum,
hurl, shoot: from                supreme or unlimited jurisdiction.
Jaccllum, i, n. (jacio), javelin, dart.  Judco, are, avi, atum, a. (jus 4
Jam, adv., now, immediately, pre- dico), O 210, R. 3, (3,) (c.) & ~ 230, R. 1.
sently, instantly, directly; even; be- to judge, give judgment, pass sen:oethald           Ja  ae, a'   to judge, give judgment, pass senfore; then; already. Jan antea, aml tence, determine, decide; to declare,
ante or antca jam, long before, long  onounce
ago, some time ago, already, previous- pronounce.
ly. Jam inde, all along. Jam inde a  Jug,, adj., perpetual, continual
principio, from the vesy beginning, never ailing, perennial. Jugis aqua,
as far back as the beginning. Jam a fountain, spring.
jam, just now, instantly, now truly,  JuTzlo, are, av, atum, a. (jiiulum,
now indeed. Jam pridem, long, long the throat), to cut the throat, butcher,
ago, long since, for a long time. Jam kill, slay, murder.
primum, now, in the first place, now,  Jugum, i, n., a yoke. In milhtery
first of all. Jam turn, even then, al- language, a yoke, a frame consisting
ready.                           of two spears placed erect, and a




JUGURTHA              209              LABOR
third laid transversely upon them, un- the rights of freedom, or the privi
der which vanquished enemies were leges of free citizens. Jus nullum
sometimes made to pass in a crouch- the total absence of justice.
ing posture, as a mark of disgrace.  Jusjurandum, i, n., ~ 91, (jus e ju
Jugurtha, w, m., a son of Manasta- randum, an oath), an oath.
bal, and adopted son of Micipsa king  Jussu, abl., ~ 94, (jubeo), by corn
of Numidia.  After murdering Ad- mand. Sinejussu, without command
herbal and Hiempsal, sons of Micipsa,  Jussum, i, n. (juheo), an order, corn
he became sole king of Numidia, and mand, charge. Jussa eficere, to exe
for a long time waged war with vari- cute-.
ous success against the Romans. He  Jussus, a, um part. (jubeo).
was finally taken captive by Marius,  Justitia, cs,f., justice, impartiality,
and after gracing the triumph of the clemency, mercy, uprightness, probiconqueror, perished in the same pri- ty: from
son in which the associates of Cati-  Justus, a, um, adj. (jus), just, upline were subsequently put to death. right, virtuous; mild, clement; just,
A. U. C. 649. J. 5, &c.           equitable; suitable, merited, due, reaJugurth'nus, a, um, adj. (Jugurtha), sonable, proper; lawful; justa, 5rum,
of or relating to Jugurtha, Jugurthine. n., funeral rites, obsequies.
J. 19, 56.                          Juvaturus, a, um, part. (juvo), $ 165
Julius, i, m. (C.), a confederate of  Juventus, &tis,f., (juvenis, a youth)
Catiline. C. 27.                  youth, younger days, the age of youth,
Jumentum, i, n. (jungo, to join), a a period of life, which appears strictly
beast of burden, pack-horse.'   to have extended onlyfrom thirty to
Junius, a, um, adj., of or pertaining forty-five, but which is often made to
to the month of June. Calendw Ju-'embrace also the preceding period of
nice, the Calends of June.         fifteen years, properly called adolesJunius, i, m., a Roman name, see centia. It is also used in a vague
Silanus.                          mannerfor the period immediatelyfolJupIter, Jovis, m., ~ 85, Jupiter or lowing childhood. The youth, young
Jove, a son of Saturn, and chief of persons, young men. Juvenlus nobilthe Greek and Roman gods. J. 107. ium, the young nobles or nobility.
Jurgium, i, n. (jurgo, to quarrel), a  Juvo, are, jhvi, jiitum, a., to help,
dispute, quarrel, altercation, strife, aid, assist, succor, profit, benefit; to
contention, slander, scandal, defa- please, delight, amuse; imp., it dematory speeches.                  lights. Diisjuvantibus, with the blesJuro, are, avi, dtum, n. f a., to sing of heaven.
swear, take an oath, make oath: from  Juxta, adv., nigh, near, by, hard by;
Jus, juris, n., right, law, reason, equally, alike. Juxta  ac, just as,
justice, that which is conformable to equally as. Juxta ac si, just as if
law; the laws; a court of justice; a just as though, ~ 263.2. Juxta mecu'n,
sentence, judgment; state, condition; equally with me, as well as I.
power, authority; leave, license. Jure,
justly reasonably, of course, also, by            L
law, according to law. Jus bonumque, what is just and useful, rectitude  L., an abbreviation of the preno
and public interest. Jus fasque, hu- men Lucius.
man and divine laws. Jus libertatis,  Labor, i, lapsus sum, dep., to fall




LABOR               210            LARGIOR
gently, glide down, descend. Fig. to  Lotitia, cc, f. (letus), joy, gladness,
mistake, err, falter, go wrong, miss.  mirth, joyfulness, exultation.  See
Labor 4 Labos, oris, m., labor, toil, Gaudium.
fatigue, activity, industry. Fig. dis-  Lctor, dri, atus sum, dep. ~ 273, 5,
tress, hardship, trouble, misfortune, to rejoice, be glad or joyful; i 232, (3.)
difficulty. The form  labos occurs to rejoice at or on account of; to be
morefrequently in Sallust than labor. delighted with, take delight in: from
Laboro, are, dvi, atum, n. 4 a. (labor),  Letus, a, um, adj. ~ 213, R. 5, (4.)
to labor, be oppressed with toil or fa- glad, joyful, cheerful, joyous; ready,
tigue; to be in want, trouble, difficul- willing; pleasing, acceptable; favoraty or distress; to be hard pressed; to ble; fruitful. Lcotus aliquA re, to be
maintain one's ground with difficulty; pleased or satisfied with. Lceti pacem' 273, 1, to strive, struggle, labor for, agitabamus, we enjoyed the delights
do one's utmost to efiect, try to ob- of peace. Agere lastus, to be joyful.
tain, strive to accomplish; to work, ^ Lcsvus, a, urn, adj., left, on the left
labor, toil, exert one's self.     side. Lava, ca, f., sc. manus, the left
Lac, lactis, n., milk.           hand, the left side. Ad laovam, on or
Lacedacmon, onis, f., Lacedemon, towards the left.
otherwise called Sparta, a celebrated  Lancea, ce, f., a lance, spear, javecity of Peloponnesus, the capital of lin, pike, dart.
Laconia.                             Langueo, ere, ui, n., to languish, be
Lacedcemonius, a, um, adj. (Lacedcc- sick, feeble or faint, fade, droop, bemon), Lacedemonian, Spartan. La- come weak or languid, grow dull or
cedcmonii, orum, m., the Lacedemo- heavy, remiss, inactive or listless; to
nians or Spartans. C. 2, 51.       be wanting in spirit or energy.
Lacero, are, avi, atum, a. (lacer,  Languldus, a, un, adj. (langueo),
maimed), to maim, mangle; to rend, faint, languid, weak, feeble, listless,
tear, lacerate; to waste, squander, con- inactive, remiss, dull, sick.
sume, dissipate; to revile, defame, rail  Lapideus, a, um, adj., of stone,
at, asperse, censure; to torment, af- stony: from
flict.                               Lapis, Idis, m., a stone.
Lacessitus, a, un, part., provoked,  Lapsus, a, um, part. (labor).
roused, irritated, exasperated: from  Laqueus, i, m., a noose, halter, cord,
Lacesso, ere, ivi, itum, a., to pro- snare, Laqueo gulam frangere, to
voke, challenge, irritate, exasperate, strangle.
excite; to rouse, stimulate, assail.  Lar, laris, m., a household god, a
Lacryma, a,f., a tear.           god who presided over the house and
Lacrymo, 4 Lacrimo, are, avi, atum, family, and to whom the hearth was
n. (lacryma), to weep, shed tears.  consecrated, a guardian god who preLceca, a, m. (M. Porcius), a Roman sided over all inhabited places  Fig.
senator, confederate with  Catiline. lar or larfamiliaris, a house, home.
C. 17, 27.                           Lares, ium,f. pl., a town of Africa
Lcedo, ire, si, sum, a., to hurt, harm, J. 90.
injure, offend, annoy; to asperse, slan-  Largior, i-i, itus sum, dep. (largus
der, defame, reproach, rail at, censure, abundant), to give in abundance, be
inveigh against, assail.           stow largely, lavish; to give, grant,
Loetandus, a, um, part. pass. (lator) give away; to make presents, give
tobe rejoiced at.                Ilargesses, bribe.




LARGITER              211              LEGIO
Largiter, adv. (largus), largely, commend, extol, so, laudando extol.
plentifully, freely, lavishly.     lere; to esteem, prize, value: from
Largitio, onis, f. (largior), a giving  Laus, dis,f., praise, commendation;
freely, bountifulness, liberality; lar- glory, honor; fame, renown.
gesses; bribery, corruption, a bribe;  Laxe, adv., loosely, slackly, widely,
profusion, prodigality,            openly. Sperans Romanos laxis fuLargitor, Oris, m. (largior), a profuse turos,-would be more free from respender, liberal giver; a briber.  straint, disorderly. For this use of the
Lascivia, a?, f. (lascivus, wanton), adverb in thepredicate, see Sum: from
petulance, licentiousness;  wanton-  Laxus, a, urn, adj., loose, large,
ness, playfulness, relaxation, gayety, open, spacious, wide, slack, lax.
sportiveness, love of amusement; las- Laxius imperium, less severe, less
civiousness.                       strict, more indulgent.
Lassitudo, Inis, f., weariness, fa-  Lectus, i, m., a bed or couch.
tigue, lassitude: from               Lectus, a, urn, part. 4- adj. (lego),
Lassus, a, urn, adj., weary, tired, chosen, selected, choice.
faint.                               Legatio, onis, f. (lego, ire), an emLate, adv. (latus, wide), widely, ex- bassy, lieutenancy, legation, the office
tensively, far and wide. Late ire, to of an ambassador or lieutenant; permarch widely extended.             sons sent on an embassy, ambassa
Latine, adv., after the manner of dors.
the Latins in the Latin tongue, in   Legatus, i, m. (lego, are), an ambasLatin: from                        sador, envoy, legate, commissioner; a
Latinus, a, urn, adj. (Latium, a lieutenant, deputy, lieutenant-general;
country of Italy), of or belonging to the governor of a conquered province.
Latium, Latin. Nomen Latinum, La-    Legio, onis,f. (lego, ere), a legion, a
tins, inhabitants of Latium. J. 39, body of Roman soldiers consisting of
42, 43.                            ten cohorts. The number of soldiers
Latitido, Tnis, f. (latus), breadth, in a legion was different at diferent
width, large extent; a broad tract. periods of the Roman state, having
Declivis latitudo, a gradually descend- originally consisted of three thousand
ing tract of great extent, a broad de- foot and three hundred horse, which
rJivity.                           number was gradually enlarged to
Latro, 5nis, m., a life-guard; a mer- four, five, or six thousand exclusive
cenary; a marauder, bandit, highway- of cavalry. In every legion there were
man, robber.                       three classes of soldiers called the
Latrocinium, i, n. (latroclnor, to hastati, principes and triarii or pilani
rob), robbery, highway-robbery, pira- Each class contained ten companies
cy; fraud, artifice, stratagem,violence; (ordines), and the same number of cenan attack of banditti, a contest with turions. The centurion who led the
robbers.                           first company of the principes, as well
Latus, a, um, part. (fero).      as the company itself, was called priLatus, Uris, n., the side, flank, ribs. mus princeps, the second secundus,
Ab latere, from the side; also, in the t4c. In like manner among the hasflank; near, at-one's side, at one's el- tati and the pilani, the first centurion
bow. Ex or a lateribus, on the sides was called primus hastatus and prior flanks.                         mus pilus or ccnturio primi pili. As
Laudo, are, dvi, atum, a., to praise, the triarii constituted the class highest
19




LEGIONARIUS             212          LIBERALITER
i rank, the centurio primi pili held  Lepldus, i, m. (M. AEmilius), a Ro.
the first rank among the centurions of man consul, A U. C. 688. C. 18.
a legion. It is sometimes used in a  Lepor, 4 Lepos, oris, m., mirth, wit
general sense for an army and even humor, facetiousness, grace, elegance
for the army of a foreign nation. C.  Jeptis, is, f., ~ 79, 1. Leptis, the
53.                                name of two towns in Africa, one
Legionarius, a, um, adj. (legio), of a near Hadrymetum, sometimes called
legion, legionary. Cohors legionaria Leptis minor, the other between the
or ex legionibus is used in distinction Syrtes, called also Leptis major and
from cohors auxiliaria.            Neapolis. J. 19, 77.
Legit'mus, a, um, adj. (lex), accord-  Leptitani, orum, m. pl., the inhabi
ing to law, appointed or regulated by tants of Leptis. J. 77, 79.
law, legal, lawful, right, just, legiti-  Levis, e, adj., light, of little weight;
mate. Legitimi dies, the legal time, small, little, slight: trifling, trivial,
the days prescribed by law. Candi- inconsiderable, of small moment;
dates for office were required to offer easy, mild, gentle.
themselves seventeen days before the  Levlter, adv. (levis), lightly, slightly,
day of election.                   softly; comp. leviis, less. Levius streLego, are, avi, ltum, a., ~ 264, 5, to pere, to ring less, make less noise.
send as an ambassador, depute, de-   Levo, are, avi, atum, a. (levis), ~ 251,
spatch; to appoint as lieutenant. Le- to lift up, raise; to make lighter, lightgare sibi aliquem, to choose for one's en, ease, relieve.
deputy or lieutenant.                Lex, legis, f., law; a law, statute
Lego,?re, legi, lectum, a., to collect, ordinance. Leges etjura, the constigather, cull, pick up; to run over, tution and laws.
read, peruse; to choose, select, elect.  Libens, tis, adj. (libel), willing, pleasLenio, ire, ivi, itum, a. (lenis, soft), ed, glad; merry, cheerful, joyful. Lito soften, mitigate, calm, alleviate, bens accipere,-gladly, with pleasure,
assuage, allay, appease, propitiate, pa- ~ 205, R. 15, (a).
cify, lessen, diminish, soothe, extenu-  Liber, bri, m., the inner bark of a
ate, prevail upon, persuade. Lenire tree; a book.
inopiam  frumenti, to  compensate,   Liber, era, erum, adj. (libet), free, in
make amends for, cause to be less a state of liberty; open, bold, frank,
felt.                              unrestrained, uncontrolled, uninflu.
Lenlter, adv. (lenis), gently, softly, enced, unshackled; void of, exempt
sweetly, mildly, placidly, calmly; re- from.
missly, inactively.  Lenius agere, to  Liberalis, e adj. (liberT,  213, libeact (i. e. to prosecute the attack) with ral, befitting a freeman or gentleman
less vigor.                        genteel, well bred, ingenuous; bounLentilus, i, m. (P. Cornelius Lentu- tiful, generous, munificent, liberal,
lus Sura), a Roman senator who took free.
a prominent part in the conspiracy   Liberalltas, atis,f. (liberalis), ingenot Catiline. He was at that time a uousness, civility; bounty, liberality,
praetor, and had once been consul. munificence, generosity.
He married the sister of L. Caesar.  LiberaTiter, adv. (liberalis), ngenuC. 17, 32, 39, 43, &c. See also Spin- ously, liberally, honorably,  prother                               fusely, bountifully, liberally, munifi
leo. Wnis, m., a lion.           cently.




LIBERE              213             LITTERA
Libere,adv.(liber), ingenuously,libe- of Africa between Getulia and the
rally, honorably, freely; largely, copi- Atlantic; pl. Libyes, Libyans. J. 18,
ously. Liberiis processi,-too freely. 89.
Lib ri, orum, m. pl. (liber), children  Licenter, adv. (licens, free), too free(freeborn,'not slaves).           ly, without due restraint; freely, with
Libero, are, Evi, atum, a. (liber), to freedom. Sperans Romanos licentiis
set at liberty, free, make free; to de- futuros,-more remiss in their disci
liver, release, extricate.         pline.
Libertas, atis, f. (liber), liberty, free-  Licentia, Cw,f. (licens), ~ 275, III. R.
dom, the state and condition of a free- 1, (1.) licence, liberty, permission, inman. independence, fearlessness. Jus dulgence, leave, power, ability, freelibertatis, see Jus.               dom  from  restraint, opportunity; liLibertus, i, m. (libero), a freed man, centiousness, insubordination. Polslave made free. This appellation is luta licentia, shameful corruption.
used when reference is made to the for-  Licet, licuit 4 licitum est, imp. S 169,
mer master; as, liberti Lentuli, the ~ 223, ~ 269, R. 2, ~ 262, R. 4, ~ 273, it
freed-men of Lentulus; otherwise the is lawful, it is permitted or allowed,
freed-man is called libertinus; but one may. Licet mihi, illi, etc., I may
libertus appears to be sometimes used or can, he may, &c.:-it is possible.
for libertinus, C. 59.               Licinius, i, m. (M.), see Crassus.
Libet, libuit or libltum est,   169,  Lictor, bris, m., a lictor, an officer
imp., ~ 223, & ~ 269, R. 2. it pleases, who attended on the principal Roman
it is agreeable. Uti libet, sc. tibi or magistrates, going before them, bearvobis, as you please. Libet mihi con- ing the fasces. They preceded the
fiteri, I am willing to confess, free to magistrates in single file; hence the
own.                               one who led the file was called priLibidinosW, adv. (libidinbsus, wan- mus lictor, the one in the rear, and
ton), according to one's pleasure or next to the magistrate, was called proxcaprice, wantonly, arbitrarily, capri- imus.
ciously.                             Ligneus, a, um, adj. (lignum, wood),
Libido, Ynis,f. (libet), $ 275, III, R. of wood, wooden, ligneous.
1, will, inclination, feelings, fancy,  Ligur, - Ligus, Uris, m. -f., of
humor, caprice; extravagance of de- Liguria, a country of Italy, a Ligurisire, wantonness; desire, propensity, an. The Ligurians were subdued by
inclination, passion, lust, cupidity, sen- the Romans under L..Emilius Scausuality, inordinate or ungoverned ap- rus, A. U. C. 571, and became allies
petite. In a good sense, pleasure, sat- of the Romans. J. 38, 77, 93, &c.
isfaction, delight. Habere libidinem,  Limetanus, i, m. (C. Mamilius), a
to take pleasure, to delight. Libido tribune of the people, A. U. C. 644.
dominandi, the lust of dominion. Li- J 40.
bido animi, the same as libido, inclina-  Limosus, a, um, adj., miry, muddy.
tion, passion. Ex libidine, as one from
pleases, arbitrarily, according to one's  Limus, i, m., mud, slime.
pleasure, humor or caprice, in pursu-  Lingua, e, f., the tongue. Fig. lanance of one's wishes.              guage, words, speech, conversation,
Libys, yos, adj., Libyan.  Also, discourse; a tongue, language
eubs. m.. a Libyan, an inhabitant of  Littera, ac,f., a letter of the alphaLibya, a country in the western part bet. Fig. littera, a writing, compo




LIXA               214              LUXUS
sition book; a letter, or letters, epis- space or time: lasting, durable, ot long
tle, or epistles; literature, letters, continuance.
learning.                            Loquor, i, citus sum, dep., to speak,
Lixa, ce, m., a suttler, victualler in say, tell, declare, discourse, talk, utter
a camp.                            The acc. is sometimes omitted, 229
Locatus, a, umn, part.: from     R. 4, 2.
Loco, are, avi, atum, a. (locus), to  Lucius, i, m., a Roman prcnomen
place, set, lay, dispose, arrange, sta-  Luctuosus, a, um, adj., mournful
tion; deposit, store, put. Locarepri- sorrowful, lamentable, sad, dolefil,
nmos et extremos,-in ifont and rear.  calamitous: from
Locuples, etis, adj. (locus 4 pleo,  Luctus, us, m. (lugeo, to mourn,) la.
obs., to fill), rich, wealthy, opulent; mentation, mourning, sorrow, afflic
well stored, well furnished.       tion, grief.
Locus, i, m., pl. loci, m. 4 loca, n.  Luculentus, a, unm, adj. (lux), bright,
92, 2, a place, room, situation, re- clear. Luculenta oratio, elegant, splen
gion, part, station, post, position; na- did-.
tural situation. Fig. a place, room,  Lucullus, i, m. (P.), a tribune of the
cause, opportunity, time; reason, people in the Jugurthine war. J.
ground, pretext; condition, state, fa- 37.
mily, rank, station, dignity. Omni-  Ludibrium, 2, n. (ludo, to play), a
bus locis, in all places, every where, mock, mockery, laughing stock, jest,
( 254, R. 3. Loco cedere, to give way, sport, derision. Habere ludibrio, to
abandon one's post, retire. Pelli loco, mock, make a mock of, make sport
to be driven from one's post. Urbes with, make game of, to impose upon,
munitce loco,-strong by situation or trick, befool. Esse ludibrio alicui, to
nature. Pro loco, according to the serve as a laughing stock, to be the
situation, or the nature of the ground. sport of.
Id loci, that place, ~ 212, R. 3. Id lo-  LudifYco, are, avi, atum, a. 4 n., or
corum, that time. Postea loci, or, as Ludificor, ari, itus sum, dep. (ludus
some think it should be written, post 4ffacio), to mock, deceive, make a
ea loci, corresponding in form with fool of, trifle with, baffle.
id loci, after that, afterward, ~ 212, R.  Ludus, z, m., play, sport, diversion,
4, N. 4. Peccato si locus esset, if error pastime, amusement.
were admissible, if a mistake were   Lumen, inis, n., (luceo, to shine),
allowable, or of little consequence. light; a light, day-light. Fig. an orLocus difficilis, in military language, nament, honor.
a place of difficult approach. Cogna-  Lux, lucis,f., light, day-light.
torum loco ducere, to reckon in the  Luxuria, e, f. (luxus), luxury, explace of-put instead of-esteem as-. cess, riot, profusion, extravagance,
Locitus, a, um, part. (loquor).  waste.
LongS, adv. (longus), far off, at a  Luxuriose, adv., luxuriously, sump
distance, far; very, very much, much, tuously: from
exceedingly: of time, long, far. Lon-  Luxuriosus, a, um, adj. (luxuria),
gius, farther; too far, ~ 256, R. 9, (a). luxurious, excessive, wasteful, prodi
Longinus, i, m. (L. Cassius), a Ro- gal, extravagant, voluptuous; rank
man senator confederate with Cati- luxuriant.
line. C. 17, 44, 49.                 Luxus, us, m., luxury, excess, riot
Longus, a, um, adj., long, either in Per luxum, in luxury, luxuriously.




M               215          MALEDICTUM
M.                   Magnificus, a, un, adj. (magnus 4y
facio), magnificent, splendid, noble;
M., an abbreviation of the prceno- boastful, proud, glorying, ostentatious,
men Marcus.                       sumptuous, rich, costly; great, gloMacedonia, c,,f., Macedonia or Ma- rious, exalting, conferring  honor.
cedon, a large country between Thes- Magnifica pro se dlctitare,-self-glorisaly and Thrace. J. 35.           fying.
Macedonicus, a, um, adj., pertaining  Magnitido, inis,f., (magnus), greatto Macedonia, Macedonian. C. 51.  ness, bulk, magnitude, extent; multiMachina, c(, f., a frame, fabric, tude, quantity; weight, importance,
work; a machine, engine; a military dignity. Magnitudoitineris, thelength
machine, warlike engine.          of the march.    Magnitudo animi,
Machinatio, onis, f. (machinor), a greatness of soul, loftiness of spirit,
contrivance, device, artifice; a ma- magnanimity.  Post magnitudinem
chine, engine.                    nominis Romani, after the Roman
Machlindtus, a, urn, part., with a name or nation had become great.
passive signification, O 162,17, planned, Magnitudo pecunicc, a great sum,- a
devised, contrived: from          great amount-. Pro, magnitudine,
Machlnor, dri, atus sum, dep. (ma- considering the importance, accordchina), to contrive, devise, plan, de- ing to the importance.
sign, project, plot.                Magnium, adv., ~ 192, 4, (b.) very,
Magis, adv., more; rather; especial- greatly, extensively: from
ly. It is often joined with eo, quo,  Magnus, a, um, adj. (comp. major,
tanto, quanto, &c., as, eo magis, and sup. maximus, ~ 125, 5.), ~ 250, great,
that the more, so much the more or large, powerful, mighty, excellent;
the more; magis magisque, more and much, considerable; momentous, immore. Its superlative degree is max- portant, valuable. Magna vox, a loud
ime, which see. Magis is not unfre- voice. Ubi mare magnum esse ccepit,
quently omitted before quam. Cat. 8, when the sea begins to swell. Cele48, etc.                          brare in majus, to exaggerate, to enMagistratus, us, m. (magistro, to hance, to extol beyond due bounds,
rule), an office either civil or military, magnify.
but especially a civil magistracy: also,  Majestas, atis,f., (majus, ohs., great),
a civil or military officer, but particu- greatness, majesty, grandeur, dignilarly a civil magistrate. The ordina- ty.
ry Roman civil magistrates were di-  Major, see Magnus. Major natu,
vided into two classes, the majores, or see Natu.
greater, and the minores or less. In  Majores, um, m. pl. (major), forethe former were included the consuls, fathers, ancestors; the ancients.
praetors and censors; in the latter, the  Male, adv., comp. pejus, sup. pes.
cdiles, quaestors and tribunes of the sIme, (malus), badly, ill, wrongly,
people.                           amiss, disastrously, wickedly. Male
Magniffce, adv., magnificently, pugnatum, unsuccessfullysplendidly, nobly, grandly, pompously,  Maledico, ere, dian, dictum, a. (mate
in a lofty strain, in a style of enhance- 4- dice), ~ 225, I. to speak ill of, rail or
ment or amplification, boastfully, carp at, revile, slander, asperse, abuse,
sumptuously, haughtily, pathetically: reproach.
from                                 Maledictum, i, n., tnaledico), a re19 *




MALEFACTUA              216           MANUS
proach, opprobrious or abusive lan- chaser,) property, right of perpetual
guage; an imprecation, curse.     possession, dominion; a slave.
Malefactum, i, n. (malefacio, to in-  3andaturm, i, n., a commission,
jure), evil deeds, crimes, injuries,  order, command, charge, message.
Mlaleficium, i, n., a bad action, mis- Mandata efficere or conficere, to exedeed, wickedness; hurt, harm, wrong, cute, perform-. Dare mandata verinjury: from                      bis, to give a verbal message: from:Malaficus, a, um, adj. (malefacio),  Mando, are, avi., atum, a., ~ 223,
hurtful, ill-disposed, mischievous, in- R. 2, ~ 273, 2, O 262, R. 4, to commit
jurious, pernicious.              to one's charge, bid, enjoin, order,
Malevolentia, (e, f. (malevulens, ill- command; to commit, consign, cornnatured), ill-will, envy, spite, malice, mend, confide, entrust.
malevolence.                        Maneo, ere, si, sum, n. 4a a., to stop,.Malitia, c,f, malice; bad qualities, stay, tarry, abide, remain, wait; to
demerit, perversity, villainy, wicked- last, endure, continue; to remain
ness, vice.                       firm.
Malo, malle, maluz, irr. n. 4' a. (ma-  Manifestus, a, uon, adj., manifest,
gis 4 volo), (O 178, 3,) ~ 229, ~ 271, $ clear, evident, plain, apparent; ~ 213,
273, 4, to be more willing, choose clearly convicted, evidently guilty.
rather, desire more, prefer. It is often Manifestum habere, see Habeo.
followed by quam, referring to magis  Manilius, i, m., see MIancinus.
in composition.                     Manipulus, i, m. (manus, pleo, obs.
Malum, i, n., an evil, mischief, mis- to fill), a handful; a band of foot solfortune, calamity, harm, punishment; diers, a company, maniple, the third
a fault, bad quality: from        part of a cohort.
Malus, a, um, adj. (comp. pejor, sup.  Manlianus, a, um, adj., Manlian, of
pessinmus), bad, evil, wicked, corrupt, or pertaining to Manlius.
vicious; worthless, mean, despicable,  3Manlius, i, m., (T.), see Torquatus.
vile, unprincipled; unsuccessful, un-  Manlius, i, m  (A.), a lieutenant of
favorable, adverse, unfriendly, unfor- Marius in the war against Jugurtha.
tunate, mischievous, pernicious, un- J. 86, 90, 100, 102.
lucky. Fratres mali,-wanting in af-  Manlius, i, m. (C.), a confederate of
fection, contentious, quarrelsome.  Catiline, to whom was intrusted the
Mamilius, a, um, adj., of or relating command of a large part of the forces
to Mamilius, Mamilian. Mamilia lex, raised by the conspirators. C. 24, &c.
a law  introduced by C. Mamilius    Manlius, i, m. (Cn.), a Roman geneLimetanus for the trial of those who ral who was defeated by the Gauls,
had favored the cause of Jugurtha. A. U. C. 649. J. 114.
J. 40, 65.                          Mansi, see Mlaneo.
Mamilius, i, m. (C.), see Limetanus.  Mansuetudo,'nis, f., (mansuetts,
Manastabal, alis, m., a Numidian tame), gentleness, mildness, tameness,
prince, a son of Masinissa, brother of lenity, clemency, humanity.
Micipsa, and father of Jugurtha. In  Mansurus, a, um, part. (maneo).
some editions it is written Mastana-  Manus, us, f., a hand; art, labor
bal. J. 5, 65.                    skill, workmanship; a body of men,
Mancinus,,, m. (Manilius), a tribune an armed force, army, band. Conse
of the Roman people, A. U. C. 646.  rere manum, see Consero. Mlanu, by
Mancipium, i, n. (manceps, a pur- hand. forcibly, by force of arms, vio



MAPALIA              217            MAXIME
lently. Consulere alicui manu, to aid account of the learning and refineby fighting. Neque consilio neque ment of its inhabitants. C. 34.
manu,-in action, in feats of arms. MIassiva, cc, m., a Iumidian, the.Equa manu discedere, to come off grandson of Masinissa, assassinated
with equal advantage. Manu promp- by order of Jugurtha. J. 35, 61.
tus, prompt in action. In manu or in  Massugrada, cc, m., the name of a
manibus esse, to be in one's power, to Numidian prince, the son of Matidepend on one, with ut and the subj., nissa by a concubine. J. 108.
also, to be at hand, to be near or close,  Mater, tris,f., a mother. Mater fa.
in distinction from eminus. Facere milias, ~ 43,2, the mistress of a family
prclium manibus, to come to close lady, wife.
quarters, fight hand t) hand. Per   Materia, c, 4' Materies, ei, f. (mater),
manus, by force, by main force, forci- matter, stuff, materials; wood, timber.
bly, also, from hand to hand. Res Fig. occasion, cause, source.
fidesque in manibus sitcc erant, their  Mlaternus, a, unm, adj. (mater), of a
property and credit depended upon mother, motherly, maternal.
their manual labor. In manus venire, IMatire adv. (maturus), in time, sea
to come within one's reach, come to sonably, opportunely; quickly, promptblows, come to an engagement.    ly, early, speedily, soon, hastily.
Mapalia, ium, n. pl., the name given  MaiFro, dracvi, aturn, m aj  n., to ri
by the Numidians to their cottages or pen, make ripe,'nature; to accelesate,
cabins; also villages, hamlets.   hasten, quicken, despatch, expedite,
Marcius, i, m., (Q. Rex), see Rex.  make haste, O 271; to do a thing beMarcus, Z, m., a Roman preenomen. fore the time, anticipate, be precipiMare, is, n., the sea. Terra mart- tate. WIith an infinitive it may often
que, or mari atque terr&, ~ 254, R. 3, be translated, swiftly, speedily, rapidly,
rmed., by land and sea. Nostrum with haste, &c.; as, Maturare iter permare, our sea, i. e. the Mediterranean. gere, to pursue a journey with rapiMaria et montes polliceri, to promise dity; so Legatz maturantes veniunt:
seas and mountains, to promise bound- from
less wealth, to make extravagant pro-  Maturus, a, um, adj., ripe, mature,
mises.                            ready; seasonable, timely, opportune;
Miaritimus, a, um, adj. (mare), of the early, speedy, quick.
sea, lying near the sea, maritime.  Mauritania 4- Mauretania, cE,f., a
Maritima ora, the sea-coast.     large country in the western part of
Marius, i, m. (C.), a celebrated Ro- Africa, now Morocco and Fez. J. 16,
man general, who conquered Jugurtha 19, 62. C. 21.
and the Cimbri, and afterwards en-  Maurus, a, um, adj., Moorish Maurigaged in a bloody civil war in oppo- tanian. Maurus, i, m., an inhabitant
sition to Sylla. He was first appointed of Mauritania, a Moor, Mauritanian.
consul A U. C. 647. J. 46, 63, &c.  J. 18, 19, 80, 82, 97, &c.
Masinissa, cc, m., a king of Nu-  Maxime, adv. (sup. of magis), 5 127
nlidia, and grandfather of Jugurtha. very greatly, in the highest degree
J 5, 9, 14, 24, 35, 65.           most, most of all, eminently, much
Massilia, ee,f., a maritime city in very, for the most part, very much
the southern part of Gaul, now Mar- above all; particularly, chiefly. espeecilles. It was founded by the Pho- cially, principally, in the first place.
ceaus and was long distinguished on Quam maxime, very much, as much as




3MAXIMUS              218           MEN rIOR
possible  Quam   maxime longus, $.Mlehercule, adv., by Hercules, truly,
127, as lasting as possible. Si maxime in truth.
animus ferat, if (our) minds (i e. if we)  ][elior, 6ris, adj. (comp. of bonts),
were ever so much disposed. Mlaxime better, superior, more excellent, pre— secun(dt n, most of all-next to that; ferable. Belle melior, more warlike,
in t he first place-in the second place. braver.
3ultio lmaximc, most especially, in the  Aelius, ade. (comp.of bene), better.
very highest degree.                Menmet, see Egomnet.
M1aximus, a, urn, adj. (sup. cf mag-  leniini, def. pret, 183, 3,. 272, 
nus;, greatest, very great, largest, ut- remember, keep in mind, bearin mind,
most, chief, highest, most important. recollect, call to mind; mention. It
Maxim;c a c,nicitia, very intimate friend- isfollowed by a genitive or accusattve
ship. Maxima documenta, the strong- of the object, $ 216 and R. 1-3.
est proofs. Maximum silentium, the  Memmius, s, m. (C.), a tribune of the
most profound silence.            people in the war with Jugurtha- J.
Maximus, i, m., see Fabius.     127, 30, 32..Mecumn, see Ego - Cam.           Memor, oris, adj. (memtnzi, 9 213
Medeor, eri, dep., O 223, R. 2, to mindful, remembering.
cure, heal, remedy; to correct, relieve,  Memorabilis, e, adj. (memoro), worobviate.                          thy of memory, worthy of being reMediocris, e, adj. (medius), middling, membered or mentioned, memorable,
moderate, tolerable, ordinary, indif- remarkable.
ferent, common, of moderate extent or  Memorla, AB, f. (memor), memory,
size; moderate, calm, temperate, well remembrance, recollection; time, so
balanced, unambitious. Non medi- far as its events are remembered; as,
ocris animus, not moderate, t. e. ar- mea memori&, within my memory, in
dent, ambitious. Mediocria gerere, my time;-a record, report, narrative.
to engage in moderate enterprises, or Memoria rerum gestarum, a narrative
in hostilities of little moment.  of past events, history, the composiMedium, i, n., the middle, midst. tion of history.
In medio relinquere, to leave undeter-  Memoro, are, avw, Mtum, a. (memor),
mined or undecided. In medio, in 5 272, ~ 265, to mention, make menthe middle, between; also, in the cen- tion, recount, tell, relate, say, speak of.
tre: fron                         Capsac conditor Hercules Libys memoMedius, a, um, adj., mid, middle, rabatur,-was said to be, ~ 210, N. 1.
middle of, 205, R. 17, in the middle  Mens, tis,f., the mind, soul, underor midst, the middle one, between; standing; thought; a design, plan;
as, medias ex tribus, ~ 212, R. 2, N. 4, intention; will, purpose, memory, reintervening; common to all; mode- collection, wisdom, skill; reason, judgrate; neutral, taking,part with neither, ment, opinion; nature, disposition.
inclined to neither side          feelings.
Me Dius Fidius, or as some prefer  Mensis, is, m., a month.
writing it in one word, mediusfidius,  Mentior, ir, itus sum, dep., to lie,
see Dius &4 Fidius                speak falsely, assert falsely; to deMedus, a, um, adj., pertaining to ceive; to feign, counterfeit, pretend,
Media, a country of Asia; of Media. invent.  Cutus consilio tantam rem
Medus, t, m, a Mede, an inhabitant menfitus esset,-had devised such a
of Media  J, 18.                  falsehood.




fMERCATOR              219               MILLE
Mercator, oris, m. (mercor), a mer-  Mletuens, entis, part. 4 adj., fearing,
chant, trader.                      afraid, afraid of: from
Merces, edis,f. (mereo), hire, wages,  Mletuo, ere, ui n. 4 a., to fear, be
pay, reward; fruit, profit, gain, a de- afraid, apprehend, be afraia of: from
airable object. Manuum merces, the     Mletus, us, n., fear, dread, care, conwages of manual labor.              cern, apprehension, afright, alarm; a
Mercor, ari, 5tus sum, dep. (merx, terror, something feared. See Timor.
merchandise), to trade, traffic; to buy,  Mle:s, a, um, adj. pro. ~ 139 (mei,
purchase                           \gen. of ego), belonging to me, my,
Merens, entis, part. 4 adj., deserv- mine, my own: meamet, the same as
ing, worthy of, either in a good or bad mea, or mea ipsius.
sense: froma                          Mlicipsa,,, m., a king of Numidia
Mereo, ere, ui, Itum, a. 4' n. 4 Me- who died A. U. C. 636, after a reign
reor, eri, itus stum, dep., to deserve, of thirty years. He was the son of
merit, earn.                        Masinissa and uncle of Jugurtha. J.
Meridies, ei, m. (medius 4' dies), 5, 6, 8, 9, &c.
mid-day, noon; the south.              Miles, 1tis, m. 4'f. (mille), a soldier,
Merito, adv. (meritus), deservedly, a foot soldier, a common soldier, in
with reason.                        distinction from  an officer.  Milites
Merttum, i, n., merit, desert; a kind- scribere, to levy or enlist soldiers.
ness, favor; worth. Ex merito, on      Militaris, e. adj. (miles), of or beaccount of merit: from              longing to a soldier, pertaining to
Meritus, a, urn, part. 4 adj. (mereo war, military, warlike, martial. Res' mereor), having merited or deserved, militaris, the art of war, military afdeserving well; merited, deserved; fairs, war. Homo militaris,-experifair, reasonable, suitable, fit, right, enced in war, a good soldier. Milijust. MNeritus in prcclio, distinguish- taris actas, the military age, the age at
ed-.                                which the Romans were bound to
Metellus, i, m. (Q. Ccecilius), a Ro- serve in war, viz. from the seventeenth
man consul who commanded in the to the forty-sixth year. Mlilitaria
war against Jugurtha, A. U. C. 645 & signa, standards. Militaris equus, a
646, but was superseded by Marius. war-horse. Militaria facere, to perHe was subsequently honored with a form   military duties. Militaris rei
triumph, and received the surname of faeinora, military exploits.
Numidicus on account of his success   Militia, ee, f. (miles), military serin the war against Jugurtha. J. 43-88. vice, warfare; war. The genitive miliMetellus, i, m., see Celer and Cret- time often signifies in war, or abroad,
tcus.                               in service, especially when joined with
Metior, mri, mensus sum. dep., to domi; Militia patiens, able to bear
mete, measure, take measure of; to arms. Militic flagitium, a disgrace
estimate, judge of                  in war, a military disgrace or ofMetor, ari, atus, sum, dep. (meta, a fence.
bound), to measure; to plan, arrange.  MilUto, are, avi, dtum, n. (miles), to
Metari castra, to measure out the serve as a soldier, be a soldier, serve.
ground for a camp, to pitch a camp,   Mille, num. i7j. ind., a thousand.
to encamp.                          Also a noun, ind. in sing., in pi. midiMetuendus, a, um, part. (metuo) to lia, ium, etc., n. Q 118, 6.'lle
he teared, formidable               passuum, a thousand Roman paces,




MIN E               220               MITTO
or one Roman mile; passuum in this throw into confusion, fill with, con
construction, is often omitted.     found, embroil. Miscere se cum ahlt
Minze, arum.f. pl., threats, menaces. quo, to unite or make common cause
MIinmne, adv. (sup. of parum), least with one.
of all, least; in negation, not at all,  Miser, a, um,adj., miserable, wretchnot in the least, by no means.      ed, unfortunate; distressing, sad, af
Minimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of par- flicting.
vus), least of all, the least or smallest,  Miserabhlis, e, adj. (miseror), to be
very small or little. Minimus, or more pitied, pitiable, deplorable, sorry, misfrequently minimus natu, the young- erable, lamentable, wretched.
est.                                  Miserandus, a, um, part. (miseror),
Minister, tri, m., a servant, attend- pitiable, deplorable.
ant; an aider, abettor, accomplice,   Misereor, eri, ertus 4 eritus sum,
tool; a helper, assistant.          dep. (miser),  215, to pity, commiseMinitor, iri, itus sum, dep. freq. rate, compassionate.
(minor), $ 223, R. 2. to threaten often  Miseria, e,f. (miser), trouble, misor much, menace.                    fortune, calamity, misery, wretchedMinor, us, gen     adj. (comp. of ness; affliction, distress.  Alicui in
parvus), less, smaller, inferior, less miseriam  vertere, to result in one's
important. Minoris, n. with sum and ruin. Quoniam eb miseriarum ventuverbs of valuing, 214, for less, at a rus eram, since I was destined to
less price, cheaper, of less value. Mi- come to such an extremity of misery.
nores magistratus, see Magistratus.   Misericordia, c,f., mercy, compasMinor, tri, dtus sum, dep., ~ 223, sion, pity. from
R. 2, (1,) (b.), to threaten, menace.  MIiserlcors, dis, adj. (misereo, to
Minari alicui aliquid, to.menace one pity, 4- cor, the heart), merciful, comwith-. Fig. to overhang, project.   passionate, pitiful.
Minucius, i, m., the name of a Ro-  Mliserttus, a, umnpart. (misereor).
man gens. Q. Minucius Rufus, see      Mistror, ari, atus sum, dep. (miser),
Rufus.                              to pity, commiserate, lament, deplore.
Mfinuo, ere, ui, uitum, a., to lessen;  Mlissio, bnis,f. (mitto), a sending,
make less, diminish, abate, impair; to mission; a sending away, dischargrestrict, stay, check, restrain.    ing; dismissal, discharge from office
Minus, adj (n. comp. of parvus), or from military service; in J. 64 it
see Minor.                          seems to signify a temporary leave of
Minis, adv (comp. of parum), less; absence, a furlough.
not. Si minus, if not. Quo minus,     Misslto, are, avi, atun, afreq. (mitthe less.                           to), to send frequently.
Mirahtlis, e, adj., wonderful, mar-  Missus, a, um, part. (mitto).
vellous, strange, astonishing: from   MithridatIcus, a, um, adj., pertainAMiror, ari, atus sum, dep., to won- ing to Mithridates, king of Portul,
der, marvel, be amazed or astonished Mithridatic. C. 39,
at; to esteem. prize, value, admire.  Mitto, ere, misi, missum, a., to send
Mirus, a, um, adj., wonderful, despatch, depute, ~ 230, R. 2, to throw
strange, extraordinary.             away, lay aside, dismiss; to omit,
Misceo, ere, miscui, mislum r' mix- pass over, let alone, to throw, cast.
turn, a, S 245, II, 2, & R. 1, to mix, min- hurl, discharge. The purpose after
gle, blend, unite; to confuse, disturb, mitto is expressed by the former su,




MIXTUS              221            MOLLITIA
pine or the stdj. with qui. $ 276, I. & only, provided that. Modo or dum64, 5. or a dative, ~ 227.       modo, provided, ~ 263,2. Quod modo,
Mixtus, a, urn, part. (misceo), mixed, provided it. Non modo, not only.
mingled, tempered, blended.       from
Mob)lis, e, adj. (moveo), easy to be  Modus, i, m., a measure, manner,
moved, moveable; fleet, swift, quick; way, method, means, fashion, rule,
inconstant, fickle, flexible, pliant, mode; limits, bounds; order, rule, mochangeable, variable.             deration. Facere or statuere modum
MAobilias, atis,f. (mobilis), mobility, to set bounds or limits. Sine modo,
activity. Fig. inconstancy, fickleness, without measure, boundless. In molevity, mutability, changeableness.  dum, in the manner of, like. OmnModeratus, a, urn, part. f- adj., go- bus modis, in every way. Habere
verned, guided; directing or regulat- modum, to regard, observe-. Impening one's self, moderate, discreet, tern- sius modo, very vehemently or greatperate. Tantcl temperantia inter am- ly, beyond measure, very earnestly.
bitionem scevitiamque moderatus, di-  Menia, ium, n, pl., the walls of a
recting his course in so happy a me- city, taken as a whole or surrounding
dium between courting popularity and the whole city. Any portion of the
the practice of excessive severity. moania is called murus; and sometimes
Nihil pensi neque modera!i habere, to the whole is so called, but a part of the
have no consideration or self-control: wall is never called moenia; the fortifrom                              ficatiorrs of a city; a city.
Modiror, dri, atus sum, dep. (mo.  Moeror, oris, m., (maoreo, to mourn)
dus), - 223, R. 2, & (1.) to moderate, lamentation, sorrow, sadness, grief.
restrain, govern, regulate, rule, guide, mourning.
manage, steer, direct.              MaEstus, a, um, adj. (maereo), sad
ModestW, adv. (modestus), moderate- sorrowful, afflicted, melancholy.
ly, with moderation, temperately, dis-  Molior, iri, itus sum, dep. (moles, a
creetly; modestly, humbly.        mass), to attempt something difficult,
Modestia, ae, f., moderateness; mo- struggle, strive, labor, toil; to attempt,
deration, dispassionateness, discretion, undertake; to contrive, plot, meditate,
sobriety, modesty, decorum, shame, prepare.
subordination; honor, dignity, charac-  Mollio, ire, ivi, tum, a., to soften,
ter; lowliness, humility: from    mollify; to appease, pacify, calm; to
Modestus, a, urn, adj. (modus), mo- enervate, make effeminate: frorm
derate, modest, temperate, sober, dis-  Molis, e, adj., soft, -tender, delicate,
ereet, gentle, unassuming, kind.  pliant, flexible, gentle, weak, feeble,
ModOc, adv., moderately, modestly: susceptible; smooth, kind, pleasing.
from                              Mollis  sermo, tender, voluptuous.
ModYcus, a, ttm, adj. (modus), mode- amorou. —.
late, modest, temperate, sober      MollZter, adv. (mollis), softly, gentModo, adv., just now, now, lately, iy, calmly, easily; delicately, luxuri
but this moment. Modo-modo, modo ously, efleminately; weakly, feebly
-inlterdl7, modo-deinde,   now-   sensitively.
now, sometimes-sometimes, at one    Mollitia, a,, and Mollities, ei,f. (moi
moment-at another moment, now- Is), softness, tenderness; effeminacy,
then,  at first-afterwards.  Only, voluptuousness; gentleness, mildness
alone, merely simply. Si m   odo if weakness, imbecility,  irresolution.




AtoNEO              222             MULTUS
Agere per mollitiem, to live voluptu- ture, kind;pl. morals, character, man.
ously, delicately or effeminately.  ners. Sibi quisque pro moribus con.
Moneo, ere, ui, itum, a. $ 218, & R. sulunt,-according to their (several)
1, & R. 2. to put in mind, remind, ad- characters. More, or ex more, accord.
monish, advise, warn; to teach, in- ing to custom; also, after the manner
struct, counsel, suggest. It takes the of, like. Natura aut moribus, natu
subjunctive, and more rarely the infin- rally or by custom, by practice. Mere
itive, ~ 273, 2.                  militari, or miltica, according to miliMonitor, oris, m. (moneo), an advi- tary usage. Illi mos est, he is wont
ser, counsellor, admonisher, monitor, or accustomed. Ita se mores habent,
prompter, teacher.                such is the custom or fashion.
Monitus, a, urn, part. (moneo).   Motus, us, m. (moveo), a motion,
Mons, tis, m., a mountain, high hill. moving, movement; a commotion, tuFig. a great quantity.            mult, disturbance, sedition, mutiny.
Monumentum, i, n. (moneo, $ 102, 4),  Moveo, ere, movi, motum, a. 4 n., $
a monument, memorial, record. Mo- 251, to move, stir, impel, agitate, put
numenta hostilia, monuments of hos- in motion, attempt, prosecute, pursue;
tility                            to remove, drive away. eject, turn out,
Mora, a, f., a delay, stay, stop, hin- degrade, expel; to excite, promote,
drance; an impediment, obstacle, ob- stir up, cause, occasion; to affect, instruction. Sine mora, without delay, fluence; to disturb; to incite; to perimmediately, instantly. Agitare mo- form. Movere castra, to remove one's
ras, to frame delays.             camp, to decamp. Moverejocum, see
Moratus, a, um, part. (moror).  Jocus.
Marbus, i, m., a disease, distemper,  Mox, adv., by and by, presently
disorder, malady, sickness. Fig. a quickly, immediately, soon.
bad passion, vice, weakness, failing.  Muliebris, e. adj., of or pertaining
Mlorior, i, mortuus sum, dep. $ 174, to a woman, feminine, female, woman(mors), to die, expire.           ish, soft, effeminate: from
AMoror, ari, atus sum, dep. (mora),  Mulier, &rzs,f., a woman, lady.
to delay, tarry, stay, linger, loiter; to  Multitidlo, Inis,f. (multus), a multistay, abide, remain, dwell, live; to re- tude, great number, crowd; the multitard, detain, hinder, impede, delay, tude, rabble, populace. Plebis vis in
stop, prevent, check.             multitudine minus poterat,-notwithMors, tis,f., death.            standing their number. Duces multiMortalis, e, adj. (mors, ~ 128, 2.), tudinum, the ringleaders of the popumortal, perishable. Mortalia, human lace.
affairs. Mortalis, is, m., a mortal, a  Multuim, adv, (comp. pluis, sup. plu.
mortal man, pl., men, mankind, per. rimim,? 192, II, 4, (b.)), much, very
sons, mortals. Mortales is often used much, very, greatly, far. Multum et
instead of hc/mines when joined with familiariter agere, to have frequent
multi or omnes, as including more and familiar intercourse.-in many
emphatically many or all of all ages respects, in many cases, often: f-om
and of both sexes. Omnes mortales,  Multus, a, um, adj. (comp. n. plus
all persons, every body.          sup. plurimus, which see), many
AMos, moris, m., a manner, custom, much, a great deal, numerous, ireway, fashion, usage, conduct, man- quent, too frequent; great, considera
nert, behaviour, practice, habit, na- ble. Multus adesse, to be assiduous




MULUCHA              223          MUTUUS
lligent, intent, to be continually pre- bulwark.  Fig. security, protection
sent. Multus instare,-constantly, in- defence, preservation, preservative.
cessantly. Multi, many, many per- from
sons; also, the many, the multitude.  Munic, ire, ivi, itum, n. 4 a., to en
Multa, n., much, many things, many close with walls, fortify, secure, prowords. Disserere multis, sc. verbis, tect, defend, strengthen.
ccIiously, at length, at large. Mul.  Munitio, onis,f. (munio), the act of
turn, n., much, a great part, a consider- fortifying, a strengthening, defending;
able part. Multo, n. abl.,joined often a fortification, defence, rampart, bulwith comparatives, superlatives, 4c. $ wark.
256, R  16, & ~ 127, (3,) greatly,  Munitus, a, urn, part. 4 adj. (mu.
much, by much, far, by far, a great nio), fortified, defended, guarded, prodeal,  considerably.  Multi —pars, tected, secured.
many-some. The conjunction et or   Munus, eris, n., a gift, present, boon,
atque after multi, when another adjec- reward, favor; an office, part, duty,
tivefollows, may commonly be omitted charge, trust, employment; a show,
in translating into English; as, Multa spectacle, entertainment, exhibition,
atque opportuna habes. J. 102. Multa public games.
bonaeque artes. J. 28. Multis et mag-  Murena, e, m. (C. Licinius), a Ro.
nis tempestatibus.               man general commanding in TranMiulucha, a,f., a river of Africa se- salpine Gaul, A. U. C. 692. C. 42.
parating Numidia from Mauritania.  Murus, i, m., the wall of a town or
J. 19. 92, 110.                  city. See Mlenia. Fig. a defence,
Mulvius or Milvius, a, num  adj., protection, security.
Mulvius pons, now Ponte Molle, a Mutatio, 6nis,.f. (muto), a changing,
bridge over the Tiber, three miles altering, change, alteration; an innofrom the middle of Rome upon the vation, revolution. Mutationes or MuFlaminian road, which led to Etruria. tationes rerum, changes of governC. 45.                           ment, political changes.
Munditia, a,f. (mundus, ornament),  Muthul, is, m., a river of Numidia.
cleanness, neatness, cleanliness, neat- J. 48.
ness in dress or habit, attention to  Muto, atre, dti, atum, a.? 252, R. 5.
dress; elegance, polish, refinement.  to change, remove from its place, alMunicipium, i, n. (munlceps, a bur- ter, exchange, turn; to barter, traffic.
gess), a town, particularly in Italy,  Mutare fidem, to violate one's enenjoying its own laws, while its in- gagements, be treacherous, change
habitants possessed the rights, in sides, break one's word. Mutare is
whole or in part, of Roman citizens, sometimes used for mutare se, to
a free town, a municipal town.   change, alter, Gr. $ 229, R. 4. Qua, quiu
Munificentia, ea, f., munificence, mortis metu mutabant, (sc. se) because,
bountifulness, liberality, generosity. through fear of death, they changed,
Munificentia  animi, see Animus: i. e. assumed a different character, or
from                             appeared differently from what they
Munificus, a, ur, adj. (munus 4fa- would have done in other circumcio), liberal, oountiful, bounteous, gen- stances,-did not appear to be grama
crous, munificent.               et flagitii plena.
Munimentum, i, n., a fortification,  Mutuus, a, urn, adj., that is borrow.
snelter, protection, defence, rampart, ed or lent, borrowed, lent. Sumere
20




MYRTETUM              224         NECESSARIUS
muttam pecuniam, to borrow money. or fit for, suited. Annos natus circter
Reddere ws mutuum, to repay a loan: viginti, about twenty years old.
mutual, reciprocal.                 Navtgo, are, dvi, atum, a. 4 n.'navis
Myrtttum, i, n. (myrtus, a myrtle), I4 ago), to steer or navigate a ship; to
a myrtle grove, grove of myrtles.  sail, sail in or upon, navigate; to ob.
tain by navigation.
N                   Navis, is,f. ~ 79, 3, a ship, vessel
Nabdalsa,, m., a Numidian gene- bark, boat.
lal. J. 70, 71.                     Ne, adv. 4 conj. S 262 & ~ 267, R. 1,
Nactus, a, um, part., (nanciscor).  not, that not, lest: also for nedum,
Na or Ne, adv., certainly, truly, much less; and for dummodo non
surely, indeed,                   provided that not. Ne quidem, not
Nam, or Namque, causal conj. $ 198, even, they are usually separated by an
7, for; but, then. As a causal con- emphatic word or words, ~ 279, 3. Afjunction it often relates to something ter verbs of hindering, from, with the
implied rather than fully expressed. English gerundive; as, Impedire ne
See J. 19, 28, 31, 63, 82 & 87.  triumpharent, to hinder from triumph
Nanciscor, i, nactus sum, dep., to ing. It is used instead of non before
meet with, find, light upon; to get, imperatives and subjunctives used as
gain, obtain,                     imperatives, ~ 267, R. 1, & ~ 260, R. 6,
Narro, are, avi, atum, a., ~ 265, to (b.) (c.).  See also Ne.
tell, recount, relate, report, recite, set  Ne, enclitic conj. ~ 198, N. 1. In diforth, declare, narrate. Initium nar- rect questions it is commonly omitted
randifacere, to commence a narra- in translating into English; in indition.                             rect questions, whether; ne-an, or
Nasica, C, m., see Scipio.      ne-ne, whether-or.
Nascor, i, natus sum, dep., to be  Nec or Neque, conj. S4 adv. (ne'
born; spring, arise, grow, be pro- que), neither, nor, and not; also not;
duced.                            but not, not; nec-nec, or neque —
Natio, onis,.f. (nascor), abeing born; neque, neither-nor.  Neque-neque
a stock, race; a race of people, na- sometimes stand for et non-et non,
tion, people, country.            and in translating, the first que may
Natu, abl. of the defective noun na- often be neglected.  Neque tamen
tus, us, m. 0 94, (nascor), ~ 250, by or neque alone, referring to a conces
birth, in age. Major natu, older, ~ 126, sive clause, and still or but still-not,
4, R. 1. Majores natu, men advanced nor yet. Neque alone has sometimes
in years.                        the same force as neque tamen. NeNatira, ee,f. (nascor,  102,, R. 2), que-et, and not-and; or, not-and,
nature, the creative power; the nature, neglecting the que.
natural property, character or consti-  Necatus, a, urn, part.-(neco).
tution of any thing; inclination, dis-  Necessari6, adv., necessarily, of ne
position, genius. Concedere nature, cessity: from.
to pay the debt of nature, to die. Ver-  Necessarius, a, um, adj, necesary
tere in naturam, to become natural. needful, unavoidable, indispensable,
Natura and ab nature, by nature, na- urgent; friendly, favorable; Necessaturally.                          rius, i, m., a relation, particular acNatus, a, um, part. (nascor), ~246, quaintance, intimate friend, confi
born, sprung; born to or for, intended dant:from




NECESSE              225              NIHIL
Necesse, adj. n. ind., necessary, of  Negotibsus, a, urn, adj., full of bunecessity, needful. ~ 273, 4, ~ 262, R. siness, busy, actively engaged in bu4, Necesse est, it is necessary, it must siness, occupied with public affairs
needs be, one must.                from
Necessitrido,'nisf. (necesse), neces-  Negotium, i, n. (nec 4' otium), a bu
sity; want, need; the tie of relation- siness, office, employment, part, ocship or friendship, relation, connex- cupation, pursuit; an affair, measure,
ion, acquaintance.                 transaction; enterprise; difficulty, trouNeco, are,avi, atum,necui, nectum, ble, burden, task, charge; a matter,
a. (nex), to put to death in a cruel thing, fact. Dare negotium alicui, to
manner, to slay, kill, destroy, murder. commit, confide, intrust; with ut, 4'c.,
Necibi, adv. (ne 4 alicibi, some- S 273, 2, to commission, order, charge,
where), lest any where, nowhere, that Culpam ad negotia transferre,-to the
nowhere.                           course of events, to circumstances.
Nedum, adv., not to say, not only,  Nemo, lnis, m. 4 f. (ne 4 homo), no
much or still less, much more.     one, no body, no man, no. Neno
Nefandus, a, urn, adj. (ne 4fandus, omnium, no one, no man.
to be spoken), not to be named, impi-  Nepos, otis, m., a grandson.
-ous, base, heinous, execrable, abom-  Neque, conj. ~ 198, N. 3, see Nec.
inable, atrocious.                   Nequeo, ire, ivi, Itum, irr, n., ~ 271,
Nefarius, a, um, adj. (nefas, unlaw- not to be able, to be unable, I cannot,
ful), wicked, impious, base, heinous, imp. it is impossible. It is commonly
abominable, execrable, nefarious.  used as a deponent verb whenfollowed
Neglto, are, a.freq. (nego), to deny by a passive infinitive.
often or strongly, persist in denying;  Nequicquam, 4 Nequidquam, adv.,
to refuse positively.              in vain, to no purpose.
Negligentia, a, f. (negltgens, negli-  Nequis, Ne quis, or Neu quis, qua,
gent), negligence, neglect, careless- quod or quid, adj. pro. (ne g guis, ~
ness, heedlessness, supineness.    137, R. (3.), 4 ~ 138), les: any one, lvst
Negligo, Zre, lexi, lectum, a. (nec 4 some, lest a, that no, that no one, nor
lego), to neglect, disregard, slight, any one.
make light of, take no notice of, not  Nero, 6nis, m. (Tib.), a Roman senato care for or regard, scorn, contemn, tor during the conspiracy of Catiline.
despise.                           C. 50.
Nego, are, avi, atum, a. 4. n., ~ 272,  Neve, by apocope, Neu, (ne 4. ve,
to say no or not, deny, refuse. With or), nor, neither, or not, and not, and
the infinitive active, to declare that that not. Neu quis, see Nequis.
one is not, does not or will not.    Nex, necis, f., violent death, murNegotiator, oris, m., one who trades der.
or traffics, a merchant, factor, trader;  Ni, conj. (by apocope for nisi), in
particularly a Roman citizen residing the protasis, ~ 261, if not, unless. Nz
in a province, and lending money on multitudo togatorum fuisset, if there
interest to the inhabitants of the pro- had not been, or had it not been for
vince, a banker, usurer: from      the multitude-.
Negotior, ari, atus sum, dlep. (nego-  Nihil, n. ind. (nihilum, by apocope),
hum), to trade, traffic, transact busi- nothing. It is often used in the ace.
ness; to loan money in the provinces, with a prep. understood, instead of
to be a banker or broker.          non, or nullus, not, in no respect, in




NIHILUM             226             NOMEN
nothing, not at all, no. With a geni- Roman knight confederate with Cati
tive, no; as, nihil causce. Nihil reliqui line. C. 17.
or reliquumfacere, to leave nothing,  Nobtlis, e, adj., (nosco), known, well
omit nothing. Nihil pensi, no con- known, noted; famous, remarkable
sideration or care, ~ 212, R. 3, N. 3. noble, illustrious, glorious, celebrated
Nihil languidi, no inactivity or listless- distinguished; noble, high-born, of
ness. Nihil remissi. no negligence. high birth  Nobilis, is, m., a noble
Nihil ad me, te, 4c. sc. pertinet or est, man. Nobiles, nobles, the nobility.
is no concern of mine, does not con-  NobilTtas, atis,f., (nobilis), fame, re
cern me, &c.                     putation, renown; excellence, noble
Nihilum, i, n. (ne 4' hilum, the least), ness; high-birth, nobility; greatness
nothing. Pro nihilo habere, to make of soul, magnanimity, generosity. By
no account of, to account as nothing. metonomy, the nobles, the nobility,
Nihilo, abl. with comparatives, not a the Patricians. Magna nobilitas,high
whit, not at all, in nothing, no. Ni- birth.
hilo minus, nihilomYnus, or nihilo seg-  Nobis, see Ego.
nius, no less, notwithstanding, never-  Nocens, entis, part. 4 adj., (noceo, to
theless, ~ 256, R. 16.           hurt), hurtful, mischievous, pernicious,
Nimis, adv., too much, too, ex- destructive, baneful; bad, wicked, critremely, exceedingly.            minal.
Nisi, conj. ~ 198, 8, (ne' si), used  Noctu,f. abl. sing. ~ 94, (nox), by
in theprotasis, ~ 261, if not, unless, but night, in the night time. Die nocthat, except, save only, but, and yet, tuque, day and night, ~ 253.
however.  Nisi quod, except that,  Nocturnus, a, um, adj. (noctu), of
only, but, but still. Nisi tamen, marks night, nocturnal, in the night.
an ellipsis, which is commonly to be  Nolo, nolle, nolui, n. 4 a. irr. (non
supplied from that which has gone 4 volo, ~ 178, 2), ~ 271, 273, 4, to be
before;but still, but however that may unwilling or averse. The imperative
i, but yet. Nisi forte, unless per- of nolo, with an infinitive, is transchance, used ironically, and com- lated by not, and the infinitive, by an
monly with the indicative. ~ 261, R. 6. imperative; as, nolite existimare, do
Nisus, us, m., an attempt, endea- not suppose. Idem velle atque idem
soT, effort, exertwo; a trea, step. noile, to like and dislike the same
Dubia nisu, perilous to attempt or thing, to have the same desires and
dangerous to tread upon, ~ 250: from aversions.
Nisus, a, um, part., from.       Nomades, urn, m.' f. nomads, a
Nitor, i, nisus 4' nixus sum, dep, ~ name given by the Greeks to the wan245, II., 1. { 271, & ~ 273, 1, to lean dering tribes of Asia and Africa, who
upon, rest upon, be supported by, de- lived by pasturage. The same peopend upon, trust to, to strive, strain, ple were called by the Romans Nu
labor, endeavor, attempt, exert one's midas. J. 18.
self; Niti ad, to strive for:-to make  Nomen, inis, n., a name, appellation
one's way with effort, move, rise, title. Nomine, by name, in the name,
mount, advance, climb. Niti cor- and it may sometimes be translated by
pore to make gestures or motions, the participles called or named, s 250
nake signs, gesticulate.         Servants, among the Romans, had
Nobilior, oris, m. (M. Fulvius), a but one name, but men who were free




NOMINO              227          NUCERINUS
born were distinguished by three our relatives, friends, fellow-country.
names; the nomen, or name of their men, soldiers, troops, &c.
gens or clan, the cognomen, or name  Notus, a, um, part. - adj. Incscoi,
of their familia or family, and the known, well known.
prenomen, or name of the individual.  Nova, adv. (novus), newly; sup. noTo these was sometimes added the vissimP, lately, very lately, last of all,
agnomen, on account of some exploit, lastly, finally.
&c. of the individual, O 279, 9.-A fa-  November, 4 Novembris, bris, bre,
mily, stock, race, nation; as, Nomen adj. (novem, nine), of or belonging to
Latinum, the Latin nation, the La- November. November, bris, m., the
tins;- reputation, dignity, renown, month November.
fame, character, name; as, memores  Novitas, ntis, f. (novus), newness,
nominis Romani,-a pretext, pretence, freshness, novelty, strangeness; newaccount, reason, excuse. Meo no- ness of family, want of noble ancestry
mine, in my name, on my account. see Hormo.
Meis nominibus, on my own, personal,  Novo, are, avi, atum, a., to introprivate or individual account. Alienis duce as new, invent; to change, alter.
nominibus, on account of others, in Novare, or novare res, to effect a revothe name of others. Hoc nomine, on lution or change in government, to
this account, for this reason.   make an insurrection: from
Nomino, are, dvi, dtum, a, (nomen),  Novus, a, ur, adj., new, fresh,
to name, call by name, to speak of, recent, novel, unusual, uncommon,
to accuse.                       strange, extraordinary; inexperienced,
Non, adv. $ 191, R. 3, not, no. Non unaccustomed to. Novus homo, see
quo, not that, not as if. Et non and Homo.  Novi milites, new recruits,
ac non following quasi serve to cor- raw soldiers. Novi atque nobies, new
rect the preceding proposition, " and and old nobility. Res nova, innovanot rather."                     tions or changes in the state of afNonr, arum, f. (nonus, the ninth), fairs, a revolution, sedition, rebelionn;
the nones, the ninth day inclusive be- change. Nove tabulac, a remission
fore the ides. The nones occurred on of debts, in whole or in part. See
thefifth day of each month except in Tabula.  Novisstmus, a, urn, sup.,
March, May, July, and October, when last, extreme.
theyfell upon the seventh, ~ 326.  Nox, noctis, f., night, night-time,
Nondum, adv. (non 4' dum), not yet, the night. Noctes atque dies, night
not as yet. Nondum etiam, not even and day. Noctem agitare, to pass tho
yet.                             night.
Nonnullus, a, urn, adj. (non f nullus),  Noxius, a, um, adj. (noceo, to hurt),
some; pl. some, some persons.    hurtful, injurious, noxious; bad, wickNos, Nostrum, Nosmet, etc., see ed, guilty, criminal.
Ego, 4 Egomet.                     Nubes, is,f., a cloud.
Nosco, ere, novi, notum, a., to be-  Nubo, ere, nupsi, 4 nupta sum,
come acquainted with, learn. Novi, nuptumn, a. 4 n. $ 223, R. 2, to cover,
I have learned, and hence, I know, veil. Hence, as brides, in ancient
understand, am  acquainted with, ~ times, were accustomed to put on a
183, N. 3.                       veil, to marry, be married, spoken cf
Noster, tra, trum, adj. pro. $ 139, the bride only.,nos), our, ours, our own.  Nostri,  Nucerinus, i, m. (P. Sittius), a Ro20 




NUDO              228            OBEDIENS
man, whose cognomen is derived the northern part of Africa, between
from Nuceria, a city of Campania, Africa Proper and Mauritania, corn,
where he was born. To avoid a prehending the modern territories of
prosecution, he fled from Rome just Algiers, Tunis, and a part of Tripoli
before the conspiracy of Catiline, J. 8, 14, 16, &c.
and having collected an army from  Numidicus, a, um, adj., Numidian.
Italy and Spain, he passed   over  Numquam, see Nunquam.
into Africa, where he engaged in   Nunc, adv., now, at present. Nuno
the service of various native princes. commonly denotes a time actually preC. 21.                           sent to the speaker. In speaking of a
Nudo, lre, avt, atum, a. ~ 251, to past time as then present, tune is used.
make naked, strip bare; to deprive, In arguments, now, such being the
bereave, strip, spoil: from      fact, in this state of things. In this
Nudus, a, um, adj., ~ 213, naked, sense it is frequently connected with
bare, uncovered, unprotected, unde- the imperative.
fended; destitute, without.        Nunquam or Numquam, adv. (ne e
Nullus, a, um, adj. $ 107, (ne 4, unquam), at no time, never.
ullus), not any, none, no, nobody, no  Nuntio or Nuncio, are, avi, iturm, a.
one. Alia fuere, quee nulla sunt, —  273, 2, ~ 272, to announce, bear
none of which.                   tidings, tell, report, declare, relate, inNum, adv. In direct questions it is form, give notice, make known, signinot translated, in indirect questions fy; warn, charge; pass. imp. nunciawhether, whether or no.          turn est, word was brought, notice was
Numantia, a, f., a city of Spain, an- given: from
ciently of great celebrity, built upon  Nuntius or Nuncius, i, m., news,
rising ground near the Duero. It was tidings, intelligence, advice, a mesdestroyed by Scipio Africanus the sage; a messenger, reporter.
younger, A. U. C. 621. J. 15, 20.  NuptiaC, arum, f. pl. (nubo), a wed&.Nt7mantinus, a, un, adj. (Numantia), ding day; a marriage, wedding, nupNumentine, of or belonging to Nu- tials.
mantia.  Subs. a  Nummitine. J.    Nusquam, adv. (ne 4 usquam), in no
7. 9.                            place, no where.
Numerus, i, m., a nuroier,,:a;ity,  Nutus, us, m. (nuo, obs.), a nod,
multitude. Numero, abl., us  fr,:;t.im es beck, sign made by a motion of the
added to numerals, as, numer:..;ra- head. Fig. will, pleasure, consent.
ginta, forty in number, to tr i:; m:-r
of forty, or simply forty, v 2:i..i;            0.
numero, among, one of. E:r::f,;
takes a demonstrative or po,: -..:  )b, prep. with ace., for, on account
pronoun in the same number aii;O:'e:i.  a consequence of; for the purpose
by attraction, instead of the ger, it i  r the sake of; for, instead of
plural as, Ex eo numero, insteed I (::', to the purpose, with advan
ex eorum numero.:Ex suo num' r:,'-s f  I'ofitably, usefully. Ob ea, fou
instead of ex suorum numero,'  2c.-t!' i  s!sons, therefore, on this ao
R. 20.:o-n
Numlda, es, m., a Numidian, an in-  O):e,- - tis, part. 4, adj. g 222, obe
habitant of Numidia. J. 5, &c.   j;-;    Ai ant, yielding, subject, sub
Numidmz aw, f., a large country ini n:,iw v  - bjection to, devoted or




OBEDIO               229             OBTINEO
enslaved to; prosperous favorable, in ignoble, mean.  In obscuro vitam
accordance with one's wishes: from  habere,-in obscurity, in privacy.
Obedio, ire, ivi, itum, n. (ob 4 audio),  Obsecro, are, avi, atum, a.' n. (ob6 
$ 223, R. 2, to obey, give ear to, com- sacro, to consecrate), $ 273, 2, to enply with, listen to, serve.        treat or pray earnestly, beseech imObjecto, are, avi, atum, a.freq. (obji- plore, supplicate, conjure, importune.
cto), ~ 224, to throw in the way of, ex-  Observo, are, avi, atum, a. 4 n. (ob 4pose; to object, charge, upbraid, cast servo), to observe, watch, note, mark,
in one's teeth  Objectare aliquid ali- mind, heed, attend to; to obey, comcui, to charge one with-.          ply with, submit to, regard; to look up
Objectus, a, urn, part., thrown to, to, esteem, honor, respect, reverence.
exposed: from                        Obses, idis, m. 4 f. (ob 4 sedeo,) a
Oyilcio, ere,jici,jectum, a. (ob 4'ja- hostage; any person who is a pledge
cio), ~ 224, to throw before, throw to, or security.
give, expose.                        Obsessus, a, um, part. (obsideo 4 ob.
Oblatus, a, um, part. (offero).  sido).
Oblino, ere, levi, litum, a. (ob  lino,  ObsYdeo, ire, idi, essum, n. 4 a. (ob'
to smear), to daub or smear over, be- sedeo), to sit around, beset; to take
daub, besmear, stain.              possession of, occupy; to besiege,
Oblitus, a, um, part. (obliviscor), blockade, invest, surround.
having forgotten, forgetful, unmindful  Obsido, ere, edi, essum, a. (ob  sido,
Oblitus, a, um, part. (oblino), ~ 249, 1, to settle down), to beset; to besiege,
smeared, stained.                  Occupy, take possession of, surround,
Obliviscor, i, oblitus sum, dep. ~ 216, environ.
to forget.                           Obstinatus, a, um, adj. (obstino, to
Oblongus, a, um, adj. (ob 4E longus), resolve firmly), obstinate, stubborn,
oblong, having greater length than perverse, inflexible, resolute, deterbreadth.                           mined.
Obnoxius, a, um, adj. (ob 4 noxius),  Obsto, are, stiti, statum, n. (ob 4' sn
i 222, liable, subject, obnoxious; sub- to stand), O 224, % 262,.. 9, to stand
ject, dependent upon, obliged, be- in the way, oppose, withstand, hinder,
holden, or under obligations to, sub. obstruct, be inconsistent or at variance
missive, in one's power, responsible, with.
devoted, influenced, swayed; abject,  Obstrpo, are, pui, pitum, n. (ob 4
sordid, fearful; exposed, liable to. strepo), to make a noise at or against,
Esse obnoxia alicui, to humor or gra- interrupt by noise, prevent from being
tify any one, to comply with his heard.
wishes.                              Obtestatus, a, um, part.: from
Obruo, ere, ui, Uitum, a. (ob 4f ruo, to  Obtestor dri, atus sum, dep. (ob 4
throw down), to cover over, over- tester), to call solemnly to witness,
whelm, bury, sink.                 protest; to conjure, supplicate, enObrutus, a, um part. (obruo).    treat, beseech, ~ 273, 2, ~ 262, R. 4.
Obscuro, are, avi, atum, a., to ob- Multa prius Pomptinum  obtestatus,
scure, darken; to cover, hide, conceal; having first on many grounds into render obscure, cause to be un- plored Pomptinus, ~ 231, R. 5.
known, cover with obscurity: from    Obtineo, ere, tenui, tentum, a. 4 n
Obscurus, a, un, adj., obscure, dark, (ob f teneo), to hold, have, possess; to
faint, dim, shady; obscure, hidden, keep, retain, preserve; to occupy ob



OBTRUNCATUS             230            OFFENSUS
tain, get possession of, acquire, gain. cado), to fall, fall down; to go down,
Ea fama, quce plerosque obtinet,- set; to die, perish, be lost.
which holds possession of most per-  Occisus, a, ur, part. (occido),
sons, i. e. which generally prevails,-  Occilo, lre, cului, cultum, a., to COis currently received. Nulla pro socia ver over, hide, conceal.
obtinet,-occupies as a partner, holds  OccultS, adv. (occultus), secretly,
the place of a partner or companion. closely, privately, in private.
Obtruncitus, a, um, part.: from    Occulto, are, avi, atum, a. freq. (ocObtrunco, are, avi, atum, a. (ob 4 culo), to hide, cover, conceal.
trunco, to maim), to cut off the head  Occultus, a, um, adj. (occulo), hidor limbs, dismember, cut to pieces, den, secret, concealed, private. Ocslaughter, slay.                   cultum habere, to keep secret. OcculObtuli, see Offero.              turn, i, n., a secret place, a secret, a
Obvenio, ire, veni, ventum, n. (ob 4 hiding place, concealment. Esse in
venio), ~ 224, to meet by chance; to occulto, to be concealed.
fall to one's lot, fall to; to fall out,  Occipo, are, avi, atum, a. (ob 4
happen, occur, offer itself.       capio), to seize, take possession of,
Obvidm, adv. (ob 4 via), ~2'28, 1, in invade, occupy, fill, engross; to atthe way, so as to meet. Obviam'pro- tack.
cedere, prodire, 4c., to go to meet,  Occurso, are, avi, atum, n.freq. (ocadvance to meet. Obviam mittere, to curro, to meet), to meet, fall in with;
send to meet. Obviam ire periculis, to oppose.
to expose one's self to, encounter-.  Oceanus, i, m., the ocean or main
Obviam ire, to go to meet, resist, op- sea.
pose, go against, encounter. Obviam  Ocis, comp., ocissYmn, sup. adv.
itum est, opposition was made.     (ocior, swifter), more quickly or swiftObvius, a, um, adj. (ob 4- via), ~ 222, ly, more speedily, sooner.  Quam
meeting in the way; going against, ocissime, as speedily as possible, with
-,posing; offering itself, obvious. all speed.
Obvius procedere, to go to meet; also  Octavius, i, m., a Roman gentile
to march against. Obvius esse, to name, see Rufus.
meet.                                Ocdlus, i, m., the eye. In oculis
Occasio, fnis, f. (occ'do, ~ 102, 7), situm esse,-before the eyes, in one's
an occasion, opportunity, fit or con- view.
venient season. Per occasionem,when  Odi, or osus sum, def. preteritive
opportunity offers, on a convenient verb, ~ 183, 1, I hate, detest, abhor.
opportunity.                         Odium, i, nt (odi), hatred, ill-will,
Occasirus, a, um, part. (occYdo).  spite, animosity, dislike, aversion.
Occasus, us, m. (occddo), fll, ruin,  Odor 4- Odos, oris, m., a scent,
destruction; the going down or set- smell, odor; a stench, offensive smell
ting of the heavenly bodies. Solis   Ofendo, Are, di, sum, n. 4 a. (ob +
occasus, sunset, the west.         fendo, obs.), to hit, strike or run
Occldens, entis, m. (occtdo), the west, against. Fig. to offend, give offence
the setting-sun.                   to, displease.
Occido, ere, cidi, cisum, a. (ob 4-  Ofensa, ac, f. (ofendo), a striking
cado), to beat, strike; to kill, slay, against; disgust, displeasure; an of
murder, slaughter, destroy.        fence, injury; liability of offence.
OccIdo,?re, cMdi, casum, n. (ob 4  OCfensus, a, um, part. 4' adj. (often




OFFERO              231          OPPORTUNITAS
do), being struck; offensive, disliked, R. 5, (4,) laden, burdened, loadea,
odious; offended, displeased, averse, freighted. Ager onustus prced, full
angry, hostile.                    of, filled with, abounding in-.
Offero, ferre. cbtuli, oblatum, irr. a.  Opera, a,f. (opus), work, labor, ser(ob f fero), to bring before, present, vice, assistance, aid, pains, exertion.
show, offer, give, hold forth. Quos, Dare operam, ~ 273,1, to manage, conquoniam res obtulerat, as the subject trive, effect, cause, strive, exert one's
had brought them before (us).      self, take care, see to it. Opercepretium
O.ffcio, ere, fici, fectum, n. (ob 4 est, there is a reward for one's labor,
facio), ~ 224, to hinder, stop, obstruct, one's labor is repaid, it is worth the
oppose, stand in the way; hurt, be while, it is profitable or advantageous.
hurtful or injurious to.             Operio, ire, erui, ertum, a., to cover,
Oficium, i, n., a duty, office, charge, to close; to conceal, hide.
trust, engagement; business; kind-   Opes, see Ops.
ness, obligingness; service, attention;  Oplfex, icis, m. 4 f. (opus 4facto),
employment, part.                  a workman, maker, framer, artificer;
Oleaster, tri, m. (olea, the olive), the an artist, artisan, mechanic.
oleaster or wild olive-tree.         Opimius, (L.), L. Opimius Nepos, a
Omissus, a, um, part.: from      Roman senator, (A. U. C. 633,) by
Omitto, ere, isi, issum, a. (ob 4 mit- whom C. Gracchus and more than
to), 271, to lay aside, leave off, omit, three thousand of his adherents were
let alone, let go, give over, cease, pass slain, and who is said to have been
over, say nothing of, leave, make no subsequently corrupted by the bribes
use of. Deditionem omittere, to give of Jugurtha. Being brought to trial
over thoughts of surrender.        for this, he was banished to DyrraOmnino, adv. (omnzs), wholly, en- chium where he died in poverty. J. 16.
tirely, altogether, utterly, at all; in  Opinio, 6nis, f, opinion, imaginaall, in the whole, but, only; univer- tion, belief, conjecture, expectation.
sally, generally.                  Opinione asperius est, is more difficult
Omnis, e, adj., all, every, the whole, than is generally imagined.
of all kinds; omnia, all things, every  Opitilor, ari, atus sum, dep. (ops 4,
thing. Honesta atque inhonesta, di- tulo, obs. to bring, whence tuli), 5 223,
vina et humana, are annexed to omnia I R. 2, to help, aid, assist, succor, refor the sake of emphasis, every thing lieve.
of whatever nature, every thing what-  Oportet, uit, imp., ~ 269, R. 2, it
ever. Omnia haec, after an enumera- behooves, it is meet, fit or proper, it
tion, are used for the purpose of em- ought. } 273, 4, (a.) & (b.).
phasis. Sometimes in the predicate   Opperior, iri, oppertus 4 opperitus
of a sentence omnis signifies only, sum, dep., to wait, wait for, tarry for,
solely, purely; as, Perfugas omnes expect.
prCesidium  imposuerat,-a garrison   Oppidanus, a, um, adj., of or beconsisting of deserters only, or de- longing to a town. Oppidani, 6rum,
serters only as a garrison, ~ 230, tR 2. townsmen, inhabitants of a town,
Onlro, are, ivi, aturm, a., $ 249, I. town's-people: from
to load, burden, lade, fill, gorge: from  Oppldum, i, n., a walled town, town.
Onus, Uris, n., a burden, load, weight.  Opportunltas, atis, f., fitness, conFig. a trouble, burden.            venience, advantageousness, opportuOnustus, a, urn, adj. (onus), 213. nity; benefit, advantage; a favorable




OPPORTUNUS             232              ORBIS
circumstance, lucky chance. Magna ficent, best of all, excellent, most
opportunitas, a rare or favorable op- eligible, most useful; bravest.  Opportunity. Ex opportunitate, in con- timus quisque, every man of high dissequence of opportunity: from      tinction or merit, of high standing:
Opportunus, a, um, adj., $ 222, com- also, the most capable, the ablest, the
modious, fit, convenient, suitable, pro- bravest.
per, adapted to the purpose, advanta-  Optio, fnis, f., choice, liberty to
geous, favorable, seasonable, oppor- choose, option. Facere optionem, see
tune; useful, serviceable; compliant, Facere: from
subservient; exposed, subject, liable,  Opto, are, dvi, atum, a. 4 n., $ 273,
obnoxious.  Multa atque opportuna 4, (a.) to wish, choose, prefer; to wish
habes,-many facilities or advantages. for, long for, desire; to wish, pray, reOpportuna res, a favorable conjunc- quest, ask.
ture, an advantageous state of affairs.  Opulenter, adv. (opulentus), richly,
Oppressus, a, urn, part., pressed abundantly, splendidly, magnificently,
down, loaded, oppressed, borne down, sumptuously, generously, bountifully.
crushed, depressed: from             Opulentia, a, f. (opulens, rich), opuOpprmo, ere, pressi,pressum,a. (ob lence, wealth, riches, abundance,
4 premo), to press, press or bear down, power, greatness.
oppress; to cover, hide, conceal, stifle,  Opulentus, a, urn, adj. (ops), rich,
suppress; catch, surprise; to over- wealthy, opulent, abundant; powerful,
power, rout, crush, subdue, make one's fertile.  With the abl. rich or aboundself master of, seize upon, put down, ing in, well supplied with, ~213, R. 5, (3.)
conquer, overcome, overthrow, kill,  Opus, eris, n., work, labor; a work,
slay.                              task; toil, fatigue, hardship; military
Oppugnatio, onis, f, a   fighting works, fortifications, engines. In disagainst, attacking, assaulting, storm- tinctionfrom natura or locus, it signiing; an attack, assault: from      ies, an artificial work, and hence
Oppugno, are, avi, atum, a., (ob - opere may often be translated, by art.
pugno), to fight against, assail, as-  Opus, indeclinable noun Q4 adj. ~
sault, attack, storm. Fig. to attack, 243, & R. 1, ~ 222, need, occasion, neoppose, prosecute, harass, trouble.  cessity; needful, necessary. TantumOps, opis, f. ~ 94, strength, power, modo ineepto opus est, we need but to
means, resource, might; aid, assist- begin.
ance, succor, protection, help, sup-  Ora, ae,f., the extremity, edge, marport: pl. apes, opum, riches, wealth, gin, border, boundary; the coast,
opulence, substance, property, estate, shore.
treasure; power, weight, influence,  Oratio, onis, f. (oro), speech, disinterest, authority; forces, resources, course, language, speaking; a speech,
means, strength; help, aid, assistance. oration, harangue; eloquence. HaSumma or maxima ope, with all one's here orationem, to deliver, pronounce,
might or power.                    speak or make a speech address, &c.
Optandus, a, um, part. 4 adj. (opto),  Ori or. oris, m. (oro), a speaker, orato be wished for, desirable.      tor; an ambassador, deputy.
Optdma, adv., (sup. of bene), very  Orbis, is, m., a circle, ring, orb,
well, excellently, best of all, best.  globe, sphere. Orbis terrae or terraOptimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of bonus), rum, the circle of the earth, the earth
very good, best, kindest, most bene- the world. Orbemfacere, to draw up




ORDO                233            PACISCOR
troops in the form of a circle, to make Inceduntper oa vestra.-before your
a circle.                         faces. Omnium ora in me conversa
Ordo, Inis, m., order, arrangement, sunt, the eyes of all-.
disposition, regularity; a series, course,  Ostendo, ere, di, sum 4 trum, (ob H.
train: a rank, row; a rank or file of tendo), to show, hold forth or expose
soldiers; a battalion, band, company; to view, point out, indicate, betoken
an order, rank, degree, state, condi- mean, manifest, display, discover, tell,
tion. Ordo senatorius, equester and declare, make known. Ostendere se, to
plebeius, the senatorial, equestrian and show or manifest one's self, to appear.
plebeian orders, the rank of a senator,  Ostento, are, avi, atum, a. freq.
knight, &c.  Ordine, according to (ostendo), to show, to show often, point
law  vr custom, regularly, rightly, out, display; to make show of, exhibit,
wisely, properly, justly, ~ 249, II. O- hold out, offer, promise; to threaten,
servare or habere ordines, to keep or menace; to  show  vainly, vaunt,
mind the ranks, to remain in line. boast of.
Ordine egredi, to leave the line or  Ostentus, us, m. (ostendo,) a show,
ranks. Commutare ordines, to alter appearance, display.  Esse ostentui,
the arrangement, or to change the to serve to display; also, to be a
front (of an army).               show, pretence or trick.
Orestilla, e,f., see Aurelia.     Otium, i, n., ease, leisure, freedom
Oriens, entis, part. (orior).   from business, want of employment,
Origo, Tnis, f., a beginning, head, idleness, retirement from  public busource, origin, original, cause, stock, siness, private life; quiet, repose, tranfountain, root; founder; a parent city quillity, rest, peace. Per otium, in
or state, mother-country:from    peace, during leisure; through want
Orior, iri, ortus sum, dep. $ 177, to of employment.
rise, arise, grow up, spring, spring up,
commence, begin, appear.                          p
Ornatus, us, m. (orno, to adorn),
ornament, embellishment, decoration;, an abbreviation of the prsnodress, garb, attire; trappings, accou- men Publius.
trements...     Pabulum, i. n, (pasco), food for catOro, are, ats, alum, n.  a. os, oris), tie, herbage, grass, pasture, fodder,
273, 2, to speak, utter; to beg, ask, forage, pasturage.  HIumi pabulum,
entreat, pray for, request, beseech, the herbage of the fields, the producmake supplication.                tions of the soil, as herbs, roots, &e.
Ortus, us, m. (orior), a rising; origin,  Paedtus, a, urm, part. & adj. (paco),
birth. Ortus solis, the rising of the peaceful, peaceable, quiet, tranquil,
ean, the east. Ab ortu solis, on the reducedto peaceable subjection, coneast.                             quered, subdued. Ex pacatisprcedas
Ortus, a, urn, part. (orior), with ab. agere,-from those who were at peace
either alone or with ex., ~ 246, & R. 2, (with the Romans).
risen, sprung up, born, descended.  Pacifico, are, dvi, atum, a. & n.
Os, oris, n., the mouth. Fig. lan- (pacif cus, pacific), to treat about or
guage, speech; the face, countenance; make proposals of peace, make or
presence, sight. Loque parum libero desire peace.
ore, to speak with too little boldness,  Paciscor, i, pactus sum, dep. n. & a.
with too much caution or reserve, to bargain, covenant, agree, stipulate;




PACTIO             234             PARTICEPS
to promise or demand by covenant, to appear, be seen; to be in waiting
stipulate for.                     or attendance; to obey, submit to
Pactio, 6nis,f. paciscor), an agree- comply with; to indulge, gratify, nument, bargain, contract, covenant, en- mor, follow, be guided by, give way to
gagement, condition, stipulation; a listen to, yield to; to depend upon, be
corrupt bargain; a promise. Facere subject to, be ruled or governed by.
pactionem, to bargain or agree.      Paries, Ltis, m., the wall of a house
1Pene or Pene, adv., almost, nearly. or other edifice.
Ialam, adv., openly, manifestly, pub-  Pario, ere, peperi, partum, a., to
licly.                             bear or bring forth young, produce; to
Palans, tis, part., wandering, strag- occasion, cause, make, produce; to
ling, dispersed:from              acquire, procure, get, gain, obtain.
Palor, ari, atus, sum, dep., to wan-  Pariter, adv. (par), equally, in like
der to and fro, wander up and down, manner, alike, just as much, at the
rove, ramble, straggle, be dispersed.  same time, together.  Pariter ac,
Palus, udis, f., a marsh, morass, atque, 4c., just as, equally as, as much
bog, fen, swamp, pool, lake.       as. Pariter ac si, just as if. Pariter
Panis, is, m., bread.            cum, at the same time with, at; equalPar, paris, adj., ~ 222, and R. 2 & ly with, jointly with.
6, O 250, equal, even in number, like,  Paro, are, avi, atum, a. ~ 271, to
similar. When followed by et, ac fr make ready, provide, put in readiness,
atque, the same as. Par est, it is con- prepare, make preparations, undervenient, meet, proper, suitable, right. take, attempt, go about, contrive,
Par esse alicui, to be equal to, to be order, dispose, furnish, equip; to aca match for-.                      quire, procure, get, obtain, im  at,
Paratio, onis, f. (paro), an aiming strive to obtain; to buy, purchase, seat, getting, procuring.            cure. Parare insidias alicui, to plot
Pardtus, a, um, part. 4- adj. (paro), against-. It is also used absolutely
with the inf. $ 270, R. 1, and rarely for parare se.
with the sulj., prepared, ready, pro-  Parricida, ea, m. 4rf. (pater 4- cedo),
vided, furnished, fitted, equipped; in a parricide, murderer of parents or
readiness; procured, bought.       near relations; a murderer, assassin;
Parco, ire, peperci, 4 parci a. - n. a miscreant, villain; a rebel, enemy.
(parcus), 5 223, R. 2, to cease, give  Pars, tis, f., a part, portion, piece.
over, abstain, let alone, omit, spare; share, side; some, part; pars-pars.
to regard, favor, consult, respect, re- pars-alii, alii-pars, some-others.
frain from hurting or injuring, be care- Magna pars, many. Maxima pars.
ful of; to pardon, forgive; to use mo- most. Magna parte, in a great meaderately, be sparing of, save, keep, sure, for the most part. Pars and
preserve, reserve.                 partes, a party, side, faction. Studza
Parcus, a, urn, adj., sparing, frugal, partium, party zeal, party spirit. Parthrifty, economical, moderate.     tium invidia, party-rancor. Ab omni.
Parens, tis, m. - f. (pario), a parent, bus partibus, on all sides.
father or mother.                    Partaceps, cdpis, adj. (pars 4 capioj,
Parens, tis, part. 4 adj., obedient. $ 213, partaking of, participating or
Subs., a vassal, subject, dependent: sharing in, privy to. Subs. a sharer
from                               partaker, associate, accomplice, partPareo, ire, ui, ~tum, n.,' 223, R. 2, ner.




PARTIM              235              PAUCI
Partim, adv. (pars), partly, in part, open, extend, stretch; to be accessisome, some part. It is often used as ble; to be plain, evident, manifest, be
cn indeclinable noun, and is frequent- known, appear; to be subject to one's
ly repeated or followed by alii; partim power.
-partim, or partim-alii, some-       Pater, tris, m., a father. Also, a
others.                           term of respect applied to Roman senPcrtio, ire, ivi, itum, a. (pars), to ators; see Conscriptus.
Iart, divide, distribute.           Patera, Ca, f. (pateo), a goblet a
Partus, a, umn, part. (pario), acquir- broad cup or bowl.
ed, gained, obtained.               Patiens, tis, part. 4 adj. (patior)
Parum, adv. (comp. minus, sup. with ace., enduring, suffering; with
minime, which see), little, but a little, gen., $ 213, able to bear or endure, catoo little, not enough. Parum muni- pable of enduring, ready to endure,
ta, feebly-. Paorumn valere, to be patient.
wanting in strength, to be feeble. It  Patientia, a,f., a bearing, suffering.
is also used for minus or non, not. enduring, patience, forbearance, tameParum habere, see Habere. Parum ness under injuries: from
cognovi or comperi, I have not satis-  Patior, i, passus sum, dep. $ 273, 4.
factorily ascertained. Parum facere, to bear, undergo, suffer, endure, brook,
to value little, to think little of. Pa. tolerate, support; to submit to, bear
rum seems sometimes to be a noun or contentedly, to permit, allow, suffer
adjective in the nominative or accusa- let.
tive; as, Parum sapientice. llzs pa-  Patria, ac, f. (patrius), one's native
rum est impune male fecisse, it is not country or city, native soil or land,
enough for them-. Parum habere. one's country.
See i 212, R. 4, & N. 1.             Patricius, a, urn, adj. (pater), of or
Parvus, a, urn, adj. (comp. minor, belonging to a patrician, of patrician
sup. minimus, which see), little, small; rank, patrician, noble. Patricius, i,
young. Parvipendere, see Pendo.    m., a patrician, a descendant of the
Passim, adv., here and there, up first senators, a nobleman of the first
and down, at random; every where, rank at Rome.
every way.                          Patrimonium, i, n. (pater), a paterPassus, us, m. (pando), a pace, step; nal estate, inheritance, patrimony; an
a pace, a Roman measure of five feet. estate.
Mille passuum, a mile. See Mille.   Patrius, a, um, adj. (pater), of or bePatefacio, ere,feci,factum, a. (pateo longing to a father, fatherly, paternal;
4 facio), to open, set or lay open, of one's country, native.
throw  open. Fig. to manifest, de-  Patro, ire,'avi, atum, a., to effect,
care, disclose, discover, detect, bring perform, execute, perpetrate, commit,
to light, show, explain, make known. achieve, bring to a conclusion, end,
Patefactus, a, urn, part. (patefa- finish, accomplish.
cio).                               Patrocinium, i, n. (patrbnus, a pa
Patefis, eri,factus sum, irr. pass. of tron), protection, patronage, support.
Patefacio, O 180, N.                Pauci, cE, a, adj. pl., few, a few;
Patens, entis, part. 4c adj., open, ly- pauci, a few men; also, the few, the
lng open, extending, stretching, ex- aristocray; a clique, cabal, junto.
tended wide: from                  Pauci, or paucissimis, sc. verbis, in
Pateo, ere, ut n., to be open, lie few words, briefly. Pauca mi7ites hr
21




PAUCITAS             236             PENSUS
tar;,-briefly, in few words, S 205, R. bezzle), the crime of stealing or em.
10, & ~ 231, R. 5.                bezzling the public money or proper
Paucltas, itis, f. (pauci), fewness, ty, peculation, embezzlement.
scarcity, smallness or paucity of num-  Pecunia, aB, f., money, a sum of
bers, paucity; a small number.    money; goods, property, wealth, rich.
Paulatim, adv. (paulus), by little es. Pecunia sumpta mutua, borrowed
and little, by degrees, gradually.  money. Pecunia magna, a great sum
Paulisper, adv., for a little while, a of money: from
little while.                       Pecus, oris, n., tame animals; as
Pauliulum, adv. (paulilus, very lit- oxen, horses, swine, sheep, goats, &c,
tie), a little, a very little, somewhat; a cattle, a herd. Pecora, pl., in distinclittle distance; a short time.    tion from  man, the brutes, brute
Paulim, adv., a little.         beasts.
Paulus, a, urn, adj., little, small:  Pedes, itis, m. (pes), on foot; a foot
paulo, abl. with comparatives, &4c. ~ soldier; collectively, the foot, foot sol256, R. 16, (2); by a little, a little, diers, infantry.
somewhat. Paulo post or post paulo,  Pedester, tris, tre, adj. (pes), on
just after, a little after, soon. Paulo foot, going on foot, pedestrian. Peante, see Ante. Paulum   procedere, destres copiae, the infantry, foot sol
-a little way.                     diers.
Paulus, i, m. (L. AEmilius Lepidus),  Pelignus, a, um, adj., of or belonga Roman senator, who commenced a ing to the Peligni, a people of Italy.
prosecution against Catiline, under the J. 105.
Plautian law. C. 31.                Pello, Ore,pepiili,pulsum, a., $251,
Paupertas, atis, f. (pauper, poor), to drive or chase away, discomfit,
poverty, need, indigence.          rout; to remove forcibly, expel, disPaveo, ere, pavi, n., ~ 232, (2.) to possess.
tremble or be alarmed at, to fear, be  Pendeo, ire, pependi, n., to hang
Efraid; dread.                    from, to be suspended; to hang, rest
Pavesco, ere, n. inc. (paveo), to be or or depend upon.
begin to be much afraid, show signs  Pendo, ere, pependi, pensum, a., to
of fear be alarmed, tremble.      weigh; to weigh or ponder in one's
Pavidus, a, ur, adj. (paveo), timid, mind, think of, consider, deliberate
timorous, afraid, fearful, alarmed, af- on; to esteem, value, appreciate, refrighted.                         gard; to pay, liquidate, discharge.
Pax, pacis, f., peace, quiet, tranquil- Pendere parvi, to value little, care litlity. Agitare pacem, to live in a state tle for, ~214. Pendere pccnas, to sufof peace, be at peace.' Pace, and in fer punishment.
pace, in peace, in time of peace.   Pene, adv., almost, nearly.
Pecratum, i, n., a fault, error, of-  Penes, prep. with ace., with, in the
fence sin: from                   power of, in the hands or possession
Pecco, are, at'-.. 4& a., to do of.' Fides ejus rei penes auctores erit,
wiong or a;: -:. fault, err, the credibility of this account will
mistake, trail.                   rest with the writers, i. e. the writers
Pectus, oris,.'est. must be held answerable for its truth.
Fig v 324, 2, the.   r;'   Pensus, a, um, part. 4 adj. (pendo).
memory, thoughts.                  -eighed, considered, esteemed prized,
Peculatus, us, m. (nec.": i::.  -:d; valuable, precious, dear. Ni



PENURIA              237              PERGO
hil, or nec quidquam pensi habere, or dispirited, disheartened, surprised, asducere, 5 265, $ 271, not to care or re- tonished, filled with consternation,
gard, not to mind or consider, to have dismayed.
no consideration, regard nothing, re-  Perdatus, a, urn, part. 4, adj. lost,
spect nothing, to reckon nothing pre- ruined, spoiled, desperate, abandoned
cious.                             from
Penuria, ac, f., want, need, lack,  Perdo, are, dldi, ditum, a. (per 4,
scarcity.                          do), to destroy, ruin. Perditum co,
Peperci, see Parto.              see Eo, and $ 276, II, R. 2.
Peperi, see Pario.                 Perduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (per 
Per, prep. with ace., along, over, duco), to bring through, conduct, lead,
through, throughout; for, during, convey, accompany; to bring or draw
about, in, at, by; between; with, by, over, persuade, gain over.
through, by means of, on account of.  Peregrinans, tis, part., going or livIn prayers, d4c., for the sake of, in ing abroad. Subs. a traveller in a fot
the name of. Per me, se. etc. of my- reign country, a sojourner.
self, himself, &c. by myself, himself,  Peregrinor, ari, atus sum, dep. (per&c. singly, without assistance, of egrinus, foreign), to go abroad, live in
one's own accord, without solicita- foreign countries.
tion, as far as depends on me, him,  Pereo, ire, ii, irr. n. (per 4, eo), to
&c. as far as I, he, &c. are concerned, perish, be lost or ruined, be destroyed;
as far as I, he, &c. can effect; intrin- to die.
sically. So Ubiprimum potuissetper   Perftro, ferre, tili, latum, irr. a
negotia publica,-so far as public bu- (per 4fero), to bear or carry through;
siness was concerned, For its use to bear, carry, bring, convey; to supwith words denoting the means: See port, suffer, bear patiently, bear or put
~ 247, R. 4. With an abstract noun ittup with, brook. Perferre legem, or
often supplies the place of a corre. rogationem, to carry a bill through.
sponding adverb; as, per luxum, per get a law passed.
ignaviam, per scelus, per moUitiem, per  Perflcio, ere, fci, fectum, a. (per 4,
superbiam, perdedecus, &c.; seeluxus, facio), ~ 273, 1, to finish, complete.
&c. With the name of a person it often accomplish, effect, perform, execute
signifies, by the intervention of, by dispatch; to bring about, cause.
the means or instrumentality of. In  Perfidia, aw, f. (perfldus, perfidious),
composition, see ~ 197, 13.        perfidy, treachery, perfidiousness,false.
Perangustus, a, urn, adj. (per, ~ 197, hood, faithlessness.
13,t angustus), very strait or narrow.  Perfiga, ac, m., a runaway, fugiPercello, ere, culi, culsum, a. (per, tive; a deserter: from
cello, to impel), to thrust or strike  Perfugio, re,fugi,fugitum, n. (per
aside, move forcibly, overthrow, over-,rfugio, to fly or flee for succor or
turn; to strike, hit, smite; to cast shelter, take refuge.
down; to astonish, amaze, stun, sur-  Perfugium, i, n. (perfugio), a refuge,
prise, strike with consternation.  shelter, sanctuary, asy.nm, a place of
Percontor, ari, atus sum, dep. $ 231, safe retreat.
fper 4 contor, to explore), to ask, in-  Pergo, Are, perrext perrectum, n.
quire, question, interrogate.      (per 4 rego), to go, proceed, go on,
Perculsus, a, urn, part. (percello), come, pass on, go forward, advance,
struck, strongly affected, disquieted, continue on one's way. Pergeie iter




PERICULOSE              238          PERTURBATUS
to prosecute, pursue, proceed on,-    Pernicibsus, a, um, adj. (perncie.,
~ 232, (1).  Pergere festinans, to pernicious, hurtful, baneful, mischievhasten.                             ous, destructive, deadly.
Periculos, adv., dangerously, with  Perpello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. (per
danger, hazardously: from           4f pello), to move, force; to move, af.
Penculosis, a, um, adj., dangerous, fect, touch; to drive, induce, per
hazardous, perilous: from           suade, lead, prevail upon,' 273, 2.
Periculum, i, n., a trial, experiment,  Perperam, adv. (perperus, wrong)
proof; risk, danger, hazard, peril. wrong, amiss, preposterously; falsely
Facere periculum alicui, to occasion, incorrectly.
cause-. Periculo suo, at his own risk.  Perpetior, i, pessus sum, dep. (per 4
Perinde, adv. (per 4 inde), similar- patior), to suffer, endure, bear, abide,
ly, just the same. Perinde ac, atque, undergo, submit to.
ut, just as, as, just so. Perinde ac si  Persa, a,, m., a Persian. J. 18.
or quasi, as if, as though, just as if.  Perscrzbo, ere, psi, ptum, a. (per 4
Peritia, e, f. (peritus, skillful), skill, scribo), to write, write out, write fully
skillfulness, knowledge, expertness.  or at large, report, record, copy out,
Perjurium, i, n. (pejiiro, to swear narrate.
falsely), a false oath, perjury.      Persequor, i, cutus sum, dep. (per 4
Periitus, a, urn, part. (perfero).  sequor), to follow, come after; to folPerlego, ere, legi, lectlum, a. (per 4 low  close, pursue, press upon; to
lego), to read through, read over.  revenge, avenge, punish; to overtake;
Permaneo, ere, mansi, mansum, n. to execute, perform, do, accomplish;
(per 4 maneo), to remain, endure, to recount, relate, narrate, treat of.
continue, last, hold out, persevere.  Perses, ae, 0 44, 4 Perseus, i, m.,
Permisceo, ere, miscui, mixtum or the last king of Macedonia. He was
mistum, a. (per 4 misceo),.245, IL2,& conquered by the Romans under the
R. 1. to mingle, mix or blend together, command of.Emilius Paulus, A. U.
throw into confusion, confound.     C. 586. J. 80. C. 51.
Permitto, Are,,si, issum, a. (per 4  Persolvo, ere, solvi, solutum, a.. n.
mitto), to dispatch, send away; O 273, (per 4 solvo), to pay, pay completely.
4, to permit, give, grant, allow, suffer;  Persuadeo, ere, suasi, suasum, a.
to commit, intrust. Iis permissum (per 4 suadeo),   223, R. 2,' 273, 2.
est, it was permitted them, they were to persuade, advise, induce, prevail
allowed or empowered.               upon.
Permixtio, onis, f. (permisceo), a  Perterreo, ere, ui, Htum, a., (per 4
mixing or mingling together, mix- terreo), to frighten greatly, terrify.
ture, confusion, convulsion. Permix-  Peterritus, a, un,part. (perterreo).
tio terra, a convulsion of the ele-   Pertimesco, ere, ui, a. 4. n. (per 4f
ments.                              timesco, to become afraid), to fear
Permixtus, a, um, part. (permiseeo). greatly, be greatly afraid.
Permotus, a, um, part.: from        PertYneo, ere, tinui, n. (per 4 teneo;,
Permoveo, ire, mbvi, motum, a. (per to reach, extend, stretch; to tend, aim.. moveo), to move, move greatly, stir Quo illa oratio pertinuit? whither did
up, stir, affect. influence, lead, induce. it tend? what was its aim?
Pernicies, ei, f. (perneco, to kill),  Pertingo, re, n. (per     di ad,~ the
death, destruction, nuin; disaster, ca- same as Pertineo.
lamity.                               Perturbatus     i             ^^




PERTURBO              239              PISO
disturbed, disquieted, confused, thrown reach, go or repair to, make for, travel
into confusion: from              to, advance to.
Perturbo, are, avi, atum, a. (per -  Petreius, i, m. (M.), the lieutenant
turbo, to disturb), to disturb greatly, of C. Antonius in the war with Catithrow into confusion, trouble, dis- line. C. 59, 60.
quiet, discompose.                  Petulantia,., f. (petiUans, petulant),
Pervenio, ire, veni, ventum, n. (per wantonness, insolence, petulance, imf venio), O 225, IV, to come to, arrive pudence, lasciviousness.
at, reach, come. Imperium pervenit  Phalgrae, arum, f. pl., trappings for
ad ignaros, falls into the hands of-. horses; ornaments of men or women
Perventum est, imp. sc. a nobis, illis,  Phileni, brum, m. pl., the Philaeni,
&c., we, they, &c., arrive, ~ 184, 2, & two Carthaginian brothers employed
$ 248, R. 1.                       as commissioners to settle the bounPes, pedis, m., the foot  Also the daries of the Carthaginian and Cyremeasure of a foot. Irepedibus in sen- nian territories. J. 19, 79.
tentiam, see Eo.                    Phoenix, icis, m., a Phoenician, an
Pesslme, adv. (sup. of male), very ill, inhabitant of Phoenicia. J. 19.
very badly, worst.  Quam   quisque  Picenws, a, urn, adj., Picene, perpessime fecit, tam maxime tutus est, taining to Picenum, a region of Italy
the worse any one has behaved, the on the Adriatic sea. Ager Picenus
safer he is.                      Picenum. C. 27, 30, 42, 57.
Pesslmus, a, um, adj. (sup. of malus),  Pictus, a, um, part. (pingo), painted.
very ill, very bad, the worst, most vi- Picta tabula, a painting.
cious, depraved or corrupt.         Pietas, atis, f. (pius, pious), piety,
Pessum, adv., down, to the bottom. veneration, respect, duty, love, affecPessum do or Pessumdo, ~ 225, IV, tion, devotion, religion.
to send or throw to the bottom, sink,  Piget, uit, Itum, est, imp., with acc.
plunge; to ruin, destroy, undo. Ad of the person and gen. of the thing, ~
inertiamn pessum datus est, has sunk 229, R. 6, & ~ 215, (1,) & R., it grieves,
into sloth.                       repents, pains, it is irksome or troublePestilentia, ta, f. (pestlens, pesti- some. Me piget, I am sorry, grieved,
lent), a plague, pestilence.      pained, ashamed, &c.
Pestis, is, f., a pest, plague, infec-  Pilum, i, n., a javelin or dart.
tion, contagion; mischief, calamity,  Pilus, i, m., a company of soldiers
destruction, ruin; a pestilence, di- armed with the pilum, a company of
sease.                            the triarii or third line of Roman solPetitio, onis, f., a canvassing or diers, the first line consisting of the
soliciting for an office, suit; a petition, hastati,and the second of the principes.
demand, desire, request  Petitionem Primus pilus, the first company of the
alicujus curva habere, to strive to pro- triarii: see Legio.
mote one's election: from           Pingo, ere, pinxi, pictum, a., to dePeto,?re, tivi, fitum, a., ~ 231, R. 4, pict, delineate, paint, draw.
273, 2, ~ 262, R. 4, to ask, seek, re-  Piso, onis, m. (C. Calpurnius), a
quest, desire, entreat; to seek, sue, personal enemy of Casar, and a colstand or apply for an office, to be a league of M. Glabrio in the consulcandidate; to seek after, covet, desire, ship, A. U. C. 687. C. 49
solicit court, woo; to aim at, assail,  Pise, onis, m. (Cn.), a profligate
attack. aim a blow at; to desire to young nobleman, who was an associ21 




rISTORIENSIS           240              PLUS
ate of Catiline and Autronius in a from the patricians; the mob, rabble
treasonable conspiracy, A. U. C. 688. populace.
C. 18.                              Plenus, a, nm, adj. (pleo, obs., to
Pistortensis, e, adj., of or pertaining fill),  2 213, full, replete, filled, rich,
to Pistorium, a town of Etruria, now abounding in. Pleno gradu, with a
Pistoia. C. 57.                   quick step, at a quick pace.
Pix, picis,f., pitch.             Pleriumque, adv., for the most part,
Placeo, ere, ui, Itum, n. ~ 223, R. 2, commonly, generally, often. Utz ple~ 269, R. 2, to please, give satisfaction, rutmque solet, as usually happens:
be agreeable. Satis placere, to satis- from
fy  Placet, imp., it pleases:-mihi,  Plerusque, aque, umque, adj. (plerus,
tibi, 6'c. it seems good to me. it is my most, 4r que), most, the greatest part.
pleasure, I like, I choose, decide, de- It occurs more frequently in the plural,
termine, resolve; also, it i} my opi- and has in both numbers a partitive
nion. The dative of the person is translation, like primus, medius, etc.
sometimes wanting.                ~ 205, R. 17: as, Pleraque nobilitas,
Placide, adv., softly, gently, mildly, the greatest part of the nobility, many,
quietly, peaceably, calmly, placidly: many persons, a great part, the greatfrom                              er part, most, most persons or things.
Placidus, a, um, adj. (placeo), quiet, Plerique, most men, ~ 205, R. 7. (1.) N.
gentle, soft, mild, calm, easy, still, 1. The neuter gender is followed by the
placid.                           genitive; as, Plerumque noctis, ~ 212,
Placztus, a, ur,part. & adj. (placeo) R. 3. So the other genders with a? 222, 3, agreeable, pleasing, grate- relative; as, quorum plerisque.
ful; agreed upon.                   PlurTmizm, adv. (sup. of multum),
Placo, are, avi, dtum, a., to appease, very much, most, especially, principalpacify, make calm, soften, reconcile, ly, chiefly, for the most part, generalquiet.                            ly, commonly.
Plane, adv. (planus), openly, mani-  Plurimus, a, urn, adj. (sup. of mulfestly, clearly; altogether, totally, en- tus), very many or much, most, the
tirely                            greatest part. Plurimum, the most,
Planities, ei,f., a plane, smooth or very much: with a genitive, ~ 212, R.
even surface, a plain, level ground. 3. Quam plurimum, or qulm pluriErat inter ceteram planitiem mons,- mum potest, as many or as much as
in the midst of what was otherwise a possible.
plain: from                         Plus, pluris, adj. (comp. of multus,
Planus, a, urn, adj., plain, even, flat, $ 125, 5), pl. plures,plura, ~ 110, more,
level, smooth.  Planum, i, n., a pluris or pluris pretii, of more value,
plain.                            higher, of a higher price, dearer, worth
Plautius, a, urn, adj. of or belong- more, ~ 252. Facere pluris, to value
ing to the Plautian gens, Plautian. higher, esteem more, ~ 214. Plures,
Plautia lex, the Plautian or Plotian more, a greater number, a majority
law, a law introduced by P. Plautius, Quam plures, see Quamplures. Plus,
A. U. C. 665, for the punishment of in the singular is used with a noun tn
those who should be guilty of either the genitive expressed or understood O
open or secret violence. C. 31.   212, R. 3.
Plebes, ei, or Plebs, is, f., the com-  Plus, adv. (comp.. of multhm)
mon people, plebeians, in distinction more.




PLUVIUS              241             PORCIUS
Plusnus, a, um, adj. (pluo, to rain), Great, the distinguished rival of Julius
rainy. Pluviaaqua, rain-water.     Cesar. C 16, 17, 38 39. See also
Pcena, Ca, f., punishment, satisfac- Rufus.
tion, a penalty, fine. Dare,reddere or  Pomptinus, i, m. (C.), a praetor who
solvere pcenas, to give satisfaction, was faithful to the state during the
to suffer punishment. Capere poenam, conspiracy of Catiline. He was Ci
to take satisfaction, to inflict punish- cero's lieutenant in Cilicia, A. U. C
ment. Peterepoenas, to seek satisfac- 711. C. 45.
tion, try to inflict punishment. Esse  Pondo, abl. ~ 94, (pendo), in weight
poenc., 6 227, to serve for or to be de- It is often used as an indeclinable
voted to punishment.               noun, a pound.
Pceni, orum, m. pi., the Carthagi-  Pondus, eris, n. (pendo), weight
nians. J. 79.                      gravity, heaviness; a load, burden; a
Penitendus, a, um, part., to be re- sum.
pented of, be sorry for: from        Pono, ere, posui, posYtum, a., to put,
Pveniteo, ere, ui, n. 4 a. (pacna), to place, set, lay; to lay aside, lay down,
repent, be sorry, Q 229, R. 6. Imp., Pe.- put off terminate; to propose, offer;
nitet me, etc., it repents me, &c., I re- to think, repute, judge, esteem, reckon,
pent, regret, am sorry.            account; to speak of, mention, set
Pollens, tis, part. 4, adj.. O 213, down; to make, constitute, ~ 230, R.
R. 5, (4.), having great power, able to 2. Ponere vigilias, to post, station-.
do much, powerful, strong, potent, ex- Ponere castra, to pitch a camp, encelling, surpassing: from          camp. In partem tertiam ponere, to
Polleo, ire, n., Q 250, to be able, be set down as a third part. Ponere ante,
very strong or mighty, be of great to place before; to value more, allow
force or power, prevail much, excel, more weight or influence to.
exceed, be powerful, great or strong.  Pens, tis, m., a bridge.
Polliceor, eri, ltus sum, dep., ~ 272,  -Pontificatus, us, m. (pontdfex, a pop
to promise, assume, hold forth, offer. tiff), the office or dignity of a pontiff
Multa polliceri, to promise many or high priest, the pontificate.
things, make great promises.         Populdris, e, adj., of or belonging
Pollicitatio, onis,f., a free or volun- to the people, popular; one's country
tary promise, promising frequently: man, a fellow-countryman, one bori
from                               in the same town or country; one of
Pollicitor, ari, atus sum, dep. freq. the same party, an associate, partner,
(polliceor), to promise, assure, hold accomplice; one acceptable to the
forth, promise often  Pollicitando, by people, a popular man, one who courts
oft repeated assurances.           the favour of the people: from
Pollicltus, a, um, part. (polliceor),  Popilus, i, m., those who compose
having promised.  In other authors one state under the same laws, a peoit is sometimes passive.           pie, state, nation, community. It is
Polluo, ere, ui, Ditum, a., to pollute, used with less extent of signification
infect, defile, corrupt, contaminate, than natio and gens. Also in the sense
violate, dishonor, disgrace.       of plebs, the common people, comPollutus, a, um, part.' adj. (polluo), mons, the people, in distinction from
polluted, defiled, unchaste, debauched, the magistrates or nobles.
foul, detestable, shameful.          Porcius, i, m., a Roman cognomen
Pompeius, i, n. (Cn.), Pompey the or family name.




PORCIUS            242             POSTLRIO,
Porcius, aC um, adj., Porcian, of or sess, have, hold, enjoy, be. master of,
relating to Portius. Porcia lex, the have possession of.
Porcian law, a law introduced by P.  Possido, are, edi, essum, a., to take
Porcius Lteca, when tribune of the possession of, take into possession.
people, requiring that no magistrate  Possum, posse, potui, irr. n. (potis S4
should scourge a Roman citizen or sum, g 154, R. 7), ~ 271, to be able, have
put him to death, but should permit power, I can; to have authority, power
such as were condemned to go into influence, ability, weight. Possum is
exile. C. 51.                     joined with quam and the superlative
Porrectus, a, um,part. 4 adj., stretch- degree, in the sense of, as possible, &c.
ed out, extended: from             See Quam. Possum is often followed
Porigo, ere, rexi, rectum, a. (porro by the accusative of a neuter adjective
t rego), to stretch, reach or spread or pronoun, ~ 234. Quantum ingenio
out, extend, lengthen.            possem, as far as I should be able,
Porro, adv., right onward, farther, as far as my talents would perafar off; then, moreover, besides, mit.  Plus or amplius posse, to be
next. It often continues a discourse more powerful or efficient. Possepluin such a manner as to connect some- rimum, to be most efficient or serthing which is the opposite of that viceable, of most avail. Quibus rebus
which had preceded it, and may then possum, by all the means in my power,
not improperly be translated, on the by all practicable means. Potest, imp.,
other hand, on the contrary.      it is possible, it can be. Potuit hoPorta, e, f., the gate of a city or nestius consuli, one might have purcamp; a door, port, portal.       sued a more reputable course, or a
Portatio, onis,f. (porto,) a carrying, more reputable course might have
carriage, conveyance, transportation. been pursued, ~ 209, R. 3, (6).
Portendo, ere, di, turn, a. (porro' ten-  Post, prep. with the acc., after, since,
do), to presage, portend, forebode, fore- behind, in the rear of, next in order,
tll, foreshow, betoken, augur, reveal. back of, subsequently to. Post eum
Portentum, i. n. (portendo), an omen, diem, the day after.  Post diem ocprodigy, portent, miracle.        tavum, the eighth day after. Ducere
Porto, are, dvi, atum, a., properly post, to reckon of less importance.
to bear or carry something heavy, and Postfuere, were dropped or laid aside,
this meaning may be traced even in its gave place. In most editions, the
figurative use, to carry, bear, convey, words are united, postfuere.  With
bring, take, conduct, transport.  names of persons, in expressions de.
Portuosus, a, um, adj. comp. ior. noting time, it supplies the place of a
(portus, a harbor), abounding in har- clause; as, Qui proximo anno post Besbors, having many good havens.    tiam consulatum gerebat; instead of,Posco, ere, poposci, a., to ask, de- post annum, quo Bestia consulatum
mand, pray earnestly, importune, re- gesserat. Also adv., after, afterwards.
quire, call for.                    Postea, adv., (post 4 is), afterward,
Posltus, a, urn, part. (pono).   after that or this, subsequently, herePossessio, 6nis,f., possession; a pos- after. Postea loci, the same as postea.
session, an estate, property:from  ~ 212, R. 4, N. 4. See Locus.
Possessus, a, um, part., possessed,  Posteaquam, or Postea quam, adv
owned, held in possession.        (postea 4 qutam), after that, after,
JPossideo, ire, edi, essum, a., to pos-' Posterior, us, gen, bris, adj. (comp.




POSTERUS              243          PRECEPTUM
of pisterus), that comes after, poste-  Potis, indecl. adj., able, possible.
rior, later, too late.               Potissmium, adv. (yotior), most of
Posterus, a, um, adj. (post), comp. all, especially, chiefly, principally, in
posterior, sup. postremus, which see; preference to others, first of all, above
coming after, following, next, ensu- all.
ing. Posteri, orum, m., posterity, de-  Potissimus, a, um, adj  (sup. of
scendants.                         potis), most of all, first of all. Igna
Postfui, see Post.               ri quid potissimum facerent,-what
Postquam, adv., (post' quam), ~ 259, they had best do.
R. 1, (2.) (b.) after, after that, when, as  Potiundus, a, ur, part. (potior),
soon as.                           ~ 162, 20.
Postrlem, adv., lastly, ultimately,  Potiis, adv. comp. (potior), rather,
finally, at last. After an enumeration of preferably. It is sometimes omitted
particulars, in fine, in short, in a word. before quam.
Postremus, a, um, adj. (sup. of pos-  Poto, are, avi, atum 4, potum, n. 4
terus), last, hindmost. Postrema acies, a., to drink; to drink to excess, tipple,
the rear. In postremo or in postremis, indulge one's self in drinking.
hi the rear.                         Potui, f4c., see Possum.
Postulctum, Z, n., a demand, re-   Prc, prep. with the abl., before; for,
quest, desire: from                by reason of, on aecount of; in compaPostilo, are, dvi, atum, a. (posco), rison of. In composition, see J 197,15.
9 272, 273, 2, to demand, ask, desire,  Prccacuo, Zre, ui, itum, a. (prao 4require; beg, implore, urge.       acuo, to sharpen), to make very sharp;
Potens, tis, adj. (possum), $213, R. to sharpen, sharpen at the end or point.
5, (3.) able, having power, capable,  Praaciitus, a, un, part. (preacuo).
strong, efficacious, powerful, mighty,  Prwcaltus, a, urn, adj. (prea, ~ 197,15,
vigorous, rich, having great weight or I4 altus), very high or lofty, very deep.
influence.                           Prrebeo, ere, uir Btum, a. (prao 4
Potentia, al, f., (potens), power, habeo), to give, supply, afford, minisforce, efficacy; might, authority, in- ter, offer, furnish, provide.
fluence, sway; empire, rule, domin-  Praebltus, a, um, part. (prabeo),
ion, power not granted by the laws, given, supplied, furnished, provided.
usurped power..                   Praceps, cipltis, adj. (pros 4 caput)
Potestas, atis, f. (possum), ~ 275, headlong, rapid; downhill, steep, preIII, R. 1. (1.) ability, power, leave, li- cipitous.  Fig. rash, hasty, sudden,
cense, liberty permission, opportuni- inconsiderate, precipitate, headlong,
ty; power granted by the laws and hastening. Agere prcccipitem, to drive
constitution, dominion, rule, empire, headlong, to drive to desperation.
authority, command; an office, post, Dari preceps, to be plunged headmagistracy   Potestatem facere, to long. precipitated, rush headlong, to
give liberty, afford opportunity.  be ruined. Ire praceps, to rush head
Potior, iri, tus sum, dep. (potts), long, plunge inconsiderately; to go
s 245, I, & R. to be or become mas- to destruction or ruin, to fall, be ruter of, gain possession of, conquer, ined.
acquire, get, obtain, possess        Prccceptum, i, n. (prancipio), an or
Potior, us, gen. oris, adj. (comp. of der or direction; a precept, rule, max
potis), better. preferable, more excel- im; advice, counsel, instruction; a
lent, dearer, more esteemed.       command




PRAECEPTUS             244           PR.iRUPTUS
Prceceptus, a, um, part. (precipio). foretell, forewarn, predict; to admon.
Praccido, ere, cidi, cisum, a. (praw 4 ish, charge, order, direct, enjoin; to
(axdo), to cut off; to shorten, abridge. make known, appoint, give notice of,
Precipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. (prce ~ 265.
- capio), to take before; 0 223, R. 2;  Preditus, a, urn, adj. (pro 4- datus),
&   273, 2, to instruct, teach, direct, S244, having, possessed of, endued
charge, enjoin, order, command. PrC-e with.
ceptum est mihi, I have been ordered,  Prcdo'ceo, ire, cui, ctum, a. (pro tc
instructions have been given to me.  doceo), to teach beforehand.'Prc, ipitatus, a, um, part.: from  Prccdoctus, a, urn, part. (presdoceo),
Preecipto, are, avi, atum, a. (pre- previously instructed.
ceps), to precipitate, plunge, throw  Prccdor, ari, atus sum, (preeda), to
headlong, hurry, drive. Fig. Se pre- rob, plunder, pillage, spoil, ravage.
cipitare, to hasten to ruin; to ruin or  Prccfectus, a, um, part. (prEfido),
destroy one's self, accomplish one's set over, appointed to the command.
own destruction.                     Prefectus, i, m. (praeficio), a superProecisus, a, um, part. 4 adj. tpre- intendent, overseer, director, presicido), cut off; steep, broken, precipi- dent, governor, prefect, a general,
tous.                              commander, a general of cavalry, the
Pracclarus, a, urn, fdj. (pre 4 cla. general commanding the cavalry of
rus), very clear or brig.t; noble, illus- the allies in the wing of the army.
trious, brilliant, conspicuous, famous,  Prccfro, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a.
celebrated, excellent, distinguished; (praee  fero), $ 224, to bear or carry
beautiful.                         before; to show; to prefer, give the
Prceda, ca,f., prey, booty, plunder, preference to, choose rather.
spoil, pillage; plundering, pillaging;  Preeflcio, ere, feci,fectum, a. (pra
gain, profit, advantage. Agere pre- 4-facio), ~ 224, to set over, appoint to
dam or predas, to drive off captured the command.
cattle and captives as booty; collect' Prcegredior, Mdi, gressus sum, dep.
booty, plunder, take booty. Bellice (proc 4 gradior, to step), to go before,
prcadae, the spoils of war.        precede.
Preedabundus a, um, adj. (preodor),  Pracmissus, a, um, part.: from
$ 129, 1, ravaging, pillaging. Dicit se  Prcemitto, ere, misi, missum, a. (pros
preadabundum eodem esse venturum, 4 mitto), to send before. The purpose
-after going on a predatory excur- is expressed by qui and the subj. 264,
sion.                              5, or by the former supine,. 276 II.
Preedator, oris, m. (pracdor), a rob-  Premium, i, n., money; utility, prober, pillager, plunderer.         fit, advantage; a reward, recompense,
Prcadatorius, a, um, adj. (pr&dator), premium, prize; a promised reward
robbing or plundering, predatory.  offer.
Predico, are, ivi, atum, a. (prce f-  Praepdio, ire, Zi, itum, a. (prea 4'ico, are), to spread abroad, proclaim, pes), to impede, hinder, obstruct; to
report, publish, declare, give out, pre- bind, shackle.
tend, say, tell, relate; to praise, com-  Preeposterus, a, urn, adj. (pra 4mend, extol, celebrate.Bene predi- posterus), having that first which
care, to speak well of, extol.     ought to be last, preposterous, abPreodico, ire, xi, ctum, a. (pra 4- surd.
ico, ire), to tell before, premise; to  Praeruptus, a, um, adj. (p'rarumpo,




PR1ES~NS             245               PREX
to break off), broken, steep, craggy, (prater 4 eo), ~ 182, R. 3. to go or pasb
rugged, hard to climb.             by, pass along; to pass over, leave out,
Presens, tis, adj. (prae 4 ens, $ 154, pass over in silence, let slip, omit
R. 1), present, at hand, in person; vig-  Pratergredior, edi, gressus sum,
orous, active, ready, prompt, resolute. dep. (preter 4' gradior, to step), ~ 233,
In prasens, sc. tempus, at present, for to go past or beyond, pass by.
tne present, now.                    Prvctor, oris, m. (prceo, to go bePrcesentia, a,f. (prrsen4 presence, fore), a pretor, chief commander or
sight, appearance.                 magistrate, a general.  Pretor or
Prcesertin, adv., especially, chiefly, Pretor urbanus, a civil magistrate
particularly. Quumpresertim orpra- next in rank to the consul, a judge.
sertim quum, especially since.     Pro pratore, one invested with the
Presldeo, ire, edi, essum, n. (prce 4 power of a pretor or commander in
sedeo), to preside over, superintend, chief; sometimes temporarily, as durdirect, command, have the command. ing the absence of the general.
Presidium, i, n. (prases, a presi-  Pratorium, i,,n., the pretorium, the
dent), a guard, garrison, escort; a de- general's tent or pavilion in the camp:
fence, protection, security, guard; aid, from
succor, help, assistance, support, re-  Pratorius, a, um, adj. (prator), of
source, refuge, relief, reinforcement.  or belonging to a pretor, pretorian.
Prestabilis, e, adj. (presto, are, Pretoria cohors, the pretorian cohort
$ 129, 4), excellent, distinguished, no- or general's guard.
ble: from                            Pretuira, w,f., the pretorship, office
Presto, adv., present, ready, at of pretor.
hand: joined with sum it signifies to  PravEnio, ire, veni, ventum, a. (prea
be ready, be present, be in attendance. 4' venio), to come before. prevent, anPresto, are, Iti, Itum, a. 4' n. (pre ticipate.
4 sto), $ 224, & R. 5, to stand before;  Prcventus, a, un, part. (pravenio).
~ 250, to be superior to or better than,  PravItas, atis, f., crookedness, deexcel, surpass, be distinguished; rare- formity. Fig. perverseness, depravily also in a bad sense, to be distin- ty, wickedness, knavery: from
guished or notorious; to do, execute,  Pravus, a, um, adj., crooked, disperform, cause, make, effect, $273, 1. torted. Fig. wrong, bad, wicked,
Pracstat, imp., it is better.      vicious, depraved, evil, unprincipled.
Praesum, esse, fid, irr. n. (prve 4 perverse, improper, unsuitable. Pra
sum), $ 224, to be set over, preside vlum, i, n., depravity, villainy, vice
over, have the charge or command error.
of, rule over, direct                Premo, ere, pressi, pressum, a., to
Prater, prep. with the acc., before, press, press upon; to oppress, over
close by, near, past, besides, in addi- whelm, press hard upon.
tion to; except, save. Also adv., ex-  Pretiun, i, n., a price, worth, value 
cept, save only.                   a reward, meed; pay, hire, wages,
Preterea, adv. (prater 4' is), be- gain, profit, gold, money, wealth,
eides, moreover; then, next; at any riches. Pretiwn est, the same as
other time, in any other instance. As opera pretium est, see Opera. Cum
a connective, before a noun, and also, pretio, with gain, gainful, profitable.
before a noun and adjective, and other.  Prex, dat. preci, ~ 94, a prayer, supPraetcreo, ire, ii,'tum, irr. n. 4 a. plication, entreaty.




PRIDEM              246            PROBRUM
l' idem, adv., long ago, long since.  F Priis, adv. (prior), first, at first, ePrimB, adv. (primus), at the first, at fore, previously, sooner; with quam
first, in the first place.         following, before that, before, sooner
Premium, adv., first, in the first than, rather than. For the mood after
place, for the first time. Primum priusquam, see Q 266, 3.
omnium, first of all, ~ 212, R. 4, N. 7.  Priusquam, adv., see Prius.
Uhi primum or quum primum, when      Privatim, adv., privately, in private,
first, as soon as: from            in a private capacity, as a private citiPrimus, a, urn, adj. (sup. of prior), zen, in private life. Privatim capere
first, foremost, in the van, in front; or rapere, to take from private citiprincipal, chief, excellent, distinguish- zens, or on one's own private aced, best, most important, most valua- count;-as an individual, individually.
ble,; earliest. In primis or imprimis, Privatim amicitzam populi Romani
above all, chiefly, especially, pecu- colere,-by purchasing the favor of inliarly, first, in the first place, first of dividuals, by private favor: from
all; also, among the first, in the van;  Privatus, a, urn, part. 4 adj. (privo),
so, in primo, and apud primes. Pri- deprived of, ~ 251; private, one's own,
ma habere, to reckon of first import- particular; belonging to an individual
ance.                              or individuals;subs. a private person,
Princeps, Ypis, m. 4 f. (primus &4 one not in any public office.
capio), first, foremost; an author, ad-  Privignus, i, m., a step-son.
viser, promoter, encourager, leader,  Privo, are, avi, atum, a. (privus,
head; chief, principal, head-man, single), ~ 251, to take away from, deprince, first in rank. Princeps sena- prive, bereave.
tus, or princeps in senatu, the prince  Pro, prep. with the abl., before, in
or leader of the senate, the senator front of, opposite to, in presence of;
whose name was first marked by the in, on; according to, in proportion to,
censors in the list of senators. Prin- conformably with; as is suitable to,
cipes, heavy armed soldiers, who were as becomes; for, on account of, by
stationed in the second line; see reason of, in consideration of; for, in
Pilus. Princeps belli faciendi, the the place of, instead of, from being;
first to commence hostilities.     as, for, as if; in favor of, on the side
Principium, i, n. (princeps), a be. of, in behalf of, to the advantage of;
ginning, commencement. Principia, for; in comparison of; considering.
-in military language, the first line Pro tempore respondit, as became the
of an army in order of battle, the front. occasion-. Pro tectis, on the verge
Principiis transversis, the front hav- of the roofs.
ing been formed at right angles, hav-  Pro or Proh! int., 0! ah! Pro
ing converted the flank into the front. deum atque hominum fidem, S 238, 2,
A principio, from the beginning, first, see Fides.
first of all, at first, in thefirst place.  Probltas, atis, f. (probus, Q 101, 1,,
Prior, us, gen. oris, adj. $ 126, 1, goodness, probity, rectitude, honesty'sup. primus, which see), ~ 250, form- virtue.
er first, antecedent, previous, prior,  Probo, are, avi, atum, a. (proous),
superior.                         to approve, praise, commend, assent
Pristinus, a, um, adj., former, first, or agree to.
accustomed, wonted, pristine, origi-  Probrum, i, n., a snameful or wick
nal                                ed action, loose or disorderly conduct,




PROBUS              247            PROFLIGO
any heinous or detestable offence, vil- out, bring forth, bring before the peo.
lainy, wickedness; disgrace, infamy, ple.
dishonor, reproach, shame. Probro    Productus, a, um, part. (produco),
habere, to consider disgraceful, ~ 227. lengthened; brought out, brought forProbri gratia, as a mark of dis- ward before the people.
grace.                               Prcelians, tis, part., fighting. PrceProbus, a, um, adj., good, honest, liantes, pl., combatants: from
virtuous, upright, worthy, modest,   Prcelior, ari, atus sum, dep., to fight,
chaste.                            engage, join battle, combat, contend
Procax, acis, adj. (proco, to ask), in fight: from
petulant, pert, saucy, wanton, bold,  Prcelium, i, n., a fight, battle, enforward, lascivious.               gagement, combat, contest, attack; a
Procdo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. ~ 276, pitched battle, regular warfare. PrsII, to proceed, go forward, advance, lium committere orfacere, to join batgo forth, go; pass, elapse; to happen, tle, engage. Prcelium manibusfacere,
turn out, eventuate; to go on well; to engage hand to hand or in close
succeed, prosper; to be aided, pro- combat. Ante prcelium factum, bemoted or advanced; to be favorable fore the engagement.
to, be useful or serviceable, ~ 224.  Profanus, a, urn, adj. (pro 4 faEo vecordiaf processit, advanced to num), profane, not sacred or consesuch a pitch of madness. Adherbal crated.
ubi intelligit eb processum,-that it  Profectio, onis, f. (proficiscor), a
had come to this.                  going or setting out, departure, jourProconsul, is, m. (pro 4f consul), a ney.
proconsul, one who governed a pro-   Profect, adv. (pro 4 factus), cervince or commanded an army with tainly, surely, truly, indeed, in truth,
consular power.                    doubtless.
Procul, adv., far, far off, at a dis-  Profectus, a, urn, part. (prociscor).
tance, remote; very much, grea6y.    Profjro, ferre, tuli, latum, a. (pro 4.
Procuratio, 5nis.f. (prociiro, to take fero), to carry or bring out; to pubcare of), the administration of a thing, lish, make known, spread abroad,
management, charge, care.          manifest, reveal; to defer, put off,
Prodigium, i, n., a prodigy, portent, postpone, adjourn.
miracle, omen.                       Proficiscor, i, profectus sum, dep.
Proditio, 6nis, f. (prodo), a dis- (pro 4facio), $ 276, II, to set out on
covery, manifestation,  indication; a journey, go, go away, depart; to
treachery, faithlessness, treason.  journey, travel; to go on, proceed.
Prodltus, a, um, part., betrayed:  Profiteor, eri,fessus sum, dep. (pro
from                               4.fateor), to profess, declare openly,
Prodo, Ere, dtdi, dttum, a. (pro, own, acknowledge, avow; to declare
do), to declare, disclose, manifest, one's self a oandidate. P-ofiteri inshow, discover, betray; to yield or tra legitimos dies, to declare one's
surrender perfidiously, desert, forsake self a candidate within the appointed
treacherously, deceive, betray. Pro- time, i. e. three market days, or sevdere fidem, to betray confidence, vio- enteen days before the election.
late one's engagements.              Profligdtus, a, um, part., routed, dis.
Produco, Ore, xi, ctum, a. (pro 4 comfited: from
duco, to draw out, extend; to lead   Proqqigo, are, iavi, atum, a. (pro g
22




PYROFUGIO             248              PROPE
fligo to strike against), to throw or eject. In has miserias projectus sum
dash to the ground, cast down; to -plunged into these misfortunes.
rout, put to flight, defeat, overthrow.  Prolato, are, avi, atum, a. (profero)
Profugio, ere,fugi,fugitum, n. (pro to extend, lengthen, prolong, dilate
4-fugio), to flee, fly, run away, es- to defer, put off, delay, protract, post
cape.                              pone.
Profiigus, a, um, adj. (profugio),  Promiscue, adv., confusedly, pio
fleeing without knowing whither, es- miscuously, indifferently, without or.
caping by flight, fugitive; put to flight, der or distinction, indiscriminately:
driven away, banished, exiled. Abire from
or discedere profugus, to flee.      Promiscutus a, um, adj. (promisceo,
Profundo, &re,fudi,fusum, a. (pro to mix), promiscuous, confused, com4S fundo), to shed copiously, pour mon, mingled. Pudorem, pudicitiam,
forth; to throw  away; to lavish, divina atque humana promiscua habere,
squander, waste, consume.         to reckon common, to regard as inProfundus, a, urn, adj., deep, pro- discriminate, to make no difference
found. Fig. profound, boundless, in- between, to contemn alike-, pay no
satiable.                          regard to-.
Profusg, adv., profusely, lavishly,  Promissum, i, n. (promitto), a proextravagantly, immoderately, exces- mise, pledge, vow, proposition, prosively:from                        posal, engagement, something proProfusus, a, urn, part. -f adj. (pro- mised. Promissa expectare, to wait
fundo), ~ 213, immoderate, excessive, for the fulfilment of promises.
profuse; prodigal, wasteful, lavish.  Promnissus, a, urn, part.: from
Profuturus, a, um, part. (prosum).  Promitto, ere, misi, missum, a. (pro
Progenies, ei,f. (progigno, to beget), 4, mitto), to fling, hurl or dart forward,
a progeny, offspring, descent; a line, send before; to promise, engage,
lineage, race; children, descendants. $272.
Prohibeo, ire, ui,'tum, a. (pro 4  Promptus, us, m. (promo, to draw
kRoeo), $251, & R. 2. to keep off or out), in the abl., in promptu, in readiaway, keep or ward off, debar, hinder, ness, at hand, visible, manifest, preimpede, stop, prevent, prohibit, ob- sent, evident, clear, easy. Ingenium
struct; to keep, preserve, defend, pro- in promptu habere, to bring out or
tect; to check, curb, restrain, repress; display one's talents or abilities.
to prohibit, forbid, ~ 251, & R. 2: some-  Promptus, a, um, adj. (promo), clear,
times also, instead of the ablative of a manifest, evident, open; ready, prenoun, it takes a verb in the infinitive pared; practicable, easy; prompt acor subjunctive. Prohibere ne, etc., see tive, ready, bold, brave, valiant, quick,
Ne.                                zealous, ardent, 250.
Proinde, illative conj. &4 dv. (pro  Promulgo, are, avi, atum, a., to pub.
4 inde), therefore, for that reason, on lish, proclaim, propose, promulgate.
that account; just so, equally, the  Pronus, a, unm, adj., inclined or bend
same as, in like manner. Proinde ing forward, bending down, stooping
quasi, just as if.                 looking towards the earth, groveling,
Projectus, a, um, part.: from    prone. Fig. easy, practicable,'222,3.
Proj'cio, ere,jeci,jectum, a. (pro 4  Prope, adv. (comp. propiis, sup.
jacio), to throw or fling forth or away; proxime), near, nigh, almost, nearly
to throw; to cast or drive out, expel. Alsoprep. r,,ith acc., near, nigh, be




PROPEDIEM            249              PROSUM
side, close by, near to, almost. nearly.  Proprector bris, m. (pro 4 prcntor),
Proxime Hispaniam, ~4c. 235,-R. 11. a propretor, one sent to govern aproPropediem, adv. (prope 4 dies), vince with the authority of pretor,
shortly, after awhile, within a few one invested with the authority of
days, in a short time, presently.  pretor.
Propello, Ore, pili, pulsum, a. (pro  Propter, prep. (prope), with the ace.,
i pello), to drive forward, propel; to near, hard by, close to; for, on acdrive away, repel, repulse, keep or count of, by reason of, owing to,
ward off.                         through; for the sake of. Adv., near
Properans, tis,part.. adj. (propero),  Propulso, are, avi, atum, a. freq.
hastening, in haste, quick.       (propello), to drive away or back, repel,
Properanter, adv. (propero), hastily, keep or ward off.
quickly, speedily. Properantius per-  Prorlpio, ere, ripui, reptum, a. (pro
gere,-too precipitately, too rashly, 4 rapio), to snatch away. Proripere
S 256, R. 9, (a.).                se, to hurry or hasten away, rush out,
Properantia, w, f. (propero), a mak- escape quickly.
ing haste, haste, dispatch, expedition.  Prorsus, adv.(pro d4 versus), straight
Propere, adv. (properus, hasty), in on or along, directly, right onward;
haste, in a hurry, hastily, speedily, altogether, entirely, utterly, wholly, at
quickly. Propere adire, to hasten to. all, totally; exactly; at the end of an
Propero, are, ivi, atum, n. 4 a. (pro- enumeration of particulars, in a word,
perus), to make haste, hasten, accele- in short; in fact.
rate, to prepare with haste; 0 272, to  Prosapia, a,f., a race, lineage, stock,
be eager, desire. Properandum est, progeny, pedigree, family.
there is need of dispatch.          Proscribo, ere, psi, ptum, a. (pro 4
Propinquus, a, ur, adj. (prope), scribo), to publish any thing to be sold;
222, R. 1, neighboring, near; near to confiscate one's property; to proof kin, allied, nearly related. Subs., scribe or outlaw one; to doom to
a kinsman, relation, intimate friend, death and confiscation of property.
Propinqui inter se, near to one an-  Proscriptio, inis,f. (proscribo) dad
other. Oppido propinqua, sc. loca, vertising a thing to be sold; a prothe parts or places near the town. scription of one's effects; a proscrip.
Propinqui genere, nearly related by tion or outlawry, dooming to death
birth.                            and confiscation.
Propior, us, gen. oris, adj. ~ 126, 1,  Proscriptus, a, urn, part. proscribo),
(prope), sup. proximus, which see; proscribed, outlawed.
nearer, nigher, closer; more nearly  Prospecto, are, avi, atum, a. freq.
related or allied; more like. It isfol- (prospicio), to view, behold, see afar
lowed by either the dative or the accu- off, gaze upon.
sative, $ 222, R. 1, & R. 5, & Q 235, R. 5.  Prospectus, us, m. (prospicio), a look
Propiiss, adv. (comp. ofprope), near- ing forward, view, prospect, sight.
er, more nearly, nearer to. Propiis  Prosper 4 Prcsplrus, a, urn, adj.,
mare Africum, ~ 235, R. 11.       favorable, prosperous, lucky, fortunate
Prop6no, ere, posui, posltum, a. (pro  Prospere, adv. (prosper), happily,
4 pono), ~ 265, to set out or expose to prosperously, fortunately, luckily, suo
view  set forth or display, offer, pre- cessfully.
sent; to publish, make known; to    Prosum, desse, fui,  154, R. 6, irr.
tell, explain, show pLint out, declare. n. (pro & sum), ~ 224, to do good,




PROVENIO            250            PULCHER
profit, be profitable or serviceable,  Psallo, &re, i, n., to play on a string
avail, conduce, be of use.       ed instrument; to sing to the sound
Prov~nio, ire, veni, ventum, n. (pro of the lyre.
-. venzo), to come forth, appear, be  Pubes 4- Puber, eris, adj. of ripe
born, spring up, arise.          years, arrived at the age of puberty
ProvYdens, tis, part. 4 adj. (provi- adult. PubSres, um, m. pl., youth,
deo), provident, foreseeing, circum- young men, persons of mature age;
spect, careful, prudent.         adults.
Providenter, adv. (providens), pro-  Publce, adv. (publicus), publicly, in
vidently, with foresight or precaution, public, in the state, in the name or bewisely, prudently.               half of the public, by public authority,
ProvIdentia, se, f, foresight, fore- on the public account, on the part of
cast, forethought, providence, caution, the public; collectively. Publice raprudence, carefulness: from      pere, to take from the public. Uti
Provideo, ere, vidi, visum, a. & n. publice amicitiam, populi Romani co(pro 4. video), to look forward, fore- leret,-by public services.
see; ~ 273, 1, to provide or guard  Publico, are, avi, atum, a., to conagainst, shun, avoid, take measures fiscate, make public property of:
to prevent, take care; to prepare, pro- from
vide, make provision, see to, look  Pubticus, a, urn, adj. (populus), comafter, take care of, provide for, ~ 224, mon, public, belonging to the public;
~ 273, 1; to perceive, discern.  general.
Provincia, aE, f., a conquered coun-  Publius, i, m., a Roman prcenonen.
try governed by a magistrate sent  Pudet, uit, pudatum est, imp., ~ 229,
from Rome, a province. Provincia R. 6, to be ashamed. Ilum pudet, he
or provincia Romana, in the Jugur- is ashamed.
thine war, signifies the Roman pro-  Pudicitia, a,, f. (pudicus, modest),
vince in Africa, consisting of the chastity, modesty, virtue.
former possessions of the Cartha-  Pudor, bris, m. (pudeo), shame, moginians.                         desty; respect, reverence; reputation,
Provisus, a, urn, part. (provideo).  fame, a sense of honor, character.
Proxima, adv., nearest, next; see Pudor refers to the mind, pudicitia
Prope.                           Iather to the body.
Prox'mus, a, urn, adj., (sup. of pro-  Puer, eri, m., a male child, boy;
pior), ~ 222, R. 1, f 5, 4 0 235, R. 11, a boy, slave, servant.
very near, nearest, next, last; nearly  Pueritia, ee,f. (puer), boyhood, childrelated, closely allied, intimate. Proxi- hood.
mus, i, m., a relation, familiar or  Ptgna, ae,f. (pugnus, a fist), a batintimate friend, partisan, associate. tle, fight, encounter, engagement, comProximum, i. n., neighbourhood, vici- bat. Facere pugnam, to join battle,
nity.                           fight.
Prudens, tis, adj. (for promdens),  Pugno, are, avi, itum, n. (pugnaa,
prudent, sagacious, provident, wise, to fight, combat, engage, contend.
considerate; s&illful, expert, able, Capere urbes pugnando, to take by
learned, experienced.            assault-. Male pugnatum est an unPrudenter, adv. (for providenter), successful battle was fought.
prudently  providently,  wisely, dis-  Plc7her, chra; chrum, adj.,fair, beaucreetly                          tiful, handsome; excellent, glorious,




PULSUS              251          QUAMQUAM
splendid, honorable, noble, magnifi- need, to plan, devise, contrive. Dolum
cent. Pulchrum est, ~ 269, R. 2.  querere, to seek to devise or contrive
Pulsus, a, urn, part. (pello).  some stratagem. Imp. Qu-ritur zn
Pulvtnus, i, m., a cushion, pillow, aliquem, a prosecution is instituted
bolster.                          against-, he is tried, or prosecuted.
Pulvis, eris, m. 4 f., dust, powder.  Qucesitor, oris, m. (quero), a seeker,
PunLcus, a, um, adj., Punic, Cartha- a searcher; a judge, examiner, conginian; perfidious, false. The Cartha- missioner.
gznians were accused by the Romans  Quccso, ere, a. def. verb, ~ 183, 7 to
of frequent violations of their corn- seek, pray, entreat ask, beg, beseech,
pacts, and hence Punicafides, signifies desire, request.
treachery, perfidy. Punicum  bellum,  Quccstio, onis,f. (quCero), a seeking,
Punic war. The wars of the Romans inquiring, searching; a question, subwith the Carthaginians were caled ject of inquiry; an examination, inPunic wars, and were three in number. quiry, inquisition, trial, prosecution.
J. 17, 19, 108. C. 51.            Exercere qucestionem, to conduct an
Puto, Tare, avi, atum, a., to lop, prune; investigation or trial.
to adjust, settle or liquidate one's ac-  Quacstor, bris, m. (qucero), a'questor.
counts; to weigh, ponder, consider, a Roman magistrate who had the care
revolve in mind, ~ 272; to think, ac- of the public money; a treasurer; a
count, esteem, judge, hold, reckon, paymaster. Qucestor pro pretore, a
imagine, suppose. In the passive it questor with pretorian power.
takes the inf., O 271.              Qucstus, us, m. (quero), a trade,
~~Q   ~       employment, occupation, profession;
gain, profit, advantage, interest. Quis
Q., an abbreviation of the preano- omnia qucrstui aunt, ~ 22', & R. 3.
men Quintus.                        Qualis, e, adj., of what kind or sort,
Qua, adv. (abl. fern. of qui, sc. vii what manner of, what..or parte), which way; where; whence;  Quam, conj. 4 adv., how, how much,
in what way; wherever, whereso- as much.     Tam —uam, so-as, or
ever.                             quam-tam, as-so. It is often omitQudcunque, adv., (quicunque sc. ted after plus, minus and amplius,
parte or vi&), wheresoever, whence- ~ 256, R. 6. With superlatives or possoever, from whatsoever side.     sum, as possible,. 127, 4.  Quam
Quadraginta, num. adj (quatuor), primum, or quamprimum, as soon as
forty.                            possible.  Quam sacpissime, as freQuadratus, a, urn, part. 4 adj. (quad- quently as possible, With compararo to square), squared, square, quadrate. tives, and words implying comparison,
Quadratum agmen, an army formed as, than. So after alius, alits, caque,
into a paralellogram or hollow square, secus, contra, etc.,
with its baggage in the centre.     Quamobrem, illative conj. (quis, ob
QucCro, ere, sivi, situm, a., $ 231, R. res), why, wherefore, therefore, for
4, ~ 265, to seek, seek after, look for; which cause or reason. In questions,
to provide, procure, get, gain, find, ac- why? wherefore? for what reason?
quire, obtain; to make inquisition, in-  Quamplires, adj. pl. (qu&m 4 pluvesrigate, search, examine into, try; res), very many, a great many.
to ask inquire, interrogate; to desire,  Quamprimum, see Quam.
aim at, purpose; to demand, require,  Quamquam, concessive coij., al
22*




QUAMVIS              252             QUIES
though, though. Before tamen, quam-  Queo, ire, ivi, itum, irr. n., (Q 182,
quam or quamvis must sometimes be R. 3, N.) ~ 271, to be able, I can.
supplied.                           Queror, i, questus sum, dep. with
Quamvis, adv. &4 conj. (quam 4 vis, acc. with de 4 abl. and with qubd <4
from volo), as much as you will, very subj. to lament, bewail, bemoan; to
much, greatly, never so-, however; complain, complain of.
although, though.                   Questus, a, unm, part. (queror).
Quando, adv. 4 conj., when; since,  Qui, quca, quod, pro. rel., O 136, wno
seeing that.                      which, that, what: 4 int. ~ 137, who I
Quantum, adv., how much, as much which? what? Quo, abl. n., with cor
as. After tantus, as: from        paratives, by that, so much, the, ~ 256,
Quantus, a, urn, adj., how great, R. 16. quo-eo, by how much-by so
how much, so much; with tantus ex- much, the-the. Qui is much used
pressed or implied, as great-as, as as a connective instead of is, hic, etc.
much-as, ~ 206, (16.) Quanti? gen. with a conjunction.  In translating
$ 214, at what price? how dear? how such relative by a demonstrative the
much? Quanto, abl., i 256, R. 16, by proper conjunction must be supplied,
how much, by as much. Quanto- as, and, but, for, therefore, hence, &c.
tanto, by how much-by so much, the With the subjunctive it often supplies
more-the more, the-the. Quantum the place of ut and a demonstrative
negotii sustineam, how  weighty a pronoun, 264, 5.
charge-. ~ 212, R. 3.               Qui, abl. of qui 4 quis, % 136, R.
Quapropter, adv. 4 illative conj. (qua 1, 4 137, R. (2), how, in what way; why
4 propter), for what reason  why?  Quia, conj., ~ 198, 7, because, inasfor which reason, wherefore, on which much as. Qubd and quia are said to
account.                          be distinguished by qubd referring to
Quare, illative conj. 4' adv. (quis 4' afact as a cause, and quia to an inferes), for which reason, wherefore, rence.
therefore.                          Quibuscum, i. e. cum quibus.
Quartus, a, um, num. adj. (quatuor),  Quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumthe fourth.                       que, rel. pro., 136, 3, (qui 4 cumque),
Quasi, conj. (for quamsi), as, as if, whoever, whatever; whosoever, whatas it were, just as if; as, just as, ~ 263,2. soever; all, every.
It often serves as a kind of apologyfor  Quid, see Quis.
the apparent boldness of a figurative  Quidam, quedam, quoddam or quidexpression; as, Majorum gloria pos- dam, indef. pro., $ 138, (qui 4( dam), a
teris quasi lumen est. With nmerals certain one, one. With the name of a
or with adjectives of time or place, person quidam usually implies that
about, almost. Ex monte medio quasi he is little known, and hence it is
collis oriebalur, from about the middle often used in contempt.
of the mountain arose a hill. Quasi  Quidem, conj., indeed, truly, in truth
vero, as if indeed, ironically.   certainly, at least, even. Ego quidem,
Quatriduum, i, n. (quatuor 4 dies), I for my part. Ne-quidem, see Ne.
the space of four days, four days.  Quidem usually follows an emphatic
Quatuor, ind. num. adj., tour.  word, ~ 279, 3, (d.).
Que, enclitic conj., ~ 198, N. 1, and;  Quies, Rtis, f., rest, repose, ease
also; que-et, et-que, both-and. For quiet, peace, sleep. Neque vigilhis
the position of que, see 279, 3, (c.).  neque quietibus, neither in watchings




QUIESCO              253            QUISQUE
nor in slumbers. neither waking nor  Quintus, a, um, num. adj. (qutnque;
sleeping.                         the fifth.
QuZesco, are, evi, etum, n. (quies), to  Quintus, t, m., a Roman prenomen
rest, repose, take rest, be quiet, be at  Quippe, causal conj., for, because,
rest, sleep.                      forasmuch as, since, inasmuch as, as,
Quiltus, a, um, adj. (quiesco), quiet, as being; in fact, indeed. Quippe
calm, tranquil, peaceable, undisturbed, qui, quCe, quod, inasmuch as he, beeasy, at rest, still, without noise, con- cause he, since he, she or it. Quippe
tented. Equites rem quietam  (esse) quis (sc. nobis) hostis nullus,-sinco
nuntiant,-that the affair is peaceable, we had no enemy. Quippe cui (se
that no danger is to be apprehended. plebi) omnes copice in usu quotidiano
Quieta movere, to disturb the (public) et cultu erant, as all their property-.
tranquillity.                     Quippe cui in animo hceserat, as it had
Quillbet, queetbet, quodtlbet 4 quid- been deeply impressed upon his mind.
libet, indef. pro., ~ 138, 5, (qui 4, libet),  Quirites, ium, m. pl. properly, the
whosoever will, any one whom you inhabitants of Cures, a town of the
please, any person or thing, any one, Sabines. Hence, after the union ot
any. Quidlibet, subs., any thing, any the Romans and Sabines, the united
thing you please.                 people were called Quirites, i. e. RoQuin, adv. 4 conj. (qui 4' ne), after mans, Roman citizens. J. 31. 85.
verbs of doubting, <4c. ~ 262, R. 10, 2,  Quis, dat.& abl.pl. of Qui, ~ 136, R.2.
for ut non, that not, but that, so as not.  Quis, quw, quid, int. pro. ~ 137, who?
It may be translated "without" fol- which? what? Quid, what? why 
lowed by the English gerundive of wherefore? 0235, R.11. Quis morthe following verb, as, quin aperirem, talium, what man? $ 212. Quis 4- qui,
without portraying. It is sometimes after si, ne, neu, nisi, num, etc. have
used instead of a relative and non, the sense of aliquis, $ 137, 1, R. (3).
262, R. 10, 1, who-not.    Quin?   Quisnam 4f quinam, quecnam, quidtwith the indicative, why not? This nam or quodnam, int. pro. $ 137, i,
is used in earnest remonstrance and who? which? what?
exhortation. Quin, yet, however, but,  Quispiam, qucepiam, quodpiam, quidnay, even, moreover; indeed, truly. piam or quippiam, indef. pro. $ 138,
Qutn ergo, well then, come then. Non (quis), any one, some one.
quin, not but that, not that-not. Ne-  Quisquam, queequam, quidquam or
que illis diutius ea (victoria) uti licu- quicquam, indef. pro. $ 138, (quis 4
isset quin, (i. e. ita ut non) qui plus quam), 212, any one, any, any thing.
posset, imperium atque libertatem ex- Ne quisquam, etc., no one, nothing,
torqueret, nor could they have enjoy- no. Ne quisquam hominum or mored the victory very long, without some talium, or ne quisquam omnium, no
one more powerful wresting from man, no person.
them, &c.                           Quisque, qucaque, quodque, quidque
Quindlcim, num. adj. (quinque 4 or quicque, indef. pro. $ 138, (quzs 4
decem), fifteen.                  que),  212, every man, every one
Quinquaginta, num. aaj., fifty: from each, all, every; any one. It is often
Quinque, num. adj., five.       connected with superlatives to express
Quinquennium, i, n. (quinquennis, universality,  207, R. 35, as, pruden.
of five years', the space of five years, tissimus quisque negotiosus maxnme
live years.                       erat, the ablest men were the most




QUISQUIS            254              RAPIO
engrossed in public affairs. Optimus to, in regard to or as to this, that
quisque, every man of high standing, but, now; ~ 206, (14); though, although
or of distinguished excellence.   that, why, wherefore; that, because.
Quisquis, quidquid or quicquid, rel. in that.
pro. $ 136, (quis 4 quis), whoever,  Quodni or quod ni, conj., but if not,
whosoever, whatever, whatsoever. Its but unless, $ 206, (14.)
antecedent is always indefinite, and  Quodsi or quod si, conj., but if, if
hence, like what whoever, &c. in now, if then, but then, now, 206, (14.)
English it appears often to imply both  Quominus, see Quo.
relative and antecedent. Quoquo modo,  Quomodo or Quo modo, adv. 4 conj.
in whatever manner, in what way (qui 4 modus), in what manner, in
soever, as.                       what way, how.
Quivi, see Queo.                  Quoniam, conj. ~ 198, 7, (quum,
Quivis, quacvis, quodvis or quidvis, jam), seeing that, since, as; with inzndef. pro. $ 138, (qui 4 vis, from volo), dicative, in oratio directa.
any one you please, whoever, whoso-  Quoquam, adv. (quo 4 quam), any
ever, any one, any, any whatever, whither, to any place.
every one, every.                   Quoque, conj., also, likewise, too.
Quo abl. See Qui.               Quoque, pro., see Quisque. Also the
Quo, adv. 4 conj. (qui), $ 191, R. 1 abl. of Quis or Qui, with the conjuncwhither, to what place, to what per- tion que annexed.
son or thing, to whom? where, in or  Quoquo, see Quisquis.
to which person, place or thing, to  Quotidianus, a, um, adj., daily; orwhich.   Vaccenses, quo  Metellus dinary, common, ustal, familiar: from
— presidium   imposuerat,-among     Quotidie, adv (quot f4 dies), every
whom:-why; for which reason or day, daily.
cause, wherefore, on which account;  Quousque, adv. (quo 4- usque), how
because; that, as if; to or at which. long, how far.,With comparatives especially it signi-  Quum or Cim, adv. 4^ conj. ~ 263,
fies, that by this or that by this means; 5, when, while; though, although.
to the end that, in order that, that, Quum-turn, not only-but also, both
and is equivalent to ut eo, or ut ea re. -and, both-and especially, as-so
Quo minus, after clauses denoting also, as well-as also.  it this conhinderance, $ 262, R. 9, is translated, struction, the clause introduced by tur
that not, from, or for not, with the is usually most prominent:-since, as.
English gerundive of the verb following it; as, Quo minus victoria uteren-           R.
tur, from using or making use of the
victory. Quo minus-eo magis, the    Radix, icis, f.. a root; the foot or
less-the more. See Qui. Non quo, bottom of a hill or mountain. Sub
followed by sed, not that, not as if.  radicibus montium, at the foot of the
Quo, abl. of Qui, which see.    mountains.
Quoad, adv. 4 conj. (quo 4- ad), as  Ramus, i, m., a branch, bough an
long as, whilst, till, until, 0 263, 4.  arm of a tree.
Quocumque, adv. (quo 4 cumque), to  Rapina, ca, f., robbery, rapine, pil
whatsoever place, whithersoever.  lage, depredation; also, prey, plunder 
QuM, conj. (qui), for ad quod or from
propter quod,' 273, 6, with respect  Rapio,?re, put, ptum, a., to snatch,




RATIO                255             REGIUS
take or carry away by force, carry off, causa), to refuse, deny, reject, be uni
ravish; to plunder, pillage, take away, willing.
seize forcibly, take forcible possession  Redditus, a, um, part: from
of; to hurry, hurry forward, hasten.  Reddo, ere, dcli, ditum, a. (re 4 do),
Ratio, 5nis,f. (reor), reason, the ra- to give back, render, restore, return
tional faculty; a design, plan, purpose, to give, render, deliver;,' pay, remeasure; a cause, motive; a method, quite, recompense. Reddere paInas
manner, way, means; a matter, busi- see Pcena.
ness, concern, affair, advantage, inter-  Redeo, ire, ii, ltum, irr. n. (re' eo)
est, circumstances; an account, reck- to return, come back, come again.
oning, calculation; respect, considera- Redire ad rem, to return to the subtion, regard, concern, care. Belli ject.
atque pacis rationes trahere, to weigh  Rediens, untis, part. (redeo).
deliberately the advantages of peace   Redimo, -re, emi, emptum, a. (re 4
and war. Alienum     suis rationibus, emo), to buy back or again, repurchase,
inconsistent with his policy or inter- recover, redeem; to buy, purchase;
ests.                               to acquire, get, procure; to rescue,
Ratus, a, urn, part. 4 adj. (reor), ransom, redeem; to repel, avert, ward
thinking, judging, believing, suppos- off, by means of money,'c. Rediing, considering; established, fixed, mere culpam, jfagitium, facinus, etc.,
determined, firm, stable, valid.    to make amends for, atone for, comRe, inseparable prep., back, again, pound for-.
$ 196, (b.) & 3, & 197, 18.            Reditfirus, a, um, part. (redeo).
Receptus, us, m. (recipio), a retreat-  Red'tus, us, m. (redeo), a return.
ing, retreat; a place of refuge, retreat.  Refiro, ferre, tili, latum, irr. a. (re
Receptu4 a, um, part.: from       4' fero), to bring or carry back or
Recipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. (re 4 ca- again; to return, restore, deliver; to
pio), to take again, get back, receive; tell, relate, report, say, mention. Reto retake, regain, recover. Recipere ferre ad senatum, to propose to or lay
se, to come back, return, retreat, re- before the senate, consult, ask, r-otire:-to take, receive, accept, admit. pose for deliberation. Imp. Postulant
Recipi mcenibus, to be admitted into uti referatur, sc. ad senatum,-that the
the  city, entertained  within  the opinion of the senate should be taken.
walls.                                Refert, retulit, imp. (res 4 fero), ~
RecYto, are, avi, atum, a. (re 4' cito, 219, & R. 3, it concerns, imports, proto call by name), to recite, read aloud, fits, is the interest of.
rehearse; to repeat from memory.      Refteio, Ore, feci, fectum, a. (re 4Recta, adv. (rectus), directly, in a facio), to make again or anew, repair,
straight line; rightly, properly, well, rebuild, renew, refit; to rekindle, recorrectly.                          cruit, refresh, recover, reanimate, reRector, oris, m. (rego), a ruler, go-...'.
vemor, director...; is, f. (rego), a region, counRectus, a, urn, part. 4' adj. (rego'.;::  territory; a border, limit,
right, straight, direct; right, prop:.
reasonable., a, um, adj. (rex), of a king
Recupero are, avi, atum, a.,.            s, kingly royal, regal, princely
again, regain, recover.. -Archical. Homo regice superbias
Recuiso, are, avi, atum, n.  ^ *   -as proud as a king.




REGNUM               256             REPERIO
Regnum, i n. (rex), a kingdom, re-  Remaneo, ere, mansi, mansum, n.
gal government, the dominion of a (re 4 maneo), to tarry behind, stay, raking, sovereignty, sovereign power; a main, continue, abide.
kmgdom, realm, country subject to a  Remedium, t, n. (re'4 medeor) a
king. Pervenire in regnum, to be- medicine, remedy, cure.
come a king. Parare regnum, to as-   Remissus, a, urm, part. 4 adj., sent
pire at sovereignty, aim to be a king. back; slackened, relaxed, neglected:
Regni paratio, aspiring at sovereignty. remiss, careless, negligent, inattentive.
Rego, Ore, xi, ctum, a., to keep Nihil remissi, see Nihil. Missis restraight, guide, manage, direct, regu- missisque nuntiis, in sending to and
late, moderate, govern, rule, sway, fro, or backwards and forwards:
control.                           from
Regredior, &di, gressus sum, dep. (re  Remitto, Ore, misi, missum, a. (re 4
4 gradior, to step), to go back, re- mitto), $ 271, to send back, return; to
turn.                              slacken, let loose, relax; to interrupt,
Regressus, a, ur, part. (regredior). leave off, discontinue, intermit, cease,
Regulus, i, m. dim. ~ 100, 3, (rex), give over, omit.
the king of a small country, a petty  Remoratus, a, urn, part.:from
king, prince.                        Remoror, dri, atus sum, dep. (re 4Relictus, a, ur, part. (relinquor).  moror), ~ 262, R. 9, to stop, delay, obReligio, inis, f. (relego, to retrace), struct, hinder, keep back, stay, retard;
the fear of God, religion, devotion, to tarry, stay, linger, delay
piety, religious or superstitious feel-  Remotus, a, urn, part., removed:
ing; religious rites and ceremonies; from
a religious scruple; superstition.   Removeo, ere, ovi, otum, a. (re f
Religiosus, a, ur, adj. (religio,) fear- moveo), to remove, withdraw, take
ing God, pious, devout, holy, religi- away, send away, dismiss.
ous; faithful, scrupulous, conscien-  Renovo, are, avi, aitum, a. (re 4
tious; sacred, venerable; superstitious. novo), to make anew, remake, renew;
Relinquo, ire, liqui, lictum, a. (re 4f to refresh, relieve, recreate, revive.
linquo, to leave), with subj. of purpose,  Reor, reri, ratus sum, dep., ~ 272,
to leave behind, leave; to leave at to suppose, judge, think, conclude,
one's death; to forsake, desert, aban- imagine, believe, conjecture, anticidon; to leave as an inheritance, be- pate.
queath; to let alone.                RepeUo, are, pfli, pulsum, a. (re 
Rellquus, a, urn, adj. (relinquo), pello,) to drive or beat back, repel,
remaining, the rest, the residue, the drive or turn away, keep off; to reject,
other.  Reliqui, orum, m, the rest, refuse. Repelli ab amicitia, to be rcthe others.  Reliquum, i, 4- reliqua, pelled from friendship, i. e., to have
orum, n, the rest, residue, remainder, one's proffered friendship rejected.
Reliquum est, it remains, with ut and  1F ep7s, tis, part. 4 adj. (repo).
subj., ~ 262, R. 3. Nihil reliqui, or  P'epentO, adv. (repens, sudden), sudreliquum facere, to leave nothing, de:lly. on a sudden, unawares, unexleave nothing remaining or undone. pectedly.
So, Quid reliqui habemus? what have  Repentinus, a, urn, adj. (repens),
we left? ~ 212, R. 3, N. 3, see Nihil. unlooked for, unexpected, sudden
In reliquum, in future, for the futfre,  Ileperio, ire, peri, pertum, a. (re 4
benceforward.                      pa io,) to find, find out, discover, im




REPETO             257                RES
vent, contrive, devise. Pass. Reperi- quieted or composed, lie at ease, rountur, qui etc. $ 264, 6.         pose, take rest.
RepUto, are, ivi, itum, a. (re 4' pete),  Requiro,'re, sivi, situm, a. (re 4'to ask or demand again; to demand quaro), to seek again, seek out, look
back, demand as one's right, claim, for, seek after; to seek, ask, demand.
demand payment; to resume, go on require; to interrogate, inquire after.
with again; to go back, trace back.  Res, rei,f., a thing, affair, matter
Supra repetere, to go or trace farther concern, fact, deed, act, measure, cirback or to a remoter period.      cumstance, proceeding, subject, busiRepetundae, arum,f. pl., or Pecunice ness, occasion; the result, event, isrepetunda?, (properly the participle of sue; method, course. Res militaris,
repeto, for repetends, ~ 162, 20), the art of war. Res or res geste, see
money to be demanded back; extor- Gestus:-the fact, the truth. Uti rem
tion, the taking of money or other sese habereputant, as they suppose the
property contrary to law, while one fact to be. Re or re vera, in fact, in
commanded in a province; illegal truth, in reality;-experience, use;
exactions made by governors of pro- a cause, reason, purpose. Res and
vinces.                           res familaris, property, substance,
Repo, ere, psi, ptum, n., to creep.  effects, goods, chattels; commodities.
Reprehendo, ere, di, sum, a. (re' Res fidesque, property and credit:-a
vrehendo, to take), to catch again, lay state, case, condition, or circumhold of, seize; to reprove, blame, cen- stances.  Res secundes, prosperous
sure, find fault with.            circumstances, success, prosperity.
Repudio, are, avi, atum, a. (repu- Res adversce, adversity.  Mala res,
dium, a divorce), to reject, refuse, cast broken fortunes. Bona res, a prosoff, repudiate.                   perous condition. In tali re, in such
Repugno, are, arv, atum, n. (re 4, a case; utility, profit, interest, benefit,
pugno), to fight against, make a resist- advantage. Ob rem facere, usefully.
ance, resist, oppose.             with advantage or profit. In rem
Repulsa, cE,f. (repello), a repulse, de- esse, to be usefl' for one's advantage.
nial, refusal, defeat, failure of being Pro re, accord  o circumstances:elected to a magistracy when one is an event, c:'s  e. Res followed
a candidate.                      by public',' -:five relating to
Repulsus, a, um, part. (repello), re- country.      -      e., or the name
pulsed. Repulsus abire, to be denied of a p.e..:..: the state, governor refused.                       men'        -: I lth, power, see ResRepiito, are, avi, atum, a. (re 4 puto), pul;s.eject or matter of
$ 265, to consider, weigh over, revolve v    * rs. Id quod res habet,
in one's mind, reflect upon; so repu- 1.-.rue or certain. Ex re
tare cum animo,-to compute, calcrl, regard according to the
late, reckon. Reputando, on cr,;   I:,{ value intrinsica iy or on its
sidering, on careful considerat...:,ount.  Res nova, see Novus.
also, in consequence of core':; s  pitalis, see Capitalis. Nomen
mig..,.; inditum, a name bestowed upon
Requies, ei, 4 etis,f. (re.- -:.  em) in consequence of (their) narest, repose, quiet, ease, re'        oure or peculiar character.  With a
Requiesco, ere, evi, iet'.,. relative or demonstrative pronoun res
quiesco), to rest, beco:-.i; te often supplies the place of a preceding




RESCINDO             258             RGGITO
noun or clause, as ea res, Cat. 7   Retractus, a, um, part., brought
S 8.                              back: from
Rescindo, ere, scldi, scissum, a. (re  Retraho, ere, xi, ctum, a. (re ~4 traho),
4 scindo, to rend), to cut, cut off, cut to draw or pull back, bring back.
or break down, destroy; to annul, dis-  Reus, i, m., a person accused or imannul, make void, abrogate, cancel, peached, a culprit, criminal, defenabolish, revoke, repeal.          dant. Fieri reus, to be accused or
Resisto, ere, stiti, n. (re 4 sisto, to prosecuted.
stand), to stand still, halt, stop, stay;  Reverto, Ore, ti, sum, a., 4' Revertor,
to withstand, resist, hold out against, i, sus sum, dep. (re 4' verto), Q 225, IV,
oppose, make resistance, O 223. Non to turn back or over, come back, repotest resisti, resistance cannot be turn.
made. Huic rogationi quoniam apertg  Revocitus, a, urn, part.: from
resistere non poterant quin faterentur,  Revoco, are, avi, atum, a. (re 4 voco),
as they could not openly oppose to call back, recall.
this bill so as not to profess. ~ 262,  Rex, regis, m. (rego), a king, soveR. 9.                             reign, monarch.
Respicio, O re, exi, ectum, a. 4 n. (re  Rex, Regis, m., a cognomen belong4 specio, to see), to look back, look ing to a plebeian family of the Marback upon.                        cian gens, who claimed descent from
Respondeo, ire, di, sum, a. 4 n. (re Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of
4 spondeo, to promise), ~ 272, to pro- Rome.  Q. Marcius Rex, a Roman
mise in return, to answer, reply, re- general, sent by the senate to oppose
spond, declare as by an oracle or by Catiline's forces in Etruria. C. 30,
divination, predict. Respondetur,imp., 32, 34.
it is replied, a reply is given.    Rhegium, I, n., now Reggio in CalaRespublica 4 Res publica, reipub- bria, a city in the southern part of
licca,f. 91, (res publicus), the state, Italy, opposite to Messama in Sicily.
commonwealth, republic, government, J. 28.
politics, public affairs.  Tractare or  Rhodius, a, um, adj., Rhodian, of
habere rempublicam, to administer the Rhodes, an island containing a city
government. Facere contra rempub- of the same name, near the coast of
licam, to act against the state,-to be Caria, in Asia Minor. Rhodii, orum,
guilty of treason.                m. pl., the Rhodians, inhabitants of
Restinguo, ere, inxi, inctum, a. (re Rhodes. C. 51.
4 stinguo, to extinguish), to extin-  Rogatio, onis, f. (rogo), a demand,
guish, quench, put out.           desire, prayer, request; a question; a
Restltuo, ere, ui, iitum, a. (re' law proposed to the people, a bill, an
statuo), to put or set up again,rcplace, ordinance, resolution.  Rogationem
restore to its former condition, rein- promulgare, to propose a bill or law
state, restore, revive, give back.  for the approbation of the people.
Retlceo, ere, ui, r. 4 a. (re 4 taceo), Perferre rogationem, see Perfero.
to hold one's peace, be silent; to con- Rogationemjubere, see Jubeo.
ceal, keep secret.                  Rogdtus, a, urn, part. (rogo), ~ 234
Retlneo, Ore, tinui, tentum, a. (re 4 I., aked. Sententiam rogatus, being
teneo), to hold or keep back, stop, de- asked his opinion, questioned as to
tain, hinder; to retain, keep, preserve; his opinion.
to coerce, restrain, check, repress.  Rogltr- are, avi, a'tum a. freq., to




ROGO               259              SALUS
ask frequently, make frequent lnqui-S.
ries, inquire anxiously, inquire, interrogate, ask: from                   S., an abbreviation of the preno.
Rogo, are, dvi, atum, a. 4 n., to ask, nem Sextius.
desire, request, pray, demand, ques-  Sacer, era, crum, adj., consecrated,
tion, inquire, entreat, beg, sue for. holy, sacred, divine.
Rogare magistratum, to take the votes  Sacerdos, otis, m. Sf. (sacer), a priest
of the people on the appointment of a or priestess.
magistrate, to elect a magistrate,  Sacerdotium, i, n. (sacerdos,) the of.
cause to be elected.              fice of a priest, priesthood
Rmna, a, f., Rome, a city of La-  Sacril~gus, a, um, adj. (sacer 4f lego),
tium, in Italy, on both sides of the guilty of stealing sacred things, sacriTiber, the capital of the ancient Ro- legious; impious, wicked, profane.
man empire. J. 8, &c. C. 6, &c.     Senius, i, m. (L.), a Roman senator.
Romanus, a, um, adj. (Roma), of or C. 30.
belonging to Rome, Roman. Romani,    Sepe, sepius, seapiesime, adv..
orum, m. pl., the Romans.          194, 5, often, oftentimes, oft, many
Rudis, e, adj., unwrought, unculti- times, frequently. The comparative
vated, unpolished, rude; $ 213, igno- of this word is frequently used for the
rant, inexperienced, raw, untaught, positive. Numero is often added reilliterate.                       dundantly to sepe.
Rufus, i, m. (Cn. Octavius), a Ro-  Scvpenumzro, adv., see Sacpe.
man questor, sent into Africa, A. U.  Savio, ire, ii, itum, n. (sevus), to
C. 649. J. 104.                   rage, chafe, be fierce or cruel, be anRufus, i, m. (Q. Minucius), a Ro- gry, frown.
man consul with Sp. Albinus, A. U.  Savitia, a, f, cruelty, severity,
C. 644. J. 35.                    fierceness, ferocity, barbarity, inhuRufus, i, m. (Q. Pompeius), a Ro- manity. Savitia temporis, the incle.
man pretor, A. U. C. 691. C. 30.  mency of the season: from
Ruina, a~, f. (ruo, to fall down), a  Savus, a, um, adj., rigorous, severe;
fall, downfall; ruin, destruction, ca- cruel, fierce, barbarous, savage, inhulamity, overthrow. Incendium ruinr  man. Mare savum, boisterous, storrestinguere, properly, to extinguish a my, turbulent, tempestuous-. Omw
fire by pulling down the neighboring nia sacva patiebamur,-every species
houses, see Incendium.            of cruelty.
Rumor, oris, m., a rumor, flying or  Sagittarius, i, m. (sagitta, an arrow),
common report, hearsay, report. Ex an archer, bowman.
rumore, according to common fame    Sal, salis, m. 4f n., pl. sales, m., salt.
or report.                          Salto, are, dvi, itum, n. 4f a. freq.
Rupes, is,f., a rock, crag, cliff, steep. (salio, to leap), to dance.
Rursum, Rursus, adv. (reversus,  Saltuosus, a, um, adj. (saltus, a
returning), backward; again, on the forest), full of woods or forests, woody.
other hand; again, a second time,, Salfiber, bris, bre, adj. $ 108, R. 1,
afresh, anew. It is sometimes appa- healthful,  wholesome, salubrious,
rently redundant.                 sound, healthy, robust: from
Rutilius, i, m., P. Rutilius Rufus,  Salus, itis. f. (salvus, safe), safety
the lieutenant of Metellus in the war preservation, health, life, quiet, cornwith Jugurtha. J. 50, 52, 86.     fort.
23




SALUTO              260             SCILICET
Saliito, Are, dvi, itum, a. (salus), to  Satisfactio, onis, f. (satisfacto, to
salute, greet, pay one's respects to, satisfy), a satisfaction; amends, repa
send compliments to; to visit, call ration; excuse, plea, apology, satisfac
upon.                              tory explanation.
Samnis, itis, m.  f., Samnite, of  Satius, see Satis.
Samnium   a country of Italy, now    Satur, ira, ierum, adj. (satzs) full
Abrazzo Citeriore. Samnites, um 4 sated; plentiful, abundant.
ium, m., the Samnites. C. 51.        Satura,,f. (satur), a platter or charSanctus, a, urn, part. 4 adj. (sancio, ger filled with various fruits to be preto decree), decreed, established; sa- sented as an offering to Ceres and
cred, inviolable, holy, divine; virtuous, Bacchus. Per saturam, by the gross
upright, incorrupt.                or lump, without order or distinction,
Sane, adv. (sanus, sound), soundly, confusedly.
soberly, discreetly; certainly, truly,  Saucio, are, avi, atum, a., to wound,
indeed, very.                      hurt: from
Sanga, ac, m. (Q. Fabtus), a Roman Saucius, a, um, adj., wounded, hurt.
senator, the patron of the Allobroges.  Saxeus, a, um, adj., of stone, stony,
He was descended from that Fabius rocky; from
who from his conquest of the Allobro-  Saxum, i, n., a stone, rock, crag,
ges was surnamed Allobrogicus. C. 41. cliff.
Sanguis, Inis, m., blood.   Fig.   Scalea, arum, f. pl. (scando, to climb),
death; kindred, offspring, stock, pa- a ladder,* stair. Aggredi scalis, to
rentage, race, descent, blood, relation- scale.
ship, consanguinity.                 Scaurus, i. m. (M. AEmilius), a RoSapiens, tis, part. 4 adj. (sapio), man Consul, A. U. C. 639, and leader
wise, learned, sage, judicious, discreet. of the senate, A. U. C. 640, during the
Subs. a wise man.                  war with Jugurtha. J. 15, 25, 29,
Sapientia, a, f. (sapiens), wisdom, 30, 32.
good sense, judgment, discretion, pru-  Sccler&tus, a, um, adj. (scelero, to
dence, knowledge.                  pollute), wicked, bad, impious, vicious,
Sarc'na, ce, f. (sarcio, to mend), a flagitious, nefarious.
bundle, burden, load, pack, baggage.  Scelestus, a, urn, adj., wicked, misSatelles, Itis, m. 4 f., a life-guard, chievous, unprincipled, impious, infabody-guard, attendant.             mous, detestable: from
Satietas, atis, f., satiety, fulness.  Scelus, eris, n., wickedness, villainy,
Fig. a glut, disgust. Satietas me guilt, crime, impiety. Per scelus, netenet, I am tired or sick of, satiated fariously, wickedly.  Per summum
with: from                         scelus, iost wickedly or villainously.
Satis, adv., and also an indecl. subs.  Sciehs, tis, part. 4- adj. (scio), 213,
and adj. S 212, R. 4, N. 1, enough, suf- knowing, acquainted with, having a
ficient; with adjectives and adverbs, knowledge of; skillful, well skilled or
tolerably, passably, enough, pretty, versed, expert. Me sciente, with my
sufficiently; (comp. satior, us, better, knowledge, if I know it.
more useful or advantageous. Satius  Scientia, ca, f. (sciens), knowledge,
est, it is better). Satis habere, to be science, skill, expertness.
content or satisfied, to account suf-  Scilcet, adv. (for scire or sciasdlicet),
ficient. Satis credere alicui, to put it is evident, clear or manifest, it is
fill confidence in.                plain, you may be sure; truly, in truth,




SCIO               261                 SED
certainly, indeed, doubtless, assured-  Scutum, i, n., a buckler, shield,
]y; forsooth; to-wit, that is to say. target.
I; is often used ironically. It is some-  Se, insep. prep., without, apart, aside,
times followed by an infinitive depend- ~ 196, (b.) & 4.
ing on scire or scias in composition,  Se, pro., see Sui.
272.                                 Secedo, ere, cessi, cessum, a. (se -
Scio, ire, ivi, itum, a., ~ 272, ~ 265, cedo), to go apart, retire, withdraw,
to know, understand, be aware; to retreat, secede, separate.
learn, hear.                           Secessio, inis,f. (secedo), a retiring,
Scipio, onis, m., P. Cornelius Scipio withdrawing, separation, secession; a
Africanus, an illustrious Roman gene- secession of the plebeians from the
ral by whom Hannibal was defeated patricians.
at the battle of Zama. He is some-    Secrito, adv., separately, apart, aside,
times called Africanus Major. J. 4, 5. secretly, in secret, in private:from
Scipio, onis, m., P. Cornelius Scipio  Secretus, a, um, part. 4 adj. (seAEmiliiinus Africanus, by whom Car- cerno, to separate), separated, severed,
thage and Numantia were destroyed, remote, apart, separate, alone; secret,
was the son of Paulus /Emilius, and private.
grandson by adoption of P. Cornelius   Secum, for cum se, see Cum i4 Sui.
Scipio Africanus major. J. 7, 8,22.    Secundum, prep. with the acc., and
Scipio, onis, m., P. Cornelius Scipio adv., nigh, near, after, behind, next
Nasica, was the great-grandson of to, in the second place, in the next
that Scipio whom the Roman senate place.
adjudged to be the best man in Rome,   Secundus, a, um, adj. (sequor),
and the son of him who slew Tiberius second, following, going or coming
Gracchus. He was consul, A. U.C. after; favorable, favoring, prosper643. J. 27.                          ous, lucky, successful. Secundo mari,
Scitg, adv. (scitus, skillful), skillfully, along the sea-coast. Secundus heres,
dexterously, nicely, exactly; ingeni- see Heres. Secunda oratio, a laudaously; elegantly, tastefully, genteelly. tory or flattering speech. SecundEa
Scortum, i, n., a skin, a hide; a har- res, see Res.
lot, courtezan, mistress, prostitute.  Secus, adv. (sequor), otherwise, difScribo, ere, psi, ptum, a., to mark, ferently.  Haud, non or nec secus,
cut or imprint lines; to draw; to not otherwise, not less, equally, just
write; to draw up, write, compose, as though:-it is often followed by ac,
treat of in writing, commit to writing, atque or quam, than, and may be
record; ~ 230, to designate, or appoint translated, otherwise than; non secus
Scribere milites, exercitum, 4c., to en- ac, or atque, not otherwise than, just
list, enrol, levy-.                 as:-unsuccessfully, unfortunately, ilL
Scrinium, i, n., a casket, coffer, Secus cedere or procedere, to turn out
trunk,' chest, case, desk, escritoire, otherwise than one hopes or expects
bookcase.                           to turn out ill, fail of success.
Scriptor, oris, m. (scribo), a writer,  Secutus, a, um, part. (sequor),
scrivener, author, narrator, historian.  Sed, adversative, conj., but, now. It
Scriptus, a, um, part. (scribo.)  is commonly used to denote distinction
Scrutor, ari, atus sum, dep (scruta, or opposition, but is sometimes only
old clothes), to feel, search, explore, continuative or marks a transition
examine, investigate,               from one subject to another. Sed is




SEDES              262            SEPTIMIUS
sometimes equivalent to sed etiam and.Senator, oris, n., a senator, (senar,
as also sometimes omitted.         old).
Sedes, is, f. (sedeo, to sit), a seat,  Senatorius, a, ur, adj. (senator), of
chair, bench; a seat, abode, dwelling or belonging to a senator, senatorial.
place, residence, settlement, habita-  Sendtus, us or i, m. (senex), a soe
tion.                              nate, council, the Roman senate.
Seditio, 5nis, f. (sedeo), dissension,  Senectus, stis, f. (senex, old), age.
discord, strife; a popular commotion old age.
or insurrection, civil discord, sedi-  Senesco, ere, senui, n. incept. (seneo
tion.                              to be old), to grow or become old; to
Seditiosus, a, um, adj. (seditio), tur- fade, pine or waste away, decay, wear
bulent, tumultuous, seditious, treason- away, fail, decline, decrease; to beable, factious, mutinous.          come torpid or languid; to be comSedo, are, dvi, atum, a., to allay, ap- posed, settled.
pease, mitigate, calm, soften, assuage,  Sententia, a, f. (sentio), opinion
allay, pacify, quiet, soothe, check, judgment, resolution, mind, purpose,
quench, extinguish.                intention, will. Ex sententia, prosSegnis, e, adj., dull, heavy, slothful, perously, successfully, according to
slow, inactive, sluggish, lazy, cow- ones wish or desire, satisfactorily, to
ardly.                             one's mind. Vir ex sententia amboSegntter, adv. (segnis), slowly, slug- bus, agreeable, acceptable. Mea sengishly, slothfully, negligently. Nihilo tentia, in my opinion or judgment, as
segnius, O 256, R. 16, with the same I conceive, as I think or imagine. Ex
activity or eagerness, with undiminish- animi sententia, truly, sincerely, seed zeal; nevertheless, notwithstanding. riously, positively, in my opinion, on
Sella, e,f. (sedeo), a seat, chair.  my conscience-:-a'vote, suffrage,
Semet, see Sui.                  sentence, decree, judgment. SentenSemisomnus, a, um, ad]. (semi, half, tiam dicere, to give one's opinion or
somnus), half-asleep, half-awake.  vote:-sense, signification, meaning,
Semper, adv., always, ever, forever, purport; a thought, sentiment, sencontinually.                       tence.
Sempronia, a, f., a profligate wo-  Sentina, ce, f., the bilge-water and
man who was concerned in the Cati- filth in the bottom of a ship; the botlinarian conspiracy.  She was the tom of a ship where the bilge-water
wife, of D. Junius Brutus, and had a is; a sink, sewer. Fig. the rabble.
son, D Brutus, who subsequently took  Sentio, ~re, sensi, sensum, a., to dispart in the conspiracy against Caesar. cern by the senses, perceive, feel, see,
C. 25, 40.                         discover, observe, find out, know, be
Sempronius, a, um, adj., of or re- sensible or aware; to think, judge,
lating to Sempronius, Sempronian. suppose, entertain an opinion or senSempronia lex, a law introduced by timent. Set'    )ntra rempublicam,
Sempronius Gracchus, A. U. C. 630. to be he         government.
requiring twoprovinces to be annually  Seors    -   s    verto) apart
assignedfor the consuls, by the senate, asunder,..     ith a. apart
before the consular election. These from. wi
provinces the consuls subsequently took  Separ'separdtus, sepaby lot or otherwise, as they pleased. rate), sep;'t, severally
J. 27.                               Septimni:oman name, a




SEQUOR              263            SIGNATOR
Camertian, confederate with Catiline.  Severe, adv. (severus), gravely, seC. 27.                             riously, severely, rigidly.
Sequor, i, citus sum, dep., to go or  Severitas, atis, f., gravity, seriouscome after, walk behind, follow, at- ness, severity, strictness, austerity:
tend, wait upon, accompany; to be from
consequent upon, connected with; to  Severus, a, um, adj., grave reserv
lollow after, seek for, pursue, aim at; ed, serious, severe, rigorous  strict,
to favor, take the part of; to regard, harsh.
obey; to folloW, imitate; to accord  Sextius, i, m., a Roman name. The
with, correspond to, partake of. Hac name of a quwestor under Bestla.
sequi decrevistis,-to  pursue these  Sextus, a, urn, num, adj. (sex six),
measures or this course. Inertiam the sixth; also, a Roman prasnosequi, to indulge, practice-.      men.
Serius, a, urn, adj., grave, serious,  Si, conj. $ 261, if, provided, in case;
in earnest; of weight or importance. since; although, even if. Si modo,
Seria, orum, n. pl., serious affairs, see Modo; quod si, see Qubd.
matters of weight.                   Sibyllinus, a, urn, adj. (sibylla, a
Sermo, onis, m. (sero, to connect), sibyl or prophetess), of or pertaining
common discourse, talk, speech, con- to a sibyl, sibylline. There were ten
versation.                        sibyls who lived at different periods
Serpens, tis, m. 4f. (serpo, to creep), and in various countries. Among
a serpent.                        these the Cumoean sibyl was highly disServZlis, e, adj. (servus), of or per- tinguished, and the books containing
taining to a slave or slaves, slavish, her prophecies were preserved with
servile.                          great respect by the Romans. C. 47.
Servio, ire, ivi, itum, n. (servus), ~  Sic, adv., so, thus; accordingly.
223, R. 2, to be a slave, serve, obey, Sic ut, so that, so as;-hence, therebe subservient to, have regard to, aim fore. Sic like ita is sometimes used in
at, be devoted to.                anticipation of a proposition. See
Servitium, i, n. (servus), slavery, Ita, and J. 114.
servitude, bondage, service, subjec-  Sicca, ce, f., a city of Numidia, in
tion. Servitia, pl., slaves, a body of which was a celebrated temple of
slaves.                           Venus. J. 56.
Servitus Otis, f. (servus), slavery,  Siccenses, ium, m. pl., the inhabiservitude, service, bondage, thraldom. tants of Sicca.J. 56.
Servius, i, m., a Roman prcenomen.  Sicilia, ae,f, Sicily. J. 28.
Servo, are, avi, atum, a. 4 n., to  Sicut 4' Sicuti, conj., (sic ut, 4 sic
save, preserve; to observe, keep, main- uti), so as, just as, as, acccording as;
tain; to guard, watch.            as it were, as if, like.
Servus, a, um, adj., serving, subject.  Sidonius, <4 Sidoncus, a, um, adj.,
Servus, i, m., a slave, bondman, ser- Sidonian, Tyrian, Phoenician of or
vant.                              belonging to Sidon, a city of PhceniSestertius, i, m. (semis, half, 4f ter- cia. Sidonii, 5rum, m. pi., Sidonians,
tius, O 327), a sesterce, of the value of inhabitants of Sidon. J. 78.
two asses and a half, or one fourth of  Signator, oris, m. (signo), a sealer
a denarius, or about 3 1-4 cents of our signer, one who attests a writing by
money. Sestertium, i, n., a thousand affixing his seal. Signator falsus a
sesterces.                        false signer, a forger.
23*




SIGNATUS             264           SINGULATIM
Signatus, a, um,part. (signo), mark-  Simrilts, e, adj. O 222, like, resem,
ed, signed, sealed.                bling, similar.
Significo, are, avi, atum, a. (signum  Similitudo, ants, f. (similis), likef, facio), to give notice or warniig, ness, resemblance, similitude, simi
signify, indicate, intimate, notify, larity.
show, declare. Signijicare manu, to  Simul, adv. (similis), together, in
beckon-.                           company, at once, together with,
Signo, are, avi, atum, a., to mark, along with, at the same time; likcmark out; to seal, sign: from     wise, also, besides. As a connective it
Signum, i, n., a mark, sign; a to- serves to unite that which is of less, to
ken; a statue; a seal, impression; a that which is of greater moment. Sistandard, ensign, banner, flag; by mul ac, simulac or simply simul, as
metonomy, troops, forces; a signal in soon as, as soon as ever. Simul et,
war; a watchword, i. e. a word given at the same time-and, at the same
to the soldiers of an army or to a senti- time-and also, both-and.
nel on duty, by means of which friends  Similans, tis, part. (simulo).
could be distinguished from enemies.  Simulator, oris, m., a feigner, preDare signum, to give a signal. Eo tender, counterfeiter, one who presigno, on this signal, ~ 247. Signa tends that to be which is not, skillful
canere, to give the signal by sound of in simulation. Cujuslibet rei simulatrumpet, to sound the trumpets for tor ac dissimulator, skilled in every
battle. See Cano. Relinquere sig- species of simulation and dissimulanum, to desert one's standard. Ob- tion:from
servare signa, to mind or heed the  Simulo, are, avi, atum, a. (similis),'
standards. The standard was usually 272, to feign, make like the reality,
the figure of some animal; the princi- pretend, counterfeit, simulate; to be
pal standard of a whole legion was the like to, resemble, imitate. Ad simufigure of an eagle, but besides this landa negotia altitudo ingenii increevery maniple had its own standard.  dibilis,-in the arts of simulation,
Silanus, i, m. (T. Turpilius), a Ro- in giving to things a false appearman governor of the town of Vacca, ance.
in the Jugurthine war.  J. 66, 67,   Simultas, atis, f. (similis), a dis69.                                guised malice or hatred, secret grudge,
Silanus, i, m. (D. Junius), a Roman dissembled animosity, enmity, hatred,
consul, A. U. C. 692. C. 50, 51.   animosity.
Silanus, i, m. (M. Junius), a Roman  Sin, conj., but if, if however; si, if,
consul, A. U. C. 645. The province is often found in a preceding clause.
of Gaul was assigned to him where Sin has the force of sed si, being both
he was defeated in battle by the Cim- adversative and conditional.
bri.                                 Sine, prep. with the abl., without.
Silentium, i, n., a being silent; si- Sine with the noun following it, in
lence. Silentio, abl., in silence, si- stead of depending on a verb, has often
lently, in obscurity;-quietness, inac- the force of a negative adjective or a
tivity, sloth, stillness: from     genitive of quality, limiting the mean.
Sileo, ere, ui, n. 4- a., to be silent, ing of a preceding noun; as, oppida
keep silence, be still, say nothing. sine prcesidio,-ungarrisoned.
Siletur, imp., silence is maintained,  Singulitim, adv., one by one, seve:
nothing is said.                   rally, singly, particularly, individually,




SINGULUS               265            SOLLICITO
Singulatin circumire, to go about companion, associate, fellow, sharel
from one to another: from           partner; an ally, confederate. Socis
Singilus, a, um, adj., single, one by or socii Italici, Italian allies, allies
one, each, every, every one, one at a from all parts of Italy south of the
time. Singulos appellare, laidere, etc., Rubicon except Latium.
-separate, single; or separately, sing-  Socordia, a(, f., foolishness, folly
ly, individually.                    dullness;  carelessness,  indolence,
Sinister, tra, trum, adj., left, on the sloth, sluggishness, inactivity: from
left, on the left hand or side. Sinis-  Socors, dis, adj. (se, cor), sensetra, e, f., sc. manus, the left hand.  less, thoughtless, foolish, silly, dull
Sino, ere, sivi, situm, a., ~ 273, 4, to stupid; sluggish, inactive, slothful, lapermit, suffer, allow, let alone.   zy, careless, negligent, indolent.
Sinus, us, m., the bosom; the lap;  Sol, solis, m., the sun. Magis sub
the innermost part, the heart; a bay, sole, more under the sun, nearer the
creek, gulf.                        equator.
Siquis 4, siqui, siqua, siquod 4 si-  Solemnis, e, adj. (sollus, the whole,
quid, or separately, si quis, etc., indef. 4, annus), solemn, performed at cerpro. Q 138 & ~ 137, R. (3), if any one, tain times and with certain rites, fesif any. It may often be translated, tive, celebrated, appointed, stated; acwhoever, whatever.                  customed, ordinary, usual, customary.
Sisenna, ce, m. (L.) a historian be- Solemne, is, n., a solemnity, solemn
longing to the Cornelian family, who festival, solemn rite or ceremony.
wrote a history of the social war and  Soleo, ere, Ytus sum, neut.pass. O 142,
of that waged by Sylla. J. 95.       & 2, ~ 271, to use, be accustomed or
Sitis, is, f. O 79, 2 & ~ 82, Ex. 2, wont; to be usual or customary. It
thirst. Fig. drought, dryness, sultri- may sometimes be translated "frequentness.                               ly, often;" as, Docetque se audire soliSittius, i, m., see Nucerinus.    tum,-that he had often heard.    Ut
Situs, us, m. (sino), site, situation, solet, as is usual. Solet sc. facere, is
local position; a region, country, tract. wont to do. The pluperfect of this
Situs, a, urn, part. 4 adj. (sino), situ- verb has often the force of an imperfect.
ated, situate, placed, set, put, lying,  Solers, tis, adj. (sollus, the whole, 4
built. Situs esse, to rest, depend, be ars), ~ 213, ingenious, skillful, expert,
placed, ~ 265.                      accomplished.
Sive, conj. (si 4, ve, or), or if, or in-  Solertia, e, f. (solers), ingenuity, sadeed if, and if, or; sive-sive or seu, gacity, genius, quickness, shrewdness;
whether-or wheth6r; whether-or craftiness, subtlety, cunning.
rather; whether-or.                   Solitudo, mnis, f. (solus), a lonely or
Soda, re, f. (socius), a wife, partner, solitary place; a desert, wilderness;
associate.                          solitude; solitariness.  Ubi postquam
Socigtas, atis,f., partnership, union, solitudinem  intellexit,-the  solitariconnexion, company, society, fellow- ness of the place.
ship, association, alliance, participa-  Solltus, a, um, part. (soleo).
tion; a league, confederacy, alliance:  Sollicitatus, a, um, part.: from
from                                   Sollicito, are, avi, atum, a., to move,
Socius, a, um, adj., united, associ- stir; to disturb, trouble; to allure, enated, joining or sharing in, partaking, tice, gain  over, invite, excite; to
allied, confederate. Socius, i, m., a tempt, instigate, stir up, urge to rebel




SOLLICITUDO            266             SPOLIUM
lion, induce, urge, rouse, press, solicit. pearance; a pretext, color, pretence
Writh ad.                          cloak, show; an image, picture, like.
Sollicitudo, nis,f., solicitude, anxie- ness; beauty. Specie, in appearance.
ty, disquiet, trouble, uneasiness of Ager una specie,-of a uniform ap.
mind, care.                        pearance,
Sollicitus, a, um, adj., solicitous,  Spectaculum, i, n. (specto), a spectaanxious, uneasy, troubled, disquieted, cle, public sight or show; a sight, specperplexed.                         tacle.
Solim, adv., only, alone: from     Spectatus, a, um, part. 4 adj., seen,
Solus, a, um, adj. O 107, alone, only; beheld;. 222, 3, known, proved, aplonely solitary, desert, retired, unfre- proved, tried: from
quented; destitute  of kindred  or   Specto, are, avi, atum, a. freq. (spe.
friends.                           cio, to see), to behold, look or gaze
Solutus, a, um, part. 4 adj., loosed, upon, view; to see, observe, mark,
unbound, released, relaxed, loose, lax; regard; to try, prove, examine.
free, independent, unrestrained; dis-  Speculator, 5ris, m. (speculor), a spy,
united, dissevered, divided, uncom- scout.
pacted; paid, settled, liquidated, dis-  Speculutus, a, um, part.: from
charged: from                        Speculor, uri, atus sum, dep. (specila,
Solvo, ere, solvi, solui4m, a., to loose, a watch-tower), to view, espy, observe,
loosen, unloose, untie, unbind; to explore, watch.
weaken, relax, enervate, enfeeble; to  Speratus, a, um, part., hoped for,
solve, explain; to pay, discharge; to looked for, expected: from
atone for. Solvere penas, to suffer  Spero, are, ivi, atum, a. ~ 272, to
punishment.                        hope, trust, feel confident, expect.
Somnus, i, m., sleep, slumber, rest,  Spes, ei,f., hope, confidence. expecrepose. Fig. sloth, laziness. Captus tation, reliance, prospect.  Contra
somno, overtaken or overpowered by spem, contrary to expectation. Prosleep.                             ficiscitur magna spe civium,-with
SonItus, us, m. (sono), a sound, high expectations on the part of his
noise, din.                        fellow citizens. Spas maxima, confiSons, tis, adj., hurtful, noxious; ac- dent hope, the most sanguine expeccused; guilty, criminal.           tations, the most extravagant hopes.
Sordidus, a, um, adj. (sordes, filth), Bons spes, a firm hope, confidence.
filthy, dirty, squalid, sordid, penurious, Habere spem in aliquo, to put confiniggardly, foul, base, mean, low, des- dence, rest one's hopes, depend upon-.
picable.                           In spe habere, to have in prospect, to
Sp., an abbreviation of the prano- hope for. A mplior spe, more than
men Spurius.                       was expected.
Sparus, i, m., a dart, lance, spear.  Spinther, ebis, m. (P. Cornelius LenSpatium, i, n., a course, race- tulus), a Roman edile during the conground; a running, race, course; sulship of Cicero. C. 47.
space, room, extent; distance, inter-  Spiro, are, avi, atum, n., to breathe.
val; time, an interval or space of time.  Spoliatits, r um, part.: fronz
Brevi spa*io, in a short time.       Spolio, 7   vi, atum, a.   S 251, to
Species, ei,f. (specio, to see), a form, strip, I  -. eprive of, rob, plunfigure. fashion, shape, appearance, der, s         from
a sight, spectacle; semblance, ap-i Spo'     i.   he skin stripped off




SPONSIO              267            STULTUS
a beast; spoil, plunder, pillage, booty,  Stirps, pis, m. 4- f., the root of a
prey.                              tree, the trunk, stump or body of a
Sponsio, onis, f. (spondeo, to pro- tree, the stem or stock of a tree or
mise), a promise, engagement, bond, plant. Fig. the origin or foundation;
stipulation, bargain. Sponsionen fa- a beginning, rise, source; a stock,
cere, to agree, stipulate.         family, kindred, race, lineage; offSpurius, i, m., a Roman pranomen. spring, progeny, posterity. Ab stipfe,
Statilius, i, nI. (L.), a Roman knight from the root, utterly; also, from one's
confederate with Catiline. C. 17, 43, origin or ancestors, in virtue of one's
&c.                                ancestry.
Statim, adv. (sto, to stand), firmly,  StrenuO, adv., strenuously, vigorousimmediately, forthwith, straightway, ly, bravely: from
without delay.                       Strenuus, a, um, adj. ~ 126, 5, (a.) $
Stativus, a, urn, adj. (sto, to stand), 250, active, strenuous, energetic, rea
standing.;Stativa castra, a standing dy, prompt, quick, vigorous, stout;
or stationary camp, station, quarters. brave, valiant.
Statuo, ire, ui, itum, a. (sto), to set  StrepItus, us, m., a harsh or conup, raise, erect; to put, place, set, sta- fused noise, hurly-burly, rustling, rattion, draw up, post, establish, fix; $ tling, clashing, din, clattering, clamor,
272, to hold, judge, conclude, make up shouting, uproar, loud noise: from
one's mind, be of opinion, firmly be"  Strepo, ere, ui, Itum, n., to make a
lieve; ~ 271, to resolve, determine, de- noise or harsh sound, rustle, roar, ratcide, appoint, fix, assign, ordain, de- tle, ring, resound. Strepere voce, to
cree; to give sentence, pass sentence shout, yell.
or judgment, condemn.                Studeo, ire, ui, n., ~ 223, $ 272, $
Status, us, m. (sto), a standing, 271, R. 4, to study, attend to, apply the
standing still; a state, station, condi- mind to, take delight in, be devoted to,
tion, situation, rank.             fancy, labor or exert one's self for, be
Stimiilo, are, jivi, atum, a. (stimulus, bent on, be ambitious of, pursue; to
a goad), to prick, goad; to torment, be attached to, favor, be partial to; to
vex, trouble, disturb; to urge or drive desire, aim, wish, be anxious. Novis
on, impel, rouse, incite, instigate, rebus studere, to plot a revolution in
stimulate; to provoke, stir up, excite. the state.
Stipitor, oris, m. (stipo, to stuff), an  Studium, i, n., study, care, diligence,
attendant, companion; a guard, body- attention; eagerness, zeal, ardor of
guard.                             mind, fondness, desire, inclination,
Stipendium, i, n. (stips, a small coin, propensity, taste, will, humor, fancy;
4 pendo), the pay of soldiers, the pay favor, partiality, attachment, regard,
of an army, wages; a stipend or sala- affection; pursuit, employment, prory. Stipendia facere, to serve as a fession, favorite study. Studiacivilia,
soldier. Stipendiis faciendis sese ex- civil dissensions, contentions among
ercuit,-in actual service. Miles em- the citizens. Summo studio or cutm
eritis stipendiis, a soldier who has summo studio, with the greatest zeal,
completed his term of service, and re- very zealously, very eagerly.
ceived his discharge. Homo nullius   Stultitia, ae, f., folly, foolishness.
stzpendii, one who has seen no ser- from
vice, of no military experiene;-a   Stultus, a, um, adj., foolish, unwise,
tribute or tax.                    silly.




STUPRUM               268               SULLA
Stuprum, i, n., seduction, violation, after; to come to one's assistance.
fornication, adultery, lewdness, de- assist, aid, help, succol relieve  Pribauchery. Stuprum    corporis, prosti- usquam  subveniretur, before assist
tution. Multa nefinda stuprafecerat, ance could be given. Subveniendum
had committed many atrocious acts est, assistance must or should be given.
of lewdness.                          Subverto, ere, ti, sum, a. (sub 4- ver
Suadeo, ere, si, sum, n. 4 a. $ 223, to), to turn upside down, overturn.
R. 2, ~ 273, 2, to advise, exhort, re- overthrow, demolish, subvert, annul,
commend, suggest, counsel, urge.    reverse, make void, destroy, put an
Sub, prep. with acc. or abl. ~ 235, end to; to corrupt, impair.
(2.) under; beneath, at the foot of; on;  Succido, ere, cessi, cessum, n. (sub 4,
at, during; towards.,near, by.      cedo), to approach something elevated,
Subactus, a, um, part. (subigo).  as the walls of a town, &c., to go unSubdall, adv., deceitfully, cunning- der, go to, approach, advance. It is
ly, craftily, subtly, slyly, artfully: followed by the'dative, ~ 2'1, or by the
from                                accusative with ad.
Subdolus, a, um, adj. (sub 4, dolus),  Succurro, ere, curri, cursum, n. (sub
cunning, crafty, deceitful, sly, subtle.  4 curro, to run), ~ 224, to run under;
Subdiico, ere, xi, ctum, a. (sub 4, to run to one's assistance, succor, aid,
duco), to draw  up, lift or raise up, assist, help, relieve.
raise, withdraw, take away, remove,   Sudes, is,f., a stake.
draw off, lead away.                  Sudor, oris, m., sweat. Fig. labor,
Subigo, ere, egi, actum, a. (sub d fatigue, toil, difficulty, pains, exertion.
ago), to bring, lead or conduct under;  Suffldio, ere, fodi,fossum, a. (sub 4,
to urge on, lead, impel, drive, force, fodio, to dig), to dig under, underconstrain, compel, oblige, necessitate; mine.
to subject, subjugate, reduce, van-   Suffragatio, onis, f. (suvfrigo) to
quish, conquer, subdue. In Sallust vote for), giving one's vote or influwith inf. and ace.                  ence to get a person elected, a voting
Subliatus, a, um, part. (sustollo), rais- for one, earnestness or zeal to promote
ed; taken away, removed. Sublato one's election, interest in one's favor,
auctore, concealing the (name of her) recommendation.
informant.                            Sui, sibi, se, subs, pro. m. f. 4 n., $
SublEvo, are, avi, atum, a. (sub 4, 133, of himself, herself, itself, themlevo), to lift, raise or hold up, support; selves, &c. In the ace. 4 abl. it is
to help, aid, succor, relieve, assist, fa- often doubled, sese. The prep. cum
vor, protect, defend; to ease, lighten, when used with se is annexed to it, as
lessen, diminish, soften.           secum. The particle met is often anSubsidium, i, n. (Isubsideo, to lie in nexed intensively; $ 133, R. 2.
wait), a body of troops in reserve, a  Sulla, ~, m. (P. Cornelius), a consul
reinforcement; a line or rank    of elect, A. U. C. 688, who was convicttroops; aid, help, assistance, succor. ed of bribery. C. 17, 18.
Locare or collocare in subsidio or sub-  Sulla, ae, m. (Servius Cornelius), a
sidiis, to station as a reserve. The confederate of Catiline, and brother
name of subsidium was especially ap- of P. Sulla. C. 17, 47.
plied to the triarii, see Pilus.      Sulla, eC, m. (L. Cornelius), L. Cor.
Subvenio, ire, veni, ventum, n. (sub 4 nelius Sylla or Sulla, a Roman gene
vemio), 6 224, to- come on, to come ral of the Cornelian gens, distinguish




SULLANUS             269        SUPERVACANEUS
ed for his military talents, and still mere supplicium de aliquo. to punish,
more for his enmity to Marius, and his inflict punishment upon:-to choose,
cruelties during the civil wars. He select. Bellum sumere, toenterupon
was the uncle of Publius and Servius engage in, undertake:-to procure
Cornelius Sylla. J. 95, &c. C. 5, &c. Liberos sumere, to adopt-.
Sullanus, a, unm, adj., of or relating  Sumptus, us, m. (sumo), charge, exto Sylla, Sylla's. C. 21.         pense, cost.
Sulphur, uris, n., sulphur, brim-  Sumptus, a, um, part. (sumo)
stone.                              Submet, see Suus.
Sum, esse, fui, irr. n. O 153, to be;  Supellex, lectilis, f., household furto exist, live; to stay, remain, con- niture or goods, movables, chattels.
tinue, abide. With two datives,' 227,  Super, prep. with acc. or abl. $ 235,
to bring, confer, be, serve, constitute, (3); with acc., over, above, on, upon,
become, be accounted, prove, afford. beyond, more than; with abl., of, on,
Esse in conjuratione, to be engaged about, concerning. Super esse, to
or concerned in-. Esse extra con- surpass. Also adv., over, above, over
jurationem, not to be engaged in-. and above. Satis superque, enough
Supra esse, to exceed, surpass. Post and more than enough.
esse. see Post. Esse pluris, etc. to be  Superbia, wa, f., pride, haughtiness,
worth, — 214. With a dative of the insolence, arrogance. Per superbiam,
possessor, ~ 226, to have. With a proudly, haughtily: from
genitive or ablative of character, &c.,  Superbus a, um, adj., proud, haugh~ 211, R. 6 & 8, to be of, to possess. ty, vain-glorious, arrogant, insolent,
To rest in, be placed upon. To be scornful.
the part, property, &c. to become, ~  Superior, us, adj. (comp. ofsuperus),
211, R. 8,(3). It often takesan adverb higher, upper; past, gone by, precedin the predicate where an adjective is ing, former, first; superior. Discedere
used in English; as, Mala abunde superior, to come off victorious.
omnia erant,-were abundant. Frus.   Supero - -; vi, itum, a. S4 n. (sutra esse, to be urluccessful or fruitless; per), to e: T;i, to, outstrip, suras, Cujus consilium frustra erat. Ita pass, i-,:,, outweigh, be suresum, for talis sum.-Fuere qui dice- rior,,alance, more than
rent, some said,' 264, 6:-to tend, c-.                     o' T overcome, conquer,
serve, contribute, with the genitive ofa' i::. e  gAdue, destroy;- to refute,
gerund or gerundive.::,;., i;pel; to abound, be abunSummus, a, um, adj. (sup. of.:',-,i: i,!., superfluous or redundant; to
rus), highest, at the top, topn-,:, ap-i fei: I i. Superare alicui, to be too
permost; last, greatest, very r       reai,:-i- i r,; h for-, to be more than one can
prqme, utmost, consummr.;::rcelt'  rform, ~ 223.
glorious. Summus vir      o'.:  *,  Supersto, are, n. (super c sto), to
eminonL, illustrious, e': i. —.: *7-n stand over or upon.
nw op' or vi, with       r ni-iwt or  Superus, a, um, adj. (super), comp.
power with mig'              Sum- superior, sup. supremus or summus,
1nim, i,,, the:          O -.t of any above, upper.
tYing.                              Supervacaneus, a, um, adj. (superm-, umo,   -; in,.ptum, a., to vaco, to be superfluous), $ 222, above
ya    ta'' o - ctive. Pecuniam what is necessary, usual or ordinary
-! i    -.i:,re;: t'o borrow-. Su- that is not strictly necessary, tran



SUPERVADO             270               SUUS
scending the limits of necessity, su-  Susceptus, a, urn, part., taken up,
perfluous, needless.               undertaken: from
Supervado, ere, n. (super 4 vado), O  Suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. (suw
233, to go, climb or pass over, sur- sum, up, 4 capio), to take or lift up,
mount.                             receive, catch; to bear, suffer; to unSuppeto, ere, ivi, Itum, a. (sub S4 dertake, take in hand, take up, enter
peto), to occur, suggest itself, come upon, begin, engage in, encounter
into one's mind; to be near or at take upon one's self, incur, undergo.
hand. Minus suppetere, not to oc-    Suspectus, a, urn, part. &4 adj. (suscur.                               picio), $ 222, suspected, mistrusted
Supplementum, i, n. (suppleo, to suspicious. Habere suspectum, to sussupply), a supply, filling up, supple- pect.
ment; supplies, reinforcements, re-  Suspicio, onis, f., suspicion, miscruits.  Supplementum  scribere, to trust, distrust, jealousy: from
levy or enlist recruits.             Suspicio, ere, pexi, pectum, n. 4, a
Supplex, Icis, adj. (sub, plico, to (sursum, up, or sub 4 specie, to see),
fold), suppliant, begging or entreating to look up or upwards; to look up to,
on one's knees, kneeling, prostrate, admire, honor, respect; to mistrust,
humble, submissive. Subs. a suppli- suspect.
ant, humble petitioner.              Suspicor, ari, atus sum, dep. (suspiSupplicium, i, n. (supplex), a suppli- cio), to suspect, apprehend, fear, miscation, prayer, humble entreaty, soli- trust; to think, imagine.
citation; supplicatory offerings or sa-  Sustento, are, avi, aIum, a. freq., to
crifices, a public thanksgiving, wor- sustain, bear or hold up, uphold, feed,
ship; capital punishment, condign support, maintain; to hold out, bear,
punishment, torture, any severe pun- suffer, endure; to withstand, oppose,
ishment. Summum supplicium, capi- resist; to check, stop, restrain, keep
tal punishment. Supplicio cogere, to back: from
govern with severity, impel to duty by  Sustineo, ere, tinui, tentum, a. (surpunishment                         sum, up, 4 teneo), to hold up, sustain,
Supplico, are, avi, atum, n. (supplex), uphold, support, undertake, bear, car-' 224, to kneel before, make supplica- ry, hold, discharge; to defend, support,
tion to, pray or beg humbly, beseech, protect, preserve, maintain, nourish;
implore, entreat, supplicate, worship. to suffer, bear, undergo, endure, hold
Supra, prep. with ace. (superus), out against.
above, over, upon, beyond, more than.  Sustollo, ere, sustuli, sublatum, a.
Supra esse, to surpass. Supra bonum (sursum 4, tollo), to raise or lift up; to
atque honestum, beyond what is proper take away, remove, suppress. The
and becoming. Supra caput esse, to second and third roots of this verb are
be over the head, to be near, to be at taken fsw   suffero.
hand, to menace. Also, adv. above,   Suthul, iul.n., a town o-N'Sumidia.
before, farther. Supra repetere, to go J. 37, 38.
farther back, to carry one's narration  Suus, a, um, poSs. adj. pro.' 139,
farther back. Patiens inedice supra (sui), O 208, one's Own, its own, his or
quaim credibile est, more than, above her own, their own; his, hers, i',
or beyond what, higher or farther their. Suum or pl. sua, n. one's o'c,
than.                              property, possessions or rights. S..
Sura, a, mn., see Lentulus       locus, the place of 3oe's  -'' 




SYPHAX              271             TANTUS
and  hence favorable.  Sui, one's    Taceo, ere, ui, Itum, n., to be silent,
friends, party, side, people, soldiers, hold one's peace, say nothing.
&c. O 205, R. 7, (1) N. 1. The enclitics  TacYtus, a, um, part.' adj. (taceo),
met and pte are sometimes annexed silent, mute, in silence, silently; still,
to it.                            quiet; without notice, unobserved.
Syphax, acis, m., a king of Numi-  Tada, c, f., a tree producing pitch,
dia, who was conquered by Scipio, the torch-tree, pitch-tree; a torch;
with the aid of Masinissa. J. 5, chips or pieces of the pitch or pine
14.                               tree; a fire ball made of pieces of the
Syrtis, is, f. (arpc, to draw), sands, pitch-tree.
shelves, quicksands, a syrtis or place  Tadet, duit, or tasum est, imp., it is
of movable sand-banks in the sea, irksome to, it wearies. Tadet me I
which were so called because the am weary of, tired of, disgusted with.
sands were drawn to and fro by the   Taedium, i, n. (tadet), weariness,
violence of the winds and tides. Of irksomeness.
this kind are two tracts in the Mediter-  Talis, e, adj., such, of this or that
ranean near the coast of Africa, which kind, such like, so distinguished, so
are called Syrtis Major and Syrtis great, so eminent, of such magnitude.
Minor, now the gulf of Sidra and the  7'am, adv., so, so much, so very.
gulf of Capes. J. 19, 78.          Quam-tam, with comparatives or superlatives the-the, as-so.
T.                   Tamen, adversative, conj. ~ ]98, 9,
notwithstanding, nevertheless, for all
T., an abbreviation of theprcnomen that, however, yet, still. In the apodoTitus.                            sis of a sentence it corresponds to ta
Tabernacilum, i, n. (taberna, a metsi, quamvis, quamquam, si, quum,
shed), a tent, pavilion.          etc., in the protasis, and is sometimes
Tabes, is, f. (tabeo, to melt away), a to be supplied.
melting or wasting away; poison, in-  Tametsi, concessive, conj. ~ 198, 4,
fection; a wasting disease, consump- (tamen 4 etsi), though, although, nottion, pestilence, plague, contagion, withstanding that. It is used in the
disease.                          protasis.
Tabesco, ere, tabui, n. incept. (tabeo),  Tana, a, m., a river of Numidia beto melt, dissolve, be dissolved or melt- tween the towns of Lares and Capsa
ed; to waste or pine away, be con- J. 90.
sumed, decline, languish, decay, fade,  Tandem, adv. (tam 4' demum), at
decrease.                         length, at last, finally, in the end. In
Tabila, a, f., a board or plank. urgent interrogation, pray.
Tabula or tabula picta, a picture,  Tanquam, or Tamquam, adv. (tam
painting; —a table or tablet covered 4' qucim), as, just as, as it were, as if.
with wax for writing on, a writing,  Tantium, adv. (tantus), only, alone,
book.  Tabula, writings, account- but, merely.
books, records bills, bonds, instru-  Tantummodo, or Tantum modo, adv
ments. Tabula novc, new accounts, only; provided only.
bills, &c., by which the whole or a t Tantus, a, um, adj., so great, so,art of his debt due on the old ac- much, such. so important, as great.
unt, was remitted to the debtor. It is often followed by ut, that, or
Novui                          quantus, as, ~ 262, R. 1.-Tantum
24




TARDE               272              TENEO
modab remorati,-so long only, ~ 236. tates, a long time, a long course of
Tanto, abl., by so much, so much, the, years, many years, many occasions or
with comparatives, S4c. $ 256, R. 16, (2.) times; many perils, commotions, difTardY, adv., slowly, tardily: from  ficulties or trials. Paucce tempestates,
Tardus, a, urm adj., slow, tardy, a short time, a brief space. Alia in
sluggish, slack.                   tempestate, at another time.
Tarquinius, i, m. (L.), a confederate  Templum, i, n., an open space; conof Catiline, who, being arrested, be- secrated ground; a temple.
came a witness against the conspira-  Tempus, oris, n., time, space of
tors. C. 48.                       time, duration, a season; an occasion,
Tectum, i, n. (tego), a roof. Pro opportunity, convenient, proper or aptectis, see Pro.                   pointed time; the state or condition
Tectus, a, un, part.: from       of any one, circumstances; danger,
Tego, ere, texi, tectum, a., to cover, difficulty, exigency; an event, occurhide, conceal, disguise, cloak; to de- rence, conjuncture, the times. Ad
fend, protect, shelter.           tempus or in tempore, in time, seasonTelum, i, n., a missile weapon, a ably, at the appointed time, in proper
dart, javelin, lance, spear, arrow. time, in good time, opportunely, in
Esse cum telo, to go armed, to carry good season. Ad hoc tempus, hitherarms about one, to be in arms.    to, to the present time. Ex tempore
Temere, adv., without cause, casu- or pro tempore, as time permits, acally, by chance, inconsiderately, light- cording to circumstances, as occasion
ly, rashly, hastily, thoughtlessly, in- requires. Ex tempore, immediately,
discreetly;  carelessly,  confusedly, without premeditation. Tempore, in
without order, irregularly. Temere time, in point of time.
munita, hastily, slightly-.          Tendo, tre, tetendi, tensum or tenTemeretas, atis,f. (temere), rashness, tum, a. 4 n., to stretch out, extend; to
inconsiderateness, hastiness, thought- go, advance, travel towards, direct or
lessness, temerity, foolhardiness, in- shape one's course or march; to condiscretion, imprudence.            tend, strive, try, exert one's self, enTemperantia, cA, f. (temperans, tem- deavour, fight, contend, oppose, resist.
perate), moderation, temperance, ab- Tendere insidias, see Insidiac.
stinence.                            Tenebrac, arum,f. pl., darkness; ob-'empero, are, dvi, tum, a. 4 n. (tem- scurity, gloom.
pus), to temper, mix in due propor-  Teneo, ere, ui, tentum, a. 4 n. (tendo),
tion; to mitigate, soften, temper; to to hold, hold fast, keep, have; to posregulate, moderate, set bounds to, sess, hold, occupy; to detain delay,
check, restrain. Temperare, or temrn- check, curb, restrain; to keep, refrain
perare sibi, to govern one's self, to abstain; to retain, keep, hold, preserve;
practice moderation, be moderate. to hold out, last, endure, continue; to
Temperare victoriae, to use'a victory rule, direct, sway, govern, move.
with moderation, to be temperate in Magna me spes tenet, great hopesposvictory.                           sess me, I have great hopes:-to cap.
Tempestas, atis,f. (tempus), time; a tivate, charm, delight. Imbecilla atas
year, season, period; good or bad ambitione corrupta tenebatur,-wasseweather, stormy or boisterous weath- duced or captivated-. Tenere tn cu.s
er, a storm, tempest Fig. trouble, todia or in custodiis, to keep in custody
calamity, misfortune. Multe tempes. or in prison, to detain in free custody.




TENTATUS              273              TIMOR
Tentatus, a, um,part., tried, essayed, declare solemnly, protest; to call to
proved, attempted; tempted, solicited, witness, appeal to.
sounded, tampered with: from         Testudo, znis,f., a tortoise; in mllzTento, dre, Fivi, atum, a.freq. (tendo tary affairs, a testudo, a covering ot
or teneo) to explore by touching, feel, shields held over the heads of a body
examine. Fig. to seek, try, essay, of soldiers to protect them from fallattempt; to make attempts, prove, ing darts, &c. Also, a movable shed
explore, sound, tempt, tamper with, or pent-house under which besiegers
entice to revolt, put to the test; to at- advanced to the walls.
tack, harass, invade; to assail, prac-  Teter, tra, trum, adj., foul, offensive,
tice upon; to irritate, provoke, excite, noisome, horrid, hideous, gloomy.
incite. Lassitudinem tentare, to try  Tetrarcha, a, m., a tetrarch or gothe effect of-. Bello tentare, to make vernor of a fourth part of a country;
war upon. Tentari aliqua re, to be a governor of a part or division of any
brought into peril by, exposed to, country, without regard to the numthreatened with, in danger from-.  ber of parts into which it is divided.
Terentius, i, n. (Cn.) a Roman sen-  Thala, ca,f., a town in the southern
ator. C. 47.                       part of.Numidia, the exact situation
Tergum, i, m., the back of a man or of which is unknown. J. 75, 77, 80,
beast. A or ab tergo, from behind, 89.
behind, in the rear.                 Therai, orum, m. pi, inhabitants of
Terra, ce, f, the earth; a country, Thera, an island of the XEgean Sea.
region, land. Terra marique, by land J. 19.
and sea, in all places. Terre or orbis  Thesaurus, i, m., a treasure, collec.
terraruml, the earth, the world. Fig. tion of money; a repository, storemen, mankind.                      house, magazine, treasury.
Terracinensis, is, m., a Terracinian,  Thirmlda, as,f., a town of Numidia
an inhabitant of Terracina, an an- the situation of which is uncertain.
cient city of Latium, still called by the J. 12.
same name. C. 46.                    Thrax, acis, adj., Thracian. Subs
Terreo, ere, ui, Itum, a., to affright, a Thracian, an inhabitant of Thrace
frighten, alarm, terrify, inspire with a large country of Europe on the east
terror; to attempt to frighten.    of Macedonia. J. 38.
Terribilis, e, adj. (terreo), dreadful,  Tiberius, i, m., a Roman presnomen,
terrible, shocking, horrid, horrible, often written by abbreviation Tib.
frightful.                           Timeo, ere, ui, a. 4 n., $ 262, R. 7,
Territus, a, urn, part. (terreo), alarm- to fear, be afraid of, dread, apprehend,
ed, affrighted, frightened, dismayed.  regard; with dat. to fear for or on acTerror, oris, m. (terreo), great fear, count of; to be averse to, dislike.
terror, affright, dread.             TimIdus, a, um, adj. (timeo), full of
Tertius, a, um, num. adj. (ter, fear, fearful, timorous, timid, afraid,
thrice), third, the third.         cowardly.
Testamentum, i, n. (testor, $ 102, 4),  Timor, oris, m. (timeo) fear, approa testament or last will.          hension, dread, affright. Timor is proTestis, is, m. rf., a witness.   perly dastardly fear, metus, a reasonTestor, ari, atus sum, dep. (testis), ~ able and well grounded apprehension
272, to testify, witness, bear witness, of coming evil. Hence the former is
attest, show, declare; to affirm, aver, always disgraceful, the latter is often




TISIDIUM             274          TRANQUILLUS
excusable. Timor animi, see Ani- to treat, conduct towards. Tractare
mus.                               rempublicam, to direct, govern-.
Tisidium, t, n., a town of Africa.  Tractus, us, m. (traho), a drawing or
J. 62.                             dragging; a direction, course, extent,
Titus, i, m., a Romar proenomen.  a tract, region, country. Pari tractu at
Togdtus, a, um, adj. (toga), clothed an equal or uniform distance, parallel
in a toga or Roman gown, gowned,     Tractus, a, um, part. (traho).
togated, toged. Togati, irum, m. pl.,  Tradltus, a, um, part.: from
Romans, since the Romans were dis-   Trado, ere, didi, ditum, a. (trans C4
tinguished by the use of the toga. do), to give, consign, deliver, give
Also, Roman citizens, in distinction over. In custodiam tradere, to comfrom  soldiers, as the latter did not mit to custody or to prison;-to give,
wear the toga.                     bequeath; to recommend, commit to
Tolero, are, dvi, itum, a., to bear, one's care or protection; to give up
bear patiently, brook, submit to, suf- surrender, commit, devote; to transfer, support, endure, tolerate, allow; mit, hand down. Per manus tradere,
to maintain, support, sustain, allevi- to transmit from hand to hand, hand
ate, lighten.                      down.
Tollo, Ore, a., to raise, lift or take  Tradico, or Transdico, ere, xi,
up, elevate. Fig. to set up, send up, ctum, a. (trans 4 duco), to bring or
cause to ascend; to extol, praise. carry over, lead or convey through
Tollere animum, to take courage; to transport, transfer.
inspire with courage.                Traho, ere, xi, ctum, a., to draw
Toreuma, atis, n., a vase or any drag. Trahere, or trahere ad suppli.
piece of plate engraven, chased, em- cium, to drag to execution. Trahere
bossed or adorned with bas-relief.  pecuniam, to squander, waste, throw
Tormentum, i, n. (torqueo, to hurl), a away;-to draw to one's self; to conwarlike engine for throwing stones, ceive, get, receive. Trahere, rapere,
darts, &c.                         to rob, plunder;-to protract, draw
Torpesco,?re, pui, n. inc. (torpeo, to out, spin out, delay, defer, put off, conbe numb), to grow numb or torpid, sume, retard, prolong; to lead away,
become languid or dull, grow faint, withdraw, divert; to weigh, consider,
listless, sluggish, inactive or indo- conceive, imagine, revolve, reflect on,
lent.                              to ascribe, attribute; to interpret, exTorquatus, t, m. (L. Manlius), a Ro- plain, construe; to form, take, direct,
man consul, A. U. C. 689. C. 18.   order. Trahere consilium, to form a
Torquatus, i, m. (T. Manlius), a ce- decision or determination. Trahere
lebrated Roman dictator who put his omnia, to interpose delays of all kinds.
son to death for engaging with the Trahere animo, or cum animo, to imenemy contrary to orders, A. U. C. agine, figure to one's self, have ever
415. C. 52.                        in mind, revolve or deliberate within
Toties or totiens, adv., so often.  one's self, ~ 272, ~ 265.
Totus, a, um, adj. gen. ius, ~ 107, all  Trames, Ytis, m. (trameo, to go
together, whole, total, entire, the through), a cross-way, cross-road, )by
whole.                             path.
Tracto, are, avi, atum, a. freq.   Tranquillus, a, um, adj., calm, still,
(traho), to drag forcibly; to touch, smooth, tranquil, quiet, peaceful
handle, feel; to exercise, manage; placid.




TRANSDUCO              275            TRIPLEX
Transduco, see Traduco             Trepidus, a, urn, adj., hastening
Transeo, ire, ii, utum, trr, n. 4 a. with fear and trembling, trembling or
(trans, over, beyond, 4 eo), ~ 182, R. hastening tfr fear, in disorder or -tre3, ~ 233, to go or pass over or beyond; pidation, confounded, dismayed, alarmto desert, go or pass over to the ene- ed, frightened, afraid, anxious, solicitmy; to pass, pass through.         ous, fearfil, hurried, unquiet, disturb.
Tran.sfro, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. ed, agitated, full of anxiety; causing
(trans 4 fero), to carry or bring over, alarm, alarming, anxious. Res tretransfer, transport. Transferre suam pide, alarming or dangerous circumculpam, to transfer one's own fault, stances, a perilous state or condition,
charge the blame due to one's self:- agitation, commotion.
to turn. apply, adapt; to defer, post-  Tres, tria, num, adj. $ 109, three.
pone, put off:  Transferri, to be trans-  Tribunatus, is, m. (tribus), the triferred, to pass.                   buneship, the office and dignity of a
Tranzsfiga, ea, m., a deserter, fugi- tribune.
tive, runaway, one who goes over to  Tribunicius, a, um, adj., of or perthe enemy: from                    taining to a tribune, tribunicial:from
Transfigio, ere, fugi, fugltum, n.  TribFnus, i, m. (tribus), a tribune,
(trans 4 fugio), to fly over, go over properly one who presides over a
to the enemy, desert, revolt.      tribe, a president. Tribuni militares,
Transigo, ere, egi, actum, a. (trans tribunes of the soldiers, military tri4 ago), to drive right through. Tran- bunes; at first, they were commanders
sigere vitam, to lead, pass, spend:-to of the third part of a legion, afterfinish, despatch, accomplish, perform, wards, as the legions were enlarged,
conclude, transact, settle, adjust.  the number of tribunes was increased.
Transpadinus, a, um, adj. (trans f4 Tribuni plebis, tribunes of the people
Padus, the Po), beyond the Po. Subs. or of the plebeians; inferior magisone living beyond the Po. C. 49.   trates elected by the people for their
Transvectus, a, aum, part.: from  defence against the senators. They
Transveho, ~re, vexi, vectum, a.) trans had the power of forbidding all pro4 veho, to carry), to carry or convey ceedings, even of the consuls and of
over, transport. Transvehi, to pass the senate, if in their view they were
over, travel or sail over.         injurious to the common people. Seo
Transversus, a, um, part. 4 adj., J, 39.
turned away or across, placed cross-  Tribuo, Ire, ui, utum, a., to give, aswise or at right angles; athwart, cross- sign, attribute, grant, impart, bestow,
wise, transverse, oblique. Transversa lend.
prcelia, attacks upon the flank. Trans-  Tribus, ks, f. (tres), a tribe, a diviversum agere, to lead aside or astray: sion of the Roman people, whom
from                               Romulus divided into three parts
Transverto, ere, ti, sum, a. (trans f The tribes were gradually increased
verto), to change, turn, turn away.  in number to thirty-five.
Trepido, iare, avi, tlum, n., to be in  Triduum, i, n. (tres 4 dies), the space
a hurry or confusion, make haste for of three days, three days.
fear, run up and down in a state of  Triginta, nunl, adj. ind., thirty.
trepidation; to be agitated, flurried;  Triplex, ~cis, adj. (tres 4 plica, to
to tremble for fear, be afraid or alarm- fold), threefold, triple. Triplices, nun,
ed: from                           pl., three.
24*




TRISTITIA            276              TURMA'ristitia, A,f. (tristis, sad), sadness,  Tullius, i, m., see Cicero.
sorrow, grief, melancholy, care.     Tullus, i, m., (L. Volcattus), was
Triumpho, are, avi, dtum, n. 4 a., to consul with M. Lepidus, A. U. C. 688
triumph, celebrate a triumph.      C. 18.
Triumphus, i, m., a triumph, an    Tur, adv. 4 conj., then, next, in the
honor bestowed upon such generals next place, hereupon, again; turn doe
as had gained important victories, in mum, or turn vero, then indeed, il
consequence of which they were per- which sense, turn alone is sometimes
mitted to enter the city with great used. Also then, at that time. As a
pomp.                              conjunction it is repeated, or, when the
Triumvir, nri, m. (tres 4 vir), one latter clause is intended to be promi.
of three men jointly employed to exe- nent, quum takes the place of the formcute any public office, a triumvir. er tum. Turn-turn, both-and, not
Triumviri capitales, three magistrates only-but also, as well-as.  See
who had charge of the prison, and Quum. For the distinction between
who inflicted capital punishment on the adverbs Turn and Tune, see
condemned criminals; jailers, sheriffs, Tunc.
executioners. Triumviri coloniis de-  Tumulosus, a, um, adj. (tumulus, a
ducendis, magistrates appointed to hill,; 128, 4), full of hills or hillocks,
distribute lands taken from the ene- hilly.
my, and to conduct colonists to their  Tumultus, us, or I, m., a tumult,
place of settlement.               bustle, disturbance, commotion, upTrYanus, a, um, adj. (Troa, Troy), roar, hurly-burly, sedition, insurrecTrojan, of or belonging to Troy. tion, a sudden insurrection or war,
Trojani, m. pl., the Trojans. C. 6.  especially such as originated in Gaul
Trucido, are, avi, atum, a. (trux, or Italy, and in which all without disgrim, 4 ccado), to cut in pieces, cut tinction were called to take up arms;
down, slaughter, murder, massacre, alarm, confusion, disorder, disquieassassinate, butcher, destroy.     tude, uneasiness.
Tu, tui, subs. pro. m. - f., thou, you:  Tumuluts, i, m., (tumeo, to swell), a
pi. vos, vestrum or vestri, you, ~ 133. hill, hillock.
The enclitic syllables te 4 met, are  Tune, adv., then. Tune is properly
often joined to this pronoun in an in- used in connection with events octensive sense, you yourself, ~ 133, R. 2. curring at the same time, turn in
Tuba, e,f., a trumpet.           speaking of successive events; but
Tubcen, icdnis, m. (tuba 4f cano), a turn is sometimes used for tunc. In
trumpeter.                         the oratio obliqua, tune and turn are
Tueor, eri, tuftus d4 tutus sum, dep., substituted for nunc in the oratio di.
to see, view, behold; to look to, keep. recta.
preserve, take care of, support, main-  Turba, ca, f, a disturbance, tumult,
tain, defend, protect, favor, assist.  uproar; confusion, disorder; a conTugurium, i, n., a cottage, hut, shed. fused multitude of people; a crowd
Tuli, see Fero.                  throng, press, troop.
Tullianus, a, un, adj., pertaining to  Turma, ac,f, a troop or squadron of
Tullius. Tullianum, i, n., the lower horse, consisting of thirty, or, with
part or dungeon added by Servius their officers, thirty-three horsemen.
Tullius to the prison built at Rome by Ten turmce were attached to each
Ancus Martius. C. 55.              legion.




TURnMATIM            277             UNQUAM
Trmdtim, adv. (turma), by troops   Ubique, adv., every where, m every
or squadrons.                      place, wheresoever. Also for et ubi,
Turpilius, i, m. (T.}, see Silanus.  and where.
Turpis, e, adj., ugly, unsightly, fil-  Ubivis, adv. (ubi 4 vis, from volo),
thy, foul. Fig. shameful, base, dis- where you please, any where, in any
honorable, disgraceful, infamous, scan- place.
dalous. Turpis fama, a bad reputa-   Ulciscor, i, ultus sum, dep., to chastion, infamy                       tise, punish, revenge, be revenged on,
Turpitudo, Inis, f. (turpis), deform- avenge. Ultum ire, to proceed to reity. Fig. baseness. dishonor, disgrace, venge, to revenge, avenge, 276, R. 2.
infamy. Per turpitudinem, shame- It seems sometimes to be used passively,
fully, disgracefully, infamously.  as, Qidquid ulcisci nequitur.
Turrts, is, f. ~ 79, 3, a tower, tur-  Ullus, a, um, adj. O 107, any, any
ret, citadel. Also, a movable tower one; non ullus, no one.
used in besieging cities.            Ulterior, us, adj. comp. O 126, 1,
Tuscus, a, unm, adj., Tuscan, Etrus- (sup. ultimus), farther, on the farther
can, Etrurian. Tusci, orum, m. pl., side, ulterior. Gallia ulterior, farther
the Tuscans. C. 51.                Gaul, Gaul beyond the Alps. See
Tutdtus, a, um, part. (tutor).   Gallia.
Tute for Tu, see Tu.               Ultra, prep. with the acc., 4' adv., beTutg adv. (tutus), safely, securely.  yond, on the farther side of, past, beTutor, ari, atus sum, dep. freq. yond that, farther, besides, more(tueor), to defend, protect, guard, pre- over.
serve, maintain, take care of.       Ultro, adv.. of one's own accord,
Tutus, a, um, part. 4 adj. (tueor), voluntarily, spontaneously, unasked,
free from danger, secure, protected, unsought, of one's own motion, unsafe.                              provoked, without provocation; more.
Tuus, a, um, adj. pro. (tu), thy, over, besides.
thine, thine own, your, yours, your own.  Ultus, a, um, part. (ulciscor).
Umbrenus, i, m. (P.), a freedman
U.                 employed by Catiline to treat with the
ambassadors of the Allobroges. C.
Ubi, adv., where, in what or which 40, 50. See also Cic. in Cat. III. 6.
place, in which, in what. Ubi and    Una, adv. (unus), together, along
ibi or eo are sometimes used like rela- with, at the same time, together with.
tive and demonstrative pronouns; as, It is sometimes annexed emphatically
Ubi adolescentiam habuere, ibi senectu- to cum.
tem agant, for in quibus-in iis. Ubi  Unde, adv. ~ 191, R. 1, whence, from
gentium, where in the world, in what which; also for a quo, from whom, by
part of the world;-when, after, as whom.
soon as. For the construction of ubi  Undque, adv. (unde 4' que), from all
with the perfect tense, see ~ 259, R. parts or places, from all quarters; on
1, (2), (d). Apud illos aut ubi illi all sides, on every side.
voluntt, i. e., apud quos, with whom.  Universus, a, um, adj. (unus 4' verUbi primutm, see Primurm.         sus), whole, universal, all, all togeo
Ubicumque, adv. (ubi & cumque), ther, entire, together, all collectively.
wheresoever, in what place soever;  Unquam or Umquam, adv., at any
wherever.                         time, ever




UNUS               278              UXOR
Unus, a, urn, gen. unius, num, adj. O in tali negotio, since circumstances
107, & ~ 283, 1, Ex. 4, & $ 15, one. were such, considering the circumUnus et alter, one and another, a few, stances:-how, in what way or mansome:-one only, alone, a single one. ner. In this sense ut like quomodo is
In unum, after a verb of motion, to- followed by the subjunctive in indirect
gether, into the same place. Ager questions, O 265, and Note 2.  II.
urha specie,-of a uniform appearance. After talis, &c. ~ 198, 8, & $ 262, R.
It is used particularly with a gen. or 1, that, so that, with the subjunctive
the abl. with ex. ~ 212, R. 2, N. 4.  mood, O 262; in explanations, that,
Unusquisque, unaquaque, unum- namely, to wit.     Ut is sometimes
quodque or unumquidque, ind. adj. omitted before the subjunctive, ~ 262,
pro. ~ 138, (unus 4f quisque), each, R. 4.
each one, every, every one.          Uter, tris, m., a bag of skin or leathUrbanus, a, um, adj., of or belong- er, a leathern bottle, a wine-bag.
ing to a city; refined, polished, ele-  Uter, tra, trum, adj. $ 107, whether
gant: from                         or which of the two, which.
Urbs, bis, f., a city; a walled town.  Uterque, utraque, utrumque, gen.
Also the city, i. e. Rome. Imperator utriusque, adj. (uter 4 que), O 107,
ad urbem,-near Rome. Command- both the one and the other, both,
ers, while waiting the honors of a tri- each. Qua utraque, both of which
umph, were forbidden to enter the city.  Ut', see Ut.
Ad urbem, with verbs of motion, to or  Utica, a,f., a town of Africa on the
towards Rome.                      shore of the Mediterranean sea, near
Urgeo, ere, ursi, a., to press upon, the river Bagrada. J. 25, 63, 64, 86,
harass; to press hard, weigh down, 104.
bear down, oppress, distress, pursue;  Ul7lis, e, adj. (utor), $ 222, & R. 4,
to be near at hand.                (1.) useful, fit, profitable, advantageUsquam, adv., in any place, any ous, good, suitable, salutary, serviceawhere, at any place, in any thing, to ble.
any place.                           Utlnam, adv. (nttl & nam), ~ 263, 1,
Usque, adv., even, as far as, right on, 0! that, I wish that, would that.
constantly, without ceasing. Usque   Utique, adv. (uti S que), certainly
eo, to such a degree, so far, to that ex- surely, at all events.
tent.                                Utor, i, usus sum, dep. ~ 245, I, to
Usus, us, m. (utor), use; frequent use, make use of, manage; to conduct
exercise, practice, habit; utility, use- one's self towards, to treat; to enjoy
fulness, use, advantage, profit, benefit, have. Lege uti, to have the benefit
good, interest. Usui esse, to be of of-. Domo uti, to occupy-. Honouse or service, $ 227, & R. 2:-inti- re uti, to enjoy a post of honor, to fill
macy, familiarity. Usus belli, things a public office.
necessary for war, recruits, supplies,  Utpite, adv. (ut), as, seeing cr con&c                                 sidering, inasmuch as, namely. It is
Usus, a, um, part. (utor), having often followed by qui, quae, quod, as
used, practiced, enjoyed.         he, &c.
Ut or Ut}, adv. 4 conj., I. as, like  Utrinque or Utrimque, adv. (uter),
as, just as, even as, as if. It is often on both sides or parts, from  both
preceded or followed by sic or ita, so: sides.
-according as; considering that. Ut  Uxor, oris,f., a wife, spouse.




VACCA              279              VASTUS
V.                tification composed of the earth dug
from the ditch, and of sharp stakes or
Vacca, ~, f, a town of the Numi- palisades stuck into it, a rampart, indians, not far from the Roman pro- trenchment, bulwark.
vince. In some editions of Sallust  Vanitas, atis, f., emptiness, inconthis town is called Vaga, and its in- siderateness, giddiness, weakness, levhabitants Vagenses. J. 29, 47, 68.  ity, vain-glory, vanity, falsehood, osVaccenses, ium, m. pl., the inhabi- tentation: from
tants of Vacca. J. 66, 69.          Vanus, a, urn, adj., vain, empty,
Vacuus, a, um, adj. (vaco, to be void; idle, futile, fruitless, without efempty), with gen. or abl. $ 213, R. 5, feet, unfounded, groundless, unmean(3.) also with prep. a. B 213, R. 4, (4.) ing, untrue, false, lying, deceitful, faithempty, free from, vacant, bare, desti- less.
tute, without.  Vacuum  facere, to  Vargunteius, i, m. (L.), a Roman
empty, clear. Animo vacuus, 5 250, senator who was engaged in the Catisecure, free from care or apprehen- linarian conspiracy. He was probasion, quiet, at ease, unconcerned, un- bly of the equestrian order. Compare
occupied. Vacua respublica, sc. de- Cat. 28, and Cic. in Cat. I. 4. C.
fensoribus, unprotected-.         17, 47.
Vades, urn, pl. of Vas, a surety.  Varie, adv., variously, diversely, in
Vado, ere, si, sum, n., to go, walk. different ways: from
Vadosus, a, urn, adj. (vadum, a ford),  Varius, a, urn, adj. ~ 250, of divers
having frequent fords or shallows, colors, variegated. Fig. various, difshoaly, shallow.                  ferent, diverse, full of vicissitudes,
Vagor, ari, atus sum, dep. to go or changeful. Varia victoria, shifting,
pass to and fro, wander, move or varying, of various success, inclining
course up and down, rove, ramble, now to one side, now to the other-.
roam, stray, wander about: from   Animus varius, versatile, changeable,
Vagus, a, um, adj., wandering, ram- variable, light, fickle, inconstant, wabling, roving, strolling, roaming.  vering, in doubt or perplexity-.
Valens, tis, part. - adj., sound, well,  Vas, vadis, m., a surety, bail, espein good health; strong, stout, robust; cially in criminal prosecutions.
powerful, mighty, strong; available,  Vas, vasis, n.; pl, vasa, brum, $ 93,
efficacious: from                 2, a vessel, utensil, all kinds of furniValeo, ere, ui, n., to be well, in a ture. In military language, the bagsound or healthy condition; to have gage of an army.
strength or power, be strong, be able,  Vastttas, atis,f. (vastus), desolation,
be able to do, be powerful or vigorous, devastation.
have force or effect, have weight, in-  Vasto, are, avi, Vtum, a., to lay
terest or influence, prevail, succeed; waste, ravage, desolate, pillage, desto be exerted; to avail, be effectual, troy, spoil, strip; to trouble, disturb,
exert one's power. Valetfama,-pre- haraPq. torment, disquiet, perplex:
vails.                            fr
Valerius, i, m., see Flaccus.:>'?>',', t, adj., vast, large, am7-aOi.s,, a, em, aej. (vaeo,), 2-f t   c:'aif-.s immenase, hruge, eaorsound, healthy; strong, stout, rob:,     -:  zimoderate, insatiable; waste,
vigorous, powerful, mighty.       i.' f   astus ab humano cultu, un
alluum, i, n (vallus, a stake',. fo;, c'.l tivaed.




VE                280              VEREOR
Ve, inseparable prep.' 196, (b.) de-  Vendo, ere, idzd, dttum, a. (venus 4
noting negation, opposition or depri. do), to sell, vend, set or expose to sale
vation; as, Vecors, mad, from cor, the exchange. Omnia honesta atque inmind, the understanding.            honesta vendere, to sell every (mark
Vecordia, ea, f. (vecors, mad), mad- of) honor and disgrace, i. e. to confer
ness, phrenzy, insanity, fury; folly, honor or disgrace for reward.
dotage, fatuity.                       Venenum, i, n., a drug or medicine.
Vectigal, alis, n., a tax, toll, impost,  Venenum, or venenum malum, poirevenue, duty: from                 son, venom.
Vectigalis, e, adj. (veho, to carry),  Venio, ire, veni, ventum, n., ~ 225,
tributary, subject to the payment of IV. & R.. 2, & 3,' 227,' 276, II., to
taxes.                              come, arrive; to happen; to accrue,
Vegeo, ere, a. 4, n., to excite, move; befall.  Ventum  est, we, they, &c.
to be lively, flourish, thrive, prevail, came or have come.
be vigorous, prosper.                  Venor, dri, atus sum, dep., to hunt,
Vehemens, tis, adj., vehement, im- chase, pursue.
petuous, violent, ardent, eager.       Venter, tris, m., the belly, stomach.
Vehementer, adv. (vehemens), vehe- Fig. appetite, gluttony, sensuality.
mently, ardently, eagerly, strongly,   Ventum 4 Ventirus, a, um, part.
forcibly, strenuously, very much, ex- (venio).
ceedingly.                             Ventus, i, m., the wind.
Vel, conj., or; vel-vel, either-or;  Venus, ius or i, m., sale. It isfound
-even.                              in the dat. acc. and abl.  Venum iri,
Veles, ~tis, m., a light-armed soldier, or dari, sc. ad, to be exposed or set to
skirmisher. The velites often fought sale, to be sold to be venal.
mingled with the cavalry, and in ad-   Verber, eris, n., a scourge, lash,
vancing and retreating mounted be- whip, rod; a stripe, blow.  Verberibus
hind the horsemen.                  animadvertere, to scourge.
Velitaris, e, adj., (veles), of or per-  Verbero, are, avi, dtum, a. (verber), to
taining to the velites.  Velitaria arma, beat, strike, scourge, whip.
light arms, such as were carried by    Verbum, i, n., a word, expression,
the velites, consisting of a sword, a saying, remark. Verba facere or hasmall round shield or buckler, carried here, to hold a discourse or conversain the left hand, and seven javelins in tion; to make a speech, to speak, disthe right,                          course, utter, deliver, pronounce-; to
Velocitas, atis, f., velocity, swift- reply. Verbo or verbis, abl., by word
ness, fleetness, rapidity: from     of mouth, orally; also, in words, in
Velox, 5cis, adj. (volo, to fly), swift, pretence.  Verbo, in a word, in a few
quick, nimble, fleet, rapid, speedy, words, briefly. Nuntiare, f-c. verbis
agile, active.                      a7iujvs, in the name of, in behalf
Veliti or Velut, adv. (vel 4- ut' or of-.
tt), as, like, like as, as if, as it were.  1 ere, adv. (verus), truly, in truth,
Venalis, e, adj. (venus), exposed or wiih eason, correctly; sincerely, honset to sale, to be sold, venal, merce- estly, seriously, really, in earnest.
nary, to be purchased for money.       Vereor, eri, Itus, sum, dep.' 262, R.
Forum rerum venalium, a mart for the 7, to fear, reverence, respect, revere
purchase and sale of commodities, a be afraid of, apprehend, be apprehenmarket-town.                        sive.




ERITUS                281               VICTOR
VerYtus, a, urn, part. (vereor).  the daughter of Saturn and Ops  Thle
Verb, adv. <4 conj. (verus), ~ 279, 3, vestal virgins were consecrated to her
(a.) & (c.): in truth, indeed, truly, cer- service. C. 15.
tainly; but.                           Vester, tra, trum, adj. pro. (vos),
Verso, are, avi, atum, a.freq. (verto), your, yours.
to turn often, turn, roll, turn about.  Vestimentum, i, n., clothes, a garVersor, dri, ditus sum, pass. (verso), ment, vest, vestment:from
to frequent, haunt, stay, remain, live,  Vestio, ire, ivi, ltum, a. (vestis, a gardwell, be; to be occupied, busied, ment), ~ 249,, to clothe, cover, array,
exercised, engaged; agitated, dis- deck, adorn.
turbed, harassed.                      Vestztus, a, um,part. (vestio), clothed,
Versus, us, m. (verto), a line; a covered.
verse; poetry. Facere versus, to com-  Veterinus, a, um, adj. (vetus) old,
pose verses,                        veteran. Veterani milites, veteran solVersits or versim, adv. (verto), to- diers, veterans.
wards or toward. It is often used with  Veto, are, ui, itum, a., to forbid, proa verb of motion after ad or in; as, In hibit, dissuade, hinder, prevent.
Galliam  versus, castra movere,-to-    Vetus, iris, adj., old, ancient, of
wards Gaul; and it sometimes takes long standing or duration, antique;
the accusalive without ad or in, and former, of former days. Vetera, old
always stands after its accusative, things, by-gones.  Veteres milites, old
O 235, R. 9.                        or veteran soldiers, soldiers who have
Verto, Ire, ti, sum, a. 4 n., to turn, seen much service.
turn round; to change, transform,      Vetustas, atis, f. (vetus), antiquity,
alter; to impute, ascribe; to con- oldness, age.
vert, appropriate. V~ertere or vertere  Vexillum, i, n., a flag, banner, ense, to turn out well or ill, terminate, sign, standard.
issue, result, become.                 Vexo, dre, avi, atum, a., to agitate; to
Verinm, conj. (verus), but, however. trouble, molest, disquiet, vex, harass,
Veriim enimvero, but indeed, but truly. torment, disturb, annoy, distress, pain,
Verum, i, n.Tverus), the truth. Ex hurt. When applied to things, to invero, from   regard to truth, truly, jure, impair, corrupt. Pecuniam vexfitly; reasonably;-rectitude, right, are, to waste, squander-.
virtue, integrity. Absolvere verum, to  Via, c,f., a way, road, passage,
state or declare the fact.          path, track; a method, rule, manner,
Verus, a, um, adj., true, real, actual, way, course.
certain; of persons, true, sincere,    VicesYmus or Vigesimus, a, um,
veracious, speaking the truth. Verum num. adj. (viginti), the twentieth.
est, it is right, proper, fit.         Vici see Vinco.
Vescor, i, dep. ~ 245 I, to live or feed  Vicinitas, atis, f. (vicinus, near),
upon, be fed or supported by, subsist nearness of place, neighbourhood, viupon, eat. Vescendi causa, on account cinity; those living in the neighbour
of food, to gratify the palate.     hood, the neighbours.
Vesper, Iris, 4 Sri, m., the evening  Victor, oris, m, (vinco), a,
star or the planet Venus; the evening, vanquisher, victor.. 4?eventide, eve.                      P 
Vesta, c,f., Vesta, a goddess worshipped by the Greeks and Roman'




VICTORIA              282               VINEA
Victoria, B,f. (vinco), victory. Vic-  Vigzntz, num. adj. ind., twenty.
toriamadipisci, to obtain a victory,  Vilis, e, adj., cheap, of small price
conquer.                           or value. Fig. vile, despicable, conVictus, us, m. (vivo), every thing temptible, of no value or account
necessary to support life; food, rai- paltry, worthless, mean. Vile habere
ment, sustenance, provisions, fare, to hold cheap, reckon of no account.
meat and drink; manner or style of despise.
living.                               Villa,e,f., a country-seat, countryVictus, a, um, part. (vinco), van- house, a farm-house with its appurquished, conquered. Victus abire, dis- tenances, a villa.
cedere, etc. See Discedere.           Villicus, i, m. (villa), the overseer
Vicus, i, m., a village; a street, ham- of a farm, a steward.
let, division or quarter of a city.   Vincio, ire, vinxi, vanctum, a., to
Videlicet, adv. (videre licet), for cer- bind, tie, bind about, fetter, fasten,
tain, certainly, truly; it is evident, strengthen, secure, make fast.
clear or manifest, to be sure; forsooth;  Vinco, ere, vici, victum, a. rf n., to
indeed; to wit.   It is often used conquer, vanquish, overcome, overironically.                        power, defeat, subdue; to outstrip, exVideo, ere, vidi, visum, a., ~ 272 & ceed, outdo, excel; to constrain, mas265, to see, behold, look at, mark, ob- ter, soften, gain over, move, wini
serve, perceive, take notice, under- to be victorious, obtain the victory,
stand, learn. Abs. to look on, be a prevail, carry the day. Divitias vin.
spectator. Instead of the inf. pres. cere, to exhaust-.
wzth the ace. a pres. part. and acc. are  Vinctus, a, ur, part. (vincio), bound,
often used, ~ 272, R. 5.           fettered, in chains, secured, made fast,
Videor, eri, visus sum, pass 4 dep. strengthened.
(video), to be seen, $ 223, 271; to seem,  Vinciilum, i, n. (vincio), a bond or
appear; imp. to seem, seem good, fit, band.  Vincula, fetters, the stocks, a
or proper. I, he, &c., resolve or deter- prison or gaol. In vincula ducere, to
mine, ~ 269, R. 2.                 conduct to prison, to imprison.
Vigeo, ere, ui, n., to be in force, be  Vindex, Icis, m. 4 f., an avenger
strong or vigorous; to flourish, pros- punisher.  Vindex rerum capitalium,
per, be in estimation, prevail.    an executioner: from
Vigesymus, a, urn, see Vicesimus.  Vindico, are, avi, atum, a. &4 n., to
Vigil, Wlis, adj. (vigeo), watchful, punish, chastise, inflict punishment;
waking, vigilant. Vigiles, um, m. pl., to avenge, resent, revenge; to claim,
watchmen, sentinels,               assert, lay claim to; to preserve, jusVigilia, ae, f. (vigil), a watching, tify, vindicate. Vindicatum est in aliwaking, want of sleep; a military quem, punishment was inflicted upon
watch, a fourth part of the night; a -.  Vindicandum  est, punishment
guard by night; watchmen, guards, must or should be inflicted, ~ 162, 15:
sentinels.  Crebre  vigilice, guards ~ 209. R. 3, (3:) ~ 225, III, R. 1.  Vinat short intervals.  Vigilias dicare aliquem in libertatem, to assert
r-ep or maintain guards.  one's freedom, defend one's liberty., "; atum, n.' a. (vigil), to defend, protect.
B-~'  -I  Vinea, ce,f., a vineyard; a vine; at
arbor; a warlike machine under cover'which besiegers assailed the walls




VINUM               283               VOLO
of a town, a shed, mantelet, covered nate ferocity, native malignityway                                Summa vi, see Summus.
Vinum, i, n., wine.                Viso, ere, si, sum, a.freq. (video), to
Violenter, adv., (violens, violent), by go or come to see, visit, call upon; to
force, with violence, violently, forcibly, see, look at, view, behold.
furiously, vehemently.               Visus, a, ur, part. (video.)
Violentla, ar, f. (violens), violence.  Visus, us, m. (video), the faculty
force. Violentia fortune, the buffet- sense or act of seeing; the sight, visings of fortune.                   ion; an appearance, sight, vision.
Vir viri, m., a man; a husband; a Qua visus erat, as far as the sight
man of fortitude, a brave man, a hero. could reach.; iri atque arma, men and arms, i. e.  Vita, a, f., life; the life, conduct,
men fit for war, soldiers.         morals, actions of life.
Vires, ium, f. pl. of vis, force,  Vitabundus, a, um, adj. (vito), ~ 129,
strength, especially bodily strength, 1, & ~ 233, N. avoiding or shunning,
power, vigor,                      trying to escape, escaping, carefully
Virgultum, i, n. (virgula, a little rod), avoiding.
a shrub, bush, small tree; a thicket,  Vitium, i, n., injury, hurt; a defect,
shrubbery, brushwood.              fault, blemish; a vice, error.
Virilis, e, adj. (vir), of or pertaining  Vito, are, avi, atum, a., to shun,
to a man, manly, becoming a man, avoid; to escape.
manful, not effeminate, valiant, brave,  Vivo, ire, vixi, victum, n., to live,
requiring the courage of a man.    have -life; to live or pass one's life in
VirZtim, adv. (vir), from  man to a certain manner, pursue a certain
man, severally, singly, separately, course of life; to live well\ enjoy life.
apart, by one's self.              Vivere obediens, to be always obediVirtus, itis,f. (vir), virtue, the vir- ent.
tues; bravery, valor, prowess, forti-  Vivus, a, um, adj. (vivo), living, alive.
tude, courage, firmness, resolution,  Vix, adv., scarcely, hardly, with
energy; good qualities, goodness, ex- difficulty.
cellence, merit, worth, importance,   Vocabiilum, i, n., a word, term, exvalue. Virtus or virtus animi, mental pression, name: from
endowments, intellectual excellence,  Voco, are, avi, atuM, a. (vox), ~ 230,
talent, genius, mental powers. See / 210, to call, name; to cite or sumfarther under Aninmus.  Emori per mon.
virtutem, to die bravely.             Volens, tis, part. 4 adj. (volo, to
Vis, vis,f., 0 85, force, vigor, strength, will), willing; of one's own accord,
might, power, efficacy, energy, virtue, ready, of one's own free will, willing
vehemence, zeal, ardor, fury, violence, ly, spontaneously; favorable, propieffort, exertion, effect, potency, influ- tious, wishing well, benevolent.  Voence, efficiency, ability.  Vi or per lenti animo, with willing mind, eagervim, by force, forcibly:-a quantity, ly, gladly. Dis volentibus, by favor
multitude, number, abundance, plen- of the gods.
ty; Vis pulveris, a cloud of dust:-   Volo, are, avi, atum, n., to fly, move
tile powers or faculties of the body or swiftly.
mind, ability. Vis serpentium etfera-  Volo, velle, volui, irr. a. c n. (~ 178,
rum, dangerous or savage nature, in- 1,) ~ 271, R. 4, & 273, 4, & $ 262, R. 4,
25




VOLTURCIUS            284              ZAMA
to will or be willing, wish, desire, turn about or around, roll or tumble
choose; to command, ordain, appoint. down. Fig. to revolve in one's mind,
It is used to express the will of the ponder, meditate, think'upon, reflect
people in respect to the passage of a consider, think over, $ 265.
law, &c. L while the will of the senate  Vos, see Tu.
was expressed by the verb censeo, to  Votum, i, n. (voveo, to vow), a vow
enact.                            or promise made to some deity; that
Volturcius, i, m. (T.) a Crotonian, which is promised, a prayer, wish.
confederate with Catiline. C. 44-50.  Vox, vocis,f., a voice; a word, sayVoluntarius, i, m., a volunteer, a ivg, sentence; speech, language.
soldier who serves willingly: from   Vulgus, i, n. <4 m., the common
Voluntarius, a, un, adj., voluntary, people, the vulgar, populace, rabble,
willing: from                      herd; the people collectively, the mul
Voluntas, atis,f. (volo, to will), will, titude.
inclination, wish, choice, desire, mind,  Vulnero, are, avi, atum, a., to wound.
purpose; love, affection, good will, hurt: from
benevolence, favor. Tozbntate, in af-  Vulnus, eris, n., a wound, hurt
fection, in feeling, voluntarily, wil- Confecti vulneribus,  disabled  by
lingly, of one's own accord. Volun- wounds, covered with wounds.
tate or ex voluntate, according to one's  Vultus, ts, m., the countenance,
wish or desire; at one's instigation.  look, aspect, visage, features, mien,
Voluptarius, a, un, adj. pleasant, the face.  Vultus corporis, the coundelightful, pleasurable; voluptuous: tenance, looks, aspect  Vultus bonus,
from                              a fair outside.
Voluptas, atis,f, pleasure, joy, delight, enjoyment, sensual pleasure; so,            Z
voluptas corporis.
Volux, ucis, m., the son of Bocchus,  Zama, K,f., a town of Africa, disking of Mauretania. J. 101, 105, &c. tant five days journey from Carthage
Volvo, Are, volvi, volitutm, a., to roll, J. 56-61.
*., The section marks (&) in the preceding Dictionary and in the Notes,
with their accompanying letters and figures, refer to the sections and
subordinate divisions of Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar, and of
Andrews' Latin Manual.




NOTES ON THE JUGURTHINE WAR.
I. Falso queritur. The four introductory sections of each of the treatises
of Sallust have no direct connection with the histories to which they
are prefixed, and, with only slight alterations, might have served equally
well as prefaces to any other works. In both, the train of thought is
nearly the same, and they each contain a defence of the author for
choosing to devote his talents to literary employments, rather than to a
participation in public affairs.
Imbecilla, sc. natura sua, instead of imbecillum, agreeirg with humanum
genus, or imbecillus, agreeing with homo, ~ 824, 2.
iEvi brevis, $ 211, R. 6.-Regatur, ~ 266, 3.
Vim aut tempus deesse. Vim relates to imbecilla in the preceding sentence, anct tempus, to cevi brevis. So below, vires and tempus. Invenies
is here construed first with the accusative, and then with the infinitive
and accusative. Instances of double constructions are common in
Sallust.
Sed dux. This sentence contains a reply to the complaint mentioned in
the first sentence, and sed, serving to introduce a different view of the
nature of man, is strictly adversative.
Eripere cuiquam potest, sc. fortuna.
Sin, captus, sc. mortalis animus, i. e. homo or quisquam. In its adversative
character sin serves to introduce a clause which is opposed to ubi ad
gloriam virtutis vi& grassatur.
Perniciosa libidinepaulisper usus,-naturce infirmitas accusatur. An anacoluthon, $ 323, 3, (5). The regular termination of the sentence would
have been, naturce infirmitatem accusat.
Suam quisque, i 204, R. 10, & $ 209, R. 11, (4).
Auctores, sc. culpce.-Tanta cura esset, ~ 261, 1.
Quanto studio-petunt, i. e. quantum est studium, quo-petunt, ~ 206, (6),(b).
Neque regerentur, i. e. et non regerentur; sc. casibus.
Eo magnitudinis, ~ 212, R. 4, N. 3.
II. Corporis alia, sc. naturam sequuntur. r.. 204, R. 10.
Res cunctce, sc. nostre.-Habet cuncta, "possesses," " controls"-.
Prcesertim, sc. pravitas eorum admiranda est.
1I. Verum ex his, sc. artibus.-Cupienda, sc. esse, $ 270, R. 3.
Quomnam neque virtuti honos datur. The remainder of this chapter is
occupied with the author's reasons for declining to take part in public
affairs; first, that offices were not bestowed upon the deserving; and
285




286                      NOTES ON THE
secondly, that those engaged in the contest for office, and who are divided into three classes, were neither happier nor more respectable on
account of their success.
Bli quibus per fraudem is (sc. honos) fuit, —" who have acquired office by
deceptive arts;" these constitute the first class.
Vi quidem regere. The second class is described as obtaining power by
force.
Parentes, from pareo, " subjects," though some interpret it "parents."
Possis, sc. regere patriam, &c.
Frustra autem niti, sc. regere patriam, &c., et delicta corrigere.
Dementiwc est, $ 211, R. 8, (3).
Nisi forte quem. The third class, whom Sallust ironically excepts from
the number of those whom he dissuades from the pursuit of office. Nisi
quem, O 137, R. (3.)
1V. Praetereundum, i. e. praetereundum esse mihi de cujus virtute dicere.
Memet, the subject of extollere.-Imponant, $ 264, 6.
Certe, quibus, i. e. ii quibus, &c. imponent nomen inertiac, &c.
Maxima industria, $ 210, N. 1.-Quz si reputaverint, Q 206, (17.)
Quibus ego temporibus. Sallust was questor soon after the suppression of
the Catilinarian conspiracy, and tribune of the people subsequently to
the victory of Caesar, at the time when Clodius was slain by Milo.
Quales viri. Cato, about this time, was an unuccessful candidate for the
pretorship.
Quce genera hominum. Reference is here made to a large body of senators created by Caesar.
Reipublicc venturum, $ 225, IV. Rem. 2.
P. Scipionem, sc. Africanum majorem.
Sibi animum, $ 211, R. 5, 1. So egregiis viris, below.
In sese habere; habere depends on scilicet, i. e. on scire or scias, one of its
component parts, $ 272.
Rerum gestarum, sc. majorum.
Egregiis viris, sc. Maximo, Scipioni, &c. $ 211, R. 5, (1.)
Quam virtus, i. e. ipsorum virtus, sc. Maximi, &c.
Eorumfamam, sc. majorum.
Adequaverit, ~ 263, 3.
His moribus, "of these manners," "of the present manners," 2211, R. 6,
i. e. possessing the manners of the present day.
Contendant, $ 262, R. 10, 1.
3Iagnifica sint, 5 263, 2.
Civitatis morum piget tcedetque, $ 209, R. 3, (4).
V  Bellum scripturus sum, $ 162, 14.
Varia victoria,  211, R. 6. The genitive or ablative of character or quality
is often thus used in the predicate, instead of a simple adjective, and
usually for the want of it; and in such cases is found united in construction with adjectives, as here, bellum magnum et atrox variaque vio
toria. See in regard to this connection $ 278.
Turn primum, i. e. after the death of the Gracchi.
Quas contentio, sc of the popular and aristocratic parties.




JUGURTHINE WAR                         287
Studiis civilibus bellum atque vastitas Italica finemn faceret; * war, &c
made the end, i. e. were the end, the issue or result of the civil dissensions."
Ad cognoscendum, $ 275, I, R 1. The gerund may often be translated
either actively or passively.
Maxime attriverat, " more than any other one"-.
Receptus a. P. Scipione, i. e. the elder.
Africano cognomen, ~ 204, R. 8.
Rei militaris facinora, i. e. militarzafacinora.
Imperii, i. e. his empire as enlarged by the grant of territory made by the
Romans.
Micipsafilius. Masinissa is said to have had many children, but of these
four only are mentioned by Sallust; viz. Micipsa, the father of Adherbal
and Hiempsal, Gulussa, the father of Massiva; Manastabal, the father
of Jugurtha and Gauda, and Massugrada, the father of Dabar.
VI. Qui ubi, ~ 206, 17.-Decorafacie. See Chap. V. note 2d.
Non, se luxu, ~ 89, R. 3.
Equitare. The present infinitive is of very frequent occurrence in Sallust,
instead of the imperfect of the indicative, ~ 209, R. 5, & ~ 269, (a.) fin.:
"he practised riding," &c. 145, II. 1.
Opportunitas-quae.  The author seems to have referred the relative
quaz not to opportunitas as modified by sue et liberorum aetatis, but to
opportunitas alone.
Ex quibus, ~ 206, (13): from which circumstances.
VII. Neque per vim neque insidiis, ~ 247 & R. 4, & ~ 278, R. 2.
Quod erat Jugurtha. This clause contains the reason of the succeeding
one, statuit eum objectare, 4'c.
Profecit, sc. eum.
Naturam, P. Scipionis, sc. the younger.
Romanis imperator, sc. erat, ~ 211, R. 5.
Quod difficillimum, $ 206, (13).-Difficillimum in prmzus. This expression
is nearly equivalent to a double superlative.
Quorum alterum-alterum, " the latter-the former"Quis rebus, & 136, R. 2.
VIII. Non mediocrem, ~ 324, 9.
Si Micipsa etc.-fore. Fore depends on dicendo implied in pollicitando,
# 270, R. 2, (b.)- See also note on Prcterea ease, Cat. XXI.- Occidiseet, ~ 266, R. 4.-Solus, sc. is, i. e. Jugurtha.
In ipso maximam virtutem. Before this clause a causal particle is implied.
Neu quibus, ~ 137, 1, R. (3.)
A paucis emi, sc. id, % 206, (4.)
Et gloriam et regnum, 0 278, R. 7.- Venturumr,  205, R. 2, (2.)
IX. Quas J1icipasc redderet, ~ 264, 5.
Longe maxima, ~ 127, 3.-Quam rem.. 206, (13,) (c.)
Uti idem, sc. carus, ~ 207, R. 27, & ~ 222, R. 7.
Avo suo,   208, (6,) (c.)
X. In meunm regnum. In this passage, Micipsa professes that he had intended from the first to admit Jugurtha to a share of the kingdom,
25*




288                      NOTES ON THE
though in fact he had adopted him three years only before his death
and then sorely against his inclination.
Si genuissem, O 266, 2, R. 2, 5 R. 4.-Liberis, though found in all the
manuscripts, appears to be an interpolation: if this be omitted, te is to
be supplied with genuissem.
Ea res, " this belief, this expectation."
Ut omittam, S 262, R. 8.
Egregia tua, sc.facta.
Nomenfamiliac renovatum. Masinissa had acquired great reputation by
his military exploits in Spain.
Quod dificillimum, $ 206, (13.)
Per hanc dextram, sc. tuam. See Virg. WEn. IV. 314.
Si tuis, sc. cognatis orpropinquis.
Boni-mali, the precise meaning of words having so general significations
as these, may be ascertained by their connection.
Ne aliter, i. e. otherwise than harmoniously,-that no discord arise.
Facere videtur, sc. injuriam-  Men naturally favor the weaker party.
YI. Et ipse, i. e. Jugurtha.
Postquam illi, ~ 223. Fecerant. The construction of postquam with the
pluperfect is rare, { 259, R. 1, (2.) (d.); but is occasionally found in
other passages of Sallust, as in J. 44 & 108.
Materno genere impar, see Chap. V
Dextera, sc. a.
Adherbalem assedit, ~ 233.
Ipsum ilium, sc. Jugurtham. In the oratio directa this would be tu ipse
Concerning the change of tu into ille in the oratio obliqua, see ille and
Is in the Dictionary.
Moliri, parare, —habere; historical infinitives.  See note on equitare,
Chap. VI.
Tardius, $ 256, R. 9, & (a.)
XII. Placuerat, sc. illis, i. e. regulis.
Alius alio, ~ 204, R. 10.
Utebatur-referebantur. The imperfect here is to be referred to O 145, II,
4, as denoting preparation to act, or that which was about to be done.
Proximus lictor. The Romans often applied to other nations names of
office which were peculiar to themselves, as here that of lictor.
Ille, sc. Jugurtha.
Referebantur, "were about to be delivered" to Hiempsal. See above on
Utebatur, etc.
Se ipsum venturum, 2 270, R, 2, (b.)
Numida-confecit, atque-introducit. The perfect indefinite with the historical present. See Cat. xx.
Quum interim Hiempsal reperitur. For the use of the present and perfect
tenses of the indicative in the second part of a compound sentence, see
note on Chap. CI.
Prcecepit,-ut} expleant. The present depending on the perfect indefinite
which is not common. See note Cat. XLI.
Mulieris ancillae, 204, R. 1.




JUGURTHINE WAR.                          289
XIII. Ilium alterum, sc. Jugurtham.
In provinciam, sc. Romanam. This province consisted of the former pots
sessions of the Carthaginians.
Iram ejus, i. e. populi Romani.-Ne cunctentur, sc. parare.
Hospitibus aliisque-magna munera misere, ~ 225, IV. R. 2.
Quorum pars, sc. nobilium, ~ 206, 11.
Ubi satis confidunt, i. e. when they were confident of having secured a
sufficient interest in the senate.
Utrisque datur, i. e. legatis Jugurthe et Adherbalis.
XIV. Si eafecissem, ~ 266, R. 4 & $ 270. R. 2, (b.)
Quibus non egerim, ~ 266, 1.
Vellem. A double construction here follows this verb.
Neque mihi, ~ 211, R. 5, (1.)
In manufuit, $ 202. III. R. 2, & 3.
Jugurtha qualisfuit, $ 265.
Ceteri reges,-familia nostra. Adherbal urges the disinterested character
of Masinissa's friendship.
In suis dubiis rebus, i. e. quum res suCe dubice essent.
Fides ejus, sc. populi Romani.
Quorum progeniem, sc. majorum, implied infamilia nostra, $ 206, 11.
Ad impetrandum, sc. auxilium, ~ 275, III. R. 2, (3.)
Tamen erat majestatis, ~ 259, R. 4, & ~ 211, R. & (3).
Mihi erepta sunt, ~ 224, R. 2.
Mea injuria, ~ 211, R. 3, (c.)
In sanguine, ferro;fuga versabimur, $ 323, 1, (2).
ilia pestis, sc. Carthaginienses.
Quem vosjussissetis, sc. esse, i. e. haberi hostem.
Intoleranda audacia, ~ 211, R. 6.
Atque eodem, ~ 207, R. 27.
Post, ubi me. The protasis ends at capere; exspectantem agrees with me
understood; "he caused that I, expecting nothing less, &c., should
be exiled," &c., ut ubivis, &c., " so that I should be safer anywhere,"
&c.
Ut ubivis tutiis-essem. See Sum in Dictionary, for this use of the adverb.
Quod infamilia nostra fait, prestitit, sc. id; "our family have done what
was in their power."
Tn omnibus bellis, especially in the wars against the Numantines and the
Carthaginians.
Tertium, sc.fratrem.
Quem minime decuit, sc. ei vitam eripere. Quem relates to propinquus.
Pars in crucem acti,;205, R. 3, (1.)
Cum mcerore et luctu, ~ 247, 2.
Adversafacta sunt, sc. quc, ~ 209, R. 2, (1), (b).
Ex necessaries. Reference is here made both to his changed fortune and
alienated friends, especially to Jugurtha, and necessariis is consequently
neuter
Nationesne. i. e. vicinas nationes.




290                      NOTES ON THE
Hostilia monumenta, memorials of wars undertaken by the ancentors of
Adherbal in aid of the Romans.
Undc nobis occidendum, ~ 225, III. Una sc. cum imperio Romano.
Dis volentibus, i. e. Deorum voluntate.
Sociorum injurias, the objective genitive, ~ 211, R 2.
Licet sc. vobis.
Illud vereor, $ 207, R. 22.-Ne quos, see 2Nequzs in Dict.
Fingere me verba, $ 270, R. 2, (b.)
Quod utznam, $ 206, (14).- Videam, ~ 263, 1.
Eadem hcec simulantem, "practising the same dissimulation," i. e. suffer
ing evils as real as those I suffer.
Unde minime decuit, sc. tuam viiam eripi.
Non enim regnum, sed fiugam, exsilium, egestatem et mrumnas-amisist.,
zeugma, ~ 323, 1, (2).
Rerum humanarum, " of human affairs," that is of their instability.
Tuasne injurias, $ 211, R. 3, (c.)
Cujus vitee; cujus relates to ego understood, the subject of consulam. Sucb
a construction is unusual.
Utinam emori, ~ 269; fortunis, S 211, R. 5; neu vzvere. Adherhal wishes
for one of two things. See the next sentence.
Per scelus et sanguinem familiae nostre. Familie limits sanguinem only.
XV. Postquam rexfinem loquendifecit, ~ 259, R. 1. (2.) (d.)
Quam causa, "than to the justice of their cause."
Postquam superatius sit, S 266, 2.-Putarent, ~ 209, R. 11.
Ante facta sua ponerent, S 208, (1.) & $ 266, R. 3.
Utrique curia egrediuntur, i. e. Adherbal et Jugurthee legati.
Slubveniendum Adherbali, ~ 209, R. 3, (3.) & ~ 239, R. 4.-For the omission of the agent, see ~ 225, III, R. 1.
Xfmilius Scaurus. A high character is attributed to this nobleman by
Cicero as well as by Valerius Maximus.
Is postquam videt. The historical present occurs frequently in Sallust
after postquam.
VI. Vicit tamen, i. e. notwithstanding the oppcIttion of XEmilius Scaurus
and others.
Quwa consul,;. e. quia quum consulfuit.
In plebem. Opimius had slain more than three thousand of the common
people who had followed C. Gracchus.
Quce pars, ~ 206, (3.)-Quam ustl, sc. potius.
XVII. Res postulare videtur-exponere. The purpose after verbs signifing
to request, demand, &c. is usually expressed by the subjunctive with ut,
~ 273, 2.
Sed quce loca-de iis, ~ 206, (3,) & (a.)-Item, i. e. et item ob.
Quam loca et nationes-.minusfrequentata sunt, ~ 205, R. 2, (2).
Pauci tantummodo Asiam et Europam esse, sc. dzxerunt or voluerunt.
Eajines habet, sc. Africa. Pronouns often relate, not to the nearest antecedent, but to that which is the principal object of attention in the senr
tence. Fines, $ 230, R. 2.
Arbore infecundus, ~ 250, 2, (1.)




JUGURTHINE WAR.                         291
Salubri corpore, see note on Varia victoria, chap. V.
Interiere, i. e. solent interire or intereunt. The perfect often occurs in this
sense.
Habuerint,-accesserint,-permixti sint,' 265.
XVIII. Multis sibi quisqhe imperium petentibus  The regular construction
would have required quoque instead of quisque, or quum, amisso duce,
multi sibi quisque-imperium"peterent, $ 204, R. 10, last clause, &  209
R. 11. (4.) & Q 323, 3, (5).
Eo numero, instead of eorum numero, $ 207, R. 20.
Intra oceanum magis. Some explain this to mean "more within,' or
" farther on this side of the ocean," i. e. in the Mediterranean, farther
east than the colonies of Medes and Persians. Others with perhaps
more probability, suppose intra oceanum magis to mean " farther out in
the ocean," and mare magnum, to refer not to the wider parts of the
Mediterranean, but to the Atlantic. On this latter supposition, the
Persians must have settled at first on the shores of the Atlantic south
of the straits of Gibraltar.
Semet ipsi Numidas appellavere, $ 207, R. 28.
Accessere Libyes, ~ 233.
Sub sole magis, i. e. farther south.
Hique mature oppida habuere, i. e. the Medes and Armenians. See note.
Chap. XVII, on Eafines habet.
Proxime Carthaginem, 235, R. (11.)
QuCe-Numidia appellatur, $ 209, R. 9.
Utrique alterisfreti, i. e. the two divisions of the Numidians, those who
had originally settled intra oceanum magis, and who subsequently removed farther into the interior, and the colony which returned to the
neighborhood of the sea, not far from Carthage.
Africac pars inferior, the northern part of Africa, bordering upon the
Mediterranean.
XIX. Nam de Carthagine. Nam relates to something understood; as, "1
say nothing of Carthage," nam.
Ad Catabathmon, "next to" or "after the Catabathmos."
Secundo mari, "following the coast," i. e. towards the west.
TherBen, —Philcenn, Greek genitives, instead of the usual Latin form in
orum, $ 54, 4.
Post aliea Punicca urbes, after post supply Philanon aras.
Super Numidiam, "beyond Numidia," i. e. farther in the interior.Ethiopas, $ 80, I, and ~ 85, fxe. 2d.
Fines Carthaginiensium, quos novissime habuerant, i. e. the territories possessed by the Carthaginians immediately before the destruction of their
city.
Cetera ignarus, ~ 234, II, & R. 2.
Neque bello neque pace antea cognitus $ 247.
XX. Regno diviso, $ 257, R. 5. The narrative is resumed from Chap. XVI.
CTertum ratus, quod, $ 205, R. 9, & $ 206, (13.) Esse is to be supp.ied with
certum; its subject being the clause, omnia Romwa venalia esse, t 239,
RI4.




292                      NOTES ON THE
Convertit, sc. se, ~ 229, R. 4.
Injurias suas, ~ 211, R. 3, (c.)
Neque se parem armis existimabat, ~ 230, R. 1.
De injuriis qucestum misit, % 276, 1I.
Suis animum-angere, $ 211, R. 5. 1.
XXI. Eo processum, ~ 239, R. 3, &  209, R. 3, (2.)
Utriusque consedit exercitus; sc. Adherbalis et Jugurtha.
Tempus legatorum antecapere, i. e. tempus reditPs legatorum.
Ubi plerumque noctis processit, ~ 259, R. 1, (2.) (d.)
Senatus de bello eorum accepit, sc.famam, nuntium, &c. ~ 229, R. 4, 2.
Velle et censere, sc. se, i. e Senatum populumque Romanum.
Ita seque illisque dignumfore, i. e. itafacere et Romanis et regibus dignum
fore.
XXII. Quorum, Jugurtha, accepta oratione respondit, instead of quorum
oratione, &c.
Abjure gentium, i. e. in this place, the right of avenging injuries, which
right belonged to every sovereign state.
Sese, ~ 208, (1.)
Ita utrique, sc. Jugurtha et legate Romani.
XXIII. Africa decessisse, ~ 242, & ~ 268.
Aut per vim aut dolis, $ 278, R. 2.
Confirmat uti-pergerent, 258, 2, R. 1, (a.)
XXIV. Litterce Adherbalis in senatu recitata, sc. sunt. The verb sum, especially as an auxiliary, is often to be supplied.
Nisi tamen. See Diet. Nisi refers to plura de Jugurtha scribere dehortatur mefortuna mea: "this only I will write."
Quintumjam mensem, 2 236, R. 2.
Micipsac patris beneficia, i. e. his favors to Jugurtha.
Etjam antea. Et sometimes introduces a ciause explanatory of a preceding one, and may be then translated " as,since."
Antea expertus sum; see Chap. XVI.
QuC sane fuerint, ~ 260, R. 3.-Unaforent, ~ 262, R. 4.
XXV. Fuere, qui-censerent, 5 264, 6.-Censerent has here a double con
struction, first with the accusative and infinitive, and then with the subt
junctive, ~ 273, 3.
Adherbali subveniendum, ~ 209, R. 3, (3), & ~ 239, R. 3.
Ab Numidis obsecrati, i. e. by the Numidians sent to Rome with the letter
of Adherbal, Chap. XXVIII.
Ad provinciam accedat, sc. ut, an order being implied in litteras mittunt,
262, R. 4.
Seque ad eum-missos, sc. dicentes, which also is implied in litteras nit
tunt, ~ 272.
Diducta manu hostium, i. e. dispersed to various parts of the wall, in con
sequence of an attack being made on every side at the same time
Quod oppugnatione non desisteret, $ 266, 3.
X XVI. Italici. These appear to be the same persons who were previously
called negotiatores and togati, including not only the Italici properly so
called, but Roman citizens also.




JUGURTHINE WAR..                       293
Defensabantur. Frequentatives are often used by Sallust instead of their
primitives.
Deditionefact,. The ablative absolute is here used instead of a c3nditional clause, " that should a surrender be made," 6 257, R. 1.
Adherbalem excruciatum necat, —" after torturing," or "when he had tor.
tured." The construction of the perfect passive participle is often
owing to the want of a perfect participle of the active voice, ~ 274, 3.
Utz quisque armatis obvius, sc. fuerat.
X KVII. Agitari ccepta, sc. est, ~ 183, 2, N. 2.
Sepe gratia, interduam jurgiis, " often by the exertion of their influence,
sometimes by altercation."
Leniebant. The imperfect here, as well as in some other places, denotes
" striving" or " endeavoring" to do.
Edocuisset id agi, —" that the plan was," or " that this was the design,"
27i3, 1.
XXVIII. Contra spem nuntio accepto, i. e. the intelligence respecting the
dangers which threatened him.
Prwacepit-aggrediantur. See Note on Pr&ecepit ut simulent. Cat. XLI.
Quippe cui in animo halserat, ~ 211, R. 5, (1.)
lique decrevere, synesis, ~ 323, 3, (4.)
Deditum venissent, ~ 276, II.
Legat sibi. The legati or lieutenants were chosen by the generals whom
they were to assist, but the choice was confirmed by the senate.
Homines nobiles, factiosos, O 205, R. 16.
Siciliam-tranrsvecte, ~ 237, R. 5.
XXIX. Assumitur Scaurus, see Chap. XV.
Belli morar redimebat, "attempted to purchase." See Chap. XXVII, on
Lenzebant.
Dedttsonts mor&, ~ 253.
Preesenti consilio, i. o. the council of war called by the Roman consul
Locutus de invidia facti sui, viz. in putting to death Adherbal and the
Italians, see Chap. XXVI. Locutus is here construed with the accusative, and also with a subjunctive clause. With the latter it has the sense
of - asking, requesting, ~ 323, 1, (2.)
Secreta transigit, instead of secreth, &c. ~ 205, R. 15.
Calpurnius Romam. Scipio the colleague of Calpurnius was now dead.
XXX. Quoque modo, for et quo modo. The accusative res, as well as the
subjunctive clause, depends on the verb divulgavit -Acte forent, O 265.
Agitari, for agitabatur, impersonally; "discussions were had."
Parum constabat, sc. patribus or iis, "it was not clear to them," "they
were at a loss."
Supra diximus. See Chap. XXVII.
XXXI. Dehorlantur, instead of dehortentur, this construction in the apodesis
of a sentence is more common with past tenses than with the present,
~ 260, R. 4. The subjects of this verb in apposition with multa, ~204,
R. 10 are singularly varied, including the clause qubd innocentiae, &c# 202, III. R. 2, & 3; and jus nullurn, in the sense of quad juas nulum est.
Opes factionis, se. tnobilium.




294                     NOTES ON THE?znocentic& plus periculi-est, O 226.
INam illa quidem. The three subsequent clauses are in apposition with
illa.
His annis quindecim, " for these fifteen years," i. e. last past.
Quam ludibriofueritis, O 265.
Quamfcede quamque inulti perierli. An adjective is here connected with
an adverb. See O 205, R. 15,/ A  278.
Vestri defensores, sc. the Graccti and others.
Vobis animus, O 211, R. 5, (1.)
Ab ignavia atque socordia corruptus, ~ 248, II, Note.
Obnoxiis inimicis. The nobles were many of them liable to punishment
for the part they had taken in respect to the affairs of Jugurtha.
Quibus decet, sc. vos.
Certe ego libertatem, ~ 209, R. 1, (b.)
Quod scepe majores, O 206, 13.-Necesse est-eant, 5 262, R. 4.
Sed sanefuerit,-jurefactum sit, t260, R. 3.-Plebi sua restituere, ~208, (7.)
Superioribus antis. The author having in the preceding sentence grant
ed, for the sake of argument, that the violence of the nobles in punish
ing the adherents of the Gracchi might be justifiable, proceeds to enu
inerate other injuries inflicted by them on the common people.
Imperzo nati, 223, instead of the gerund, ad imperandum, denoting a
purpose.
Iidemque, "'and yet." See Dict.
Pars eorum occidisse tribunos, quastiones injustas. Two constructions
are united, ~ 229, R. 5, 2d par.
Metum-transtulere, instead of metum a se sceleratis ad vos tgnavos trans.
tulere.
Eadem cupere, &c. ~ 269.-Sed hcac, sc. eadem cupere, &c. ~ 206, (10.)
Quam illi ad dominationem accensi sunt, the regular construction of this
clause, in order to correspond with the preceding one, would be, quam
illi dominationis.
Beneficia yestra, i. e. the offices and honors in the gift of the people.
Quod magis vosfecisse, i. e. vindicasse in eos manu, &c.
Verum quoastionibus, &c. sc. vindicandum est in eos.
Et illa-tempora, sc. the times immediately subsequent to the death of the
Gracchi.
Quis vestrim, ~ 212, R. 2, N. 2, & 133, R. 3.
Quantum importunitatis, instead of pro tanta importunitate, quantum, &c.
" such is their inrsolence," ~ 226, (3), (a.)
Faciendi licentia eripitur, i. e. male faciendi licentia illis eripitur.
Id est regom esse, supply, eum or hominem, ~ 239, R. 3, & ~ 209, R. 3, (5),
(a.) fin., & ~ 207, R. 22.
Ut malitis, &c. i. e. I would not advise you to become so fond of punishing the evil, as to desire occasions for doing it, but only to exercise this
power sufficiently for the protection of the good.
Bonos perditum eatis, ~ 276, R. 2.
Auxilii egeas, sc. bonorum.
XXXII. Interpositafide publica, sc. for his safety.




JUGURTHINE WAR.                         295
Pecuni&- capte, ~ 274, R. 5.
Fuere qui traderent. See Sum in Diet.
Plurima etfiagitiosissima. For this use of et see Multus in Diet. —lel
phantos, see Chap. XXIX, near the end.
Alii —vendere, pars-agebant, ~209, R. 11. In this and other instances
Sallust unites the present infinitive with the imperfect indicative, as of
similar force, ~ 209, R. 5, Note 7.-Perfugas, sc. Numidicos.
Dedidisset, ~ 266, 3.
XXXIII.-Confirmatus ab omnibus. The sense requires tamen before confir
matus, and with this the apodosis of the sentence begins.
Cujus, i. e. ut ejus, ~ 264, 5.
Contrajus et injurias omnes. Justice was even more formidable to Jugurtha than injustice.
De hoste supplicium sumi, sc.jubebat, " that he should be put to death as
a public enemy,"  268, R. 3.
Irce, magis consulens, sc. Memmius.
Romve Numidiceque, S 221, R. 1.
Quibus juvantibus, ~ 229, R. 5.
Egerit, 265.-Intelligat, 266, 3.-Velle, sc. ilium, i. e. populum Romanum.-Fore, sc. se, ~ 239, R. 2.
XXXIV. Terrebat eum, sc. tribunum, "tried to terrify him."  See Chap.
XXVII, on Leniebant.
XXXV. Quoniam ex stirpe Masinissa sit, $ 266, 3.-Petat, ~ 262, R. 4.
Invidti cum metu, i. e. public odium and his own fears, ~ 249, III.
Massiva agitare coepit. The perfect indefinite is here, as in other passages
of Sallust, followed by the historical present.
Mala fama, i. e. the infamy consequent upon such a crime as the murder
of Massiva.
Maxime occulte, ~ 194, 6. -These words seem  to be connected with
Numidam interficiat, rather than with paret.
Egressus, sc. extra urbe aut domo.
Ex eo numero, qui, instead of ex eorum numero qui, i 207, R. 20, & $
206, (11.)
Ex cequo bonoque. By the law of nations the persons of ambassadors and
of their attendants were inviolable. To bring Bomilcar to trial, therefore, was not strictly in accordance with this law.
Regno magis. Before these words tamen is to be supplied, and with this
the apodosis begins.
Urbem venalem, ~ 238, 2.
XXXVI. Ante comitia, quod tempus, ~ 206, (8.)
Instanti, sc. Albino.
Acfuere qui-existimarent, ~ 264, 6.
X XXVII. Totius anni comitia. Not only the election of tribunes, but that
of all the other magistrates, was delayed.
Potiundi, ~ 162, 20.
XXXVIII. Imperitia legati, i. e. of Aulus.
Ita deltta, i. e. of Aulus and of his army. Before ita delicta, supply dixit,
1 270, R. 2, (b.)
26




296                     NOTES ON THE
Occulttora, " would be better concealed," i. e. from the senate an., ~'
people. The object of Jugurtha was to render treason in the i s.of
Aulus easy by rendering it difficult of detection.
Corrumpere for corrumpebat. On this transfugerent and desererer:. d.ck
pend.
Confirmare. See the note on Leniebant. Chap. XXVII.
Trepidare; the historical infinitive.
Sed ex eo numero, quos. See note Chap. XXXV. on Ex eo numero, qui.
Paucis gregariis militibus, ~ 205, R. 16, (c.)
Nox atqueprceda-remorata sunt, $ 205, R. 2, (2.)
Fameferroque clausum. Zeugma, the participle being properly connected
withferro only, $ 323, 1, (2.)
Tenet. In the oratio obliqua the indicative is employed to denote the certainty of the thing in the mind of the author, in distinction from a fact
resting upon the assertion or opinion of another.
Uti-decederet, S 273, 2, & 3. A verb of requiring or commanding is implied in verbafacit.
XXXIX. Timere libertati, "were apprehensive for their liberties," i. e. they
feared lest the state should become the prey of its enemies
Infesti, sc. era,..
Ab sociis et nomine Latino. The socii are the same as the 11alici, i. e. all
the Italians except the Latins.
Utiparfuerat. The pluperfect is here used instead of the imperfect to
denote that which had long been, and still was.
Uli convenerat, " as had been agreed," i. e. in the treaty between Aulus
and Jugurtha.
Cognitis militibus. Supply tamen, with which the apodosis will begin.
XL. In legationibus aut imperils. Aulus the lieutenant of Albinus, Scaurus
the lieutenant of Calpurnius Bestia, and Calpurnius himself were especially aimed at by this law.
Per amicos, ~ 247, R. 4.-Odio nobilitatis, ~ 247, R. 2.
Cui mala illa, sc. prosecutions, banishments, &c.
Supra docuimus. See Chaps. XXVIII & XXIX.
XLI. Rerum, quaprinsa, ~ 206, (11.). The general idea of things is denoted
either by neuter adjectives or by res. Here both constructions are
united. Metus hostilis, ~ 211, R. 4, (a.)
Asperius acerbiusque, sc. rebus adversis.
Repcrti sunt, qui anteponerent, ~ 264, 6. The Gracchi are especially intended. See the next chapter.
XLII. Quorum majores. The paternal ancestors of the Gracchi had ren
dered important services to the state, especially in the Punic wars,
and on their mother's side they were descended from the elder Scipio
Africanus.
Spes societatis, i. e. of alliance with the nobles.
Tribunum alterum, sc. Tiberium.
Triumvirum coloniis deducendis, sc. Caium, ~ 275, IIL R. 2, (2.)
Sed bono mnci satins est, etc. Bono, sc. homini. This remark is understood by some commentators as a censure upon the Gracchi, by others




JUGURTUINE WAR.                         297
as a reflection upon the nobles, on account of the unlawful and violent
means resorted to by each for accomplishing their purgoses.
Ferro autfitga exstinxit, slew or banished, ~ 323, 1, (2.)
Timoris. The fear felt by the nobility, not that inspired by them.
Acerbius ulcisci, O 256, R. 9, (a.)
Parem disserere, O 261, R. 3.
XLIII. Alia omnia, sc. mnlnera, " all the duties" of the consulship.
Sibi cum collega, sc. ege, —"  belonged jointly to him and to his colleague.
While Metellus carefully assisted his colleague in all the joint duties of
their office, he considered the care of the war in Numidia as devolving
especially upon himself.
Reges ultro auxilia mittere, i. e. the kings in alliance with the Romans.
Proconsulis. Albinus is here called proconsul, because he continued for
some time to perform the duties of a consul as commander in chief of
the army in Africa after the expiration of his year, while waiting the
arrival of the new consul.
XLIV. Predator ex sociis, 6 211, R. 2, (d.)
Majorum discipline, ~,)49, II.
Non egredi provinei.. See Chap, XXXIX, at the end.
Quan,.l. temporis acstivorum in imperiofuit; " as mucL;,of the time of the
campaign as he continued in command."
Palantes, sc. milites.
Frumentum publice datum. Corn was usually distributed to the soldiers
every month; to each foot-soldier a little more than one bushel of our
measure.
XLV. Tantl temperanti&. The construction is here interrupted, but tanta
relates to the following paragraphs, not less than it would have done,
had they been made to depend upon ut, instead of namque.
Ignavie sustulisse, sc. comperior.
Ne quisquam, sc. dicens or edicens, " ordering," implied in edicto, ~ 273,
2, 3d par.
Quem alium, i. e. aliquem alium. SeeAlius in Diet.
Ceteris, to other irregularities or indulgences.
Art$, "1 strictly," but some consider it as the ablative of ars, " by skill or
contrivance, wisely."
XLVI. Certiorfactus Rom&, S 255.
Qui-ipsi liberisque vitam peterent, ~ 208, (4.)
Legatos, alium abaliisdiversos,-separate one from the other. Alium, sc.
diversum.
Qua ex voluntate, sc. regis-Forent, ~ 266, 1.
Intento atque infesto exercitu, Q 249, III, Remark.
Ostentui, sc. esse.
Insidiis locum tentari, sc. ab Jugurtha or ab hostibus.
Propulsarent, sc. eos, i. e. equitatus.
Pacem an bellurn gerens, ~ 323, 1, (2.)
XLVII. Huc consul, simul tentandi gratia, etc. The true reading is heze
doubtful, and the sense uncertain. Those who adopt the reading in the
text interpret it as follows, " Here the consul, both for the purpose of




298                      NOTES ON THE
enticing (the inhabitants) to revolt, and on account of the advantageouness of the place, if they would suffer (themselves to be thus enti'r d;
placed a garrison."
Id quod res monebat, $ 207, R. 22, & 206, (13.), (b.)
Etjamparatis rebus, i. e. the supplies of provisions, &c. previously provided (for the army.)
Munimento fore, "would be a preservative," " would help to preserve'
lMetello dedere,-" surrendered," i. e. offered or sought to surrender. See
note on leniebant, Chap. XXVII.
XLVIII. Urbs maxima, sc. Vacca.
Quam Adherbal in divisione (sc. regni) possederat. See chap. XVI.
Quwa humi arido,' 205, R. 9.
XLIX. Extenuata suorum acie, ~ 205, R. 7, N. 1.
QuaE ageret, $ 265.
Propior montem, ~ 235, R. 11.
Turmas atque manipulos See note, Chap. XII.
Monet atque obtestatur. The subjunctive, defendant, may depend upon
either of these verbs;the accusatives with the infinitive, certamen fore;
and ducem non animum mutatum can refer only to monet.
Subjugum miserint..See Chap. XXXVIII.
Quce ab imperatore decuerint, sc. provideri.
Omnia suis provisa. A double construction, the infinitive and accusative,
and the subjunctive with uti.
Parati-essent, $ 266, 2, R. 1.
Locum superiorem, sc provisum esse.
Pecunia aut honore extulerat. Zeugma, S 323, 1, (2.)
Conspicatur, sc. eos, i. e. hostes.
Humilitate arborum, i. e propter humilitatem arborum. See note on reipublicce magnitudine. Cat. XXXI.
Agmen constituit, sc. Metellus.
Incerti, quidnam esset. Incerti agrees with Numida. Quidnam esset, instead of quidnam essent, the verb agreeing with the predicate nominative,
- 209, R. 9. Quidnam is in the neuter to denote the uncertainty attending the appearance, ~ 205, R. 7. (2.)
Ipsi atque signa-obscurati, ~ 205, R. 2, (3.)
Pauca-milites hortatus, ~ 231, R. 5.
L. Et quoniam armis diffiderent, ~ 266, 3.
Principesfacti erant. Principes is not to be understood here of the rank
of soldiers called principes, but simply of the troops in front.
Primos suos, i. e. the left wing of Jugurtha's army, or that nearest to the
mountain.
DuLim militum, ~ 118, 1, R. 1.
Ipst mnoda, i. e. ipsi soli.
Ita numero priores, sc. Numtdce.
Hostes deterrere, sc. Romanos. Hostis is continually used by Sallust not in
reference to the opponents of the Romans only, but of that party who
ever it may be which happens to be the subject of discourse.
Consueti, i. c. accustomed to such places.




JUGURTHINE WAR.                        299
LI. Dispersi, sc. milites Romani.
Arma tela. See note on Cat. 11, bonus ignavus.
Eorum, sc. militum Romannorum, implied in cohortes legionarias, ~ 206, k11.)
Quum etiam turn eventts in incerto erat. The imperfect and pluperfect
indicative after quum are of rare occurrence in Sallust. The historical
present and grf.ect indefinite of the indicative mood, and likewise the
historicalinfinitive after quum are of frequent occurrence in the apodosis
of a sentence.
Superioribus lois. The abl. of place without a preposition, ~ 254, R. 3,
med.
Orare, i. e. orabat, sc. Metellus.-Ne deficerent, $ 273, 2.
Neque illis castra esse, i. e. Romanis.  llis; in the oratio directa, vobis,
See Ille in Diet.
LII. Etjam die vesper erat, $ 90, Exc. 2.
Adverso colle-evadunt, ~ 254, R. 3, med. - Tutata sunt. The participle is here neuter, although both of the nominatives are feminine and
in the singular number.-Prcefectum, sc. esse.
In cequumlocum, i. e. in planitiem. See Chap. XLVIII
LIII. AEquabilem, sc. pulverem.
Imperabatur, sc. illis.
Auxilium, sc. esse.
Obviam procedunt, sc. Metello.
Nihil languidi neque remissi, $ 212, R. 3, N. 3.
Admissum, sc. erat, $ 259, R. 4.
Facinus miserabile, sc. an engagement between the two divisions of the
Roman army.
LIV. Quatriduo moratus. The ablative denoting duration of time is not of
very common occurrence, $ 236.-Cum cura,. 247, 2. - More, ~ 249, I.
QueB levia sunt. The writer has here made the reason given by Metellus
his own, and has accordingly employed the indicative, not the subjunctive mood, 6 266, 3, 2d clause..Sua quisque, t 279, 14.
Agit gratias, sc. iis referring to universos. Two verbs belonging to the
same subject, but requiring different cases after them, are frequently
connected in such a manner, that the case depending on one of them is
expressed, and that of the other is to be supplied.
Gerant, ~ 262, R. 4.
Satis jam pugnatum, sc. ab illis, $ 184, 2, &  248, R. 1.
Tamen, i. e. though Metellus represented the war as virtually ended," still.'
Uti sese victus gereret. Uti, i. e. quomodo.
Agri ac pecoris magis quam belli cultorem, ~ 323, 1, (2.)
Id ea gratia eveniebat. Id relates to the clause cogebat exercitum, $ 206, (13)
Geri non posset,' 26~, 3. —E  formidine, ~ 207, R. 20.
Sequi cogebatur, sc. is. This omission of is occurs not unfrequently in
Saliust. For the usual construction, see ~206, (3), (a).
Romanos palantes, i. e. eos Romanos qui palabantur.
LV. Ut seque-gereret. This and the following subjunctive clauses are in
apposition with rebus, 204, R. 9; & ~ 257, R. 8.
26 




300                      NOTES ON     THE
Victor tamen  Tamen relates to quamquam implied in the pL d es, ii.?,
verso loco.
Niti-festinare; historical infinitives.
Effuso exercitu predari, ~ 249, III, Remark. So, Chap. LVI -; 1,
circumvenit.
LVI. Ratus, id quod, ~ 206, (13), (b.)
Hortatur mania defendant, ~ 262, R. 4.
Quod genus ex copiis regis, ~ 212, R. 2, N. 4.
Quiafallere nequibat. The deserters from the Roman army fearing to
fall into the hands of the Romans, would, for their own sakes, be faithful to Jugurtha.
Stccam-quod oppidum, ~ 206, (8.)
Post malam pugnam, sc. near the river Muthul. Chaps. 50-53.
Si idfecerint-sese ctatem acturos. In this sentence the tenses are tile
same as they would have been in the oratio directa, the persons of the
verbs only are changed. Si idfeceritis-ego etatem agam.
Illos in libertate. Illos in the change from the directa to the obliqua is
used for vos, i. e. Siccenses: So, fortunam illis.
Hostes urgent, i. e. Romani.
LVII. Marius ad Zamam, $ 237, R. 2.
Cuncta mcenia, a pleonastic expression for mania alone. See Mania in
Diet.
Exercitu circumvenit, ~ 249, III, Remark.
Ubi quisque curaret, ~ 265.
Pari periculo, aedfama impari-erant, 247.
LVIII. 3fagna pars vulnerati, ~ 205, R. 3.
Sin Numida propius accessissent. Sin is opposed to tela eminus missa.
Accessissent, ~ 260, I.
Non amplius quadraginta, ~ 256, R. 6.
Propere-statim, " speedily-immediately."  The proper use of these adverbs denotes that Marius was first sent, and that the cavalry followed
as soon as possible.
LIX. Portas, sc. castrorum.-Proxima loca, sc. portis.
In angustiis, sc. portarum.
Qui in proximo, i. e. those whose station was nearest to Jugurtha, as he
advanced to the attack.
Ni pedites, sc. Numidarum. Cladem facerent. The imperfect subj. is here
equivalent to the English form, "had made and continued still to make."
Quibus illifreti. Quibus, sc. peditibus. Illi, sc. equites; illi referring to
the last antecedent on account of the relative quibus, see Ille in Diet.
Expeditis peditibus suis,' 247, R. 4, mred.
Hostes pene victos, sc. Romanos.
LX. Ubi quisque-eo acerrime niti. Eo and ubi are here used like a relative
and demonstrative pronoun, and are equivalent to in quo loco-in eo
Niti, sc. Romani milites.
Oppugnare aut parare. Some refer th6 former verb to the besiegers and the
latter to the besieged; and others, connecting them to agere, apply them
to the besieged only.




JUTGURTHINE WAR.                        301.')i::..'s. sc Romani.-Animadverteres, Gr. ~ 260, II.
hVtiw',hw:s —.tela, ~233, R. 2, Note.
Df'fiid nitai rei, i. e. of taking the city by force.''e:,o So,,.;.,,~ 211, R. 12.
une arqute uicrz scala?, $ 118, 2, R. 2.
Magna pars confecti, ~ 205, R. 3.
LXI. Frustra inceptum, sc. esse.
Ab Zama discedit; i. e. from the neighborhood of Zama. This is implied
in the use of the preposition.
Quc ad se defecerant, instead of quc ad eum, etc. ~ 208, (6.); (b.)
In provinciam, sc. Romanam, into that part of the Roman province which
bordered upon Numidia.
Sua omnia, " all his effects" which had been forfeited by his crime; see
Chap. XXXV.
LXII. Ubiprimum opportunum fuit, sc. tempus.
Monet atque obtestatur, uti provideat, ~ 273. 2.-Liberis. The children of
Jugurtha are again mentioned, Chap. LXXV, & LXXVI.
Sese. In oratio directa, nos. —Victos, sc. esse, ~ 270, R. 2, (b.)
Caveat. In oratio directa, cave or caveto, the imperative being changed
in the oratio obliqua into the subjunctive, $ 266, 2, R. 1, (b.)
Facturum (esse), ac tradere are properly connected; the former denoting
what he will at all times thereafter do, the latter what he now does.
Cunctos senatorii ordinis, ~ 212, R. 2, N. 6, & ~ 205, R. 12, (c.)
More majorum. The custom here alluded to is that of being directed by
the opinion of a council of war.
Ad imperandum, ~ 275, I, R. 2. " to be directed, i. e. to receive orders or
directions." Although the gerund may sometimes be translated passively, it is probably always active in its signification, referring to an
indefinite subject understood.
Omnia bello potiora duceret. For the omission of esse, see note on Posteriores se vident, Chap. LXXIX.
LXIII. Agitabat. For the reason of the ind. mood, see note on Quoa do.
mum Catilina frequentabat, Cat. XIV.
Ageret, in oratio directa, agas, or age. See note on caveat, LXII.
Alia omnia abunde erant. See Dict. article Sum.
Animus belli ingens, domi modicus, ~ 221, R. 3.
Per omnes tribus declaratur, sc. tribunus, ~ 210, R. 3, (3), (b.)
Etiam turn alios magistratus plebes, sc. habebat or gerebat, implied by
Zeugma in per manus tradebat.
LXIV. Optanda bonis, $ 225, III.
Primum, connect with mirari and monere.
Commotus insolita re,-" by the novelty of the thing." An adjective, like
a perfect participle, is sometimes used instead of an abstract noun, ~ 274,
R. 5. So Res trepidcs, metus ingens, malum improvisum. J. 91.
Debere illi res suas satis placere, ~ 209, (7). For the use of ille in the oratlo
obliqua. see Ille in Dict.
Postguam hcc-dixit, neque animus Mariiflectitur, two constructions, the




302                      NOTES ON THE
perfect and historical present, depending on the same particle, posquam.
See 1st note on Cat. XX
Potuisset, O 266, R. 4.
Nefestinaret. In oratio directa, nefestina or nefesttnes, $ 266,2, R. 1, (b.)
Cumfilio suo, ~ 208, (1).
Annos natus circiter viginti, by the Roman law a consu:. as required to
be at least forty-three years old.
Accenderat. The tense of this verb refers to that of the following verbs
grassari, etc.
Quod modo ambitzosumforet, ~ 263, 2.
Criminose, has reference to Metellus: magnifice, to Marius.
Sibi permitteretur, sc. si, so in English, " were half the army entrusted to
him."
Habiturum, sc. se, $ 239, R. 1.
Ab imperatore consulto trahi, sc. bellum or res.
LXV. Uti sellam juxta poneret, sc. sellam Metelli. —Poneret, sc. Gauda.
Petenti is followed first by a clause and then by a noun in the accusative,
Eorum modoforet, sc. honos, " it belonged to those only," ~ 266, 3
Contumeliosumforet, sc. in equites Romanos.
Equites Romanos, milites et negotiatores, ~ 204, R. 10
Sic illi, referring to Marium. See lle in the Dictionary.
Novos extollebat, sc. homines.
LXVI. Omissa deditione. See the end of Chap. LXII.
Cum magnk curA, ~ 247, 2. e
Et eos ipsos, i. e. Romanos ipsos.
Igitur Vaccenses, quo,-" where" instead of quibus, " among whom," ~ 224.
Principes civitatis. In the course of this period the author has changed
the subject of conjurant, from Vaccenses, with which he began, to principes, ~ 323, 3, (5).
Domos suas, ~ 237, R. 4, Note, (a.)
In tali die. In is used with nouns denoting time when they are employed
to mark, not merely the time, but the condition of things then existing.
See In in Dict.
Sine imperzo, "without control."
Tumultus ipse. See Ipse in Dict.
LXVII. Improviso metu, on account of the suddenness of the alarm. See
note on commotus insolita re, Chap. LXIV.
Presidium hostium, sc. erat.
Caveri, sc. posse, i. e. poterat.-Resisti posse. These verbs are used impersonally, $ 209, R. 3, (6.)
Obtruncari, i. e. obtruncabantur.-Scevissimis Numidis, ~ 257, R. Z
Misericordiane hospitis, an pactione, ~ 265, R. 2.
Parum comperimus, nisi, i. e. nisi hoc comperimus, "only I am certain of
this.' that whereas be preferred a dishonorable life, &c., he appears infamous and detestable.
LXVIII. Ubi ira et cegritudo permixta sunt. His first feelings were those
of grief, with these anger was soon mingled.




JUGURTHINE WAR.                           303
i'on a   7:Tr  mille passuum abesse. MiUe is in the acc., ~ 236: see also?2   I?.ft
b. prima, s~. loco or agmine, "in front."
LJYX' -,a.t cos, sc. esse.-Jugurtham, sc. esse.
uncia Y.pnp out prcedafufuit, —" served for," i. e. " was wholly given up
to puriiMhhrit;A   plunder," $ 227, R. 2.
Nam is civis ex Latio erat. The Porcian law was expressly limited in its
operation to Roman citizens. See Porcius in Dict.
IXX. Quam metu deseruit. See Chap. LXII.-Ejus, sc. regis.
Omnia tentando, " in resorting" or "< while resorting to every expedient."
Utriusque consilio, sc. Bomilcqris et Nabdalsae.
Uti res poscerit, ~ 26J,1 2.
Hiberna Romanorumjussus, sc. a. Jugurth&.
Inultis hostibus, ~ 257, R. 7.
Timore socii anxius; the subjective genitive denoting the fear felt by his
associate, 211, R. 2; timore, i. e. timoris causa, or propter timorem.
Per quos juravisset,. 266, 3.
Reputaret, ~ 266, 2, R. 1, (b.) In oratio directa reputes or reputa
Ceteritm su8ne, i. e. Nabdalsme.
LXXI. Uti egrum animum solet, sc. capere. Somnus cepit, sc. eum, i. e.
Nabdalsam.
Super tali scelere su.pectum, ~ 213, R. 4, (4).
LXXII. Quos socios insidiarum cognoverat, sc. esse.
Iram oppresserat. The author assigns this reason for the life of Nab.
dalsa being preserved, that Jugurtha, after putting to death Bomilcar
and many others, had smothered his resentment.
LXXIII. Sibi parum idoneum, sc. esse, "unserviceable to him, or unsuited
to his service."  The reason is contained in the words, simul et invisum
et offensum.
Litteris-cognitis, see Chap. LXV.
Volenti animo de ambobus acceperant, "with ready mind received (what
was written) respecting both."
In utroque, "in regard to each," i. e. Metello et Mario.
Bona aut mala sua, i. e. plebis. Moderata, sc. sumt, "governed," "influenced," sc. plebem.
Seditiosi magistratus, sc. tribuni plebis.
Post multas tempestates, " after a long time." See Chap. LXIII, near the
end.
Ea res, i. e. this decree of the senate.
LXXIV. In tanta perfidia. See In in Diet.
Amorum aliquanto numero, hostium paucorum potiti. Two constructions
here follow potiti, ~ 245, I, & 220, 4.
LXXV. EA fugi, i. e. propter eamfugam, "in consequence of"
Thesauri-cultus erat, ~ 209, R. 12, (3J
Quam plurimum potest domiti pecoris, ~ 212, R. 3
Eb imponit, instead of ei pecori, " upon these.'
Quisque aqueportaret, ~ 262, R 4.
Quamproximam, $ 206, (10.)




304                       NOTES ON THE
Qub Numidis prceceperat, sc. veniant.
In nova deditione. See In tanta peridi&. Chap. LXXIV.
LXXVI. Nihiljam infectum. Participles of the perfect tense when they become adjectives, and adjectives derived from perfect pmrtlciples are, not
unfrequently, used in the sense of adjectives in bilis; as here, znfectus
impracticable; J. 43, invictus, invincible; J. 91, coercitus-, restrainable-,
J. 2, incorruptus, incorruptible.
Quippe qui omnia, arma, tela, etc. ~ 204, R. 10.
Locos, places; in which sense loca is more common.
Ceteris, sc. hominibus or ducibus
Ceterum, "but, i. e. but in fact.'
Quam vitare posse celeritate putabat, sc. se,' 239, R. 2
Post dies quadraginta quam, $ 253, R. 1, Note 3.
LXXVII. Capta Thal&, ~ 274, R. 5.
Hamilcarem quemdam, $ 273, 3, (b.)
Novis rebus, " a revolt," i. e. from the Romans.
Hominem nobilem,factiosum. Asyndeton, $ 323; 1, (1), & $ 205, R. 16, (b.)
Suam salutem, sc. Leptitanorum, $ 208, (1).
Ilorum socios, i. e. by synesis, ~ 323, 3, (4) Romanorum.
Societatemque rogatum, ~ 276, II.
Deinde, ubi ea, sc. amicitia societasque, ~ 205, R. 7, (2).
LXXVIII. In extrema Africa, (~ 205, R. 17,) i. e. towards the eastern extremity.
Proxima terre, "the parts nearest the land."
Alia in tempestate, " at another time." See In in Dict.
Leges cultusque pleraque, $ 212, R. 3, N. 4.
Procul ab imperio regis, "they were remote from the dominion of the
king," i. e. the king of Numidia, "far from the seat of government," and
consequently were permitted to enjoy their own laws. Some however
interpret it, "far from regal government."
LXXIX. Per Leptitanorum negotia, "on account of"-.
Earn rem nos locus admonuit, $ 218, R. 1, & ~ 231, R. 5.
Qu& tempestate. When the antecedent would be in the same case as the
relative it is often omitted, ~ 206, (3)
Una specie, ~ 211, R. 6.
Quifines eorum discerneret, ~ 264, 7.
Nomen Philenis erat,, 204, R. 8, (a.)-Hutno excitavit, ~ 255, R. 1.
Morari iter, sc. solet.
Posteriores se vident, sc. esse, which is usually omitted after video and after
verbs of saying,judging, &c. So at the beginning of this chapter, non
indignum videtur.
Criminari Carthaginienses-digressos sc. es.se, " accused the Carthagmians
of having left home before the time,"  2239, R. 5, & 217, R. 5, (a.)
Ctnturbare rem, sc. Cyrenenses, ~ 209, R. 5.
Greeci, i. e. the Cyrenians, who were a Grecian colony.
Vel illi, in the oratio obliqua. See Ille in Dict.
Ibi, i. e. in zisfinibus or locis.
Quem in locum vellent, sc. essefines populo suo, i. e. Cyrenensibus




JUGURTHINE WAR.                         305
LXX A 4Z-.t.~ FiCt, se. eum..:g:;:i eplius, i. e. "by so much the more," as they surpassed other
7L XXi{. kH(rsr. - e.se, ~ 270, R. 2, (b.)
Quis omnia regna adversa sint. Adversa is here used passively, and in
like manner hostem at the close of the sentence.
Turn sese, sc. Romanis hostem esse.-Paulo ante Cartkaginienses sc.,fuisso
Aliis talibus dictis, ~ 205, R. 16, (c.)
Ad Cirtam oppidum. A proper name denoting a town, river, or mountain, usually follows the appellatives oppidum,flumen and mons.
Ita Jugurtha ratus. For this use of ita, see Ita in Dict.
Si Romanus, sc. imperator. A patrial noun is often thus used to denote a
leader or commander belonging to that nation.
Sese, sc. Jugurtham et Bocchum.
LXXXII. Copiam facit, sc. regibus.
Cognitis Mauris; i. e. quum _Mauros cognovisset.
Nam consulem factum, sc. eum.
Alii bonum ingenium, sc. censebant or dicebant, which are implied in vertebant.
Qudd jam parta victoria ex manibus eriperetur. This clause has the same
relation to accensum esse as the ablative contumeli&.-Ex manibus eripe.
retur, ~ 266, 3.
Injuria su&, ~ 211, R. 3, (c.)
Laturumfuisse, ~ 268, R. 5.-Traderetur, ~ 260, II. R. 2, fin.
LXXXIII. Stultities videbatur, sc. esse, ~ 211, R. 8, (3).
Alienam rem, sc. Marii. —Periculo sub. Suo relates to illi understood,
~ 208, (3.)
Hostispopulo Romano, $ 211, R. 5.
Incipere cuivis-licere. Incipere is here the subject of licere, $ 269, R. 3,
and cuivis depdnds on licere.
Deponi, sc. bellum. Deponi like sumi depends on dixit understood.
Ille probare, sc. Bocchus. See Ille in Dict.
LXXXIV. Multus atqueferox, ~ 205, R. 15.
Consulatum ex victis illis spolia cepisse, ~ 230, R. 2.
A populis et regibus, i. e. from subject states and kings out of the limits
of Italy.-Sociis, sc. Italicis.
Fam& cognitos, sc. _Mario.
Neque plebi militia volenti (esse) putabatur. A Greek idiom equivalent to
neque plebs militiam velle putabatur.-Et Marius, sc. putabatur, ~ 271,
R. 2.
Sese quisque-trahebant. Two constructions here follow trahebant, $ 272,
& $ 229.
Non paulium. The figure Litotes, ~ 324, 9.
Omnibus-decretis, sc. by the senate.
LXXXV. Scio ego, $209, R. 1, (b.) - Iisdem artibus-gerere. The clause
et gerere may be translated before the other,-" that most men, after
they have obtained power, do not administer it in the same manner in
which they sought to obtain it from you."




306                     NOTES ON THE
Mitht contra ea vmdetur. "It seems to me otherwise,:' or " the opposite to
this appears to me proper."
Illam administrari debere, sc. mihi videtur.
Cum maximo beneficio vestro, "in connexion with the highest office in
your gift," sc. the consulship.-Sustineam, O 265.
Quos nolis offendere, O 209, R. 7, (a.) &. 264, 1.
Et ea agere. Et has here the force of 1" and what is more."
Omnia hcecpresidia adsunt, ~ 227, R. 2, & 3. —.V7ihi, O 211, R. 5, (1.)
Nam alia, sc. nobilitas, majorumfactafortia, &c., infirma sunt (milt), i. e.
" in other things," as nobility, &c., "I am weak."
Et illud intelligo, O 207, R. 22.-Favere, sc. mihi.
Locum invadendi, sc. me et vos, qui mihifavetis.
Ut neque vos capiamini, sc. ab illis, that they may not get the advantage
of you.
La/bores, pericula, Asyndeton, ~ 323, 1. (1).
Ita —fu, for talisfui.-Ad hoc eatatis, Q 212, R. 3.
Ante vestra beneficia. See above, Cum maximo beneficio vestro.
Non est consilium, sc. mihi. Uti deseram, ~ 273, 1.
Per ambitionem, " on account of"-.
Num id mutari; id. i. e. your choice of me as leader in the war against
Jugurtha.-Sit, S 265.
I'llo globo nobilitatis. The term globus is used to denote the close union
of the faction of the nobles.
Scilicet ut; ironically, "so that forsooth."
Coeperint, Q 264, 1, (b.)
Nam gerere quamfieri tempore posterius, re atque usu przus est. "To exeZute is in point of time subsequen. to being elected (to an office,) but
really and practically it is antecedent." The expression is rendered
designedly paradoxical by the use of gerere without an accusative expressed. In the first clause, gerere. quam fieri tempore posterius (est)
magistratum or the like is to be supplied; and the clause imports that
the discharge of the duties of an office is subsequent to one's election
to such office; but in the second clause, gerere quam fieri re atque usu
prius est, rem or the like is to be supplied with gerere, and the. meaning
is, that one must be practised in affairs before he is qualified for election
to an office, or, in other words, that experience is a necessary qualification for office.
Comparate nunc cum illorulm superbia me ho/minem novum. The Latin
idiom often permits a comparison to be made, not only between two
persons, or the properties or actions of two persons, but between a person and an attribute or action of another person; " me and the pride
of these men," instead of, 1" me and these proud men."
Facta an dicta. Beforefacta an or num is to be supplied. See An in Dict.
Sedfortzssimum. Sed in this passage, following quamquam, appears to. have the sense of tamen, " still, notwithstanding."
Ac sijam quaeri posset, ~ 261, 1.
Faciant idem majoribus suis, 1250, R. 3.
Hujusce rei, sc. majorum gloria.-Id quod multo, ~ 206, (13,) (b.)




JUGURTHINE WAR.                         307
Peperisse, sc. meA virtute.-Acceptam, sc. a majoribus.
Si jam mihi respondere velint, 9 261, 2.
In maximo vestro beneficio. See above Cum maximo beneficio vestro.
Vera, sc. oratio.-Bene prcedicet, Q 262, R. 4.
Vestra consilia-gui, O 206, (12).
IHastas, sc. puras.
Hcl sunt mecw imagines, hac nobilitas, $ 206, (10). Relicta, 9 205, R. 2, N.
1Ut illa, sc. imagines, triumphi et consulatus majorum.
Ad virtutem doctoribus nihitprofuerunt. By doctoribus is meant the Grecian nation in generalai4  had received from their literature no such
addition to their prowess, as to prevent the conquest of their country by
the Romans.
Gloriam meam is the predicate accusative, but placed before the subject
for emphasis, 210, & l 279, 16.
Id est, O 209, R. 3, (5), (a.) fin. - Dominum esse, sc. te, O 239, R. 2.
Seque remque publicam, l 278, R. 7. Double connectives occur frequently
in Sallust in sentences resembling this. See Cat. IX & XXXVI, & J.
XXI & LXXIX.
Quc licebat-neque poterant. With each of these verbs supply relinquere.
Coquum quam villicum7habeo. Habeo does not here signify to value, but
" to have," " pogss," "'own."
Ubi-ibi. See Dict.
Metus ccperit, $0, R. 6, 2d clause and (b.), and ~ 278, R. 3.
Idem, "at once."-Quce si, " but even if this."  See Qui in Diet.
LXXXVI. Hujuercemodi oratione. See note'on hujuscemodi in Cat. LI.
Reipublicac subvenire decebat, 9 259, R. 4.
Non more majorum. The anciel -istom here alluded to, was to summon
the people to the Campus Martius, and having called them by centuries.
to select from each such as were fit for military service.
Ex classibus. The classes here intended are the first five, who alone were
obliged to serve in war, as the sixth class, the capite censi, were by law
excused, and in respect to military service were not considered as a class.
Uti cLjusque libido. From this it appears that the levy made by Marius
consisted of such as voluntarily enlisted.
Inopia bonorum, sc. hominum,-" of the better classes."
LXXXVII. At reges,'sc. Jugurtha and Bocchus.'.
LXXXVIII. Ex sociis, i. e. ex agro socierum.
Armis exuerat. Jugurtha had fled leaving his arms behind him.
Quea postquam gloriosa modo-cognovit, "but after he had found that
these things-."  See Qui in Dict.-Gloriosa modo, sc. esse.
Neque belli patrandi, "and not to tend to the terminating of the war,"
275, III, R. 1, (5). See also  211, R. 8, (3.)
Viris aut loco-opportunissimca, $ 250.
Pta Jaugrtham, supply putavit or some verb of similar signification, implied
in statuit.
Nudatum. The sense requires us to consider nudatum as a supine with
iri understood, forming a future infinitive passive, but such an ellipsis is
unusual.
27




308                      NOTES ON     THE
Nam Bocchus. Nam serves to explain the difference made by Marius in
his treatment of Jugurtha and Bocchus.
Vellepopulz Romani amicitiam, sc. se, O 239, R. 2, & 5 270, R. 2, (b.)
Ne quid ab se hostile timeret, t 273, 3.-Solitus, sc. sit.
LXXXIX. Aggredi tempus,' 270, R. 1.
Tempus, i, e. opportunum tempus.
Apud Jugurtham, "under the government of Jugurtha."-Immuncs so
erant.
Levt imperio, ~ 211, R. 6.-Ejus, sc. oppidi.-Potiundi, ~ 162, 20.
Cetera pluvici, sc. aqua, " the rest of the water which they use is rain wa
ter," or, "for the rest they use rain water."
Id ibique, i. e. this scarcity of water, O 206, (13).
Quc procul a mari incultius agebate The predicate here applied to Africa
is strictly applicable not to the country, but to its inhabitants.
XC. lIgitur consul. The verb of the predicate is exornat.
Quod cumque, sc.frumenti.
XCI. Castris levi munimento, ~ 211, R. 6.
Capere depends on jubet, and egrederenturonparatos esse.
Onerare is connected by et understood to paratos esse.
Proxima-tertia, sc. nocte.
Et cum his. His refers by synesis to equitatum, ~ 323, 3, (4).
Aditu difficilis, ~ 276, III.
XCII. Locupletes, sc. prced&. Ad ccelumferre, sc. Marium.
Socii atque hostes. The socii here spoken of appear to have been the inhabitants of the Roman province in Africa, which comprehended the
former possessions of the Carthaginians.
Ac plerisque, " and most (of them) too." See Atque in Diet.
Nonl eadem asperitate, " not equally perilous," " not attended with equal
danger," ~ 211, R. 6.
Qua' Capsensium. Capsensium   depends on res understood, for which in
English the pronoun that can be supplied.
Summa vi, though placed before capere, qualifies intendit.
Nam Castello, 226.
Pro opere, i. e. vineis. Inter in the sense of intra, "within" "under
cover of."
XCIII. Promissa ejus cognitum, (5 276, II), ex prcesentibus misit, sc. quosdam.
Quorum uti cujusque ingenium erat,-nuntiavere; instead of qui, uti cujus*
que eorum ingenium erat,-nuntiavere. Quorum depends on cujusque
as the sentence is now constructed, and nuntiavere agrees with ii under
stood.
Quatuor centuriones. These centurions were attended by their companies
XCIV. Sed ubi ex pracepto, se. Marii.
Pcrgit, sc. Ligus.
Succedere, sc. muris.
Capite atque pedibus nudis, ~ 257, R. 7.
Faciliusforet, instead offaciliorforet. See in Diet., Sum.
Ponderis gratia. This kind of shield was of less weight than metallic ones
Saxa et si quce vestustate radices eminebant, laqueis vincicbat. Radices is




JUGURTHINE WAR                          309
in the nominative by attraction, ~ 206, (6), tb), instead of Saxa et radices,
si qua, vetustate eminebant-vinciebat.
Tormentis, sagittariisque etfunditoribus, ~ 247, R. 4, last part.
Omnibus, Romanis' hostibusque, ~ 204. So below, Cuncti, armati inermesque.
Ilis, sc. Romanis,-illis, sc. castellanis, ~ 207, R. 23, 2d par.
XCV. Equitatu, quos, by synesis, ~ 323, 3, (4.)
N2eque enim alio loco de Sulkl rebus dicturi sumus, O 274, R. 6. It appears,
however, that at a subsequent period Sallust was induced to change his
purpose, and in his history, fragments only of which now remain, he
treated more at large of the affairs of Sylla.
Optinze et diligentissimen omnium, S 212, R. 4, N. 7.
Persecutus, although treating of, ~ 274, 3.
De uxore potuit honestius consuli. Sylla was five times married, and it is
uncertain to which of his wives reference is here made. His wife Me
tella he divorced when she was at the point of death, that a feast which
he was celebrating might not be broken off by the occurrence of a death
in his family. In his old age he married Valeria, a woman of infamous
character, and during the whole of his life he addicted himself to open
debauchery. Some therefere understand uxore in a general sense as r,ferring to his matrimonial affairs. Potuit, ~ 259, R. 3.
7li felicissimo, O 226.
Ante civilem victoriam, i. e. over the party of Marius.
Fortior anfelicior esset, ~ 123, R. 2.
Pudeat magis, an pigeat disserere, sc. me, whether I am more ashamed or
pained —.
XCVI. Per se ipse,' 207, 28, of his own accord, "without solicitation," in
distinction from what he gave to multis rogantibus.
Ut illi, instead of ut sibi, which the construction regularly requires, the
writer putting himself in the place of Sylla, whose thoughts and purposes were to be represented, ~ 208, (7).
Multus adesse, ~ 205, R. 15.
XCVII. Postquarn oppidum  Capsam —amiserat. Respecting the eonstrction ofpostquam with the pluperfect, see note on Chap. XI.
Magnampecuniam. Reference appears to be made to the treasures of the
king lost at the fortress mentioned in Chap. XCII. ubi regis thesauri
erant.
In Numidiam copias adduceret, ~ 258, R. 1, O 262, R. 4, & Q 273, 2.
Tempus adesse, ~ 273, 3, last clause.
Ipsique Mauro, sc. Boccho. See note on Numida, Chap. CI.
I'ollicetur Numidice partem tertiam. These words contain the apodosis
of the sentence in substance, but not in form; as they are equivalent to,
Pollicetur' sc. Numidia? partim tertiam daturum;' the protasis of which
is Si aut Romani Africa expulsi (forent,) &c., ~ 266, 2, R. 4.
Integris suisfinibus, ~ 257, R. 7, (a.)
Vix decima parte die, ~ 90, Exe. 2.
NuUo inpedimento, ~ 227. Nullo, an ancient form for nulli, 107, R. 3.




310                      NOTES ON THE
Sarcinas colligere. Before an engagement the baggage was collected into
one place.
Signum is probablyto be understood as comprehending both the signal
by sound of trumpet and the watchword.
Romani veteres, sc. milites.
XCVIII. Quum tamen barbari nihil remittere. The construction of quum
with the historical infinitive is rare in Sallust, but less so in Livy and
Tacitus.
Neque minus hostibus conturbatis. Que " also" refers to hostibus, ne, i. 6
non, to minus.
XCIX. Uti per vigilias solebant. Per, "on account of." In the camp the
night was divided into four equal parts or watches, the termination of
each of which was usually announced by sound of trumpet.
C. Sulla cum equitatu. " Sylla attended by the cavalry."
Apud dextimos curabat, " commanded on the extreme right." Both here
and in the next clause, curabat is used absolutely, but in the following
clause its accusative is expressed; prccterea cohortes Ligurum curabat,
1 and also commanded the cohorts of the Ligurians."
Quasi nullo imposito, instead of quasi nullus impositus esset, 5 257, R. 10.
Laudare, increpare merentes sc. laudationem aut vituperat;onem.
Neque secus, atque iterfacere, castra munire. &c <" he fortified the camp,
&c., in the same manner as he performed the journey," i. e. with equal
care and circumspection.
Non tam diffidentia,futurum, quce imperavisset. Futurum is here used as
indeclinable, a 162, 13, (1.):-" not so much through distrust of thoso
things being done which he had ordered."  Dffidentia futurum (csse)
2 270, R. 1.
Uti militibus excequatus cum 2mperatore labos volentibus esset i. e. uti milites
exequatum cum imperatore laboremferre vellent.
Pudore magis quam malo. Pudor here signifies the shame which the
soldiers would have felt in failing to imitate the laborious and selfdenying example of their general.
Pars, sc.fieri aiebat.-Consuetam, customary (to him) i. e. to which he
had been inured.-Habuisset,' 266, 3.
CI, Speculatores citi, 8 205, R. 15, (a.)
Adversum omnia paratus. He was marching quadrato agmine and consequently presented a front on every side.
Ratus ex omnibus cvque aliquos ab tergo hostibus ventures, "thinking that
some (i. e. one of the four divisions) equally, from among them all, i. e.
with an equal chance (of effecting this object), would come upon the
rear of the enemy:" in other words, " thinking that some of his troops
(thus divided) would come upon the rear of the enemy, and that to each
division the chances of doing this were equal."
Ipse aliique, i. e. Sylla and the other leaders of the cavalry on the right
wing. See Chap. C.
Ceteri, i. e. the other three divisions of the army (quadrati agmtnzs) consisting of infantry.




JUGURTHINE WAR,                        311
In loco, sc. suo. See Chap. C..Bocchus cum peditibus-invadunt,' 209, R. 12, (6).
Neque in priore pugna-adfuerant; instead of et qui in priore pugna —non
adfuerant, $ 206, (5). Concerning the former battle, see Chaps. XCVII
-XCIX.
Marius apud primos; i. e. among the infantry in the front of the army.
Dein Numida, sc. Jugurtha, a patrial being used, as in many other places,
for the name of the leader or head of the nation. So Maurus for Bocchus, king of the Moors: Chaps. XCVII, CVIII and CXIII.
Ad pedites. It has been doubted whether the infantry here spoken of was
the Roman or the Numidian; the former appears probable for many
reasons, and especially as Jugurtha is said to have addressed them in
Latin.
Apud Numantiam. See Chaps. VII-IX.-Loqui, sc. Latine.
Nostrosfrustra pugnare. Nostros, if the speech of Jugurtha was directed
to the Romans- would have been in the oratie directa, vos; if to the
Numidians, isti or Romani.
Mearium sua manu interftctum, $ 208, (1).
Quos adversum. An anastrophe, $ 323, 4, (1.) & ~ 279, 10, (f.)
Quum Sulla-Mauris incurrit. Cum, though relating to time, takes the
indicative especially of the present and perfect tenses when, in animated narration it is found, not in the former but in the consequent
member of the sentence, In such case jam, vix, or nondlu  is often
found in the former member. Zumpt. Lat. Gr.
Circumventus ab equitibus, sc. Romanis.
Omnibus occisis, sc. equitibus regiis. See Chap. LIV.
Niti modo, sc. surgere.
CII. Post diem quintum, quam, ~ 253, Note 3.
Legati-veniunt, qui-petivere: the historical present, followed by the perfect indefinite.
Petivere-mitteret, O 262, R. 4,-velle, ~ 273, 3, (b.)
Aversum-cupidum, i. e. si aversum-si cupidum esset. An adjective may
thus, like a participle, (Q 274, 3, (a.) ), supply the place of a conditional,
&c., clause.
Cujusfacundia. See Chap. XCV.
Rex Bocche. When an appellative and a proper noun are in apposition
the appellative is usually placed last, ~ 279, 9 & 16. It is customary
also to place the vocative in addresses after one or more words.
Magna nobis letitia est, $ 227, R. 3, & R. 4.
Qtuum te —d monuere, $ 263, 5, " since the time when, or ever since."
Neu te. As te is the object both of miscendo and of commaculares it is
omitted before the latter, S 229, R. 4.
Demeres, sc. dz monuere ut.
Persequi, g 270, R. 1.
A principio, sc. imperil suz.
Tutiusque rati, sc. sunt. For the number of rant referring to populus, see
S209, R. 11.
In quo, 206, (13), (a.)
27'




312                     NOTES ON THE
Sattsfuit, i. e. solet esse. See note on interiere, Chap. XVII
Humanarum rerum-pleraque, $ 212, R. 3, N. 4.
Cui scilicet placuisse. This infinitive depends on scilicet, i. e. scire icet.
Per illam licet, "it is allowed so far as depends on her." See Per in Dit.
Nam refers to something to be supplied, as, I do not say that they are
never vanquished in war, for, &c.
bocchus placide et benigne, sc. respondit.
Unde vi Jugurtham expulerit, O 266, 3. This claim on the part of Bocchus to that portion of Numidia, which was the seat of the war was
probably destitute of any valid foundation.
MIissis antea legatis. See Chap. LXXX.
Omittere-missurum (esse). These infinitives, together with those in the
preceding sentences, refer to verba facit.
Dein copiafacta, i. e. of sending ambassadors.
CIII. Quce sibi-venerant. In this, and in some similar passages, two constructions are blended. The writer in presenting his own thoughts
would have said, Quc ei-venerant; in presenting those of Bocchus he
would have said, Quc sibi-venissent. He has retained the reflexive
pronoun with the indicative mood.
Si placeat, sc. Mario.
Non pro vaiis hostibus —7abuit. In this clause habuit signifies " to reckon
or consider," in the next clause accurate ac liberaliter habuit, it is made
by Zeugma to signify " to treat,"
Ut meriti erant. " As they were fit to be treated," i. e. considering their
appearance, sine decore.
Nisi pariter volens, sc. putabatur, " but he was thought equally benevolent.'
Quce aut utilia, aut benevolentice (esse) credebant, O 227, R. 2, & 3. " Which
they thought useful or fitted to gain good will."
Sulla omna pollicito, $ 257, R. 6.
CIV. Quis legatis potestas eundi Romam ab consule, interea inducic postulabantur: i. e. quis mandatis, &c., "by which commission leave for the
ambassadors to go to Rome was requested of the consul,-and in the
mean time a truce."
Ea, " these things, these requests."-Plerisque, i. e. the other members ot
the council of war.
Impetratis omnibus, " having obtained every thing (they asked for.)"
Mauri-tres-duo. This kind of apposition is common, instead of Maurorum tres, etc. when the word denoting the whole is to be distinguished
from some other word, as here the Mauri' are opposed to the Romans
previously mentioned, 204, R. 10.
CV Cujus arbitratu, t 249, II.
Cum velitaribus armis. It is implied that such were not the customary
arms of the Peligni.
Quod ea, sc tela hostium.
Quinto denique die. Denique may imply that the Romans had expected
Bocchus to send a guard previously to this time.
Cum mille non amplius equitibus, instead of, cum non amplius mille equzttz
bus, ~ 256, R. 6.




JUGURTHINE \' AR.                      313
Numerum ampliorem vero, et hostilem metum efficiebant. In the first clause
efficicebant is to be translated, " rendered or caused to appear," in the
second, "caused or occasioned."
Timor aliquantus, sc. illisfuit.-Adversum eos, since opposed to those.
Uti erat. The use of the indicative in Latin to denote that which actually exists, renders the addition of such words as re vera, "in fact, in
reality," &c. unnecessary.
CVI. Volux adveniens. The present participle here as elsewhere denotes an
unfinished action, "on coming up."
A patre Boccho. As Sylla was unacquainted with Volux, the latter, in
introducing himself as the son of Bocchus, very properly places the
appellative patre before the proper name Boccho, for the purpose of
pointing out his connexion with him.
Obviam illis simul, et presidio missum. Obviam and prcesidio have each
the same relation to missum, and may therefore be connected by et,
~ 278.
illis, for vobis in oratio directa. See ile in Diet.
Post, " afterwards," i. e. post proximum diem.
Satis credere. Credere depends on negat, which after a negative is often
construed with an affirmative clause, "declares that he does not fear,"
&c. "that he has full confidence in the valor of his soldiers," &c.
Mansurum potius, quam-parceret. The regular construction would be,
quam parsurum. When in such cases the subjunctive follows, there
appears to be an ellipsis as here, quam (id commissurum ut) parceret.
Quos ducebat. This verb, considered as the language of Sylla in the oratio obliqua, should be in the subjunctive,' 266, 3: but here, as in many
other examples, the writer puts himself in'the place of him whose language he is quoting, and believing the truth of what is alleged adopts
the language as his own.
Ceterum ab eodem, sc. Voluce.
Ceenatos essejubet. Jubeo like volo often takes the infinitive of the perfect
passive to denote an eager desire that something should be instantly
accomplished. See Zumpt Lat. Gr.
Quum equites Mauri nunciant. See note on Quum Sulla, etc. Chap. CL
Vindicandum, sc. in Volucem.-Apud ilium, i. e. in illo.
CVII. Eadem existimabat, sc. se proditos a Voluce, etc.
Hortatur uti gererent, Q 258, 2, R. 1, (a.)
Pepercissent, ~ 266, 2, R. 4.-Armaverit, $ 266, 2.
Faceret, ~ 266, 3.- Videlicet speculanti, "doubtless on the watch."
Cognitum esset, " had become known."
Multitudinem haberet, sc. Jugurtha.- Patre suo, $ 208, (1.)
Credere, sc. se, i. e. Volucem.
Solum cum Sulla, i. e. undoubtedly with Sylla and his Roman guards
Paucis strenuis-bene pugnatum, $ 225, II.
CVIII Prcemissus-orator, et subdole speculatum Bocchi consilia. The purposes of prcemissus are denoted by orator and speculatum, ~ 204, R: 1,
and. 2i6, II, and these are therefore properly connected by et' PS?,8 as
they have each the same relation to prccmissus.




314                     NOTES ON THE
Postquam audierat. See note on Postquam, etc. Chap. XI.
Practerea Dabar, sc. multum etfamiliariter agebat.
Diem-tempus. As tempus follows diem it must be taken in a more limited
sense for t" the time of day, the hour."
Deligeret, 6 273, 3, & O 266, R. 1.
Consulta, "deliberated upon," viz. between Sylla and Bocchus during the
former visit of Sylla.-Sese habere, i. e. esse. See Habeo.
Integra, "unchanged," i. e. unaffected by the influence of Jugurtha or
other causes.
Neu pertimesceret. See note above on deligeret.
Quo res communis licentius gereretur. The true reading is here doubtful
Some suppose that admissum or accitum is to be supplied, and that quo
denotes the purpose for which he had been invited by Bocchus, viz. lest
Jugurtha should suspect the purpose of the conference, if conducted
without the presence of an agent sent by him. For quo Gronovius proposes to read quin. Kritz suggests the supplying of remoto after quo.
The passage will then signify, that the presence of this agent of Jugurtha at the public audience of Sylla would allay his suspicions, and that
afterwards their affairs might be discussed more freely in his absence,
and without his knowledge.
Caveri nequivisse, $ 209, R. 3, (6.)
CIX. Pauca coram Aspare locuturum, sc. se, ~ 239, R. 2.
Edocet-responderentur,' 258, 2, R. 1, (a.)
Quce sibi responderentur: i. e. by Bocchus in the presence of Aspar, for the
purpose of misleading Jugurtha.
Sicuti voluerat. It had been left to Sylla to determine the time and
place of meeting. Chap. CVII.
Ab eo. In oratio directa a te. See Is and fle in Dict.-Jubet sc. illun.
Etiam nunc. The oratio obliqua seems to require etiam tune. See Tune
in Diet.
Decrevisse, sc. se, ~ 239, R. 2. Jubet containing the general idea of saying
governs decernere.
In sua castra, i. e. castra SulleO et Bocchi. These were doubtless distinct,
though probably not very remote from each other.
Ex sententia ambobus, $ 211, R. 5.
CX. Nunquam ego ratus sum, "I could never have anticipated," i 259, R. 4,
The protasis would be, si quis talis rei me admonuisset.
In hac terra, sc. Africa.
Fore ut —deberem, ~ 268,. 4, (b.)
Et omnium, sc. regum.
Privato hominz, a private citizen, in the vocabulary of Bocchus, is one not
possessing supreme power.
Id imminutum, "that this (ability) is impaired," ~ 206, (13.)
Fuerit mihi, "let it be my fortune," ~ 260, R. 6, 2d clause.
Aliquando, "at last," i. e. after so long a period of prosperity and independence.
Sume, utere. As these verbs govern one the accusative and the other
the ablative, a pronoun as iis must be supp ied with the latter.




JUGURTHINE WAR.                         315
Futaverzs, ~ 260, R. 6, 2d clause.
Fines meos. Bocchus again alludes to his claim to a part of the territories
of Jugurtha. See Chap. CII.
Id omitto,i.e. fines meos tutari.
CXI. Breviter et modice, sc. respondit.
Patefecit, quod polliceatur. The present here depends on the perfect indefinite. See Cat. XLI. Precepit ut simulent.
Ilorum'magis quam sua retulisse, 219, R. 1. Sua, c  208, (3).
Nunc peteret, tune ultro. Nunc is here used in the oratio obliqua in marked
distinction from tune which follows.
Affinitatem. Jugurtha was his son-in-law.
Cognationem. Of their relationship by blood nothing is known.
Intervenisse. This verb can be connected to cognationem  only by
Zeugma.
Ad simulandam pacem, i. e. with Jugurtha
CXII. Conditionibus, "upon conditions (previously stipulated;") in distinction from an unconditional surrender.
Regis sui; i. e. Jugurthae.
Frustrafuisse. These words constitute the whole predicate. Jugurtha
alludes to such treaties as that made with Aulus, which was disannulled by the senate. Chap. XXXIX.
Consultum et ratam (esse) pacem vellet. Volo often occurs with the perfect infinitive. See Chap. CVI, Ccanatos essejubet, and note.
Una ab omnibus veniretur, instead of omnes una venirentur, 6 184, 2, (a.)'uumfore uti-fcedusfieret, O 268, R. 4, (b.)
Neque hominem nobilem-relictum iri. The construction of the former
clause would seem to require that this which is connected with it,
should have been et homo nobilis-non relinqueretur. The author, however, has resolved the first infinitive future, (Jactum iri,) into fore with
the imperfect subjunctive, and left the other unresolved.
Non sua ignavia sed ob rempublicam in hostium potestate. This is equivalent to the relative clause, Qui non sua ignavia sed ob rempublicam in
hostium potestate esset. The remaining words, neque hominem nobilem
relictum iri, require, in order to constitute a complete proposition, the
repetition of the words, in hostium potestate.
CXIII. Secum ipse,. 207, R. 28. So Ipses szbi adverse.
Cunctatus, sc, sit.
In colloquium uti, by anastrophe for ut} in colloquium, 6 323, 4, (1.)
Quec, i. e. quas res.-Scilicet-patefecisse. The infinitive with its accusative here, as Chap. CII, depends. on scilicet.
Uti dictum erat, i. e. lt constitutum erat.
Vinctus traditur. Sylla thought so highly of this service done by him to
the state, as to cause it to be represented on his seal; thereby occasioning great offence to Marius.
CXIV. Per idem tempus.   The capture of Jugurtha took place in the
648th year of the city, 106 years before the Christian era, and Caepio
and Manlius were defeated in the following year




316                     NOTES ON TIE
Gallos. The enemies here mentioned viz. the Cimbri and Teutones wero
in reality German tribes who entered Italy by the way of Gaul.
Quo metu, 3 207, R. 20.
Certare. sc, e,, 239, R. 2.
Marius consul absens factus. To elect as consul one who was absent
from the election was very unusual.
Ea tempestate. Sallust intimates that public opinion respecting Marius
was afterwards greatly altered. See Chap. LXIII.




NOTES ON THE CATILINARIAN CONSPIRACY.
L Omnes homines. In most editions of Sallust and occasionally in editions
of other Latin works, the accusative plural in is or in eis is found in
many words of the third declension whose genitive pi. ends in ium; as,
here omnis homines,' 85, Exc. 1, & ~ 114, 2.
Quz sese student prcestare,  2 271, R. 4, med.  Sese student praistare is
used rather than student sese praestare, as a substantive pronoun seldom
stands at the beginning of a proposition, unless it is intended to be
emphatic.-Decet, $ 269.Ne vctam transeant, 5 273, 1.
Velutt pecora, i 278, R. 1.
Sed nostra. Sed marks a distinction about to be made between our
powers, (nostra vis), and those of other animals, which are naturally incapable of any thoughts or efforts but such as have relation to the body.
Omnis vis, "whole powers, entire nature." A part of our natural powers,
viz. the corporeal, are the same as those of the other animals, but our
whole nature includes the mental as well as the corporeal powers.
Animi imperio-utimur. We make use of the dominion of the mind, i. e.
from the mind we derive dominion.-Corporis servitio magis utimur. But
we use rather the servitude of the body, i. e. to the body we are rather
in servitude. The meaning of the whole is, From the mind we derive
dominion; but that which we derive from our corporeal nature is rather
servitude than dominion. Utimur is connected with servitio by Zeugma.
Alterum-alterum, the former, i. e. animi imperium, the dominion of the
mind,-the latter, i. e. corporis servitio, the servitude of the body.
Quo, "by so much," i. e. by as much as the nature of the gods is superior
to that of the beasts, ~ 256, R. 16, & (2.)
Videtur. For the ellipsis of esse with videtur, see note on i-osteriores se
vident, J. 79.
Memoriam nostri, "the memory of us," memoria nostra would signify'" our
memory," "the memory which we exercise," $ 211, R. 3, (a.)
Incipias, 5 263, 3. See also 5 209, R. 7.
Consulto-mature facto, the former belongs to the mind, the latter depends especially on the body, O 243, R. 1, (a.)
Utrumque-alterum alterius, sc. vis corporis, et virtus animi, $ 205, R. 7,
(2.) For the construction of utrumque and alterum with eget, see Gr.
$ 204, R 10.
317




318                      N OTES ON   THE
1. Igitur, " accordingly," refers to the sentence Diu magnum inter mortales
certamen fuit.
Reges-pars-alii, $ 204, R. 10.
Sine cupiditate, sc. alieni, " of what belonged to others."
Agitabatur. Sallust often makes use of frequentative verbs in place of
their primitives.
Sua cuique, O 208, (7), &  279, 14.
In Asia Cyrus. Sallust appears to have considered as fabulous the accounts of earlier conquerors.
Causam belli, ~ 230, R. 1.
Maximam gloriam, sc. esse, " to be, to consist;";  270, R. 3, & note J. 79,
on Posteriores se vident.
Pejiculo atque negotiis, "by danger and difficulties."
Imperatorum animi virtus, ~ 211, R. 10.
Valeret-/haberent, ~ 261, 1.
Cerneres, ~ 209, R. 7, (a.)
Fortuna, sc. regum atque imperatorum.
Ad optimum quemque. Power has thus been transferred not only from
one prince or chieftain to another, but from kingdom to kingdom, as for
example, from the Assyrians to the Persians, from the Persians to the
Greeks, and from the Greeks to the Romans.
Quce homines arant, navigant adificant, lit, "what men plough, navigate
and build," an uncommon form of expression equivalent to, " what
men do in cultivating, navigating and building," or mpre con
cisely, " agriculture, navigation and architecture," in a wordl "the arts
of peace."
Virtuti omnia parent, "are all subject to, i. e. depend upon the intellectual
powers."
Quibus refers to multi mortales.
Quibus-voluptaii, 2227.
In magna copia. See in Diet. article in near the end.
Iter ostendit, i e. to acquire reputation.
III. Benefacere reipublicce, ~ 223.
Hand absurdum est, i. e. by litotes, est magnce laudi, O 324, 9.
Vel pace vel bello, ~ 253.
Clarumfieri licet, sc. homini or alicui; with clarum supply se, 239, R. 1.
Dicta putant, sc. esse.
De magna virtute-memores. See De in Diet.
Supra ea, i. e. quce putat esse supra ea, "what he supposes to be beyond
that," i. e. beyond what he thinks easy for himself to do.
Sicuti plerique, sc. adolescentuli, " as most persons are while in their youth."
Ibique, " and there." i. e. in my political career.
7amelsi animus, sc. meus.
Me-nihilo minus honoris cupido eademque, quceceteros,fama atque invmdta
vexabat, " still the desire of preferment and (as a consequence) the same
calumny and hostility, which is wont (in such case) to disquiet others,
disquieted me (also.) In most editions the que which follows eadem is
wanting, and in that casefama and invidia are by some supposed to be




(;ATILINAR[AN CONSPIRACY.                   3.19
in the nominative, and by others in the ablative. The sense is in each
case essentially the same. The reading in the text was suggested by
Cortius and adopted by Kritz.
IV. Nonfuit consilium-conterere, ~ 209, R. 3, (5.)
Agrrttm colendo-intentum, i 275, III, R. 2, (1.)
Seivilibus officiis, in apposition with agrum colendo aut venando. % 204, &
148, 2, (a.) 4 (b.)
Intentum, sc. me.
Eo'dem, instead of ad idem inceptum studiumque.
De conjuratione-absolvam. See De in Dict.
Novitate, i. e. propter novitatem, on account of the novelty. See note on
Reipublicce magnitudine, Chap. 31.
V. Nobili genere. The gens Sergia was accustomed to trace back its descent to Sergestus, a companion of IEneas.
Magna vi, ~ 211, R. 6, & R. 8, (2.)
Huic-bella intestina, codes, etc. grata, ~ 205, R. 2, (2.)
Cujus rei libet, for cujuslibet rei, ~ 323, 4, (5.)
Supra quam. Supra gives to a positive degree the force of a comparative, ~ 127, 6.
Satis eloquentice, sc. illi fuit, " he had eloquence enough," i. e. he was
tolerably eloquent. In most editions we find loquentiwc, but in almost all
the manuscripts eloquentice is read, ~ 212, R. 4.
Post dominationem, "ever since-."
Quce utraquie. The plural relative is here neuter, although both the antecedents are feminine and in the singular number, "both which things."
Di.pari genere, etc. ~ 211, R. 6.-Coaluerint, ~ 265.
Hortari-admonuit, sc. me.-De moribus, S 218, R. 1.
Majorum, sc. nostrorum.
Disserere. The subjunctive clauses introduced by quomodo, quantum, and
ut, as well as the accusative instituta depend on disserere, ~ 229, R. 5.
VI. Sicuti ego accepi. Sallust here relates the traditions, respecting the
origin of the Roman empire, without vouching for their:ruth.
In una menia, 6 118, 2, Rem. 2.
Res eorui*, i. e. Romanorum, the same as res Romana. See Res in Dict.
Aucta, increased, improved, enlarged, O 323, 1, (2.) (a.)
Invidia, sc. regum et populorum.-Ex opulentiu, sc. Romanorum.
Tentare, O 209, R. 5, & O 269, (a.) fin.
Auxilio esse, % 227, R. 2, & 3.
Annis infirmumv ~ 247.-Sapientia validum, ~ 250.
Veel state vel curce similitudine, i. e. propter etatem, etc. See note on No'itate, Chap:IV.
Conservanda! libertatisfuerat, had tended to the maintenance of liberty,
~ 275, III, R. 1, (5.)
Bziosque zmperatores, sc. consules.
Eo modo. The causal particle nam. is here omitted.
VII. Sed ea tempestate. Sed in this and in other parts of this chapter denotes transition.
Coepere se qulisque, % 209, R. 11, (4.)
28




320                      NOTES ON THE
Juventus-patiens erat,-discebat, habebant, ~ 209, R. 11, (2.)
Sic se quisque. Properabat is here construed like cupio, 4-c., 271, and
R. 4.
Eas divitias, earn bonam famam-putabant, "this" (viz. this eagerness to
encounter the enemy, &c.) "they accounted riches," &c. 206, (10))
When, as in this case, the pronoun refers to a sentence as its antecedent, it always agrees with the following noun.
Possem —ni traheret, O 261, 1.
Fuderit-ceperit, $ 265.
VIII. Sed profecto. Sed is here adversative, and marks the want of correspondence between the merits and fame of the ancient Romans.
Quam. For the omission of magis before quam. See Magis in Dict.
Ego existimo, ~ 209, R. 1, (b.)
Scriptorum magna ingenia, " great talents of writers," instead of " writers
of great talents:" by metonymy of the property for the substance, ~ 324,
2. So in the next sentence, Preclara ingenia..Ear, sc. vi)'At. The more common reading is ea, sc.facta.
IX. Igitur dome,   ir marks a return to the subject of the seventh chapter.
Jurgia, discordias, simultates, these words denote domestic or civil contentions, and the meaning of the author is, that the malevolent feelings
often exercised in civil society, were by the ancient Romans, turned
against the public enemies.
In amicisfideles. In with the ablative here signifies " in regard to," and
consequently does not differ essentially from in amicos, "faithful to
their friends."
Ubi pax evenerat aequitate. Exact correspondence with the preceding
clause would have required cquitate in pace.
Heec habeo, "these facts" or "circumstances,"-viz. those mentioned in
the subsequent part of the chapter, ~ 230, R. 1.
Quique tardius, ~ 256, R. 9, (a.)
Quam qui, i. e. quam in eos qui: quam relates to sepius.
Inoscere quam persequi, sc. earn.
X. Sed, nbi —respublica crevit, ~ 259, R. 1, (2), (d.) All the verbs in this period, from crevit to patebant inclusive, forming the protasis of the period,
depend upon ubi; the apodosis commences at sccvre. In the protasis
the imperfect is properly connected with the perfect, since the latter is
used for the pluperfect.
R. ges magni, sc. Syphax, Phillip, Antiochus, Perses, Pyrrhus and Mithridates.
Optundcr, ~ 205, R. 2, Exc.
Alias. These things, which in themselves are good and desiiable, proved
at that time a source of evil to the Romans.
Ea quasi. Ea " these things," " these vices refers to pecunice cupido, and
imperii cupido, avarice and ambition.
Materies omniunz mnalorum, i. e. of all the evils of which the author is
speaking,-the evils which came upon the Roman empire in consequence of the general corruption of manners.




OATILINARIAN     CONSPIRACY.                 321
Superbiam-omnia venalia habere. Two constructions are here united
$ 229, R. 5 & 2d clause.
Ingenium bonum as opposed to vultus bonus signifies "a good heart'
Hac primo, "these vices"-.
XI. Bonus ignavus. In uniting things opposite, when they are said to occur
equally or to be mingled promiscuously, the conjunction is often omitted. See in Jug. 51, arma tela, equi viri, hostes cives permixti.
Bonis znitiis, 257, R. 7. i. e. quum ejus initia bona essent.
Huic quia bonce artes desunt,-contendit: i. e. hic, quia ei bonae arte desunt,
-contendit. Hic, which in reference to ei may be considered as its
antecedent, is attracted into the case of its relative ei, and the latter is
omitted, ~ 206, (6), (b), &  209, R. 2, (1), (b).
Ea, sc. avaritia.
Corpus animumque virilem, ~ 205, R. 2, Exc.
L. Sulla, armis recepta republica. L. Sylla freed the state from the domination of Marius, Cinna and Carbo, but became in his turn a cruel tyrant.
Huc accedebat, qu3d, ~ 273, 6. Huc, i. e. ad hoc
_li, sc. milites Sullani.
Corruptis moribus, ~ 211, R. 6.
KII. Postquam divitie honori esse ccepere. In the protasis of this period the
imperfect is connected with the perfect, because the latter is used in the
sense of the pluperfect after postquam, ~ 259, R. 1, (2), (d.) See the
first note, Chap. X.
Sequebatur,'209, R. 9.
Innocentia pro malevolentia. Innocentia is here the opposite of avaritia.
Malevolentia; i. e. as evidence of malice towards those who had acquired wealth by their rapacity.
Ex divitiis, "in consequence of-." The ablative without a preposition
commonly denotes the immediate cause, with ex a remote cause.
Cum superbia, 249, III.
Victores hostibus, i. e. victis.
Id demum, ~ 207, R. 22.-Esset, ~ 263, 3.
XIII. Nam quid ea memorem, ~ 260, II, R. 5.Ea. 207, R. 22.
Subversos montes, etc. Reference seems to be made especially to the
fish-ponds of Lucullus, which were supplied with water by means of
tunnels cut through mountains, and were so large that they might well
be called seas.
Honeste habere, i. e. honeste uti, in opposition to abuti.
Abutz, sc. iis.
Libido ganeca. Their love of luxurious feasts, is illustrated by the subsequent clause vescendi causa-exquirere.
Ceteri cultus. This is illustrated in a variety of particulars by the clauses,
dormire prius-luxa antecapere.
Exquirere, dormire, etc. historical infinitives.
XIV. Id quodfactu, ~ 206, (13), (b.)
Alienunm es grande, ~ 205, R. 16, (c.)
Quos manus atque Iwngua; this relates to such as were employed as assas
sins and false witnesses.




322                     NOTES ON THE
-Pejurio aut sanguine civili.. Perjurio refers to lingua, and sanutlne
civili to manu by the figure chiasmus, which consists in such an
airangement of four words that the third corresponds to the secoind
and the fourth to the first, like the extremities of the letter chi X
Alebat-exagitabat, O 209, R. 12, (2.)
Ex aetate. See note on ex divitiis, Chap. 12.
Qui ita-existimarent, 6 266, 1.
Quae domum Catilincefrequentabat, S 266, R. 5.
Ex aliis rebus, " from other circumstances," especially from the profligate
character of Catiline, of which the author treats at large in the next
chapter.
XV. Cum virgine nobili, cum sacerdote Vestee, the name of the former is
unknown, the latter was Fabia, the sister of Terentia, the wife of Cicero,
and subsequently of Sallust.
Nihil unquam bonus laudavit, " a good man never," —or, " no good man
ever"-.
Privignum, a son of Catiline by a former marriage, who would have become the step-son of Orestilla, on her marriage with Catiline.
Vacuam domum. Cicero, Cat. I. 6, charges Catiline with the crime of
murdering his wife also for the same purpose.
Facinoris, sc. the crinle of conspiracy against his country.
XVI. Ut supra diximus, see Chap. XIV.
Commodare, sc. iis, quibus testes filsi, etc. opus essent.
Habere-majora alia imperabat. A double construction,. 229, & R. 5.
The historical infinitive commodare in this period is followed by the imperfect indicative imperabat. Sometimes the order of these constructions
is reversed, as in the first period of Chap. XXI.
Circumvenire,jugulare, i. e. by the agency of these associates, ~ 209, R. 5.
Victoriae veteris memores, sc. over the party of.Marius.
In extremis terris, sc. in Pontus and Armenia, where he was engaged in
the Mithridatic war.
Ipsi, sc. Catilince.
Nihil sane intentus. VNiil for non. See Dict.
XVII. Quibus in, otio. The demonstrative ii is here omitted though commonly expressed when its case would be different from its relative
S 206, (3,) (a.) Quibus is in the plural referring to the collective noun
juventus.
Vivere copia erat, O 270, R. 1.
FFuere-qui crederent, ~ 264, 6.
Quia Cn. Pompeius. Before this clause the causal particle tam, as in
many other cases, is omitted, for this clause contains the reason of the
opinion mentioned in the preceding one.
Voluisse, i. e. crederent eum (sc. Crassum) voluisse.
Apud illos, sc. conjuratos, Gr. ~ 323, 3, (5,) & ~ 206, (11.)
XVIII. Antea. The conspiracy here spoken of occurred A. U. C. 688, three
years before the principal Catilinarian conspiracy..De quo. The reading in most editions is de qua, referring to conjuratio
supposed to be implied in the verb conjuravere. 6 206. (11.) The neuter




CA'TILINARIAN    CONSPIRAt Y.               323
quo which is found in several manuscripts is adopted by the Bipont
editors and by Kritz, and exhibits a more common Latin idiom,
> 206, (13.)
Designati consules, the consuls were elected in July, and entered upon
the duties of their office in the January following.
Legibus ambitus, by the Calpurnian law, enacted A. U. C. 686 those who
were convicted of bribery were removed from the senate, excluded from
the consulship, and subjected to a fine.
Pecuniarum repetundarum. Catiline was accused of extortion after his
return from Africa, where he had been a praetor. While he stood accused of this crime the laws did not permit him to become a candidate
for the consulship.
Calendis Januariis, sc. at the inauguration of the consuls, Cotta and Torquatus, who had been elected after Autronius and Sylla were set
aside.
Ipsi, sc. Catiline and Autronius.
Ea re cognita, "this plot"-.
Ea res, "this circumstance," i. e. Catiline's giving the signal prematurely
XIX. Adnitente Crasso, see Chap. XVII, near the end.
Infestum inimicum Cn. Pompeio, $ 211, R. 5, (1.)
Invitus dederat, O 205, R. 15, (a.)
Presidium in eo, i. e. a security against the formidable power of Pompey.
Etjam turn. Et here introduces an explanatory clause, "and even then,"
i. e. " for already."
Sunt qui ita dicunt. Est qui is followed by the indicative whenever the
writer would represent the person referred to as well known to him,
~ 264, 6, Rem. 4.
XX. Catilina-videt-secedit-habuit. In Sallust the historical present ~ 145.
1, 3, is often connected with the perfect indefinite.
Paulo qlte memoravi, see Chap. XVII.
Multa sape egerat, "had often discussed many topics" relating to the conspiracy.
Ni virtus-spectataforent,-res cecidisset,  S 261, 1.
Per ignava aut vana ingenia, by metonymy for per ignavos aut vanos
homines, " by means of cowardly or faithless men," in which reference
is made to virtusfidesque, in a preceding clause, or to fortes jidesque,
in a subsequent one.
1ultis et magnis tempestatibus. For this use of et see Multus in Diet.
Idem velle atque idem nolle. Ea, ~ 206, (13), (c.) -  See a corresponding passage Jug. 31, Quos omnes eadem cupere, eadem odisse, eadem
metuere in unum coegit; sed hacC inter bonos amicitia, inter malos factio
est, ~ 324, 13.
Sed ego qua mente agitavi. As this clause contains the past thoughts of
the speaker indirectly referred to, its verb nright have been in the subjunct. (Q 266, 3, & 2, R. 2,) had it not been the intention of Catiline to
imply that he had really entertained such designs, ~ 266, R. 5.
Ceterum miht, ~ 211, R. 5, (1.)
Qula conditio vitacfutura sit, ~ 265.
28*




324                      NOTES ON THE
Nosmet tpsi, ~ 207, R. 28. In constructions of this kind zpse agrees with
the subject or with the object of the verb, according as either is em
phatic.
Vulgusfinmus, "were accounted the rabble."-Ubi illi volunt, sc. eas esse
A nns atque divitiis, " in consequence of age and riches," i. e. of luxury
induced by riches.
Omnia,'all their powers."
Cetera res expediet, "the rest the thing itself will bring about,' i. e.  the
revolution, which we contemplate, needs but to be begun, and it will of
itself go on to a successful termination. Cetera, ace. pl.
Montibus coasquandis. See Chap. XIII, at the beginning.
Nova diruunt, alia cdificant, sc. ccdificia.
En illa, illa. An example of the figure epizeuxis, ~ 324, 20.
Prcemta posuit, ~ 230, R. 2.
Vel imperatore, vel milite me, ~ 204, R. 1.
Nisi forte me animus fallit: i. e. in regard to the opinion which I have
formed respecting your preference of power to servitude.
Et vos servire. Et here introduces an explanatory clause.
XXI. Magna merces videbatur. See note J. 79, on Posteriores se vident.
The subject of videbatur is quieta movere.
Quac bellum atque libido victorum fert, —" bring with them."
Prcaterea esse,-  270, R. 2, (b.) - This omission of dico, &c., is most
common when a verb which may imply it has preceded, as in this place,
polliceri.
Petere consulatum C. Antonmum. Antonius was indeed elected consul, but
as colleague of Cicero, and instead of aiding Catiline, he commanded
the army by which the conspirators were defeated.
Hominem etfamiliarem. The poverty as well as profligacy of Antonius
were such as might have rendered him a fit associate of Catiline.
Increpat-laudare-admonebat. This historical present is here connected
with the historical infinitive and with the perfect indefinite.
XXII. Inde, i. e. deinde, "then," an adverb of time.
Degustavissent, sc. sanguinem vino permixtam.
Dictitare,fecisse; dictitare for dictitabant, referring to the same persons as
fuere qui dicerent, " some"-. Fecisse, sc. Catilinam.
Alii tantifacinoris conscii, 6 222, R. 3. Conscii, $ 204, R. 10. Tanti facinoris, i. e. the crime of drinking human blood.
Ciceronis invidiam, ~ 211, R. 12.
XXIII. Natus haud obscuro loco, $ 324, 9.
Neque dicere, neque facere quidquam pensi habebat, instead of neque in
dicendo, neque infaciendo.Quoque modo, i. e. et quo modo..Estuabat et-credebant,' 209, R. 11, (2).
XXIV. Comitus habitis, "the election being over, i. e. at the close of the
election."
Concusserat. The pluperfect is here used where the perfect indefinite was
to have been looked for. The author appears to have been led to the
use of this tense, by comparing in his mind the subsequent perseverance




CATILINARIAN CONSPIRACY.                    325
of the conspirators, with the check at first felt by them, in consequence
of the election of Cicero to the consulship.
Plura agitare, " he set on foot new plans."
XXV. Litteris Gredcis-docta, O 250.
Multa alia, "many other accomplishments." Alia is in the ace. ($ 234, 1)
depending, together with the abl. litteris, and the infinitives psallere and
saltare, upon docta. A variety of constructions, depending upon the
same word, is not unusual in Sallust.
Qua instrumenta luxuria: sunt, " which contribute to luxury."
Cariora semper omnia, quam decus atque pudicitia fuit, 9 209, R: 12 (3).
Haudfacile decerneres, ~ 209, R. 7, (a.)
XXVI. Nihilo minus-consulatum petebat. Nihilo minus appears to refer to
the defeat, which he had suffered the preceding year, when a candidate
for the consulship, and against the recurrence of which he had now
made great preparation. See Chaps. XXIV and XXV.
In proximum annum, i. e. A. U. C. 692.
Pactione provincie. It was customary to assign by lot, the province
which each consul was to govern the year after the expiration of his
consulship. On this occasion Cisalpine Gaul had fallen to Antonius
and the rich province of Macedonia to Cicero. The latter, in order to
secure to the state the fidelity of his colleague, made a voluntary ex 4
change of provinces.
Dies comitzorum. The day originally appointed for this election was the
21st of October, but a postponement was afterwards made until the
28th of the same month. See Cic. in Cat. I. 3. On the day last mentioned D. Julius Silanus and L. Licinius Murena were chosen consuls.
In campo, sc. Martio. See Cic. in Cat. I. 5.
XXVII. C. Manlium Facsulas. Manlius had probably come to Rome, to
assist Catiline in the consular election.
Item, aliosjubere, sc. cum telo esse
Agitanti, sc. illi.
Per AM Porcium Lcccam. It was at the house of Laeca that the heads of
the conspiracy assembled. See Cic. in Cat. I. 4.
Ibique, i. e. in illo conventu..
Paraverat, O 266, R. 5.-Facerent, $ 264, 5.
XXVIII. Domi su&C, $ 221, R. 3, (1.)
Egestate simul, ac dolore injurice, "as well from poverty, as from resentment on account of injury."
Ex Sullanis colonis. Sylla had distributed to his soldiers the land of
those Etrurians who had favored the cause of Marius.
XXIX. Ancipiti malo, i. e. by the danger to be apprehended from the conspirators remaining in the city, and from the army of Manlius.
Prvato consilio. In opposing the designs of Catiline, Cicero had hitherto
relied upon his own resources and those of his friends, and had made
no use of his consular power.
Quo consilio, O 211, R. 6.-Quod plerumque, ~ 206, (13), (a.)
-Darent operam, 5 262, R. 4.-Per senatum, $ 247 R 4




326                      NOTES ON     THE
Maxima permittitur, i. e. est maxima qua permittitur.
Ea potestas-bellum gerere, coercere, etc. ~ 204, R. 9.
Null, earum rerum consuli jus est, " no consul has authority to do these
things."
XXX. Facsulis, see Chap XXVII.
Allatas sibi dicebat, sc. esse. See note J. 79, on Posteriores se vident.
Scriptum erat, ~ 205, R. 8.
Ante diem sextum calendas, i. e. in diem sextum ante calendas, ~ 326, (8.)
"on the 27th of October."
Simul, id quod, $ 206, 13, (b.)
Portenta. These are mentioned by Cicero, 3d oration in Cat. 8, and by
Pliny, Hist. Nat. II, 51.
Conventusfieri, arma portari, ~ 145, N. 3.
Servile bellum moveri, sc. by C. Julius; see Chap. XXVII.
Sed pretores, sc. missi sunt.
Praemium-servo libertatem, $ 204, R. 1, & ~ 230, R. 2.
Ejus rei, $ 211, R. 12.
XXXI. Lcetitia atque lasczvia, que, d 206, (15), (a.)
Diuturna quies. The last civil commotions in Rome, previous to the conspiracy of Catiline, were those excited by Sylla, nearly twenty years
before.
Reipublica magnitudine, "on account of the greatness-." The ablative
without a preposition in the sense of propter with the accusative occurs frequently in Sallust.
Eadem illa, " the same designs."
Et ut, "and as if."
In senatum venit. This occurred on the 8th of November, A. U. C. 691.
Orationem habuit, sc. the first oration against Catiline.
Eafamilia ortum, sc. se, ~ 239, R. 2.-Perdita republica, ~ 274, R. 5.
Inquilinus civis. Cicero had removed from Arpinum to Rome.
Quum eam servaret —" was trying to preserve it."  See note Jug. XXVII
on Leniebant.
Ruina restinguam,-" by the destruction of the commonwealth.'
XXXII. Neque insidica consuli-et, ~ 278, R. 7. Insidica consuli, ~ 211, R. 5
Optimum factum, instead of optimum, sc. esse, the subject of which is e.ercitum augere, etc., and the predicate optimum factum, ~ 210.
Priusquam legiones scriberentur, ~ 263, 3.
QuCe bello usuiforent, ~ 266, 1.-Opesfactionis eonfirment, $ 262, R. 4.
Sese propediem, sc. dicit, which is implied in mandat.
Ex suo numero, instead of, ex suorum numero, $ 207, R. 20.
Marcium Regem, see Chap. XXX.
XXXIII Qui miseri, ~ 206, 12.
I'lerique patrice, sed omnes fama atquefortunis expertes. Expertes is here
limited first by the genitive patrice, and afterwards by the ablativesfama
and fortunis, ~ 213, R. 5, (2), & ~ 278, R. 2.
Cuiquam nostrum, ~ 212, R. 2, N. 2.
Legs uti, reference appears to be made to a law enacted, A. U, C. 429 in




CATILINARIAN CONSPIRACY.                    327
consequence of the shameful oppression exercised by a usurer named
Papirius, by which law it was provided that the persons of debtors
should not be subject to restraint on account of their debts.
Pretoris, sc. urbani, the judge before whom civil causes were tried.
Argentum rre solutum est, i. e. instead of a silver sesterce, an as of copper
of one fourth the value of the former, was paid, 6 327, R. 3.
Sacpe ipsaplebes-secessit, a secession of the common people is said to
have thrice occurred. Ipsa plebes, "the people on their part,' in dis
tinction from majores vestrum, the patricians. Measures designed for
public relief had originated sometimes with the senate and sometimes
with the common people.
XXXIV. Si quid ab senatu petere vcllent, ab armis decedant. The imperfect
followed by the present is an uslusual construction.
Ab eo; eo it will be observed is in the singular, though referring both to
senatum and populum, which appear to be here spoken of collectively as
one body.
Discedant-proficiscantur, Q 266, R. 1. Not only the mood but the tense
of the oratio directa is-here retained.
Ea mansuetudine atque misericordia, O 211, R. 8, (2.)
Litteras mittit is followed by the infinitive with the accusative, in the same
manner that scribit would be, O 272.
Non quo sibi tanti sceleris, conscius esset, $ 262, R. 9.
XXXV. Re cognita, " ascertained" or " proved by deeds" or " actual services,"
( known by experience."  Catiline had been defended by Catulus when
accused of a capital crime in reference to Fabia. See Chap. XV.
Gratam-fiduciam, "a pleasing confidence."
In magnis meis periculis, " while exposed to great perils."
Commendationi mew, i. e. to his commendation of Orestilla to the care
of Catulus. See the close of this letter. The common reading of the
whole sentence, is, Egregia tua fides, re cognita, grata mihi magnis in
meis periculis fiduciam commendationi mea: tribuit. If for re cognita, we
were allowed to read recognita, "recollected," the passage might be
translated, the recollection of your faithful attachment (so) pleasant to
me while exposed to imminent perils, gives, &c." In this way, magnms
periculis, might be understood either of his present dangers, or of those
in which Catulus had formerly assisted him.
Quamobrem, i. e. on account of his reliance upon the friendship of Catulus,
In novo consilio, "in my new enterprise."
Non statui parare, for statui non parare, as non, though modifying an infinitive, is placed before the verb on which the infinitive depends.
Sattsfactionem. Supply sed.
De culpa, instead of the gen. culpe.
Quam, sc. satisfactionem. Licet cognoscas, ~ 262, R. 4, "you may be assured "- Veram, sc. esse.
Statum dignitatis, i. e. the consulship.-Meis nominibus, sc. facturn, sive
contractum.-Ex possessionibus, sc. meis.
Alienis nominibus, sc. es alienum.
Quum et, i. e. quum etiam.




328                     NOTES ON THE
Ncn dignos hominles. He probably refers especially to Cicero, a nomus
homo.
Pro meo casu, " considering my unfortunate condition."
Plura quum scriberem. The pretence of personal danger, on account of
which this letter closes thus abruptly, appears to have been intended by
Catiline to serve as an apology, for not opening his heart more fully to
one, in whom he professed to place implicit confidence.
XXXVI. Condemnatis, is in the dative connected by preter in the sense of
preterquam to iis understood referring to multitudini, which depends on
liceret, 6 278, R. 1.
Duobus senati decretis, ~ 257, R. 7, "notwithstanding two decrees of the
senate," for the former of these, see Chap. XXX.
Neque-quisquam omnium, ~ 207, R. 31.
Tanta vis morbi, the moral malady here referred to, was the excessive desire of a change in public affairs. See the beginning of Chap. XXXVII.
XXXVII. Aliena, ( alienated," sc. from the government.
Quibus opes nulle sunt, bonis invident sc. ii. When the demonstrative
would differ in case from the relative it is commonly expressed. See a
similar example in Chap. XIII, quippe quos,etc.
Ea vero; ea in this passage, though pleonastic in its construction, serves
to distinguish emphatically the populace of the city from the common
people of the empire in general, whose disaffection is mentioned at the
beginning of this chapter.
Prveceps ierat, i. e. into the revolutionary designs of Catiline.
Primum omnium, the principal classes into which the populace of the city
was divided, and the causes of dissatisfaction in each are mentioned under the five general divisions, marked by primim omnium, deinde,
prccaerea, preterea, ad hoc.The first general division is subdivided into three
classes by qui ubique, item alii and postremo
Alios senatores, sc. esse or fieri.
Privatis atque publicis largitionibus, a monthly distribution of corn was
made to the populace at the public expense, in addition to the largesses
of wealthy and ambitious citizens.
Juxta ac, "just as," i. e. "as badly as," " no better than."
Praeterea quorum, sc. ii, S 206, (4).
Jus libertatis imminutum.  Sylla had ordered that the children of those
whom he had proscribed, should be held ineligible to office, and in this
respect they were still deprived of the common rights of citizens.
Aliarum partium erant, ~ 211, R. 8, (2.) "who belonged to another party."
Atque senati, i. e. atque senati partium.
Qudm minis valere ipsi, "than to have less power themselves." Before
valere supply se, O 239, R. 2. Ipsi, ~ 207, R. 28.
Id aded malum. The alarming evil here spoken of arising frcm the bitterness of party spirit, had on many previous occasions threatened the
ruin of the state.
XXXVIII. Tribunicia potestas, the power of the tribunes had been greatly restricted by L. Sylla, but was restored in the consulship of Pompey and
Crassus. A, U. C. 684.




CATILINARIAN     CONSPIRACY.                329
&9ummam potestatem nacti. The tribunicial power is here referred to, though
this power in its proper use was not the highest power in the state.
Senati specie, i. e. senati magnitudinis specie, " for (the advancement of)
their own power, under the semblance (of promoting that) of the
senate."
XXXIX. Bsllunz maritimum, this war, called also bellum piraticum, was
carried on by Pompey, A. U. C, 687, against the Cilicians, who had
filled every sea with piratical vessels, and had even plundered some of
the Italian cities. In forty days the war was brought to a successful
termination. In consequence of this eminent success, Pompey was
appointed to the command of the war against Mithridates.
Ceteros, i. e. other patricians who were supposed to court the favour of the
people or to belong to the popular party, as Crassus, Caesar, &c.
Quiplebem. The readingofKritz. Others read Quoplebem.
Tractarent, ~ 266, 3.
Animos eorum sc. plebis.
Neque illis, i. e. neque tamem illis. See Neque in Diet.
Tamen, "notwithstanding" these considerations.
Parens necarijussit, under the Roman law fathers had the power of putting
to death their children.
XL. Bellicosa esset, 8 266, 3.
Facile eos. The subject ofadduci posse was understood with oppressos,
but after the parenthesis prceterea quod etc. is repeated. So in Chap.
XXXVII. ea vero.
Plerisque principibus civitattum, sc. Gallicarum.
Atque eos noverat, ~ 183, 3, N. 3.-Civitatis, sc. Allobrogum. —Ejus, so.
civitatis.
Quem excitum tantis malls, $ 211, R. 5.
Postquam videt. Postquam is often found in Sallust with the historical
present.
Mliseriis suis remedium. The objective dative, $ 211, R. 5.
Exspectare. Before this verb, which depends on dicentes understood, we
must supply se.
Viri esse vultis, Q 210, R. 6.
Hec ubi dixit, $ 259, R. 1, (2), (d.)-Tamn difficile esse,. 270, R. 2.
Dum ea res. Ea res is used here and in other places instead of id; the
general idea expressed in English by thing, being expressed in Latin
sometimes by res, and sometimes by adjectives in the neuter gender,
and hence a transition is often made from one of these modes to the
other.
Ab Roma aberat, ~ 255, R. 2.-Pollicitos operam suam, S 208, (7).
Domum dimittit. Domus here signifies not their native country, but
their place of residence at Rome.
XLI. In incerto habue-e. quidnam, &c., ~ 229. R. 5.
In altera parte. The motives on the part of the ambassadors and their
countrymen to engage in the conspiracy are first mentioned.
In spe victori,, " in the hope of victory," i. e. in the victory hoped for.
At in altera. The advantages of betraying the conspiracy are next con



330)                     NOTES ON TIHE
sidered., and these appear to be personal to the ambassadors, rather thlan
to their countrymen in general.
Majores opes, "greater power and influence," to be enjoyed by the
ambassadors, as a reward from the Romans for betraying the con
spiracy.
Cerlta prcmia. Specific rewards had been offered by the senate to any one
who would give information respecting the conspiracy (see Chap. XXX,)
but these are probably not referred to in this place.
Cijuspatrocinio. Most nations subject to the Romans had some one
among the senators who took the oversight of their affairs, and whom
they called their patron.' This patronage was hereditary.
Prctcepit ut-simulent. The historical perfect followed by the present is
unusual, ~ 258, 2, (2). See J. XIII, & CXI.
XLII. Quos antea Catilina dimiserat. See Chap. XXVII.
Fix eo numero. See Numerus in Dict.
Item in ulteriore Gallia C. Mureana, sc. complures in vincula conjecerat.
See Item in Diet.
Ut vzdebantur, " as they appeared," instead of paratis copiis, qu&a videbantur magnma, i. e. satis magnae. The impersonal videbatur is more commonly employed in this sense.
XLIII. Lentulus cum ceteris-constituerant, 6 209, R. 12, (6).
Cetera multitudo t.Iuarationis, " the rest of the multitude concerned in the
conspiracy."
Hoc modo, i. e. tali modo.
Quo tumultu, i. e. ut eo tumultu, " that by the tumult which this would occasion,", 207, R. 20.
Alius autem alium, sc. aggrederetur.
Inter lhec parata atque decreta, ~ 274, R. 5.
X LIV. Ex praccepto Ciceronis. See Chap. XLI, near the end.
Quod signatum ad cives perferant, O 264, 5.
Dant. sc.jusjurandum signatum.
Eo brevi venturum,i. e. into the country of the Allobroges.
Mittit uti confirmarent. The imperfect depending upon the historical present, ~ 258, 2, R. 1, (a.)
Quis sim. Cicero, who had the intercepted letter in his possession, has
given it in 3d Cat. 12, as follows: Qui sim, ex eo quem ad te mist, cognosces. Cura ut vir sis, et cogita quem in locum sis progressus, et vzde
quidjam tibi sit necesse. Cura ut omnium tibi auxilia adjungas, etiam
infimrorum.
Fac cogites, 6 2;2, R. 4, & ~ 267, R. 3. —Et memineris, i 183 3, N. 3.
XLV. Cetera, "as for the rest," i. e. in regard to details.
Ita agant, sc. ut, ~ 262, R. 4.
Iomznines militares, sc. Flaccus and Pomptinus.
1'rcsidiis collocatis. See 3d oration against Catiline, Chap. V.
Ad id loci, ~ 212, R. 3. —Et simul, i. e. et sinmul ac.
XLVI. Quibus rebus confectis, these events occurred on the night between
the 2d and 3d of December, A. U. C 691.
C7onsdli, sc. Ciceroni.




CATILINARIAN     CONSPIRACY.                331
Pwenam zllorum, sc. videbat or verebatur, the latter of which may beo inlplied in anxius erat.
Sibi oneri, "would bring a weight of odium upon him."
Perdendce reipublice, S 275, III, R. 1, (5).
Ipse meanus tenens. This was intended as a mark of respect to the official
character of Lentulus..Atdem Concordie. In this temple, built by Camillus, upon the side of the
Capitoline mount, the senate that day assembled, and in a private apartment of this temple the conspirators seem to have been detained, until
they were introduced into the senate.
Magnafrequentia, t 257, R. 7, (a.)
Volturcium cum legatis. Cure in this place does not imply any very close
connection of time, as it appears from Cicero, (Or. in Cat. III, 4,) that
Volturcius was introduced apart from the Gauls. It is equivalent to et.
XLVII. Quid, aut qua de causa, consilii habuisset, "what design he had
entertained, or for what reason he had entertained it."
Fingere alia, i. e. other than what pertained to the conspiracy.
2Nihil amplius scire quam legatos. This expression is thought by some to
be ambiguous. Its more obvious meaning is that "he knew nothing
more than the ambassadors knew." Kritz and Herzog however interpret it to mean that "he knew nothing more than," or taking nihil for
neminem that A" he knew none besides the armuas~,Jors:" i. e. none of
the conspirators besides. If we translate docet, "he shows," the common translation may perhaps be sustained, for it is obvious from Chap
XLVIII, that he disclosed many things relating to the conspiracy,
though most of them may have been known to the'ambassadors also.
Cinnam atque Sullam antea, sc. urbis potitos esse.
Ab incenso Capitolio. The burning of the Capitolhere referred to occurred A. U. C. 671.
Decernit uti-haberentur, ( 258, R. 1. —C. Cesari, i. e. C. Julio Ccesari.
XLVIII. Alia belli facinora prdacc, sc. sibi, 1 227.
Quum se diceret indicaturum. Respecting this position of se, consult note
on Sese student prestare, Chap. 1.
Indicaturum (esse,)-data esset, ~ 266, 2, R. 4.
De itinere hostium, i. e. of the conspirators, towards Rome.
Missum a M. Crasso. See Chap. XVII.
Lentulus, Cethegus, aliique deprehensi, "the arrest of Lentulus," &o
~ 274, R. 5, (a.)
Terrerent, sc. eum, i. e. Catilinam.
Et illi-eriperentur sc. Lentulus, Cethegus, alii.
7Ianta vis hominis, instead of homo tantce vis.
Deque ea re, i. e. concerning the truth or falsehood of the testimony of
Tarquiniu~.
Consulente Cicerone, sc. senatum.
Neque amplius potestatem, i. e. indicandi, " of giving testimony."
Qui existimarent, ~ 264, 6.
More sue. This custom of Crassus, of patronizing the meanest and vilest,
is mentioned by Plutarch also.
29




332                     NOTES ON THE
XLIX   Sed iisdem temporibus. In what follows, Sallust appears to aim at
defending Cicero from the charge brought against him by Crassus; but
in doing this he brings a very improbable charge against Catulus and
Piso, for the purpose of screening from censure Caesar, his personal
friend.
Nam uterque exercebant, $ 209, R. 11. (4.)
Piso oppugnatus injudicio, etc. sc. inimicitiam exercebat. Oppugnatus sc
a Cacsare.
Propter cujusdam Transpadani supplicium. These words are to be con
nected to oppugnatus, not to pecuniarum repetundarum. In a prosecu
tion against Piso for extortion Caesar made an attack upon him for
unjustly punishing a certain individual.
Pontificatus, sc. maximi.
Ab adolescentulo Ccesare. Caesar, though at this time thirty-six years old
is called adolecentulus in reference to the more advanced age of Catulus
Opportuna videbatur, i. e. for Caesar, on account of the magnitude of his
debts, and this consideration caused the accusation to be more readily
believed.
Privatim-publice. These adverbs belong not to debebat, but to liberalitate and muneribus.
QueB se —udisse dicerent, instead of quce audissent ut dicebant, O 266, 3, 3d
clause.
Qu6 studium suum, etc. These words relate to Carsari gladio minitarentur.
L. Qui in custodiam traditi erant,' 266, 2, R. 5.
Primus sententiam rogatus, $ 205, R. 17.
Sententiam Tiberii Neronis. Tiberius Nero had proposed that the conspirators then in custody should be strictly guarded, until Catiline and
his army were vanquished, and that the whole subject should then be
referred to the senate.
Hujuscemodi verba. From the use of this expression, in relation to the
speeches of Caesar and Cato, it is evident that we have their sentiments
only, and not their language.
LI. Haud facile, etc. This sentence contains the reason of the preceding
but the causal particle nam or enim is here as in many other places
omitted.
Valet, sc. animus.
Male consuluere, sc. sibi ac reipublicce, i. e. " pursued an injudicious course,
adopted wrong measures."
Populi Romani opibus creverat. The Rhodians had received from the
Romans, in recompense for services rendered the latter in the war
against Antiochus, a large part of Lycia and Caria.
Impunitos eos dimisere. The Rhodians were however deprived of tho
provinces previously bestowed upon them.
Quid in illis, —" in their case," " in respect to them."
Novum consilium. The new measure here alluded to, was the punishment of a Roman citizen with death, as proposed by Silanus.
His utendum, sc. pcenis,. g. imprisonment, exile, &c.




CATILINARIAN CONSPIRACY.                    333
Qua belli savitia esset, quca victis acciderent enumeravere. Enumeravere
can be connected with sevitia only by zeugma, but it is appropriate to
quac victis acciderent; " have shown what would be the savage character of the war, and enumerated the evils which would befall the vanquished.'
Rapi Virgines, sc. dixerunt, which is implied in enumeravere.
An, uti vos; after an supply eo pertinuit.
Injuriae sueT; 208, (7), (a.), & ~ 211, R. 3, (c.)
Gravius aequo, 0 256, R. 9,-habuere, i. e. solent habere. The perfect is
often found in this indefinite sense, in Sallust as well as in other writers.
In imperio, i. e. in those who command.
Paulo severiqr, ~ 256, R. 9, (a.), med.
Eos mores-cognovi, " such I know to be"-.
Injuria, i. e. ( the wrong," " the nature of the wrong," " the enormity of
the crime."
Consulis, i. e. Ciceronzs.
Ultra, sc. mortem.
An, quia gravius est, i. e. in sententiam non addidisti, uti, etc., quia gravius est?
Sin, quia levius, i. e. sin in sententiam non addidisti, etc4 quia levius, sc.
est verberari, etc.
Tempus, dies, fortuna, sc. reprehendent, literally, "a time, a day," i. e.
" some future time, some future day, will censure (the decree) and so
likewise will fortune."-" Will censure," i. e will show to have been
unwise. Tempus, dies, ~ 324, 22.
Quid in alios statuatis, i. e. other than these conspirators.
Ex bonis, sc. exemplis.-Ab dignis, sc. poen&.
Devictis Atheniensibus triginta viros imposuere, ~ 224.
Invidere bonis. According to Cortius and Kritz, institutzs is to be supplied; according to Gerlach and Herzog, hominibus. With the latter
boni will signify those excelling in knowledge of any kind. Invidere
which requires a dative is here connected with imitari requiring an accusative. In such a connection the noun or pronoun is in general
repeated in that case which each verb requires.
Tractarent, $ 264, 5.-Ea populus latari, ~ 232, (2.)
Merito dicerefieri, sc. ea, from the preceding clause.
Ubi paulatim licentia crevit, $ 259, R. 1, (2,), (d.)
Stultce lItitis, 211, R. 12.
Tur lex Porcia. Here the apodosis of the sentence begins, the protasis
commencing with postquam.
Quibus legibus. The noun is repeated with the relative, sometimes for
the sake of perspicuity, and sometimes for emphasis.
In primis magna, ~ 127, 2.
Qui ea bene parta. The reader might expect, instead of ea, id referring to
imperium. Sallust has made use of the plural " these things," to de.
note separately what was previously expressed collectively by imperium.
Publicandas eorum pecunias,-neu quis referat, a double construction fol



334                      NOTES ON THE
lowing censeo, O 273, 3. In the following clause senatum existtmare the
original construction is resumed.
LII. Postquam Cacsar-fecit, ~ 259, R. 1, (2,) (d.)
Alius alii varie assentiebantur, i. e. they signified their agreement in sen
timent with Silanus, Nero or Caesar. Verbo assentiebantur. The opinion of the senators was given either viva voce or by a division, (discessione.) Sallust has omitted all notice of the speeches of Catulus and
Cicero, delivered on this occasion.
Eli mihi disseruisse videntur. Cato states the real question to be, not
what punishment is suitable for the conspirators, but what means shall
be resorted to, to prevent the success of their conspiracy.
Persequare, O 209, R. 7, (a.)
Si tsta cujuscumque modi sunt. The severity of Cato's manners led him
to speak contemptuously of the luxuries prized so highly by many of
his hearers.
De sociorum injuriis: an objective genitive, ~ 211, R. 2.
In hoc ordine, i. e. in senatu.
Sed ea, sc. verba.
Non id agitur, 6 207, R. 22.
Cujus hcec cumque modi; tmesis, ~ 323,4, (5,) for cujuscumque modE hcec
(videntur.)
Hostiumfuttura sint, l 211, R. 8, (3).
Hic, "here," i. e. "in this state of things," " such being the facts."
Hic mihi quisquam. Reference is here very evidently made to Caesar, but
the reference is the'more severe from the use of the indefinite pronoun
quisquam, " some one." Miller reads it interrogatively, "does any one?"
Malarum rerum audacia, $ 211, R. 12.
Sint sane, $ 209, R. 2, (2), & ~ 260, R. 6.
Misericordes infuribus. In this sense of in, it is commonly followed by
the accusative, but see Chap. LI, quid in illis, and In in Diet.
Perditum eant, ~ 276, II, R. 2.
Diverso itinere malos, &c., i. e. existimansfalsum esse diverso itinere malos
a bonis, etc.-" that the wicked, their rout being different from (that of)
the good, inhabit," &c. Before diverso, etc. nempe, " to wit," may be
supplied, $ 207, R. 22.
St periculum ex illis metuit, se. C. Carsar.
Sin-solus non timet. If Caesar alone entertained no apprehension, he
might well be suspected of having a connection with the conspirators.
Iulto pulcherrimam, ~ 127, 3.
Quo nobis nulla sunt, "none of which,"-.
Omnia virtutis prwnmia. Such as civil and military offices, and other public honors.
Hic pecunice, i. e. in senatu.
Apprehensis hostibusfaciatis, $ 250, R. 3.
Misereamini censeo, O 262, R. 4, spoken ironically.
Scilicet res aspera est, etc. The matter in itself is formidable.
Non votiq, supply sed.




CATILINARIAN CONSPIRACY.                    335
Prospera omma cedunt, $ 210, R. 1.
Bello Gallico. According to Livy and other historians, this event occur
red in'tle war against the Latins.
Nisi iterum patrice bellumfecit. Cethegus had been concerned in the civil
wars, first as a follower of Marius, and afterwards of Sylla and of Lepidus.
Si-peccato locus esset, "if there were any room for error."
More majorum, i. e. according to the custom in use before the enactment
of the Porcian law.
LII. Alit alios increpantes timidos vocant, "chiding they call each other"Sustinuisset, "had sustained," i. e. had enabled the Roman people to
sustain.
Contendisse, se. populum Romanum.
Fortunce violentiam. Reference appears to be made to the great disasters
which had occasionally befallen the empire.
Sicuti effeta parente, multis, &c., as if the parent (viz. Rome) was no longer
capable of producing offspring, S 257, R. 10. The common reading is
Sicuti effeta parentum, multis, &c. Others read effetce parentum-. The
reading adopted in the text is that suggested by Miiller.
LIV. Igitur his genus, cetas, eloquentia prope equalia fuere, ~ 205, R. 2, (2).
The Porcian gens was plebeian, the Julian patrician, but both had en
joyed in an equal degree the honors of the state.
-itas. At this time Cato was thirty-three, and Cesar about thirty-seven
years of age.
Sed alia, sc. gloria.-Alii is used though referring to two persons only,on
account of the preceding alia, that the words might correspond.
Caesar dando, sublevando, ignoscendo, i 275, III, R. 4.
Intentus, sua negligere; the historical infinitive, ~ 209, R. 5
Novum bellum exoptabat, "was always wishing for some new war," i. e. a
perpetual succession of wars.
Eo magis sequebatur, i. e. gloria eum sequebatur.
LV. Idem fit ceteris, ~ 250, R. 3.
Est locus-quod, ~ 206, (10).
LVI. Pro numero militum, " according to the number of his soldiers," i. e.
he put an equal number into each maniple, &c., intending to fill up the
legion as new recruits joined his standard.
Ex sociis, se. conjurationis, "of the conspirators."
Numero hominum, sc.justo.
Hostibus, i. e. to Anttnius and his army.
Servitia repudiabat, cujus, sc. generis hominum, $ 206, (11).
Videri, sc. se, ~ 239, R. 2.
LVII. Nuntius pervenit, i. e. nuntiatum eat, and hence it is construed with
the inf. and ace. ~ 272.
De Lentulo, Cethego, ceteris. For the omission of et, ac, &c. before ceter
etc., see Et in Diet.
In Galliam; probably into the country of the Allobroges.
Eadem illa existimans-Catilinam agitare, i. e. a retreat into Gaul.
Urpote qui-sequeretur, Gr. 264, 8, (2.)
29*




336                   NOTES ON     THE &C.
Qui magno exercitu, ~ 249, III, Remark.
Infuga, sc. Catilince ejusque militum.
LVIII. Causam mei consilii aperirem, i. e. of his resolution to risk an engagement with Antonius.
Quoque modo, i. e. et quomodo.
Unus ab urbe sc. Antonii.-Alter a Gallia, sc. Metellz.
Utiforti atqueparato animo sitis, $ 211, R. 6, & R. 8, (2.)
Commeatus abunde, sc. erunt. For this use of abunde, see Sum in Dict.
Non eadem nobis et illis necessitudo impendet. The meaning is, " they
are not under the same necessity as we," or, they are under no necessity, as we are.
Nos pro patria, etc. These words express the necessity imposed on the
conspirators, and are contrasted withthe words following, which denote
the circumstances under which the troops of the state would fight.
Supervacaneum. This word stands opposed to necessitudo, in the preceding sentence.
Quia illa, i. e. the degrading conditions mentioned above.
Viris, is used emphatically.
Hec sequi decrevistis, " these measures,"-" this course"-.
Ea vero, ~ 206, (13), (c.)
Me hortantur, sc. ut magnam spem habeam
Cavete-amittatis, S 262, R. 6.
LIX. Ab dexlera, rupes aspera. An anacoluthon, ~ 323, 3, (5), the regular
construction of the sentence requiring, rupem asperam.
Ab his, i. e. ab reliquis signis.-Armatum, see Chap. LVI.
Et colonis, sc. from the colonies planted in this region by Sylla.
Propter aquilam, etc. See Cic. in Cat. I. 9.
Bello Cimbrico. See Jug. Chap. 114.
Pedibus ceger, ~ 250. Dio represents Antonius as feigning sickness, that
he might avoid a personal encounter with those whom he had once
favoured. See Chap. XXI.
Ile-Ipse, sc. Petreius. See Ile in Dict.
Amplius annos, ~ 256, R. 6, (a.)
Plerosque ipsos-noverat, "knew most of them personally." See Ipse in
Dictionary.
LX. Veterani, i. e. the veterans under the command of Petreius.
Ili, i. e. the troops of Catiline.
Haud tildi. Litotes, ~ 324, 9.
LXI. Sed confecto proclio. The ablative absolute here serves as the protasis
of the sentence, the apodosis beginning at tun.
Turn cerneres, ~ 260, II.
Quos medios, ~ 205, R. 17. See above Chap. LX, Cohortem praetoriam in
medios hostes inducit.
Juxta pepercerant, "had spared equally," i. e. "had spared neither," "had
equally disregarded."
Multi autem-alii, pars, ~ 204, R. 10.
Pars reperiebant, ~ 209, R. 11.
TIHE END.