HINTS
TO
BIRSONS ABOUT BUILDING
IN
THw ECOUNTRY.
BY A. j: DOWNIG,
AUTHOR OF i; LANDSCAPE GARDENINGH,  &C., &O.
AND
HINTS TO YOUINqG ARCHITECTS.
CALCULATED TO FACILITATE THEIR PRACTICAL
OPERATIONS.
BY GEO. WIGHTWJCK, lr(itmtt
AUTHOR OF " THE PALACE OF ARCHITECTURE,s] &C.
WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES BY A. J. DOWNING.
Cbt'rh Amtrftitn Bbi'icit.
NEWS YORK:
JOHN WILEY, 56 WALKER STREET.
1859.
,,
t its
-
- 
ETTEREiD according to Act of Congress, in the year 184T, by'
WILEY & PUTNAM
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York.
4/4
V/i    J";9
:  Bath
4,+E'       cl
R. ORAIGHEAD,
Stereotyper and Electrotyper,
(,eaxtola  lttillbtng,
81, 83, and 85 Centre Street.
I
i 
PREFACE
THE HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS appears to me  a volume likely to be of
such real and practical assistance to the progress of Domestic Architecture
in this country that I have urged its republication here. Mr. VV.HTWICK is
one of the most able and spirited English writers in his profession, and his
suggestions will, most of them, be equally welcome to young architects in
this country.
Besides this, Domestic, or. more especially, Rural Architecture, is now
becoming a subject highly interesting to our country gentlemen. By many
of the latter, who are constantly interested in building, this volume will be
found an exceedingly useful one, particularly in its details and specifications.
To give it, if possible, some additional value, I have added a section of
HINTS TO   P.RSONS ABOUT BUILDING  IN THE COUNTRY, which  I trust may
render the work still more acceptable to many of its readers.
*** The notes in the second part which I have added to this edition are
designated by [ ].
Newburgh, N. Y., June, 1847.
A. J. D.
263302  
HINTS TO PERSONS ABOUT
BUILDING IN THE COUNTRY.
I. WHERE  TO  BUILD.-II. WHAT  TO  BUILD.
III. HOW TO BUILD.
ARCHITECTURAL works abound with instructions and
illustrations concerning the art of building houses.
There are numberless designs for mansions, villas, and
cottages in every known style; and there are several
eminently useful works, like the present little volume,
with minute details for the practical guidance of young
architects and artisans.
But we rarely see anything in works on domestic
architecture, published in this country, drawing the
attention of persons about building, to some very
important matters connected with the erection of a
dwelling house, which, not to consider properly beforehand, is certain to lead to a great deal of regret, disappointment, and perhaps pecuniary loss.
We  allude now  to such points as the  choice of
position, the kind of house best adapted to the wants
of the owner, and the proper way to build. These are
all matters of the greatest consequence, which really 
HINTS 1'TO PERSONS
require a great deal of consideration.  It is indeed but
too common to see persons rushing into all the heavy.
expenditures  of building a large  establishment in the
country employing architects, builders, and workmen of
all kinds, without any proper knowledge of what they
actually want in the accommodations of a house, what
are the advantages and disadvantages of various locations,
and what kind of dwelling is really best fitted for their
habits of life. The inevitable results of all this vagueness
of information but too frequently are the selection of
unhealthy, bleak, or barren sites, the erection of something tasteless, offensive, or involving double the necessary cost and the consequences which flow out of
these results are but too often many and unavailing
regrets of so much expenditure with so little knowledge, or, perhaps, sooner or later, the abandonment
of the place at a considerable loss of health and means.
We are very well aware that the safest cure for some
of these evils is to employ the best professional services
within one's reach, in the shape of an experienced
architect. He will both prevent an unnecessary waste
of means, and produce much conmfort and beauty. But
it is not to be denied, that an architect usually has but
little to say regarding several important points to which
we  have alluded.   The  ground is purchased, the site
fixed, and possibly the style of building determined on,
in the mind of the proprietor, before the architect's
services are requested. And all that remains for him to
do is to turn all the existing circumstances, as he finds
them. to the best practical account.
ii 
ABOUT BUILDING.
Now, since almost every third man in America, living
in the count'ry, builds, or may build a house, at some
time in his life, it is easy to see how  important it is
that his attention should be drawn to these prelimninary considerations-whether he is afterwards to employ
the most celebrated architect in the country, or only the
ordinary carpenter of the nearest village in his neighborhood.
Since we are about to write only a chapter on this
subject, which might very properly occupy a volume,
we must shape our remarks into something like brevity
and conciseness. And we shall therefore throw out a
few suggestions touching the points, where to build, what
to build, and how to build.
I. WHERE TO BUILD.
It very frequently occurs that circumstances compel
us to build on a particular site, so that all choice is out
of the  question.   But as there are annually a greater
number of new localities selected and built upon in this
country, than in any other, this remark applies with
less force here than in Europe, and the opportunity of
choosing where to build is open to a large majority of
those who intend erecting a country dwelling in the
United States.
The  best position  for a dwelling house,  all other
things being equal, it is almost unanimously agreed, is,
for an irregular country, a middle elevation, half  way
between the low valleys and the high hills-open to
I
iii
1-8 
HINTS TO PERSONS
the south and west, and sheltered from the north and
east.
The most popular sites, those usually chosen by
inexperienced proprietors in the middle States, are the
summits of hills of moderate elevation, overlooking
extensive prospects.   Now  there are some  advantages,
but also very great disadvantages, in these high positions.
The prominent advantages which such sites are supposed
to possess are wide prospects, and conspicuousness for
the dwelling itself: to see, and to be seen, to the greatest
possible advantage. But every one having a cultivated
taste for fine landscapes, must greatly prefer agreeable
views, vistas or portions of trees with rich foregrounds,
to wide panoramas of country. It is, in fact, the difference between a pictured landscape, and a geographical
mnap.   The panorama is striking and interesting, when
seen occasionally, butt it wants the interest, the home-like
feeling of appropriation-which a view of moderate
extent  affords.   As  regards  the  ambition  which  is
gratified with placing one's house where it may be a landmark for ten miles round, it is a false ambition which we
have no sympathy with-a taste not in keeping with our
social habits, and foreign to that equality of condition
which all Americans are impatient of seeing greatly
violated. The beauty of a cottage or villa, like all
beauty of a higher kind, is, we think, much enhanced by
a due concealment, rather than a bold display of its
attractions. Gleaming through a veil of soft green
foliage, we are led to magnify its charmns, from there
being something pleasing suggested, which is not seen.
iv 
ABOUT BUILDING.
If, on the contrary, we see the whole building studiously
exposed, and that but too often in the broad sunshine,
we are only inclined to turn away in disappointment.
Besides this, there are practical objections to sites upon
the tops of hills, or high ridges, which are of great
moment.   The  first of these is the great difficulty of
raising all kinds of trees and shrubs in high and exposed
sites.  rhere are, apparently, but few persons aware that
ornamental trees will advance twice as rapidly, the soil
being the same, in a midway level, or a valley, as they
will upon the summits of hills or high ridges. This is
partly owing to the high winds, to which they are constantly exposed, and which render the annual growth
of wood comparatively dwarfish, and partly to the
greater dryness of the soil, which, in this climate, does
not afford a continued supply of moisture to the roots.
Where  a high situation is already sheltered with wood,
either of natural growth or artificial plantations, of
course this objection regarding slow growth, which
cannot be too strongly urged against bare or bald hill
sites, is in a great degree removed-for with a good
back ground or shelter of wood, any new plantations
will be in a great degree protected against the violence
of winds.
But we may also add, as an offset to the grand prospect which these elevated sites afford, the labor of walking, riding, or driving up and down a long hill. If the
road can be made gradual and easy this is not much, but
in situations that we could name, where this is by no
means the case, the daily effort (for there is no escape
v 
HINTS TO PERSONS
from it) of dragging up and down hill, becomes a burden,
to be relieved of which, the proprietor would gladly exchange his wide-spread view for a more limited landscape,
and an easier approach. Hle would be content with a
daily view from his windows of moderate extent, and
drive or walk to the summit of thle hill, once a week, or
once a month, for the "4 grand panorama."
There are many beautiful, tempting, and, we may add,
many  really excellent sites in valleys.   The  soil is
usually fertile, and the growth luxuriant.   But the usual
objections to narrow and deep valleys, where there is
much water, are the dampness, and, often, the unhealthiness, of the air there. Where a valley lies on either
side of a running stream which is at all sluggish in its
movement, or which either naturally or artificially takes
the form of ponds, lakes, or small sheets of shallow water,
the atmosphere of the valley is too much charged with
moisture to be wholesome after night fall. A single large
shallow mill pond, as we have ourselves observed in two
instances, is sufficient to cause a slight malacria in a narrow  valley-and intermittent fevers consequently  exist
there, when they are entirely unknown 100 rods over the
hill side. While, therefore, a wide valley, with a rapid
running stream, may be considered as affording perfectly
healthy sites for building, a narrow valley, with a sluggish
stream, should be avoided by one having it in his power
to choose a position for a residence.
There is also another point worthy the consideration
of our readers.   This  is the  coldness  in winter  of
all small or deep valleys, compared with the surrounding
vi 
ABOUT BUILDING.
country.    This, though  not very perceptible  to the
senses, exerts a very important influence on vegetation.
In a quiet winter night, the coldest air slides down into
the bottoms of valleys, while the hills around are in a
considerably higher  temperature.   Hence, many  trees
and plants will thrive on a higher level, which  perish
in a deep valley. We know a charming valley in Connecticut, where the peach and the cherry seldom perfect
a crop of fruit, owing to the greater severity and prevalence of the frosts there, while they bear uniformly
and well, in the adjacent country, on a higher level.
On the other hand, those valleys bordering on large
pieces of water, which maintain a more uniform temnperature than the land, afford admirable sites for building.
Such are the valleys of large rivers and lakes, like the
Hudson, and the great lakes in the State of New York.
These broad sheets of water have such an effect in
equalizing the temperature of the atmosphere for miles
around them, that they usually add a month or more to
the growing season  on  their banks.    The  frosts  of
Spring and Autumn are warded off, and crops of fruit
are preserved, when they are destroyed in the interior
of the country. On the banks of a large bay in the
Hudson, where we live, the spring is always ten days
earlier, and the autumn ten days later, than in the same
latitude thirty miles east or west.   The  shores of lakes
Ontario, Erie, and the smaller lakes in this State, which
do not freeze in winter, enjoy a still more marked exception from destructive frosts, as compared with the
back districts of country unprotected by them. Every
vii 
HINTS TO PERSONS
person choosing a site for a country residence, who is
fond of his garden and orchard, will, therefore, when he
has it in his power, give the preference to the borders
of large rivers and lakes.
In choosing a position for the house itself, the character of the soil and sub-soil should receive attention.
It is evident on a mnoment's reflection, that the worst soil
is one naturally wet, and the best, one naturally dry.
Tile site for a dwelling should never be selected where
the sub-soil is naturally wet and springy, unless it is
capable of being made perfectly dry by draining-because
danmpness of the house, and consequent unhealthiness
of its inmates, almost inevitably follow the selection of
such a situation. * A good loam soil, on a gravelly subsoil, is always an unexceptionable position for placing a
house, as far as relates to this point.   To those who
desire fine ornamental grounds, or even fertile meadows
and orchards (and we can hardly imagine the case of
any country proprietor who does not), of course, attention to the quality of the soil immediately about the
site of the house will not be overlooked. Though it is
not impossible to render almost any soil fit for cultivation, yet it is infinitely wiser to choose a site where
nature has given the necessary conditions of good soil,
rather than to undertake the great labor and ill-rewarded
expense attending all considerable operations to change
the  character  of  soil.    Most  country  gentlemen in
America find it a sufficient tax upon their resources to
improve, plant, and keep in high order, grounds naturally
fertile, without starting with the great additional dis
Vil!
I
I 
AB(,oUT BUILDING.
advantage of a bad soil-which is seldom or never
thoroughly  got  rid of   The best soil for all general
purposes of culture is a strong loam-the worst, either
a very light sand, or a very heavy clay, one t)ei-ng so
thin and dry that it requires great quantities of manure,
and always parches up in dry weather; and the other
is very difficult to work, and is the worst of soils to
walk  about upon  in wet weather.   Avoid especially
all soils lying upon the tenacious clay sub-soil denominated "hard pan." Without great labor and expense,
such soils are very retentive of water, and can never be
made satisfactory for tillage.
The aspect of the dwelling should be considered in
choosing a position. The fixed location of roads, rivers,
or other important features in the scene, often lies in
the way of a free choice in this particular. At the
same time there are numberless instances in which we
see great inattention to it, where there was no obstacle
to its proper consideration.
The best aspect, in any country, for the principal
front of a house, is that towards the fair weather
quarter-that  point of the compass  from  which  the
fairest and blandest wind blows most days in the yearand  the worst aspect, that  from  which  the greatest
number of storms come.
Keeping these principles in view, it is evident that the
south-vest is the best aspect for the dwelling house in
the United States, and the north-east the worst aspect.
The longest, most numerous, and most disagreeable
storms come from the last-named point of the compass,
i- - 
HINTS TO PERSONS
and the most delicious of our fair weather days are from
what the Indians called the "sweet south-west," the
land where their ideal heaven of hunting grounds lies.
A due north aspect is a very objectionable one for a
country house, not only on account of the bad weather
to which it exposes the principal side of the house, but
also because of the accumulation of snow and ice about
it in winter, rendering it far more difficult to keep it in
hospitable order than a house with a warm southern
entrance front.
For  a  country house which  is only intended  for
summer use, the owner of which leaves it for town in
winter, this is not a valid Objection. Indeed, a northern
entrance is, in our mid-summer, more agreeable, perhaps,
than a southern one-its piazzas always cool, and its
view opening upon the best and brightest face of the
lawn   and   trees-that   turned   towards   the  sun.
But the comparatively short season to which this can,
in our latitude, be applied with truth, renders a northern
aspect a very objectionable one for families residing in
the contltry during the whole year.
In fixing upon a new neighborhood for a country
residence, the health of that neighborhood is the point
of inquiry which should first engage the attention. Inr
some districts of country, otherwise enchanting, interinittent fevers prevail in autumn to such an extent as
to become the most insurmountable objection to a residence there. An experienced eye will usually detect
the cause in large, low morasses, swamps, or water
courses, which become partially dry in summer, and
x 
.ABOUT BUILDING.
which engender mialaria, by exposing a large surface of
decaying vegetable matter to the action of a mid-summer
sun. We should counsel a fiiend in search of a site
to avoid such localities, though they had otherwise the
most seductive charnis of scenery, or sylvan accomnpaniments-and this, more especially, if his family were not
robust and strong in health.  It is not always easy, even
with very straightforward questions, to ascertain the
character  of  a  "fever  and  ague district," though  it
is well  known  to the inhabitants.   T'I'hey  strive  to
disguise it from others, and perhaps impose on  themselves, very much for the same reason that a man
strives to conceal his faults from himself, although they
may be notorious to his neighbors.* Besides this, old
residents in districts slightly affected by malaria get
acclimated, so that they are in a great measure insensible
to its effects.   But  they are none the less dangerous
to the new comer, and frequently undermine a slender
constitution that would otherwise have endured many
years.    While,  therefore,  there  is an  abundances of
wholesome soils in America, with pure air, fine climate,
and beautiful scenery, we trust, any one, having it in
his power to choose, will avoid districts of this description.
There are some minor considerations which relate
to the position of a residence, which we will not follow
* By far the best person of whom to acquire this kind of information is the
principal physician of the neighborhood. A reference to his book of cases,
and the average of intermittents in August and September, will afford the
best proof of the salubrity of the surrounding country.
xi 
HINTS TO PERSONS
out in detail here, since their value will be sufficiently
apparent to the majority of our readers.
Among these are the advantages and disadvantages
of living near towns or villages, the social character of
the neighborhood, etc.
To  persons of limited  income  there are evidently
manifest advantages in the vicinity of a village, such as
the proximity of schools, churches, markets, &c., by
whichl  a  man  of very moderate  means  may  enjoy
advantages which would involve considerable additional
expenditure in a more distant and scattered neighborhtood.    The  facility of  getting and  retaining  good
servants, and the power of using one's legs for short
distances, instead of being obliged to use horses and
carriages for long ones,  are all items worthy of consideration.
In placing the house itself, some thought should also
be bestowed on the labor and expense annually involved
in a site at a long distance from the public highway.
There is nothing more agreeable than a long approach,
well kept, through an extensive reach of lawn, wood,
pleasure ground, or even meadow and orchard landscape.  But there are but few persons who "calculate"
in the outset the annual cost of keeping up half a mile
or a mile of gravel roads and walks, and unless they are,
or can be kept, in proper condition, we should by all
means advise placing the dwelling nearer the road, so that
the private entrance, at least, shall not wear a slovenly
and neglected air, from the want of means to keep it in
scrupulously neat order.
x,ii 
ABOUT BUILDING.
II. WHAT  TO BUILD.
ALMOST all persons, on the first consideration of the
subject of building, when the question arises what style
of dwelling shall be erected, answer it directly by saying,
Oh, that is a mere matter of taste-you may prefer one
style, B another, and C a third; I like this style, and no
other will suit me."
We do not forget the old proverb-de gustibus non est
disputandum.   It is well enough to allow ignorant and
prejudiced men such an excuse for their peculiarities of
character, which they have not wit enough to analyse or
account for.  But, in the main, the maxim  is entirely
unphilosophical and untrue.   Mere personal tastes-by
which is meant a capricious preference of any one mode
of producing a certain effect, may be strongly disputed,
and the reasons why certain modifications of art are best
fitted for certain places or purposes very distinctly proved.
The philosophical principles which govern, or ought
to govern, reasoning beings in the selection of any style
of architecture for a dwelling, are those of fitness and
propriety. They are principles which no correct artist,
or reflecting person, can violate, or does violate strongly,
without raising discordant, instead of harmonious and
satisfactory emotions in the minds of all lovers of art, as
well as all lovers of common  sense-the worl(-constituted judges of the Beautiful and the True.
'rlhere is, indeed, perhaps, 11o legal or mo'ral reason
,vhy a man should not indulge his taste (by wvhich,
xiii 
HINTS TO PERSONS
indeed, is usually meant his caprice or fancy) in a dwelling-house in any known style, from the Pawnee wigwam
of bark and skins, to the pagoda of a Chinese mandarin,
with curved roof and pendent bells.
Neither is there any better reason why he should not
dress himself in the oriental costume of a Mussulman,
with turban and flowing trowsers, or that of an independent Tartar Chief with high cap and long jacket.
These are forcible and picturesque styles, as truly appropriate in our streets and social life, as houses are, built in the
Chinese taste, or domestic copies of Egyptian templesthe latter with their unchristian ornaments "of embalmed
cats and deified crocodiles."
It does not require any argument to prove that it is this
feeling of a violation of the principles of fitness and
propriety which prevents men from adopting foreign and
grotesque styles of dress. An enlightened society would
demand good reasons from an individual of its number
who should carry his principle of not having his taste
disputed to its whole length and breadth. A naturalized
Turk or Arab, settled among us, might perhaps justify himself on the ground of long habit and hereditary custom,
brought from a country where there was fitness in -it; but
not a native born citizen.  It is not in "good taste," as the
world say, and say correctly, because there is no significance or meaning in it.
We conceive it to be true that the same principle
should govern us in the choice of a style for a dwellinghouse.   Although  we  would  reject no  foreign  style
because it is foreign, we would adopt nothing in our
:iiv 
ABOUT BUILDING.
domestic architecture which has not some obvious beauty
of purpose, or some significance for our country and climiate-which has not, in short, that fitness and propriety
which a refined and just taste can fully approve.
This would lead us to reject at once  all styles of
building  belonging   to  barbarous  and   semi-civilized
people, as too grotesque in effect, and too much at varianlce with our habits of life, to be a significant and true
expression of our age and social life. It would confine
our choice to what may properly be called European
styles-such as Gothic, Grecian, Roman, Italian, Swiss;
or to new and more suitable modifications of these styles.
A country of the variety of climate and geographical breadth
of ours, indeed demands a like variety of style in its domestic architecture.  In the houses of the north, warmth and
shelter'are the first requisites, and the comfortable dwellings of England and the north of Europe may be studied
to advantage. In those of the south the cool verandas
and the spacious colonnades of Italian architecture will be
most appropriate and significant. One of the leading
rules in selecting plans for a dwelling, which we deduce
from the principles, of fitness and propriety, is that of
abjuring all styles or modifications of styles not warranted
by our social and domestic habits.
It is one of the most common errors into which persons fall, whose architectural taste is just awakening, to
rush to the very verge and extreme limits of architectural
style.  -Not content with simplicity, or a moderate degree
of ornament, everything they do must  have a "strong
relish" about it. If they are about to build Gothic, it
xv 
HINTS TO PERSONS
must be an imitation of a castle of the middle ages at
least; if Grecian, nothing short of a copy of the Partheion will satisfy them. Now there is little meaning, to
our eyes, in the mock heroic air of a puny Gothic castle
built in a style which was warranted by feudal times and
feudal robberies, for the habitation by a meek and quiet
merchant, who has not the remotest idea of manifesting
anything offensive or defensive to any of his peace-loving neighborhood. And we cannot greatly admire the
effect of a huge Greek colonnade round four sides of
the house, supported on columns two stories high, affording little shade or shelter, and costing half the entire sum
that ought to have been expended in the dwelling itself.
It is the later modifications of European architecture
which ought to be studied and adopted by our architects,
and persons about building, at the present time.  These
are based upon modern comforts, and modern wants, and
their beauty is the more beautiful that it grows out of,
and is in keeping with, the spirit of utility.  Hence the
Tudor or Elizabethan villa, and the Rural English cottage,
are the varieties of the  Gothic  style which may  be
copied with more propriety in this country. For the
same reason the Roman style is preferable to the Greek,
and the modern Italian, in its many variations, to the
Roman itself. Significance, fitness, propriety, imnmediately lead us to ask for verandas, piazzas, porches,
balconies, clustered chimneys, window-blinds, and all the
numerous architectural features that denote refined comforts and the enjoyments of our social life.  Since these do
not belong, and cannot with propriety be attached to the
xl 
ABOUT BUILDING.
old Gothic castle and Greek temple., let us eschew these
latter, and take some more pliant and appropriate style of
which they properly form a part.*
It is difficult also for a tyro in architecture, as well
indeed as in other arts, to perceive, amid the glitter of
ornament, the superior dignity and beauty of simplicity.
Hence, we see the principles we have stated, continually
violated, by those who are striving after an excess of
ornament, or decoration, in their dwelling-houses. We
confess as hearty a love of decoration and ornament in
architecture as any one.   But  it must be consistent, to
satisfy us. It must express a beauty which pervades the
building itself, everywhere, and not seem patched on, to
catch the eye, and hide its defects.  Harmonious proportions, a well ordered distribution of parts, excellent construction, and, afterwvards, a suitable degree of decorations. Else it is like a poor book badly printed, yet
richly bound and glittering withl gold leaf.
The practical rule which we would deduce fromn this
may  be briefly enough stated.   Attempt no  ambitious
imitations of a certain style, which you have not the
means of carrying out.  If your wealth permit you to
build a villa throughout in an enriched style, do not
* Individual habits and hereditary descent, when they are sufficiently marked,
may give a certain fitness to a given style of architecture. We could mention
a gentleman of large possessions in this country, w-ho is descended from an old
Dutch family, and who has lately built a magnificent country residence in the
Anglo-Italian style. We never see it without thinking how much additional
fitness and propriety he might have conferred on his estate by building a fine
specimen of the old Dutch or Flemish mansion, and making it a family museum
of the superb specimens of Dutch furniture and interior decoration which were
still within his reach.
B
xvii 
HINTS TO PERSONS
hesitate to give the public all example of beauty and fine
taste. But do not endeavor to give a cheap cottage the
air of an enriched villa, by a few carvings and showy
ornaments on the exterior, when you are obliged to make
the interior meagre  and  poor.   A  cottage, admirably
planned, and tastefully built, so that every part bears the
impress of refined judgment and selection, is capable of
giving quite as much pleasure in its way as a spacious
mansion.  It is not, of course, the same kind of pleasure,
but it will be perfect of its kind-while, if, in the modest
dimensions of the cottage, we see an ambitious striving
after the decoration and style of enrichment that belong
to the mansion, it destroys all the beauty of truthfulness
and propriety.
Indeed harmony  of form, what is commonly called
good proportion, is a much more genuine and enduring
source of pleasure than decoration-by which we  mean,
of course, ornaments applied to the surface of a building
to add to its effect.  An edifice in a simple style, admirably proportioned, cannot fail to please every one.  The
richest and most florid specimen of domestic architecture.
if its proportions are not good, fails to please any but
vulgar minds; and the pleasure which the cultivated
taste derives from elaborate decoration is of a description
far less strong and enduring than that bestowed by har'monious proportions, and a refined and chaste simplicity.
We might add a few words here touching the relation
which the character of the dwelling in the country'ought
to bear to its site-under the action of this principle.
it is not an uncommnion spectacle to see a country house
xviii 
ABOUT BUILDING.
built at a lavish expenditure, and in a very ornate style,
but placed in the midst of grounds badly laid out and
wretchedly kept. The proprietor has exhausted all his
forced stock of enthusiasm, and spent all his surplus
capital upon his villa, in his architectural fever, and his
grounds are doomed to suffer the  succeeding ague of
indifference and neglect. A wise man, when he plans a
country residence, will so apportion his means that his
house may not be out of keeping with his grounds.
The same style, the same feeling, should pervade both,
and be reflected from  one  to the other.   Indeed we
would counsel our countrymen to follow the English in
this respect, who, with their usual good taste, let the
pleasure grounds outshine the house, or rather, render
simple cottages pictures of rural beauty by the profusion
of blossoming trees, shrubs, and vines, with which they
embower and clothe them.
To assist us in determining what to build, the chlaracter of the scenery itself should be considered.   There is
a fitness which natural construction and long association
have bestowed on certain styles, as connected with
particular kinds of landscape. Thus the Rural English
cottage in fertile valleys; the Swiss cottage on the sides,
or under the brow of steep mountains; the abbey and
the villa in smiling plains; and the castle in bold rocky
passes.*
* We could name a monstrous architectural absurdity in a neighboring State,
in the shape of a large country residence, built in imitation of an old castle,
with towers and battlements, all of wood! To render this specimen of folly
and bad taste.nore glaring, the proprietor selected for its site the sn ooth grean
xix 
HINTS TO PERSONS
The simplest rule for determining what style of building is best adapted to a particular kind of scenery, is to
determine first the character of both the architecture and
the landscape in question.   Our own maxim is, that the
bolder and more irregular the scenery, the bolder and
more irregular the style of ai'chitecture it demands.
Hence, buildings with highly varied outlines, with towers
and the like, are most fittingly placed amid bold hills,
and in a broken and mountainous country.
For a flat or level country, almost any simple style of
building is in good keeping. Hence the propriety of the
modifications of the cottage and villa forms which generally prevail there, and which are always pleasing when
they express the simple life of the country gentleman,
faimer, or proprietor of the soil-and equally unpleasing
when they exhibit the finery of town houses, or ambitious
architectural ornaments not properly answering to the
habits or wants of their inhabitants.
In determining what to build, a few brief hints may be
worthy of a place here respecting practical points that
are worthy  the attention  of the proprietor.   Among
these the form of the house itself is an important one.
All builders will agree that the most economical form
in which a dwelling can be erected is a cube, because it
banks of one of the tamest rivers, in the flattest district in America, where the
only warfare carried on is against oysters and woodcock! A man of imagination and wealth might be pardoned for building up, from the massive primitive
rock, an imitation of a grand old Rhine castle on the top of one of the bold hills
in the Hudson Highlands. One would, perhaps, from the keeping between the
striking scenery and the edifice, find it difficult to believe that il did not actually
belong to the past. But a wooden castle, in a flat meadow, is as much out of
place as a knight in armor would be running a tilt in the Jersey pine barrens
xx 
ABOUT BUILDING.
contains more space within a given area of walls and
roof than any other. Next to this is a parallelogram.
The more irregular the outline of a building, the more
the cost is increased, because it has more exterior surface,
and therefore requires more wall or weather boarding,
more roof, more gutters, and more fixtures and ornaments,
when the house is in a handsome style.*
On the other hand, the irregular form has great advantages, not only in the greater beauty of effect which the
architect is enabled to bestow on it, but in its greater
variety of sizes, forms, and consequently accommodation
of its apartments within, as well as in the greater number
and variety of views afforded without.
Hence, those who desire to combine as mucn
economy a~ possible, with good taste in building a
residence, will select a cube or rectangle for the outline
of its ground plan; while those to whom expense is of
less importance than convenience and picturesque effect,
will adopt the irregular form.
Viewing the different styles of building with regard to
the economy of first cost, and as well as after expenditur'e
in repairs, we may add that, for this climate, all styles, or
modifications of styles, with broad projecting roofs, are           
greatly to be preferred.   These projecting roofs not only
shelter the building in summer against heat, but they protect it in the most effectual manner against the violent
storins,  ever  changing  from  snow  to  rain,  of  our
northern winters. Thle difficulty and expense of keep
* The most agreeable cotta. es and vill s in the form of a cube that we  rcall
to mind, are thos.e pretty specimens in Hillhouse avenue, New Haven.
xxi 
HIN rs TO PERSONS
ing a roof in order, with the flush parapet of the Tudor,
or the moulded cornice of the Grecian style, is double or
treble as great as that in the Italian or Swiss mode of
building-because, in the former style, in case of any
defect, overflow, or leakage in the gutters, all the water
is'carried by the projecting eaves far beyond the walls
of the house; while in the latter it runs down the face
of the wall, or, what is worse, finds its way into the
interior of the house. Hence it is sufficiently evident,
that the outer walls of a house, when they are of brick,
stucco, or wood, will last twice as long, and require only
half the repairs, under a roof that projects  two feet or
more, than under such a roof as is usually built in a com       mon dwelling in any modification of the Grecian style.
Those, therefore, who undertake to build with valley and
parapet gutters, should be willing also to incur the cost
of the very best materials  and  workmanship, for any
other would soon require to be repaired or renewed
altogether.*
. -rveOf what materials to build is one of the first questions
to be settled when the site of the house has been deter      mined upon. In some pari-ts of the country, indeed, the
abundance and cheapness of one material, and the
scarceness and high cost of others, renders it imperative
* Among the growing fashions in building which we think seriously objection      able in this climate, are French casement windows where they are exposed to the
weather. Under piazzas, or verandas, where they are protected, they are there
often well and properly introduced. But as it is nearly or quite impossible to
make them wind and water tight in exposed situations, we strongly advise the
use of the common rising sash instead. We never knew an instance where they
were largely introduced into a country house without great after-regret on the
pat.f its owner.
xxii 
ABOUT BUILDING.
upon the majority to employ that which is most easily
obtained. A large part of the United States is still in
this condition with regard to wood, which, especially in
the newer States, is still so abundant as to be much the
cheapest building material.   When  it is necessary to
build of wood, our advice is always to choose a style
which is rather light, than heavy-in other words, one in
which the style and material are in keeping with each
9ther. It is in false taste to erect a wooden building in a
massive and heavy style, whlich originated in the use of
stone, as it would be senseless to build a mock fortification, intended to stand a real siege, whose walls  and
battlements are of thin pine boards.
In the Atlantic States, however, a large portion of the
better class of houses, erected within the last five years,
are of rough hard, brick, covered on the exterior with a
coat of cement. This affords on the whole, perhaps, the
dryest and warmest house in winter, and the coolest in
summer, at a very moderate cost, that can be built. The
art of stucco work, or cement plastering the exterior of
the walls, formerly so badly performed, is now becoming
well understood, and when well done (and more
especially when protected by a projecting roof) it will
last without repairs for twenty or thirty years. On this
account it is also greatly preferable to wood, which
requires painting every third or fourth year to preserve it
from decay.   Any  pleasing neutral stone tint may be
given to stucco, and thus all the effect of handsome
dressed stone obtained at one fourth its cost.  There is
no doubt that, fromn its many advantages, brick-and
xxiii 
HINTS TO PERSONS
stucco is destined to become  the  prevalent mode of
building the better class of our country houses.
Where stone of an agreeable color can be obtained,
we  do not hesitate to give the preference to it.  It
makes the most solid, substantial, and enduring house,
and there is, perhaps, a look of permanence about a fine
stone mansion which no other material ever has.   But
we would decidedly prefer brick-and-stucco, for a cottage
or dwelling of moderate size, to stone of a cold and
gloomy color-such as dark blue limestone or dark
granite. The expression of a cottage or villa of moderate size in the country, should, by all means, be that of
cheerfulness, and, when built of a dark stone, it can
scarcely fail to be the opposite. Only in a large mansion
do we think a dark stone can be happily employed for a
dwelling-house-since there it often adds to the grandeur
and dignity of effect.  Some  of our lighter freestones,
like that of Trinity Chuch, New York, and that so
much used at Cincinnati, are beautiful building materials,
which cannot be too much or too frequently used.*
* There is a strong prejudice, we find, in the Eastern States against stone
houses, which we think entirely erroneous, and which undoubtedly retards the
progress of domestic architecture-for it is undoubtedly true that this art
advances in proportion as the materials employed possess solidity and permanence.
This prejudice has arisen from the bad manner in which the old stone houses of
that part of the country were all constructed. There were two errors in their
construction: 1st, the foundation walls were often laid in damp or springy soil,
with common lime mortar; 2d, the interior walls were plastered on the solid
walls of the house without firring. Now it is impossible that a house built in
this way should be dry.  The moisture of the soil is absorbed by the foundation
walls, and is carried up, by capillary attraction, often as high as the second story,
and the dampness which the outer walls themselves absorb in long storms
passes through, mo] 3 or less, to the walls  of the rooms.   To prevent the
xxiv 
ABOUT BUILDING.
III. HOW TO BUILD.
MOST men in America, who build country houses, are
their own "Clerk of the WVorks," that is to say, they
undertake to supply the materials, and employ the mechanics; they mostly plan the building, and they take all the
general superintendence of the labor.  And a sorry time
they have of it!  If it strengthens patriotism to fight
battles for one's country, our amateur builders ought to
have a patriotic attachment to their country homes, for
many of them have a sore conflict of mind and body
from the time they commence  building till they bid a
joyful adieu to the house-painter.
It does not require much observation to discover the
reason of all this difficulty and perplexity. To state it
plainly, it is nothing more nor less than the ignorance of
the proprietor himself of the whole art of building.
Every man does not fancy that he can make a coat, or
weave  Gobelin tapestry, without instruction-yet every
man is quite certain, till he has tried, that he can not
only build a house, but build a much better one, in
many respects, than he has seen before!
He commences by planning, with the assistance perhaps of his carpenter, the proposed  dwelling.   After
former evil it is only necessary to lay the foundation walls with a mortar composed
of cement, or water-lime, and sand, instead of common lime and  sand-this
effectually prevents all dampness being absorbed or conducted up from the soil
itself. To prevent all dampness finding its way from the outside to the inner walls
of the rooms, what is technically called" firring off," that is, making a hcllow
space between the lathing and the outer wall, is a most effectual and simple remedy
xxv
Ad 
HINTS TO PERSONS
some little perplexities in the arrangements of doors,
windows, and chimneys, which will not come as easily
in their proper places as he conceived they would-after
a rough draft of specifications, and the selection of the
site, the building is commenced.
No sooner is the first- floor timbered, and the skeleton
of the house erected, than he discovers some very important oversight-some additional room which it is impossible to do without, or a couple of windows which are
truly indispensable. A set of closets have been wholly
overlooked, which the mistress of the villa declares
absolutely necessary to her existence, and since the building has been in progress, a visit to some new house in
the neighborhood has revealed the incomparable value of
a back-stairs. All these, by some means or other, must
either be appended or " dove-tailed" into the house.
Timbers are laid aside, partitions are taken down, and
half the work already done is sacrificed, because the proprietor did not really know what he desired in a dwelling
before he commenced.   If he is building by contract, the
contractor is glad of the opportunity to double his profits
by extra charges for work, when there is now no competitor to lower his prices. If he is building by day's
work, the mechanics are not anxious to hurry forward
with their work, when it is likely enough it may be half
pulled down for a new improvement next month.
Then, again, our amateur builder is no judge of
materials. When his interior walls begin to dry, he finds
them cracking from the shrinking of sappy or unseasoned
wood which has been mixed with the good timber, and
xxvi 
ABOUT BUILDING.
employed without his detecting the faulty material. He
has contracted with the head workmen for the whole of
the work according to his specifications. But he is not a
little surprised, almost every week, while the building is
going forward, by a demand from the carpenter, brick layers, or others engaged in the work, for many articles of
vital importance which "are not in the contract," which
they are therefore not bound to furnish, and which go of
course to swell the bill of extras.
The most  effectual way of  avoiding all this disappointment  and  perplexity, where  a dwelling  of any
importance is to be built, is to put the whole, at the
outset, into the hands of some architect of acknowledged
ability-let him satisfy you, in the commencement, with
the plans, and then contract with him to complete the
house in a certain style and finish. He will charge you
from 7 to 10 per cent. on the whole cost of the building,
and will, if he is a man of ability and integrity, give you
a good specimen of architectural style, and a comfortable,
convenient, and well finished house. If you undertake
to be architect and master-butilder yourself, it will cost
you at least 20 per cent., and it is most likely you will
produce a building that your neighbors will compassionate
you for being obliged to live in, and that is full of real
inconveniences.
Another course, less complete, but by which many
beautiful houses are every day erected, is that of employing the best architectural talent to design and furnish the
working drawings, and specifications complete (at a
charge usually of 5 per cent. on the cost of the house),
xxvil 
HINTS TO PERSONS
and then contract with the best master-builder, within
your reach, to carry the whole into execution.*
There are but few men, inexperienced in building, who
can understand that there is as much economy in employing the best professional talent in planning and erecting a house, as in conducting a lawsuit.   But the fact
is demonstrated every day i' the year, and the experimental knowledge of it is purchased at almost too dear
a rate for us not to desire to warn the novice against
attempting it over again.
When circumstances render it difficult or impossible to
employ an architect, endeavor to avoid the difficulties we
have pointed out, by studying every part of your plans
very thoroughly before you commence building. If you
are not familiar with all the details of the house you propose to build, make yourself so, by a repeated examination of existing specimens, in dwellings in the same style,
already erected. Above all, do not be satisfied by the
mere expression on the plan, in figures, of the sizes of
your rooms; but ascertain if the size is exactly what you
suppose, and what you aJant, by looking at rooms already
built of  that size.   Otherwise you may find to  your
regret, when  it is too late, that "parlor 16  by  20"
*We ought, perhaps, in strict justice to remark, en passant, that every
one who calls himself an architect in our cities, is by no means entitled to that
appellation.  Some are mere builders of "three story bricks," and others have
assumed the title and commenced business with only a knowledge of the rudiments of their art. The safest way, after all, to arrive at a knowledge of what a
man can do, is to see what he has done. Before you employ an architect, therefore, of whose abilities you are ignorant, examine thoroughly a dwelling-house
that he has built, and you will soon discover his merits or defects, to which
knowledge the owner will probably assist you.
xxviii 
ABOUT BUILDING.
means something a great deal smaller, when  actually
enclosed within four walls, than it did in the air castle of
your imagination, which you conjured up with the aid of
your paper plans.
Not to be disappointed in the cost of your house, it is
only necessary that the specifications should be full and
perfect. This is the weak point with most builders, and
it is the unguarded loop-hole whence all the fearful
extras find admittance. It is the main purpose of the
following " Hints to Young Architects," to suggest specifications that might be overlooked, and of which, with
the assistance of your master mechanics, you can also
avail yourself If, also, you have a neighbor, who has
already "bought his experience" in, the same way you
are about to do, and has noted down the short-comings
in his own specifications, his notes will be a valuable
assistance to you in enabling you t(o avoid the same
costly shoals.
Wre have throughout spoken of building by contract,
because a good deal of observation and experience has
convinced us that this is, in nearly all cases, the better
mode in this country. If your master-workmrnan is a man
of integrity, he will serve you as faithfully under a fair
contract as by the day's-work system, and, if he is not,
there is even more likelihood of your being cheated in
the latter case than in the former. Letting the work
under contract, makes the contractor the only accountable person, and your own  supervision is confined to
observing that he fulfils the conditions of his contract;
xxix 
HINTS TO PERSONS
and rids you, besides, of the trouble of watching a dozen
or twenty subordinates.
There is an opinion strongly maintained by some (and
for the indulgence of which they are willing to pay
dearly), that good workmanship can only come by the
day's-work system. We have not found, on comparison
of houses built in the different modes, that there is any
practical truth in it.  Everything,  as we  have said,
depends on the master-workman, and, in this country, if
he is allowed a fair compensation for the "job," we
believe as much justice is always done in one case a.
the other.
One thing is undoubtedly true-that in building a
house, there is a great deal of rough work which must be
done, and which, if done by contract, can be as well
done by apprentices and inferior workmen, as by the
most accomplished mechanics.   A  contractor, with a
large set of hands, is thus enabled to do with much
economy what would be done at the highest cost, and
an unnecessary expense by the day's-work mode.
It should not be forgotten, however, that in letting out
a building by contract, the proposals of the lowest offering party should by no means be invariably accepted.
A preference of a few hundred dollars will frequently
secure you a faithful contractor, who will truly fulfil his
engagement in the spirit, as well as the letter; while the
lowest bid, tempting though it may appear, if accepted,
would  involve an increased after-expense.   In  other
words, endeavor to make a fair contract, with a safe and
xxx
I 
ABOUT BUILDING.
responsible master-workman, whose integrity and abilities
are known, rather than accept the offer of a builder
whose capacity is not so well established, and whose
offer is so much below the others, as to lead you to
doubt if he can do himself justice in taking the contract,
without injuring your interests.
Above all, do not forget that everything which originally enters into your estimate, through previous forethought
and careful study of your real wants, and the expression
of them in your plans and specifications, will cost you
about half as much, taken in the whole contract, as it
will do if it is an after-thought, and is introduced as an
improvement, or alteration, when the house is fairly in
progress.
A.J. D
xxxi 
HINTS TO F ERSONS
[We subjoin, as a guide, an outline sketch of Specifications,
form of Contract, 4.c., as generally employed in the United
States. The details nmust of course be filled up and varied to
suit the building to be erected.]
SPECIFICATIONS
OF THE MATERIALS AND WORKS NECESSARY IN BUILDING THE BRICK
AND CEMENT DWELLING HOUSE FOR             OF
ACCORDING TO THE ACCOMPANYING PLANS, ELEVATIONS, AND
SECTIONS ANNEXED, AND THE CONDITIONS SUBJOINED.
These plans, &c., referred  to  herein, are numbered
follows, and consist of:
Basement and foundations.
Plan of the principal story.
Plan of the second story
Attic and roof.
Elevation of the principal front.
Elevation of the rear.;
Longitudinal section.
Transverse section.
[Also insert the number of such working drawings as are
necessary.]
***These drawings, and such figures, writing, and details as may be upon
them, are to be considered as part of, and as illustrating, these specifications.
In the plans, blue designates stone; red, brick; and yellow, wood
MASON AND BRICKLAYER.
Excavate the ground for the basement or cellars according
to the area of the plan, and to the depth requisite to bring the
xxxii
as
No. I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
vii.
viii. 
ABOUT BUILDING.
level of the principal floor    feet above the average natural
level of the earth.
Remove from time to time all soil, rocks, and stones from such
excavations not wanted there, and all rubbish that accumulates
about and in the building-the same to be carried to such place
as may be agreed upon before entering into the contract.
Dig trenches for the foundation walls 2 feet lower than
the level of the basement or cellar floors. Dig trenches for
the footings of all piers and areas 3- feet deep, and of the
requisite width.  Dig foundation for cistern.
LIME AND MORTAR.-Provide a shed for all lime used, to
prevent its injury by exposure.   The  mortar used
shall be made in the best manner, of the best [Tho         maston] lime, sharp sand, and fresh water, using not
less than one part lime to two parts sand.
[N.B.-If the soil is damp, specify that the founda         tion walls shall be laid with hydraulic cement mortar
instead of common lime mortar.]
FOIJNDATIONS AND CELLAR WALLS.-Lay the foundations with
large        stone, flat bedded, and of nearly equal
thickness. The walls to be carried up to the water
table of the thickness marked in the plans, and with
offsets on each side of 6 inches, as per sections. After
the work is seasoned, fill-in, and well ram the earth
around the walls.
Build cellar partition of good hard brick as per
plans.
Build stone foundations for the SINK; with a brick
drain of     laid in hydraulic cement [or hollow tiles]
feet long, and    inches in the clear inside.  Fit to
the drain, to prevent rising of smells, one or more cast
iron dip-traps, 8 inches square.  Build area walls,
inches thick, in front of the basement window of
stone. Pave the same with brick, and if the soil is
C
xxxiii 
HINTS TO PERSONS
retentive, provide small drains to convey the water
into the main drain.
SiEPS.-The steps are to be laid of granite, marble, free-stone,
or blue-stone, as marked upon the plan, and of the
number and dimension upon the same.
WATER TABLE.-Provide and set in the best manner, a water
table, or plinth, of stone, quite round the building. The
stones of the same to be not less than three feet long,
to be thoroughly secured in the wall, and the joints to
be run with lead; the water table to be bevelled on
the upper outer edge sufficiently to throw off the
water, and to project         inches beyond the outer
face of the wall.
\SILLS AND LINTELS. Provide and set                    stone sills to
all the doors and windows  (10 inches wide and in
one stone) of the form and dimensions in the plans;
all those, except for the basement, being worked,
tooled, and finished in the best manner. The lintels
to be plain, bevelled, or moulded, as per working
drawings and plans.' Provide and set in their proper
places all cornices, mouldings, or caps of stone, as
per elevations.
OvEN.-Build a brick oven 3 ft. by 3~ ft., clear interior measure,
upon suitable foundations. Provide and fix the best
patent door and frame complete for the same.
PAVING AND FLAGGINa.-Pave the cellar or basement  floors
so marked on the plans, with the best hard pressed
paving brick.  The cellars marked             pave with
common stock brick [or lay with square blue flag           stone].  Those marked          are to be furnished with
mortar floors. The whole to be duly levelled, and
also drained where necessary.
The entire masonry, and all joints, mouldings, drips,
sinkings, &c., are to be bedded and set in the very
xxxiv 
ABOUT BUILDING.
best manner, and, wherever necessary, to have stone
and lead plugs, and copper or iron  cramps.   All
horizontal mouldings and projections to be wrought
with joggled water joints, which are to be run with
lead  [or grouted  with  hydraulic  cement].   All
grooves, jointings, rebates, &c., to be well cut and
fitted, and proper bond stones to be worked-in, to
make sound and strong walls. The needful wooden
bricks and strips to be furnished by the carpenter are
to be worked-in as the walls are laid up.
CISTERN.-Build where directed a rain-water cistern, that will
contain    hogsheads; the walls of 8 inch hard brick,
arched and cemented so as to be perfectly tight on the
inside. To be provided with an opening in the top,
2 feet square, and with the apertures for the necessary
pipes.  Build also a waste drain of        to carry off
the overflow.
BRIcKWORK.-All the bricks used in the walls to be good,
hard, well-burned bricks. They must be laid wet,
with flushed solid joints, leaving no interstices or
empty spaces in the walls. As the walls are to be
plastered or cemented on the outside, the joints
should not be pointed, but raked out, or left rough.
All the outer and main walls of the building, from
the water tabie to the roof, to be    inches thick.
These walls on the centres of basement walls so as
to leave a projection of       inches to face of the
water-table.
[HOLLOW BRICK WALLS are preferred by many  as
cheaper and dryer than solid ones.  When  hollow
walls are built, firring-off is not'necessary.]
Build brick discharging arches, to take the weight
of walls from the lintels over all doors and windo
openings of the walls. Strong brick inverted arche
xxxv 
HINTS TO PERSONS
to be turned under all the principal openings. Turn
trimmer arches to support all hearth stones.
The brickwork shall be well bedded and flushed
up, tied in every course, and worked in sound and
regular bond.   Fill-tn and back-close with sound
bricks and good mortar, at the back of all ashlaring
or facing stone work, and point-up-home to all sills,
copings, casings, and projections. Bed carefully and
solidly all window and door frames, and underpin all
sills  with  suitable mortar.    Provide  the needful
materials of every description, and cover the work
from the weather at all necessary times; find all the
scaffolding necessary for the performance of the work,
and remove the same when the work is completed.
Attend the other mechanics when required to back-in
and fill up properly behind their work. Fill-in all the
angles between wall plate and roof, and all spaces in
the walls between the ends of the beams. Also a!l
wooden partitions (if any are used). The walls shall
be carried up and built in a substantial, workmnan        like manner, and no part shall be carried up more
than four feet faster than another, except gables or
chimney shafts.
STITCCO.NG.-After the outer walls have become well seasoned,
the stucco or cement shall be put upon it [not later
in the season than the month of September]. Pre        viously to stuccoing, the outer walls shall be tho        roughly wetted and scrubbed clean with a broom.
The cement composed of sharp pit or river sand,
washed perfectly clean, and the best hydraulic lime
[that from Berlin, Ct., is most excellent], shall be
mixed only as fast as it can be used and finished off
at once in two coats only. The whole to be marked
off in courses and tinted in imitation of        stone.
xxx-vi 
ABOUT BUILDING.
[If in water colors, it should be done immediately;
if in oil, not till the work is perfectly dry.]
FIREPLACE in kitchen and             to have lintels, and hearths,
and jambs of         stone, of ample size and strongly
set. Openings of fire places of all rooms in the prin         cipal and second stories to be       feet high by
feet wide; that in kitchen    feet by      feet; that in
wash-room       feet by      feet.
Prepare all fire places in first and second stories for
marble mantels, and set the same in the best manner;
which mantels shall be selected [or furnished] by the
proprietor.
Kitchen flue to be 14 inches in the clear; and other
flues to be     inches in the clear, and well plastered
or pargetted in the inside.  Iron chimney bars, I by 2
inches, to be set where needed. Flues to be gathered
in above the fire- place in such a manner as to secure a
good draught, and in all cases separate flues to be carried
up from each fire-place. Build chimney tops of brick
[or set those of cut stone] to correspond with the
drawings.   Set all grates, ranges, and stoves, required
for the several fire-places, using fire-brick facings.
DEAFEN  OR PuG  with  a layer of good  pugging mortar,  2
inches thick, all floors throughout the house; finishing
the same with a coat of lime and hair mortar flush up
to the flooring.
LATH AND PLASTER the kitchen and            rooms, and finish the
same with brown walls. Lath and plaster and finish
with three coats [hard finish] all rooms, closets, and
partitions, in the first and second stories.  [The first
coat is called the scratch coat; the second, the brown
coat; the third, hardfinish. Diagoral lathing is greatly
to be preferred in all cases where the timber is likely
to shrink, as it lessens the risk of cracks in the walls.]
XXXVII, 
HINTS TO PERSONS
Run all cornices, and fix all stucco ornaments in the
ceilings of the different apartments to correspond
exactly with models and patterns fixed and agreed
upon before signing the contract.
The contractor for the foregoing, including all
masonry, stone-cutting, bricklaying, plastering, and
labor and carriage pertainfng thereto; shall find all
the necessary materials of every description, tools,
tackle, iron work, boards, horses or tressels, moulds,
ladders, &c., for the performance of his work; and to
do the whole in the best and most workmanlike
manner, subject to the conditions at the end of the
specifications.
CARPENTER AND JOINER.
All the wood and timber used in this building shall be of the best
White Pine [except where otherwise specified] perfectly well
seasoned, and free from loose or dead knots, sappy parts, shakes,
or other defects. The Carpenter shall frame and construct according to the drawings and sections, and in the best and most
workmanlike manner, all parts of the wood work; fix strongly
all requisite straps, stirrups, and other irons; and allow no joists
rafters, quarters, or battenings, to be more than    inches apart.
ROOF.-Frame the roof as per plan and sections, so as to
make a strong and substantial frame; the rafters
place 2 feet 6 inchies apart. Frame King posts of
into every third pair of rafters, and secure the
same with iron straps. The Wall plates shall be
, and must be halved and spiked together at
every angle.
Construct a skylight, glazed in the best manner
of thick crown glass,, over the; and
xltxviii 
ABOUT BUILDING.
a scuttle door in the roof over; both to be
made water tight in all parts.
Cover the roof with the best              shingles [or
slates], laying no shingles [o. slates] upon
the valleys until the latter are thoroughly laid with
copper.   The whole to be laid in the best manner
and repaired, if necessary, when leaks are found, till
it is perfectly water tight. [If the roof is to be
covered with tin or zinc, specify the quality and the
mode of fixing the metal, whether ridged and lapped,
or soldered.]
BASEMENT STORY.-FLOORS of sound inch yellow pine
plank,    inches wide, tongued and grooved, to be laid
in the kitchen and            rooms in this story, on
sound oak sleepers.
DOORS.-The doors to the kitchen and                  rooms to be
11 inches thick, 4 panel doors, hung with strong butt
hinges, and fitted with brass      inch knob-locks, of
good quality.  The doors in               cellars to be
11 inch thick, and fitted with neat iron latches and
iron bolts. The outward basement door to be 2 inch,
6 panel, made flush and fitted with a strong    inch
iron mortice lock and an iron bolt.
WINDOWS.-Windows in kitchen to be rising sash windows,
in box frames, with        lights    by; windows
in rooms to be the same,          lights      by
Cellar windows to be, and provided with
gratings securely fitted.
SHUTTERS to be made to all the windows  in the basement
story of 1~ inch white pine, with          panels, hung
to open      side, and provided with proper
fastenings for the outside and inside.
xxxix' 
HINTS TO PERSONS
BASES of       inch stuff,     inches high, to be made in kitchen
and           rooms.
STAIRS.-Build stairs from basement to principal story             ft.
wide, with risers        inches, and treads        inches.
The latter of best Southern yellow pine. Fit a plain
mahogany hand  rail to the same.   Fit up the sink
complete, ready for the plumber.
PRINCIPAL STORI.-FLOORS.-Beams to be of  and
inches by    inches, and to be laid not over    inches
apart from centre to centre, with the necessary trim         mers and trimmer beams; the former to be framed in
at all the fire-places, stairs, in both stories. All beams
to rest on the walls at least 6 inches; to have two
tiers of bracings, of 1I plank, 9 inches deep, and pre         pared for deafening throughout.   Floors to be laid
of the best quality, 1I inch tongued and grooved
plank only 6 inches wide, and to be blind nailed.
Hearth borders to be made to all fire places in this
and second story.
PARTITIONs.-Those  partitions marked yellow on plan, and
not built of brick, are to be made of studs,    by
inches, placed     inches apart.  Double studs shall
be introduced at the door jambs; and wide partitions,
or those not resting over solid walls, shall be well
braced with diagonal braces.
DooRs.-Front or entrance door to be of 2 inch clear white
pine, panelled as per drawing, hung with          inch
butts, and furnished with a         inch mortice lock
of the best quality.  Casing with mouldings and side
lights, as per plan and drawings annexed. All other
doors in this story to be 2 inch        panel doors as
per working drawings, made of perfectly seasoned
white pine [mahogany, black walnut?], and hung with
— I 
ABOUT BUILDING.
butts, and fitted with       inch mortice locks,
with brass [silver plated, enamel?] furniture worth
each. Sills of these doors to be of
The doors to closets in dining room to be
WINDOWS.-All windows in this story to be of the sizes and
dimensions as per plans, with box casings of pine,
fitted with sills and sliding pieces of; hung
complete with double weights, best pulleys, &c. The
sashes to be double sliding sashes,        inches thick,
with each           lights      by       inch.  [Except
windows         in        room, which are to be
casement windows opening to the floor, with lights
by       inches.]  All windows to be provided
with strong and neat locks worth          each.
SHUTTERS.-The walls to be firred-off to a sufficient distance
to admit of inside box shutters. The latter to be of
white pine        inches thick,  and fitted with best
fastenings.   Outside Venetian Blind shutters of the
best workmanship, and fitted with best inside and
outside fastenings, to be fitted to all the windows in
all the stories except
CASINGS.-All architraves or casings of the doors and  win         dows in this and the second story to be made of
the style, dimensions, and mouldings, as per plan and
working  drawings annexed.   Solid grounds for all
casings shall be fixed by the carpenter before any
plastering is done, and no casings shall be put up till
the walls are sufficiently firm to enable the joiner to
make firm and close joints.
BASES in all the rooms in this story 1I inches thick, and
inches high, moulded as per drawings, and grooved
into the floor plank.
PIAZZA. -Build the piazza of the dimensions and style repre         sented in plan.  The columns to be of           and the
xli - 
HINTS TO PERSONS
ceiling to be of; and the floor of    inch narrow
yellow pine plank, tongued and grooved.
STAIRS.-Build the principal stairs with steps each rising
inches, with treads    inches broad.  The steps to be
11 inches thick, with moulded nosings, the risers 1i
inches thick: neat-moulded string 21 inches thick.
Newel, balusters, and handrail of mahogany, size and
style as per drawings.
SECOND STORY.-FLOORS [here repeat
with the necessary alterationsl.
PARTITIONS.
WINDOWS.
SHUTTERS.
DOORS.
foregoing details
A TTIC'.-FLOORS.
PARTITIONS.
WINDOWS.
SHUTTERS.
DOORS.
CLOSETS.-The pantry and closets, in dining, store-room, and
kitchen, marked on the plans, to be thoroughly fitted
up with all such shelves and  closets  as the pro        prietor may direct, as well as all closets in bed-rooms
and passages; the latter also to be well provided
with the necessary wardrobe hooks, for clothes.
WATER-CLOSETS.-Fit up in a complete manner the water         closet, with all the necessary wood-work. The seat
and rises to be of clear white pine [or mahogany],
and all the work to be done as the plumber requires
it, to make the whole perfect;  including  a strong
cistern case, made of 2 inch pine, that will hold
gallons of water: with a cover to the same.
xiii
I
I 
ABOUT BUILDING.
The whole of the exterior wood work, and all not hitherto
described, including                        carvings, mouldings,
fixtures, cornices, and all other wooden architectural ornaments
to make the building complete, according to the plans and
elevations, to be made of clear, seasoned white pine, put together with white lead, and of the forms and sizes shown on the
drawings; the whole to be done according to the directions,
and to the satisfaction of the architect.
The  carpenter  and joiner are to find all the necessary
materials, and all labor, tools, and every species of hardware
and ironmongery, including all nails, bolts, bars, hinges, fastenings, and everything required for the completioniof their work;
and to prepare and fix all kinds of beads, stops, fillets, grounds,
linings, and backings required for the perfect execution of the
above, whether the same is herein specified or not; the whole
to be executed in the most substantial and workmanlike
manner, and  to  be done subject to the  conditions  hereto
subjoined
BELL-HANGER.
Provide and fix bells with best springs from the following
places to. The wires of the same to be carried in tin
tubes, fixed in the walls before the second coat of plaster is put
on, and arranged in the best mode, with all necessary cranks,
copper wire, &c.  The bell pulls to be of      and worth
each.
PAINTER AND GLAZIER.
The GLAzIFR shall glaze all the sashes iii the basement story
with    crown glass: all the sashes in the principal story witt
xlii-i 
HINTS TO PERSONS
the best      crown (or plate) glass, selecting the best squares
for the best apartments; and all the sashes in the second story
and attic with best            crown glass: all to be properly
bedded, sprigged, and back-puttied, and left whole and clean
on the completion of the building.
The PAINTER shall prime and paint the whole of the external
wood work, iron work, and tin and copper work of the house,
four coats of good English white lead in oil, the white lead
being mixed with other colors, to bring it to the shade designated by the architect.   The outer doors shall be painted
The whole of the internal woodwork of the house (except
floors and shelves) to be painted          three coats in oil; the
last coat in the principal floor, to be flatted (i. e., turpentine used
instead of oil, to take off the gloss).  The doors and all wood
work in            shall be grained in the best style, in imitation
of          and, together with the handrails and balusters, &c.,
shall be varnished twice with the best copal varnish.
The painter shall knot, pumice down, and properly prepare
all wood work before painting it; and the painter and glazier
shall find all the materials, workmanship, and carriage, and
everything necessary to the performance of their work, and to
perform the same in a substantial and workmanlike manner,
subject to the conditions of the contract.
PLUMBER AND TIN-SMITH.
The  PI,UMBER and TIN-SMITH shall provide and fix, as the
progress of the work requires it, all necessary    strips or flashings of     inches wide, which shall be let into the brick work,
where the roof joins the brick walls: also provide and fix aprons
around all the chimney shafts let into the brick work, to throw
the wet from the wall.   Lay the gutters with               inches
broad.  Where the same are against walls, turn up  the strips
A
xliv 
ABOUT BUILDING.
7 inches; where against rafter slopes, 10 inches. Cover the
hips, ridges, and valleys of the roof with         inches broad;
the whole to be lapped, dressed, and nailed with lead-headed
nails, and made perfectly tight. Provide and fix [tin, copper]
leaders of           inches in diameter from all the gutters on
side of the house to the cistern, and firom the      side
to the drain.  Fit the cistern with       inch supply and waste
pipes.  Line the sinks with lead weighing             lbs. to the
square foot, and provide and fix the necessary drainage pipe
from the same.
Provide and fit up the water-closet in every respect perfect and
complete, with soil pipe of 8 lb. lead, with D. trap, of's
manufacture and 41 inch bore, to lead into drain, 1 inch supply
pipe to the basin, and every other fixture and apparatus, to
make the whole complete. Line the supply cistern pipe with
Slb. lead, and leave the whole in warranted working order.
Provide a bathing-tub of            with waste pipe 1- inches
in diameter, leading into the drain, and fit up the same in the
bathing room with all the necessary pipes, boilers, and showerbath apparatus, complete.   Fix all the pipes and water works
friom         to         and leave the whole in working order
when the house is finished.  Provide and fix a         pump of
the best quality.
The painter and glazier, plumber and tin-smith, and bellhanger, shall also find all the materials, workmanship, and
carriage, and whatever else shall be necessary to the performance of their works, and shall perform the same in a substantial
and workmanlike manner; subject to the conditions of the
contract.
xlv 
HINTS TO PERSONS
For  the performance of the several works in the  re.spectii,
trades, as set forth in, and according to the accompanyind
SPECIFICATIONS,. VIZ.:
The contractor shall and will, at his own costs and charges,
find, provide, and deliver, all and every kind of new materials
of the best quality and description; together with the goods
and chattels, cartage, scaffolding, tackle, tools, templets, rules,
moulds, matters and things, labor and work, which may be
necessary for the due, proper, and complete execution; and
accordingly erect, build, execute, perform, finish, and complete,
in a good, sound, and workmanlike manner (to the perfect
satisfaction and  approbation of  the  architect),  the  several
buildings and works, agreeably End conformably, in all and
every respect, to the specification, drawings, dimensions, and
explanations, and observations thereon, or herein stated, de.
scribed, or implied, and all things incident thereto, which may
become necessary, according to the true intent and meaning
thereof, although not specifically stated or described by (but
which  may  be inferred  from)  the aforesaid drawings  and
specification, the same, generally, to illustrate each other. And,
should it appear that any of the works hereby intended to be
done, or matters relative thereto, are not fully detailed or
explained in the said particular or drawings, the said builder
or builders shall apply to the Architect for such further
detailed explanations, and perform his orders as part of the
contract.
The contractor, his foreman, or clerk, shall, upon or within
forty-eight hours after receiving written notice from the
architect, at any time and at all times, remove from the ground
or buildings, whether worked or otherwise, all materials which
niay be unsound, improper, and not corresponding with the
xlvi 
ABOUT  BUIL.DING.
specification or drawings, and these conditions, and not approved by him; and substitute and bring back good and proper
materials in lieu thereof; and in case of default therein, the
architect shall be at liberty so to do, at the cost and charges of
the contractor.
In case of delay by the contractor in providing and delivering the requisite materials, or in the advancement of the buildings, or works, or of a deficiency of workmen, as well in respect
to dismissing any unskilful workman or workmen, or for misconduct, the architect shall be at liberty (after giving to, or
leaving for, the contractor, his foremnan, or clerk, six days'
notice in writing) to provide, at the expense of the contractor,
all such materials, and employ an increased number, or such
number of workmen, at such wages as the architect shall think
proper; and the costs and charges incurred, shall be retained
gut of the contract amount, or balance thereof, which may
remain due, or be recoverable as liquidated damages. The
architect to be at liberty to make any deviation from, or alteration in, the plan, form, construction, detail, and execution, described by the drawings and specification, without invalidating
or rendering void the contract; and in case of any difference
in the expense, an addition to, or abatement from the said contract amount shall be made, in the ratio or proportion such
work may bear to the whole contract works, agreed to be performed, and the same to be determined by the architect; but
no extra or addition to be admitted or allowed for, unless
executed under written authority, and a statement and amount
o,f claim be made weekly, for the architect's decision  thereon.
The architect's opinion, certificate, report, and decision on
all matters, to be binding and conclusive.
The contractor, his foreman, or clerk, upon receiving a
written order from the architect for that purpose, shall suspend
the working and proceeding with such part or portions of work,
to be specified in such order, for the due and proper execution
xlvii 
HINTS TO PERSONS
of other work or works connected therewith; and in case of
frost or inclemency of weather, to effectually cover, protect,
and secure the several works, as occasion may require, and
prevent admission of wet through the apertures, and all damage
occasioned thereby or otherwise, during the progress of the
works, and by depredation or fire.; the same to be borne and
reinstated by, and at the expense of, the contractor, who is also
to case effectually with boarding all bases, capitals, cornices,
and other projections, and deliver up the building in the most
perfect order and condition, fit for use and occupation.
The several works in erecting the building and finishing the
same, to be proceeded in with all reasonable and proper
despatch, in the several parts, consistently with the due and
proper execution thereof (here state the various works to be
completed within given periods).
And all the remaining carpenter's, joiner's, smith's, plasterer's,
glazier's, painter's, and all other works, matters and things, in
and about the building, as shown by the drawings, or stated in
the specification, and herein, shall be completed on or before the
day of      under penalty of $   for every week exceeding those periods; and this condition not to be made or rendered void by any alteration or additional works being performed; but in such case the time shall be extended as shall
be deemed proper by the architect and agreed to by the contractor, in writing, at the time of such extension.
The contractor will be required to find and provide two
sureties for the due performance of his contract, to be bound
each in the penal sum of $        and also to bear and pay the
expense of the contract, which is to be prepared by the solicitor,
to the employer.
xlviii
I 
ABOUT BUILDING.
Payments for the said works to be made by instalments,
equal to    per cent. on the amount of works, which shall be
done and fixed.
The first payment when
The second payment when
The third [fourth, fifth or last] when the remaining works are
completed; such payments to be made only when certified. in
writing, by the archlitect, to have become due and payable; and
within            months after the whole works, matters and
things, are completed and adjusted, and true balance stated
and certified by the said architect; the contractor to receive
the remaining part of the money due to him, and to give a
receipt in full of all demands.
Provided, That the wages of artisans and laborers, and all
those employed by the contractor, shall have been paid and
satisfied, so that they shall have no lien upon the building or
works.
-t is  )ercbp agreeb,
This      da  of
This     day of        in the year, between
of, on the one part, and            on the other part,
that he the said              for himself, his executors, administrators, and assigns, doth hereby promise and agree, to and with
the said             to do and perform all the works, of every
kind mentioned and contained in the foregoing particulars, and
according and subject to the conditions above-recited, and according to the drawings prepared and referred to, at and for
the sum of             lawful money of the United States; and
the said          doth hereby agree to abide by and be subject
D
xlix 
HINTS TO PERSONS ABOUT BUILDING.
to the several clauses, conditions, antI penalties herein before
mentioned and contained.
In consideration whereof, the said                 doth hereby
promise and agree to pay to the said                 on the certificate of the architect, the aforesaid sum of          dollars, in
separate payments, as before stated in the conditions.
In witness whereof, the said parties have hereunto set their
hand, the day and year above written.
Witness,
I 
H INTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.  
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
PART I.
IN a volume published some years ago by the late Mr. James
Fraser, entitled "The Palace of Architecture," it was my aim
to address at once the professional student and the general
reader, by placing the subject of Architecture before them in a
more popular and pictorial form than had theretofore been
attempted. In respect to the profession, it presumed no further
than to excite in the novitiate that feeling for the romance of
his art which is not always elicited in the practice of an architect's office, and to promote in his mind a more catholic feeling
for Architecture in its most comprehensive sense, than the confined circumstances of national and local requirement might
be expected to encourage.
It is now my object to afford a sequel to that volume of a
purely practical nature: to supply a course of hints which may
prove serviceable, in the first instance, to the youth who is destined for the profession; and, in the second, to the young man
who is about to enter upon the practice of it on his own
account.
And, first, for the mere candidate who has yet to complete
the last two years of his school studies. We presume that
he has achieved a certain respectable quantum of classical
attainment, with, at least, such a knowledge of the French language as it is now usual to afford in all well ordered schools.
Still cultivating these, it now becomes essential thal peculiar
care be given to the promotion of practical mathematics, geo
1 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCH[TECTS./
metrical drawing, and perspective. By the former we mean
all that relates to the formation and measurement of superficial
and solid figures, and those parts of arithmetic which have reference to square and cubical estimate and valuation; plane trigonometry, essential to the operations of the surveyor; and mechanics, necessary to compute the strength and strain of materials.
By geometrical drawing is meant the free use of the compasses
and steel pen, the drawing board and T square, the camel-hair
brush, and Indian ink: this to be followed by an industrious
application to linear perspective.
Nothing is more common than for a young gentleman to enter
an architect's office incapable of striking a circle without, at
least, two ends; or of describing an octagon with any two sides
alike; equally ignorant of cross multiplication-that leading
essential of valuation practice, and bugbear of indolent reluctance; with no knowledge whatever of the use ofthe theodolite
or spirit level; and having no idea that mechanics have any
immediate reference to the permanent adaptation of stone and
timber. A superficial reading of Euclid, and a course of algebra, may have gained a silver medal to be worn triumphantly
on the last "breaking up day;" but the peculiar application of
the study to such matters as especially concern the architect
will not have been thought of; and a thousand facilities, which
might have been readily afforded before the day of apprenticeship, have been omrnitted, to the great prejudice of subsequent
pursuit. The self-flattering notion of manhood, natural to the
emancipated youth, no longer a school-boy, is disgustingly corrected by the necessary incipient drudgery which makes him
feel a child again-or leaves him the alternative of thinking
himself too much a man for "task work" so elementary.
His knowledge of drawing is illustrated by a series of rather
free copies of very picturesque originals, in which there is but
little of the formality of vertical or horizontal lines, and still less
of lines perspectively convergent. Significations of trees, cot
2 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
tages, cows, and ploughmen home returning,  all beautifully
mounted, with gold lines ruled around, are exhibited to his
future master, as proofs of certain removes from nature without
any approach towards art. If he have any artistical feeling for
landscape, the chances are he will not be architecturally inclined.
If architecturally given, it is not unlikely that his "drawing
master" will have done his best to counteract the impulse.
His geometrical drawing has been probably confined to a clumsy
imitation of the figures of his Euclid, with letters that are capital only in a typographical sense.  His writing:-ah, there
indeed he flourishes! Words stretching out like race-horses,
with long heads and tails raking into the lines above and below,
so as to preserve a perplexing connexion between whole sentences, past, present, and to come
Now, whatever may be necessary to other professions, or to
any other branch of science or art, unquestionably there is no
one which has more decidedly among its first principles the
imperative law of PRECISICN than that of an architect, whether
it regards the operations of the mind or the hand. The responsibilities which attach to him, who may have to erect a large
and important edifice, in which the economy of construction is
to afford giant strength with graceful lightness, are such as
should be considered from the very first moment of his architectural aspiration. Precision, then, in advancing, step by step,
through all the gradations of initiatory study, demands the closest
care. Architectural beauty is, in fact, the result of constructive
perfection; and this can only be secured by laying down the
first stone with a caution anticipating the pride that will attend
the elevation of the crowning pinnacle. Each intermediate
grade of operation will be also fulfilled with prospective and
retrospective reference to all the others. The purpose and
beauty of a building are indeed important; but the "very life
of the building" is the foundation-most important, though afterwards to remain unseen. Many are the young architects who,
3
0, 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
on getting into practice, have had suddenly to make good with
hasty, anxious, and health-destroying application, the omissions
of their student years; and all, we maintain, from the early disregard of that precision of habit which, in the mind, means
close and systematic study, and which indicates itself in the
neatness and care of the hand.
But, while the young aspirant is not expected to have an intuitive sense of all this, neither is it to be supposed that he can,
unaided, duly weigh its importance; and we therefore, through
him, address those who have the care of his school studies after
his profession may have been suggested. It will, at least, be
unsafe, whether reasonable or not, to reckon upon any especial
personal supervision at the hands of his professional master.
His premium will be paid for the opportunities which he will
have of learning-as his master learned before him; and in
consideration of his ultimately securing to himself some of that
remunerative practice which will be consequently forfeited by
the senior professor. Moreover, it will assuredly be an allsufficient answer for those, who expect personal instruction, to
say that all existing practitioners of any note have depended on
their own employment of the mere opportunity for self-tuition.
It is, therefore, in regard to the duty which the student owes
to himself (for he may, to a sufficient extent, do his master's
business, and yet neglect his own) that we emphasize the necessity of a certain amount of school training preparatory to the
deed of apprenticeship. During the term of his articles, we
presume not to meddle with him further than to call on him to
do his best, as he may rest well assured the more he serves his
master the more he will serve himself. After that, we shall
venture to take him up again; for circumstances may prevent
his gathering from his more  competent adviser those ext,.aofficial instructions which it will be our hope to afford him.
To recur, then, to his closing school studies.
We begin with the most simple. The writing master is first
4
I 
HINTS TO YOUNG  ARCI[ITECTS.
in request. The hand which usually wins the silver pen is
about the worst that can be cultivated. We were ourselves
nearly successful in the trial, and the mortification we experienced in having afterwards to curtail our capitals and control
the comet-like eccentricities of our little Is and ps is not forgotten to this day. It was long before we could achieve the credit
of being competent to write out the "fair copy" of a "specification;" and many were the plans we rendered slovenly by a
want of neatness and clearness in our figurings. The desire to
give an official-like character to a "detailed estimate" was
frustrated during almost the whole of our apprenticeship; and
as to "printing" the titles of the fair drawings with the relative
designation of the PLANS, ELEVATIONS, and SECTIONS, there was
a charity school office-boy who ever maintained in this particular
an envied ascendency. Our good master used truly to say, that
the writing and lettering would make respectable an indifferent
drawing, and spoil a good one.*
The acquirement of a neat, close, and uniform character of
writing, with practical ability in the several modes of lettering
employed on drawings, is of immediate, and of no unimportant
use in an architect's office. The student, thus prepared, comes
into the instant participation of advantages which otherwise he
must wait for.  The perfecting of his penmanship may be fully
acquired at school, and he might there also so practise it as to
make it still more essentially serviceable by copying out, for
instance, a compendious architectural glossary, and giving to
each leading word the particular letter which typographically
expresses it. Thus, terms having exclusive application to
classical architecture might be in the ROMAN character; those
exclusively confined to gothic architecture in the ef lB
(!EXt(lJ!fi; and all others of common meaning in ITALICS:
* We improved, however, marvellously, in our ordinary handwriting, and it
was the mere penmanship of a letter of solicitation that a few years after obtained
employment for us in the office of the late Sir John Soane.
5 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
the description being of course appended in the best kind of
'-c Y~;z2       As a further exercise in the latter character,
it would be well to copy out a dictionary of the technical terms
of masonry, carpentry, &c.; the whole of which form no very
lengthy operation, and would leave the practical illustrations of
the office to be in their turn more interesting, because more
readily comprehended.
The drawing master comes next. What may be now his
practice in schools we know not; but, in our own time, he did
but very little in the promotion of artistical truth, and nothing
at all in the way of practical utility. If the intended architect
have-as indeed he should have-a feeling for the pictorial of
art, it will not ultimately suffer under the requirement of its
more anatomical and geometrical necessities. A decision of
hand in outline delineation is the very first desideratum in an
architectural draughtsman. This applies not less to curved
than to direct lines; nor can a better study be suggested than
that of the human figure, beginning with the skeleton, combined
with the representation of plain solids of regular form, without
(in the first instance) any shading or attempt at effect.
When the hand has acquired some independent precision and
firmness, the use of the mathematical instruments, drawing
board, T square, and parallel ruler, should be carefully attended
to; and all this will be sufficiently induced in the study of
perspective. The pupil will first draw the plan of his subject,
then the elevation, and finally work out its perspec- 
tive appearance under certain prescribed conditions..
Ihis previously required pre-....;-':cision of hand is now regulated by the knowledge of 
rule; and both will work together to make a correct and ready
sketcher.    The study of the finished human  figure (which
6
I 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Plan.
0
View.
Elevation.
7
should alternate with the more formal process), while in itself
most valuable in respec t to statuesque architecture, will equally
facilitate the drawing of mouldings and their enrichments; and
we may here add, that a careful copying of the leading frieze
ornaments, Greek and Roman and Gothic, will be infinitely more
to the purpose than any attempts at that mediocrity in picture
which never afterwards aspires to more  than a place in my
lady's album.
A  certain advance  being thus made  in linear drawings
(which, by the way, having been first carefully pencilled,
should then be more carefully perpetuated, with the steel or
reed pen in Indian ink), the camel-hair brush will be introduced.
To produce a smooth and uniform tint, accurately terminating
with the boundary lines, is the first step; to practise the " soft ening off" necessary to give effect to a circular pillar or a
sphere, the next.   The  distinctions between  positive  and
reflected light, shade and shadow, will succeed; and then will
' follow the leading rules by which shadows are accurately projected. After this, it will be time to indulge in the charms of
color; and, when the student has mastered the means of dealing
with superficies and solids, his drawing master may their do his
best to make an artist of him.
The late Mr. Peter Nicholson has done all that is necessary
to enable the school tutors to direct their pupils both in the
preparatory movements of architectural drawing, and in the 
IIINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
leading application of mechanics to architectural practice; and
this brings us to speak of the latter.
As a mere act of mental discipline, a course of the classics
will be of equal value with mechanics; but the practical value
of the latter will be at once apparent when it is considered, that
the means of constructing every building involve the use of all
the mechanical powers, and that a Knowledge of the properties
of the simplest of these-the lever is of the utmost importance
as affecting the laws of the resistance of timber, the composition
and resolution of forces.   The construction of roofs; overhanging partition framings, and trussed beams, becomes a
matter of prominent interest, when the mechanical principles
on which it depends are understood; and all we contemplate,
in speaking of the young architect in embryo, is the guidance
of his mind into that train of practical thought which the
obvious utility of his early studies will promote. There is
nothing to prevent a school-boy from mastering such brief
elementary articles as those of Mr. Gwilt on "the Equilibrium
of Arches" and the necessary magnitude of their piers; or
such as Mr. Bartholomew's Chapters on Gravity, "the source
of all principle and defect in architectural construction;" nor
can we resist an allusion to the Articles on Masonry and Carpentry, published in a separate form, from the Encyclopedia
Britannica.
Allusion has been made to the arithmetical and mathematical
studies of the intended architect. It is most due to the value of his
time when he first enters the office of his professional master, that
he should be already fully practised in all that relates to square
and cube measure; quick and sure in the working of cross
multiplication, and in carrying out the sums, or what is termed
the "moneying" of quantities at different prices.  It will not
be his business, until he is apprenticed, to learn the different
ways in which the differing branches of artificers' work are
measured; or their value per yard, per foot, per rod, or per
8
I 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
perch, superficial or cube; but he ought to have at his finger
ends the mere calculative process, so that his attention may be
given, from the first day of his entering an office, to acquiring
a knowledge of the nature and value of labor and materials,
and of the varied way in which the mason, bricklayer, plasterer,
carpenter and joiner, plumber and painter, compute their perfected operations. All the ordinary rules o-f arithmetic are of
course of absolute necessity. We only speak of those in
reference to which the utmost practical readiness is immediately required.  He who can square the greatest number of
dimensions in the least possible time; in like manner multiply
quantities by prices, and "add up" a foot long of closely
written pounds, shillings, and pence, has received, as it were,
an impetus which will carry him upwards on the ascent of
early practice, and vastly alleviate the tedium of this most
imperative drudgery.
His mathematical studies should in the same degree facilitate
the construction, with his compasses and steel pen, of circles,
squares, triangles, pentagons, octagons, and so on to polygons,
divided and sub-divided,-of parallels that have no chance of
meeting, and truncated isosceles triangles that have their apex in
some unattainable point beyond the other end of the schoolroom. Trigonometrical practice, too, might be carried on at
least so far as to produce a map of the play-ground, including
"the duck-pond and three elm trees beyond," with the respective levels of the several angle points. He should be enabled
to raise a perpendicular line without his drawing board and
T square, and to draw a raking line at any required angle.
Of the many things which are generally only touched upon at
schools, such leading ones as we have mentioned should be
fairly grasped. A three years' term would be thereby rendered
equal to the usual five; and, at the end of the five, a salary
might be commanded, where a mere interval of anxious inc.om
9 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
petency is the common instigation to forfeit more time, in
making good the loss of time past.
We have spoken of some knowledge of French as usually
afforded at schools. The more of it that can be there attained,
without injury to the immediate essentials before enumerated,
the better; because, in conjunction with Latin, it promotes
those facilities of travel, of which we sincerely hope our
intended young architect may be enabled to avail himself. At
all events then, what can be learned at school should not afterwards be forgotten; and this prompts us to make the only
reference in which we shall indulge as to the duty of the
student during his apprenticeship. After Latin and French,
Italian is easily acquired.   The  study of this simple and
beautiful language (speaking of it as a medium of communication, and plain literary instruction) will prove a mere pastime.
The writer of these hints (though naturally slow at languages)
learned sufficiently, by two months' exclusive application, to
read simple prose readily, and to make his way through Italy
tolerably well.
During the term of his articles, we would therefore recommend him  to give uninterrupted, though easy attention, to
French and Italian, making the latter perhaps the more especial
as he proceeds. There are numerous works in both languages
in which architecture, both as a science and art, is most ably
treated on; and we are free to confess our envy of that
knowledge of German which enabled Mr. W. H. Leeds to
afford to his countrymen a translation of Moller's" Memorials
of German Gothic Architecture."
Lastly, we would impress upon the young aspirant to architectural honors, our repetition of the RESPONSIBILITIES which will
attach to him from the first hour of his unaided practice. It
may be some time before he will be enabled to purchase
assistance; and, during that state of individual probation, he
10
I 
IIINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
will have-if he have employment-duties relatively more
arduous and more harassing, than when commissions shall
thereafter pour upon him to the hoped-for advancement of his
fame and fortune. He must be for a time "grand master,"
assistant surveyor, and drudgery clerk, of his own establishmnent: at once designer artistical, constructor practical, copying
draughtsman, measurer, valuer, and more-with which we
would not frighten him.  He must cultivate resolution on the
ground of knowledge, endurance on that of patience, and
modesty on the full assurance, that, when he shall have practised to the last day of his occupation, he will have learned the
more to know how much he has yet to learn. His profession is
a noble one, based on palpable science, and beautified by the
poetry of art. It is most gratifying in respect to the society to
which it may lead, and the rank it may confer. It is more
especially so in regard to the pride which an architect cannot
but feel in contemplating the material and enduring majesty of
the structures he may have to raise. Paintings must be sought
in the gallery; statues may indeed preside in the open square;
but it is architecture only which towers into the sky-alike
commanding, far or near; and combining the graces of form,
proportion, and decoration, with picturesque charm and massive
grandeur.
We now take leave of our school student, to meet him again
some five years hence.
11 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
PART"- II.
OUR quondam school-boy is now, in reality, a "young architect." He has " served his time" in the office of some established professor and practitioner, and we have only to hope
that his time has served him. Presuming that it has done so,
even to a greater degree than is usual, he must still consider,
not only that he has much to learn,-but something to un-learn,
-for the mannerisms of his master have, most likely, a present
influence upon him to the prevention of the due development
of his native taste and feeling. He must consider that he has
been hitherto exercised only in those particular styles of the
art which his tutor has been called upon to practise, and that
he (the pupil) may have, in his future career, to deal with other
styles, and even with the same styles in a novel manner. He
may have, not only new combinations to effect, but also original,
or hitherto unrevived, features to study. He has to get the
wheels of his mind out of the ruts of habitual office practice,
and to drive the coursers of his imagination over the free common ground of varied and speculative design.  He  has, no
doubt, acquired much artistical knowledge that is true, and
much practical attainment that is valuable; but the very conditions of his pupilage have  enforced an obedience, which,
though most wholesome in respect to discipline, has yet trammelled his invention and checked his fancy. Young architects
will be generally found to criticise the works of others by the
standard of their master's; and, by the way, they are usually
much given to criticism, with a greater aptitude for censure
12
11
I 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
than eulogy-the natural result of limited knowledge bearing
upon comprehensive variety.
Now, to get rid of the mere bonds of habit, there is, unquestionably, nothing so certainly efficacious as TRAVEL.
"Home-keeping youth have ever homely wits.
I rather would entreat thy company
To see the wonders of the world abroad;
For it may be impeachment to thy age
In having known no travel in thy youth.
Experience is by industry achieved,
And perfected by the swift course of time;
Nor can he hope to be a perfect man,
Not being tried nor tutor'd in the world."
Submissive obedience has been already sufficiently practised.
A lively and acute observation has now to be cultivated.
What is sterling in the range of former acquirement will not be
lost nor diminished. The ever fresh air of changing scenes
and differing countries,
"Puffing at all, winnows the light away,
And what hath mass, or matter, by itself
Lies rich in virtue, and unmingled.'"
Corrective in respect to past studies, travel will prove also
highly suggestive in regard to the studies which are to follow;
and the young artist, instead of remaining a critic over others,
will find enough to do in criticising himself.
Nor let it be supposed that the benefits of travel are less
than they formerly were, because books have multiplied to us
the labors of former travellers. The object of travel, it is true,
is not so elementary as it was, ere Stuart and Revett, Denon,
Taylor, Cressy, and others, had afforded all necessary information as to the details of Greek, Egyptian, and Roman design;
but it is, as ever, important in expanding the taste for the
beautiful and picturesque, a-,, in stimulating that professional
13 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
enthusiasm which can only be excited by beholding the actual
realities whose distant features we have previously learned to
appreciate.
Apart from the more professional and technical matters of a
young architect's travel, are others of a moral and social kind
not less to be considered.  It has been said that "manners
make the man," and in no case is the saying worthier than in
that of an architect, who depends not more on his ability to
answer the duties of employment than on the address and conduct necessary to form and secure a connexion.  Of all men
engaged in the polite art, he is the most frequently and continuously in personal communication with his patron. The
sources of conversation which travel affords, and the polish
which it may be reasonably expected to occasion, are obviously
of no mean value to one, who may be constantly the table
guest and resident visitor of his employer.  An accomplished
architect is necessarily a man competent, to talk at least, if not
to evince in some measure a practical attainment of Art in
general. A feeling for elegant literature is also a natural concomitant of the critical refinement which his reading should
have secured to him.   The knowledge of the continental
languages will not have been acquired without some acquaintance with the leading authors who have employed them; and
an experience of continental society will not have been effected
without an improvement in his behavior.   Many  are  the
instances of young men having formed those intimacies among
their own countrymen abroad which have subsequently proved
most productive at home; and certain it is, that he who has
enriched his portfolio with evidences of his industry in Rome,
Florence, and Venice, will find an advantage in its mere possession as a credential, though otherwise it may serve him but
little.
The truth is, there is no longer any occasion for him to risk
his neck in clambering the arcades of the Coliseum, or to spend
14 
HIINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
his time in measuring the portico of the Pantheon. So far, at
least, as it regards the details of Egyptian, Greek, Roman
Gothic, Moorish, and  Byzantine  architecture, his  work  is
already done for him. If he cannot possess himself of the
books themselves, he may have ready access to libraries, in
which every important feature of these varieties of design is
elaborately and truthfully delineated. It is his sketch and note
book, rather than his measuring rod, which should occupy his
foremost attention. He requires less to fill his paper with
dimensions than his mind with IDEAS. He now wants feelings rather than  facts;  correctives rather than  corroborations;  motives rather than materials; speculative  freedom
rather than academical precision. This is the time for him
to cultivate the poetry of his art, ever attentive to those high
and catholic principles of design, which, though the same
in essence, develope themselves in different forms suitable to
the climate, the manners, the religious or social state of the
different countries through which he successively passes. He
will by no means confine himself, as was the case formerly, to
antiquity. He will take observant cognisance of the numerous
illustrations of medieval modification; and still more of all
examples of more modern excellence. In two instances only
will he remain exclusive in his devotion; viz., to ancient sculpture and the old masters of historical art. Let him remember,
that Architecture raises the temple which Painting and Sculpture are to occupy as their own loved home; and that, as he
may have to co-operate with the painter and sculptor in the
production of "one entire and perfect" work, it is a duty he
owes to his fellow laborers to cultivate an adequate feeling for
their respective portions of it. He alone, who is in some
degree a painter and sculptor (i. e. critically), can be competent
to the honor of their copartnership. If the young architect be
inclined to carry it further than criticism, the period of his
travel is the time for his operations. Then may he well vary
15 
e
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
his pursuits with drawings from the antique, and with sketches
from the grand frescoes of Raphael and Buonarotti; but espe cially with exercises in water color from Italy's own Nature,
in her combinations with architectural forms. Highly advan tageous is it for every architect to become a correct and ready
sketcher, a master of eye-perspective, and a creditable per former with his brush and colors.  The  fascinations of smart
and lightly managed effects of sun, shadow, and tint, will some
day "tell" in his favor; and he may now be engaged in pre paring for his future drawing-room pictorial decorations, which
shall also be of important service to him as so manv official
insignia, "flags and signs" of the love he bears to the profession
he has adopted.
His more practical drawing will be well applied to choice
selections from the architectural fragments which may excite
his admiration in the several great Italian Museums, all of
which are prodigal in the exhibition of decorative art. The
experience already acquired at home will teach him where
such things may be hereafter suitable for application; and his
employer will not be the less pleased in learning, that the
vase on his balustrade or the frieze on his chimneypiece are
fac-similes of some valued importation firom the "Museo
Vaticano."
Italian Gothic he will carefully eschew-at least as a model.
To the great Cathedrals of Germany, France, and Normandy,
his continental Gothic studies will be confined; nor will he
forget, even in perusing them, that England is, after all, more
especially the school in which Gothic architecture developes
itself with the most essential truth. In Normandy, the Norman Gothic is unquestionably better and more fully illustrated
than with us; and in many of the foreign pointed examples he
will see certain individual parts of a far greater magnitude and
more elaborate richness than any he can meet with at home;
but it is still from an untiring study of the cathedrals, churches,
16 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
and old mansions of England, that the true principles of
Gothic design, the laws of its proportion, and the most effective
results of its combinations, are to be deduced.
The growing feeling in our country for the palatial style of
medieval Rome and of Venice, and for the villa of modern Italy,
will, of course, direct him to give more than common attention to such examples as best exhibit them; so that he may
co-operate with his numerous improving contemporaries in
working out a worthy Anglo-Italian school of design. Scientific and literary professors, travellers, high church conservatives, and others, have all built their club-houses in pursuance
of the aim started by the Buonarottis and Palladios. Country
gentlemen are raising their mansions in emulation of the landscape  lords of Italy, with Corinthian porticos, balustraded
terraces, and Belvedere towers.   The  Palladian palace of
Stowe, and the grand piles of Blenheim and Castle Howard,
still maintain their ascendency over all modern attempts at the
castellated or Tudor mansion; and, while the Church Architectural Societies are effecting much good in the restoration of
a pure and correct taste for Christian Pointed Architecture as
applied to churches and other buildings ecclesiastically connected, there can be little doubt of the propagation and
continued durability of a reviving love for the modifications
of Greek and Roman design.
As to the time which should be occupied in travel, two years
should be the utmost; while one, employed with devotional
industry, may be sufficient. At all events, a longer period than
the former may too much interfere with the business habits of a
young architect who only has his profession to depend upon.
The more limited period will allow of a month at Paris, two at
Florence, four in Rome, one at Naples, one at Venice, and the
remaining three for a general survey of the intervening cities
and those on his northern route homewards.   If, however,
circumstances will allow it, the longer period may be well
2
17 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
expended, and the moral and social advantages will of course
be the better cultivated.   The writer of these Hints was
limited in time-because limited in means. Impressed with
he fear of debt, and anxious to relieve those by whose kind
aid he was advantaged, his "travel's history" scarcely filled
the twelvemonth.   The cost of his travelling, lodging, and
other incidentals, did not exceed ninety-two pounds, about
twenty more having been expended in books and other articles
of professional utility. To him the pleasures of society (save
those he enjoyed at the common mess-table of his brother
artists) were denied.   Excursions of relaxation  and  mere
enjoyment were out of the question. He witnessed one opera
at Milan, because it was his duty to inspect the grand Scala
theatre; and made pleasure and profit tell together in seeing at
once the interior of a French theatre, and the acting of Talma.
But he feared the expense of venturing south of Rome; forfeited the desired gratification of seeing Vesuvius and the
disentombed cities of its vicinity, the gay beauties of Naples,
and the solitary grandeur of Pestum; and, after all, returned
home with as much preserved cash as would have enabled him
to accomplish what he had not dared to attempt. This was
doubtless bad management, and will excite rather the smile of
contempt than the sigh of sympathy. Prospects, however, are
more cheering now. The then "poor student" is now a grateftilly thriving architect; and, D. V., he will eat macaroni at
1\ aples, yet.
is 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
PART III
OUR traveller has now returned. His brass plate is upon his
door. He has indentures to prove his apprenticeship, a portfolio to assert his subsequently acquired accomplishment; and
he is-ready to begin.
The probability is, that he'll have to wait awhile. He will
have nothing to do-or what he does will be done for nothing.
Some one will kindly give him an opportunity of showing
what        he can do: the favor shown, and the labor giyen, being
mutually gratuitous. Advertisements will invite him to compete for a Town Hall, or a "New Bridewell," a Market House,
or a New Poor Union: and he will send his plans forward;
and they will be sent back; and some one, already well to do
in his profession, will, as he is informed, either by favor, or job,
or otherwise, win the premium and be commissioned to carry
on the work: and thus will the rejected among many sit down
disconsolate, and quote from Jaques
"Thou mak'st thy testament as worldlings do,
Giving thy sum of more to that which had too much."
And then will he be stimulated by a promise from some worthy
friend of his father, who expresses vague ideas of "some day
adding a new dining-room to his house," under the inspiration
of which, visions of a side-board recess, flanked by Corinthian
columns, suggest themselves; and, lastly, he who has promised
nothing, shows his friendly indignation in abusing him whose
promise has turned out to be nothing worth.
.19 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Hopes, disappointments, and efforts (for the present) untlavailing, will (unless he be wondrously fortunate in chance or connexion) mark his career for some time at least; mais le bon
temps viendra, and we propose filling up the leisure of the
interval by putting before him such matters for consideration,
as may make him rather value, than otherwise, the spar'e time
which yet lies upon his hands.
The duty he now owes to himself is two-fold. In the first
place, he has to form and increase his connexion by constantly
availing himself of every opportunity for manifesting his professional claims to desert. In the second place, he has to
prepare himself for an effective and perfect fulfilment of the
duties which his first engagement will impose upon him. We
have already sought to impress upon him the heavy responsibility which will be his when he is no longer the mere agent of
a professional superior. Let him not postpone this reflection
until the day of employment arrive. Everybody is always in
a hurry to have everything done. His patron will take six
months to think of what he desires to have accomplished in as
many hours. When the commission arrives, immediate work
will be required-not preparatory study: and if there be not a
ready foresight to pierce through all contingencies, the progressive and ultimate perplexity will be proportionally bewildering. To anticipate possible objections is greater policy in an
architect than to give immediate answer to requirement. Of
all professions, his is the one most subjecting its professor to
meddling interference, and a thoughtless disregard of trouble
taken and obedience unrequited.
"Double, double,
Toil and trouble,"
is indeed the chant of the sister Fates who are hostile to an
architect's peace.  The graces of the portico, the beauties of
decoration and proportion, the triumph over a hundred con
,)O 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
tending desiderata, shall be all forgotten in my lady's passion
for-a housemaid's closet! It availeth not as an excuse that
you can put it under the back stairs. "It should have been
thought upon before. An architect! and not think of a housemaid's closet!  it ought not to be an extra."   " Extra!"
Fearful word!  The builder's aim, and the architect's dread!
Let our young friend think of it betimes  and let him bear in
mind, that the best guard against the overwhelming censure
which follows it, is to habituate the mind to a foresight, which,
during a study of the nearest and most important things, should
penetrate into the most remote and trifling.  All the grand
principles of design, convenience, and enduring strength, may
have been perfectly answered by the most artistical ability, by
ingenious arrangement, and constructive skill; but, if chimneys
smoke, gutters leak, or drains choke; if windows prove not in
a]ll trials weather-tight; if all the little conveniences of the
former house be not added to all the larger ones of the present;
if a shelf, a cupboard, or a rail and pins be omitted where custom might expect to find them; if the whims of old servants
be not considered, or the carelessness of new ones anticipated;
if, in short, the genius of a Michael Angelo be not followed
close up with the care of a cabinet-maker, the architect will
yet have a toil of vexation to encounter which may make him
almost repent the choice of his profession.
We shall begin our practical Hints with some remarks in
reference to plans, or internal arrangement, as affecting elevations, roofs, and chimneys.
The young architect too frequently concentrates his attention
on those portions of his plan which concern one or more particular facades. Thus, he is careful of his entrance front, and
his lawn elevation, as those alone which will be visible to a
stranger approaching from the lodge, or walking in front of
the sitting-room windows; and no sooner is the building roofed
in than he discovers that the "return fronts" are provokingly
21 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
more generally visib e to the public eye from without the
boundary of the premises than the others which have had his
too exclusive care. One of his " architectural" elevations is
seen in continuous connexion with a surface of unstudied
masonry, the respective parts of which neither harmonize in
position nor in decoration: or, at the best, he exhibits a display
of blank architecture, the falseness of which is proved by certain prominent necessities which will not be either concealed
or modified. The offices and other inferior appendages to the
mansion cling to it, and proclaim themselves with all the humiliating impertinence (or rather pertinence) of poor relations
bent on the declaration of their consanguinity. The idea of
"planting them out," which originally existed in the mind of
the designer, still exists in his mind only.   The trees he
requires will take at least fifty years to grow; and, even then,
winter will in its turn disrobe them of their foliage to leave
displayed an obstinate range of architectural poverty. Evergreens will never grow high enough. The whole thing must
remain as it is-a handsome countenance with an ugly profile-a beggar in a velvet waistcoat, and no coat to cover his
sides.
This oversight is still more commonly committed in town
houses and street architecture.   Nothing  is more  frequent
among builders and young architects than the exhibition of a
mere mask, which only deceives while the spectator is directly
opposite on the other side of the street, or so far as there may be
houses of equal height continuing on either hand. Otherwise,
directly the front is passed, the blank masonry or naked gables
of the returns show themselves like the mere party-walls in the
transverse section of an unfinished range; and these, be it
remembered, are often seen for a much greater length of time
than is given, in passing, to the main front, since we may have
them before us during  he whole of our progress along a street
of half a mile extent.  Perhaps only a portion of the return
.22 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
ends may be seen above the roofs of the lower houses adjoin ing: but it is not the less necessary to continue along this
portion the architectural character of the front. In the many
instances which occur of houses rising successively one above
the other on the side of an ascending street, too much care
cannot be taken to give a finished perspective effect.  The
means will readily suggest themselves to any one who is com petent to take professional rank; and to such only do we
now address ourselves. Architecture, as we have before said
in the first Section of our Hints, has a peculiar privilege among
the arts in commanding observation from the distance, and no
town or range of buildings will ever have an imposing, or
even a tidy appearance, while it shows itself to be composed
of independent fragments jostling one against another.  The
beggarly habit of carrying a cornice or parapet, with dressed
doors, windows, pilasters, &c., along a twenty-feet front,
leaving in barn-like nakedness a thirty or forty-feet end, is an
abomination which even the most vulgar country builder should
eschew. Infinitely better that the whole should be consistent
in the absolute perfection of nudity.
Oversights, however, sufficiently unpardonable are often
exhibited by architects of more established repute, in settling
their plans without due regard to the final appearance of their
exteriors. We have now our mind's eye on a villa of severe
Greek architecture, the internal disposition of which is as good
as need be. The doors, windows, and fire-places, are properly
disposed in reference to the rooms separately considered; but
the roof shows the most painful irregularities of form and
height. In one place it ascends to cover a lofty ball-room, in
another it descends below the parapet, and in another part are
seen the glazing and leaded flat of a lantern-light. The chimneys start up indiscriminately from several parts of the roof in
differing form, bulk, and elevation, and some of the flues are
carried up in the thickness of the outer walls, having their
O 3 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
outlets in tne parapet, where no rising stacks were, critically,
admissible. The natural consequence was smoking rooms, and
the remedy has'been chimney-pots, ranged (as if to be pelted
at) on the top of the parapet! Now, in this instance, the
patron was equally pleased with the Plans and the Elevations
and it was not for him to see that they were incompatible.
The culpability lay entirely with his architect, who either
shamefully omitted in his drawings the disfigurements alluded
to, or failed to consider, that, in the execution of his work, they
would be inevitable. Let it, then, be the first care of the young
architect in designing his plan, to do it with especial reference
to the style of architecture which he is desired to adopt. In
strictness, the style should be suggested by the internal arrangement; but, either way, it is equally an architect's duty to see,
that convenience and external expression be true to one
another. A ground plan may be exactly adapted (by certain
equally convenient differences of arrangement) either to a
Greek or Roman, a Gothic or Italian Elevation; and whichsoever of these may be decided on, the arrangements of the
walls, with their breaks, recesses, and projections, and the
position of the fire-places, must be thought of in close conjunction with the ranges and intersections of the roof, and the
satisfactory position of the chimneys, as objects in the general
view of the building. It is not, in fact, until a plan of the roof
is made, with its stacks of flues well located and accurately
drawn, that the masonry of the floors beneath can be decided
on: nor should the plan of any one floor be finished until those
of the floor or floors above are perfected.
These points being all considered, the young architect will
take care to make his elevations honestly exhibit their crowning
roof and chimneys. The custom of omitting these features is
seriously reprehensible, and worthy only of a Pecksniff. He
will be equally careful also, to show all the fronts, and to give
at least such perspective sketches as may prevent those common
24 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
misconceptions which geometrical elevations occasion in not
truly showing the projecting or receding of the different portions. Even architects deceive themselves by the pleasing
effect of facades geometrically developed; an effect which is
rarely seen in reality, except at such a distance as renders
indistinct all the decorative details of the building. What a
A                                  B
il[                                       A D [   _
<..a —-.......*.e.....->  di,,
false idea, for instance, does the geometrical figure A give of the
perspective figure B! It is not enough to show, by the plans
or by description, that c projects and that d d recede.  The
strict truth is, that, in the perspective view most generally
visible, the building will lose all the expression of length which
pleases in the geometrical elevation, and will become a short
squat building, with only one visible wing instead of two.
The geometrical elevation of a circular temple is most deceptive in its appearance, and will occasion expectations of much
greater width than a near perspective view will exhibit: thus,
the building which will show,,
geometrically as fig. 1, will show
perspectively as fig. 2.  In the                          [ _
elevation of the west front of        -Fig. i.        Fig.2.
St. Paul's Cathedral, the tambour of the dome looks overwhelmingly large; in the view of the real building from a moderate
distance it exhibits no such excess. Again, the geometrical
elevation of a square tower, in which the expression of great
altitude is required, should be made with reference to the
increased bulk it will exhibit, when viewed diagonally, to the
prejudice of its loftiness. The habit, in short, of considering
the elevations of parallel planes, without equal regard to their
"returns," and without studying the diagonal  view of both
united, is the cause of infinite disappointment; an(l, e dually so,
25 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
is that of only looking point blank against edges and vertical
surfaces, without duly reflecting on the additional effect of
under, or upper, horizontal surfaces.  For example; what a
light and simple effect has the com    - 
mon cantilever cornice, fig. A, com-                     A
pared to the same cornice seen in 
perspective, as fig  B.  Features,        L
which in the geometrical drawing 9
may appear light and well-proportioned, may in execution prove illproportioned and heavy. Again, what may seem well developed in the drawing, may wholly or partially disappear in the
work itself, as in the case of a parapet or blocking course
concealed from the near view by the projection of the cornice.
A dome which, geometrically, has a sufficient height, may, from
the point of most frequent view, seem offensively flat.  Sir C.
Wren, aware of this, has formed the outline of St. Paul's dome
by segments of circles struck from two centres 
like a Gothic arch, the point of meeting being
concealed by the base of the lantern.  Its appearance, however, is that of a perfect semisphere. There is also another precaution to be always carefully
taken in the management of circular buildings, and this refers
to the unpleasant effect of overhanging segmental architraves
or soffits.  A is the elevation of a  L
window in a bow projection.  B is
its perspective appearance from one
side.  This is not less objectionable    E ) llllli 1.
in respect to its constructive weak-       A              B
ness than in regard to its ugliness; for it is only by concealed
management that a soffit flat arch on a curved plan can be
made to stand at all. The case is still worse when the window
head is a curve, and, in short, this practice is only allowable
when the curve of the plan is so large, and the openings so
26 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
narrow, as liot to leave perceptible the defect of the overhanging segment. Thus, in the vast curved outline of the Coliseum
the arched colonnade is unobjectionable. In the closely-set
peristyles of St. Paul's dome, and of the Temples of Vesta at
Rlome and Tivoli, it is equally so; but, where the curve of the
plan is small, and the openings or spaces between the columns
proportionally large, it is a grievous fault, which not even the
wish of patronage should be allowed to sanction.  Where small
bay projections are desired, they should always be semi-hexagons or semi-octagons, with the windows in the flat faces, unless
indeed the required bow window may be so subdivided by
mullions or pilasters as to remedy the
objections  stated.   The  semicircular  i,;,i
portico, fig. 1, may be sufficiently
pleasing  in  its firont  view;  but  a
glance at fig. 2 will show the necessity    Fig. 1.    Fig. 2.
of studying, not fronts only, but profiles also.
While on the subject of the different appearance of objects
in different points of view, it may be as well to refer to the
triangle as a form of plan frequently, and most injudiciously,
adopted in pyramids, obelisks, and pedestals. Viewed directly
in front, on the lines a-b or c-d, it is well enough, as shown
by figs. 1 and 2; but who, that
sees its appearance on the line  
e-a, as shown by fig. 3, does  
not at once observe that no py- 
ramid or  obelisk  should ever e'
have an odd number of sides?    Plan                   Fig 1.
For the same reason, tripod pe-         c
destals should be most cautiously used; for, whatever may be
said in favor of fig. 4, it s obvious nothing can be adduced
in defence of so ill-balanced a
composition as fig. 5.                Fig. 2.            ig. 3.
27 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
All this goes to prove,  
the  necessity-if not
absolutely of modelsof the perspective ef-             )
fects which  buildings          C      t- )
will  have   from  all
points of view. The
architect, pleased with                              Fg 
Fig. 4.           Fig.  5.
his front elevation, may find reason to alter it the moment he
turns the corner. A different proportion in the solids and voids
of a main and return elevation will be fatal to good effect.  A
material difference in the distances between the common angle
and the windows of the front and return facades, or a much
more crowded position of windows in the one than the other,
will be offensive: and it may be here remarked, that the proportions of solid and void which hold good in the case of a
simple facade with no dressings to its doors and windows, will
not equally serve when those dressings are to be supplied, since
it is only the plain part of the pier, or of the space between the
lower and upper apertures, which will "tell" in the matter of
breadth.  The architraves and flanking columns of a window
must be regarded as the window itself; and, as a general rule,
it may be said, that there cannot be an adequate expression of
breadth, unless the plain part of the pier be equal to the entire
width of the window and its dressings united. The same law
holds good in the horizontal spaces, which should exhibit, in a
large and ornate building, the same amount of plain masonry
above and below the architraves, strings, cornices, &c., which,
in a small and plain building, would intervene between the sills
and soffits of the windows and the strings or cornice below or
above them. This, it may be remarked, amounts to little less
than saying that architectural decoration is more applicable to
large than small buildings; and it is true; for doors and
windows do not increase in the same ratio that the size of the
building increases. On the contrary, they generally bear a
28 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
much greater relative proportion in poor men's houses than in
princes' palaces; and, assuredly, where they do not leave, at
the very least, such a breadth of pier as will allow the width of
the opening to intervene between the dressings of two adjacent
windows, the latter had better be left without dressings. On
no occasion whatever ought the breadth of a pier to be ess
than the width of a window opening; i.e. of course supposing
the window to be a single one, and not triple with intervening
mullions.
If the error of making a discordant difference between the
fronts of the main house be so serious, not less so is the total
discordancy often  seen  between the  Main House and the
Offices. Now, it is, in fact, very rarely that the offices are not,
from several important points of view, seen in conjunction with
the principal mass of the structure; and the difference, therefore, between the two should strictly be one of degree only.
A handsome cornice along the eaves of the one will be illaccompanied by a common shute along those of the other.
Correctly speaking, it should be of the same form, reduced
proportionally in scale, and-if required-without the enrichments of the main cornice. Above all things, the young
architect should avoid the common mistake of reducing the
beauty of the chimneys; for those of an office range, springing
usually from a lower roof and having a greater relative altitude, will very likely be more conspicuous than the others. In
short, an aptitude for chimney design is most important to an
architect engaged in villa building. Let not the anticipation
of chimney-pots escape his consideration. On the contrary, let
him design them, and show them in his elevations, as likelihoods, which, if uftimatefy necessary, may not be absolutely
disfiguring. He will further remember, that, where the flues
in any one stack are numerous, it may be better to place them
in united parallels than in one continuous range; and he will
be also cautious in so arranging his fire-places as that the
29 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
various flue-stacks may be as nearly as possible of one size.
This uniformity, at all events, should be observed in corre   sponding pairs of stacks.
He need not be reminded, that, in Gothic structures, chim  neys are not only admissible, but are often advantageous in
their attachment to outer walls,-especially when they rise
with the gables. In the free and irregular style of the Italian
villa they may also occasionally be connected with the outer
walls. In.the severer Roman style they may rise from the
angles (as shown in Barry's Reform Club-House); but in no
style (saving only the Gothic) should they rise from the eaves
if it can possibly be avoided. The inordinate height required
to raise them above the ridge of the roof, their insecurity
(involving often the application of iron struts to sustain them),
the difficulty of a satisfactory management of the main cornice
beneath them, and the plumbing required to make water-tight
their union with the slates;-all these circumstances make it
most desirable the plans should be so arranged, that the chim  neys may ride, as it were, upon the ridges of the roof. The
occasional practice of making flues run a long raking course in
the thickness of walls, and of making them even turn corners
to conduct them to a desirable position of exit, cannot be too
seriously reprehended.   Under-ground flues, too, which must
be periodically opened to be cleaned, should never be adopted
save under those imperative circumstances which the most
industrious ingenuity cannot avoid. Never allow two flues to
unite in becoming one; and above all things, so arrange the
floor and roof timbers, that there shall be no chance of their
being carried (even by carelessness itself) into the flues, or
within at least nine inches of them. Here let us remark, while
the occasion so seriously calls for it, on the necessity of an
architect never trusting to the sagacity of workmen especially
in the country. The common carpenter and rubble mason will
each do his work irrespective of the other's; and on visiting
30 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.'
your building, you will very likely find that a joist or a purlin
has little to divide it from the fury of a chimney on fire, except
the plaster pargetting which lines the inside of the flue! With
equal care, look to the work whlich receives the hearths of the
fire-places. "Brick trimmer arches" n.ay have been inserted
in the specification; but, if there be not a clerk of the works to
look after the building, it is by no means certain they will be
constructed.
To recur to the subject of the offices and inferior buildings
attached to the main structure. It may require some care to
make a good junction between the lower roof of the former
with the higher one of the latter, unless the ridge of the one
can be brought under the cornice or eaves of the other.
Again, the union of the main and inferior structures should be
so harmonized, by the use of certain string courses or lines,
common to both, as to show that the two or more parts are
component features of one whole, the extension of which is
not so much that of connexion as continuity. Finally, it will
be well to avoid the probability of future appended additions,
as out-houses, lean-to's, &c.; and never to put off the consideration of wood and  coal-houses, shoe and knife-houses,
dust-holes and privies, until the mass of the building is up.
There is one particular  necessity in every good  house,
which the young architect should consider from the very first.
It is a necessity not often very successfully met; because it is
rarely considered until too late for efficient management.
Water-closets  are generally so placed as to make it a very
difficult matter for ladies and gentlemen to conceal from one
another the more humiliating circumstances of their common
nature.  It may be, that we are  n England too nice on this
point; but it is nevertheless a poiit on which an architect is
privileged to exert his ingenuity. So place a water-closet, that
any one going in its direction, or returning, is not necessarily
going to or coming from it. Secondly, let it be so located that
'?,
31 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
its door cannot be seen from the hall, the stair-case, or any
important part of the house where the inmates are likely to be
passing. Avoid, under any circumstances, putting it at the
end of a long passage. Be still more particular in so placing
the closet that the operations of the occupant and the apparatus
shall not audibly announce themselves to the sitters in the
day-rooms, or the sleepers in the bed chambers. But, above all,
let not the vicinity of the closet be made known by any offence
to the nose of nice gentility. On this last most important
matter, we would call particular attention to the following precautions. Avoid, if possible, placing the cess-pit within the
building. See to the certain efficacy of the stench-trap at the
foot of the soil-pipe. Let not the waste-pipe from the cistern
enter the cess-pit without the water first passing through a
trap which shall prevent the ascent of effluvia into the locality
of the cistern. If the soil-pipe can be carried outside the wall,
let it be so; only take every care to prevent any of the pipes
from being injured by frost.  Let not the cistern be uncovered
to the air, lest the mouths of the pipes, &c., be choked with
leaves or other matter carried there by wind or rain. While
on the subject of plumbers' work, let us impress upon our
young practitioner its foremost importance, and the necessity
of giving the fullest description of it. It is usually too much
generalized. Always employ rolls and drips to unite the sheets
of lead. Do not use solder where it can be avoided. Leave
the lead free to expand and contract. Cover the gutters with
raised boarding.   Provide capacious receiving-boxes at the
heads of water-pipes.   Take  every precaution to prevent
leaves and rubbish from collecting in the boxes and choking the
pipes; and be equally careful to carry the water from the feet
of the pipes immediately clear of the building and into the
drains; otherwise they will only prove most injurious to the
very stability of the building by soaking the foundations. In
constructing drains, have a close regard to the facility of cleans
32 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
ing them, especially where they unite with the pipes; and be
equally careful in the supply of traps to prevent the progress
of rats and vermin. It is too commonly supposed that workmen will have an eye to all these obvious necessities: but
workmen might as well imagine that their tools will work of
their own accord, as might architects conceive that workmen
are to be trusted without accurate description and scrutinizing
supervision. We thus mix up mere practical matters with
matters of pure taste, as an example of the combined process
which should ever be going on in the mind of the architect.
In connexion with the subject of drains, we should not forget
to mention the frequent advisability of constructing a dry drain
to preserve the face of the underground walling from damps;
and as a matter of equal importance, the young architect will
not forget the mischief of dry-rot, and the noisome exhalations
of foul and stagnant air from beneath such ground-floor or
basement rooms as have not a free ventilation beneath their
joists, effected by apertures and gratings in the outer walls.
We have now disposed of the leading considerations which
should be entertained by the young architect in forming his
plans and elevations of the general carcase of a dwelling
house, alluding to such paramount practical matters as are
necessary to insure the comfort of its occupiers, without which
all merits of architectural propriety and decorative beauty will
be regarded as the mere impositions of taste to conceal defective convenience and  careless construction.   People whose
tempers are disturbed by leaks, and offensive smells, by damps
and smoky houses, or even by partial failures in design, will
become proportionally blind to the numerous merits which may
still remain; and the architect, at the moment of signing his
last certificate, "that the contractor has fulfilled all his duties
in the most complete and workmanlike manner," may be, in
effect, signing the declaration of his own inefficiency, and,
unconsciously, entering on a period of much trouble and per
3
33 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
plexity, when he imagines the completion of a pleasing labor,
which is to establish his professional competency and produce
much future employment.   To call his attention to the remaining numerous details of his work, the copious Stock Specification which forms the substantial worth of this volume will, we
trust, be found sufficient; or, at least, sufficiently assistant, in
conjunction with his own acquired knowledge and sagacity.
A studious and repeated perusal of Bartholomew's "Practical
Architecture," Part I., will supply all that is here omitted; and
will afford not less information on the subject of the Beautiful
than on that of the Constructive. We especially allude to the
First Part; because we regard the Second as wanting in that
arrangement and condensation which would have rendered its
valuable materials more immediately available; and it is certainly to be regretted that Mr. Bartholomew did not, by his
own more able industry, render unnecessary the attempt which
is here made to supply the deficiency of his work. Far be it
from the supposition of any one that this volume is intended as
a rival to his. Our object is only to co-operate with him in
facilitating the practical career of the young architect; and it
would be most unjust in any writer, having the like aim, to
omit the notice of Mr. Gwilt's very valuable Encyclopaedia of
architectural information. Wherever any of the principles of
this book shall differ from those of Messrs. Gwilt and Bartholomew, it is only requested that the reader will instantly transfer
his confidence to the monitorship of these gentlemen.
It will now be as well to afford a few hints as to the relative
position of the architect and  his  employer.   The  former
usually errs in giving to the other a credit for thoroughly
understanding his drawings; while the latter equally errs in
thinking that his architect is omniscient, not only in the general
laws of design, but also in the particular fancies of individual
patronage. Now the correction of the employer is out of the
question. He must be taken as he is found; and the architect
34 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
must then find out what he is, "hanging clogs on the nimbleness of his own soul, that his patron may go along with him."
What the employer says is not invariably what he means; and
he does not always think that he is bound to say much to a professor who is supposed to know everything. He gives vague
ideas of form and size and arrangement, which the architect too
hastily receives as positive instructions; and, the result proving
wrong, he is abused for not having acted in correction instead
of obedience.
Be cautious, then, in the first instance, of receiving, as law,
the dimensions which are given for the required size of rooms.
Show your employer an existing room of the form and size he
describes, and learn that he means such a room. If you have
not assured yourself of this, your troubles will begin before the
walls are twelve inches above ground; for he will then declare
that the room is much less than the model chosen, and will
hardly believe it to be otherwise, in spite of the arithmetic
which shall be conclusive that it is so. Nothing is more deceptive than the appearance of comparative smallness in the rooms
of a building only plinth high.'
Consider, secondly, that the mode of finishing rooms,-with
a heavy, or light, cornice; a dado, or only a simple skirting; a
plain, or a richly decorated, ceiling,-materially affects their
apparent size; the space taken from the plain part of the walls
and ceiling, being, in effect, equal to a diminution of actual
capacity; or, at least, to an alteration of its proportions.   The
annexed figures will illustrate this fact.  Seen         Y,,/,                v
in close proximity, their 7x  /            </x//"x //
sizes are observed to be
the same; but looked at                                  /\
in separate succession,
fig. 1 will be called long'
Fig. 1.
35 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
and low, fig. 2 spacious
and high.
Having, therefore, satisfied your employer in real
dimension,.-  a  question 
touching only his carpet-             \\/
room, table, and chairs,- 
Fig. 2.
you may disappoint him Fig. 2.
in the expression of apparent dimension, which is a question of
optics.
The expression of relative sizes and proportions will, in fact,
be the only certain assurance of the patron's complete approval; and, thoroughly to effect this, a differing altitude, in rooms,
&c., of differing magnitudes in the same house, should be given
where readily practicable.  If, for instance, corridors of only
six feet wide, lead to rooms of sixteen feet wide, and both be
of the same height, the former will appear too narrow, the
latter too low. Both will be advantaged by diminishing as
much as may be the height of the corridor; and where the
actual ceiling of the latter cannot (on account of the corresponding height of the doors or windows of both) be sufficiently
lowered, a frieze, or entire entablature, 
with a higher skirting, or a dado, may
so diminish the apparent height of the  
corridor as to give it seeming width,
and preserve undiminished the height
of the room.  Here in fact is the legitimate use of false or pseudo-architecture; and there is no doubt that of two
houses, the one well studied in these particulars, and the other
not, the former will leave a general impression of spaciousness
in all its rooms which in the latter will be wanting. Cornices
will therefore be thrown flat on the ceiling; brought down
upon the wall; with friezes; or complete entablatures
36 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
either immediately connected with the level ceiling; separated from it by a cove; or forming the 
imposts of a segment or circular ceiling,-as the 
rooms and passages shall be relatively higher or.
lower.  It is not merely to please the eye of the  %
critic that this is done.  He will indeed have the 
double pleasure of seeing it, and of knowing why
he sees it; but it is sufficient that your employer C
is well satisfied with  the result, without  any   7
knowledge of the wherefore.
Another point of frequent disappointment to
your employer is the width or height of the windows, and more particularly of the position of
their sills in relation to the floor.
He may be pleased by their appearance in 
your elevations, but he may have such particular notions of his own as to their effect inside 
the rooms, that  a material and costly alteration may subsequently increase the bill of extras and affect the
beauty of your exterior.  Be  clear, then, in the beginning,
whether sliding sashes or French casements are to be insisted
on? Whether the sitting or other room windows are to reach
or nearly reach the floor? or whether there are to be backs
and elbows; and at what height the glazing is to commence?
Forewarn him that French casements are, in this country,
scarcely to be rendered weather-tight: that if they open outwards, they are liable to be dashed to pieces by the wind; if
inward, they interfere with curtains and defy falling Venetian
blinds. Again, if there are to be outer folding shutter blinds,
your architraves or other dressings will be in the way; outer
shutters, in short, are most hostile to decorative dressings.
Lastly, venture not on the square attic window (a favorite with
Palladian architects) without apprising your employer, that if it
have sliding sashes it can only be two panes high, and therefore
37 
HINTS TO YOUNG  ARCIII. ECTS.
can only open one-half of its height-scarcely enough, perhaps,
to admit your head and shoulders;-that such a sash is apt to
catch and grow stubborn in opening; and that there will be
very likely a large space of wall (which, however, may be
relieved by an upward splay) above its soffit and the ceiling.
Consider, further, that if it is to be so heightened as to admit
of three panes, it will only be one-third of its height, unless
another third be received into a casing in the thickness of the
wall above, and that, then, there will be some difficulty in well
hanging the upper sash, which will be only one pane high. In
large bay, or triple windows, the management of the shutters
should be considered even in the first sketch of your plan.
They may be too wide to allow of the ordinary folding shutters in side boxings only; there may be objections to form
additional boxings against the mullions; lifting shutters, from
casings beneath the sill of the room floor, may be required.
Leave not these considerations "for the future." Think of
them at once. In domestic Gothic windows, especially, be
careful to anticipate. Mullions and transomes of stone demand
the greatest care in forming a weather-tight meeting with
casements of metal; and mullions and transomes of wood will
be tortured with alternations of heat and wet. They are fearful contrivances to catch the beat of weather, and to hold it
when caught, till it bubbles through the sash or casement joints,
and calls for the housemaid to bring pots and pans to catch the
unwelcome stream. Are casements, or sashes, to be used? If
the former, the framing will be solid; if the latter, hollow
cased. Are the sashes to rise through the transomes? Are
the casements to open inwards or outwards? Nothing may be
easier to the architect than such a sketch of a Gothic front as
will fascinate his employer's eye. Sharp and vigorous touches
of the pencil, picturesquely showing the moulded recesses of a
Tudor window, are readily done; but not so the contrivance
of such working details as shall in execution preserve the picto
38 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
rial and keep out the rain. Consider the cost of the long rod
bolts, and other expensive articles of copper and metal, which the
pelting of the storm will render imperative. If these "appli ances" be not thought of at the first, your employer will
surely regard them, in their subsequent adoption, as remedial
Extras to make good radical defect. Our own perplexities
in these particulars have been frequent and harassing, and we
would put our younger brethren on their guard. Let them
recollect, that, in a smart sketch, they draw out and sign a
promissory note, which may require all the wealth of their
practical attainment to pay. A gentleman, in employing; an
ARCHITECT, will not fail to consider that he might do without
one;  and it is, therefore, under the impression of something
over and above what the BUILDER could do for him, that he
incurs the expense of professional advice and assistance. The
least he has a right to expect, is the value of the artistical, in
addition to that of the practical; and he may reasonably
expect yet more. Superiority of taste, and of ingenuity in
arrangement, he will look for as a matter of course; and it
must be admitted that he has also a right to superior knowledge
in respect to the economical (and at the same time fully efficient) management of material and general construction. But
he will frequently (and not with so much reason) look for more
still, and be inclined to visit upon his Architect those failures in
particular construction which only good workmen can insure,
under the direction of the contracting Builder, and the supervision of an ever watchful Clerk of the Works, exclusively
occupied on one job. It will be well, therefore, for the Architect at once to undeceive his employer in this last particular.
He cannot be always present to see that the interior of the
walls is well compacted with solid filling and sufficient mortar;
that foundations and drains, which are concealed as soon as
laid, have been executed in thorough obedience to his specifications; that every slate is properly nailed, and every piece of
39 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
lead flashing inserted sufficiently in the masonry; that all the
carpentry is thoroughly sound and seasoned; that all the
joinery is properly " framed, glued, and blocked;" that the
plastering has been mixed in the prescribed proportions, and
efficiently worked up; that the flues are all of the full size and
properly pargetted; that paving has been laid on a wellprepared bottom; in short, he cannot, during only'the occasional visits of inspection which he engages to afford, see into
those parts of the work which have, in the intervals, been
concealed; nor can he anticipate those future deficiencies,
either in work or material, which may not show themselves in
any degree until some time after the occupation of the premises.   He  will  have  done  much  in observing, that all,
which from time to time remains developed to him, is effected
to his satisfaction; and his drawings and specifications will still
remain, to justify, under any future chance of impeachment,
their sufficiency as a means towards a satisfactory end. Even
a contractor, however practically competent, cannot be always
on the spot; and no merely ordinary foreman can be trusted in
his stead,-because if he be so trustworthy, he is worthy of
the double pay which will leave him an "ordinary foreman" no
longer. When, therefore, an employer will not take upon
himself the responsibility of trusting to the efficiency of the
Contractor and his men, the Architect is bound to insist on the
engagement of a well-tried Clerk of the Works. The author
of these hints has suffered so much from a too ready desire to
save his employer the charge of a constant supervisor, that he
cannot too strongly urge upon those, whom he now addresses,
the advisability of having a clear understanding with their
patrons on this point.
To recur to a few matters of TASTE in the interior finishings
of houses. We recommend the young architect to provide a
good and varied supply of specimen drawings for the enrichments of cornices, ceilings, internal dressings and panellings of
40 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
doors and windows; chimney-pieces, of marble, for sitting and
best bed-rooms; of wood, combined with stone or marble, for
bed-rooms; of wood, with slate slips, to keep the former from
the heat of the fire; and of cheap simple chimney-pieces of
Portland or slate, for kitchens, offices, and inferior rooms;
designs for columned skreens, dividing a long sitting-room into
two compartments, and supporting a partition wall, or stack of
chimneys, in the rooms above; for columned or pilastered
decorations for dining-room recesses; for staircase or other
lanterns, with their cornices, and the enriched soffits round
their openings in the main ceiling; far turned wood or cast
iron, stair-balusters; for cast iron lights over entrance door
transomes.
All these are matters in which the individual fancy of the
architect, and the whim of his employer, may be more indulged
than in those severer and more conventional features which
constitute external architectural decoration and character; and
the young professor, during the leisure of his yet only partially
occupied time, may advantageously keep up his hand as a
draughtsman, and invigorate his imagination as an artist, by
studying them, and providing a series of such examples as will,
hereafter at least, prove suggestive, if not ready at once for
adoption. Employers can rarely see what they desire, unless
they first see something like it. The slight sketches of these
things which appear in small sections and elevations, or which
are vaguely described in specifications, will merely serve as
postponements of available consideration, and this will arrive at
a period when you may regret not having entertained it before.
Against a sketch or slight description, a contractor puts a low
and unconsidered price; and when your working drawings are
afterwards made out, he considers them as much beyond the
thing intended, as the employer thinks them beneath it.
The economy of ornament is not so much shown in employing it only where most needed, as in sparingly employing it,
41 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
with due relative proportion, in every place where it is needed
at all. Thus, in all parts of a house which are seen in immediate and uneoncealed connexion with the principal rooms, their
relationship to those rooms should be marked. As an instance
of prevailing defect in this particular, we may allude to the
application of bold and handsome cornices to staircases and the
ceilings of staircase landings, while the plastered soffit of the
stairs forms a plain and mean looking junction with the face
of the wall. You need not, it is true, continue the modillions
of a landing cornice down the rake of the stair soffit to the
floor; but you should unquestionably continue down it one or
more of the upper mouldings of that cornice. White plastered
soffits are not, in fact, the most suitable to a range of wainscot
stairs. Plaster expresses stone; and no one would think of
casing the ends, risers, and treads, of a flight of stone steps
with wood. The soffit of a wooden flight of stairs should,
therefore, either be formed of wood panelling, or of plaster,
papered or painted in imitation of it: but, under any circumstances, forget not the raking moulding. Even when the stairs
are  of  stone,  with  under-cut
mouldings, we would still show
the moulded work stopping short
of the part of the stone inserted
in the wall, forming the inter- 
vening part into a continuous
raking line, and running under it the plaster moulding we have
alluded to.
In allusion to a few matters of COMFORT and CONVENIENCE,
we would hint at the virtue of being a match for the occasional
violence of gusty weather, in so contriving that two doors shall
be passed before you are fairly in the body of the house. Thus
an enclosed porch will enable you to shut the outer or porch
door, before the inner or passage door is opened. An entrance
vestibule should, if possible, have only one outer door, and one
42 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
inner door leading into the staircase or hall of common internal
communication. The interception of thorough draughts cannot
be too attentively considered. A range of doors, all opening
one way, in a long passage with a window at each end, will
often exhibit the very perfection of the evil; and you may not
expect your lady patroness to give much eulogy to the per  spective of your corridor if she loses her cap in passing through
it, and only gains in return a sore throat. The air that can
quietly and courteously insinuate itself into rooms under the
bottoms of the doors, in the chinks between the casements and
rebates, and through the fire-place, is a welcome and necessary
guest; but when it takes to slamming doors, breaking windows,
and carrying hearth-rugs up the chimney, it is a symptom of
some great want of caution in the architect.
The best situation for fire-places in a large room is, unques.
tionably, in the centre of the longer side; and, for doors, close
to the extremity of the same. The worst position for doors is
at the extremities of the walls at right angles to the fire-place
side, looking directly over the length of the hearth. Where
doors communicate between rooms, they will be best placed in
that part of the partition walls nearest the window side and
furthest from the fire.  In smaller rooms,  
where there is scarcely sufficient room for 
a central fire-place, and two doors equidis- 
tant from it on the same side, it is often..?
better to put the fire opening in the centre of the length between
the one door and the end of the wall. It is not only more
comfortable, but, where there is no project- 
ing chimney breast, more sightly.  Under'           "  
some circumstances a perfect preservation   |,, | - 
of centrality may be preserved by the use           ~ M
of breaks or pilasters and ceiling beams, as the adjoined figure
exemplifies.
If any method of general  warming  and  ventilation  be
43 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
required, it will be for the architect to choose from the number of patents and practices in vogue, and to prepare for them
in his first plans. An early conference with the patentees or
professors of these methods should be of course secured, and
their proposed operations duly provided for.
The perfection of kitchen and office comfort is, perhaps, a
"consummation" mere  "devoutly to be wished" than any
other; for all others are especially dependent on it. Expect
no master or mistress to be happy, while a cook, housekeeper,
and butler, are discontented. Keep the smell of the mutton fat,
cabbage water, and chopped onions, out of the main house, for
the sake of the hostess and her guests; but, for the united sake
of all parties, make your kitchen, scullery, larder, store-room,
and pantry, replete in all the sufficiency of space, fittings, and
communication. Old servants may have accommodated themselves to old defects; but the success of new and better
arrangements will, for a length of time, remain problematical.
Your only chance is to flatter old servants by consultation.
Learn from them the merits and demerits of their present
accommodation; submit the result of your ingenuity, and of
their exactions, to the upper house; and thence deduce a wellstudied plan, to be again modified till you think both houses are
satisfied. Forget not the cook's closet, the still-room, the china
closet. Remember that, besides a larder for cooked meat,
another for hung meat, and a salting-room, may be required.
The dairy may' be insufficient without a scalding-room and a
churning-room. The butler's pantry may be incomplete without a separate glass-washing and plate-cleaning room, and a
strong closet for the security of plate not in constant use.
Enable the housekeeper to have an eye on the cook, and the
means (by a sliding door) of communicating with the kitchen
without necessarily going into it. Keep the servants' hall and
back entrance out of the way of the operations and runnings to
and fro during the bustle of dinner; but, at the saine time,
44 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
"handy" for a speedy advance to the front door of the main
house. Remember, that a butler's satisfaction is improved by
well-arranged cellars for beer, strong ale, wine in casks, and
ditto in bins; and that a master's comfort is enhanced by ready
access to the said cellars from his own part of the building.
Forget not, that it will be well if the brew-house is connected
by pipes with the cellars; and especially bear in mind that
pipes of wine which are from 5 to 6 feet long have to go
lengthwise down an inclined plane and through doorways into
the cask cellar. A corking-room and a bottle-room follow of
course. Let your coal and fuel stores be prompt for the supply
of offices and main house, and consider that coals are of at least
two qualities, and must exist divided.   Let your gallantry
think of pretty maids carrying coal-scuttles in their hands
without bonnets on their heads, and provide covered ways for
their benefit. To the boot and knife-house it may be well to
add a brushing-roomn with a good stove in it, or a drying closet
for wet clothes. Let the wash-house yield its cleansed linen
readily to the laundry, and the laundry its mangled and ironed
ditto to the linen-room. Consult propriety in keeping the maids
and the men-servants in a state of respectful separation, with
separate staircases to their respective dormitories.   Let the
housekeeper's and butler's sleeping-rooms respectively  command those of the former.
Returning into the main house, we may mention the convenience of a waiting-room connected with the master's private
room; and again, connected with the latter, a fire-proof strong
closet and a gun closet. A gentleman's bath and water-closet
will be well added to this nest of conveniences: a second bath
and closet for ladies being provided on the floor next above.
On each floor a housemaid's closet will be most welcome, with
a pipe from the great reservoir in the roof, to supply each with
water for the bed-rooms.  The convenience of a ready supply
of water from one or more reservoirs (to be filled, when not
45 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
supplied by the rain, with water ejected from the tank below
by a force-pump) will be obvious.  The water-closets, baths,
butler's room, &c., will be jointly dependent on it. The matter
of water, though mentioned late in this Essay, will be among
the first things considered by the young architect, who has, no
doubt, an adequate knowledge of well sinking and steining. It
only remains to hint at the policy of providing ordinary closets
wherever a recess in the masonry may allow it; for among the
stronger impulses of woman is a passion for closets, shelves,
rails, and pegs.  To crown the ridge of this part of our fabric
of hints, we simply allude to a good and well-located dinnerbell.
The usual accompaniment of a good house is a good stable
building; and for many useful particulars on this subject, as
well as in respect to farm buildings in general, we cannot do
better than recommend Loudon's "Encyclopedia of Cottage,
Farm, and Villa Architecture."
Let the young architect deny to none of his out-buildings the
same amount of care which the main structure has had. All
should show themselves to be of the same family. The stable
court will often afford an opportunity for an advantageous display of simple and expressive Architecture. The interior of the
quadrangle may exhibit the rough sketch of the more finished
external facades, which will admit of much characteristic decoration. For instance, the entrance into the court forming the
centre-piece of a range of stables is a most legitimate opportunity for adopting the general  form of the Roman triumphal
arch; and, in fact, as good and handsome stables are becoming,
more and more, one of the signs of squirearchical importance,
the young architect will take the subject into his best consideration. The following hints may be of service.
Space enough for a carriage to drive in, turn, and be backed
{easily into the coach-house: not less than thirty feet wide.
46 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Large open porch before stable door for cleaning dirty horses
in wet weather. -Harness-room between the stable and coaclhhouse, with an opening in the partition wall for an Arnott's
stove, common to the coach-house and harness-room. It is
most essential that both of these should be dry, and capable of
being heated.  Boxes not less than the width of two stalls;
each stall and box having an efficient ventilating aperture close
to the ceiling over the horse's head.
In the loft over, avoid flat collarbeam roofs which thrust out the
walls. The annexed is the ordinary
roof adopted by the author. Let
not your smallest stables be less
than ten feet high to the under edge
of the  loft joists.   Give  larger
stables  one  or two  feet  more.Avail yourself of the additional air
DC
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Il
space afforded by the depth of joists, by having no plastered
ceiling; but be careful that your floor boarding above is close,
with ploughed and tongued joints. Let your stall-posts run up
to take a head-piece to support the joists of the loft. If one
side of your extreme stall be necessarily a wooden partition
(which is not well), board it to the top: the kicking and movements of a restless horse will shake down  plastering.  In
coach-houses, place guard stones, and form tram courses and
stops, to prevent the wheels, &c., from rubbing against the
walls and one another, and the backs of carriages fiom being
injured against the back of the coach-house.   Guard your
door-posts with hard stone plinths to direct the wheels on being
backed in. Seven feet clear space is ample for a carriage to
pass through. Width of stables and depth of coach-houses not
less than fifteen, commonly sixteen, and need not exceed
eighteen feet. Entrance carriage-way into court not less than
ten feet clear.
47 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Gentlemen and their grooms differ in the ideas to which the
following queries refer. The young architect will therefore
inquire-General dimensions as to widths, depths, and heights?
Ale the stalls to have surface drain
at foot of stalls, as 1? or a central
cess-pit  and  under-gutter, as 2?. _.     A
and are they to be flat-paved, or    / —        s —
pitch-paved?    (N.B.  Be  careful 
that the open gutter be not a trap        1        2       3
to catch the hoof. It should be so
wide and shallow as to prevent this danger, or be covered with a
grating.)  Are the rack and manger 
to be of wood, level, and near the
ground, as 1? or one above the
other, as 2? or of cast iron, and  L        j     _ 
placed as 3?   Is the hay to be  ]l ='
thrown down from the loft into the                     [
1        a        $
rack, or brought to it from a store
on the ground level?  Is the corn to be in a chest below? or
to be supplied into the stable by a trough connected with the
corn store in the loft? (N.B. Case your corn chest with
tinned sheet iron, or the rats and mice will work into it.) Is
any portion of the loft to be employed for men's sleep)ing-rooms?
If so, there must be regular stairs; otherwise a step-ladder
may seive. Consider the position and provision of a door for
admitting hay and corn into the loft. Is there to be a crane, or
bracket with pulley, &c.? Agree upon the position of the
dung-pit, as convenient for the removal of the dung to the
gardens or fields. Is it to be so constructed and cemented as
to hold liquid manure?  Can you unite the sewerage of the
house with that of the stables? (Do not conduct the water
from the roof pipes and the surface of yard into the liquid
manure tank.) Will the pebble stones of the vicinity afford
48 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
good paving? or must you procure granite or other spalls for
it? Remember that the tread and kicking of horses will soon
disturb it, if it be not well bedded, close set, and well rammed.
Defects in this particular are of great annoyance. Is a clock
tower required? a pigeon-house? a dog-kennel?  Stable-privies will, of course, be placed near the dung-pit. Are any
open  sheds required?  carpenter's shop?  smithery?  well?
watering-tank? separate horse infirmary?
For more detailed information on these subjects, and for
abundant instruction in regard to farm buildings, &c., we again
refer to Mr. Loudon's publications.
A word on the subject of LODGES. They are too frequently
more pretending in their architectural appearance than perfect
in their internal comfort. A living-room and a little closet of a
sleeping-room are crammed into a Portland stone case; and
while the Greek order in its full external development emulates
an Athenian Propyleum, there is little but dis-order within,~rom
the lack of those absolute conveniences which even the humblest cottager cannot do without.   To preserve in cleanly
neatness the day-room (in which nobility itself sometimes takes
shelter), and to prevent pots and pans from showing in the
front of our Doric portico, there must be back rooms and back
premises in reasonable sufficiency. The poor lodgekeeper is
rarely admitted into those preparatory consultations which are
open to the housekeeper, butler, and cook; and it therefore
behooves the architect to be his especial advocate. A lodge, in
fact, should be a little house, and not a little temple. There is
not that difference between the lord of the mansion and the
keeper of the gate that there is between a Christian and a
house-dog. No MAN, who is in the service of his wealthier
fellow, should live in a kennel, however smart its "complement
extern." Occupy, then, that space which will allow of subdivision into room for sitting and sleeping in comfort; for
stowage of food, crockery, and fuel; for cooking and cleansing,
4
49 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
and other necessary matters. Give the lodgekeeper his well
and pump, or, at least, his tank and filterer, that he may not be
denied the luxury allowed by Teetotalism.
In respect to the style, we think the principal entrance lodge
should be a fitting prologue to the "swelling act of the imperial"
mansion: true to it, in architectural character, as the mansion
portico to the mansion itself.  In the secondary and other
lodges or cottages, the caprice of a taste for variety may be
indulged.   The lodge at the opening of the grand avenue
should assuredly be prophetical of the grand structure at the
end of it; but there may well be, in other parts of the ground,
the Gothic lodge, the Italian lodge, the thatched lodge, and the
Swiss cottage.  The strictest epic poem admits its episodes;
and the different pictorial aspects of different situations on a
gentleman's estate may be suggestive of differing architectural
models.
In regard to PUBLIC BUILDINGS, it would be impossible, in a
work of this limited extent, to give anything like the detailed
instruction which we have ventured to afford in respect to
domestic buildings. A few cautionary hints on the manner of
dealing with BUILDING COMMITTEES will prove valuable.
We suppose a case.
You have, either by successful competition or immediate
commission, obtained the opportunity of executing a church, or
any other important structure, in which the opinions of a Board
of Directors are to be collected and consulted.   The most
respectful attention, and the most penetrating efforts to discover
the substance of those opinions, is, of course, your duty; and it
is not impossible that you may succeed in obtaining some
manageable stuff to mould into form; but, under any circumstances, it is advisable you should "oppose your patience" to
their perplexities, and "arm yourself with a quietness of spirit
to meet the probable tyranny of theirs." That they may
have chosen your plan as the best of many, or that they may
50 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
have approved your design on general grounds, must not leave
you to imagine that the "working drawings" are all you have
now to prepare, and the cales of uninterrupted supervision the
only ones you have to encounter; since all the raw ideas of
improvement, which may successively and suddenly suggest
themselves to the various members of the Committee, must be
disposed of, either by the labor of incorporating them with
your own, or by long and weighty arguments to prove them
"frivolous"-if not "vexatious." Take pains, then, to explain
your drawings fully before full Committee, and to get the signature of the Chairman attached to them befole you proceed
with the executive.   Take especial care that the plans, to
which your first estimate had reference, be preserved; and
that you obey no injunctions for increasing or altering those
plans, without first giving in writing (of which you have a
copy) a statement of the addition or deviation which will be
thereby occasioned in the cost. Improvements will be constantly desired by unauthorized authority, of which chairmanship takes no current note; and, in the end, memory will only
recognise the architect's original estimate.
Of course your alterations and additions will be shown in
a new set of drawings; the original set being put aside with
its proper estimate. Be urgent in again and again begging the
fullest consideration of your drawings and specifications before
you go to public tender, impressing upon the Committee
the impolicy of making alterations after a tender has been
accepted. Make it, however, a condition with persons competing, that the one whose tender is accepted shall give in
his detailed quantities and prices.   Before it is accepted,
require him to abide by any mistakes he may have made in
the former, and to allow of any additions or reductions, at
their full amount of quantity, and at the prices which he now
gives in.  It is his business to see that the quantities are sufficient; yours, that the prices are not too high. 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
It may be, on the reception of his tender, that there appear
reasons for reducing or augmenting the work. If, however,
this be not very important in its amount, it may not be necessary to make fresh drawings, &c., as the contract may be
concluded in reference to those already prepared, the deviations being shown in making the working drawings, being only
careful, that before the works commence, the difference of cost
be regularly recorded by the Treasurer, and that the order for
proceeding be signed by the Chairman.
We may here remark on the advisability of an architect's
being very clear in his notice to contractors, and in his instructions to the lawyer who draws up the contract. As a suggestion for the former we submit the following:
"To Builders, and others.  Persons willing to contract for the erection of
a         at,  in the parish of,  county of, may inspect
the drawings and specifications at, from        the       day of
until        the      day of         now next ensuing.  Tenders to be given
in not later than       o'clock on         the.  The advertisers do not
engage to take the lowest tender; nor will any be accepted unless the
character, means, and sureties of the person oftbfering it be satisfactory, and
the amount of the tender within a certain sum. All further particulars o0
explanation will be given by the Architect at his office."
Dated
In addition to this, many further cautions and intimations
may be necessary, or, at least, advisable; but these may be
confined to the architect's office, or the room where the drawings are deposited: and it may be also urged, that all the
parties tendering be required to put down their questions on a
paper to which all shall have access, so that the replies attached,
shall, by all, be seen: the object being, that, in fairness, all may
understand the architect's intention alike. State how the legal
expenses are to be borne.
As lawyers invariably differ in their way of wording an
52
Signed 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
agreement, an architect need be cautious how he ventures to
act withou  their assistance.  It is the author's practice to
submit to the legal adviser of his employer a printed form, such
as experience has enabled him to prepare. It has been often
adopted at once: but still he ventures no further than to give
its general substance, devoid of legal technicality.
"John Stokes, of, in the parish of, in the county of 
having determined to erect a             at, in the parish of,
county of, according to the drawings and specifications prepared by
George Wightwick, Architect; and William Styles, of, in the parish
of, in the county of, Builder, being willing to contract for the
execution of the works, the said Styles agrees for the sum of ~          to perform them in a complete and workmanlike manner, agreeably, not only with
the letter of the specification, and in conformity with the drawings now given,
but also with the full intention of the specification, and conformably with other
future drawings implied by the present, to the satisfaction of the Architect of
the said Stokes; it being understood that Stokes will have the right of making
any alterations or additions without vitiating the contract, and that the difference in the cost, so occasioned, shall be estimated by his Architect: That,
in the event of the Contractor's bankruptcy, or of his failing to proceed
satisfactorily, either as it regards time, materials, or workmanship, his
employer shall be at liberty to employ other workmen, and to pay them out of
the money which may yet remain unpaid to the Contractor, who will acknowledge that the amount of money he may have received before his bankruptcy
is to be regarded as full payment for all the work he has done, as well as for
all the materials, &c., which may be on the premises at the time; and
that if such remaining money and materials are insufficient, the residue must
be paid on demand out of the bankrupt's estate: that no money shall be at any
time paid, except under the Architect's certificate that the works have been
done satisfactorily; and that the Contractor, under certain penalties, shall bind
himself to complete the works on or before the -  day of, unless the
Architect shall justify delay: that at certain stated periods of the work the
Contractor shall receive money to the amount of two-thirds (or three-fourths)
the value of work done, as the Architect shall estimate it, and that the residue
one-third (or one-fourth) shall be paid within     months after the completion
of the works, provided no defects of workmanship or materials shall have
shown themselves in that time; such defects to be remedied by the Contractor
efore it be paid."
53 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
We need hardly caution the young architect, before he gives
a certificate, to be ver3 scrutinizing in valuing tha, executed
work according to tthe proportional quantity, or rather, with
reference to the retention of a sum assuredly adequate to complete the building in the event of the contractor's failure.
Bodies of men acting for the public have but little compassion
for errors of judgment-still less of arithmetic. It is here that
the detailed tender is of value. Try it, however, before you
trust to it, and learn by the trial how to treat it in justice to
yourself. Is it hard in an architect to bind a builder to his
deficiencies of quantity or price? It is equally hard upon
himself; for he receives his per centage only on the amount of
the deficient estimate! It is a point of interest, and honor, in
the contractor to take care that he has a proper price: it is a
point of honor only in the architect-and against his interestto see that the contractor keeps to his price, though it be too
low. The position which an architect occupies relatively to his
employer and the contractor is often very painful; and the
very possible conclusion of a rupture with one, or the dissatisfaction of both, should so constantly be borne in mind, as to
prevent too liberal a construction of the contract on the one
hand, and too limited a one on the other. There is a natural
tendency in all young and ardent minds to trust to the
generosity of their patrons, the liberal intentions of their
builders, and the favor of circumstances; and it is therefore
the more necessary to impress upon the mind of the directing
professor, that the patron and the contractor are equally trustful
in the acuteness of the architect's foresight, and in the clearness of his intentions. It is well to insert in the contract such
a   saving clause" as the following:  "And the Contractor doth hereby admit that the said specifications and
drawings are all-sufficient for the substantial and efficient erection of the
buildings, &c.; "but it will be worse than useless, unless the architect, in the
54 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
event of a dispute, is enabled to show and to prove that they
really are so. A builder may justly conceive, that what he
understands is what you mean; and he therefore unhesitatingly signs the admission you require. Be careful, then, that
you do not wrong him by such vague clauses, as may, in truth,
be little more than concealments of your own practical deficiencies.
With this we conclude our series of miscellaneous Hints, and
proceed in an attempt to facilitate the operations of the young
Architect in drawing his attention to such a methodical arrangement of practical detail as may enable him the more assuredly
to perfect that most important of all means towards a "binding
contract,"-a complete SPECIFICATION.
Only let him remember, that we profess to aid his experience,
and not to supply his ignorance. Credit is given to him for
much knowledge already acquired in the office of his former
master; and our mere intention is to co-operate with that, to
the relief of his labor, and the assistance of his yet unpractised
responsibility.
55 
I 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
PART IV.
MODEL SPECIFICATION.
INDEX.
No.
General     Notice to local authorities.  Payment of fees
clauses.     Protective inclosures.  Restoration of pavements.
Removal and shoring.  Old materials. 
Clearing, excavating, re-filling.... 
Drainage of the site before building...
Underpinning 
Founda-      Trenches for footings..
tions,&c.   Artificial levels  for pavements.    Ground-making  round
building 
Well.        Well-digging,-and building..
Artificial   Concrete foundations
foundations  Piling and planking.
IF BRICK-WORK:
Indents.     Indents in old work, and making good.
General       Kind of bond-quality of bricks-mortar-rise of coursesclause.,      flushing-grouting-footings-outside and inside work 
Arches.      Gauged arches to windows and * * *...
Plain cambered ditto to other outer openings-rough arches
and counter-arches-relieving arches over lintels, bressum            mers, &c..
Inverted arches..
Facing.      Common brick face, rule-jointed.
Facing bricks............ 
Brick strings, fascias, cornices; cutting, &c..... 
57
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
13
16
17 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No.
Fire-places,  Fire openings, arches over-trimmer  ditto-flues-stacks
flues,
chimneys,      above roof, &c....
Chimney bars........   19
Fixing grates..............21
Bedding timber and stone-work-pointing round door and
window frames-backing-up, &c.........21
Dwarf walls-piers, &c.......   22
Brick-nogging........   23
Coping.     Tile-or brick on edge......   20
Paving.     Brick-quality-flat or edge-pattern...   24
Tile-color-pattern, &c.                                   25
Clinker-how laid, &c..                             26
Vaults.     Segment, semicircular, elliptic or pointed...   27
Groined....... 28
Corbelled skewbacks.....                             29
Concrete in spandrils.                                  30
Cemented outside.                               31
Lime whiting....  32
Iron hoop bonding..................   33
Extra brick-work, No. 34.  Brick-work to portico  See note following
Ditto       to arcade S   No. 125.
Party-wall 
Rough or wrought stone-work to be built into brick-work
Drainage.   Cess-pit, with man-hole, cover stone, &c. 
Barrel drain within the building.
Funnel and drain from privy, &c. 
Minor drains, &c, of brick or tile 
Earthen pipe drains 
Funnels, &c......
Dip-traps.....
Main drain without the building..
Soil or dung-pit........                   
Dry areas, to preserve the walls below ground from damp
Water-tank...
Ventilation under floors, &c.......
Jobbing, 49.    Brick fittings...
RUBBLE MASONRY, WITH BRICK MINGLED.
General       Rubble of limestone, slate, or other stone-mortar-footings
clause,        -bond and quoins, &c.............          50
58
18
. 35
. 70 & 71
. 36
. 37
... 39
. 40
. I. 42
41
. 38
. 44
. 45
. 46
. 47
. 48
. 491 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No
51
52
53
Random coursed 
Facing.      Regular coursed 
Trimmed and coursed........
Arched soffits. Trimmed rough-common brick-neat hammer-dressed            gauged-skew-back..
Reveals.     Trimmed rough-common brick-neat dressed 
Arches.      Rough-counter-arches-relieving arches 
Inverted arches 
Brick facing. If any? see..
Projections } Corbellings-strings-fasciascornices, &c, 
Fire openings, flues and chimney stacks 
Coping.      Rough. No. 61.  Rough, cemented 
Tile, or brick on edge coping 
Bedding timber and stone-work-pointing round door and window frames
-backing-up, &c...
Dwarf walling 
Brick-nogging............ 
Paving.      If of brick, No. 24.  If tile, 25.  If clinker 
Vaults.      Plain-groined-skew-backs-spandrils, &c.6
Lime whiting..........
Iron hoop bonding.....
Extra rubble-work and party-walls........
Drainage, &c. Cess-pit-barrel-drain-funnels-minor drainsdip-traps
-main drain-soil-pit-dry area and tank-ventilation }
-jobbing..
Rough stone-work built into masonry 
Wrought stone work built into masonry 
Rubble and brick-work to portico 
Ditto         ditto   to arcade 3 See note following No.125.
STONE CUTTING,
GENERALLY APPLICABLE EITHER TO GRECIAN, ITALIAN, OR GOTHIC WORK.
Steps.         Common door steps..
Common stair flights.
Better stair flights 3
Stairs of paving stone.
Door steps of better quality...
Handsome stair flights with flat soffits.
Superior stair flights, with moulded soffits.
Stone steps, with iron risers
75
77
78
79
59
54
55
56
15
16
59
60
62
20
63
64
65
26
66
32
33
67
43
44
69
70
71
72
73
74
76 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
GRECIAN OR ITALIAN ONLY.
No,
Window-sills. Common, No. 80.  Superior.....         81
Architraves to DOORS.  Simply moulded                   8.                 84
Ditto, with entablature...........          85
Ditto        ditto,    and pediment....   86
Door.dressings, various and handsome..                           87 & 87i
Architraves to WINDows.  Simply moulded....           88
Ditto, with entablatures....             88 & 89
Ditto         ditto,    and pediments...  88 & 90
Window dressings, various and handsome....   87t, 88 & 91
Archivolts to segment or semicircular doors and windowsimposts  caps-pilasters-jambs........  92
Bay, or oriel window                                                        98
Balconies, &c.
Plinth...................99
String course.................100
Cornice...................                                               101
Blocking course-parapet-balustrade...........        102
Chimney-stacks...........  103
Quoin stones.................104
Rusticated doors and windows, and arcades.....  105
Ashlaring, common and better sort............          106
the best..............        107
the fixing of...............           108
Pediment.    Tympanum-raking and horizontal cornices...  119
Portico.     Plinth, cased, 122.  Plinth, solid, 123.  Back plinth..  124
Columns...............             125
Architrave, 126.  Return or back architrave...  127
Beams in ceiling, 128.  Stone soffit....  129
Frieze..........       130
Cornice.................131
Blocking, parapet or balustrade..........          132
Pediment...............133
Landing, pavement, steps, guard stones...  134
See also note following No. 125.
..c.a. 135
GOTHIC ONLY.
Window sills, common, 82. Superior...........        83
Doors.      Plinths-jambs-archivolts.....  99 & 93t
60
Arcades 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Doors.       Tudor door 
Window dressings; jambs
Ditto, superi
Tudor windo
Oriel window
Plinth
Strings.
Cornices.
Parapets.
Chimneys.
Quoins
Ashlar and buttresses
Buttress cappings
Gablets to buttresses
Pinnacles
Gables
Gable corbels.
Arcades.
MISCELLANEOUS.
61
No.
.   94
.  95
.   96
.  97
*.   98
*.  109
.  110
..  111
.  112
. 113
.  114
.  115
.  116
. 117
.  118
.  120
.  121
.  136
Plugs, cramps and lead.
Enrichments and models.
Casing to stone-work
Final perfection thereof.
Coping
Curbs.......
Back hearths...
Front hearths or slabs...
Chimney pieces..
Paving, common, 143.  Better, 144.  Superior
Marble paving
Mosaic paving..
Stone fittings to cellars, larders, dairies
Troughs for washing in scullery 
Abath
Slabs, basins, &c. Strong closets
. 137
-   ib.
- ib.
- ib
. 138
. 139
. 140
. 141
. 142
145
. 146
. 147
148
. 149
. 150
151
Stables.  Miscellaneous stone-work. 
Coach-houses             Ditto..
Stable and other yards.  Ditto
Cow-houses and piggeries'
. 152
. 153
. 154, 155 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No
SLATING.
Common slating.
Better    ditto. 
Improved ditto.
Superior ditto..
Slating iron roof.
Circular roof..
Slating for very flat-pitched roof
Slating, outside pointed.
Slating on hips and ridges, coma
Ditto                         supe
Cement filleting.
Queen slating 
Final clause.
Tiling,.l.i 169
Rig.n   i   ie. 170
~anti.ing. 171
Finalclaus. 172
TILING.
PLASTER AND CEMENT WORK.
Patent cement, inside work..
Keen's cement, ditto...
Common internal plastering..
Common three-coat work for ceilings and papering
Three-coat work for painting or color                                          
Best three-coat work for paint or paper                                   
Whiten ceilings..-.
Color walls,.-.
Beads, quirks, &c....
Sides, back, soffits, &c, not cased with joinery S
Cornices and enrichments. —
Cement skirting..
Scagliola work and Keen's patent                                          
Patent cement outside brick-work         
Ditto   ditto          common, on rubble. 
Ditto   ditto          superior, on rubble. 
Rough cast on rubble                                                          -
.  173
.. 174
. 175
.  176
. 177
. 178
*. 179
*.  1I0
*  181
. 182
. 183
. 184
.  185
. 186
*. 187
.   s187
62
. 156
. 157
. 158
. 159
. 160
. 16.1
. 162
. 163
. lrj,4
. 165
. 166
. 167
. 168
I
Tiling, plain.
Ridge and hip tiles.
Pantiling.
Final clause. 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Two coats common and one Aberthaw, on rubble
One coat  ditto   and two ditto      ditto.
Aberthaw, on brick.
Cement or Aberthaw moulded work.
CARPENTERS' WORK.
63)
No.
. 188
. 189
.  190
.  191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
Inclosures..
Shoring and old material.
Piling and planking..
Sundries.
Bond and lintels.
Story-posts.
Bressummers.
Quarter partitions                                                              2
Ground joists.
Common joisting.9
Binders and girders..
Single-framed floors..
Double-framed floors..
Floor trusses                                                                   2
Cross straining.2
Ceiling battens *.
Flats                                                                           2
Lanterns                                                                        2
Roofs, Italian                                                                  2
Ditto Gothic
Dormer doors and windows
.   200
.  201
.   202
.  203
*.  204
*..   205
.  206
*    *.   207
.,.   208
*    *.   209
*..   210
.   211
.   212
~.. 213
.    ~.   214
.   215
.   216
*   217
.   218
...219
.   220
Boarding and battening for lead and slates
Open roof, Gothic..2
Curb roof.2
Garrets.
Ceiling floors.
Projecting eaves...
221
. 222
. 223
. 224
. 225
. 226 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Troughs, cisterns, &c.....
Joists, wrought fair....
Sound boarding.....
Sundry rough work...
Battening on walls
Cradling and firring
Columns, and coved ceilings
Final clause
Sliding doors
No.
.....  227
*  *.,... 228
...... 229
...... 230
..... 231
..... 232
~.....~. 233
..  234
. 235
236
237
238
239
JOINERS' WORK.
Ventilator to roof........
Sky-lights.........
Ceiling or dome inner lights......
Light and ventilation of water-closets....
Dormer door.........
Ditto windows.........
Trap door........
Gutter cornice to eaves, Italian....
Ditto        ditto     projecting.....
Ditto        ditto     cantilever.....
Ditto Roman cornice......
Eaves gutter cornice, Gothic....
Barge boards.........
Ditto       Gothic........
Lanterns.........
2. 240
.  241
.  242
.  243
.  244
.  245
. 246
.  247
.  248
.  249
.  250
.  251
~.  252
..  253
254 & 290
255
.  256
.  257
258 & 259
.   260
.   260o
.  261
, 262
,  263
. 264 & 265
. 266 & 267
Floor boarding, common.......
Ditto          better.......
Ditto          superior......2
Ditto          best......
Ditto          wrought underside.
Very superior floor of deal and wainscot, or of wainscot wholly
Inlaid floors........
Skirting, flush....
Ditto  plugged to wall, common..2                                 2
Ditto   on fillet and grounds.....
64 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No,
. 268 & 269
Skirting, on fillet and grounds, and grooved into floor boarding
Door, common, ledged and braced                                           2
Ditto framed, ledged and braced...
Ditto for coach-houses....
Ditto panelled, common....
Ditto ditto    better... 
Ditto ditto    superior....
Ditto ditto    best....
Doors, folding......
Ditto sliding......
Outer doors......
Ditto      folding.....Back doors...... 
Ditto      folding.....
Doors with side and top lights..
Ditto      side lights only..
Ditto segment, semicircular, or pointed-headed
Doors, Gothic.-2
Sundry doors, borrowed lights, &c..Lantern light (see 254)..
Ditto       with curved heads to lights 
Window, sash, simplest....
Ditto         common....
Ditto         better....
Ditto         improved...
Ditto         best......
Space for Venetian blinds.. 
Hinging and furniture of shutters.. 
Sash window with lifting shutters..
Ditto        superior...
Ditto        triple light.....
Bow sash window.....
Bay sash windows.....
Venetian window...
Wooden casing pilasters to windows                                      
Segment, circular, or pointed heads to ditto.
Casement windows, leaded glazing.
Ditto              not leaded..
If shutters, &c., inside, or outside, &c..
If Gothic casements                                                    -3
French casements.
5
65
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
279
279
280
281
282
283
284
285-287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
296
W7
295
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306-308
309
310
311
312
313
i 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No,
.   314
.  315
.  316
.   317
.   318
.   319
.  320
.  321
.  322
.   323
.  324
.   325
.  326
.   327
.  328
.  329
.  330
.  331
.   332
.   333
.  334
.  335
.  336
337
338
339
.  340
.  341
.  342
.  343
.  344
.  345
Swing casements.
Coin beads and window boards                                         
Windows with luffer boarding. 
Clock or bell-turret...
Stairs, common....
Ditto better.....
Ditto best.....
Iron stiffening balusters...
Fascia of landing....
Panelled soffit to stairs...
Inclosure under stairs... 
Cast iron balusters.                                                    
Step ladder.....
Panelied framed inclosures..
Casings of carpentry, &c..
Board linings, &c., panelled ditto, &c..
Wooden columns and pilasters.                                             
Ditto    entablature, &c...
Wood carved-work....
Bielefeld's papier mache.Water-closet fittings...
Stables.  Miscellaneous joinery                                          -3
Coach-houses.  ditto.-34
Loose boxes.     *3
Outhouses........
Stable, coach-house, and outhouses, doors and windows.
Final clause to joinery...
IRON AND METAL WORK.
Window guard-bars 
Windows of dairies and larders, fly 
Metal sky-lights
Iron chimney bars. 
Binding bolt to hearth arch
Iron columns 
. 346
. 347
.  348
. 349
. 350
. 351
66
Privies.
Sundry fittings
.re 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Iron girders..
Iron joists
Sundries...
Iron roofs..
Cantilever gutters
Iron gutters...
Water pipes...
Gratings
Fixed ditto...
Sundries....
Rails, balusters, and palisading
Iron gates.
Iron doors
Wood and iron doors
Iron casements
Sundries to windows
Iron shutters
Iron mangers and racks
General clause for iron-work.
Grates, stoves, ranges, coppers, &c.
Bell hanging.
67
No.
. 352
. 353
. 354
. 355
. 356
.  356i
.  357
*.. 358
. 359
*.  360
. 361
. 362
.  363
.  364
.   365
. 366
.   367
.  368
369
370
.   371
. 372
. 373
PLUMIBERS' WORK.
Lantern top
Ridges and hips
Dormers, tops.
Sides of ditto.
Valleys.
Chimney gutters
Parapet gutters
Flats
Roofs
Flashings
Gutter cornices
Cisterns and troughs
Laying on water
Supply-pipes from cistern.
Water-closet.
. 374
. 375
. 376
. 377
. 378
. 379
. 380
. 381
. 382
383
. 384
. 385
. 386
387
. 388 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No.
..  389
.  39Q
~.  391
. 392
Linings of washing troughs, baths, &c..
Pump...
Sundries.....
General clause.....
~.  393
Painter
Glazier
. 394 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Specification of Works to be done in the construction of.......
-.........  agreeably to the Drawings herewith furnished,
and numbered 1 to... inclusive.
No. 1.      To give to the local Commissioners and Surveyors, &c., all
Notice to local
authorities.    requisite notices; to obtain all official licenses  for temporary
obstructions, inclosures, openings into common sewers, waterPaymentof    pipes, &c.; and to pay all proper and legal fees and charges to
fees.
public officers and neighboring proprietors, making good any
damage occasioned to adjoining premises, and keeping up lights
Protective in- &c., required by night Construct proper inclosures and fences
closures.
for the protection and convenience of the public during the proRestoration of gress of the works; and perfectly reinstate pavements, &c., to
pavements.
the perfect satisfaction of the Town Surveyors.
Clerk of the    An office for Clerk of the Works, with fire-place and flue of
Works' office.
brick or masonry (see 200).
No. 2.
Removal and
shoring.
Old materials.
Carefully take down the old buildings, effectually shoring up
as may be necessary the adjoining properties; and entirely
remove the old materials, rubbish, &c., to the satisfaction of all
parties. The old materials to become the property of the Contractor, who shall be allowed to re-employ only such portions
thereof as the Architect under his handwriting shall permit.
No. 3.
Clearing, excavating, refilling.
Clear away all rock, soil, or rubbish, necessary to leave the
site of the intended building clear and unincumbered; and
excavate for basement story, areas, footings of walls, cess-pits,
drains, tanks, vaults, &c., as shown  by drawings.   Properly
refill, ram down, and level as required; and remove all super.
fluous matter excavated, to the satisfaction of all parties.
69 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 4.
Drainage of
the site before
building.
Bale out, draw off, pump away, and remove all water and soil
which may come  into the excavations from springs, currents,
drains, cess-pools, rain, or otherwise; and effectually complete
the drainage of the excavations and footings before any masonry
or brick-work be carried up.  Shore up ground as required.
No. 5.     Underpin in the most careful mainner all walls, partitions, or
Underpinning.
buildings, surrounding the site of the intended new buildings, in
any way endangered by the excavations of the latter.
No. 6.     Make perfectly level, and hard, the bed of all trenches  for
Trenches for
foings. footings; and consolidate the earth about the same, and against
all walls, drains, pits, &c. The depth of the footings to be con            tracted for, as shown by the drawings. Should a less depth be
admissible, or a greater depth be required, the deviation will be
made, under the written permission of the Architect, and
accounted for accordingly.   [The depth of all trenches for walls
and piers in the Northern States should not be less than
three and a half feet, and in heavy soils four feet-to prevent
upheaval by the action of frost.-ED.]
No. 7.      To provide, bring in, spread over, and well ram and  consoliArtificial levels
for pavements, date, any dry hard ground or rubbish which may be necessary to
and groundmaking round form the proper level for internal pavements, or paving of courts,
building.
areas, pits, &c.; or which may be required to raise the ground
level to the lines shown on elevations or sections: the said made
ground to extend....  feet from the fronts, and thence to
fall to the natural, or now existing, surface, in an angle of
degrees.
No. 8.      To dig a well, in the situation'marked  on  plan, four feet
Well digging
and building.  diameter, and... feet deep below the level of...
The same to be properly steined round with.....
and domed over with.......
No. 9.      To make an artificial foundation for (either certain parts of,
Con,rrete
Sondation.    or) the entire building,....  feet in width, and...
feet in depth; the same to be composed of one part of the best
fresh quick stone lime, beaten to fine powder, and six parts of
70 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
unscreened gravel (or fine and coarse stone ballast), mixed
thoroughly with each other in small quantities at a time, the
lime being moderately slacked with water at the moment of
admixture; and the concrete, when properly compounded, and
yet hot, to be thrown from an elevation of not less than len feet
into the trenches, where it will form in layers of six inches
deep, to be repeated one above the other, until the full depth of
the required substratum is attained. [The importance of concrete
foundations is too little known or attended to in the United
States. The settling and cracking, common in so many buildings, the foundations of which are directly laid in loose or
unsuitable sub-soils, would be entirely prevented by simply
forming a concrete base for the usual foundation walls.-ED.]
To make an artificial foundation for              Planking.
(either certain parts of, or) the footings    _       SLEEPER
of entire building, with sound fir piles,
...  feet  long,...  inches
square, pointed with iron, and hooped'.
with ditto; each pile to be firmly driven
by means of a proper apparatus; the
relative situation and distance of the
piles, as  shown  by  adjoining figured
sketch.  Sleepers   " x   "   over each
transverse row of piles, and Sleeper
....  planking....
inches thick; the whole properly
spiked, &c., &c.                      Sleeper:3
No. 10.
Piling and
planking.
No. 11.     To cut and parget in the old brick-work perpendicular indents
Indents.
to receive the new work, aud make good the disturbance in the
old work occasioned thereby.
No. 12.     The whole of the work, shown by.... tint on plans
Brick-work.
and sections, to be constructed with......            bricks,
General clause. laid in English bond; the said bricks to be the best of their
kind, hard-burnt, square, and perfectly sound; laid in mortar
Mortar, &c.    compounded of one-third well-burnt stone lime, and two-thirds
of clean sharp sand, free from salt, well beaten and worked up
71 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
together. No four courses to rise more than one inch beyond
the collected height of the bricks.  Every course to be filled in            and fully flushed, up with mortar, and every second (or third
Grouting.    course) to be grouted with liquid mortar of hot lime and sand.
Footings, &c.  The footings and walls to be of the varying thicknesses and
See also No. 69.
heights figured on the drawings; and no variation to be made
between the outside work and inside work, except that the work
intended to be plastered is to have the joints thereof left rough.
(See 50.)  [When a brick wall is to be plastered or covered
with cement externally, the best mode is to lay the outside course
of bricks with the mortar not brought out to a flush or struck
joint, but laying back half an inch or more. This enables the
cement to take a much firmer hold, much in the same way as
common plastering upon laths.-ED.]
No. 13.
Brick. Common face
pointing.
Gauged and
other arches,
&c.
The visible exterior of walis above ground to be finished with
a neat flat ruled joint (see 51); and all front windows and
......    to have the best gauged arches, abutting on
proper skew-backs, the soffits and reveals being 94   o inches
deep. All other outer openings to have plain (and slightly cambered) arches closely set and tuck-pointed.
No. 14.     Turn rough arches and counter-arches wherever practicable,
Brick rough
arches.      through the entire thickness of walls, except where it may be in            expedient to show them externally (in which case they will be
concealed by four-inch facing), and
construct nine or four-inch relieving
Relieving
arches, &c.    arches, over all lintels or bressum            mers, as sketch.
No. 15.    Inverted arches, the whole thickness of walls, under (-exInverted
arches, &c.   ternal openings,-chimney openings,-and other opening,-from
pier to pier,-or) such openings (beneath the ground level) as
are shown to have them on the drawings
No. 16.     To face the visible exterior of the walls of the.......
Brick facing
with......         facing bricks of uniform color, properly
bonded into back-work, and finished with a neat flat ruled joint.
72 
HINTS TO YOULNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 17.     Properly form the string courses, fascias, pilasters, cornices,
Brick strings
and cutting.    breaks, recesses, &c., shown by drawings (cutting and rubbing
such of the work as may be moulded), (and neatly splaying
angles, plinths, &c.).
No. 18.
Brick fireplaces, flues,
stacks, &c.
Properly form all fire openings, with camber arches over the
same; and trimmer arches where required for front hearths.
Carefully gather in the chimney throats, and carry up flues of
not less than fourteen inches square in the clear; well pargetted.
The stacks to be carried above roof to the heights shown in
drawings, with salient courses, &c.; and properly fix the chimney tops hereafter described.
Chimney bars.
No. 19.  himney,  x openi, and 18t long, properly corked at  the ends.
Cinybr.chimney opening, properly corked at the ends.
No. 20.
Tile coping on
brick, or
Brick on edge.
The walls of.....  to be finished with a top course
of brick on edge (and coped with double plain tile cresting), set
in and jointed with new Roman cement and clean sand mixed in
equal proportions.
No. 21.
Bedding,
pointing, and
backing.
To bed in mortar all the bond timber, plates, lintels, wood
bricks, templates, stone and other work requiring to be set
in the   mask-onry)    To'
in the  ckwork       To  bed in and point round with lime
and hair mortar all door and window frames, and back up and fill
in with solid 5 masonry         all stone and iron-work demand                            i brick-work
Fixing Grates, ing it. Coppers, stoves, and grates, to be properly set with fire&C.
bricks.
No. 22.     Build all dwarf walls, piers, &c., necessary to receive sills of
Dwarf masonry
orbrick-work.  partitions and sleepers or joists of ground floor, as shown on
plans. (Qy. Cement to upper courses.)
No. 23.     Bricknog all partitions which are marked on plans with a red
Bricknogging.
hatching, thus: 
No. 24.    Pave the.... with hard... bricks laid (flat,
Brick paving.
or on edge, as the case may allow) in mortar; and grout between
the  joints with  liquid mortar. f  I  I 
The bricks to be laid according to            I    I        L             pattern here sketched, on a good      Go
and firm bottom previously pre- 
pared.
73 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No.25.      Pave the........with 12" (red or white paving tiles)
Tile paving,
&c.           laid (square or anglewise) (either of one color or both, alternat             ing) in mortar upon full 3" deep of (fine coal ashes, dry brick,
stone rubbish or lime core) bedding; and the joints thereof
pointed with cement.
No.26.      Pave the (stables, &c.).....  with real Dutch imClinker paving.
ported clinkers of approved sample, laid herring-bone fashion
upon coarse gravel 6" deep, and grouted three times over com             pletely with stone lime and sand.  The paving to be laid with
proper currents, &c. (every stall of stable to be groined).
No. 27.
Vaults of
brickwork or
ro masonry.
Construct over the.....    (pointed, segment, or semi
circular, or elliptical) vaults of   ro imkasonry 19   inches thick.
The spandrils being filled to within 9" of the crown of vaulting
with } brickebats r grouted in liquid mortar.
No. 28.
Groined vaults
of brick-work
or ro masonry.
Construct over the.... arched and groined vaultings,
as drawings (with the groin points [if brick] accurately cut to a
ro masonry I
regular arris), and the spandrils filled with   brick-work    t up to
the internal crown of the vault. The whole to be completely
grouted with hot liquid mortar; and, after the removal of centering, the whole to be neatly pointed.
No. 29.     The skew-backs of vaults to be formed by
Corbelled
skew-backs.   a corbelling (as C in adjoining sketch), so
that the arch encroach not upon the main
substance of the piers or springing walls.
Construct vaults, &c., &c., &c., and fill up spandrils with
No. 30.
Concrete span'dil$s.
No. 31.     Construct vaults, &c., and coat the outside of vaults and walls
Vaults cemented outside. with Parker's cement  It thick.
No.32.      Stop and lime-whiten twice the..........
Lime whiting.
74
-, iI
I
II
concrete. 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 33.      To employ...  cwt. of iron hooping as may be directed,
Iron hooping.
as a bond for the brick-work.
No. 34i perch of extra rubble work                                        d
Extra brick-   Allow for..                                     to  e used,
work or rubble.                     rod of extra brick-work
or not, as shall appear necessary, and accounted for accordingly.
No. 35.    Party-walls.   (MaKe arrangements witn Contractor and adjoinPa         rty-wall.
ing Proprietors.)
No. 36.
Cess-pit of
brick, or masonry
To construct, where shown on plan, a cess-pool,' II internal
diameter, and' " from the bottom to the springing of (arched
or domed) top. The same to be steined round, and vaulted with
(41, brick-work, or good compact rubble masonry), closely pitchpaved, and lined with Roman cement up to the springing of
vault. A man-hole 20"t diameter to be left in the top; the same
to be covered in with a (Yorkshire, Purbeck, or granite) stone
having a strong iron ring therein.   Attend  Plumber in the
admission of water-closet pipes.
No. 37.     Construct a barrel-drain of 41' brick-work, having a clear bore
Brick-barrel
drain.       of   inches, and the lower inside half to be stuccoed with pure
quick Parker's cement.   The same to extend from...
to.....
No. 38.     Construct dip-traps where shown on plan; the same to be renDip-traps.
dered water-tight  with cement;  and  provide  and  fix sink
stones over the same. [These dip-traps are indispensably neces             sary  in  all  good                  //~// /
drains, both to pre             vent  the  rise  of
smells and the pas            sage of rats.  See!   
figure added. ED.]
No. 3a.     Put from ptiwy to dain a laTge and complete brick funnel; or
Privy drain.
form small trap cess-pit under the same, cemented to hold water,
and brick barrel-drain    it diameter  from  thence into larger
drain. 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 40.
Minor drains.
brick and tile,
Construct with, or brick only,   and of   inches clear diame
or otherwise
as sketch,
I.            1
ter, the several minor drains shown on plan, forming dip-traps
where shown, and provide and fix sink stones over the same.
(Qy. if only common mortar? laid in cement? lined with cement? brick and tile --   or  brick only, or -)
Hr -III
~ 
No. 41.     Form  at the feet of soil pipes, waste pipes, and rain water
B          rick funnels.
pipes, brick funnels, set in Parker's cement.
No. 42.     Lay, from the....  to the....  a drain of
Drain pipes.
strong earthen pipes   "t diameter clear; and ditto of   " diame            ter from the.... into the...
No.43.     Construct, and continue, from the...  to the...
Drain of rubble, &c.     a drain   it by   it formed of good close rub- ///
ble masonry at sides, slate bottom, and strong     A,      X ~.
cover stone.  The whole well bedded in mor            tar.  (Qy. need a portion of it be lined with    
cement?)
No. 44.     Construct, and continue, from the...
Main drain of                                                           I I
brick or rubble. to the....  a main  drain of (brick,
or good rubble masonry in mortar) the form                        
and size shown and figured in the annexed
sketch.   (Qy.  whether, if of rubble, any 
part may be laid dry?) 
f 
No. 45.     Construct a soil or dung-pit, &c., &c.  Describe its size, form,
Soil or dungpit.          material, and what drains it is to receive: whether open; with
parapet? arched; with man-hole, &c.? or if covered with slate
or stone slabs? whether lined (in part, or wholly) with cement,
to hold liquid manure?
76 
IIINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Form a dry area round the walls of..
(as shown on drawings), of (brick, or stone
rubble-work), and of the sectional form and
size shown and figured in the annexed
sketch; the same to be (covered with flat
stone, or arched with brick or rubble).
Man-holes where shown on drawings; and
provide and fix stone curb and gratings of
iron therein, 20,t square. The bottom to
have a fall to the drain, and to be pitch
No. 46.
Dry area of
brick or rubble,
&;c.
paved.
No.47.      Construct a water-tank below the
Water tank,
brick or rubble. floor of.....     as shown on
plan, and of the sectional form and
size here shown and figured. The
same to be covered with a semicircu             lar 4t brick arch, having a man-hole,
with stone therein, 20" diameter, and
iron ring.   The  sides to be of   it
(rubble or brick-work), the bottom of
(ditto), and forming an inverted segment. The ground outside
the sides and below the bottom to be thoroughly rammed and
consolidated; the outside of said sides and bottom to be laid
against a clayed backing, and the inside to be lined with fresh
Parker's cement.
No. 48.      Leave proper and sufficient openings for ventilating under the
Ventilation.
joists of ground floor, and provide and fix neat gratings in said
openings. Form air flues, where shown, in thickness of walls.
No. 49.     Attend upon  the  Stone-masons, Carpenters, Plumbers, and
Jobbing, &c.
nSmith, aiding, and making good after them, and to perform all
jobbing necessary to the perfect completion of the works.
No. 49i.      Half-brick piers to stone or slate  shelves  of  cellar,  dairy,
Brick fittings.
larder, &c. (See 148.)
77
-7
- _ —y
-P' 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 50.     The whole of the work, shown by... tint, on plans and
Rubble miasonry.  lime-stone, 
sections, to be constructed of good  slate,           rubble mason                                                or other
Mortar.       ry, properly bedded in mortar, compounded of one-third well             burnt stone lime, and two-thirds of clean sharp sand, free from
Footings. (See salt, well beaten and worked up together.   The footings of walls
also No. 69.)
(see No. 69) to be formed of large flat 
stones (having their length not less than    ~,..        ~,;
the width of the masonry above), laid  Gi               A,Al
transversely, as shown by sketch, A being   ~       -     /     A.
Bond &            quoins. the footing stone.  A  sufficiency  of bond  r —   3
stones, as B B B in the annexed figure (liav            ing an excess of length, and not of height), /          -_ 
at all quoins and where else required to bind.
the work, and insure its uniform compact-   i,}ff /
ness, especial care being taken to make the  -
walls of equal solidity all through by well filling the inner part
('routing.    with small stones and mortar; and the work to be grouted with
hot lime and sand at every rise of...  inches.   The stones
to be bedded as found in the quarry. The walling to be carried
up, and preserved, both vertically and horizontally true, and of
the varying heights and thicknesses shown or figured on the
drawings.
No. 51.     The  visible exterior of walls  above   i t
Random
coursed facing. ground to be finished in neat  random       \
coursed-work, the stones being hammer-  I'
dressed to a fair surface and neat joint, 1l 
and well pointed.
No. 52.     The  visible exterior of walls above   -
~Regular
coursed facing. ground to be finished in neat and regular a
coursed-work;  no course to be more
than.. inches, nor less than.. I                   I 
inches high; hammer-dressed to a fair surface; the joints to be
close, and true, both vertically aud horizontally, and pointed with
Aberthaw mortar.
No. 53.     The visible exterior of the... walls above ground to
'Trimmed and
coursed facing. be faced with a neatly trimmed ashlaring of.... stone,
78 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
in courses of equal height (not less
than     inches,  nor more  than
inches.   The vertical joints tooled  
close, and the horizontal joints bevelled (  "by   "1) so as to throw the
water from the top of each course, and pointed with (qy. Aberthaw?) a neat fiat ruled joint.  (Qy. should this ashlaring be
bedded and backed with Aberthaw?)
No. 54.                                                      segment
Arched soffits.   All the... openings to have-(trimmed  sem
semicircular
rough arches)-(good common brick arches)-(neatly hammer            dressed archcs)-(gauged arches corresponding with the ashlar            ing) to form their soffits outside wood frames; the soffits of win
dows being    4,r 4 inches deep; and proper skew-backs being
formed in all cases. All such arches to be close set and pointed.
No. 55.     All reveals of the said openings to be (trimmed to a neat face)
Reveals.
-(also of brick)-(neatly dressed as arches)-(wrought to a neat
sharp arris, as soffits).
No.56.     Turn rough arches and counter-arches wherever practicable,
Rough arches.
through the thickness of walls, except-       / /  I  I I I / m
ing where they may not show in the _\ _
external facing; and construct 12-inchl
rough relieving arches over all lintels,
or bressummers, as sketch.
No.57      Inverted arches, &c.  (See No. 15.)
No. 58.     To face, &c.   (See No. 16.)
No.59.      Properly form all rough projections, corbellings, &c., for plasRough projections.     tr string courses, fascias, pilasters, cornices, &c.  Or, see No.
17, altering the word "brick" for....
No.60.     Properly form all fire openings, with brick arches over the
Fire openings
and flues.   same; and brick trimmer arches where required for front hearths.
Carefully gather in the chimney throat, and carry up flues round
79
4e 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
cylinders of not less than 14 inches diameter in the clear, wel.
Chimney      pargetted.  The chimney stacks above roof to be carried up in
stacks.
brick to the heights shown in drawing; and properly fix the
chimney pots hereafter described.  (See No. 19.)
No. 61.     The walls of....   to be finished with a
Rough coping.      /
top course of large rough stones, partially ham-    
mer-dressed to a circular top edge;  bedded  on-'i'[i
their flat edge, and well flush pointed with Aber- /      __;A
thaw mortar.
No.62.      The walls of.....          to be finished C
Rough coping
and cement.   with a top course of stone on edge, well bedded -ts-          Dl
and jointed; to overhang the faces of wall 2   Alp I -:         1
inches, and (when the masonry shall have per-....I I
fectly settled) to cover the said coping with Roman cement, as
adjoining sketch.
or     or
H~~~~ 
No. 63.     To bed, &c., fix grates, &c.   (See No. 21.)
No. 64.    Build dwarf walls, &c.  (See No. 22.)
No.65.     Bricknog.  (See No. 23.)
No. 66.     Vaults.  (See No. 27 or 28, and 30 to 32.)
No. 67.    Extra  rubble-work.   (See  No.  34.)   Party-walls.
No. 35.)
No.68.      Cess-pits, drainage, dung-pit, dry area, and tank.  (See Nos.
36 to 47.)  Ventilation.  (See No.48.)  Jobbing..  (See No.49.)
No. 681.     Brick fittings.  (See No. 49L.)
No.69.      Provide  and lay beneath the footings of...  two comFooting of
paving stone. piete courses of (Yorkshire) stone, of the several widths shown
80
(See 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
on drawings.  The stones to be 3" thick, each averaging 10 ft.,
and none less than 6 ft. superficial.
No. 70.    Provide and fix-(here mention and describe the form and size
Rough stonewurk in mi.son- of any rough or roughly wrought stone-work which has to be
ry or brickwork.        worked into the brick-work or masonry,-such as corbels for
overhanging chimney breasts, or other masonry; for girders, or
other timbers; rough lintels for windows or doors where fiat
arches are not practicable, and which are to be plastered; rough
lintels over intercolumns; rough plinths to receive iron or wood
columns and story-posts; rough templates to receive iron beams;
&c). (In short, all stone-work that is to be hereafter concealed.)
No. 71.
Wrought stonework built into
masonry, &c.,
or brick-work.
Provide and fix-(here mention and describe the form and size
of any wrought-fair stone-work which has to be worked into the
solid brick-work or masonry at the time of its building,-such as
hinge-stones, lintels, solid plinths, bases, corbels, &c., which are
unconnected with any other stone-work, uncovered by plaster,
and used in plain buildings, which, in all other respects, are of
common  brick-work  or rubble  masonry).   (Example.-The
hinge-stones and lintel of a strong closet rebated for iron doors;
the plinths under the piers of a shop front; &c.) (In short, all
stone-work which does not partake of the nature of ashlar;
which cannot, like stone steps or window-sills, be worked in after
the masonry or brick-work has been carried up; and without the
previous fixing of which the common walling cannot iri any
degree proceed.)
o.  a T'o put to the...  doors of..., as shown on
Door steps,..X
comwin~.     plan, plain solid tooled steps of    prbanitek    stone, 12" x  8",
properly back-jointed, and mortised for door-posts. Also a piece
of paving of the same, to extend from step to outside face of
plinth.
No. 73.
Common stair
flights.
solid ) granite I
solid   Purbeck t steps, 12" x 8", properly tooled  (and holed
for iron balusters), back-jointed, and securely (bedded on
To  put from the....  to the.... a flight of
6
81 
H INTS - TO  YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
asbry:ck-IwYk  or (pinned into walls).  (If there are landings
describe them.)
No. 74.     To put from the...  to the
Better stair
flights.Pubc
flights....  a flight of solid  POrtlank
steps, wrought and rubbed smooth on
all faces and soffits; back-jointed as
sketch, the treads holed for balusters,
and the steps securely pinned into ws
Landings  of the same,        inches th
rebated on to last riser (and, if requi
to have joggled joints run with lead).
Ti
LANDINC
/
No. 75.     To put from the...  to the...  a flight of risers,
Stairs of
paving stone.  treads, and  landings, of      inch tooled.....  stone
(securely pinned into walls), or (bedded on brick-work or mason            ry). The treads mortised for balusters.
To put to the doors of..
solid wrought and rubbed Portland stone steps (qy. with mould-' 
ed nosings).  Each step, out of 
a stone      inches by    inches, properly jointed and bedded
on the substructure (and flanked with Portland curbs,      inches
by inches, wrought, with rounded top, rubbed, and properly
mortised for balusters). (If landing, state it.)
No. 76.
Out-door steps,
&c., better
quality.
No. 77.     To put from the.... to the....  flights of the best
Sone stairs,
supenor.      and hardest [marble, or] Portland stone
c
steps, with moulded nosings, returned. —---- -
at ends, the soffits (as well as the rest) 
wrought and rubbed fair, bead flush -
jointed, as sketch, and tailed full 9
inches into walls; the bottom step having its section  a solid
square,  and  finished with handsome  curtail.    The  landings
thereof to be full   inches thick, with edge moulding to corres            pond with nosings of steps; the mid-landings being in one slab
82 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
each, and the upper landing of...  stones, tailed   inchies
into walls, and joggle-jointed with lead. Each step and landing
mortised for balusters.
No.78.     To put from the....  t  the..... flights of
Stone stairs,
handsome.    the best and hardest [granite, free            stone marble, or] Portland stone
steps, with moulded nosings along
the front, outer end, and also along 
the back of each step; the soffit
of each step (except those at bottom and landings) to be moulded
as shown by sectional profile, and the whole tailed 9 inches into
walls.  Landings   inches thick, having their soffits moulded
and panelled as drawings, and their edges moulded to correspond
with the nosings of steps. Handsome curtail to bottom step,
whose section will be a solid square.  The whole lapped and
jointed as drawings. The mid-landings to be in one slab each,
and the upper landing in....  stones, tailed   inches
into walls, and joggle-jointed with lead.  All required holes for
balusters.
No. 79.    To put from.....         to.....  a flight of
Stone steps
and iron risers. Portland 
Purbeck     stone treads, with (rounded) (or moulded) nosings;
Yorkshire )
the risers thereof to be of open cast iron-work (see Smith), &c.,
&c.
No.80.     To put to the windows of.....  good common  sills
Window-sills,
common.      of....  stone,   inches by   inches; sunk, weathered,
and throated, and 4 inches   }                             /1
longer  than  the width  of        I
openings.
No. 81.    To put to windows of.... finely wrought (and rubbed)
Window-sills,
superior.    sills of....  stone,   inches by    inches (qy. moulded
as drawings?), and sunk, weathered and throated. The sills to
be 4 inches longer than the (width of openings) (or than the
united width of openings and jamb dressings). (Qy. whether
corbels under the sills, &c.?)
83 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
I
X,f:.'~ ~?,'?z.   moulded.
Cr.0P- ELK
w No. 82    To  put to windows  of....   common  sills of
Window-sills,
wGonthic.        (slate, Yorkshire stone, or Purbeck       paving) stone,   inches
t (blue-stone, or red sand-stone          )
wide, 22- or 3 inches thick, wrought-              I 
fair edge and ends, and laid sloping.'
(The  above  will  do,  either  for,i'iI  (,
Italian or Gothic.)                                          I      l
No. 83i.     To  put to windows  of.....               sills of
Window-sills,
Gothic.............   stone,  properly wrought   throated,
if projecting) (specify if in one or more heights,
and make the top sill of one length,
JA^MB 
if possible).                                          I
Note, if two sills may be cut out  x
of one stone, as sketch.                   L     f
7i4
No. 84.     To put to the doorway of.....            an architrave of the
Architraves to
doors, Grecian best solid.....        stone, moulded, and of the scantling
or Italian.
shown by fig.   drawing No.. The lintel to be of one stone;
( one)
the jambs of   three         stones  down  to
or more
plinth.  The whole to be rebated, as draw             ings.  (State if any of the jamb stones are:'''!
to bond into the walls.)',,  "'''/
No. 85.
Door architrave, and
entablature.
To  put to the doorway of....               an  architrave,  &c.
(See No. 84.) Put over the architrave a frieze of similar stone
quality in....  piece(s), not less than    inches thick,
84
I I 
IINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
of the height shown in drawing; and, above the frieze, a cornice
of the sectional scantling and moulded profile also shown (and in
.....  stone) (s).
No. 86.
Door architrave, entablature, and pediment.
To put to the doorway of....  (all that is mentioned
in Nos. 84 and 85) a pediment of the same stone and quality, the
tympanum  of one (or three)  stone(s) not less than   inches
thick, and the raking cornices to correspond with that below,
having the additional moulding shown on drawing.
No. 87.     To put to the doorway of..
Door dressings,
vharidos and    pilasters, architraves,  &c., &c., &ce.,
handsome.
or
engaged columns, architraves, &c.,
or
pilaster dressings, as drawings,
or
columns and jambs, as drawings,
with
moulded bases, and capitals,
or with
Ionic, Corinthian, or enriched capitals,
or with
~........
W\\f
~]
consoles plain or enriched, as drawings:
the pilasters, engaged columns, &c., to be of the best solid. 
..   stone, in....   piece(s) (exclusive of caps  and
bases) and of the sectional form and scantling shown on drawings.
The architraves, &c. (see Nos. 84 and 85), and, if pediments are
required (see No. 86).
No 87A.     The capitals (and, if there be such, the enrichments, of archiIf any other
parts of the    traves, friezes, cornices, consoles, &c.) to be executed in the very
building are to
be enriched,   best style, after models of the full size, provided at the cost of the
this may be reserved till the  Contractor, and only adopted under the expressed satisfaction of
end as a general clause.   the Architect.
85 
HINTS TO YOUNG.taRCHITECTS.
wNo. 88.     To  put to the window ope sings of the.....  archiWindow dressings, various.  traves, &c.    (See  No.  84, substituting the word  "sill," or
"blocking course," or "string course," for plinth) (or as the case
may be).
No. 89.    To put to the windows of.....        (See No. 85.)
No.90.      To  put to the windows.....        (See No. 86.)  (State
whether the pediments are to be angular or circular, or whether
they are to be both, alternating.)
No. 91.     To  put to the windows  of.....            (See  No.  87,
and 872.)
No.92.       To  put to doorway of.....              or the windows  of
Archivolts, &c.
.....           an archivolt, or archivolts of.....  the
best solid stone, moulded, and of the scantling shown in drawing
No., with joints only, as shown  on the elevation thereof by
Imposts, &c,  blue lines.  (If a key-stone, describe it.)  The imposts to said
&c., &c.
archivolt of similar material and quality, and of the substance
and profile shown in drawings. (Qy. forming caps to pilasters
or jambs? which pilasters or jambs will extend in
piece(s) to base, plinth, sill, string or blocking course, and be of
the sectional substance shown on plan.)
No.93.      To  put to doorway of.............a  plinth, jambs, and
Gothic door
dressings     archivolts of solid.....        stone, wrought, moulded, and
of the sectional form and scantling shown by fig., drawing
No.
yxxx
~
No. 93i.     The jambs to be of.......        stone(s) alternately bonding
into walls; the archivolts of.... stone(s); and the
86. 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
same to be of......         stone(s) in their recessed depth, as
indicated in sections. (If there be imposts, caps, bases, plainmoulded or carved, other enrichments, and label or drip-stones,
state them.)
No. 94.     To put to doorway of.....            a plinth and jambs of
Gothic Tudor
door dressings. solid stone, with square head and spandrils inclosing an archivolt,
wrought, moulded, &c., and of the sectional forms and scantling
shown by fig., drawing No.. (See No. 932, and add thereto
a description of the spandrils.)
No. 95.     To  put to window  openings of.....                 jambs  and
Gothic window
dressings.    archivolts of solid......          stone.   (See Nos. 93 and
932.)
No. 96.     To put to window openings of... jambs and archivolts
Gothic windows, superior. of solid...  stone (see Nos. 93 and 932), and properly cut,
carve and fix the (columns, mullions, transomes, mullion arches
(plain or foliated), spandrils, and the tracery complete), as shown
on drawings. The (columns, mullions, &c.), to be of the sec             tional form and scantling shown in details, and to have joints only
where marked by blue line on elevation.
No.97.      To put to window openings of...  jambs and square
Gothic Tudor
windows.     head of solid...  stone (qy. inclosing mullions, transomes,
mullion arches (plain or foliated), spandrils, and tracery) com             plete, as shown on elevation, fig..  The jambs, heads (mul             lions, &e.), to have the sectional form and scantling shown in
details, and to have joints only where marked. Properly cut and
fix also the labels or drip-stones.
- No. 98.
3Note.
Bay or Oriel;
Italian or
Gothic.
Bay or Oriel windows, Italian or Gothic, will partake of the
same general description as already given, to which it will be
necessary to add a description of the plinth (under the sill), the
angular piers or jambs, the blocking course, balustrading, &c.
(if Italian): or the cornice and battlemented or pierced parapet
(if Gothic). It may be also, that the Gothic oriel may rest on a
moulded corbel (which must be accurately described as to col:.
.87 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Balconies.   struction); and that the Italian windows may have balconies
before them (continuous, or attached separately), in which case
they must be described, as formed of....  stone landing,
inches thick (how wrought and moulded?),
tailed   inches into wall; supported by carved
brackets or consoles (as drawings) securely  
pinned    inches into wall; and supporting a 
blocking   course, with pedest als, balusters, cap- /    ///
ping, &c., wrought moulded, &c., as drawings...
No. 99.     To put along the.... a plinth of.... stone
Plinth. rubbed?),
(neatly wrought) (wrought fine) (how tooled?) (qy. rubbed?),
one      )
feet   inches high, in  two         stone(s)
or more )
The top chamfered, and no stone to be less than
long. (See No. 109.)
No. 100.    To put along the.......   aa
.s         tring c ourse.  m
wrought moulded.    chamfered and throated
plain wrought 
(say what stone?) string course, of the sec-      /
tional form and scantling shown in detail.,//,
No  stone to be less than   feet in length. 
(See No. 110.)
inches thick.
feet   inches
No. 101.     To put along the....  a cornice of....  stone
Cornice.
(qy. in   two       } layers), of the sectional form and scantling
or more
shown  in details, and no stone to be less than    feet in length.
(Enrichments to certain mouldings? Modillions, plain or en            riched?  (See No. 111.)  Soffits sunk panelled, &c.?  Dentils?
Antefixe?)  All the said enriched parts to be carved in the best
style out of the solid, after models of the full size, provided at
the cost of the Contractor, and only adopted under the expressed
satisfaction of the Architect. (See No. 871.) The plain parts
wrought in the best manner, (qy.)   and rubbtooled?
or tooled.
88 
HINTS TO YOUNG  ARCILITECTS.
No. 102.     To fix above the cornice, all along the. 
B       locking
course.       a blocking course of...  stone,
or
Paapet.      a parapet having a plinth, dado, and capping,
or
Balustrade.    a balustrade course, composed of plinth, pedes             tals, balusters, and capping, as drawing; the
same (or the several parts of the same) to be
solid, and of the sectional form and scantling
shown in detailed drawings. The plinth and
capping to be in stones of not less than    feet
square)
long.  The balusters  turned             and half                                     or otherwise
balusters  to pedestals.     The  whole  to  be
(tooled?)  (rubbed?)    (See No. 112.)
No. 103.    The chimney stacks of... to be capped with...
Chimney
stacks.      stone, moulded, and of the sectional form and scantling shown
in drawing.   (Qy. whether the shafts shall be also of stone
entire; or stone ashlar.) (See No. 113.)
No. 104.    The...  angles of.... to
Quoin stones.
be finished with (roughly wrought) or
(wrought, part rough, part tooled) or (wrought
fair) and chamfer-channelled quoins of solid
.....           stone, of the heights, lengths,
and sectional form shown and figured on de             tailed drawings, two quoins being cut out of
one stone thus:              (See No. 114.)
89
(
q.,
(wrought fair)
!I,,!ill.'!L'd "llR:.
~'111,,,:,",:,'
,l,qll,?.....,,  0
~l,,",i
b 01 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 105.
Rusticated
doors and windows, and arcades.
jambs       heads      )
The   reveals and soffits       of the
sills       archivolts )
(arches) (doors) or (windows) of.
to be formed of rustic-work of solid
stone, corresponding, in material and
workmanship, with the rustic quoins of
main building; and of the form, size, and
scantling, shown on detailed drawings.
I'll
To face with.... stone ashlaring (roughly wrought)
(wrought neat and tooled) (wrought fair and rubbed) and (squareor chamfer-) channelled, as shown by elevation, the whole of the
-........ properly  forming the radiating  channels of
flat.
segment  arches, and returning the channelling under soffits and
circular
against jambs or reveals of doors, windows (recesses? and all
round (qy. insulated) piers.) (See No. 108.)
No. 106.
Ashlaring,
common and
superior.
Or
No. 107.     To face with....  stone ashlaring, wrought fair (qy
Ashlaring, the
best.         rubbed?) and worked close joint, the whole of the...
(If there be no architraves, mention the radiating joints of
flat)
segment  arches, &c.) shown
circular 
and 115.)
by elevation(s.) (See Nos. 108
ANo.108. hw The said ashlaring to consist,
Ashlaring, how
fixed, &c., &c. as nearly as circumstances will
admit, of courses       " high;
formed with headers, having a
horizontal bed of'   "  bv
t   "; and stretchers, hav             ing a horizontal bed of'  "
by' "; the quoin stones be            ingn no direction less than  it
on  their bed.  All horizontal
90
~' —(3~   ~-o"  x-].idk    g-'o-L-x-l-~;;
(z -6i   32016-aC      -X-V-6; 
HINTS TO YOUJNG ARCHITECTS.
~~~~~~1~~'
~~~#
joints to have a slight chamfer on the upper edge of \>
each stone.  (See No. 115.)
No. 109.     Gothic basement or plinth.  For general descripGothic plinth.
tion, see No. 99. Add description of moulding and
sub-plinth (if required),    ", the same to be of the
sectional form, &c., shown in details.
Lj//
No. 110.     Gothic string course.   Same
String course,
Gothic.       description as No. 100.
r///, A
No. 111.    Gothic cornice.
Cornice,
Gothic.       Same general
description    as 
No. 101. Specify.
whether  plain? 
with separate, or
continuous enrichments?
......
No. 112.     Gothic parapet.  To fix above the cornice (or string course)
Parapet,
Gothic.       all along the..... a  (plain capped) or (embattled and
91 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
capped) or (embattled and moulded) or (open worked and capped)
parapet of... stone, as drawings. The several parts of
the same to be of the sectional form and scantling shown by
details (the capping, if continuous, in stones of not less than
t   long) (the open or sunk ornamental work carved in the
best manner), and the work, generally, to be jointed as shown by
blue lines on detailed drawing.
oClmney  sacks,  w It
(shafts) caps, bases, plinths,  < ),  
&c.  (plain moulded) (em- 
battled) (panelled) (or otherwise decorated) as drawings; the same to be of
stone, of the sectional
form  and scantling shown,
by details. 
(Qy. whether  the plain   /
parts of the plinths, and
shafts, may not be of brick;  
the moulded uwork only being
of stone?)
No. 113.
Chimneys,
Gothic.
No. 114.    Gothic quoins.  Same general description as No. 104.
Gothic quoins.
Ditto to doors, windows, &c. (See No. 105.)
No. 115.    Gothic ashlaring.  Same general description as Nos. 107 and
Gothic ashlar.
108.
Buttresses.     Describe buttresses.  Whether formed with ashlar (as 1)? or
with solid work (as 2)? or part solid and part ashlar? or with
heading and stretching quoins (as 3)?  Whether wrought at
angles? panelled on face? or otherwise decorated?
92
T - 1 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.,
No. 116.      The set-off, or several sets-off,
Buttress cappings.         of buttresses, to be capped with
(plain or moulded) water-tables
(of  one  or  more  stones), as
drawings. The same to be of
the same material and quality
as...  and  of the  sec             tional profile and scantling
shown in details.
Or
No. 117.   (same  general  description  as
Gablet cappiedg.
No.  116, substituting for "wa             ter-tables," gablets (plain mould             ed) (topped with finials) (with
carved finials and crockets),
&c.
No. 118.
Pinnacles, &c.
(same general description as No. 116),
substituting for "water-tables" gablets
as described in No. 117) (and adding),
The top gablet to be crowned with
(plain moulded) (moulded crocketed)
(panelled) pinnacles, having carved
fim.s. &c.
i~
II
I'
i I
r,-I
c-l jl!I 
I
I
93
(     —.
Or 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 1 9.    The  ashlaring in the tympanum of pediment to be precisely
Pedimen       t
Greek. accordant, in the height of its courses, and construction, with
~
that of the (walls below, or general  fac
horizontal cornice to be a continuation of  m
the top moulding; and the upper layer
stones from front to back, securely taile
less than   inches, and no stone having
than' ff.  The  raking  cornices to be
the same form and scantling as that of (ma
cornice).  The apex or meeting mouldin
at top to be out of one block, having a ho
zontal bed on tympanum;  and the raki
cornice at the lower angles of pediment
be out of the same undivided block with t
end of horizontal cornice.  The hidden pt
of raking cornices to be cut in the form
steps, so as to have a series of horizontal
beds upon the back masonry. The top
stones of raking cornices
to Li,: of one piece transversely; and no stone having a front
leng fi of less than  t It.
If bloc,ks, pedestals, or acroteria, describe them.
94
t           Y
01 
~ring  /
to
Lhe
art I'
of  ~I
tX)~~~~~~~~~~~~
either thus,
or thus, 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No.120.     The  gables of.....  to be capped with a (plaiin)
Gables, Gothic.stone, of the sectional  forn
(raouldied) coping of.... stone, of the sectional formn
and scantling shown by detailed drawings, in lengths of not less
than' "(back-notched for horizontal beddings), and with springing stones and apex-saddle stones cut of the solid, as also shown.
No.12icl.    (The  springing stones to
Gothic gable
corbels.     be supported  by  cut  flush
corbels, of the face and pro            file shown by drawings;)
or
(The springing stones to
have a return face, supported
by corbels of the face and
profile shown by drawings)
(the said corbels to be of
stone, serving to stop the eaves
cornice or gtttter).
CORNICE
._c_
CO RIC
Portico.  See Note, p. 96.
Portico, Greek    The Dlinth uinder the columns of
or Italian.
the portico to be formed of top and',,$,,x'x,,,
No. 122. side casing of.... stone,  " 
Pitath, cased,~,""'
of the sectional form and scantling,
and vertical  jointing,  shown  in 
drawings, properly bedded on the,/
(brick, or rubble) basement and         ////////
core.  Tile sub-plinth bonded into said core, having its bonding
stones under the axes of columns;
95
I
I
-.,
I
. 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
or
No.123.   The  plinth under the columns of
Plinth solid.
portico to be formed solid, of.
...  stone, of the  sectional
form and scantling, and vertical
jointing, shown on drawings;
and
No. 124.   A  plinth, of ashlaring, to match the stone-work under columns,
Back Plinth.
to be carried round the inside recess, or back of portico, as
drawing.
No.l125.     The columns (ante) and pilasters to be of....  stone,
Columns, &c.
with (moulded, or moulded and enriched) bases and capitals, and
(plain, or fluted) shafts, as detailed on drawings. The shafts to
be in (one stone, or three stones), and the pilasters properlv
bonded into the main walling.
Note.
The portico will either be constructed with a substructure of
common rubble, or brick; a plinth of brick, or rubble covered
with cement;* columns of brick covered with cement; an
entablature, &c., of rubble or brick (with  rougn stone lintels
over columns), also cemented;
or
the visible portions will be partly stone, as
]st. Stone plinth only;
2d. Stone plinth and columns;
3d. Stone plinth, columns, and architrave;
or
the visible portions will be wholly stone, with backings and
fillings of rubble or brick, as the locality may require.
* [It is so very difficult to make cement stand in a northern
climate, on any part of a substructure,-foundation, or basemen
wall next the surface of the ground, that we recommend its omission in those parts belowu the water-table which are exposed to the
weather. Let such wall be laid up in smooth courses, and pointed
neatly and colored to correspond with the cemented exterior of the
building above the water-table.] —Ed.
96
,11
Portico. 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
t will therefore be necessary,
under the heads of "Bricklayer,"
or "Rubble Mason and Bricklayer,"
to describe the foundations, and the core of the work; whether
there are to be flat stone footings, inverted arches under the
columns, wood bonds and cores to the brick columns, relieving
arches over the same, &c., &c.*
Arcade.         The same remarks will also apply to arcades.  Such portions,
therefore, as are not to be stone, will be described under the
heads of "Bricklayer," or "Rubble Mason and Bricklayer."
No. 126.                                                                 2
Architrave.      The architrave to be of...  stone (solid) (or solid up the
3                               4
first, or first two faces) (or solid up to the crown moulding) (de            scribe the casing to the part NOT solid), of the sectional bform and
size shown by details, and vertically (or otherwise) jointed, as
marked on elevations, or shown or described on detailed draw.
ings. If enriched, describe it.
1    2              4 X
Note.-It is impossible to make any general description suffi  ciently accurate for this important member of a colonnade.
A reference to a full detailed drawing, showing the stones
separately, the mode of uniting them by arched or vertical
joggled joints, the copper chain tie and hanging bar, and
the relieving arches of the concealed brick-work or masonry,
is the only way of insuring a clear understanding.s
No. 127.     An architrave of ashlaring, to match that over the columns, to
Return or back
architrave.   be carried (round and) along the inside (or back) recess of por             tico, as drawing. Qy. enriched?
* See Bartholomew's Specifications, No  4600.
t See Bartholomew's Specifications, No. 461()
7
97 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 128.     If there be any inner longitudinal and f,ansverse beams to
Beams in
ceiling.      form the ceiling of portico, they must be carefully studied, and
here described. Qy. enriched?
No Mof      If there be a stone ceiling altogether, here describe it.  Qy.
Store soffit.
enriched?
No. 130.    The frieze to be formed of....  stone ashlaring, in no
Frieze.
case less than     inches thick, jointed as drawings;  and the
quoins to be cut out of solid stone, so as to show a return of not
less than    I I t.  Qy. enriched?
No.122
C oi. 131.   To put along the front and returns of portico a cornice of
Cornice.
.... stone.  (See No. 101.)  Qy. enriched?
No. 132.     If the portico, instead of the pediment, &c., is to have a plain
Blocking, parapet, balustrade. blocking course-or parapet with capping and plinth-or open
balustrade (see No. 102). Qy. enriched.
No. 133.    Adopt the general description given at No. 119.  If the porPediment.
tico be surmounted by blocks, pedestals, or acroteria, describe
them. Qy. enriched?
No. 134.    Complete the description of the portico by explicit references
Various.
to its landing, pavement, steps, guard-stones to preserve the plinth
from carriage-wheels, &c.
No. 135.    Describe the plinths; whether solid  or not.   The piers;
Arcades,
Roman.       whether solid, or of ashlar; whether plain, or rusticated (see
No. 104); whether there be plain or moulded imposts.   The
arches; whether with archivolts, or radiating stones, plain, or
rusticated as piers; whether key-stones, plain or carved, &c.
No. 136.     Describe the  plinths;  whether  solid or not.   The  pillars
Arcades,
Gothic.       (their bases, capitals, if any) and the number of stones to com             pose the shafts; the number of stones in the archivolts; and the
quality of the work filling up the spandrils.
98: 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 137.    Note.-At the conclusion  of the wrought ornamental cut
Plugs, cramps,
and lead,    stone-work insert a full description of the manner in which it is
to be secured together by plugs of marble, stone, or copper; cop            per cramps; and lead plugging, and running; bearing also in
mind the channelling and lead running of water joints on the
upper surfaces of cornices, &c.; the safe application of chain
bars; the provision of sheet lead in the joints, and under caps
and bases of columns, as well as between any other stones
which, without lead, may have their meeting arrises crushed by
vertical pressure.
Particularly specify also the required accuracy, sharpness, &c.,
Enrichments.  in the cutting of all enrichment, and the prior provision of satis            factory models (see No. 872); and expressly state that the work
Casing.      shall be cased over, and finally left perfect and clean at the conFinal perfeclion.        clusion of the whole.
MISCELLANEOUS STONE-WORK.
No. 138     Cover  the....  with...
Coping.
stone coping, of the sectional form and
scantling shown by annexed sketch,
throated under (one or both) edge(s) (qy.
cramped with copper?) and plugged at the
joints with lead.  (Qy. chased to receive
flushing?)  (Qy. tooled, or rubbed?)  No
stone less than'   " long.
uNo. 139.    Put round the... a curb of....
Curbs.,x   x, x
stone,  of the  sectional form and scantling'?,x
shown by annexed sketch (qy. how wrought?)?          /~~
(qy. cramped?), plugged at joints with lead
(and properly holed for iron railing). No stone less than I 1'
in length. (See Plumber, No. 391.)
No. 140.     Put to fire-places proper back hearts of.....  stone
Back hearths.
inches thick.
99
//.////// or
],::,  I;,, 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 141.    Put to the fire-places of.......            front slabs of
Front ditto.
qy. blue-stone?-free-stone?,      (rubbed  or  polished,  as  the
slate?-Portland?-marble?         (
case may be) not less than    inches thick; and    inches longer
than their respective fire-openings.   The same to be   inches
wide.
No. 142.    Provide and fix to the fire opening of.....        a (slate)
Chimneypieces.      chimney-piece, valued at ~; to that of.... a
Portland ditto, value ~; and  to that of.... a
marble ditto, value ~; the Proprietor being at liberty to
purchase all, or any of these, himself; the Contractor keep            ing distinct the allowance he has made for carriage and fixing.
'Yorkshire'
Nio. 143.Pubc
Paving,          Pave the......    with  i slate           ~ paving, not less
common.                                         Ilimestone
; blue-stone,
than   inches thick, and no stone less than   feet superficial;
the same to be well bedded on a good bottom (of dry rubbish)
and jointed in mortar.
'Yorkshire'
Purbeck   ~pvn~ubdo
No. 144.     Pave the.... with                     p (ubbedtor
Better paving.                                   limestoe    paving(rubbedor
I slate I
tooled) surface; and rubbed joints not less than inches thick,
and no stone less than   feet square; well bedded on  a well
rammed bottom, and close jointed i       n mortar.
cement.
No. 145.     Pave  the....  with Portland stone,   inches thick,
Superior
paving.       surface and joints rubbed fine; laid (square? or diagonally?) in
stones not less than    I If square (or, as shown on drawings),
with cement under the joints, on a course of brick-flat, as
if                    /,ItfieAdA 
sketch; the bricks being well flush-bedded in dry and wellrammed rubbish. (Qy. if any marble introduced with the stone?)
100
I. I
I
., I..
. I I - I: 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 146.     Lay the....  with  a paving, formed of the different
Marble paving.
marbles, and of the size and pattern shown  and described on
drawing; the whole to be executed with the finest possible joint,
and geometrical exactness, and to be left thoroughly and uniform            ly polished. (N.B. If the marble be valuable, state the minimum
thickness it may have as a veneer upon Yorkshire or slate stone.)
The paving to be not less than    inches thick, and the joints
laid in cement, on courses of brick-flat, firmly flush-bedded in
dry well-rammed rubbish.
No. 147.    Lay the.... with the mosaic paving of Wyatt, ParMosaic paving.
ker, & Co., allowing the sum of ~          for the same.
No. 148.                                        ( slate 
Stone fittings
to cellar.g     Form  wine-binrs in cellar with  Yorkshire  slabs,
&c.
thick, on half-brick piers, as sketch, having neatly wrought edge,
each slab the full length  
and  depth of bin; and 
provide and fix also neatly  9"11
wrought shelves of simi-  
Larder.      lar stone in the larder and
D)aiy.       dairy, cutting water channel, as described on drawing.
No. 149.    Put in the scullery a neatly cut trough of.....  stone,
Trough.
having a clear hollow of   by   and   inches deep, with hole
for waste water-pipe.
Non. 150.   Put in the.......           a bath, formed of slabs of slate,
A bath.
grooved into each other, and
bolted with iron, as sketch,
and of the clear internal
dimensions thereon shown;
the same to be internally..6
lined with white glazed tiles
bedded in cement; the top
edges capped with (mahogany or marble) capping, and the exte             rior painted in imitation of white-veined marble.   Form  all
necessary holes for supply and waste-pipes.
101
I
inches 
HINTS TO Y, UNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 151.    Stone sills, heads, jambs, or hinge stones, to strong closet
State any other stone or marble fittings; as slabs in halls, or
passages; washing basins of marble, &c.
STABLES, Miscellaneous Stone-work inSills and Steps.-Plinths to stall-posts, 8 inches square at top, 12
inches at base, neatly wrought 6 inches out of the ground, and
12 inches buried.  Open surface gutter along front of
stalls out of stone (8" x 6"), and in lengths of not less 
than   feet.
Sink-stones and gratings over drains.
Pavement. Pitch pebble-paving in sand.
Do.      of dressed refuse stone, no stone less than 8t x
6" x 6", close bedded in sand.
Do.      of flat.....   paving,
no stone less than....  Those in
stalls channelled to carry off wet; the rest
rough tooled, and the whole well bedded 
and jointed on mortar.
Corn chest in loft, of slate or......    slabs, grooved
into and bolted to one another, including a bottom' "by' ",
and sides and ends   feet.high.-A.....            chimney
piece in saddle-room. (Qy. saddle-room paved?)
COAcH-HOUSES, Miscellaneous Stone-work inPlinths of.....        stone to the coach door or story-posts,
or piers, of the size and form shown and figured in sketch.
I'l
A'\\ \ \\\N\~\
/\\',\' \ \\x\E
Section.                                   ln
A\x\\\\\\\\ \\
]x\X\ \\N \\ \\ \
1\\\\\ \\\\ \\ x
x\\\\ \\ \\\\.\x\ \
m}\ \ \\ x\ x \  x x-\ "kn —-- 
Section.
102
No. 152.
No. 153.
-'0111,111{1111/1ii
Plan. 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
105
(If stone piers: state whether wholly of wrought stone?-in
one? or how many stones? or whether hinge stones only are
required, to be built into brick-work or rubble?)
Stone to receive bolts of meeting doors.
Curb stone under doors from plinth to plinth. (Qy. whether
pebble-paved? paved with dressed refuse? or flat-paved?  Guard
stones to keep the wheels of different carriages apart, and to stop
them at back.) (If there be a story of masonry above the coachhouse door openings, there will of course be piers instead of wood
posts, and, instead of a wood bressummer, there will be lintels of
stone, as a, b, c, d, e, jointed as drawings, and of the scantling
$  1         I6I 1                     ////e
I/   -  \)N   b       J  e  \,'  /2 e
thereon figured; with relieving arches provided under the head
of " Bricklayer" or "Rubble Mason.")  Describe any rebating
there may be in the stone-work, and how the wrought stone-work
is to be finished on the face-cramps, plugs, lead running, &c.
Steps, sills, &c.  Also any corbels which may be built into walls
to take the ends of girders.
STABLE AND OTHER YARDS.
Pitch-paving in sand, properly laid to a current, with sinks and
gratings.-Coping  stones  to dung-pit.-Coping to walls  and
boundary walls.-Stone caps to gate piers.-Gate piers, either
partly, or wholly, of wrought stone. Stones for hinges, bolts,
&c.-Plinths to posts of sheds.-Curbs from plinth to plinth, and
under gates.-Stone drinking-troughs.-Curb and cover-stone to
man-hole of tank.-Pebble or flat-paving to cow-houses, piggeries.-Feeding-troughs to ditto.-Plinths to posts, and open
stone gutters, &c., to cow-house.-Coping to outer pig-sty &c.,
&c.-Hinge stones to pig-sty doors.-Curb stone under ditto.Steps and sills to cow-houses, and other out-buildings having
doors and waindows.
No. 154. 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 155.
SLATING.
No. 156.     Cover the roofs with good scantle slate, on
Slating, common.         single laths, and oak pins; no slate to be less
and the whole to be well plastered against
the pin with lime and hair mortar. The lap
of upper slates over the lower to be not less
than 2 inches.  Properly cut double rag hips
and eaves, and cut heading course.
M;#;.
No.157.                                   large                      16")( 8"
Better slating. Cover the roofs with sall lady slates  14  X 7"
nailed with cast iron nails (boiled in oil) to battens 2'   x 1", and
well plastered underneath with lime and
hair mortar.  The lap of upper over lowest
slate to be not less than 2' inches.  Pro             perly cut double rag valleys, hips, eaves,
and heading course.
No. 18.                                         viscountes   or
Improved        Cover the roofs with              i s     tess        t   by 
slating.                               t large lady slates,                b
slating.g                                          y
nailed with cast iron nails (boiled in linseed oil) to battens 2"1
by Ado, and pointed outside with putty of;
whiting, oil, and sand. The lap of upper
over lowest slate to be not less than 3
inches.   Properly  cut hips, eaves, and          \
heading course.
queen
princess
rag
rduchess
marchioness
countess
[ viscountess
No. 159
Superior
slating.
* Queen's, 3' X 2'.
Princesses, 26 inches long, varying in width from 13 to 20 inches
104
I
I
Cover the roofs with
slates,*   "  x  
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
nailed with copper nails to battens "t x "t. No slate to have
less than a lap of   3   4 inches over the
less than a lap of $ 3~~~~L inhsoeth 
lowest slate beneath it; and every slate 
to have at least two nails.  Eaves, hips,
and heading courses to be formed of cut slates, so that their bond
may be uniform with all the rest.,,,
All the horizontal overlays to be:
well bedded (1I inch up, from the
edge) in (the stucco paint cement
of Johns  &  Co.,  Coxside, Plymouth).   The  raking or vertical
meeting edge joints to be laid on a bedding of the same cement
3 inches wide.
No. 160.    If the skeleton roof be of iron, the last description will serve,
substituting  "strong copper  wire" for  hanging  the  slates,
instead of "nails."
averaging not less than 16 inches wide, weighing about 5 tons 3
cwt. per 1200, and covering about 16 squares.
Ditto, 28 inches long, varying in width from 14 to 21 inches,
averaging not less than 17 inches, weighing about 6 tons per 1200,
and covering about 18 squares.
Ditto, 30 inches long, different widths, from 15 to 22 inches,
averaging not less than 18 inches, weighing about 7 tons per 1200,
and covering about 21 squares.
Rags of large size, 17 dozen weighing a ton, and covering 2i
squares.
Duchesses, 24 by 12 inches, weighing about 3 tons 7 cwt. per
1200, and covering about 11 squares.
Marchionesses, 22 by 1 1 inches, weighing 2 tons 14 cwt. per 1200,
and covering about 9 squares.
Counitesses, 20 by 10 inches, weighing about 2 tons 3 cwt. per
1200, and covering about 74 squares.
Viscountesses, 18 by 9 inches, weighing about 1 ton 13 cwt. per
1200, and covering about 6 squares.
105 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
,No. 161.    If the roof be over a circular building, state that the slates
are to be cut to radiating joints from apex to eaves.
No. 162.
Best slating
for very flatDitched roofs.
Cover the roof of.... with imperial slates not less
than 2 feet 6 inches by 2 feet each, and full    inch thick;
uniformly laid, with their ends meeting in a close joint along the
upper surface of each rafter; each superior course to lap over
the course below at least 2 inches; and the vertical, or meeting
joints, to be covered with imperial slate slips not less than 3
inches wide. The over-lap of slates, and the slate slips, to be
well bedded in (the stucco paint cement of Johns and Co., Coxside, Plymouth). Each slate screwed to the rafters with two 12"
screws, and two 2" screws to each slip. All visible edges of the
slates and the slips to be sawn or rubbed to a perfect smoothness; and make uniformly close the cement pointing at the finish
of the whole.
o. 163.      Where the slates are not laid in cement, they may be externally
Outside
pointing.     pointed, after laying,  as follows: The over-laps and meeting
joints, throughout, to be made close with Johns' patent cement
and sand, worked in with a stump brush, and the whole colored
as slates.
No. 164.    Hips? )
common.idg      (and)   to be  covered
Ridges
with  imperial  slate  slips,
inches wide,    inches
thick, and in lengths of not
less than'  ", securely
screwed to rafters; close
stopped at all meeting joints, and bedded on the slates 1  inch
up from the bottom edge with (Johns' patent paint) cement.
106
<,3 > 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 165.    Hips?
SI -ate ridges,'' -'superior.i      (and)   covered with imperial sl         ate sad               Ridges
dle-cut capping, of the size and sectional form figured and shown
in sketch, and in lengths of'   ";  securcly screwed to rafters
with screws, and jointed and laid in cement, same as the rest of
the slating.
No. 166.,                         rui                      brick-work
Filleting.     Fillet the slating, wherever requisite, against the  masonry
with (Johns' patent paint cement, mixed with equal parts of
sand).
No. 167.     Cover the roofs with......            The slates to be
Queen slating,
ofvarioussizes. inches wide.  Their length to commence (say 36 inches) long,
at the gutters, and to diminish gradually to (say 30 inches) at the
ridges; the same bond being observed throughout.
No. 168s.    Examine, and perfectly make good, the whole of the slating,
Final  clau     se.
at the close of the works.
TILING.
No. 169.     Cover the roofs with good plain tiles on double heart lattih,,
Tiling, plain.
(cement,
laid to a proper gauge in  lime and hair  each plain tile secured
mortar, 
by an oaken peg.
No. 170.    The ridges (and hips?) to be covered with proper ridge (and
Ridge and hip
tiles.       hip?) tiles, secured by T nails dipped in pitch, and hip-hooks
also pitched, and set in  cemeand hair mortar.
tlime and hair mortar.
No. 171      Cover the.......        with the best sound pantiling, laid
Pantiling.
to a proper gauge, on pantile laths, and effectually pointed on the
inside with lime and hair mortar. (Note.-If for the roof of a
brewery, or other building, requiring ventilation, or escape for
steam, &c., the pantile laid dry is excellent.) Ridges and hips,
as No. 170.
107 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 172.     The whoie of the tiling to be left perfect at the close of the
Final clause.
works, and no mortar to show externally to the disfigurement of
the surface.
PLASTER AND CEMENT-WrORK.
No. 173.
Johns & Co.'s
patent paint
cement, inside
work.
Cover the partitions and battened walls with one coat of the
paint cement, mixed with very fine sharp and clean sand, on lath
and first coat of common lime and hair plaster. Cover the rubble walls with the said paint cement, on a render of common
plaster, as aforesaid. Cover the brick walls with simply one coat
fair
of the said cement.  The cement to be worked to a  fair
or fine
surface, with a owr oodeel  float; and the whole to be carefully
applied according to the printed instructions of the Patentees.
applied according to the printed instructions of the Patentees.
No. 174.
Keene's cement.
Keene's cement may supersede wooden angle beads,
&C., &C.
No. 175.
Commonest
internal plastering.
Lath, lay, and set the ceilings and partitions of..., and
render, set, the walls of....
No. 176.      Lath, lay, float, and set the  ceilings and  partitions of...
Common 3-coat
work for ceil-  and the battening against walls; and render, float, and  set the
ings an         d
papering.      unbattened walls.
No. 177.
3-coat work
for painting
or color.
Lath, lay, float, and rough stucco the partitions and battened
walls; and render, float, and rough stucco the unbattened walls
of..... (Qy. whether jointed to imitate ashlar?)
No. 178.
Best 3-coat
work for paint
or paper, &c.
Lath, lay, float, and finish with trowelled stucco, the partitions and battened walls; and render, float, and finish with
trowelled stucco, the unbattened walls of the......
(Qy. if jointed?)
No. 179       To whiten all the ceilings.
No. 180.     Color the walls and partitions of... a...  color. 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 181.     Run  all beads, quirks,  &c., to angles of arched soffits, and
where else required.
To properly plaster all sides, backs, soffits, &c., of window or
other recesses, arches, ceilings under stairs, and other parts not
cased with joinery, so that they may finish in conformity with
the adjoining plastering.
No. 182.     Run, all round the ceilings of the various rooms, the cornices,
Cornices and
enrichments.   and execute the various enrichments, as shown and described on
the drawing of "Plasterer's Details," sheet No.. Models of
all enrichments to be first made (qy. at the expense of the Con             tractor?), and casts therefrom finally approved by, and deposited
with, the Architect, before the enriched work be commenced.
No. 183.    Run round the floors of
Cement                                                    M.x,
sekirting.   a skirting of (Keene's patent?-Roman?
Johns and Co.'s?) cement, of the size and 
sectional form shown by annexed figure.
or  nor 
No. 184.     Execute, in the best Scagliola composition, the shafts of the
Scagliola, &c.
columns, pilasters, &c., ill the....; the Scagliolist en             gaging to provide the wood firring and cradling necessary to re                                                              verde antique;
ceive his work.   The shafts to be in imitation of   sienna;
jasper;
the caps and bases to be executed in Keene's patent cement (qy.
whether the entablature, or any part of it, is to be Scagliola or
Keene's cement?), and the whole brought to the utmost polish,
and left perfect.
No. 185.
Johns & Co.'s
patent cemnent,
outside brickwork.
Cover the whole of the external surface of the brick walls with
one coat of the patent stucco paint cement, mixed with sharp
clean sand, and applied according to the printed instructions of
the Patentees.
Or.
No. 186.    Cover the whole of the external surface of the rubble walling
Common, on 
rabble.
rubble.  with a render of common lime and hair, and one  coat -)f the
patent stucco, &c., &c. (See No. 185.)
109 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Or,
No. 187     Cover the whole of the external surface of the rubble walling
Superior, oli
rubble.      with a first coat of the patent stucco paint cement, mixed with
very coarse sand; and a second coat of ditto mixed with a finer
sand. (Qy. jointed?)
No. 1871.    Cover the external walls of the.....        with a render
Rough cast, on
rubble.      and float of common lime and hair, slap-dashed with a rough-cast
of fine clean washed gravel and lime water. (Colored?)
No. 188.
2 coats, common, and 1
Aberthaw, on
rubble.
Cover the external walls, where not otherwise covered, of the
....... with a render and float of common  lime and
hair, and a stucco of Aberthaw [Thomaston] lime and fine sharp
clean sand. (Qy. jointed?) (Colored?)
No. 189.
l coat, cornmon, and 2
Aberthaw, on
rubble.
Cover the external walls, where not otherwise covered, of the
.,..... with a render of common lime and hair, a float
of Aberthaw [Thomaston] lime, &c., and a stucco of Aberthaw,
jointed to imitate ashlar.
No. 199.     Cover the external brick walls, where not otherwise covered,
Aberthaw, on
brick.       with a float of Aberthaw, &c., and a stucco of the same, jointed
to imitate ashlar.
No. 19J.     Run,  in properly prepared     Aberthaw lime cement,            all
Run,  in properly prepared   London Roman cement,
parts of the external work hereinafter described, viz.           a. The moulded cappings and plinths of chimney spills.
b. The top front and inside (to flashing) of parapets.
c. The rail, balusters, and plinth of balustrade.
d. The entire cornice, including the top surface thereof.
e. The mouldings, enrichments, &c., &c., of the frieze and
architrave.
f  The strings, edges of rustics, channels of rusticated parts.
g. The architraves of doors and win                dows of the.....       fronts, 
including the whole girth from the
back of moulding at A, to the wood
frame at B.
110
0 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
h. The moulded work of the entablatures, pediments, of doors
and windows.
i. The cornices, trusses, &c., to doors and windows
j. The pilasters, columns, bases, and capitals, of doors and
windows.
k. The sills of windows.
1. The top of main plinth, or the plinth entirely.
m. The parapet and moulded work of portico, as cornice,
architrave moulding, caps, bases, and (if fluted) shafts of
columns, plinth, &c., and such other parts as are not to be
executed in stone, or which cannot be as well finished in
stucco.
The whole of the aforesaid Roman cement-work to be colored
in imitation of the other plastering.
No. 192     All parapets, having lead flashings, to have
a bed of cement right through them immedi         ately above and touching the flashing.
CARPPENTERS' WORK.
No. 20C.
Carpenters'
work, inclo,
sures, &c.
Provide and fix all the timbers, boarding, &c., necessary to
form the protective irnclosures. (See No. 1.)
Construct also an office   feet by   feet clear, and   feet high,
to the springing of roof, for the Clerk of the Works (see No. 1),
the same to be formed of' weather-boarding on stout framing,
having a properly hung and glazed window, also a door in frame,
with strong hinges and good lock; a drawing desk   feet long by
feet deep, with drawer under; a stool; rail and pegs for cloak
and hat; a corner cupboard with brass-knobbed latch. Floor
properly boarded on joists.
No. 201.
Shoring and
old materials.
Provide and fix all required timber for shoring, &c. (See No.
No old timber to be used in the new works, unless permitted
under the handwriting of the Architect.
ill
2.) 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
112
No. 202.
Pihing and
planking.
Provide all the timber necessary for the piling and planking of
the foundations, as described before. (See No. 10.)
No. 203.     Provide and fix all required  scaffoldage, centering, turning
Sundries.
pieces, beads, stops, fillets, tilting fillets, backings, blocks,
cradlings, firrings, bearers, and all other minor articles of car             pentry necessary to the perfect and efficient completion of the
various works particularized under the heads of Carpenter,
Joiner, Mason, Bricklayer, Slater, Plasterer, and Plumber.
No. 204.    Provide all necessary wood-bricks and templates of sound old
Bond, &c.
Lintels.     English oak, with every required preparation for fixing grounds,
battens, and joinery; also the various courses of bond timber and
wall plates, described, shown, and figured on the drawings; also
linitels of old English oak over all square-headed window, door,
or other openings, within the brick or stone arched soffits, it being
clearly understood, with reference to external doors and windows,
that no lintel shall appear outside the head of the wood frame.
The said lintels to have a vertical depth of 14  inch for every foot
of opening between the templates, and not to be longer than suf            ficient to cover the templates.                  L I N T E LS
STONE  O ~       -    l~
One  or more  lintels, as re- BIRIcI )             y      ~)
quired, to fill up for the thick-    SOF R — T
ness of the wall above; and                FRAME
the Carpenter to see that the    REVEAL
relieving  arches  before  de-                         Section.
scribed (see No. 56) are
turned  by the Mason.        \  \  \                  /  /  /
Templates to lintels not                                   I
to exceed the scanttling    A             -'              -
of 4  x 3t.                                lev-ation.
No. 20.      Provide and fix the story-post (or posts) as shown in drawings;
Story-posts.
the same to be of the soundest Memel fir, and of the lull figured
scantlings, with cast iron boxed and tenoned caps and bases, as
sketch, lths thick. 
HINT,S TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
;,i ml
Sections.
I BASE   a,
View.       -
Stone base.
,      S,to pne?
Bressulrmers of the soundest  M whi                to exte int   cer
Memel fir  toetnd6e
(here describe, whether from pier to pier, or over story-posts, or
iron columns, or otherwise, wherever they have to be constructed
contemporaneously and for the support of masonry)...;
the same to be of the full figured scantlings, and formed of single
timber, halved, reversed, trussed with wrought iron (king or
queen) bolts, abutment ditto, struts, and straining piece, and
bolted together with proper nuts, screws, &c., as shown by draw
ings. The whole screwed up to a camber, and mortised for the
tenons of the story-posts (or iron columns), taking care to leave
the mortise free for a lateral thrust in the event of the camber
settling again to a perfect horizontal.
Elevation.                  PI, n.
N.B.-It is possible the bearing between the supports may be
so small as to require no iron trussing.  The Architect will
here use his own  discretion; as the weight above, or the
flooring hearing on the bressummer, may require his serious
consideration.
113
r.  No   o06.
Bressuniiiiers.
Sills of quarter partitions, resting on masonry, to be of sound
old English oak, 4" x 3"  (in very large buildings  6" x  4"
The scantlings for the us?tal partition are here stated.  When the
partition exceeds 12 feet high, an increased size should be given).
Heads and braces 4'1 x 3". Principal quarters, as door-posts,
No. 207.
Quarter partitions.
See also
No. 235.
S 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
king or queen-posts, straining pieces, &c., to be not less than
4"f x 4"t.  Common quarters 4t" x 2~t", and 12 (16 or 18) inches
from middle to middle (as the importance of the building, or of
any particular part of it may require). No quarter to have a
length of more than   feet, without horizontal       --       |
stifibning pieces, as a, a.  The whole, except 
the sills resting on walls as aforesaid, to be of
.,Nemel fir 
wh ite pine ~ on ground floors.  (They may be,
whiteme fp in
if economy require it, of sound American red
pine on the upper floors.)  All partitions hanging over voids to be truss-framed in the most
careful manner with king or queen-posts, bolted with wrought
iron to the sills or ties; struts and straining pieces to be properly
framed into the same, and the whole rendered perfectly independent of the floor level with their sills.
N.B.-In particular cases sketches or drawings of these
trussed partitions should be made; and it will be sometimes
advisable to have the king and queen quarters of oak.
All required quarter partitioning to form closets, &c.
No. 208.    Ground joists to be of sound old English oak or Memel fir
ground joists.
( 12io
" x   " and   14 5 inches apart, on oak plates 4" x 3".
1 s
No. 209.    The rooms and passages, landings, &c., of (describing them
Common
joisting.    with reference to the plans)......         to be laid with
hemlock'
Memel fir
red pine f    joists; those of (such and such rooms)      x
yellow fir
and   inches mid to mid, &c., &c., &c.  The whole to be pro             perly framed into binders or trimmers, and to have a 6-inch hold
in walls, bearing on plates 4" x 3". All trimmer joists to have
an excess of 1 inch in thickness over the others.
No. 210.     Here describe any binders or girders that are to be employed
Binders and
girders.      in connexion  with the  common  floor joists, as to landings in
staircases, or over any other internal openings where the joists
cannot rest on walls or partitions.
114 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 211.                                                            white
Single-framed   The floors of......          to be formed of   peeine
-qoors.                                  Memel fir
binders    "x  if, and not more  than  six feet apart, on oak
templates 4" X 4", and having a hold of 9 inches on walls, with
bridging joists thereon of     rdmpeilneir   6"  x  2", and    12 
inches apart, and ceiling joists thereunder 2"     14", and 12
inches apart, and ceiling joists thereunder 2i" x I'll, and 12
inches mid to mid.
No. 212.                                           t e                       pine
Double-framed    The  floors of........to  be formed of   we  pine
floors.'                                    Memel fir
girders   "x   It, not more than 10 feet apart, on oak templates
6", x 4", having a hold of 12 inches on walls, with binders
8" x 5't, not more than 6 feet apart, framed into girders, and
resting on oak templates 4" x 4tt, with a 9-inch hold on walls.
(Bridging and ceiling joists as No. 211.) If the girder exceed
20 feet long it must be trussed, as described for Bressummers,
No. 206.
FNo.213. b   In churches, theatres, public rooms, &c, where there are galFloor trusses,
&c.           leries and floors rising in steps to different levels, accurate draw             ings must be given of the main trussed frame-work; and the
specification will therefore especially refer to these drawings,
as thus:
The rising floors of.....        to be supported on trussed
frame-work, as drawings. The trusses (in such or such positions,-or not more than       feet apart) of the full figured scantlings, put together in the most workmanlike manner, and with
wrought iron bolts, straps, nuts, screws, &c., as drawings. The
king or queen timbers of sound oak; the remaining timbers of
Memel fir;    binders for floor and ceilings; bridging joists or
red pine;
firrings for different levels of floor, and ceiling joists; the whole
as drawings. Breast-work to front of galleries truss-framed, as
drawings, of material corresponding with the floor trusses, with
iron bolts and straps as shown, and of the full scantling figured.
INo. 214.     All (single-joist unframed)  floors
Cross strainting.         to have a range of cross bonding of
fir pieces 2 inches square (as sketch), L/         LL
115 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
closely butted and firmly nailed between the joists at parallel
distances not exceeding 6 feet.   (This  will  not be  done  in
inferior buildings, nor where the joists are to be visible. See
No. 228.)
No. 215.     The joists of (such and such) floors to have ceiling battens
Ceiling battens.
1C" X  1", and 12 inches mid to mid, underneath them, to insure
a good ceiling for the rooms below.
No. 216.     Here  introduce  a  description of the girders, binders, bridgFlats.
ing and ceiling joists,-or of the binders, bridging and ceiling
joists,-or of the simple joists only,-which may  be required to
support the lantern and lead flats of staircases, or the flats over
porticoes, bay windows, or other parts of the building; either mak             ing explanatory sketches on the specification, or referring to de             tailed drawings whereon the scantlings are all figured.
No. 217.     Here introduce a description of the rough carpentry necessary
Lanterns.
to raise the sill of the lanterns above the flats; also of the joist             ing or rafters necessary to form the flat or roof over the lantern.
Scantlings as drawing.
No. 2l8.     The roof over the.....         to be supported by trusses,
Roofs, Italian.
as shown and figured on drawing No..  These trusses to be
10
not more than e61o to feet apart, with half trusses at the ends
of corresponding form and scantling;  hip rafters    "by    ",
properly framed into a dragon piece of oak    " by    ",the said
dragon piece dovetailed into an angle tie  of    white pine',
Memel fir,
feet long and    inches square.  The  tie-beams to have a
C 18 )
hold of   12 inches    on the walls, notched on oak templates,
9
long and      inches square.   King or queen-posts of oak,
with wrought iron straps or bolts (or both), to unite them with
the tie-beam.  Principals of  rdpne             also united to tie                                          0 Memel firI
beam with wrought iron bolts, straps (or both), and the remain             ing timbers of roof, viz. the (assistant principals?) struts (strain
116 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
'ng beams?) (straining sills?) ridge-piece, ridge-roll, purlins,
pole-plate, and common  rafters, to be likewise of   red pine;
Memel fir;
the whole framed in the most workmanlike manner, and the tiebeam to be wedged and bolted up to a camber of    inches.
Valley rafters    f' by      ".
Continue to describe the secondary and collar-beam, lean-to
roofs, &c., in their turn. For curb roof, see No. 223. For projecting eaves, see No. 226.
No. 219.    Note.-In these, it is likely there will be no tie-beam, nor any
Roofs, Gothic.
angle tie or dragon pieces.  Collar-beams, hammer-beams, brack            ets, springing pieces, &c., will supersede the tie-beam. The
valley rafters may remain; but there will be no half trusses at
the ends. An accurate drawing of the roof must be made, the
reference to it in the specification being only general. (See No.
222.) For curb roof, see No. 223.
No. 220.     Provide, frame, and fix all the rough carpentry necessary to
Dormer doors
and windows. form the dormer doors and windows in the roofs, as shown on
drawings.
No. 221.
Boarding and
battening for
lead and slates.
Lay the roof w ith  inh   rough Memel boarding for slates.
Inch gutter boarding on proper bearers to parapets, and boarding
for valley gutters, &c.; 2-inch drips. (See No. 222.)
Or,
Lay the roof with Memel fir battens  2" X 1"t, for slates.
Inch gutter boarding, &c., &c., as before.
N.B.-If the roof have projecting eaves, there will be no
parapet gutter boarding required.
Lay  the several fiats, roof of lantern,  &c., with  3T or
inch
rough boarding for lead, forming proper rolls for joints and drips.
No. 222.    It may so happen in the case of an  Italian roof, and it will
Open or
Gothic roof.   most likely occur in that of a Gothic roof, that the timbers are to
be left visible from below; and that the specification must there            fore describe whether  they are to be "wrought fair," "cut,"
117 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCtI rECTS.
"moulded," or "decorated" as drawings.  In a church, chape.,
or Gothic hall, for instance, which has no plastered ceiling, "the
roof," or "so much of it as is visible," would be so described;
and the slates, or lead covering, instead of being laid on "rough
boarding" (as in No. 221), would be laid on "inch deal boarding
with (rebated and beaded) (or ploughed, tongued, and beaded)
joints, and wrought fair underside."
Curb roof223.  Curb roof over the.....         as drawings.  Raking side,
or sides, of   rMed pmele,   formed by framed and braced quarter
ing, as described for quarter partitions, No. 207: the tie-beams,
king or queen-posts, principals, purlins, struts, rafters, &c., &c.,
together with the iron bolts or straps, necessary to the strength
of the work, to be referred to "as shown on drawings," and the
description of the Italian roof, No. 218, to be followed out as far
as it is suitable; also the suitable particulars in Nos. 220 and
221.
No. 224.     Red pine binders from  (tie-beam to tie-beam) or (collar  Lo
Garrets.
collar  It x   r, and ceiling joists  i x   "; not more than
inches mid to mid. Fir ashlaring from the (raking quarters, or
the rafters) to the floor joists, as section. Dormer doors and
windows, as No. 220. Trap doors, No. 225.
No. 225.    Red pine binders   " x   1, and not more than   feet apart,
Ceiling floors.
framed into tie-beams; and ceiling joists  it x  ", not more than
inches mid to mid. Chase-mortised into the binders. Open            ings for trapdoors into roof where marked on plans; and a rough
boarded foot-way to be formed from the trap to the dormer doors,
windows, or ventilators in roof.
No. 226.     Provide and fix all rough carpentry necessary to form the
Projecting
eaves.        projecting eaves, the finishings of which will be described under
the head of Joiner.
No. 27       C                    white pine
NTro, cs        Construct rough  s red dealnst   water-troughs for lead lining,
terns, &e.
to conduct from.........          through  the roof to the cistern,
118 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
or cisterns, at.....; the said trough to be    inches
wide and    inches deep in the clear.  Construct also the cistern,
or cisterns, of the sizes and in the situations figured and shown
in drawings, fixing the  same  on  proper bearers.   Cover  to
cistern, if it be outside.
No. 228.     Note.-In some  cases, as in cottages, stables, &c., &c., the
Joists, wrought
fair.         upper joists of floors and lofts will be brought fair with beaded
angles; also the girders, binders, &c.   (See No. 2602.)
No. 229.    The spaces between the joists of the floors of... rooms
Sound boarding.         to be fitted in with sound boarding on proper fillets; and the
Carpenter to see that the space between the said boarding and
the floor boards be filled in with proper pugging [or deafen            ing] of sufficient thickness.
No. o30.    Provide and fix all required fir bearers and rough carpentry to
Sundry rough
work.        the stair flights, &c., &c., &c.
Here go over the plans very carefully, from the roof through
every floor downwards, and make as particular allusion as you
can to the numerous minor features which may be peculiar to the
design under consideration, and which cannot be considered in
this general outline. Thus, in roofs and ceilings, ventilating
apertures may be required. Sky-lights are to be prepared for,
and quartering for rough boarded linings. Preparations may be
required for hanging pictures; for hanging lamps to ceilings; for
completing certain forms, which can only be done partially with
real masonry; for forming jambs, arches, inclosiures, roofing to
porticoes, porches, sheds, covered ways or projecting windows,
&c., &c., &c.
No. 231.     The internal surface of the several walls, marked by a yellow
Battening.
line on the plans, to be prepared for the Plasterer with  white pine
baten   pp                 witx  and1Memel deal
battens 2" x 1II/, and 12 inches mid to mid.
No. 22.      Prepare for the arched, groined, or coved ceilings; for the
Cradling and
fiing.        cornices,  beam-work, panelled  ditto;  for  the   entablatures,
pilasters, and all other work that is to be finished by the Plas            terer, with good and sufficient cradling and firrinog.
I li& 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 233.
Columns, &C.,
and lowered
ceilings.
Provide and fix also all required rough carpentry to form the
cores of Scagliola or wood columns, with whatever framing or
trussed work may be necessary above them; and all binders aid
joists that may be required to such ceilings as are lowered
beneath the floor joists above.
No. 234.    The whole of the aforesaid Carpenter's work to be executed
Final clause.
with sound and well-seasoned timber, free from sap, shakes, and
injurious knots, and to be framed together with workmanlike skill
and accuracy. The scantlings to be full, after the saw; and the
iron bolts, straps, trusses, screws, nuts, &c., employed in the
roofs, partitions, and bressummers, to be of the best iron, well
hammered and wrought. The ends of all tie-beams, girders,
binders, and other important bearing timbers, to be left free from
mortar on all sides, so that the air may circulate around; and all
joists, and the plates on which they rest, to have their concealed
ends well coated with coal tar. Wherever the fir timber is not
described as of Memel or Baltic, it will be taken up as American.
No. Mz.     N.B.-In the event of sliding doors being desired between
rooms, the quarter partitioning must be prepared accordingly
with double framing, leaving the required space between.
JOINERS' WORK.
No %O.24.    Here let the specification allude to any drawing there may  be
'Ventilator    t o                       o rio                   raing          m
roof.'      for ventilator, turret, or other piece of joinery rising on the roof.
SNo241t.    Prepare and fix sky-lights, as drawing, of 2'-inch Memel
Sky-lights.
casement and bars in proper rebated and beaded frame, with all
required means for rendering the same weather-tight.
120 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No.  242
Ceiling, or
domne inner
lihts.
Prepare and fix a 2-inch   re  d     neaal  
(red deal I                m    l
moulded light, in proper rebated and
frame, as sketch, in the ceiling floor
the sky-light (qy. whether it is to c
and inclose the space between  tt
lights with a neat deal boxing,
leaving a door properly hung in
one of the sides to allow of cleaning.
Or,
Prepare and fix a neat deal dome-       /
light, in proper rebated and beaded
frame, as sketch, in the ceiling floor, &c.,
&c., &c., as before.
Section.
o0~/?DOOR
/   BO  XI N C >1
CEILINC LICHT
,,Z//
It is well, when practicable, to light, and at the same time
ventilate water-closets, by an adaptation of Nos. 241  and 242,
lifting the sky-light on blocks so as to
admit of air passing under the lower edge
of the casement, and raising also the inner 
light for the same purpose.  A dome-light 
would be best for a water-closet.               A i
CEILINI.
No. 243.
Light and ventilation of
water-closets.
No. 244.   Provide and hang in proper heads and jambs 2-inch Memel
Dormer door.
deal bead-butt and square dormer doors, as shown on drawings,
with hingeing and fastenings complete.
No 245...       1 or          e   lcasements,              solid reDerrnet win-     Fit up, with    Memel                                        si rn
dows.  22-inch                                        or sashes,             or dealdows. o el
batsed  frames having oak sills (qy. mullions?) the dormer window
openingsc and fix window board; the whole as drawings.
openings, and fix window board; the whole as drawings.
121 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 246.     Frame  and fix an  1 -inch bead flush and square trap door, in
Trap door.
proper rebated frame, for ascent into the roof where shown on
plans, with hinges and fastenings.
No. 247.  wiepn 
GuttNcorice       rch   white pine    gutter cornice
to eaves,                Memel deal
Italian.      to be fixed to the eaves of the..
.. roof, having both a fixed and
a falling bottom, with moulding on the
front, as drawing, and of the dimen             sions there figured.
Or,
No. 248....  (same as before; addDitto, projecting.      ing) the same to project from the
face of wall as shown, and to have a
boarded soffit of inch deal, ploughed
and tongued joints.
Or,
No. 249...   (ame as Nos. 247
Ditto, canti- (same as Nos. 247
lever.       and 248;  adding) also deal  canti            levers, cut, moulded, and framed, at
intervals of'  "  apart, into an
inch Memel deal fascia board, having
moulding to correspond.
No. 250.     Cornice to eaves to be formed of
Eaves, cornice,
Roman.        Memel deal, framed, glued, blocked,
and moulded as drawing, with cut
modillions at intervals of   inches
apart; and a gutter, of the clear
dimensions shown in section, and
having a falling bottom, to be formed
A ~;/1j.
?/////               iS
)X. d
/P ROFI LE
FR — I
behind the upper mouldings of the cornice.
No. 251.     Cornice to eaves to be formed of Memel deal,
Ditto, Gothic.
framed, glued, blocked, and moulded as drawing,
with rain-water gutter, of the clear dimensions
figured, and having a falling bottom forned in
the upper part.
~2<
122
I r"
,    11
)                    )fi l! li ~~~~11 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
)o. 252.    The  raking eaves of gables to be
Barge-boards.
fitted with inch Memel deal, moulded
and beaded barge-boards, as drawing,
to cover the ends of purlins.
No. 253.     T
BNo. 253.    The raking eaves of gables to be
Barge-boards,
Gothic.      fitted with  2-inch  i oak    cut and
pinectan
moulded barge-boards, as drawing,
the same to cover the ends of pur            lins.
ECON
SECTIO N
No. 254.    Lantern-light over the.
Lainterns.                          
to be formed of 2-inch Memel deal
casements,  in solid      white pine
Memel fir
rebated and beaded frame, with oak
sill rebated, double sunk, weathered
and throated, and fascia with mould            ing all round the top, from under
the lead, to 14 inch over the joint
between the head-piece and the case             ment. The whole to be wrought
and moulded as shown by the draw             ings.   (See  No.  290.)   (Qy. if
any of the lights are to hang.)
No. a5.
123
MULLION 
!HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Lay the floors of.....       with inch.... deal
folding; no board to exceed   inches wide.
No. 256.
Floors.
Boarding cummon.
No. 57.                                                          inch or
Ditto, better.   Lay the floors of.......            with I 1,-inch } deal,
straight joint, face-nailed heading splayed; no board to exceed
inches wide.
No. 258.                                                                  inch or
Ditto, superior.    Lay  the  floors  of............with    l1-inch
I -Linch o
wainscot,
deal,      straight joint, skew-nailed on one edge,  and joints
oak, 
rebated:
or,
No. 259.   -and joints ploughed and tongued:
Ditto.
or,
No. 260.                                            t 6 or l inches apart:
Ditto, best.    -and joints dowelled with oak pins, at    8    inches apart:
(add to either of the foregoing three, viz. Nos. 258, 259, or 260)
headings ploughed and tongued, and no board to exceed   inches
wide; neatly mitred margins to hearths, and the boarding grooved
for skirting.
No. 260i.     State where floor boarding is to be wrought fair underside.
-P
Lay  the floors of......          with  1 -inch   wainscot
Very suprior    or Memel
4 or
best boarding, free from knots, and no board to exceed    5or
inches wide, skew-nailed on one edge, dowelled with oak pins
6 inches apart; headings ploughed and tongued; and wainscot
margin      feet wide (measuring from the skirting, which will
be grooved into the same), all around the rooms, accurately
mitred at all angles, with grain running parallel to the wids and
sides of the room respectively.
No. 261.
Very superior
floor of deal
and wainscot,
or of wainscot
wholly.
No. 262.    If the floors are to be laid in panellings and fancy patterns, an
Inlaid floors.
accurate drawing must be made and referred to.
-124 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Io. 263.     The rooms and passages...
Skirtings.
3-inch deal beaded  skirting, 4 inches
flush with plaster.
Or,
I~
..t
. to have -
high, and
FL-OO
I
No. 264.......!,34-inch deal  hollow-moulded
D       it       to                walls, 4 inches high.
skirtings, plugged to walls, 4 inches high.
Or,
No. 265........ 4-inch deal skirting, 6 inches
Ditto.                                             srn
high; fillet and torus moulded, and plugged to
walls.
I
Or,
No.266....... -...        -inch deal skirting, with  plinth
Skittings...
6 inches high, nailed to fillet and grooved grounds,
and hollow and torus moulding above plinth.
Or,
No. 267.....-...... inch  deal skirting;  plinth 8
Ditto.
inches high, nailed to fillet and grooved grounds,
and moulding above plinth, as drawing.
125 
Is 1 NTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Or,
No. 268.........inch deal skirting; plinth 10
Skirtings.
inches high, grooved into floor boarding, nailed to
fillet and to 1-1 grooved grounds, and moulding
above plinth, as drawing.
Ill
Or,
Ditto.................             14-inch deal skirting; plinth
inches high, with 4-inch sinking to form double face,
grooved into floor, nailed to fillet and to 1 grooved
grounds, and moulding above plinth, as drawing.
L
ji
I
I
I
id
No.270.                                      1 — nch     oak I
Doors.         The..... to have                          door, formed
oinhdeal do,fre
with vertical ledges, rebated and beaded joints, nailed  l 
to three back braces, and hung with strong hook and A-.
twist hinges to solid rebated and beaded frame, 4" x  
3'', housed with iron shoe into step.  Norfolk thumb- H.     I
latch-wood stock lock..
No. 271.
Ditto.
ned of 2-inch
I.",/
The~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~!........l..........tohvdorfreof2ic
,,
,,
,,.
.....
! ""':'1..e.l! —...
( hook and twist  )
hung with strong     cross garnet        hinges to
wrought iron   )
solid Memel fir frame, rebated and twice beaded,
126 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
and housed with iron shoe into step. Norfolk thumb-latch io
each door-fine plate 8-inch stock lock.
No. 272.    Coach-house  folding  doors will  be  the same as the last
Doors.
described; rebated in their meeting stiles, hung with strong
wrought iron hinges, and having bolts and swing bar.
No. 273.                                          1-inchor
Ditto, common.   The............    to have       1L-nch          yellow deal
~      -inch
four-panel bead butt and square (or beadflush and
square) doors, hung with cast iron butts to 1!-inch
jambs  and heads;  moulding  on
b one or I sides to cover the plaster
both ~' "
joint; and iron rim brass-knobbed
lock.
No. 274.    The....   to have  1'-inch
Ditto, better.
yellow deal four-panel, ovolo and bead (both
sides; or one side, and the other square)
hung with iron butts in 1 4-,-inch single
rebated jambs, with 22-inch moulding on
bOntehor t sides to cover plaster joint; and
mortise or   brass-knobbed lock.
iron rim
F
I     L     I
No. 275.     The......          to have doors formed of inch panels,
Ditto, superior.
in 2-inch stiles and rails, ovolo and bead both sides (one side and
square, in closets, &c.); hung with two  32-inch best iron butts,
6innch
in I 4l-inch  jambs  double  rebated  and  beaded,  and    5-inch
I 6inc
moulded architrave on framed and splayed grounds.
mortise lock with brass knobs to latch and bolt.
The.......           to have doors formed of 1 i-inch
Nio. bs.
Ditto, best.
127 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
panels, having sunk margins
panels, having sunk margins 
9 /W~f/iW>;-   -
or sinking in centre
fix;~~~i
in 2-inlch stiles and rails, the central stile       [
being double and beaded up the middle,                   |and the panels ogee and bead both sides. 
Door hung with the best 4-inch lifting
brass  ~ butts, in 1- inch double rebated jambs, and      inch or
or iron                         e-inch
moulded architrave on framed  and splayed grounds.  Best mortise lock with.....       knobs to latch and bolt.
No. 277.    The opening between.... rooms  to have doors corFolding doors.
responding with the others in respect to their general character
and  mouldings, but hung folding, and having three panels in
their height. Brass flush bolts top and bottom of one half, and
the other furnished with mortise lock, &c., as other doors.
No.278.      The opening between.....            rooms to have
Sliding doors.
sliding doors, corresponding with the others in respect to
their general character and mouldings, only that they
will have  an additional panel in height.   The  said
doors to be hung by metal suspenders, to the axles of
f  F      T   T
F
brass rollers, which will traverse a strong iron rail rod. Tnh
whole to be executed in the best manner, and conformable to the
drawings.
The  door opening......             to be fitted with door
No. 279.
Outer doors.
formed of 12-inch Memel deal ovolo bead and raised panels,
three beads flush inside, in  22'-inch Memel  stiles and  aai's.
128  
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 284.     Door as the last, with side, but no top lights, aid therefore no
transome.
No. 285.    If segment headed door, describe
it, as drawing.
No. 286.    If semicircular headed, describe
it, as drawing.
No. 287.    If pointed arched, describe it, as
drawing.
cm>
The   top  lights  of  the  latter
lights.
No. 288.    If the doors be Gothic, the "ovolo and bead" or "ogee and
bead "mouldings must be supplanted by "Gothic moulded, as
drawings." It is impossible to specify for Gothic joinery, except
as it regards the substance of the frames, transomes, stiles, and
panels. Distinct drawings must be made for each particular
case.
No. 289.    Be careful that the general heading of " doors" include all
dormer doors, trap doors, blank doors, &c. Doors to casings of
water-closet pipes, cupboard and dwarf doors, sliding doors to
buttery hatch, baized or clothcovered doors, with self-closing spring hinges; whether
to open one or both ways?
whether panel-glazed, as A, or
casement-glazed, as n? and
whether any of the inner
doors are to be prepared for
borrowed lights above them.
iji
tl,      II
i l 
A
-tE
B
130
r-=
three may be termed fan 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 290.    Lantern-light   over  the
Lantern-light.
...., as drawings.
Oak sill 6" x 4", rebated,
sunk, weathered, throated,
and   grooved   for  lead.
Angle standards of Memel
deal 4"1 x 4", rebated and
beaded; mullions 4"1 x 3",
~
7<
rebated and beaded; head
ditto ditto. 2-inch Memel
casements flush with the
outside of frame (state if
any are to open, and how?).
Inch Memel fascia board
and moulding for lead
covering.   Raking  board
grooved into sill to cover
plaster cornice, &c.
~~~
I
i  ection.
F                             -ad\
Plan.
(See No. 254.)
No. 291.     As above, with segmental, semicircular, or arched pointed heads
-o the lights and frames, with spandril fillings, &c., as drawing.
No. 292.    The window-openings of.....            to have  2-inch or
Windows, sash,
simplest.    22 —inch Memel deal sashes (double, or single, hung), with white
lines, iron weights, and iron axle pulleys, in proper deal-cased
frames, having oak double sunk sills 6" x 3t).  Good spring sash
fastenings. Inch angle bead to plastered jambs and soffits; inch
rounded ledge to cap the plastered back, and skirting of room
carried round the recess.
LE DCE
.ANCLE BEAD
131
I 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No.293..... same as foregoing to the word "soffits," continuing
Windows, sash,
common.      thus: inch deal back, moulded and panelled to match doors, and
skirting carried home to the same.
No. 294.... same as No. 292 to the words "sash fastenings," conDitto, better.
tinuing thus: soffit, jambs, back, and elbows of inch deal,
panelled and moulded to match doors, and moulding fixed on
framed and beaded ground to form architrave.
No. 295.......same as last,
with the addition of the mar            gin M, for Venetian blinds.                      G
No. 296.    Same  as No.  292 to the 
Ditto improved.      words "sash fastenings," con            tinuing  thus:  soffit,  back,
elbows, and  properly  hung
folding shutters; the whole          o..
panelled  and   moulded  to
match doors, except the back flaps, which will be bead butt and
square, to fall back against plastered jambs, in boxing formed by
the grounds, and moulding fixed on the latter to form architraves
as to doors. (Qy. if the addition No. 295?) See No. 298.
No. 297.    Same as last to the word "square,"  adding: to fall back
Windows,
sash, best.    against proper bead butt and square back linings forming boxing
with the grounds, and architraves complete as to doors. (Qy. if
the addition No. 295?) See No. 298.
No. 298.    The shutters and back flaps to be properly hung with strong
butt hinges; shutter latches, with furniture to match doors; and
strong wrought iron locking bar.
132 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 299.    Same as No. 292 to the words "sash fas         tenings," continuing: additional cased frame
for lifting shutters to be hung as the sashes,
and to descend into a proper deal casing, as
drawing, having hinged ledge at top. The
shutters bead butt and square, with brass         headed iron screw in brass screw-hole, to
fasten  them, as shown by
sketch.  The front of shutter
casing panelled as doors, and (
architrave also to match.
7
xx,
Section.
No. 300.     Same as last, with the addition of soffit jambs and  elbows,
panelled as front of shutter casing.
No. 301.    The window opening of  -                      -
....    to be fitted with        7I'1 I' *
2-inch or     Memel   deal  -     L         M l
291.-inch                         i
sashes, in triple-light cased
frame, as drawings; the central sashes double hung with best
white lines, iron weights, and pulleys;-continuing to describe
the rest of the inside joinery, as may be selected from Nos. 292
to 300 inclusive.
No. 302.   If a bow window, describe it,
such.  (See No. 305.) 
No. 303.    If a bay window, say, "the openings of bay to be fitted with
2-in.nchh or I Memel deal sashes, in proper cased frames," &c.,
.2 —inch
I
133
I
b) 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
'I
stating whether the central sashes only, or the whole of the
sashes, are to be double hung, &c., &c. (See No. 305.)
No. 304.    If a Venetian window, say, "the openings of Venetian window
to be fitted," &c., &c., &c., as before. (See also No. 305.)
X " ",,'t X, [                 I
No. 305.   The windows, Nos. 301 to 304, may have "wooden casing
pilasters" at a, a, a, &c., which must be described "as shown in
drawings."
No. 306.    If the frames and sashes have "segment," " semicircular," or
307.
308.  "pointed arched heads," describe "as drawings."
No. 309.    Fit up window-openings in..         e,
Windows, case-,','~            //
ment.        with   -inch deal casements, filled
in with iron bars and lead (qy. dia            mond?) work for glazing; (certain  ///~                 <
of them to be) hung with strong butt hinges, in             /\/||
solid fir, wrought, rebated, and beaded frames, and
oak sills, as drawing (state if there be mullions or transomes).
Inch deal window boards. Good fastenings to close, and approved
means for holding open, the casements. (See No. 312.)
No. 310.     Same  as last, omitting "filled in with  iron bars and lead for
glazing." (See No. 312.)
134 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECrs.
No. 311.    If inside shutters, soffits, backs, or elbows, select from No. 292
to 305. If outside shutters, make them conform with the doors
described in Nos. 270 to 273, adding the required fastenings for
securing them when open or shut.
No. 312,     If the windows be Gothic, the casements will be described as
hung in solid frames (mullions) (transomes) and oak sills,
Gothic moulded, as drawings, with their hinges. bolts (top and
bottom), latches, and fastenings, stating whether pointed headed,
&c. Soffits, shutters, backs, elbows, &c., as from No. 292 to 305.
No. 313.    The window openings of!.?\\~
~..   to be fitted with   L..?L~'
2-inch  or 22-inch Memel 
moulded and rebated case
ments, having vertical (and transverse?)
meeting stiles (and rails?) as drawings.
The same to be hung in solid Memel fir,
wrought, rebated, and beaded frames
5' x 3"  in oak double sunk sills, with
4"1 x 3", in oak double sunk sills, with
r
strong 4-inch butts: good  brass-knobbed  
latchet, and (brass bolts top and bottom of the opening casement) (or) patent rod-bolt to make the meeting casements, when
closed, perfectly tight. For soffits, shutters, backs, elbows,
pilasters, &c., &c., see Nos. 292 to 305.
No. 314.    The windows of.....          to be fitted
with.....       deal swing casements to
hang on centres, as drawing, with apparatus
for opening, closing, and fixing the same, in
solid rebated and beaded frames and oak sills,
as drawings.
No. 315.    Note.-Be careful that all common windows and doors, which
have no fittings of joinery inside, be furnished with coin-beads,
and that such windows have window-boards.
135
kA 1 —-" 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Fit up the......             window-openings with
neatly wrought luffer-boarding (state whether fixed,-or
if it is to be made to close or open at pleasure, by each
board revolving on a wood pin at each end), in solid
Memel fir frame and oak sill.  (If the   I l
boarding is to open and close, a rod and
pegs, as sketch, must be made to revolve
on pins in the head-piece and sill, with a
handle, or other means for turning it.
ITo
No. 316.
I
No. 317     Frame and fix a clock or bell-turret over the.....;
the same to be of Memel fir, and agreeably to the drawings and
the descriptions thereon.
No. 318.     The......       staircase to be fitted with inch deal steps
Stairs,
common.       having rounded nosings, on 4-inch risers, framed into skirting and
outer strings, with neatly turned newels and inch-square balusters,
two on each step, and neat 2.-inch rounded hand-rail.  (See Nos.
321 and 322.)
No. 319.    The..... staircase to be fitted with 1 -inch deai
Stairs, better.
steps, having moulded nosings, framed into skirting and outer
string; the latter wrought, moulded, and capped, as drawing,
with l1-inch balusters; wainscot, hand-rail, and newels, cut and
moulded as pattern. (See Nos. 321 and 322.)
No. 320.    The..... staircase to be fitted with l -inch deal
Stairs, best.
steps, with moulded nosings along fronts and returns; inch deal
risers; end-casing of steps cut as pattern, and fascia moulded as
drawing; handsome curtail step, ai       o          hand-rai l, and
mahogany Ihn-al n
turned    maihnogaonyt balusters, two to each step.  (See Nos. 321
and 322.)
No. 321.     A sufficiency of cast iron balusters of corresponding pattern, to
give stiffness to the hand-rail.
136 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 32.     The face of landing to have nosing and fascia corresponding
with the steps and balusters also.
No. 323.     The staircase of.......        to be fitted (as No. 319 or No.
320), adding, "and the soffit of stairs to be panelled with wood,
as shown and described on drawings."
No. 3.4.    The.....          staircase to be fitted with (as No. 319 or
320), adding, "and the space (or a certain part of it) under stairs
to be inclosed with wood-panelled inclosure, moulded outside as
drawings, and square on the inside."
No. 32S.     The staircase of......            to be (as No. 319 or No.
320), excepting that "cast iron ornamental balusters"' will super         sede the wooden ones.
No. 326.       The....  to be approaka
The.... to be approached by a flight of inch deal
treads framed into 1'-inch string bearers.
No. 327.    Frame  and fix at.....          and....., &c.
Inclosures.
1-nc   l 1 wi   tsco,
1-inch       dealnscot   panelled inclosures, moulded or square,
deal 
2-inch
so as to correspond with the doors or other joinery with which
they are seen or connected. (State whether there are to be
skirtings or cornices, and if any borrowed lights therein.)
No. 328.     Specify whatever casings (plain, panelled, or beaded) tnere may
Casings.
be, not before mentioned, such as to beams, lintels, bressummers'
story-posts.
No. 329.    Specify if any boarding (plain, grooved, tongued, and beaded,
or otherwise) on battens against walls, or against quarter parti         tions; or whether any panelled casings against the same, as
dados, or wainscoting; and whether base and surbase mouldings.
No. 330.    The columns and pilasters in the.....         to be formed
of 2-inch yellow deal staves, glued and blocked with turned
yellow deal bases, and caps (if Tuscan or Doric). (If the caps
137 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
are Corinthian or Ionic, they will be described as  "carved
according to the drawings.")
No. 331.     Moulded  architrave,  &c., frieze,  and  glued, blocked,  and
moulded cornice (describe whether enriched, or with modillions,
dentils, &c.)
No. 332.   Describe all other carved work.
No 333.     Describe papier mache in connexion with joinery.  Where
mouldings of panels, architraves, cornices, &c., &c., in the joinery,
are to be gilded, they should always be enriched, and papier
miche is the best way of preparing for it. See published Book
of Ornaments, and Tarifl' of Prices.
(  deal
No. 334.     Fit up the water-closet with    -inch    mahogany          pierced
cedar
I(b)rass- 
seat, and properly framed   (biron-    hinged) flap of the same
material, with moulded nosing to range with fixed sides, having
boxed sinking for handle in one, and larger ditto ditto for paper
in the other. Back and elbow beaded boards, 8 inches high, of
same material as flap, &c. The riser to be of.....
panelled, and casing for pipes, with doors, &c., as plan.
No. 335.     Privies fitted with deal riser, seat, and cover, and back and
elbow boards.
No. 336.    Sundry fittings-as glass-washing troughs in butler's pantry,
dish-washing ditto in scullery, and all such presses, shelvings,
cupboards, &c., &c., as are positively connected with the perma         nent building; wooden chimney-pieces; rails and pins in closets,
passages, and halls, &c., &c., &c.; fittings in butler's pantry,
housekeeper's room, china closets, store rooms; knife and shoe,
drying and  brushing  rooms;  wash-houses,  laundries, brew         houses, cook's closets, house-maid's closets, larders; salting         rooms, dairies, scalding-rooms, still-rooms, &c., &c.
138, 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
STABLES.-Miscellaneous Joinery; as
Stall-posts 6 inches square, chamfered, with iron shoes;
head-piece to match; stall divisions of -inch vertical oak boarding, ploughed and tongued joints, grooved into bottom rail
4"t x 3"'; and into rounded top rail 4"t X 5"t.-Racks lds width
of stall, formed of rounded oak bars 1 inch diameter, in rounded
top rail 5"l x 4"t, and bottom ditto 3" X 3".-Boxed oak mangers, occupying lrd width of stall; standard post properly fixed
in ground, with halter-pulley therein: the backs of stalls boarded
as high as the stall divisions, and boarding round all the walls
besides, ranging with the stall boarding.-Lockers for corn, &c.
Traps for letting down hay.-Harness-room boarded top to bottom, with harness-pegs and saddle-trees, closets, &c.-Steps or
ladders to loft.-Doors, windows, hay-loft doors, &c.-Ventilating trunks.-The loft-joists and boarding wrought fair where
visible from below.-Trunk and apparatus for obtaining corn
from the chest above. (See No. 344.)
No.341.     COAcH-HOUSES.-Folding doors in jambs, heads, &c.-Story         posts.-Bressummer over....  door from saddle-room.
(See No. 344.)
No. 342.    Loose boxes boarded round as stables, with angular quadrant
racks and mangers, of the same general character as to stalls.
(See No. 344.)
No. 343.    All required joinery to outhouses and coach gates, sheds, &c.,
cow-houses, piggeries, &c., &c. (See No. 344).
No. 344.     The doors and windows suited to stables, coach-houses, out         houses, &c., will be found against Nos. 270, 271, 272, 273, 309,
310, 314, 315, 316; stable clock turret, 317.
No. 345     The whole of the aforesaid joinery to be executed with sound
Final clause.
and well seasoned timber, free from sap, shakes, and large or
loose knots, and to be so early prepared that, after its fixing, it
may remain secure from serious shrinkage. All obviously neces
.139
No. 340. 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
sary or usually required ironmongery to be supplied and fixed by
the Joiner, whether  specified or  not;  and all hinges, locks,
latches, bars, catches, bolts, &c., to be left perfect at the close of
the works, easy in their action, and free from rust.
IRON AND IIETAL-WORK.
No. 346.    The windows of.......             (i.e. such as have no
shutters, but where security by night is required) to be fortified
by strong wrought iron bars, firmly screwed into the sills and
heads.
NG. 347.     The windows and.....              of.......      (dairies
and larders for instance) to be fitted with fly-wire instead of
glazing;
Or,
The windows of.....          to have separate frames filled in
with fly-wire, so that the glazed casements or sashes may open
independent of them.
No. 348.     Fix over the opening of.......         a  sky-light of cast
iron, or    zinc, or I formed as shown by drawing, the
bars being of the section as sketch.
bars being of the section as sketch. 
No. 349      Put to the fire-places of..... wrought iron chimney         bar 2i" x'if, properly corked at the ends.
No. 350.    Qy. bolts to prevent brick hearth trimmers from spreading.
No. 351.    Provide and fix cast iron columns to support the....;
i2on columns
the same to be of the best iron, cast hollow; the entire diameter
being   inches, and the thickness of the iron being not less than
140 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
-th of that entire diameter. Cast iron
plate as drawing on the top.
W                   >      Qy. bracket
X                       head, as
drawing?
I "|/t  /  Qy. caps and bases,
plain or enriched,
as drawing.
J4'
I'',, \\,%'
No. 352.     Provide and fix cast iron girders over the....; the
Iron girders.
same to be of the best iron, of the form and full scantling (after
shrinkage) shown in drawing.
Iron joists.
rolljoi353  Provide and  fix cast iron joists (to receive either brick Ha
arches, stone floors, &c.?); the same to be of the best iron,
and of the full scantling (after cooling) shown by section.
No. 354.
Sundries.
No. 355.
Iron roofs.
Wrought iron tie-bolts? cast iron plates? chain bars.
Iron roofs can only be generally described as "of the best
wrought and cast iron, and of the forms and full scantlings (after
shrinkage) shown by the drawings," which cannot be too much
detailed and described thereon. (See Bartholomew's Specifications, chap. 47.)
No. 356.    Provide and fix.....         cast iron cantilevers to match
Gutter
cantilevers.    with the wooden ones of.....        cornice; the same to be
cast hollow to act as gutters in conveying the water from the
gutter in front to the heads of water-pipes.
141
by II
,   Il          1
') rc  )t I     I 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 356i    Provide and fix along the eaves of......
Shutes.
roofs a cast iron gutter, as sketch, with proper bracket
supports, &e;.,
Or,
Zinc shuting may be used.
No. 357.     Provide and fix the various cast iron water-pipes shown on
V ater-pipes.
plans;  those of.....  to be  of   inches  clear bore,
those of.....         of   inches ditto, and those of...
.  of   inches ditto.  All these pipes to have proper receiving
heads, with roses or wire tops to prevent the descent of leaves or
rubbish, and proper shoes at the bottom to turn off the wet from
walls. The inside of pipes to be painted three times before fixing.
GNo.358.     Provide and fix       wrcusgt        iron
C~ratings. or cast
gratings over the areas of...;
the same to open (single or folding) on
centres, with means for securing the
same when closed.
No. 359.    Qy. any fixed gratings?
L'[]]zzz~iI
I
; 
I 
No 360.      Provide and fix the various cast iron gratings to air-holes for
ventilating under ground joists; also those required over cess         pools, to the gutters or drains of....; also the several
coal plates, with means for securing the latter inside, and iron
stench traps.
No. 361.     Provide and fix the iron railing or palisading, wrought plain
Rails and
balusters, &c.  or cast ornamental, as indicated in plans, and shown in detailed
drawing; also the rail and balusters, wrought plain, or cast
ornamental, to the areas, landings, balconies, steps, stairs, &c.,
&c., the whole to be properly fixed, with screws, &c., in wood, or
with lead running in stone-work, as the case may be.
No. 36.    Provide and  hang with proper wrought iron hinges, and
,Ga      tes.
centres (qy. revolving in brass cups?) the wickets or gates,
142 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
single or folding, of wrought iron plain, or of cast iron ornamental shown in drawings; and with the bolts, stops, latches,
locks, &c., thereon described.
No. 363.     The opening into strong closet, plate closet, &c., to be fitted
Iron doors.
with an iron door and lock valued at ~.
No. 364.    A good door may be formed by sheet iron panels,
Wood and
iron ditto.  screwed and rebated into wrought iron stiles and rails,
moulded in front and flush at back, the latter having
fixed to them wooden stiles and rails to form panels
like the front.  The whole to be hung with strong
5-inch butts in iron rebated head and jambs; and brass
lock on the iron side.
A.
No. 365.     The windows of....  to be fitted with cast iron caselron casement.
ments, as fully shown and detailed on drawings.   (The drawings
will show the frames or outer rims, the meeting bars, the com            mon bars, the part to open, and the means of opening and clos             ing.) Whether the windows open, or only ventilators in them?
No. 366.     If any particular bolts to make weather-tight the casements,
Sundries to
windows.     or any metal slips to cover meeting joints of ditto, or to prevent
water from passing over sill, describe them accurately; with any
copper tubing that may be necessary to carry off wet or coin             densed moisture.
No. 367.     In Banking-houses, or other buildings where fire-proof security
Shutters.
is required, Burnett's revolving shutters may be advantageously
used.
No. 368.    Provide and fix cast iron mangers and racks, as drawings, in
stables.
No. 369.
143 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 370
No. 371.     Provide all the cast and wrought iron-work necessary to the
General clause.
completion of the Carpentry, according to common usage, whether
herein specified or not, as spikes, nails, screws, holdfasts; also
all cast and wrought iron or brass-work necessary to the doors,
windows, shutters, lantern or sky-lights, and the joinery in
general, as iron shoes to door-posts, hinges of the required vary            ing description, locks ditto, latches ditto, bolts, bars, and chains
ditto, and brass-knobbed handles.
Here proceed more minutely to describe the more important
and particular Smith's work, as              Wrought iron abutment king or queen-bolts, struts, straining            bars, and coupling-bolts, with their washers, nuts, and screws,
to trussed beams or girders; wrought iron stirrups or straps and
bolts, with their wedges, washers, nuts, and screws, to unite the
king and queen posts and principals with the tie-beams of roofs.
Cast iron shoes and cappings to wood story-posts.-Cast iron
box, sockets, or casings, to receive the ends of girders, binders,
or tie-beams.-Also any particular iron-work necessary to Stone            mason's work. All castings to be clean, sound, free from air
flaws, &c., and, in all importnt cases, as with columns and bearing-beams, thoroughly prored before fixing.   All wrought iron
to be thoroughly welded and hammered.
No. 372.    Provide grates for the various sitting and bed-rooms, of the
Grates, stoves,
ranges, &c.   following prices respectively, viz......The  grates
in the... rooms to have hobs.
Provide stoves for the...., of the following descrip            tions and prices respectively, viz...... Provide and
superintend (including all carriage, men's time, and expenses)
the fixing of a cooking apparatus and range for the kitchen,
valued in themselves separately at ~.  Fix smoke-jack of
approved construction in kitchen flue. Qy. range or stove, or
both, in back kitchen or scullery, valued at ~   Hot-plates, &c.?
144 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Stove  with  oven,  &c.,  valued  at  ~, in  still-room.
Scalding-stove in dairy scullery, valued at ~. Stoves and
coppers in back kitchen or scullery, wash-house and bake-house,
valued at ~. Ironing-stove in laundry, valued at ~.
Arnott's stoves in.... and harness-room, valued at ~.
Qy. coppers and stoves in boiling-houses, brew-hiouses, &c.
No..373.    Hang, on a proper board, painted and numbered....
Beu hanging.
bells of varying tones, having springs and pendulums; the same
to communicate, by means of copper wire passing through
tinnpped or     tubing (concealed in plastering), with
copper...
pulls, to be fixed where indicated on plans. The wires to be
collected in the roof, and to be attached with the utmost care to
a sufficiency of cranks and coil-springs. The pulls to be of the
best suitable kinds, with knobs or lever-pulls, as here described.
The pulls in...  to be of...; those in...
to be &c., &c.
PLUMBER'S WORK.
LNo. 374.   Cover the roof over lantern with 6-tb. lead, to fold
L         antern top.
round and under the edge moulding on top of fascia.
No. 375.
Ridges and
hips.
Cover the ridges and  hips of roof or roofs with 7-b lead
6-lb
16 to   inches wide, securely fastened with  lead-headed nails
20
(and metal cramps if necessary), and closely dressed round ridgeroll and on to the slates.
No. 376.     Cover the (ridges and hips-or the tops) of dormer doors and
Dormers.
windows with 6-lb. lead. If ridges, say " as to roof,"-if tops,
say "as top of lantern,-or, if no lantern, describe the work
similarly).
Qy. Cover the sides of dormer doors and windows with 5-b
No. 377.
Ditto.
lead.
10
145 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 378      Lay the valley gutters with  7-lb. lead, 18 inches wide, proValleys.
perly dressed under slates.
No. 379.     Lay guttering at back of (and, in superior work, at sides of)
Chimney
gutters.      chimney-stacks, of I 7'b'.   lead, to turn up against the stacks,
6-and properly dressed under slates.
and properly dressed under slates.
No. 3S0l.                                                                   I7
Parapet gutters.   Lay the parapet gutters with    8-b.  lead, to turn up   6
7-lb.                         5
inches up the parapets, and to reach at least as high under slates.
The gutter to have a medium width of,
inches, and 2-inch drips every  feet,
with a fall of not less than 2 inches in 
10 feet.
No. 381.8-b
Flats.          Lay the flats (round  lantern) and  (elsewhere) with   7
lead, with all required roll joints, to turn up    inches against
walls, sill of lantern, &c., &c., and (where there is no vertical
boundary) dressed round and under the edge moulding of eaves
fascia. The lead to have a fall of 2 inches in 10 feet, and drinps
if required.
No. 382.    Roofs covered with lead, described, as flats.
No. 383.     Flashings of 5tb. milled lead to be applied wherever the lead
Flashings.
coverings of gutters, flats, or roofs, turn up against vertical
masonry or wood-work. Said flashings to be chased into walls
at least 3 inches, and be dressed down over the lead turn-ups at
least 4 inches. It is often advisable to carry the flashing quite
through the parapet.
No. 384.    Line the gutters in eaves-wood cornices with 5-Ib. lead (see
Gutter cornices.
Joiner) to fold over and under the front moulding, and turn up
under slates two inches above the level of front moulding.
Pieces of pipe with rose and boxing, to carry water from the
gutter into the rain-water heads.
146 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 385.     Line the cisterns with lead, the bottoms of 8-lb. lead, and the
Cisterns and
troughs.      sides of 6-lb. ditto; and line the troughs conducting through the
roofs with 6-lb. lead.
No. 386.     Describe the pipes that may be necessary to conduct water
Laying on
water, &c.    into the cisterns from the town supply, the outer reservoir, or the
force-pump in ground floor: also the waste-pipe required to
prevent overflow, the dimensions thereof, the place into which it
is to discharge, and any trap that may be required to prevent the
ascent of effluvia from the drains below.
No. 387.  Des   cribe any pipes required to conduct water to the pans of
Supply-pipes
from cistern.  water-closets, or to any other parts of the building, as washing
places, baths, butler's pantries, or housemaid's closets; stating
such as are to have brass cocks, &c.
No. 3e8.     Provide and fix good and complete pan and apparatus to waterWater-closet.
closet, with all required brass-pulls, levers, wires, cranks, copper
ball-cocks, plugs, &c. Also soil-pipe, with trap to prevent the
ascent of effluvia from the cess-pit or drain.
No. 389.     Line the washing trough in butler's pantry, or any other into
Linings of
troughs, &c.   which a pipe conducts from the cistern in roof; also bath (if of
wood), &c., &c., &c., with  lead of  or    lbs. to the  foot
each trough, &c., &c., to have a brass plug and chain, and pipe
to conduct therefrom into drains.  Where water is brought down
to supply jugs, pitchers, or pails, a shallow trough should be
supplied to catch the droppings, with pipe therefrom into drains
or some movable vessel beneath.
No. 390.     Provide and fix a (draw and) force-pump in the.
Pump.
where shown on plan, with   -inch pipe thereto from the (well,
tank, or reservoir), and pipe therefrom into the cistern in roof.
No. 391.     Describe any sheet lead that may be required in the joints of
Sundries.
masonry, or for the covering of any parts thereof; also any,
necessary to cover the joinery, as the top of wood cornices,
parapets, &c. All nails used in plumbers' work to be of copper.
147 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Outhouses and inferior buildings will require lead-work, as
flashings, &c., occasionally, though there may be no lead on their
ridges, hips, &c. Bell and clock-turrets will be covered with
lead in any circumstances.
No. 392.     The lead-work to be laid and dressed down in the most careful
General clause.
manner, with as little soldering as may be, and with every regard
to its expansion and contraction. The work to be left by the
Contractor perfect and complete, without any charge for the
labor, solder, nails, holdfasts, joints, &c., which may be necessary
to the efficient completion of the works herein generally de            scribed and partially particularized.
GLAZIERS' WORK.
No. 393.    Glaze the windows of the..... with plate glass (or
the upper sashes thereof with flatted glass and the lower with
plate): the windows of the... X    with flatted glass (or the
lower sashes thereof with flatted and the upper with best crown
glass): the windows of the....  with best crown glass;
the windows of the.... with glass of second quality;
the windows of....  with third glass; the whole to be
perfect in its kind, well puttied, and left perfect at the end of the
works.
No 393.    Rain-water pipes of cast iron [or copper], from eaves, gutters,
&c., &c. Specify their position and bore, and describe them as
having receiving heads and shoes to turn off the water from the
walls.
PAINTERS' WORK.
No. 394.     Paint the whole of the outside wood and ironwork  l five or
four
times in oil to finish a warm stone color, and the inside do. do.
(which it is usual to paint)      four eor    times in oil to finish a
three
warm stone color.
148 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
No. 3.      Paint also, in like manner (here state the extra painting, as),
the treads and risers of stairs of....   up to the stair         carpet rings: the floors, from the skirting to the carpet line;
continuing to particularize all such sashes, frames, shutters,
soffits, backs, elbows, doors, jamb and soffit linings, frames,
skirtings, panelled inclosures and linings, as are to be finished
with any particular color, or to be grained in imitation of some
fancy wood and twice varnished. Finally, specify what un         painted joinery (as real wainscot, &c.) is to be twice varnished.
149 
HINTS TC Y'OUNG ARCHITECTS.
MISCELLANEOUS HINTS AND CAUTIONS
Union of new
and old work.
In attaching any new work to a building, every allowance must be made for 
the sinking of the footings under pressure,
and for the settlement of the masonry into 
itself.  Thus, while it is necessary that a
vertical groove, or indent, be made in the,
old work, to receive a corresponding piece
of the new, it is still more essential that a 
freedom for the downward motion of the          - 
latter should be secured; otherwise, if it be tightly toothed and
bonded into the old work, the result illustrated in tli,mnexLZ
sketch may be anticipated.
Union of ashlar  The same caution required in the latter
facing with
brick or rubble must be here equally observed.  The backbacking.
ing (composed of small material and much
mortar) will settle more than theface; and 
the latter will consequently bulge. This
is easily remedied by computing, and  al            lowing for, the difference of settlement;
and by a due regard to the occasional bond-       i        l
ing of the ashlar, so as to make the wall one substance, instead
of two differently conditioned. The preceding sketch illustrates
the consequence of weight pressing upon unbounded ashlar and
on yielding rubble.
150 
IIINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
averted
arches.
Inverted arches must be
used cautiously. Here is an
instance, in which the points
A and A were prevented by
151
the inverted arch from sinking  with  the points  B B,
which latter sank the more
from the pressure of the arch
c in the direction of the
A.4  A hF\. 
dotted lines. It is not uncommon for the young Architect to
affect precautionary science, without a due consideration of the
peculiar circumstances of his case.
nraiage, &c.    Always endeavor, if possible, to get your water-closet cess-pit
outside the building, so that it may be approached for cleansing
without disturbing the interior. Be careful in the efficient use
of dip-traps to prevent the ascent of rats from the outer sewer
into the drains which are under the floors of the house. Rats
are destructive in their operations, and if they die in the drain,
prove, for a length of time, an unbearable nuisance. Drains may
serve every purpose of carrying off soil and water; but the
slightest opening in their upper part will allow the escape of
effiuvia into the space under the ground flooring, and thence
into the rooms, unless that space be thoroughly ventilated with
grated openings, allowing a thorough draught,-or, at least, a
free ingress of fresh air and equal egress of foul. In the applica            tion of covered dry areas round the excavated basements of
buildings, on no account omit their entire ventilation. If this be
not attended to, the main walling, which they are intended to pre            serve from damp, may remain even more continually moist than
if in immediate connexion with the natural ground.  Moisture
frequently rises up the walling from below its foundation, and,
exuding from the face of the masonry, remains confined, unless
it evaporate and escape. Without means to this end, a covered
area will be merely a receptacle for damp, and may keep the
masonry continually wet, even when the ground outside is per            fectly dry. Be especially cautious that the water from the rain            pipes of the roofs and flats be not conducted by them into the
foundations. 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Fire openings    It will save much  subsequent trouble and disturbance of
masonry, to be assured as to the size and character of the stoves,
grates, ranges, &c., which the proprietor will employ. In the
kitchen and cooking-rooms, especially, precautionary care should
be taken in suiting the openings to the intended apparatus. Do
not forget to be prepared for a smoke-jack, &c.
Dwarf walls.    In constructing these, do not omit the holes, &c., necessary
for under-floor ventilation.
Be careful that the bottom, on which fine paving is laid, be
dry and free from staini,g material.  Common  lime mortar is
often injurious to pavements. Portland paving is especially liable to be disfigured by it.
Wrought         In pu tting wrought stone-work together, iron is to be avoided
stone-work. 
as the certain cause of its subsequent destruction.   The stone
cornices, architraves, and dressings of many a noble mansion
have been brought into premature ruin by the contraction and
expansion of iron under the effects of cold and heat. But there
are careless Contractors who will allow their Corinthian capitals
and fluted shafts to be ruined, even before the entablature sur            mounts them; and the young Architect will not, therefore, omit
to insert a clause in his Specification (and to be peremptory in
its enforcement), that all cut stone-work be securely preserved,
during the progress of the building, with wood casing. It is
surprising, how grossly indifferent each class of artificers is to
the work of the others. It is still more surprising, to observe,
how frequently they seem indifferent to the preservation of their
own.
Get rid of the Masons and Plasterers,-aye, and, as much as
possible, of the Plumbers,-before your Slaters begin. The injury done to slating by the afterwork of chimney-tops, &c., is
much to be dreaded.   The  cementitious "stopping" to a roof
will not be efficiently done without close supervision: the ridge,
hip, and valley courses will not be properly formed of large cut
slates,-nor will every slate have its two nails, unless the Architect see to it.
152
Paving.
I/
-Slating. 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCFIITECTS.
Plastering.     Clear may be your Specification in forbidding salt sand, but,  f
your work be carried on in the vicinity of any estuary, the
chances are (unless you be deemed cruelly strict), that the sur            face of your internal walls will vary with the weather, from
damp to dry, like a sea weed, and throw out salt in such abun            dance that you may sweep off a cellar-full.
Beams, joists,
and other timbers.-Lintels,
bond, partitions.
It is the office of walls to carry beams, &c.; and that of beams
to stay the walls from falling outwards or inwards; but it is the
duty of Architects to see that the wood-work which supplants
masonry, does not weaken the latter; i. e. that the ends of tim
bers inserted into walls may not, by compression or decay, leave
the superincumbent masonry to loosen downwards.  Thus, the
beam  A, though  entering  r,
only a portion of the wall,       2.-..:presses upon the thorough-      AB!,!I —     
stone e, which throws the...: I-;:-.'
weight upon the whole wall,     
and has, by means of an iron plate c, a hold to secure its perpendicularity. The cover-stone c presses on the surface of the
timber to confirm its security: but should the timber rot, the
cover-stone will not sink, because sustained by the side-stones d d.
To prevent rot, the backing and side-stones are left free of the
timber, so that air may  traverse round it.  The
habit of placing the ends of beams on a template,  Th~
as G, is bad.  The only justification of the employment of wood, so built into the walls, is when it          G
forms a continuous plate, that it may act as a bond to preserve
the perfect horizontal level of joists, which, however, should extend a little beyond the plate, so as to have a bearing also on the
I    l
I I
-  --   _  I"
I  i
. I I1I
solid of the wall. Careful inspection will then so manage the
construction of the wall in this part, as to leave it but little
weakened by the air hollows required for the plate and joists;
unless, indeed, it be very thin,-as only one brick, for instance,
153 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
154
Beams, joists,
and other timbers.-Lintels,
bond, partitions.
when  no law of common sense can justify                li
the use of continuous bond.  Where joists   
uninterruptedly cross a thin wall, which is to                 $
support another story of masonry, let there   2         If  I
only be one plate, thin and on its edge, in the 
centre of the wall, so that at least a brick on
edge may be placed on each side of it, to fill          {
up the intervals between the joists, and give     -.
solid support to the superincumbent masonry.
On no account let the upper part of the wall 
be separated from the lower by a mere layer of perishable wood,
or supported by a range of joists on their edge. It has often
occurred to us that iron hooping should be more used than it is
as the internal bonding of walls. At the same time, it must be
remembered, that bond timbering is necessary, at intervals, to
receive the nails of the battening. When, however, the wall is
thin, it may be imperative to avoid its use, employing old oak
bats for that purpose. In short, let it be the care of the young
Architect, so to contrive the union of his masonry and carpentry,
as that the entire removal of the latter may leave the former
secure in its own strength. In the use of lintels especially, he
should be cautious. They are useful as bonds to unite the tops
of piers, and as means for the fixing of the joinery; but they
ought never to be trusted to as a lasting support of masonry,that support being always really afforded by the relieving segment arch above the lintel. We are aware, that a bressummer
may be termed a large lintel; and that, here, at least, the
support of the masonry is truly intended. The use of the bressummer, in shop-front openings, is an evil necessity to which we
must often submit; and all that an Architect can do, is to make
the best of a bad job, by wrought iron trussing, which will at
least give adequate slrenglh, though it may not insure permanent
durability. If time spare it, fire may destroy it; and the latter
evil is not to be met even by iron, which, if wrought, will bend,
-if cast, will crack, with heat. Let the arch, then, or some
modification of it, be always used-if possible.
Partitions of wood should not be left to the sagacity of the
Carpenter. Under all circumstances where they have to support
themselves over voids, or to bear, or participate in the bearing of 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Beams, joists,
and other timbers.-Lintels,
bond, partitions.
a pressure from above, they should be considered by the Architect in his Specification, and carefully studied in making the
working drawings.  It is not enough merely to say, that "they
are to be trussed so as to prevent any injury to ceilings by their
own pressure, or that of the roof above them;"-marginal
sketches should be made, showing the disposition of the skeleton
framing, with whatever iron-work is necessary to its security.
See, for instance, what a Carpenter may
do, unless well directed: a roof c, bearing
partly on the partition A, when it should
have borne only on the walls; and, instead of distressing the partition, should
have rather held it suspended: the partition A bearing down with its own weight,
and that of the roof, on the floor B, instead
e~e, for 1ins ^1ce, wlt a  a arpen ~r may          g
do, unless well directed: a roof e, bearing/
partlyof being so truss-framed ition A, its lwhen it should
to leave the floor unonlyscious of its existence. We apresume no
stead of distressin g         the p artitio n    er o f doing these
things; and only call on him not to suppose they ar   e so obvious
as ton A bearing done without his owguidance.ight,
In the framing of the roof, ongive a maximum strength to thead
of being so truss-framed in its length as
to leave the floor unconscious of its existence.  We  presume no
ignorance in the young Architect as to the manner of doing these
things; and only call on him not to suppose they are so obvious
as to be done without his guidance.
In the framing of roofs, give a maximum strength to the
purlinis: the undulating surface  of a  weakly-purlined
roof will  soon proclaim its 
defect  in  this  particular. 
The position of the princi- 
pals should not be observable
from without.
Floors; simple    For permanent and uniform strength, there is no floor so good
and framed, &c.
as one composed of simple joists, stiffened by cross bonding; but,
in very large rooms, there is more economy in the compound
floor of binders and joists, or of joists, binders, and girders.
There may be particular reasons for girders, &c.; as, when the
weight of the floor has to be thrown upon piers, and not on a con             tinuous wall of uniform strength; but the usual motive to the use
of the compound floor, in rooms which exceed 18 or 20 feet in
width, is a legitimate economy of materials. It is only nees             sary to caution the young practitioner on the necessity of
155 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECTS.
Floors; simple considering, that girders have to perform the duty of cross walls;
and framed, &c.
that they should be trussed to prevent their "sagging" even
with their own weight; that their scantling should allow for the
weakening effect of the cuttings made into their substance to
receive the timbers they support; that their trusses should be
wholly of iron (and not partially of oak, for the Author has seen
the bad effects of the shrinkage of oak struts); and, especially,
that the end of each girder, instead of being notched on perish            able templates of wood, and close surrounded with mortar and
masonry, should be housed in a cavity (as we have already
described) with  an iron holding
plate; or inserted into a cast iron
boxing, notched into a thorough            stone, leaving a space  (however 
small) for air to circulate about it,
and prevent rot.  The failure of a                    /,
girder involves the failure of all the rest of the floor; and, though
all timbers inserted in masonry should have a more careful regard
to their preservation from decay than it is usual to bestow, it will
be readily admitted, that too much care cannot be given to those
leading bearing timbers, without the permanent duration of which
the durability of the large remainder is of no avail.
The same remarks applying to the extremities of girders
apply also to tie-beams.
To procure a good ceiling in single-joist floors, it is necessary
there should be ceiling joists crossing below the others: and
it is a question whether the ceiling joists, under double-framed
floors, instead of being chase-mortised into the binders, should
not be in unbroken lengths nailed under the binders. Where the
ceiling joists (as under roofs) are likely to be trodden upon, they
must be well secured.
Sound
boarding.
Always consider whether the occupants of any particular
room will be annoyed by the noises of the rooms below or above.
Sound boarding and pugging considerably increase the weight
of the floor, the scantling of whose timbers should therefore be
thought upon. Water-closet partitions should be well pugged.
156
Roofs.
Ceilings. 
HINTS TO YOUNG ARCHITECrS.
Mice in par-    The space behind the skirtings is often a thoroughfare for
titions and
skirtings.   mice, which also contrive to travel from  floor to floor
in the hollows of the quarter-partitions, and become in 
several ways  a great  nuisance.    Plaster  or wood            \\_.
stopping is not always so efficacious as the use of
broken glass in those secret passages which they are  
prone to frequent.                                               I
Coverings to    The liability of gutters and cisterns to become choked with
gutters,
cisterns, &c.   snow, or infested with leaves, &c., renders it advisable to protect
them with a boarded covering, which may preserve the under
current of water from receiving what may speedily produce;
chokage or overflow.
Iron colnumns,    On this most important subject we say but little, that we may
beams, &c.
signify the more. Here, the young Architect should not move a
step without carefully consulting the experienced knowledge of
the Engineer.  Tredgold's "Practical Essay on the Strength of
Cast Iron" should be well studied, whenever necessity compels
the support of heavy and loaded superstructures by iron columns
and beams. A careful computation of the weight of the mere
building, added to that of its possible burden, with allowance for
theoretical fallacy, and a due estimate of the increased strength
of the hollow pillar, as compared with a solid one having the
same amount of metal, must be made, examined, and re-ex            amined, before the Specification be issued.
UNIV. OF MICH1IOA,
MAR b 1914
157 
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