MIE MOIRS
OF THE
HISTORICAL SOCIETY
OF
PENNSYLVANIA.
VOLUME IV.-PART II.
PHILADELPHIA:
HENRY C. BAIRD,
(SUCCESSOR TO E. L. CAREY,)
FIFTII AND MARKET STREETS.
SOLD ALSO BY JOIN PENINGTON, NO. 10 SOUTH FIFTH STREET. AND
MAURICE BYWATER, FIFTH AND WALNUT STREETS.
1850.




PHILADELPHIA:
C. SHERMAN, PRINTER.




CONTENTS.
PAGE
1. Discourse delivered before the Historical Society, February
21, 1842, on the Colonial History of the Eastern and some
of the Southern States. By Job R. Tyson, Esq., V. P..    5
2. Remarks and General Observations on Mercer County,
Pennsylvania. By B. Stokely, the first actual resident
Settler in the County,.......   65
3. A Particular Geographical Description of the lately discovered Province of Pennsylvania, by Francis Daniel Pastorius. Translated from the original German, by Lewis
H. Weiss,....                          83
4. The Society's Circular, January, 1845,... 105
5. Incidents in the Early History of Crawford County, Pa. By
Alfred Huidekoper,.......113
6. Letter from J. S. M'Calmont, of Franklin, Venango County,
Pa........... 164
7. Letter from Lyman Robinson, of Wattsburg, Erie County,
Pa......173
8. Description of Economy, Beaver County, Pa. By R. i/.
Baker,..........  183
9. Notes respecting the Indians of Lancaster County, Pa. By
William Parker Foulke,....... 188
10. Constitution of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania,. 221
11. Catalogue of Papers relating to Pennsylvania and Delaware, deposited at the State Paper Offibe, London,.. 225
12. Lists of the Officers and Contributing Members of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania,....    387, 389








D I S C O URS E
ON THE
COLONIAL HISTORY
OF THE
EASTERN AND SOME OF THE SOUTHERN STATES.
MR. PRESIDENT AND
GENTLEMEN OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
IN an Address which I had the honour to deliver before
this Society, a few years ago, I ventured to suggest the
want of a history of Pennsylvania, during and since the
eventful era of the Revolution. Those lines of the picture
were feebly and imperfectly traced, which it would be
the duty of the historian to fill up and to animate. Permit me. on the present occasion, to cast a glance behind
that period, and instead of surveying the great events of
which it was the epoch, to investigate some of its remoter
causes. The exploration of this field, leads us not merely beyond the confines of Pennsylvania, not merely to the stamp
and impost acts, which were the immediate precursors of the
struggle, but to eras and boundaries more remote and distant.
I shall humbly submit to the Society, upon an inquiry into the
historical doctrines which have been disseminated respecting




6          THE SUBJECT OF FORMER DISCOURSE.
the origin of our independence, and of the spirit as well as
form of our political system, whether the integrity of truth
does not demand a new history of our colonial settlements.
This subject may be considered upon a casual view, as
out of the legitimate pale of the researches and speculations
of a state historical society. But I am invited to its discussion by its intimate connexion with the topics of my former
Discourse, and by the relation it bears to the whole subject
of our domestic history. If any apology is necessary for
leaving the beaten track of Pennsylvania annals, it is to be
found in the recent amendment to the Constitution of the
Society, which widens the circle of our investigations so as
to include the transactions of the sister states and foreign
countries.
The colonies which had united against the parent country
at the revolution, had no sooner accomplished the object of
their union, than a spirit was discernible of willingness to
magnify their comparative deserts. While the minds of
men are heated in contemplating the glory of a great
exploit, the splendour of an acknowledged victory, many
candidates will appear to claim the distinction of prominent and meritorious actors. But the rivalry of even
ambitious soldiers, has not ventured to arrogate for any
one state or colony, the extravagant merit of having
routed the enemy both at Saratoga and Trenton, at
Monmouth and Yorktown.     All may challenge a participation in the glory of the heroic deeds which were
done, and of the great spirits who achieved them. No
state or colony can monopolize this glory. Pennsylvania
points, among many others, to the merits and sacrifices of
her Dickinson and Morris, her Thomson and Franklin.




THE REVOLUTION.                7
Massachusetts may justly claim to have struck the first blow
in the quarrel, to have committed the first overt act of
defiance to British authority. While to the East belong
Hancock, Otis, Warren, Quincy, the Adamses, and a host
of other illustrious names, Virginia bears aloft, even more
proudly, an assemblage of chosen patriots, at whose head
stands GEORGE WASHINGTON, primus absque secundo. She
may boast, that without her Washington and Henry, the
war had ended in the hapless consequences incident to an
unsuccessful revolt,-in the reproach of rebels and insurgents to the actors,-in the fate of confirmed and hopeless
subjection to the country. All-the East, the Middle States,
and the South,-were animated by the same lofty determination to resist oppression; all vindicated by their conduct a
right to a place in that temple, which the genius of freedom
has consecrated to virtue and to valour.
But a higher pretension has been set up than the military
conduct of battles. The historians of the New England
states contend, that to them belongs the exclusive honour of
having originated the free principles which followed our
independence, as a political society, by sowing the seeds
which gave them birth. They trace them to the great
principles of libeity, which, as they assert, were discovered,
fostered, and maintained by their Puritan ancestors. They
challenge this high glory for those who landed on the Plymouth Rock in 1620, and for their immediate successors
who founded Boston, and finally spread themselves over
Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the other districts of the
New England confederacy.
If these claims be justly founded, they may well appropriate, not the inferior honour of gaining the battles of the




8 THE REVOLUTION-ITS GLORY CLAIMED BY NEW ENGLAND.
revolution, but the moral triumphs of the whole proud enterprise. They are emphatically the founders of our liberty,
if we are indebted to them for the discovery of its principles.
If they struck out the bright and happy idea of the elective
franchise, and endured those sacrifices and toils inseparable from the planting and rearing of infant freedom, they
at once become the unrivalled benefactors of mankind.
These pretensions are made by eastern writers with
seriousness, and contended for with ability and fervour.
They are not confined to an insulated volume, memoir,
tract, or sermon, but they pervade the historical and miscellaneous literature of New England.  From  regular
histories and biographies, through the gradations of reviews, school books, and pamphlets, by means of centennial, Plymouth Rock, and Fourth of July orations,
down to repertories and newspapers, this sentiment of
having discovered and applied the seminal principles of the
revolution, is conveyed in every form which fond reverence or local partiality can assume.  Many of those
documents and books which display the alteram partem,
-the other side of the question,-remain inedited, or
have become so rare as to be inaccessible, except to the
curious and antiquarian eye.*  When it is remembered
that the eastern writers have had almost the exclusive
formation of the youthful mind, in this country, for upwards of half a century, it cannot be a matter of surprise,
that a race of authors is kept up, who, with devoted
enthusiasm for the perpetuity of this ancestral fame, are
interweaving it into the body of contemporary literature in
* Appendix A.




THIS CLAIM EXAMINED.              9
the thousand nameless forms of verse and prose, as if to
secure its transmission to future times as an axiom of unquestioned and admitted history.
The justice of these assumptions may be examined and
discussed in this meridian, if any where, without the imputation of partial prejudices, or selfish motives. The eastern
and southern colonies, being arrayed, in the times of Charles
the First and Cromwell, on opposite sides, it is not easy
for the descendants of either, to view the conduct of the
other, through a calm and dispassionate medium. But the
founders of the Province of Pennsylvania, and their successors, did not mingle in those exciting controversies,
which involved the fate of the Church and State of England. Surveying then the contest from a new and perhaps
more elevated point, and sufficiently removed by the lapse
of time, as well as by geographical position from the scene
of strife, we may assume at least the merit of being more
impartial and disinterested witnesses. Neither Puritans nor
Royalists, neither Roundheads nor Cavaliers, but claiming descent from a different ancestry, and standing on
neutral ground, we may consider the circumstances and
events which the disquisition embraces, in a spirit of juster
criticism and sounder philosophy.
The problem respecting the origin of those principles which
lie at the' base of our political edifice, is purely a proposition of history, requiring simply an historical deduction, and
exclusively within the province of the historian. It is not
a subject of empty and barren curiosity, but involves a
question of historical truth, and historical justice. Nothing
but the blindness resulting from superficial research, or the
most devoted filial perversity, could induce a belief that the
2




10          TIE FREE PRINCIPLES OF AMERICA
idea of an elective republic was started or suggested by
either of the colonies which settled this country. It is an
historical fallacy almost too obvious for serious discussion.
But the frequency of its repetition, and the respectability
of those who maintain it, justify and demand a respectful
and formal examination of this question, as a branch of the
ulterior inquiry.
If we simply point to the Athenian and Lacedemonian
republics; the Amphictyonic Council and Achaean League;
the union of the German States, and the Dutch confederacy
under the Stadtholder;-we find in all these, that the popular
voice was recognised in nearly pure democracies. If we
look to the native land of the colonists,-that land in which
their love of freedom was imbibed-we find the people
professedly represented in a lower house of Parliament.
The ideas which these governments suggest, present to us,
without any great exertion of original thought, all the
materials of so simple a machinery. The former exhibit
the recognition of popular sovereignty, and in England we
see the representative system existing, with no slight infusion of popular rights.
But leaving the records of Pagan antiquity for the history of modern Europe, let us see whether the doctrine of
the divine right of kings, and of an arbitrary, irresponsible
prerogative, had been exclusively preached before the era
of western colonization. It cannot escape attention that in
the contests between King and Clergy, lights were struck
out, at an early period, by which the people were directed
in their efforts to dissipate the thick gloom which surrounded them, after the subversion of the Roman Empire;
Pope Zachary taught the French nation, in the eighth




DISCOVERED BEFORE ITS COLONIZATION.    11
century, a lesson which was acted upon by the Italian
cities in the tenth. St. Thomas of Aquinas, about this
time, attacked the dogma of the divine right of kings,
declaring that civil governments are not jure divino, but
jure humano; that princes should be selected on the score of
personal virtue by the whole population; and that all citizens
were eligible alike to political stations.
What effect these sentiments may have produced in the
beautiful plains of Italy, where they were uttered, may be
conjectured from the remarkable events of which, soon
after, it became the theatre. The Italian cities began to
declare themselves independent communities, with all the
power and attributes, in substance and form, of popular
sovereignties. Milan led the way in the tenth century, and
though she suffered for her temerity, the principle of popular
ascendancy was asserted and maintained. Frederick Barbarossa, about half a century afterwards, demolished the
walls of Milan, and sowed salt upon its foundations.
But the spirit of popular liberty, though assailed, could not
be extinguished. The celebrated League of Lombardy was
formed by the other free cities of Italy, to protect the confederates against external invasion, and to make common
cause in rebuilding the city of Milan. These cities were
able to withstand the power of Frederick, who, after various reverses, was willing to conclude a treaty at Constance, which acknowledged their independence as separate
communities.
Here then, in that fertile and delicious valley, enclosed by
the Alps, the Apennines, and the Gulf of Venice, we find
the first establishment in Europe of popular freedom. It is
here, in Italy, the land consecrated by poetry and the arts,
that we are to seek the cradle of modern liberty. Nor can




12     FREEDOM IN ITALY AND THE ROMISH CHURCH.
the historian who would trace effects to their legitimate
causes, fail to perceive, in powerful co-operation with these
events, the agency of the representative assemblies and
liberal policy of the Roman Catholic Church; nor the crowning results of Justin's Pandects, which were discovered and
diffused in the eleventh century. Free institutions were
established in the cities of France, Germany, and Flanders,
about the year 1300. From the free towns of Switzerland
sprang the celebrated league of the Forest Cantons, a community having for its model the confederated cities of Italy.
This condition of things remained undisturbed by the convulsions which ensued, down to the epoch of the Lutheran
reformation.
In England, free principles lay embedded in the AngloSaxon trunk, notwithstanding the startling paradox of Sir
James Mackintosh, that the institutions of England, during
the Saxon dynasty, were " democratic and popular" only
with reference to the nobles. We find the usurping Henry
I. and Stephen, promising at the beginning of their respective reigns, to restore the Saxon institutions, a pledge
always acceptable to the people, and the most likely to conciliate their personal regard. It was to secure the restitution of these Saxon laws, after the Norman conquest, that
blood and treasure, in many an outbreak, were unavailingly
wasted. These Saxon laws, which breathe so much of the
essence of enlightened freedom, form, together with Saxon
customs and Saxon immunities, the groundwork of the
English common law at the present day;-a system whose
highly liberal genius and plastic power constitute its value
and its glory. It was this leaven, which, steady and unseen,
worked its way amidst the errors and vices of princes, the
turbulence of nobles, and the ambition of pontiffs.




FREEDOM IN ENGLAND.              13
The effect of these struggles for liberty, was hardly perceptible until the reign of Henry the Seventh. Rights then
began to be defined, and a more distinct idea of civil liberty
to be entertained among the commons. It was then that
the tender germs of popular rights were nourished and invigorated by an intimate commerce with Flanders, where
the people were tinctured, by means of their municipal privileges, with more enlarged and juster conceptions of popular government. Before the close of the reign of Henry
the Third, the English Parliament assumed, in form, much
the appearance it now wears; the right of representation
being admitted among that portion of the community who
resided in boroughs and cities. This right of representation was gradually extended and amplified by a greater
incorporation of popular rights, until it grew at length to
that imperfect image of the British constitution, which the
late reforms have rendered in practice more consonant with
the genius and theory of the common law.
This meagre reference to several prominent events in the
history of modern Europe, will serve to illustrate the extent
to which free institutions had been carried, before the settlement of the North American Provinces. It will show how
little room there was for political discovery by any of the
colonists, and that all which remained, was to adapt the eternal principles of civil freedom-that freedom which the page
of history unfolded, or their own ancestors had transmitted
to them-to the peculiar circumstances of their situation.
It will show that the cause of popular sovereignty, the
right of the majority to govern, the principle of legislative
representation, all had their birth before the episcopal reformation was established in England under Edward the Sixth,
and before Puritanism or Quakerism had an existence.




14         PURITANISMI IN ELIZABETH'S REIGN.
Let us now glance at the origin of Puritanism in England,
and observe the features which characterized its first developement there. We shall then be able to see with what
integrity the Puritan colonists carried out the principles for
which they were contending in the old world, or enlarged
them upon a theatre in all respects suited to their display.
The early age of Puritanism, like the primeval age of all
new doctrines and opinions, was marked by fervour and
extravagance. It was the first-born offspring of the art of
printing, and the revival of letters, under the nursing care
of the early reformers. The austerity of life and doctrine;
the rejection of human learning; and the grotesque and
whimsical names which were given to children;-these
exhibit a state of mental riot, a height of religious frenzy,
having few parallels in the history of the human mind.
Bishop Burnet alleges that there was the strongest disposition, in the predominant church, to treat the moderate
Puritans with irdulgence and lenity. The concessions of
Elizabeth were indignantly rejected by the stauncher Puritans, who replied, in the language of Moses to Pharaoh,
"there shall not a hoof be left behind."*  These prosecuted their opposition to episcopacy with all the ardour of
reformers, and all the enthusiasm of zealots. Having submitted, in a formal admonition to Parliament, their famous
Platform of a Church reformed, they proceeded in a second
address to that body, to declare their resolution to become
"their own carvers" in a change. They strenuously inculcated the dogma, that theirs was the only true church, and
as such was alone entitled to toleration. These sentiments were followed by acts, which, in their tendency and
* Appendix B.




SOME PURITANS GO TO HOLLAND.               15
expressed design, were to precipitate a religious and political
revolution.*  Then commenced, on the part of England,
a system of severe and coercive legislation, which cannot
be justified or palliated, however it may be defended, on
the ground of a supposed political necessity.
To escape from laws which licensed power had imposed,
or their own zeal and temerity had invited, some of the
Puritans fled from their native land to seek peace and toleration among their brethren in Holland; a country on
which the reformers had shed the brightest glory of the
Reformation.    In Holland they found an asylum    from  the
intolerance of English legislation, and enjoyed their peculiar
worship without molestation or restraint. But induced by
an unhappy feud, or led by the pruriency of gain, or warmed
by the prospect of founding a religious settlement in a new
and unpeopled country, they removed in the year 1620 to
New Plymouth, after enjoying the hospitalities, and partaking the blessings of the religious liberty of Holland, for a
period of eleven years.t
In the mean time the struggle in England, between the
Episcopal and Puritanical parties grew more intense, and
exhibited a more political aspect.t The combatants were
* See Grant's English Church, vol. i. p. 440; also Strype's Life of Whitgift, App. p. 139; also Strype's Annals, vol. i. p. 148.
t See Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts, vol. ii. p. 405; New England Memorial, pp. 17, 23-5; Belknap's Biographies, p. 162; Bozman's
History of Maryland, p. 209; Massachusetts Historical Collections, first
series, vol. iii. pp. 27, 76, and postscript 69.
t See a very able article in the New York Review for January, 1840, entitled " Politics of the Puritans," ascribed to the Rev. A. B. Chapin of New
Haven; also, Reply in the North American Review for March, 1840; also,
note in North American Review for July 1840, pp. 252-274.




16           THE RELIGION OF THE STATE.
glowing with anxiety to decide the great question, for
which they had been so long contending. The issue involved the fate of the existing religion and with it the existing government. Both parties were disputing for the possession of the great and alluring prize, THE RELIGION OF THE
STATE. It was the choice of this, not the separation of politics from religion-an idea suggested by no party,-which
divided and inflamed the nation. The selection at that juncture lay between the Episcopal, which, as represented in the
person of the monarch, was identified with the political
state, and Independency, the religious profession of the Puritans. The question, so long of dubious issue, was at length
terminated in the temporary overthrow of the Episcopal
Church, by the decapitation of Charles the First, and the
establishment of Puritanism in its place, by the elevation
of Cromwell, as Protector.
The problem has long since been solved by the deliberate
judgment of mankind, that the establishment of the Protectorate did little benefit to the cause of true freedom. Recent
events in England have brought it into prominent notice,
and the clamorous zeal of heated partisans, seems almost to
have silenced the voice of authentic history. But the republicans and republicanism of that day, bear no affinity, and
can claim no relationship with either in this country. It
was, for the most part, a temporary outbreak of sectarian
ambition or honest fanatical zeal. The embodied spirit of
chaos and disorder seemed to be let loose upon mankind.
Many of the actors were pious but visionary men, who
were moved and inveigled by popular demagogues.* The
contest had been mainly a struggle for religious ascendancy,
* Appendix C.




PURITANS UNDER JAMES I. AND CHARLES I.   17
in which republicanism or royalty had little to do, except
that the monarch was the object of attack, by happening to
be the representative of the dominant church.*  Strenuous
efforts were made for his conversion, by sermons of characteristic length. Cromwell, who, with many points of greatness, was an usurper and a tyrant, not satisfied with an
untinselled Protectorship, sighed for the pomp and glitter of
a regal sceptre. Charles, though a faithless friend and a
bad king, possessed many virtues and various accomplishments. He was sacrificed to Cromwell's ambition and that
of his armed confederates. Subsequent events prove, that
the voice of the people was as effectually drowned by the
din of arms, when Cromwell rose to the supreme power, as
that of justice had been stopped, in the solemn mockery of
the monarch's trial. When the army was disbanded, and
the dread spirit which had controlled and overawed it, was
no more, we witness the heartfelt acclamations with which
the national voice hailed the advent of Charles the Second.
The republicanism of the Protectorate, was a drama, which,
for a moment, held the world in suspense by the transient
interest of its scenic illusion.  It passed away like a
shadowy cloud, leaving but faint traces of its existence,
upon the political horizon of the kingdom. Royalty was restored;-not by the force of arms, or the tricks of diplomacy, but by the hearty and unbought consent of the
people.
But it was before the death of Charles and the establishment of the Protectorate, that the Pilgrims settled in New
England. Suffering as those of the colonists did who came
* See Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. i. pp. 493, 441.
3




18            CHARTER OF MASSACHUSETTS.
from England, during the reigns of the first James and
first Charles, no alternative was presented but conformity
or exile.* From Holland, where they had lived in tranquillity, free from compulsion or restraint, they came to this
country, with the security of a written Charter, and followed
by the aegis of the British Constitution. They carried with
them some knowledge of the liberal maxims contained in the
Roman pandects; of the lofty opinions disseminated by an
enlightened and untrammelled press; of those immunities
which had been conferred upon the boroughs and cities of
Europe;-and in addition to all these, they had inhaled,
from their earliest infancy the free atmosphere of the English common law,-that law, which, like an unfailing stream,
had rippled down to them through a succession of opposing
ages, from the clear and uncorrupted fountain of AngloSaxon liberty. They remembered the hardships to which
they had been exposed in their native land, by the statutes
against nonconformity; and they remembered the country
of their exile, where the blessings of love and friendship
were cherished, because the genius of freedom there, had
checked and rebuked the genius of persecution.
The Charter of Massachusetts, granted in 1628, conferred upon the corporators extensive powers for trade,
commerce and self-government.t It united the character
of a trading community to that of a municipal corporation,
with liberal privileges.  The principles of the English
common law, being guaranteed to the colonists, every
freeman of the corporation was entitled to a vote, in the
enactment of laws and the choice of governor and assist* See Appendix, D.
t Vide Charter in Hazard's State Papers, vol. i. p. 239.




FREEDOM OF CHARTER ABRIDGED.         19
ants.  The idea of universal suffrage, if not verbally
expressed in the Charter, was plainly in the minds of its
framers, and by a sound construction of the instrument,
embraced within its spirit. There cannot be a doubt that
the colonists might, if they chose, have planted upon such
a foundation, that great pillar of republican freedom.*
But the colonial idea of freedom was different from that
which the expression conveys, at the present day. Tests
were applied, which, as they connected religion with the
political rights of the colonists, were alike in abridgement of the Charter and repugnant to liberty. In the year
1631, a year after the colonial government was removed
to this country, it was promulgated that no man should be
admitted a freeman, who was not a church member.t As
none but Puritans could be admitted to church communion, it followed from this decree that all other sects
were at once disfranchised.  This law, which excluded
from the right of citizenship, a great majority of those who
were entitled to it under the Charter, continued in force
until the dissolution of the government.4
The principle of so proscriptive a policy, was asserted
by a most arbitrary act, before it received a legislative
sanction from the General Court. In the year 1628, one
year after the first settlement of Massachusetts Bay, Endicott sent back to England, as seditious persons, two of the
most respectable colonists, whose religious opinions did not
permit them to renounce the liturgy of the English Episcopal Church.~ This act was subversive of the right of
* See Appendix, E.
t See note upon the authority of Letchford, in Hutch, History of Massachusetts, vol. i., p. 30.
t Ibid., vol. i., p. 31.   6 Ibid., p. 19.




20          ALL BUT PURITANS DISFRANCHISED.
private opinion, and struck at the fundamental principles of
freedom. Four years after the accession of Charles the
Second, the colonists received from the throne an emphatic
admonition, and were enjoined " to permit such as desire it
to use the Book of Common Prayer, without incurring any
penalty, reproach, or disadvantage; it being very scandalous,"-continues the admonition — that any person should
be debarred the exercise of their religion, according to the
laws and customs of England, by those who were indulged
with the liberty of being of what profession or religion they
pleased."*
But this obnoxious feature of the colonial system of
Massachusetts, was abolished in appearance only, after
the Restoration. It continued in practice to exist,t and
we are informed by an eminent writer, that in the year
1676, "five-sixths of the colonists were in fact disfranchised by the influence of the ecclesiastical power.":  Its
baleful influence was felt until the act of settlement, which
vested the throne, at the revolution, in William and Mary,
and their Protestant successors.
This exclusive system was interwoven with the vital
elements of the colonial policy.  President Quincy very
properly concedes in his Centennial Address, that "Church
and State were very curiously and efficiently interwoven
with each other."~ We see the closeness of this connexion
in the lasting consequences which it entailed. The colonial
enactment requiring a general assessment for the support
of public worship, was not abolished until so recently as
the year 1834.
* See Appendix, F.  t See Appendix, G.  t See Story's Dis. p. 55.
~ Quincy's Centennial Address, p. 32; also Felt's Annals, p. 222; also
Hutchinson's Collection of State Papers, pp. 359-361.




RELIGIOUS ASCENDANCY SOUGHT.         21
There can be no doubt that the eastern colonists were
more intent on laying their church establishment upon
deep and'olid foundations, than of rearing a temple of
civil and religious liberty. In England many a hardfought battle had signalized their struggles for ecclesiastical
victory. Failing to obtain the political ascendancy of the
Genevan faith and worship, they sought the shores of North
America, in order to carry out their long-cherished scheme
of an ecclesiastical government. The restrictions, therefore, which the colonists imposed on the rights of citizenship, and the penalties with which nonconformity was
punished, were in perfect consistency with their views at
home, and the great purpose of their enterprise. Their
leading object seems to have been less the establishment of
civil liberty, than the enjoyment and perpetuity of their
religious institutions. Absolute political freedom, that freedom which could form the germ of the American republic,
would have frustrated their primary intention, and proved
subversive of their design, in braving those untold hardships
and privations which they fearlessly encountered across
the Atlantic.
But it was not alone in the denial of civil rights to all
who were not church members, that they failed to prove
themselves the champions of liberty; but in the active persecution of those who were thus disfranchised. Every sect
of religion, except that which was established as the state
religion of Massachusetts, was the subject of prohibition
and punishment.
"They re-enacted," says Bancroft, " the worst statute in
the English code, that of enforcing attendance on the




22                COLONIAL INTOLERANCE.
parish church."* A fine was imposed for non-attendance,
and a general tax was assessed to support the ministry.tThe sanctuary of home was violently invaded by the
civil magistrate, to drag to church the lukewarm and disaffected.4 A spy was set upon men's words and actions, lest
one should partake of heresy or the other of disaffection.
It was thus that an ancient principle of the English law, that
a man's house is his asylum and castle, was trodden down
and contemned. In view of the transactions of so unhappy
a condition of society, the observation of Judge Story is as
true, as it is descriptive and eloquent, that " the arm of the
civil government was employed to support the church,
and the terrors and violence of the Inquisition existed without its form."~    Liberty of conscience was denied, and
toleration of the colonial nonconformists preached against
as a heresy and sin.II   Roger Williams was charged in
1634 with holding divers exceptionable tenets, one of which
was " that to punish a man for any matter of his conscience
is persecution." He was banished the colony and settled
in Rhode Island, the history of which is immortalized by
the enlightened maxims of that illustrious exile. Their
treatment of that gallant and generous spirit, Sir Henry
* Bancroft's History, vol. i. p. 401; also Savage's Winthrop's New England,
vol. ii. p. 142, et seq.    t Hutch. Hist. Mass., vol. i. p. 376.
t Felt's Annals, p. 257.   ~ Story's Discourse, p. 55.
II See Biographia Britannica, article Brown (Robert), note F, for a piece
written by Johnson, a leader of the Brownist sect, entitled " Anti-Christian Abominations yet reteyned in England." Of the abominations enumerated, the 33d is TOLERATIONS. An old New England writer says, " To authorize an untruth by the toleration of the State, is to build a sconce against
the walls of heaven, to batter God out of his Chair."




COLONIAL INTOLERANCE.              23
Vane, on account of his favouring Mrs. Hutchinson, was
in pursuance of a line of policy which seemed to be fundamental. Among the earliest laws of the Massachusetts
Colony, were five concerning religion.. These were so
rigorous in their punishment of heretics, that the persecutions which the colonists had endured in England, as dissenters, are pronounced by the author of the European Settlements in America, " to be great lenity and indulgence in the
comparison."* In the year 1637 an Ecclesiastical Synod
denounced fourscore opinions as heretical.t  Nonconformity was synonymous with heresy, which presented such
multiform and Protean shapes to the argus-eyed theologians
of New England, that the enumeration and description of
them are said to cover seven pages of The Ancient Charters.
Nor did these legislative denunciations lie dead on the
statute book. A bare mention of the multitude who submitted to the infliction of exile or death, or some more ignominious punishment; speak trumpet-tongued of the insulting triumphs achieved by the ecclesiastical power over tile
hunted, depressed, and degraded cause of social and religious freedom.4
We contemplate with horror the fires of Smithfield, the
dungeons and auto da fes of the Inquisition, the massacre
of St. Bartholomew, and the penalties of the Star Chamber.
But the unpitying and remorseless sentence of Endicott,~
the governor, who, on one occasion, told his prisoner, " re* See " European Settlements in America," vol. ii. p. 144. Savage says in
a note to Winthrop, (vol. ii. p. 149,) " there was no place left but England for
the unhappy schismatics."  t Story's Historical Discourse, p. 54.
t Hutch. Hist. Mass. vol. i. pp. 41, 57, 63, 116-17, 208.
~ Vide Sewell's History, Quakers, p. 243, et seq. and sparsim.




24                PURITAN INTOLERANCE.
nounce your religion or die," and the sanguinary denunciations of the General Court, fill us with equal dismay.
That they who had preached such purity of life and conduct to mankind; that they who had been exposed to the
terrors of persecution and fled from it; that they, forgetful
of their own precepts and the lessons of their own sad experience, should pursue to banishment and death, almost
every species of nonconformity; —displays to us recesses
in the human mind, which point to a dark and unexplored
labyrinth in its devious and impenetrable depths. The extent to which this violation of the rights of mankind, was
carried by the Puritan colonists, occasioned amazement
and alarm  among their brethren in England.t     Letters
were written expressive of their disapprobation and concern.4 Even the mild and gentle Isaac Penington, the
Quaker, was induced to admonish them     in several well
written and truly catholic treatises, of the hostility of their
legislation to the cause of liberty, to the Christian religion,
and to the well being of its various professors.~
A philosophic and able historian bespeaks the indulgence
of posterity for such a harsh and sanguinary scheme of
government, by observing that few in fact were exposed to
the severity of these inflictions. I am far from wishing to
magnify what humanity would delight to lessen, but it is
* See Mass. Hist. Coll. 1st Ser., vol. iii. pp. 53-5; Savage's Winthrop, vol. i.
pp. 56, 149; also, compare Holmes's Annals, vol. i. p. 272, and Knowles's
Life of Roger Williams, pp. 184-9.
+ See Mass. Hist. Coll. 2d Series, vol. viii. p. 49.
t Ibid. also 1st Series, vol. iii. p. 27-76, p. s. 69; also Bancroft's Hist. U.S.,
vol. i. p. 373 (note).
~ See Appendix, H.




DEATH AND EXILE STOPPED BY CHARLES II.    25
certain that the victims were numerous, considering the
sparse population of the colony, and the brief period of
thirty or forty years, during which such laws could safely
be put in execution.* During the Protectorate, and the
civil troubles which preceded it, these severities were
unknown or connived at in England. Upon the restoration of monarchy, they were prohibited by royal interdict,t
and after that period few, if any cases of death, for colonial
nonconformity, in fact occurred.:  But the doctrine of
intolerance towards error, continued to be asserted and
acted on in practice, till the close of the seventeenth century.~-The election sermons of the day breathe any
thing but the freedom of the Gospel. The Rev. Mr. Higginson in 1663, the Rev. Mr. Sheppard in 1672, and President Oakes in the following year, all denounce the idea of
religious liberty, as the offspring of delusion, or the specious
plea of infidelity. A clergyman of Ipswich, Massachusetts,
by the name of Ward, who wrote in 1645, and whose effusion is quoted in Belknap, observes, "It is said that men
ought to have liberty of conscience, and that it is persecution to debar them of it. I can rather stand amazed than
reply to this. It is an astonishment, that the brains of a
man should be parboiled in such impious ignorance."
* See Appendix, I.
t See Mandamus to the Government of New England, issued by order of
Charles II., dated 9th September, 1661,in Sewel's History, p. 272, (Lond. ed.
fo. 1725); also Hutch. Hist. of Massachusetts, vol. i. p. 219.
t Judge Story says, "Persecution became less frequent because it was
less safe." See Story's Hist. Disc., p. 55.
~ See Appendix, K.
4




26            NOT IMPUTABLE TO THE AGE.
President Oakes tells us, in 1673, that he looks "upon
toleration as the first-born of all abomination.'"*
A further extenuation is attempted by the apologists of
the New England Puritans, in attributing the rigour of
their political policy to the age, as one of religious intolerance.t  But the remark is not applicable to Holland,
where religious liberty, in that age, was fully established,
and where the Plymouth colonists themselves enjoyed perfect toleration, for a period of ten years. It is not true of
Lord Baltimore, Roger Williams, and William Coddington, who had introduced into their respective settlements, the enlightened and catholic maxims of an enlarged
social freedom. It is not true of William Penn, who, while
the New England ecclesiastics were denouncing a sentiment favourable to toleration as a heresy, and its practice
as a sin, was preaching to the crowned heads of Europe
the impropriety of tests;-a doctrine, whose feasibility he
afterwards beautifully illustrated, in making universal toleration the basis of his colonial system in Pennsylvania.
Thus we do not find these sentiments maintained in the
neighbouring colony of Rhode Island,: so early as 1634,
nor among the Catholics of Maryland in 1632, nor among
the Quakers of Pennsylvania, in 1682, nor among their predecessors, the Swedes and Dutch, either in that province,
or in the colony of New York. The mistaken system of
Elizabeth and James, was sustained upon the inadequate
plea of state necessity;-but the liberal opinions of the
* Vide Belknap's Hist. of New Hampshire, vol. i., pp. 71-5.
t See Hawes's Tribute, &c. p. 139, and many others.
t Vide, Hutch. Hist. of Massachusetts, vol. i. p. 453, (No. XL Appendix.)




PENAL LAW AND THE INDIANS.          27
age in a portion of cultivated Europe, and especially its
generous and Christian spirit on this side of the Atlantic,
opposed themselves to the demons of intolerance and persecution.
In a disquisition of this nature, a reference is necessary
to the punitory system of the colonists. A society which
is touched with the spirit of genuine liberty, will treat the
humblest and most degraded of its members, with all the
lenity which is compatible with the existence and safety of
the social state. We find in the colony of Massachusetts,
a penal code remarkable for the multiplicity of its objects,
and the ignominy and rigour of its inflictions. Not only
those offences which are known to the jurist, by the
name of crimes, were punished with great severity, but the
lesser morals were watched, and the minor improprieties
of life were aggravated, into offences of grievous turpitude.
The mind of the General Court seemed to be filled with the
idea, that the limb which was diseased, had better be amputated than cured, that the transgressor had better die than
be reformed.
Further amplification on this head is needless; nor shall
I drag into light the dark and tragical end of a noble race
of men, whose valour and conduct in resisting the encroachments of the colonists, showed themselves worthy of a better
fate. History weeps at the cruelty with which these infidel
sons of the soil, these peeled and defrauded outcasts of
humanity have been immolated, on the base shrines of lucre
and ambition.
The Colony of Connecticut was settled in the year 1636,
and not being within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts,




28             THE POLICY OF CONNECTICUT.
adopted a constitution of its own, very similar in its
provisions to the Massachusetts Charter.* This, as has
been already observed, was upon the most liberal plan of
an English Municipal Corporation.    We find here the
same identical spirit which was at work in the elder
colony, the same contracted views of freedom, and the
the same intolerant laws.t
The colonists, having acted without the authority of a
Charter, presented their petition to the throne, on the accession of Charles the Second.4 The prayer was complied with by a grant,~ very similar in its provisions to
the charter of the "Corporation of Massachusetts Bay."
The liberal principles of this Charter may be inferred
from the fact, that it continued to exist as the fundamental
law of Connecticut, through the changes which necessarily followed the American Revolution, down to the
year 1817.
But, it is contended, that however the Puritan settlers
may have erred, from the mistaken fervour of religious
excitement, their civil institutions and the organic plan of
their church establishment, were fundamentally popular.
How far and with what limitations, this position may be
admitted or contested, it is beside my purpose, except
incidentally, to inquire. The Charters of the Eastern colo* Vide Commission for the governing of Connecticut, March 3d, 1635, in
Hazard's State Papers, vol. i. p. 321.
t See Appendix, L.
t Vide Trumbull's Hist. of Connecticut, vol. i., p. 511, (Appendix, No. 7.)
~ Vide Charter in "Letters, &c. by R. R. Hinman, Secretary of the State
of Connecticut," (containing original documents,) p. 174.




CHURCH PLAN AND COLONISTS OF 1630.      29
nies, though emanating from the free grace of the English
monarchs, though framed under the eye of the prerogative
race of the Stuarts, comprehended in their design and
spirit, the substantial elements of public and private freedom.   To what extent these seminal principles were
pushed, and whether in the whole tendency of the colonial
scheme, the cause of social right and the republican theory
were advanced, are questions which depend upon the policy
adopted, and the prevailing sentiments of the people.
The great lines of the social domain have now been
traced, and some of its prominent regions explored. It is
evident from the survey, that in the civil disabilities imposed on all sects but one; in the union of Church with
State; in the secular ascendancy of hierarchs; and in the
unrelenting treatment of nonconformists; —the rights of
mankind were better protected in England, than in the
Puritan colonies.* In all these, there was a virtual breach
of the fundamental written law; a manifest abridgement
of that freedom which was guaranteed to the world in the
Royal Charter.t It remains that I should glance at the
political views of the leading minds in the colonies, in order
to observe how the theocratic principles of their government, inspired an abhorrence of monarchy, or a preference
for democratic institutions.
The emigrants, who sailed in the Arabella from England, in the year 1630, left behind them a curious and
pregnant document.: It is in form, an epistolary missive
* See Appendix, M.
t Vide David Humphrey's "Historical Account of the Propagation
Society," p. 38-9.
t See Hutch. Hist of Massachusetts, vol. i. pp. 431-2, (Appendix, No. 1.)




30             OF LORD SAY AND OTHERS.
to their " reverend fathers and brethren of the Church of
England." The adventurers earnestly deprecate, in this
paper, any misconstruction of the objects of their enterprise.
They call themselves, his "Majesty's loyal subjects,"* and
with many other kindly expressions, say, "we esteem it an
honour to call the Church of England, from whence we
rise, our dear mother, and cannot part from our native
country where she specially resideth, without much sadness of heart, and many tears in our eyes."
Six years subsequent to this event, and eight before the
royal tragedy which preceded the Protectorate, a proposition was made by certain gentlemen of the English nobility
to remove to Massachusetts.t This overture was received
and deliberately considered by the inhabitants.  In the
correspondence which ensued, it appears that the Rev.
John Cotton, one of the most important and influential
men of the New World, as well as the other "leading men,"I of the colony whom he consulted, were
opposed on principle to a republican polity. As a "church
government,"-such is Cotton's language,-" was justly
denied to be democratical," the colonial freemen were
willing to adopt any other political form which did not
intrench upon this distinctive organization. In answer to
the first of the inquiries or "demands," propounded by these
noblemen, the colonists say,~ "two distinct ranks we willingly acknowledge from the light of nature and Scripture;
* See Appendix, N.
t Vide, Hutch. Hist. of Massachusetts, vol. i. p. 433, (Appendix No. 3,)
et seq.
t Ibid. p. 439, (Appendix, No. 3.)
~ Ibid. p. 439, (Appendix, No. 5.)




COLONISTS OPPOSED TO A REPUBLIC.      31
the one of them called princes, or nobles, or elders,
amongst whom gentlemen have their place; the other the
people."  In the eighth demand, these noblemen require
that the governor " shall ever be chosen out of the rank of
gentlemen." The answer is, "we never practise otherwise,
&c., choosing them out of approved known gentlemen, as
this year, (1636,) Mr. Vane." In Cotton's letter to Lord
Say,* after declaring that he should " never fear to betrust
a greater commonwealth than theirs, under such a perpetua dictatura as his lordship should prescribe," he is
thus explicit upon the subject of his political preferences.
"It is better that the commonwealth be fashioned to the
setting forth of God's House, which is his church, than to
accommodate the church frame to the civil state. Democracy I do not conceive that ever God did ordain, as a fit
government, either for church or commonwealth.  If the
people be governors, who shall be governed? As for
monarchy and aristocracy, they are both clearly approved
and directed in Scripture, yet so as referreth the sovereignty to himself, and setteth up theocracy in both, as the
best form of government in the commonwealth, as well as
in the church." These celebrated answers and letter yield
all honour to hereditary dignity, if accompanied by personal virtue; they both express repugnance to a democracy; and are indifferent whether a monarchy or aristocracy be established, so only that the fundamental principle of church membership be recognised.t
* Vide, Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts, p. 436, vol. i., et seq.
(Appendix, No. 3.)
t See Appendix, 0.




32         ACTS OF CONNECTICUT AND PLYMOUTH.
A quarter of a century after this memorable correspondence, as we have seen, the colonists of Connecticut, for the
first time, approached the English throne in the form of a
petition for a Royal Charter.* True to the sentiments expressed by their brethren of Massachusetts, they delicately
refer to " the calamities of the late sad times," and proclaim their unwavering loyalty, during the storms of the
Protectorate, by intimating as their reason for not having
petitioned before, their willingness " to receive power and
privileges from none other than their lawful prince and
sovereign."t
What course of policy was adopted by the Massachusetts
and Connecticut colonies, on the accession of the English
Protector, cannot, from the absence of historical evidence,
be now ascertained. In the colony of New Plymouth,
Mr. Baylie informs us, that on the interruption of the royal
sway, by the death of Charles, the oaths of office underwent
a change. But the colonists did not prescribe by a formal
act or resolution, the terms of a new oath, which, in the
event of political reverses to the ascendant party in the English state, might read awkwardly against the colony.: Instead of this they simply blotted out of the record, the words
of allegiance to King Charles and his successors, and interlined, " the government of England as it now stands."
On the restoration of monarchy, in the person of a
second Charles, no documentary notation was necessary to
annul tle former proceeding. This was more conveniently
* Vide Petition in Trumbull's Hist. Conn. vol. i. p. 517 (Appendix.)
f See Appendix, P.
t Vide Declaration by Plymouth, of" the undoubted right" of Charles II.
to the Crown, Hazard's State Papers, vol. ii. p. 590.




GRATITUDE DUE TO NEW ENGLAND.        33
and summarily effected by having the interlineation effaced
and restoring the original language.
The other colonies of New England were modelled upon
the two most ancient and prominent, whose regulations and
policy I have rapidly sketched. They had no hardships to
complain of, arising from the illiberality or restricted privileges of their Charters. Each contained the grant of ample
political powers, especially the Charter of Maine; and as in
the case of Connecticut, the Royal Charter which was given
to Rhode Island, not only survived the shock of revolutionary convulsions, but it has remained to the present day,
through all the troubles which succeeded them, in the place
of a Constitution, framed after the republican pattern.
History then does not support the positions of the New
England historians. It shows that the principles of an enlarged social freedom, as these principles are recognised at
the present day, in this country, do not owe their existence
to the Puritan adventurers, but that they have triumphed in
spite of the opposition of an organized and illiberal hostility.
But though the eastern colonies did not set a bright example of political and religious liberty, yet there are points
of attraction in the Puritan character, which warm our hearts
with gratitude, and inspire the strongest sentiments of admiration and applause. They were men whose virtues,
invigorated by adversity, were remarkable for the integrity
of heart with which they were sustained. The fruits of their
theological tenets, though enjoining the observance of much
austerity, were visible in the purity of their private manners,
and the fidelity of their public acts. In their lives they
were self-denying and ascetic; severe and exacting in their
5




34         CIVIL FREEDOM-THE UNION OF 1643.
requisitions of others; inflexibly honest and rigidly just upon
themselves.
The Puritan character in New England, however we
may deplore its excesses, was admirably suited by its firmness and energy for settling a new country. The policy
adopted, was well calculated to excite amongst the admitted
freemen, the liveliest ardour for institutions, which would
not intrench upon their own rights and privileges; and to
sow broad-cast the seeds of morality and knowledge.
Whatever repugnance Cotton and the leading colonists
may have felt to a democracy in form, the internal government had many of the attributes of popular freedom. The
right of trial by jury, common representation in the General
Court, and a system of civil jurisprudence, remarkable for
its equity and wisdom, are all so many monuments to the
heads which planned, and the hands which built the colonial structure.
It cannot be denied that the union of the New England
colonies in 1643, was productive of the greatest consequences to their stability and strength. The apprehensions
of the first colonists were divided between invasions from
the Indians, and the encroachments of more insidious enemies. A confederacy was suggested, by the concurring
circumstances of nearly contemporaneous settlements, a
common ancestry, proximity of situation, uniformity of
faith,* and community of danger.  This ancient union
bound together citizens in political ties, who were already
united in the closer bonds of religious fraternity. It made
the hearts of the different colonies beat in unison, as if by a
* See Appendix, Q.




COMMON SCHOOLS.               35
common impulse, and in obedience to a common law.
What one colony felt, was faithfully transmitted to the rest,
as by the necessities of a common nature. This social and
religious fellowship has engendered feelings of affinity between the sovereignties of New England, which continue
to the present day, to an extent which does not exist in any
other portion of the American Union. This early colonial
union was, no doubt, the prototype of the thirteen confederated colonies, which, upwards of a century after, declared
themselves independent of the mother state; and asserted, by
the most determined and chivalrous valour, their ability to
maintain that declaration;-a conception which, if it did
not confer, at least largely contributed, by its influence and
positive benefits, to the establishment of an early peace and
a national existence.
But the greatest blessing which New England has conferred upon mankind, and for which, her sons, to the latest
posterity, owe a debt of gratitude to their fathers, is the
grand system of Common Schools. Connecticut claims to
have led the van in this great enterprise, under the direction
of Davenport and Eaton;-names which are associated
with the formation of the New Haven colony, and whose
memories must be cherished by their successors, with the
proudest respect and the warmest filial love. The system
was introduced almost contemporaneously into Massachusetts, whose example was soon imitated by the other Puritan colonies; so that now there exists no country in the
world, where the faculties of the common mind have been so
liberally cultivated, nor where education is so universally
diffused, nor where it is placed on a more enlightened and
permanent basis. It was this, the best preparation which




36      THE EARLY LITERATURE OF NEW ENGLAND.
could be made for the reception of the principles of the
American revolution, which, co-operating with the internal
organization, made the people ready as one man to assert
and sustain them.-It cannot be forgotten that the zeal for
learning which marked the early Puritans, in this country,
was an advance on the system of English Puritanism. If we
may judge by the doctrines of the English Puritan pulpits
and the witty reproof of South,* the English Independents
held human learning in low estimation, and its possessors
in disrepute or contempt. But the New England clergy, the
Puritan as well as the Episcopal, have been distinguished
from the earliest period, for their untiring and matchless
devotion to letters. Several of them received the highest
honours of foreign universities, and many may safely be
compared in erudition, with the most learned men of their
age in Europe. Not to speak of the multitude of lesser
lights, of the dii gentium minores, I might mention Jonathan
Edwards, the celebrated author of " The Freedom of the
Human Will," Dr. Samuel Johnson, Stiles, Hopkins, and
many others, as men equally remarkable for their profound
attainments and fervid piety. The learning of the Eastern
colonies, though for a long time wasted in polemical disquisitions, or obscured by the literary follies of anagrams, puns,
and conceits, rose to higher dignity after the age of Anne.
The literary appetite began to loathe the grotesque and unnatural Du Bartas, once their choicest poetical disk, for
sentiments and images more just and classical; and the
fever of religious controversy, though long maintained at a
high point, subsided gradually into a more tranquil, settled,
and healthful temperature.t
* See Appendix, R.          t See Appendix, S.




THE SOUTHERN COLONIES.             37
Having thus rapidly surveyed the Eastern colonies, and
marked the free principles contained in their Charters; having observed the opportunities which these afforded for the
engraftment of an enlarged and comprehensive freedom;
and observed the nature of that which was introduced;-let
us glance at some of the more southerly provinces, in order
to estimate their probable influence in the conception and formation of our present form of government. I shall not here
speak of New York and New Jersey, where the most generous aspirations were cherished, from the earliest times, in
favour of rational liberty.* Nor shall I speak of Virginia,
Georgia, and the Carolinas, where the warmost love of
freedom, mingled with a high and romantic chivalry, distinguished their early annals.t It will sufficiently meet the
objects of this Discourse to select two colonies, the religious
tenets of whose planters, were equally obnoxious with the
Eastern colonists, to the penal enactments of England against
nonconformity. In doing this, it will be seen how unfounded and gratuitous are the assumptions of those writers,
who would monopolize for the eastern portion of the American Union, all the honest fame resulting from a steady,
enlightened, and liberal preference for free institutions.
With this view, I shall confine myself to the colonies of
Maryland and Pennsylvania.
The Royal Charter of Maryland, granted in the year
1632, laid a broad foundation of civil and religious liberty.4
* See Ramsay's History of the United States, vol. i. pp. 175-182, et sparsim.
+ Ibid., pp. 26-33, 158, et sparsim.
t See Charter in the original Latin, in Haz. Hist. Col. State Papers, vol. i.
p. 327; translated in Bozman's Hist. of Maryland, vol. ii. p. 9, et seq.




38           MARYLAND CHARTER AND POLICY.
In one of its features, it has been censured as savouring of the
Stuart love of prerogative, over laws made by the three
estates of Parliament. But there is less in the exception
than might appear, on a cursory perusal. The objectionable right, which it confers upon the governor of making
ordinances, is expressly confined to the brief interval which
must elapse, before the freemen could assemble; and the ordinances permitted, are so well defined and narrowly restricted, as to be stripped of any noxious attribute. As it
stands, its franchises were copious enough to enable the
emigrants, to rear a noble and beautiful framework of civil
and ecclesiastical liberty.
The oath of the governor, prescribed by himself, promised
that appointments to office should not be made on account
of religion, and enjoined upon himself and successors, not
only protection to all who professed a belief in the Saviour,
but the punishment of those who should molest others in
their religious observances.* The assembly followed in the
year 1649, in the spirit of this self-imposed obligation, by
repeating and even extending its provisions.t The only
restriction which narrowed the liberality of this enactment,
was that which confined its benefits to the professors of the
Christian faith,-a restriction which tinctured subsequent
statutes, and led the way to those legal disabilities under
which the Jewish nation rested, in Maryland, until their
removal about twenty years ago.
The reverence in which the early colonists of Maryland,
* Vide Hazard's Hist. Coll. of State Papers, vol. i. p. 117, for a restrictive
provision respecting the Church of Rome, in the Plymouth Patent, (granted
in the 18th year of James I.)
t See Act in Bozman's Hist. of Maryland, (Appendix,) vol. ii. p. 661, et seq.




LORD BALTIMORE AND THE ASSEMBLY.      39
held the character and virtues of Lord Baltimore, was only
exceeded by their jealous and watchful love of freedom.
This was put to a severe test, when their venerated proprietary presented for their acceptance, a code of laws, prepared by himself with care and sagacity. He expected it
to be ratified by the Iegislature. They cherished the virtues of their leader, whom they admired for his wisdom,
respected for his disinterested attachment to liberty, and
loved for his benevolence. But the adoption of his code,
implied a subserviency which was incompatible with true
independence. What was his surprise, when he found the
fruits of his enlightened and anxious labours, promptly rejected by the Colonial Assembly!
In the formation of this body, the pioneers of Maryland
manifested their adherence to the maxim, "all power is inherent in, and springs from, the people." The whole population assembled, after the manner of the ancient republics,
to enact laws for their future government. This democratical mode of enacting laws, was continued until the
year 1639, when the augmented number of the colonists
rendered it impracticable. Then it was that a legislature
was formed, upon the representative plan,* consisting of
the proprietary and popular departments.-With such a
scheme of social order, animated by religion and virtue, nothing could prevent the happiness of the people, but a change
in the councils of the province. Rational liberty had been
established. The popular voice was heard in every election.
The inalienable rights of humanity had been consulted in
* See Rams. Hist. U. S., vol. i. p. 117; also Bozman's Hist. Maryland,
vol. ii. p. 109.




40                   MARYLAND LIBERTY.
the principles of the punitory system.        The Christian,
of whatever denomination, could plead his cause with his
Maker, without the dread of human restraint or coercion:
and
"The poor Indian, whose untutored mind,
Sees God in clouds, or hears him in the wind,"
was aided in his aspirations, and taught to bow the knee,
at the shrine, not of an idol or a demon, but of a good and
living Manitto.    But alas, the halcyon which, in its tranquil flight, was dipping its pinions beneath the smooth surface of the social waters, was only the harbinger of an
impending storm.     The restless spirit of Puritanism, which,
upon the supremacy of Cromwell, had bound England hand
and foot,* and which had shown itself in such unamiable
phases in New England, penetrated even to the deliberative
hall of Maryland, and was observable in the legislative acts
of the Colony.t
In the year 1654, when the sun of Cromwellian power
shone in the blaze of its zenith, various acts and orders
were passed by the General Assembly, under "Commission
from his highness, the Lord Protector." Among these is
* Vide Walker's "' Sufferings of the Clergy," part i. p. 200; also Robertson's Hist. of America, vol. ii. p. 259; also Harris's Life of Cromwell, p. 437;
though a very partial work. See, among the migrations to Virginia to escape the danger of the Protectorate, John Washington, the ancestor of the
Father of his Country. Rams. Hist. U. S. vol. i. p. 35.
t Maryland and Virginia experienced, in their full force, the restrictions
imposed on commerce and navigation, during the whole period of the Protectorate, while in New England, Cromwell permitted these laws to be so
relaxed as to be unfelt. See Ramsay's Hist. U. S., vol. i. p. 34. See his
peculiar kindness to the colonies of New England referred to, ibid. pp. 59-60;
also Robertson's Hist. of America, vol. ii. pp. 230-260.




INTERFERED WITH BY CROMWELL.         41
one entitled " An act concerning Religion."*  The language of the act was devised for the benefit of Puritans
only; and though the Roman Catholics, who were the original settlers, seemed to be exclusively pointed at, yet it is
manifest that the subtle arts of Cromwell's genius had been
at work, to elbow out of the colony, by sly and indirect
legislation, another class of religious professors.
The cruelty of this law is only equalled by its perfidy. It
illustrates the point and moral of Esop's well known fable
of the Snake and the Frog. The people whom the tolerant
acts of the first adventurers, had invited into the settlement,
turned upon their hosts, and forced upon them the alternative of either abandoning the colony, or being deprived of
their civil and religious franchises. But let it not be forgotten that though Protestant intolerance was thus temporarily fostered in the colony;-a feature, certainly, the most
repugnant of all others to our institutions at the present day;
-yet in all else,-in the liberty established by the Roman
Catholic settlers; in the deputed assemblies; in the trial by
jury; and in the diffusive right of popular suffrage; the
people cherished with watchful circumspection, all the outworks of a republican state.
If we consider the moral and political condition of provincial Pennsylvania, we shall perceive, where, in common
with Maryland, and the more southern as well as the other
middle colonies, the genius of freedom imbibed the milk,
which warmed and nourished the life-blood of its infancy,
in this hemisphere. The colonial fabric is not imposing,
* Vide Bozman's Hist. of Maryland, vol. i. p. 195; ibid. vol. ii. p. 512.
6




42               THE VIRTUES OF PENN.
but commends itself for the simplicity of the whole, and the
consistency of its several parts. It is easy for rulers to
make general professions in favour of liberty, while their
practice may be characterized as tyrannical. Among those
rulers who figure most prominentlyin the history of mankind, there are few beside Penn, who firmly carried out
their principles into act, and made their doctrines the basis
of their practice. Like Washington, who despised glory
at the expense of his country and his honour, Penn was
deaf to the voice of ambition when it called him from the
path of duty. The friendship of a monarch,* though it
opened to him the door to title, opulence, and fame, was
made subservient only to promoting the great principles of
his life and the welfare of his colony. At the present day,
the statistics of crime and the lights of experience, are
slowly combining to impress the unchangeable truth, that
free institutions without virtue, and mental cultivation without religious morality, cannot preserve our national existence. Above a century and a half ago, Penn taught,
with a more than human sagacity, that lesson to his province. The following passages from his writings, may serve
to elucidate his sentiments, and display the standard by
which he may be judged. These sentiments pour a flood
of living light on the present day. "Nothing," says he,
"weakens kingdoms like vice; it does not only displease
Heaven, but disables them. * * What then should be
more concerned for the preservation of virtue than government? That, in its abstract and true sense, is not only
founded upon virtue, but without the preservation of virtue
* James II.




PENN'S SENTIMENTS AND ACTS.        43
it is impossible to maintain the best constitution that can be
made. * * In the many volumes of the history of all ages
and kingdoms of the world, there is not one instance to be
found, where the hand of God was against a righteous nation,
or where the hand of God was not against an unrighteous
nation, first or last; nor where a just government perished,
nor an unjust government long prospered. Kingdoms are
rarely so short-lived as men; yet they also have a time to
die; but as temperance giveth health to men, so virtue gives
time to kingdoms; and as vice brings men betimes to their
graves, so nations to their ruin."
It was upon the foundation of such a theory, that he reared
his colony. No sooner had the patriarch with his family of
emigrants, arrived on the shores of the Delaware, than they
immortalized the place of their landing, by the enactment of
a code, which proclaims justice to the Indian, clemency to
the offender, and toleration to every believer under Heaven.
But these acts however vital in their relations to a rational
scheme of liberty, it was well known would prove an
empty and delusive boon, to an ignorant or a vicious population. It was therefore enacted, that schools should be
provided, at the public expense, for the poor; and industry
and trades were enjoined, to keep them from idleness and
preserve them from want. A provision of' the Great Law,
required that-" the laws shall be one of the books taught in
the schools" of the province. It is not necessary here to
say more, respecting the treaty made with the Indians
under the spreading elm of Shackamaxon, than that it is
the only treaty, which the historical records of all time
have preserved to us, which, according to the Abbe
Raynal, was never sworn to, and never broken. One of the




44              PENN'S VIEWS OF LIBERTY.
articles of Penn's "Certain conditions and concessions,"
&c., agreed to by the intended emigrants in 1681, provides that a jury, to consist equally of Englishmen and
Indians, were to decide all differences between them.*
This unusual concession of privilege to a savage tribe of
men, could only have its origin in that deep and unalterable respect for human rights, which governed all the
actions of the founder. In after times, the right of a
foreigner to a jury, de mediatate linguae, was disputed in
a court of law, but a judicial decision was pronounced,
establishing its legality.t  Not content with these provisions in favour of natural liberty, he destroyed the English rule of primogeniture, and established a more republican canon for the descent of estates.
The political opinions of Penn, may fairly be inferred
from  the civil regulations, which were adopted for the
government of his province. His definition of liberty is at
once enlightened and democratic. It manifests the liberal
views which he cherished, and his clear conception of the
true nature of that representative system, which he designed
to introduce. " Any government," he observes, " is free to
the people under it, whatever be the frame, where the laws
rule, and the people are parties to those laws; and more
than this is tyranny, oligarchy, and confusion."l In conformity with these ideas, he summoned all the inhabitants
to attend personally, for the purpose of making laws. But
an assembly so entirely popular, was waived by general
* See Proud's History of Pennsylvania, (Appendix,) vol. ii, Part I.. No. ],
Sec. 14, p. 4.
t Respublica vs. Mesca, vol. i.; Dall. Rep. p. 73.
1 Vide Preface to the "Frame of the Government of the Province of Pennsylvania," in Proud's History of Pennsylvania, vol. ii. (Appendix, No. 2,) p. 7.




OF THIE ASSEMBLY AND WITCHCRAFT.       45
consent, it being found that it was more convenient to
appoint delegates to represent the people, in the form of a
legislature. The legislative body soon after its formation,
had the power conferred upon it, of originating as well as
acting on bills, and the treble vote of the governor was
relinquished as slightly savouring of aristocracy.  This
framework of the province was formed in the year 1682.
Notwithstanding the flood of one thousand emigrants which
poured into the settlement, during the first year of its existence, and the many reverses which were brought about by
the unsettled state of political affairs in England, this policy
continued for many years without a material change. At
the time when Cotton Mather and his associates were pursuing at Salem, and in other parts of Massachusetts, the
imputed offence of witchcraft, with an unwise and cruel
severity, a Pennsylvanian jury, under the eye of Penn, who
presided at the trial, brought in a verdict, that the accused
" was guilty of having the common fame of being a witch,
but not guilty in manner and form as she stands indicted."*
The minds of the founder and the more intelligent of his
colonists, were happily exempt from the absurd infatuation
respecting witchcraft, which prevailed among all classes, in
some of the sister provinces. The case referred to is the
only one, which, as it may happen to be viewed, either
stains or illustrates the judicial annals of the colony.
It was thus that he attempted to protect from internal enemies, as he feared no rupture from without, the elements of
* The curious reader may see an account of this trial, in Hazard's Register of Pennsylvania, vol. i. p. 108; also in Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, vol. i. p. 40. This trial took place on the 27th December, 1683.




46             FREEDOM AND MURMURS.
popular freedom. The toleration of all religious professors,
and the immunity of none from the common burthens, was
a maxim which formed the corner-stone of the social pile;
while generous justice to the Indian, and merciful charity
to the offender, naturally entered as constituent parts of the
edifice. The whole structure was a simple and unadorned
but majestic temple, which was consecrated to the one
purpose of protecting the natural rights and inviolable
liberties of mankind.
The principles which were thus asserted and maintained,
did not die with the great man, who gave them here the
sanctuary of a home. They continued in energetic operation, through the whole period of our colonial history. They
yet live, dispensing to distant lands, the genius of that spirit
to which we owe their introduction.
The long absence of the Founder in England, combined
-with other causes of alienation-to excite a disposition
among the colonists, unfavourable to his pecuniary rights
and interests. They begarr to murmur at the quit-rents,
which he had reserved,with their assent, in his conveyances of land; they withdrew the imposts which had been
voluntarily granted to him, as a means of revenue; and in
the fervour of temporary estrangement, they even refused
to concur in those great schemes of social improvement,
which lay nearest his heart. Such was the veneration in
which all united in holding his character, that more well
founded objections than these, would have been heard only
in whispers, during his life. But on his demise, old complaints were revived, and new ones superadded, against his
successors.  The deputy governors, whose indiscretions
had fanned the first spark of discontent, now by folly and




PARTY FEELING AND ITS CAUSE.        47
misgovernment, blew it into a flame. Two distinct parties
were formed, with opposite views and variant pretensions.
Those who espoused the cause of the governors, were called
the proprietary party, and those who arrayed themselves in
opposition, were distinguished as the popular side. These
factions became heated against each other, into an irreconcilable feud. Bickerings and heart-burnings disturbed the
tranquillity of private life, and wordy turbulence characterized these parties in the assembly. Dr. Franklin, whose
Historical Review is now admitted to be only an emanation of partisan extravagance, enlisted all his sympathies in
the popular cause. He followed the example of Loyd, the
celebrated opponent of James Logan, and other champions
of the people, who figured in the preceding age; and employing all the power of his acute and commanding intellect, in attacking, with the shafts of wit and argument, the
old bugbears of proprietary right and proprietary prerogative, he soon made them sufficiently odious. The points to
which these dissensions gave rise, were warmly disputed,
down to that period when colonial contests were neutralized,
in the absorbing question which then presented itself, of
foreign subjection or national independence.
The vigilance and distrust of the colonists were no doubt
at first awakened, by symptoms of political encroachment, on
the part of the deputy governors, without the warrant of the
founder. It cannot be denied that this, in combination perhaps with other trivial causes, was not without its influence.
But it may not escape the attention of the philosopher, in
reading this page of our colonial history, that these altercations owed their existence, in part, to the sentiments which
Penn had himself inculcated in his colony. He had taught




48           EXTENT OF COLONIAL FREEDOM.
the colonists to love and cherish constitutional liberty, in its
most comprehensive sense. He had taught them that as men
they were all equal; that every one, without distinction of
class or sect, who believed in the existence of a Deity, and
owned land at a penny an acre, was a freeman; and that
the majority in every state were entitled to govern. He
taught them that humanity had rights, of which even the
most debasing criminality cannot divest it. He taught them
that no one was so humble, not even the poor Indian, but
was entitled to justice, and the offices of kindness and charity.
Above all, he taught them that every man, whether Christian, Jew, or Mahometan, had the natural right to worship
his Creator in his own way, without having his eyes, when
turned upward in adoration, to rest upon the suspended
sword of the civil magistrate, ready to descend upon his
devoted head. These lessons had been imprinted upon their
hearts; they were cherished as their best and amplest
earthly boon; they were transmitted to their posterity as
their richest inheritance.* It is hardly necessary to say, that
the party contests sharpened their vision for the perception
of distant, perhaps imaginary danger; nor that in the pretensions, which, as partisans they were found to assume,
they transcended the doctrines of their great preceptor. It
is no unusual case in the history of the human mind, to find
the teacher far behind the disciple, who was indebted to him
for his original precept. But however extravagant may
have been some of the political tenets of the popular party,
among the colonists, those who held them in check, came
from the strife too deeply imbued with the principles of
* See Appendix, T.




DICKINSON S FARMERS' LETTERS.        49
natural justice and eternal liberty not to repel with indignant patriotism all attempts to invade them. True, the
Royal Charter had expressly reserved to parliament the
right of imposing taxes;* true, the colonial prosperity and
social happiness had not been sensibly diminished by the
exercise of this power; true, as champions of the proprietary interest, they were united by the closest ties of sympathy and affection with the mother state; and true, the
religious scruples of many of the colonists were opposed to
war. These circumstances would make them deplore the
occurrence of an open rupture, but could not render them
insensible to those great principles of freedom which they
came hither to support and establish. It was these principles which made a John Dickinson, whose "Farmers'
Letters" sowed the seeds of the revolution, and whose
addresses to the king were as instrumental in precipitating
that event, as his letters of Fabius were to confirm the
hearts of the people, when that momentous period was past.
It was to these principles we are indebted for Charles
Thompson, whose eulogy is written, in undying characters,
in his unostentatious and patriotic acts. On the popular
side stands, beside Dr. Franklin and many others, Dr. Benjamin Rush who was not more eminent for his literary and
medical deserts, than he was decided in his patriotic councils.
The popular party in truth were not only ready but courted
the contest. Their swords were sharpened against the
enemies of their country, by the very arguments with which
their proprietary antagonists had been so often overwhelmed.
* Vide 20 Sec. of Charter, in Proud's lHit. of Penns. vol. i. p. 185.
7




50            CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
It cannot be that Pennsylvania, with these facts emblazoned on her early history, will relinquish to the Massachusetts and Connecticut colonies the unparticipated honour,
of fostering those maxims of social liberty, which are justly
regarded as fundamental, in our present system of government. Like them the external frame of colonial polity was
popular and democratical; the representative plan was
adopted; schools were established; useful industry was
promoted; justice, equality and right were recognised in
the internal administration. In these respects, all the colonies stand upon the same common ground.      But the
greatest and best, the vital and distinguishing features of
our present political system, are, the freedom of the state
from all the trammels of ecclesiastical restriction, and the
equal eligibility of all churches to its highest honours and
richest rewards. In the establishment of these, the sentiments of the people derived no support, from the doctrines
or example of the Massachusetts and Connecticut colonies.
It may be doubted, if all the colonies had been peopled by
men of similar views and policy with those of New England, whether the angelic form of religious freedom, now
our presiding and guardian genius, had ever descended to
crown the happiness, or bless the social charities of the
present United States.
The Puritan settlements permitted freedom to their church
members, but refused it to all others under the severest pains
and penalties. Their freedom was that of men who appropriated all human rights as belonging to themselves, while
they perversely denied them to the rest of mankind.*
* See Hume's Hist. Engd. vol. vi. p. 164.




IN THE MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN STATES.      51
In justification of this policy, it is maintained by one class
of writers, that the Puritan pilgrimage to New England,
had in view only the enjoyment of the Puritan religion,*
and that in order to guard it from danger, defensive laws
became necessary. Do these apologists forget, that if this
were the original motive of the enterprise, it was never
known or communicated to the Parent State; that the
emigrants of 1630 ardently professed a different purpose;
and that there was no warrant in the Charters for such an
establishment?-  But admit that this plea displays the real
groundwork and essential principle of the-colonial action;
-is the motive assigned, of a character large and disinterested, or limited and selfish? Where is the boasted
glory of a system, which requires in its defence the attribution of an aim so barren, of a design so humble?  What
becomes of the moral sublimity of that example, on which
the New England historians delight to dwell?
The plea of necessity has been the plea of restrictive
tyranny, from  the beginning of time.j If the system of
exclusion and severity be defended on this ground, what is
it but the general plea of cruelty and despotism, the world
over? The Christians were persecuted by the Jews and
Pagans, because Hebraism and Paganism were in danger.
Tfie Protestants endured the persecutions of the Roman
Catholics, because Catholicism was in danger. The Epis* See Hist. Disc., by Prof. Kingsley of New Haven., p. 46, and many
others.
t See "Historical Account of the Propagation Society" by David Humphries, pp. 38-9; also Robertson's Hist. America, vol. ii. p. 248.
t See on this subject Harris's Charles I. pp. 232-3.




52                 THESE PRINCIPLES
copalians, for the same identical reason, retaliated these persecutions upon dissenters. It is the refinement of sophistry
to teach, that the object of either of these persecutions was
the preservation or recognition of natural liberty. If it be,
and iffear or necessity can excuse wrong or justify oppression, then we must snatch from undeserved reproach, from
the sentence of unmerited obloquy, those tyrants and despots
whose memories history has so long covered with disgrace.
The liberty for which the eastern colonists were clamorous, was the liberty of an aristocracy who monopolize
every benefit to themselves. It was the liberty of the Barons
of Runemede, who in their anxiety to restrict the authority
of the King, and, to amplify their own, wholly overlooked the
privileges of the people. It was a liberty which seemed
less to arise from philosophy than instinct. It was less an
abstraction, as an inalienable attribute of human nature,
than the offspring of mistaken religious zeal.
This slight and imperfect review of our colonial history,
shows the errors into which those writers have fallen, who
ascribe so important an agency to the maxims and policy
of the Puritan fathers, in the establishment of this republic.
It may be truly said, that the political vine and fig-tree which
shot forth at the revolution, were not indigenous to this soil
nor of spontaneous growth, but exotics which were planted
by the first settlers of the respective colonies, in whose
shade and beneath whose shelter, they had reposed in other
lands. They struck deep, and flourished here, by means of
a propitious climate and a judicious culture. The political
agriculturist, when he surveys the vast arms which they




NOT INDIGENOUS.               53
have thrown over the land, encircling the most distant tracts
of our territory in their embrace, will trace their roots not
only to the East, but he will find them mingling with the
soil alike of every valley and every hill throughout the extensive regions of that Union whose banner waved in common triumph at the revolution.




AP PEND IX.
A.-p. 8.
AMONG the works referred to, may be mentioned the various
replies to Neal's History of the Puritans, which are seldom to be
met with in New England. Heylin may be thought to have
erred as much on one side, as Neal on the other. Neal is
found in almost every library in New England, but the answer
to that very partial work by Bishop Maddox and Dr. Grey, almost nowhere. As further evidence of the feeling on this subject, a collection of the Blue Laws of the New Haven Colony,
was not to be found in print, except among the curious, until the
year 1838, the only edition known being that of London, printed
in 1656. The edition of 1838, published among other curious
matter, at Hartford "( by an Antiquarian," does not, however, contain the laws previous to the time of Eaton. Those celebrated
laws never having existed, except in MS.; are not now in existence, the records being lost or destroyed. All we know of them is,
that portions were doubtless re-enacted in 1655;-the history by
Peters being regarded, for the most part, as fabulous. Our Hartford Antiquarian observes in his preface, " The compiler is aware
that some few of the illiberal in this community, may be dissatisfied with the publication of a part of these important antiquities,
apprehending that the literary or moral character of the Puritan
Fathers of New England, may be implicated by such publication.
The suppressing, or rather neglecting, their publication for one
hundred and eighty-two years, is far more reprehensible than
any thing contained in the Blue Laws themselves."  Vide "The
Blue Laws of New Haven Colony, usually called," &c. &c., by
an Antiquarian, pp. 6-7, (Hartford, 1838.)




APPENDIX.                      55
B.-p. 14.
Vide Short's History of the Church of England, vol. ii. p. 230
et seq. ibid. p. 259; also Fuller, who says in his Church History,
lib. xi. page 7, "( The Puritans of this age (that of Elizabeth,)
were divided into two ranks, some mild and moderate, contented
only to enjoy their own conscience; others fierce and fiery, to the
disturbance of Church and State." Ibid., p. 178, it is stated that
Lord Burleigh desired the Puritans to frame a better liturgy than
the one in use; thereupon a schism arose, and four distinct parties
were formed.
(( The first classis framed a new one, somewhat according to
theform of Geneva.
c" The second, disliking it, altered it in six hundred particulars.
" The third quarrelled at these alterations, and resolved on a
new model.
" Thefourth classis dissented from the former.
" Thus," continues Fuller, "because they could not agree
among themselves, that wise statesman (Burleigh) put them off
for the present, until they could present him a pattern with a
perfect consent."
C.-p. 16.
See " Some Considerations proposed to the citizens of Lon.
don," &c., by Isaac Pennington, (Works fo. Lond. 1681,) p.
140, in which he says, " O ye great ones! The Lord did not
throw down the greatness of the nobility, for you to rise up in
their places," &c.
D.-p. 18.
The author of "The European Settlements in America," &c.,
contends that the Roman Catholics were more harshly treated
than the Puritans, in England, see vol. ii. p. 220. Hawes says,




56                      APPENDIX.
a slight submission to mitred authority, would have made unnecessary their exposure to the privations and hardships of a
residence in the New World. See Tribute, &c., p. 118-9.
E. —p. 19.
The principles of this Charter are readily seen. The grant,
is in the free and common socage, and not in capite, nor by
Knight's Service.  (Hazard's State Papers, vol. i. p. 245).
The tenure of office is not for life, or an indefinite period, but is
made dependent upon conduct, and determinable by the majority.
The right of election to office, and the right of removing from
office, are expressly recognised. (lb. p. 248.) The freemen are
to be chosen by s" the governor, (or in his absence, the deputy
governor of the said Company, for the time being,) and such
of the assistants and freemen of the said Company as shall be
present, or the greater number of them so assembled," p. 247.
Nothing is said in the Charter, respecting the qualifications to
freemanship, except what is contained in the following passages:
cc 2hat it shalbe lauwfll andfreefor them and their Assignes, at
all and every 7Tme and Tymes hereafter, out of any our R ealmes
or Domynions whatsoever, to take, leade, carry, and transport,
for and into their Voyages, and for and towards the said Plantacon in Newe England, all such and so mnany of our loving
Subjects, or any other strangers that will become our loving Subjects, and live under our Allegiance, as shall willinglie accompany them in the same Voyages and Plantacon.    *    Pro.
vided, that none of the saide Persons be such as shalbe hereafter
by especial Name restrayned by Vs, our Heires, or Successors,"
p. 249.   In p. 251, the Charter provides, " That all and
every the Subjects of Vs, our Heires or Successors, which shall
goe to and inhabite the said Landes and Premisses hereby
menc6ed to be graunted, and everie of their Children which
shall happen to be borne there, or on the Seas in goeing thither,
or returning from  thence, shall have and enjoy all liberties
and Immunities offree and naturall Subjects within any of the
Domynions of Vs, our Heires or Successors, to all Intents, Con



APPENDIX.                     57
struccons, and Purposes whatsoever, as yf they and everie of them
were borne within the Realme of England."
It is further provided, (p. 253,) that the Company shall ( have
full and absolute Power and Authoritie to correct, punishe, pardon, governe, and rule all such the Subjects of Vs, our Heires and
Successors, as shallfrom 7lyme to Tyme adventure themselves in
any Voyadge thither or from thence, or that shall at any Tyme
hereafter, inhabite within the Precints and Partes of Newe
England aforesaid, according to the Orders, Lawes, Ordinances,
Instruccons, and Direccons aforesaid, not being repugnant to
the Lawes and Statutes of our Realme of England, as aforesaid."
It is evident from these provisions that the colonists laboured
under no restrictions, as to the amount of liberty which they might
give to the inhabitants. The stipulation on the contrary was, that
they should not be curtailed of any of the liberties and immunities
which they were entitled to as free and natural-born subjects of
the Realm of England.   Whether the policy adopted disfranchising all who were not church members, no matter what their
estates or personal respectability, was not an abridgement of the
rights of British subjects, is a question too plain for discussion.
The propositions made by the Commissioners of Charles II. to
Connecticut in the year 1665, contain this requisition, "c that all
men of competent estates, and of civil conversation, (though of
different judgment) may be admitted to be freemen, and have
liberty to choose, or to be chosen officers, for the military and
civil." Letters, &c., by R. R. Hinman, pp. 62-3.
The word, freeman, in the Charter, was intended at most to
signify a freeholder, i. e., that every English natural born subject
who had a freehold, should be entitled to the rank of a freeman.
Britton, (c. 32,) whose definition is adopted by Blackstone,
describes a liberum tenementum or freehold, to be " the possession of the soil by afreeman." 2 Bl. Corn., p. 104. In the
colony of Virginia, according to Beverly, the term was less
restricted. " Everyfreeman," says he, " (by which denomination they call all but indented or bought servants,) from sixteen
to sixty years of age, is listed in the militia." Beverly's History
of Virginia, p. 233.




58                     APPENDIX.
F.-p. 20.
Hutch. Hist. vol. i. p. 219. But before this, see Sewell's
Hist., p. 272 (Lond. ed. fo. 1772) for Mandamus from the king;
also Propositions by his Majesty's Commissioners to the Governor
and General Court of Connecticut, made April 20, 1665, in which
are recommended that " all men of competent estates and of civil
conversation, (though of different judgment) may be admitted TO
BE FREEMEN" and " that all persons of civil lives, may freely enjoy
THE LIBERTY of their consciences, and the worship of God in that
way which they think best," &c. (See Propositions and Answer
in Hinman's Letters, &c. being original documents, pp. 62-3);
also Mass. Hist. Coll. 2d Series, vol. viii. p. 76.
G.-p. 20.
It was necessary for the minister to certify, that the candidates
for freedom were of orthodox principles, as well as of good lives,
&c. See note in Hutch. Hist. Mass., vol. i. p. 31.
H.-p. 24.
Vide Isaac Penington's Works sparsim, (Lond. fo. ed. 1681)
particularly " An examination of the grounds of causes," &c.
part i. pp. 199, 208, 224, 225, 233, et seq.; also "Somewhat
relating to Church Government," &c. &c. part ii. page 400,et seq;
also "( Misrepresentations of one concerning Church Government
cleared," part ii. p. 418, et seq. I lay the greater stress on this
authority because his father, Sir Isaac Penington, was a member
of the Parliament who condemned Charles I. and was much tinctured with admiration of Cromwell. The author here quoted,
had been an Independent before he became a Quaker, and con.
tinued to feel through life a more than ordinary solicitude for his
former party, in opposition to the Episcopalians and Roman
Catholics. He writes rather in sorrow than in anger.




APPENDIX.                     59
I.-p. 25.
An ingenious and well informed writer, but of rather tart
spirit, eloquently remarks, with reference to the causes which
stayed the fury of religious persecutions in New England;
c" Charles was restored-Endicott died, and when the sun seemed
to be turning into darkness and the moon into blood, the wheels
of the car of destiny appeared suddenly to roll backward, and
a glimmer of humanity began to dawn." Vide The Churchman,
vol. v. p. 857, May 2, 1835.
K.-p. 25.
John Checkley, in the first quarter of the 18th century, reprinted Leslie on Episcopacy. He was arraigned at Boston,
heavily fined, and bound with two sureties to keep the peace.
See also An Act of the Connecticut Colony against Quakers,
Ranters, &c. passed in the year 1705, disallowed by Queen
Anne in Council. See Proud's Hist. Penna., (note) vol. i. p. 465.
Bradford, in his History of Boston, pp. 49-50, denounces the
folly of a toleration which may tend to misrule.
L.-p. 28.
The voluntary compact adopted by the adventurers, in 1639,
contained no explicit provision respecting religion.  They
only resolved to maintain the faith or discipline "( which we
now profess," which, as is well known, were those of Geneva.
The penal system was modelled, both in Connecticut and New
H-aven Colony, upon the basis of the Levitical code, which
punished many offences with death. It is not easy to say what
was the precise nature of the criminal law, before the time of
Eaton in 1655, as the early regulations of Connecticut were not
preserved in print, and some of the manuscript records of New
Haven are lost, mutilated or destroyed.  Of that celebrated
code which has been denominated " the blue laws," we know




60                      APPENDIX.
only what can be gathered of its character from contemporary
annalists, and from the laws of Eaton which succeeded, and in
some instances preserved them. See infra Appendix A.
M.-p. 29.
Vide on this subject c European Settlements," &c., vol. ii.
p. 220; also Felt's Annals, pp. 175, 327; also Isaac Penington,
who says, in addressing New England, " Look over your
writings, consider the cause again in a more meek and upright
spirit, and ye yourselves will easily see, how in your heat ye
have mistaken, and dealt more injuriously with others than ye
yourselves were ever dealt with."  (Works, Lond. ed. 1681, fo.
p. 223.); also Sewell's Hist. Quakers, p. 200; also Savage's
Winthrop, vol. ii. p. 109-149.
N.-p. 30.
It \vill I e observed in Norton's New England Memorial, (which
was written, it is said, on board the Mayflower,) among the reasons
assigned for the colonists abandoning Holland, was, their desire
to live under their natural PRINCE.
O.-p. 31.
Vide Order in Massachusetts for proclaiming Charles II. king.
Hazard's Hist. Coll. of State Papers, vol. ii. p. 593. The address
of Massachusetts to Charles II., bearing date August 7th, 1661,
displays so ardent a loyalty, that I am tempted, in view of this
and its other characteristics, to introduce it here, in extenso:
[Massachusetts Records, 7th August, 1661.]
To the High and mighty Prince Charles the Second by the Grace
of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender
of the Faith, 4c.
cc Illustrious Sir,
"c That Majesty and Benignity both sat upon the Throne whereunto your Outcasts made their former Address, Witnes the second




APPENDIX.                     61
Eucharistical Approach unto the best of Kings, Who to other
Titles of Royalty, common to him with other Gods amongst
men, delighted herein more peculiarly to conform himself to the
God of Gods in that he hath not despised nor abhorred the Affliction of the Afflicted, neither hath he hid his Face from him, but
when he cried he heard. Our Petition was the Representation
of an Exiles Necessities: This Script, gratulatory and Lowly, is
the Reflection of the gracious Rays of Christian Majesty: There
we sought your Favour by presenting to a compassionate Eye
that Bottle full of Tears shed by us in this Jesimon; Here also
we acknowledge the Efficacy of Regal Influence to qualify these
Salt Waters. The Mission of ours was accompanied with these
Churches sitting in Sackcloth; The Reception of yours was the
holding forth the Sceptre of Life.
(( We are deeply sensible of your Majesty's Intimation relating
to Instruments of Satan acted by impulse Diabolical (not to say
whence he came to us) went out from us because he was not of
us. God preserve your Majesty from all Emissaries agitated by
an infernal Spirit under what Appellations soever disguised.
Luther sometimes wrote to the Senate of Mulhousen to beware
of the Wolfe Munster.
c" Royal Sir,
"( Your just Title to the Crown enthronizeth you in our Con.
sciences, your Graciousness in our affections;-That inspireth
us unto Duty, this naturalizeth unto Loyalty:-Thence we call
you Lord, hence a Saviour. Mephibosheth, how prejudicially
soever misrepresented, yet rejoiceth that the King is come in
Peace to his own house;-Now the Lord hath dealt well with
our Lord the King: May New England under your Royal Protection be permitted, still to sing the Lords Song in this Strange
Land: It shall be no grief of Heart for the Blessing of a People
ready to perish, daily to come upon your majesty, the blessing
of your poor People, who (not here to alledge the innocency of
our cause, touching which, let us live no longer than we subject
ourselves to an orderly Trial thereof) though in the particulars
of Subscriptions and Conformity, supposed to be under the Hallucinations of weak Bretheren, yet craue leaue with all Humility




62                     APPENDIX.
to say Whether the voluntary quitting of our Natiue and dear
Country, be not sufficient to expiate so innocent a Mistake, (if a
Mistake) let God Almighty, your Majesty, and all good Men judge.
"( Now, he in whose hands the Times and Trials of the Children
of Men are, who hath made your Majesty remarkably parallel
to the most eminent of Kings both for Space and kind of your
Troubles, so as that vere Day cannot be expected, wherein they
drove him from abiding in the Inheritence of the Lord, saying
Go serve other Gods, make you also (which is the Crown of all)
more and more like unto him in being a Man after Gods own
Heart, to do whatsoeuer he will: Yea, as the Lord was with
David, so let him be with your most Excellent Majesty, and
make the Throne of King Charles the Second both greater and
better than the Throne of King David, or than the Throne of any
of your Royal Progenitors. So shall always pray,
" Great Sir,
" Your Majesty's most humble and Loyal Subjects,
"JOHN ENDICOTT, Governor."
P.-p. 32.
See the honeyed expressions of allegiance to King Charles II.,
in an Act passed by Massachusetts against treason, in the year
1678, the year of the famous Popish Plot, so called. Death is
denounced for imagining the destruction of the king's person, or
of the style, honour, or dignity of the kingly office. See also the
definition of treason enlarged in 1696, Report by Messrs. Rantoul and others, on Capital Punishment (read in the House of
Representatives of Massachusetts in 1836) p. 67.
Q.-p. 34.
See sixth article of articles of confederation, according to which
two commissioners from each jurisdiction, are to be chosen,
being ALL in church-fellowship with us, requires the article.,Hiinman's Letters" &c. (being a collection of original Documents relating to Connecticut,) p. 33.




APPENDIX.                     63
R.-p. 36.
In reply to the depreciation of bookish lore by the Puritans,
South observed, " Granted that God does not stand in need
of human learning, still less has he need of human ignorance."
S.-p. 36.
The literary precisians, and purists of the present day, in
Boston and Cambridge, seem hardly to be the descendants of
their own progenitors. It is quite opposed to our notions of the
New England clergy, whom we are accustomed to regard as
men of grave and sober, if not of grim visage, to find them
indulging in whimsical conceits, in concocting anagrams, and
making puns. But so it was. The vice of a quaint age, in
the mother country, had a prolonged existence in the retired
colonies of New England. James I., was himself a punster.
Addison tells us, that his taste for that species of humour, was
very decided, and that he made few Bishops or Privy Counsellors, who had not " signalized themselves by a clinch or
conundrum."   Cotton Mather, who was a contemporary of
Addison, brings these follies down to a later period. Witness
his Magnalia, especially his "Remarkables of Divine Providence among the people of New England."    He is a fair
representative of a numerous class. The Rev. Mr. Wilson, an
eminent Puritan divine of an early day, was a noted anagrammaker. On the death of Wilson, his memory in turn, was
appropriately celebrated by anagrams.
What contributed more than any thing else to the prevalence
of a bad taste, was the popularity of Du Bartas, a French poet
of the age of Henry IV., whose works, in Sylvester's translation, was the standard of literary excellence, for a long time, in
Massachusetts. Every body adopted him as a model, in writing
verse, and his foolish productions passed through thirty editions.
A Mrs. Bradstreet, of Massachusetts, whose poetry was in high




64                     APPENDIX.
repute, received the most delicate and flattering commendation
which colonial wit could bestow, in an anagram drawn from her
name, which made out the words, a second Du Bartas.
T.-p. 48.
Consult, among other authorities, which might be cited,
respecting colonial Pennsylvania, Proud's History, Hazard's
Register of Pennsylvania, in 15 vols., and a History of Pennsylvania, in German, by the late Professer Ebeling of Hamburg. A part of this impartial and learned work, will be found,
in a beautifil English dress, in the first volume of Hazard's
most valuable work now referred to. The translator is the
venerable and eminent Mr. Du Ponceau of Philadelphia, who
undertook the labour, with no view to profit, but simply to make
known the high merits of a foreign work to English readers.
His version terminates at the death of William Penn in 1718,
comprising about one-fourth of the entire book, which brings
down the history to the year 1802. See Hazard's Register of
Pennsylvania, vol. i. p. 341, et seq; also consult the excellent
History of Pennsylvania, by Thomas F. Gordon, Esq., of Philadelphia, whose work, though it does not display a full appreciation of William Penn's character (ex. gr. p. 176,) is nevertheless
distinguished for fidelity, discrimination, and talent. See what
Mr. Gordon says of the constitutions of the other colonies, pp.
173-4.




REMARKS
AND
GENERAL        OBSERVATIONS
ON
MERCER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
BY B. STOKELY,
THE FIRST ACTUAL RESIDENT SETTLER IN THE COUNTY.
COMMUNICATED BY JAMES MEASE, M.D.
THE revolution of 1775, and the subsequent difficulties
occasioned by a patriotic republican community, struggling
for liberty, and to free themselves from the tyrannical oppression of British bondage, without the means of supporting an army, led to considerations, which eventually
resulted in a resolution to give to the soldier a permanent
reward for his toil and pain, in defending the country.
The rapid depreciation of continental money, and the
consequent rise in articles of necessity, from January, 1777,
until February, 1781, rendered it essential that some additional provision should be made, not so much as a bonus
or premium to induce men into public service; but as an
act of justice towards those who bore the heat and burden
of the day; those who had, from zealous patriotism, left
their families, connexions, and homes, to save a beloved
country from ruin and disgrace.
9




66                  REMARKS ON
Impressed with a deep sense of indispensable duty on
this occasion, the legislature, as early as the 7th of March,
1780, passed a law declaratory of their design that the
officers and soldiers of this state in the service of the
United States, who should serve during the war or die in
the service, should have lands granted to them at the end
of the war, as a donation or gift, to remunerate them in
some degree for services rendered, for the payment of
which the continental wages were so inadequate.
By an act of the 12th March, 1783, the metes and
bounds of the space in which these donation lands were to
be located, were particularly described, viz., from the
mouth of MJohulbuckitum on the Allegheny River, up that
river to the mouth of Conewango, thence north to the south
boundary of the state of New York; thence west, along
that line to the northwest corner of Pennsylvania; thence
south, along the west boundary of the state last mentioned,
to a point due west of the mouth of Mohulbuckitum aforesaid; and thence due east, along the north boundary of the
Depreciation lands, to the place of beginning.
By an act of March 24th, 1785, deputy surveyors were
to be appointed, of the districts comprised within these
limits, from District No. 1, to that of No. 10; each deputy
was enjoined by law and directed by the Surveyor-General
to complete the work committed to his care, on, or before
the first day of February, 1786.
By this act a Major-General is to have 2000 acres;
Brigadier 1500; Colonel 1000; Lieutenant-Colonel 750;
Surgeon, Chaplain, Major, 600 each; Captain, 500; Lieutenant, 400; Ensign and Surgeon's mate, 300 each; Sergeant,
Sergeant-Major, Quartermaster Sergeant, each 250; and




MERCER COUNTY, PA.              67
each Drummer, Fifer, Corporal, and private soldier, 200
acres, and allowance.
Twenty-seven miles of the west ends of Districts No. 5
and 4, and about nineteen miles of the western parts of
Districts No. 3 and 2, lie in Mercer County.
In September, 1785, the undersigned was called on by
G. Evans, Esq., of the city of Philadelphia, who had been
appointed by John Lukens, the then Surveyor-General, to
be deputy surveyor of the 2d and 3d Districts.
On the first day of October, 1785, I left Washington,
Pa., in company with Robert Smith, Samuel Craig,
Francis Beadle and others, to assist Mr. Evans in making
surveys. We arrived at Pittsburg (called Fort Pitt) on
the second day of the same month, and on the eighth, we
arrived in the 3d district, and commenced our business.
Beginning on the east, we worked westward with two
compasses, and carried ten ranges with us, keeping the
tents and the provisions in the centre; in this way, we
progressed until the 26th of October, when we closed our
fall's work, at a place near where Joseph Shannon now
lives, three miles southwest of the borough of Mercer.
That day at about 12 o'clock, we set out for Fort Pitt,
our horses loaded with skins killed by our Indian hunter,
who supplied us the whole time with venison, fat and more
than we could use; we had no bread for twelve days, but
experienced no inconvenience from this deficiency. Bears,
wolves, deer, and Indians, in every direction, in plenty;
peaceable and useful.
On the day we set out for the white settlement, we saw
three bears on and near one tree; we hastened to the tree,
but before we arrived at the spot, one ran off, one came




68                  REMARKS ON
down, and the other fell about forty feet, and all took to
the swamps, every one its own course. There were ten
of us including the Indian; we pursued the bears about
fifteen minutes, but gave up the chase, and gathered together and pursued our course, which went about south,
25 degrees east.
At about three miles distance from the bear tree, we
discovered a man was missing; we discharged our guns,
and hallooed, but all to no purpose; we saw him no more.
On the 29th we arrived at Fort Pitt, and separated each
to his own home, never to meet again.
On the sixteenth day of April, 1792, I received a commission to be deputy surveyor of the 4th and 5th Districts,
then under a new arrangement called the 3d. General
Brodhead was Surveyor-General. This commission was
given under the Act of 3d April, 1792, for the sale of
vacant lands north and west of the Ohio and Allegheny
Rivers, and Conewango Creek. Although this district extended eastward to the Allegheny River, including the
town of Franklin, then called Venango, consisting of the
garrison and a few cabins, yet the western and better part
of it, was included in Mercer County as now laid out; the
residue of this county is comprised within the 4th and 6th
Districts, new arrangement: the deputy surveyors of which
were Thomas Stokely and John Moore. Although the
former of these gentlemen understood neither theory nor
practice, yet he received the appointment for his activity
and bravery in the massacre of Paoli, in the Revolution.
Thus went the offices and rewards in those days, and thus
go pensions and places in these days, without very much
respect to necessity or fitness, in many cases.




MERCER COUNTY, PA.             69
From the 3d of April, 1792, until October, 1794, no attempt was made to settle Mercer County; this inaction of
the public, whei a fine country was opened by law for their
reception, for nearly three years, was occasioned by the
danger of the savages in that region.
In June, 1794, John Powers was killed and scalped,
eighteen miles from Fort Franklin, towards Pittsburg.
The bones of this man were left exposed on the surface of
the ground, until May, 1796, when his head, which bore the
plain mark of the incision of the scalping knife, and a hole
in the skull two inches square, was found by a surveyor
and his party and taken to Washington, Pa.
In October, 1794, and February, 1795, 453 land warrants were entered in my office in Pittsburg for land,
chiefly in Mercer County. In the spring of 1795, I made
arrangements to execute the surveys on those entered the
preceding February.  Those entered in October, onehundred in all, were laid on Chenango a year after they
were entered, by a deputy. On the first day of May, 1795,
after having collected hands and provisions, tents and the
necessary apparatus for the woods, our party set out for
the Indian country, and on the fourth, crossed the Ohio at
Christlo's Ferry, and arrived at Mackintosh (now Beaver
town). Whence we proceeded up Beaver, to the old
Moravian and Cuscusca towns; and on the tenth unloaded
our horses at Beech Swamp, four miles southwest of the
spot where Mercer now stands. John Paxton and Dorsey
Blackman our pack-horsemen, returned home with the
horses a different route from that which we pursued in
going out; this was through fear of meeting the Indians,
or that the Indians would waylay them on the trail as they




70                  REMARKS ON
returned home; these fears were excited from  seeing
Indians, as we travelled out.
On the thirteenth day of May, 1795, I made the first
survey in my district. We continued our business until
the 7th of June, without any visible risk or danger; but on
that day, when my men and myself were sitting in the
tent late in the evening, I discovered something white
waving in the air, about forty yards from the camp. I
immediately went to the place; there was an Indian behind
a large oak, who had a letter from the officer commanding
at Fort Franklin; he had split a small stick, and having
put the letter in the split, was waving it about until I discovered it.
I took the letter and read as follows:SIR -
" Having received information of two men's being killed
by Indians, last Wednesday evening, near the mouth of
Little Coneaught, in passing it on the borders of the district
where I've heard you are at work, I send the bearer
hereof, a friendly Indian, to find you if possible and give
you this notice, that you may be on your guard, in case of
the approach of any other hostile parties.
" I am, sir, your humble servant,
(Signed,)             " JH. HETH.
" Captain 3d S. Legion,
" Commanding Fort Franklin."
"June 6th, 1795."
"Findley and McCormick were the unfortunate meno
6 J. HW.
"Mr. Benjamin Stokely, by a friendly Indian."




MERCER COUNTY, PA.             71
Having taken the Indian into the camp-given him
something to eat, and invited him to stay with us till
morning, I wrote to Captain Heth, by the Indian, whose
name was " Scandashawa," as follows:"To Captain HETH, Franklin:" Sir,-This evening I received your kind letter by the
Indian, for which you will please to accept my unfeigned
thanks. It is, sir, with much satisfaction that I find a friend
so near, and in possession of the means of securing our
safety, should it be found necessary to claim your protection.
" The times look dark and dangerous, and we have no
doubt of the facts stated, but being engaged in the business
of surveying land, on a large and extensive scale, it would
be extremely inconvenient at present to lose much time in
watching the motion of the enemy. I have therefore consulted my brave companions in this critical conjuncture,
and we have concluded to proceed on with our work at all
hazards; but on any unfavourable change in the aspect of
the perils which seem to surround us now, we intend to
avail ourselves of that protection which we are well assured it will be no less your duty than your inclination to
render.
(Signed,)          "BEN. STOKELY,
"In the woods.
"June 7th, 1795."
The next day, June the 8th, I received a letter from
General Taylor, then at Franklin; an associate Judge of
Washington County, an elderly gentleman, and an old and




72                  REMARKS ON
particular friend. As the General was a man, honest,
friendly, and sincere, his letter had some weight with my
men, and on a second balloting whether we should relinquish our business at present, or proceed, it was determined
six for going home, and six for going on with the surveys:
The question being put, shall we proceed with the surveys.
Yeas, W. Ewing, Adam Deim, Samuel Craig, N. Lewis,
Robert Linton, and B. Stokely. Nays, David Norris, Jos.
Swearingen, Wm. Connell, George Hackney, Levi Jacobs,
Wm. Jacobs.
Thus divided, and three surveyors being in the affirmative, our company was so broken that we concluded to
return home, and therefore set out June the 9th, for Pittsburg.-Judge Taylor's letter, the efficient cause of this
decision among us, read as follows, to wit:" Fort Franklin, 8th June, 1795.
"DEAR SIR,-I wish to inform you that I conceive you
and your partiee in dangar. There is a partiee of Indians
out who seem to entend hostil meshures with the surveyors;
how fare the may go it is doubtfull, but I would recommend
your coming in heare as soon as posable; perhaps in a few
day it may be better known how fare or how many the
partiee is. There is a number of people going off; I would
be glad to see you before I go off. I shall remain at this
place a few days untill it may be better known the disposition of the Indians,-if it appears favourable will go to
Cusawago. I would be glad to know your opinion, with
respect, in what way you will make your return of the
surveys made on improvements rights, as I am about pur



MERCER COUNTY, PA.             73
chising som; and a number is waiting for your approving
of these surveys that the have already made.
"It will not be nesassary to tell you the damage done, as
Mr. Swearingen has heard all the news of this place; but
the number now known to be killed is five.
" I am truly your sincear
"Friend and humble servant,
(Signed,)          "HENRY TAYLOR."
B. Stokely, D. S. Y.
There are three objects in view in giving the copy of
this letter,-the first is to show the danger and peril of the
times in which the preparatory measures were taken to
settle Mercer County; the second, to show the singular
friendship from the General towards me, notwithstanding a
very disagreeable misunderstanding between him and my
brother, Col. Thomas Stokely, on a point of military discipline; and the third object is to manifest to the public
that a man may be good and great without much knowledge of literature.-In October, 1795, I returned to the
woods with a full set of hands only for one compass. The
provisions we left in June preceding could not be depended
on, and therefore we brought fresh flour with us and depended in some degree on wild meat for our support; but
such was our bad luck in procuring venison or bear, that
our hunter, Jno. Moore, killed but one deer the whole time
from Oct. 19 to Nov. 30,1795. Under pressing necessity,
were we obliged to search for Beech Swamp, where we
had left our meat in kegs, in May of that year. This
bacon, when found, was blue with putrefaction, and stunk so
as to be distinctly noticed near twenty yards; of this, such




74                   REMARKS ON
was our hunger, did we eat, nay more, we feasted for some
days; at length, closing our range, five miles north of
Mercer, we set out for Mackintosh, on the 28th of November, 1795, and, after sinking our raft in crossing Chenango,
wetting many things, and losing some, we arrived at that
place the second day of December, hungry and tired, but,
on getting refreshment at a public house, the only one then
in the place, kept by Samuel Johnston, we were very soon
as well as ever. Our party this tour was composed of
seven, viz., W. Ewing, Joseph Davidson, Noah Lewis, Jos.
Brooks, John Moore, Jabez Coulson, and myself. On the
9th of May, 1796, we returned to the woods, a third tour.
The ratification of Wayne's Treaty, on the 22d of December, 1795, having, as we supposed, secured our safety, we
surveyed and improved the county, without fear or trembling. Returned to the white settlements the 13th of June,
1796, and on the 14th of October following, I sat down as
an actual settler, with my family, a wife and three children, on the very spot where I now reside, at Coolspring,
three miles northeast of the borough of Mercer.
My wife was the first white woman that settled in
Mercer County; she saw no white female but one, as
prisoner among the Indians, until April, 1797. During the
winter of 1796-7, Indians were very numerous, troublesome sometimes, and useful sometimes; we purchased
two thousand eight hundred and forty-six pounds of venison
of them, fifty skins, some fur, and a few bear-skins.
I had two oxen and two cows; on the 7th of December,
1796, they left me, in a course towards Pittsburg. I pursued one day and gave up the chase; on the 17th they
returned. The snow fell 22d of November, went off 13th




MERCER COUNTY, PA.             75
of February; fell the 19th, went off in March. It was an
early spring; good grass and plenty the 10th of April.
On the 9th of March, one cow died, for the want of food
only. Having an opportunity, I sent a letter to the white
settlement, offering twenty dollars for six bushels of Indian
meal, but failed to get any. The 28th, the other was near
dying; to save her life, I ripped open a pack-saddle pad,
took out a part of the straw stuffing, cut it short, put on
warm water and a pint of flour, reserving the residue of
the padding for a future day; she recovered,-sharp times!
In the spring of 1797, as early as the middle of February,
the county began to settle, so that in a few months the
neighbourhood began to assume the appearance of civilization. To me, who had been so long alone, and none but
Indians to commune with, and particularly to my wife, the
change was exceedingly acceptable. It might be conceived, but cannot be easily expressed, when one day she
saw two white women, the Misses Rice, coming to see her
on a visit, the pleasure and satisfaction she felt at this circumstance. The settlement at Coolspring being among
the very earliest in the county, it may be considered as
begun in the spring of 1797, though many had made small
beginnings in 1796, but returned to the old settlements in
the fall of that year, and returned again when I had resolved the great problem, that the Indians were no longer
dangerous neighbours. In the summer of 1797, I sent my
plough irons forty-two miles to be sharpened, and paid
upwards of two dollars for it. The first mill was built in
1798, by Peter Wilson, an old and respectable settler, who
settled in this county early in April, 1797. On the 23d
and 24th of August, in the year last mentioned, took place




76                  REMARKS ON
the memorable compromise between the agent of the
N. A. Land Company and the settlers who had been placed
on the land by certain individuals, in opposition to the
Company's title. The leaders of the opposing party were
Messrs. M'Williams, Dunning, Morrow, and Tannehill, of
Pittsburg. In this general settlement, however, of conflicting claims, peace was restored, and the settlers were made
sure of their lands without any further contention. Although the Act of 1792 never could be so construed as to
sustain any but two kinds of title, viz.,-one under the
eighth section, beginning with an actual bona fide resident
settlement, and ending with money to be paid to the state
within ten years from the passage of the act, free of interest;-and the other under the ninth section, commencing
with money, and ending with labour and residence; yet
did the leading influential men, from a spirit of mere speculation, endeavour to monopolize large bounds of this and
the adjoining counties, obtained settlers, made agreements,
established settlements on surveys made without authority,
promised a title, and in a word went on to complete the
claim for their settlers, as if they had been supported by
law until, as I have before observed, the compromise of
August, 1797, put to rest all disputes, with the exception of
a few individuals, who chose to try title at law, but failed.
In 1798, the Rev. Jacob Garwell, member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, preached at Peter Wilson's, in the
woods, and shortly afterwards in my barn.  This year
seed potatoes sold for $1 33 a bushel; wheat was first
reaped in this county this year, the seed of which had in
1797 cost $2 25 per bushel; corn had no price; wild meat
was yet easily obtained. In the year of 1798, the small



MERCER COUNTY, PA.              77
pox broke out and spread among the Indians, who had it
in many cases extremely severe.
In 1797, on the 19th day of September, was born the
first white child in Mercer County,-Ariadne, my fourth
child,-not a woman but the mother present. This was a
severe trial to me. In 1799, the first missionaries were sent
to preach to the settlers; these were the Rev. J. Stockton,
E. Macurdy, J. M'Lene, Wm. Wick. But the labours of
the reverend gentlemen were not greatly blessed, or, in
other words, no visible change was seen among the people
until the next year, 1800, nor indeed until 1801, to any
extent; but in that year and the next, 1802, under the
preaching of the Rev. Samuel Pait, many of the most
wicked, loose, and irregular, were brought to see the
wickedness of their former life, and the necessity of
fleeing from the wrath to come. The first storekeeper was
E. Magoffin,-the first lawyer that settled in Mercer was
E. S. Sample. The first Board of Commissioners was
composed of Robert Bole, for three years, Andrew Denniston, two years, and Thos. Robb, for one year. The
first D. Surveyor, John Findley. The first President Judge,
Jesse Moore; Associates, A. Wright, A. Brown, and W.
Amberson. It may be necessary here to remark, that Mr.
Amberson, not residing in the bounds of Mercer County at
the time it was struck off Crawford, nor within the latter
county one year previous to that event, the tenure of his
commission was not quite consistent with the constitution.
It does not appear from any discovery made in the
first settlement of this county, that it ever was a place
where many elk and buffalo haunted; one buffalo horn and
a few elk horns were found in 1795 and 1797; and a few




78                  REMARKS ON
elk have been seen, and one killed, near the western boundary of the county, since the settlement commenced. The
animals which are now seen and sometimes taken, are
foxes, red and gray, raccoons, opossums, wild-cats, deer,
a very few white hares, and an animal called a wolvereen,
of the feline or vulpine species, supposed to be engendered
between a wolf and a fox, or a fox and a wild-cat. It is
one of the swiftest animals in the woods, a common curdog is left with ease, and being sensible of its own superiority in running, it will play around, as if it were mere
amusement. It is bold and cunning, and has never been
taken by any white man since the county was first settled;
and only by Indians before.
The climate of this county may be considered, in its
general character as cold and wet. Winter usually sets in
about the latter end of November, and corn is seldom
planted much before the latter end of May, which makes
nearly six months of cool, cold, and wet weather. Snow is
seldom more than eighteen inches deep; but on the 3d of
February, 1800, and the 3d of February, 1818, it was about
three feet. Frost is seen, some years, in every month.
This county has always been subject to annual tornadoes,
which seldom happen before the middle of May, nor after
the summer solstice. In 1785 a tremendous one took place:
the course was from northwest to southeast, commencing
in Lackawanack township, thence through Springfield and
the east end of Slippery Rock into Butler County, tearing
and prostrating everything that stood in its way; but as
there were no buildings nor any improvements, the damage
was not felt; but on the night of the 4th of June, 1801, a
severe snow-storm began in Pymatuning township, and




MERCER COUNTY, PA.             79
passing from northwest to southeast through Delaware,
Coolspring, Springfield, and Wolf Creek, laid the timber
level with the surface of the earth, in almost every place.
It was about forty perches wide, and in the centre, about
two rods wide it was unusually severe. My own loss was
in part as follows:-The destruction of timber, about forty
perches in width and upwards of two miles in length, two
hundred pannel of fence laid flat and scattered near fifty
yards; rails were forced into the hard ground eighteen
inches-every house, barn, or stable, stripped of its covering in less than the space of one minute-clapboards blown
above a mile,-bars torn down, and one heavy black oak
bar found seven years afterwards, in a swamp about two
hundred perches from the place from which it was blown.
eIn one place about two hundred rails had been blown in a
pile, and a large cow lay on the top of all; she had been
blown across ploughed ground near forty yards. A dead log
twenty-two feet long, and twenty one inches in diameter,
being a large limb of a very big oak which had fallen, and
by the weight had been forced into the ground, and had lain
so for some years; this fork, as I have described it, was
blown endwise four feet and turned over-and such was
the fury of the elements, that the rough bark was blown
from the white oaks, that stood the blast until they were
quite smooth in many places. This excessive force was
principally confined to a space in the centre of the gale,
about forty feet wide. Among other valuable timber, I
lost about four hundred fine sugar trees. One man lost a
mare, and had his place completely ruined; and many
others were greatly injured. The noise of the wind and
rain and thunder was such that no distinction could be




80                  REMARKS ON
noticed; it was one universal roar, impossible to be described.
Thus pent and sequestrated from all aid in this awful
crisis, with a wife and five small children, drenched with
rain, our fire nearly out, the night dark, except when the
vivid flash gave us a glimpse of the havoc all around,-I
cannot describe my feelings on that dreadful visitation.
From the least estimate I can make of the time this ruin
was effected on my premises, I think it did not exceed two
minutes. Such a change in so short a time appeared to
me different from anything I had ever before or since
experienced. There are some places where the wind had
fallen from above, and crushed everything before it, and
having spent its force on the ground left no farther signs of
destruction, but just in these spots, some not more than two,
perches square. Such is the nature of the timber prostrated in a hurricane which happened in 1785, now near
forty-eight years ago, and yet very visible in its effects, it
is quite sound in hundreds of places, but chiefly in these
cases it is chestnut.
The county is generally healthy, and nothing of an endemical character can be distinctly known to exist in this
county; coal-pits are few and near the surface, and in
quality partakes of the bituminous kind. The bridges in
this county are numerous, and some good, but they are so
frequently destroyed, repaired, and new ones building, that
on this head little need be said, as the present situation will
not remain the same six months. One small beaver-dam
may be seen in ruins on Otter Creek, two and a half miles
from Mercer. Some attempts have been made to procure
salt water, but to no purpose.




MERCER COUNTY, PA.             81
The Courts of Justice are now held at Mercer, the
fourth Mondays of March, June, September, and December; President-Judge, John Bredin; Associates, A. Brown,
W. Amberson; Pro., W. S. Rankin; Reg. and Rec., S.
Holstein.
Physicians not residing in the borough are Dr. Axtell,
Dr. H. Cossitt, Dr. Wiley, Dr. Mitcheltree, Dr. Hull, Dr. J.
Cossitt. Those who reside in the borough are Dr. Magoffin, Jr., and Dr. Magoffin, Dr. Gleazon, Dr. Coffey, and
Dr. Johnston.
Ministers of the Gospel not residing in the county, but
who have congregations or hearers in the county, and
occasionally preach within the county, are Mr. Glenn,
Presbyterian; Mr. M'Lene, Seceder; Mr. Black, Covenanter;-and a number of itinerant Methodist preachers,
whose labours are divided throughout the county to the
best advantage.
With respect to the variation of the needle, I would just
remark, that in 1785 we found the variation to be 21~ east;
in 1795 we found it 3~; but knowing that a difference
existed among compasses, in some 30' and in others 1~, we
were not able to determine what the precise difference
was. We have since pursued the oldest lines with the
same degrees we run in 1795, and find no material variation.
In Mercer County no measures of defence or security
were taken against the Indians, except in one place, where
a Mr. Mackmillon erected a block-house in Coolspring
township; but they never had the honour of an attack.
The Indian mode of killing bear is to have twelve or
twenty dogs, a bow, and sheaf of arrows; thus equipped,
10




82         REMARKS ON MERCER COUNTY, PA.
accompanied by a squaw, the man enters the swamp, preceded by all his dogs, and on starting Bruin, the dogs immediately seize him by the hind parts; the bear turns to
relieve himself from the disagreeable incumbrance, which
detains him some time, while the hunter comes up and
discharges an arrow into his body-the arrow having a
dart on the point with barbs on the edge. The animal is
then under the painful necessity of stopping to pull it out;
at this time the dogs seize him again, and the hunter gives
him another shot; the squaw, to her business, gathers up
the arrows and hands them to her husband,-and thus they
proceed until the poor animal, lacerated and torn by the
arrows and the dogs, yields up his breath, and the contest
is over.
There are some large piles of stones, called Indian
graves, where the ground has been totally cleared of stones
for several acres to make the pile.
The amount of taxes laid on seated, unseated, and personal property for 1832, is $17,926 66, composed of the
following items, and applicable to the following purposes,
viz,,
1st. County tax on seated and personal property.  $7790 67
2d. Road tax on seated and personal property  6217 87
3d. County tax on unseated property.   1324 32
4th. Road tax on unseated property      -   1056 43
5th. State tax......   1537 37
Note.-The 1st and 3d items go to pay the county expenses, such as the
jurors, elections, &c.
The 2d and 4th are exclusively applied to repairing the roads already
made, and in opening new ones.
The 5th is to pay the interest on the State loan for internal improvements.
B. STOKELY.




A PARTICULAR GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION
OF THE LATELY DISCOVERED
PROVINCE OF PENNSYLVANIA,
SITUATED ON THE FRONTIERS OF THIS WESTERN WORLD, AMERICA.
BY FRANCIS DANIEL PASTORIUS.
TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL GERMAN
BY LEWIS H. WEISS.
INTRODUCTION.
THE fourth grand division of our world, America, is divided into two great parts, the first of which lies to the
south, and comprises the following provinces:1st, The Golden Castilia, which again contains the colonies of Papaya, New Grenada, Carthagena, Venazola,
Nova Andalusia, and Paria.
2d, The land of Guyana, in possession of the Dutch, of
which they were desirous to lease a part lying between the
rivers Paria and Amazones to the Count Hanau in 1669.
3d, The land of Brasilia, belonging to the Portuguese, in
the which are the cities of St. Salvator, Olinda, and Pernambuco.
4th, The land of Chile.
5th, The land of Peru, the metropolis of which is Lima,
in which city the Spanish viceroy has his residence. This
province bounds on the Andes, among which there is much
gold to be found. The aborigines are a race of giants of
ten feet stature.




84            GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION
In this Southern America there are two great rivers, the
Amazones, and the Rio de la Plata. Upon the borders flows
the stream Panama or Isthmus, on which the rich productions of the country are brought to the sea-shore, and
thence transported to Spain.
The second part, or North America, comprises
1st, The land of Nicaragua, Guatimala, Nova Hispania,
and Chersonesa, which expand to the Mexican sea.
2d, The land of Flowers (Florida).
3d, Virginia, which belongs to the English.
4th, Nova Belgia, the chief town of which is New Amsterdam.
5th, Nova Anglia, in which land is the city of Cambridge, where the Bible has been printed in the Indian
language.
6th, The lands Canada, Nova Gallia, Terra Corte Realis,
Terra Labrador, and Nova Britannia.
Of this entire American continent, very little was known
until 1441, for none of its inhabitants had ever ventured
across the ocean to Europe.
The first discoverer of this western world was Christopher Columbus, an Italian, a native of the village of Cucurco near Genoa, descended from the noble family Pilustroli, a profound scholar, and an experienced navigator.
Having observed, while on the isle of Cadiz, that at certain seasons of the year the wind blew from the westward
for many days together, he concluded that it must come
from some undiscovered country in that direction, and he
offered to proceed on a voyage to discover said land,
provided the Genoese republic would furnish him with
several suitable vessels. Upon his being refused it, he next




OF PENNSYLVANIA.              85
applied to Henry VII., king of England, with no better
success. He also waited upon Alfonsus, king of Portugal,
with no better success, but finally Ferdinand and Isabella,
sovereigns of Castilia, granted him three small ships, with
which he set sail in August, 1492, and after a month he
came to the island of Comera, where he laid in some provisions, and thirty days after he arrived at the isle Guarglysna. He next visited the islands of Cumana and Haiti,
which last he named Hispaniola; here he built a fort.
After he had examined into the resources of these countries he resolved to return to Spain, to announce his good
fortune to the King and Queen, and arrived again safely,
without having lost a single man on his expedition. The
king was much pleased with the new discovery, and conferred upon Columbus the title.dmirandus. He afterwards made some other voyages to the Insolas Fortunatus,
and to the Canaries, on which there are two miraculous
fountains, one of which, if persons drink the water therefrom, it causes them to laugh immoderately, even so as to
cause death, but if they immediately take a draught from
the other fountain, it will stop the laughing effect at once.
He also visited the isle of Teneriffa, in which there is a
great and terrible volcano. Finally he came to the island
where the cannibals reside, and because he landed there
on a Sunday, named it Dominica. After making these
discoveries, he returned, by way of Cumana and Jamaica,
to Spain..nno Christi, 1495, the above-mentioned king Ferdinand, sent the noble Florentine, Vesputius Americus, with
four large ships, into these regions, for the purpose of
making further researches and discoveries. Americus was




86            GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION
the first European that reached the continent, where he
saw great numbers of the naked inhabitants; and after
cruising about some time among the islands, he returned
to Spain in the year 1498. The newly discovered continent was named America in honour of him, and now
contains many rich and valuable colonies and trading ports
belonging to the Spanish, French, English, and the Hollanders.
CHAPTER I.
OF THE DISCOVERY OF THE PENNSYLVANIAN REGIONS.
Although, after the successful expeditions of Columbus
and Americus, many colonies had arisen in this western
world, such as Nova Hispania, Nova Gallia, Brasilia, Peru,
Golden Castilia, Hispaniola, Cumana, Jamaica, Nova
Anglia, Florida, Virginia, &c., it so happened, anno 1665,
by means of the skilful and enterprising navigators sent
out under the auspices of Caroli Stuardus I, king of
England, a new and large country was discovered, lying
far beyond the above-mentioned colonies. For the time
being, however, no name was given to it, inasmuch as the
natives roamed about the forests, not having any fixed
residences or towns from which any name could have
been derived, but they lived here and there in the wilderness in Tuguriis, or huts made of the bark of trees.
About the time of this discovery, the Duke of York,
having great numbers of Swedes and others under his
control, commanded that a town should be commenced on
the Della Varra river, which was fortified, and he called




OF PENNSYLVANIA.               87
the place New Castle; he likewise granted to the Swedes
large privileges, to induce them to remain there, and to
cultivate the lands, intending to settle it, also, with English
emigrants. The Swedes began to clear away the forests,
and soon became a flourishing community.
About this time, the unheard-of tragedy was enacted in
England, that the king was taken by his own subjects and
beheaded; his son, the heir to the throne, pursued for his
life, but he managed to make his escape, through the instrumentality of his general, Lord Penn, who carried him
to France in disguise, for which goodly service, Penn's
entire estates were confiscated or destroyed; and he himself died in exile, before the restoration of the prince.
Upon the reinstating of Carolus II., on the throne of his
father, he was visited by William Penn, the only son of
Lord Penn, and he received him very graciously. In consideration of the services of his father, he presented to him
this entire region, together with the colony of New Castle,
for ever. This royal bounty bears the date, April 21st,
1681. Penn now published it in the city of London, that
he intended to establish a colony there, and offered to sell
lands to all such as wished to emigrate. Upon this, many
persons offered to go, and Penn accompanied them thither,
where he founded the city of Philadelphia, in 1682. A
German society also contracted with his agents in London,
for several thousand acres of land, to establish a German
colony there. The entire region was named Pennsylvania,
which signifies Penn's forest lands.




88            GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION
CHAPTER II.
Contains Penn's charter and plans of settlement, which
are already well known in the English language.
CHAPTER III.
CONCERNING THE GERMAN SOCIETY.
The German Society commissioned myself, Francis
Daniel Pastorius, as their licensed agent, to go to Pennsylvania and to superintend the purchase and survey of their
lands.
I set out from Frankford on the Mayne, went to London,
where I made the purchase, and then embarked for
America.
Under the protection of the Almighty, I arrived safely
at Philadelphia, and I was enabled to send my report home
to Germany, on the 7th of March, 1684.
The lands I purchased, were to be as follows:-fifteen
thousand acres in one tract, on some navigable stream.
Three hundred acres in the City Liberties, which is the
strip of land lying between the rivers Dellavarra and
Scolkill, above Philadelphia.
Three lots in the City proper, for the purpose of building
thereon.
Upon my arrival, I applied to the Governor, William
Penn, for warrants, so as to survey and take possession of
the aforesaid lands.




OF PENNSYLVANIA.               89
His first answer, concerning the three hundred acres in
the Liberties, and the three lots in the city, was this:"That these could by right not be claimed by the German
Company, because they had been purchased after he had
left London, the books closed, and all the lots previously
disposed of." He, however, had three lots in the city surveyed for me, out of his youngest son's portion, instead of
those above-mentioned.
Beginning to number the houses from the Dellavarra
river, our trading-house is the ninth in order.
Our first lot in the city is of the following dimensions.
It has one hundred feet front, and is four hundred feet
deep. Next to it is to be a street; adjoining it lies the
second lot of the same size as No. 1. Then another street.
Lot No. 3 joins this street, its size being the same as the
other two. On these lots, we can build two dwellings at
each end, making in all, twelve buildings with proper
yards and gardens, and all of them fronting on the streets.
For the first few years, little or no profit can reasonably
be expected to accrue from these lots, on account of the
great scarcity of money in this province, and also that as
yet, this country has no goods or productions of any kind
to trade with, or export to Europe.
Our Governor, William Penn, intends to establish and
encourage the growing and manufactory of woollens; to
introduce the cultivation of the vine, for which this country
is peculiarly well adapted, so that our Company had better
send us a quantity of wine-barrels and vats of various
sorts, also all kinds of farming and gardening implements.
Item, several iron boilers of various sizes, and copper and
brass kettles. Item, an iron stove, several blankets and




90            GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION
mattrasses, also a few pieces of Barchet and white linens,
which might be sold in our trading-house here, to good
advantage.
On the 16th of November last, a fair had been held at
Philadelphia, but we only sold about ten dollars worth at
our trading-house, owing altogether to the scarcity of
money, as has been already mentioned.
As relating to our newly laid out town, Germanopolis
or Germantown: it is situated on a deep and very fertile soil, and is blessed with an abundance of fine springs
and fountains of fresh water. The main street is sixty,
and the cross street forty feet in width.  Every family
has a plot of ground for yard and garden, three acres
in size.
CHAPTER IV.
Treats of William Penn's laws, which are already
known in the English language.
CHAPTER V.
OF THE SITUATION OF THE COUNTRY AND THE RIVERS THEREOF.
The situation of Pennsylvania is like unto that of Naples,
in Italy. This region lies in the fortieth degree of north
latitude, is bounded on the east by the Dellavarra River,
and extends in length 75 miles, in breadth 45.*
* German miles, one of which is equal to five English or American
miles.




OF PENNSYLVANIA.               91
The islands bordering upon this province are New Jersey, Marieland, and Virginia. In these regions, several
new and beautiful stars and constellations are visible,
which have heretofore, been entirely unknown to the European astrologi and learned ones.
The river Dellavarra is so beautiful a stream, as not to
have its equal among all the rivers of Europe.
It is navigable for vessels of one hundred tons, thirty
miles beyond Philadelphia; it separates Pennsylvania from
New Jersey. At Philadelphia it is two, and at New Castle
three miles wide; is abundantly stocked with the finest fish,
as is likewise the river Scolkill.
The springs and fountains of water are innumerable.
The woods and copses are filled with beautiful birds of
great variety, which proclaim their Creator's praises, in
their pleasantest manner. There is, besides, a great abundance of wild geese, ducks, turkeys, quails, pigeons, partridges, and many other sorts of game.
CHAPTERS VI. AND VII.
Are omitted, as containing nothing of interest to the
English reader.
CHAPTER VIII.
OF THE TOWNS AND CITIES IN THIS PROVINCE.
The Governor, William Penn, laid out the city of Philadelphia, between the two rivers Dellavarra and Scolkill,




92            GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION
naming it with the pious wish and desire, that its inhabitants might dwell together in brotherly love and unity.
The Dellavarra is deep enough, so that the largest vessels can come up close to the bank, which is but about a
stone's cast from the city.
Another English Company have laid out the new town
of Frankfort, five miles above Philadelphia, at which, now
so flourishing and pleasant place, they have already established several good mills, a glass-house, pottery, and some
stores and trading-houses.
JNew Castle lies forty miles from the ocean, on the
Dellavarra, and has a very good harbour.
The town of Uplandt is twenty miles above New Castle,
on the river, and is a fine large place inhabited mostly by
Swedes.
On the twenty-fourth day Octobriis, anno 1685, have I,
Francis Daniel Pastorius, with the wish and concurrence
of our Governor, laid out and planned a new town, which
we called Germantown or Germanopolis, in a very fine
and fertile district, with plenty of springs of fresh water,
being well supplied with oak, walnut and chestnut trees,
and having besides excellent and abundant pasturage for
the cattle. At the commencement, there were but twelve
families of forty-one individuals, consisting mostly of German mechanics and weavers. The principal street of this,
our town, I made sixty feet in width, and the cross street
forty feet. The space or lot for each house and garden, I
made three acres in size; for my own dwelling, however,
six acres.
Before my laying out of this town, I had already erected
a small house in Philadelphia, thirty feet by fifteen in size.




OF PENNSYLVANIA.               93
The windows, for the want of glass, were made of oiled
paper. Over the door I had placed the following inscription:Parva domus, sed amica bonis, procul este prophani;
at which our Governor, when he paid me a visit, laughed
heartily, at the same time encouraging me to build more.
I have also obtained 15,000 acres of land for our Company, in one tract, with this condition,-that within one
year at least thirty families should settle on it; and thus
we may, by God's blessing, have a separate German province, where we can all live together in one.
CHAPTER IX.
OF THE PRODUCTIONS OF THE COUNTRY.
Inasmuch as this region lies in the same degree of latitude as Montepelier and Naples, but has a much richer
soil, and that better watered by its many springs and
rivulets, it is but reasonable to suppose that such a
country must be well calculated to produce all kinds of
fruit. The air is pure and serene, the summer is longer
and warmer than it is in Germany, and we are cultivating
many kinds of fruits and vegetables, and our labours meet
with rich reward.
Of cattle we have a great abundance, but for want of
proper accommodation they roam at large for the present.
Sugar and syrup we import from Barbados, and he that
has not money, barters with such articles of produce as




94            GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION
he may have. The articles of trade between the Indians
and the Christians consist of fish, birds, deerskins, and the
furs of beavers, otters, foxes, &c.; they usually exchange
these things for liquor, or else for their own kind of money,
which they call wampum, and consists of red and white
sea-shells, which are neatly prepared, and strung like
beads. These strings of wampum they make use of to
decorate themselves with. Their king wears a crown
made of the same.
Twelve strings of the red are valued as much as twentyfour white ones. They like this kind of money much
better than our silver coin, because they are so often deceived by it, not being able to distinguish the counterfeit
from the genuine, and as they cannot well calculate the
difference in its value, they do not much like to take it.
The money in circulation among ourselves is Spanish
and English coin. Gems and precious stones we have
none, neither do we desire any. We would not give him
any great thanks who would dig them out of the earth,
for these things which God has created for good and wise
purposes, have been most shamefully abused by man, and
have become the servants of human pride and ostentation,
rather than being conducive to the Creator's glory.
CHAPTER X.
OF THE GROWTH AND IMPROVEMENT OF THIS COLONY.
Although this far-distant land was a dense wilderness,
-and it is only quite recently that it has come under the




OF PENNSYLVANIA.               95
cultivation of the Christians,-there is much cause of
wonder and admiration how rapidly it has already, under
the blessing of God, advanced, and is still advancing, day
by day. The first part of the time we were obliged to
obtain our provisions from the Jerseys, for money, and at
a high price, but now we not only have enough for ourselves, but a considerable surplus to dispose of among our
neighbouring colonies. Of the most needful mechanics we
have enough now, but day-labourers are very scarce, and
of them we stand in great need. Of mills, brick-kilns, and
tile-ovens we have the necessary number.
Our surplus of grain and cattle we trade to Barbados,
for rum, syrup, sugar, and salt. The furs, however, we
export to England for other manufactured goods.
We are also endeavouring to introduce the cultivation
of the vine, and also the manufacture of woollen cloths
and linens, so as to keep our money as much as possible in
the country; for this reason we have already established
fairs to be held at stated times, so as to bring the people of
different parts together for the purposes of barter and
trade, and thereby encourage our own industry and prevent
our little money from going abroad.
CHAPTER XI.
OF THE INHABITANTS OF THIS LAND.
The inhabitants may be divided into three classes. 1.
The Aborigines, or, as they are called, the savages. 2.
Those Christians who have been in the country for years,




96            GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION
and are called old settlers. 3. The newly arrived colonists of the different companies.
1. The savages, or Indians, are in general, strong,
nimble, and well-shaped people, of a dark, tawny complexion, and wore no clothing whatever, when the first
Europeans came to this country; now, however, they hang
a blanket about their shoulders, or some of them also have
shirts.
They have straight black hair, which they cut off close
to the head, save one tuft, which they leave stand on the
right side. Their children they anoint with the fat of the
bears and other animals, so as to make their skin dark, for
by nature they would be white enough. They cultivate
among themselves the most scrupulous honesty, are unwavering in keeping promises, defraud and insult no one, are
very hospitable to strangers, obliging to their guests, and
faithful even to death towards their friends.
Their huts or wigwams they make by bending down
several young trees, and covering them with bark.
They use neither tables nor chairs, nor furniture of any
kind, except, perhaps, a single pot or kettle to cook their
food.
I once saw four of them dining together in great enjoyment of their feast. It consisted in nothing more than a
pumpkin, simply boiled in water, without salt, butter, or
spice of any kind. Their seat and table was the bare
ground, their spoons were sea-shells, wherewith they
supped the warm water, and their plates were the leaves
of the nearest tree, which, after they were done their meal,
they had no occasion of washing, or any need of carefully
preserving for future use. I thought to myself on witness



OF PENNSYLVANIA.               97
irng this scene, how these poor savages, who have never
heard of the Saviour's doctrines and maxims of contentment and temperance, how far superior they are to ourselves, so called Christians, at least so far as these virtues
are concerned.
They are otherwise very grave and reserved, speak but
little, and in few words, and are greatly surprised when
they hear much needless and even foolish talking and talebearing among us Christians.
They are true and faithful in their matrimonial relations,
abhorring licentiousness in the extreme. Above all do
they despise deception and falsehood. They have no idols,
but adore one great good Spirit, who keeps the devil in
subjection. They believe in the immortality of the soul,
and, according as they have lived in this world, do they
expect a reward or punishment in the future.
Their peculiar mode of worship consists principally in
singing and dancing, during which they make use of the
most singular contortions and positions of the body, and
when the remembrance of the death of parents or dear
friends is brought to their mind, they break forth into.
the most piteous cries and lamentations.
They are fond of hearing us speak about the Creator of
heaven and the earth, and of his wisdom and divine power,
and particularly do they listen with emotion to the narrative of the Saviour's life and sufferings; but it is greatly to
be regretted that we are not yet sufficiently acquainted with
their language, so as to explain the great plan of salvation
to them fully.
They behave with the greatest respect and decorum
whenever they attend public worship in our churches; and
11




98            GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION
it is my firm belief that many of these poor American
savages will in the great day rise up in judgment, with
those of Tyre and Sidon, against our own wicked and
perverse generation. As regards their domestic arrangemerts, the men attend to the chase, hunting, and fishing;
the women bring up their children, instructing them in
virtue and honour. They raise some few vegetables, such
as corn and beans, but as to any extensive farming and
cultivation, they concern themselves nothing about it, but
are rather surprised that we, as Christians, should have so
many cares and anxieties as to our support and nourishment, just as if we did not believe that God will and can
sustain and provide for us.
They speak a most beautiful and grave language, which
sounds very much like the Italian, although it has entirely
different words.
They are in the habit of painting their faces with various
colours, and the women as well as the men are very fond
of tobacco.
2.. The earlier Europeans, or old settlers. These never
had the proper motives in settling here, for instead of
instructing the poor Indians in the Christian virtues, their
only desire was gain, without ever scrupling about the
means employed in obtaining it.
By these means they have taught those natives who had
dealings with them, nothing but deception and many other
evil habits, so that there is very little of virtue or honesty
remaining on either side.
These wicked people make it a custom to pay the
savages in rum and other liquors for the furs they bring
to them, so that these poor deluded Indians have become
very intemperate, and sometimes drink to such excess that




OF PENNSYLVANIA.              99
they can neither walk nor stand. On such occasions they
often commit thefts and other vices.
3. The newly arrived colonists of our and other companies. We who have come over to this land with good and
honest intentions, have purchased considerable tracts of
land, where we will settle, and endeavour to live in happiness and contentment, and we ar6 living in the hope and
expectation that we can in time do something for the
eternal welfare and salvation of the aborigines. May our
God prosper and bless our undertakings!
CHAPTER XII.
OF THE GOVERNMENTS OF THIS LAND.
The aborigines of this country had their own chiefs and
kings.
We Christians acknowledge as our Governor and chief
magistrate the oft-named and excellent, the Honourable
William Penn, to whom this region was granted and given
as his own, by his majesty of England, Carolus II., with
the express command that all the previous and future colonists should be subject to Penn's laws and jurisdiction.
This wise and truly pious ruler and governor did not,
however, take possession of the province thus granted
without having first conciliated, and at various councils
and treaties duly purchased from the natives of this country
the various regions of Pennsylvania. He, having by these
means obtained good titles to the province, under the sanction and signature of the native chiefs, I therefore have
purchased from him some thirty thousand acres for my
German colony.
Now, although the oft-mentioned William Penn is one of




100           GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION
the sect of Friends or Quakers, still he will compel no man
to belong to his particular society, but he has granted to
every one free and untrammelled exercise of their opinions,
and the largest and most complete liberty of conscience.
CHAPTER XIII.
OF THE VARIOUS RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS OF THESE PARTS.
The native Indians have no written religious belief or
creed, and their own peculiar ideas, which are by no means
so rude or so barbarous as those of many other heathens,
have to be transmitted from the parents to their children
only per traditionem.
The English and the Dutch adhere to the Calvinistic
persuasion.
The colonists of William Penn are nearly all Quakers.
The Swedes and Germans are Evangelical Lutherans,
under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Upsala. The
Swedes have their own churches; the name of their clergyman is Fabricius, of whom I must say with deep regret,
that he is an intemperate man, and as regards spiritual
things very dark and ignorant. We in Germantown have
built a little chapel for ourselves, 1686, but did not so much
care for a splendid stone edifice, as for having an humble
but true temple devoted to the living God, in which true
believers might be edified to the salvation of their souls.
The ministers here might have an excellent opportunity to
obey and practise the command of the Saviour, "Go ye
into all the world and preach the Gospel;" but unfortunately they seek more their own comfort and ease than
they do the glory of the Redeemer.




OF PENNSYLVANIA.               101
CHAPTER XIV.
OF THE GERMAN SOCIETY FOR THE SETTLING IN PENNSYLVANIA.
The principal participants in this society of ours are the
following named gentlemen.
Jacob von De Walle, Dr. John Jacob Schuetz, and
Daniel Behagel, all of Franckfort-on-the-Mayne.
Gerhard von Mastricht, of Duisburg; Thomas von Wylich, and John Lebrunn, of Wesel.
Benjamin Furly, of Rotterdam; Philip Fort, of London.
These persons will attend to and care for all letters and
papers for our colony, and will also assist and give advice
to all such as desire to emigrate, if such applicants be of
good moral character and standing, and their motives and
intentions for emigrating are honest and good.
In Pennsylvania the whole direction and management of
the colony has been intrusted to my humble abilities, for
the time being; and may the Almighty give me the proper
wisdom and strength to fulfil all my arduous duties.
CHAPTER XV.
OF THE OPPORTUNITIES AND WAYS OF EMIGRATING TO THIS COUNTRY.
From the month of April until in the fall of every year,
there are vessels sailing to Pennsylvania, at frequent times,
from England, principally from the port of Deal, although
there is no fixed time or day set for sailing, and persons
are therefore compelled to watch their opportunity. Whenever there is a company of thirty-five or forty passengers
together, exclusive of the ship's crew, a vessel is despatched.




102           GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION
Every grown-up man pays for his passage the sum of ~6
sterling, or thirty-six rix dollars. For a female or servant,
twenty-two rix dollars. ~1 sterling is equal to six rix
dollars.
CHAPTER XVI.
OF MY OWN VOYAGE HITHER.
After I had left London, where I had made all my arrangements with Penn's agent, and arrived at Deal, I hired
four male and two female servants, and on the 7th of June,
1683, set sail with a company of eighty passengers. Our
ship drew thirteen feet of water. Our fare on board was
poor enough. The allowance of provision for ten persons
per week, was as follows:-three pounds of butter; daily,
four cans of beer, and one can of water; every noon, two
dishes of peas; four times per week salt meat, and three
times salt fish, which we were obliged to cook, each man
for himself, and had daily to save enough from dinner to
serve for our suppers also. And as these provisions were
usually very poor, and the fish sometimes tainted, we were
all compelled to make liberal use of liquors, and other refreshments of a similar nature, to preserve the health amid
such hard fare. Moreover, it is the practice of the masters of these vessels to impose upon their passengers in a
shameful manner, by giving them very short allowances;
it is therefore advisable not to pay the passage in full, in
England, but to withhold a part until the arriving in America, so that they are obliged to fulfil their part of the contract. Furthermore, it is advisable to endeavour to obtain
passage in vessels bound to Philadelphia direct, inasmuch




OF FENNSYLVANIA.              103
as those who come in such, landing at Upland, are subjected to many and grievous molestations.
On the 16th day of August, 1683, we came in sight of.the American continent, but did not enter the Capes of
Delaware until the 18th ejusdem. The 20th ejusdem, we
passed by New Castle and Upland, and arrived towards
evening at Philadelphia, in perfect health and safety, where
we were all welcomed with great joy and love by the governor, William Penn, and his secretary. He at once
made me his confidential friend, and I am frequently requested to dine with him, where I can enjoy his good
counsel and edifying conversations. Lately, I could not
visit him for eight days, when he waited upon me himself,
requesting me to dine with him, in future, twice in each
week, without particular invitation, assuring me of his love
and friendship toward myself and the German nation,
hoping that all the rest of the colonists would do the same.
CHAPTER XVII.
OF THE DUTIES AND LABOURS OF THE GERMAN COLONIST.
Our German society have in this place now established
a lucrative trade in woollen and linen goods, together with
a large assortment of other useful and necessary articles,
and have entrusted this extensive business to my own
direction; besides this they have now purchased and hold
over thirty thousand acres of land, for the sake of establishing an entirely German colony. In my newly laid
out Germantown, there are already sixty-four families in a
very prosperous condition. Such persons, therefore, and
all those who still arrive, have to fall to work and swing
the axe most vigorously, for wherever you turn the cry is,




104         GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION, ETC.
Itur in antiquam sylvam, nothing but endless forests; so
that I have been often wishing for a number of stalwart
Tyrolians, to throw down these gigantic oak and other
forest trees, but which we will be obliged to cut down ourselves, by degrees, and with almost incredible labour and
exertion; during which we can have a very forcible illustration of the sentence pronounced upon our poor old father
Adam, that in the sweat of his brow he should eat his bread.
To our successors, and others coming after us, we would
say, that they must not only bring over money, but a firm
determination to labour and make themselves useful to our
infant colony. Upon the whole, we may consider that
man blessed whom the devil does not find idling. In the
mean time, we are employing the wild inhabitants as daylabourers, for which they are, however, not much inclined;
and we ourselves are gradually learning their language, so
as to instruct them in the religion of Christ, inviting them
to attend our church services, and therefore have the
pleasing hope that the spirit of God may be the means of
enlightening many of these poor heathens, unto their souls'
salvation. To Him be honour, praise, thanks, and glory,
for evermore. Amen.
The remainder of the work contains nothing of interest
to the general reader, and consists of family letters, &c.,
which have little or no bearing on the subject-matter of the
book. In the latter part of it is a translation of William
Penn's description and plans of settlement of Pennsylvania,
which closes the work.




THE     SOCIETY'S         CIRCUL AR.
THE following circular was distributed, in the early part
of 1845, very extensively through the state, and the succeeding papers in the volume were received in reply to it.
HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
Hall of the Historical Society,
Philadelphia, January, 1845.
SIR:The Historical Society of Pennsylvania has instructed
us to transmit to you the following letter, with the request
that you will reply to it yourself, or exhibit it to such persons in your neighbourhood as will probably feel an interest
in its contents.
The object of the Society is to collect whatever written,
printed, or traditionary evidence, may be attainable in
relation to the early settlement, progress, and present condition of the United States and Territories, but particularly
of Pennsylvania.
It is hoped that persons in possession of any of the materials for history will feel a patriotic interest in contributing
to the general purpose, either by favouring the Society with
loans or donations, or by giving information in reply to the
following questions:
I. Can you give any information concerning the first
settlement of your township, or section of country, the




106               CIRCULAR OF THE
circumstances attending it, and the motives which led to it;
or of any letters, journals, &c., likely to throw light on its
early history? Also concerning the number and condition
of the first settlers, of what nation they chiefly were, and
the names of the principal persons?
II. If there are living in your vicinity any aged persons
or others, familiar with either the earlier or more recent
history of your county, or of the state, will you please
mention their names and residence? And should such
persons not feel disposed to reply directly to the Society,
will you hand this letter to some one who would be willing
to commit to writing their statement in reference to what
they may recollect of past events, and their replies to
the following, or any additional questions which may be
suggested, and to transmit the same through you to the
Society:
A. Do you know of any old or remarkable house
formerly or now standing in your neighbourhood?
B. Can you give any information respecting the
number of houses or inhabitants in any of your towns
or townships at different times since the first settlement?
C. Have you ever heard of any papers of historical
or local interest in the possession of any individuals in
your county?  If so, can you mention the names of
such persons, or say whether or not such papers, &c.,
are yet in existence?
D. What was the character or appearance of the
country as far back as you can remember, and what
improvements in any respect have you since noticed?




HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA.    107
E. What wild animals do you remember to have
seen in your county?
F. Have you ever heard your grand parents or
others describe their views of things as they found
them at the first settlement?
III. Are there any persons in your county, who, feeling
an interest in the history of our state, have made collections of historical papers, letters, commercial letter-books,
documents, &c., of date either prior or subsequent to the
Revolution, or who possess any
G. Ancient books or relics;
H. Legal or judicial papers, opinions, &c., illustrative of the history of our courts of law or of our
jurisprudence;
I. Ancient state or county maps or charts, or other
maps, &c.;
J. Medals or coins, particularly money struck prior
to 1800;
K. Sermons, magazines, pamphlets, old newspapers,
or volumes of modern newspapers, or any extracts
from newspapers, which are of historical or local
interest;
L. Drawings, &c., of any private houses, public
buildings, &c., and drawings or plans of fortifications,
battle-grounds, or battles;
M. Drawings, prints, or portraits, of any of the governors, judges, or other eminent men of our State, or
of those connected in any way with the settlement or
history of our state or country;
N. Copies of records, manuscript or printed laws,
and proceedings of any public bodies, of a political,




108               CIRCULAR OF THE
religious, literary, or other character, that have at any
time existed among us;
O. Accounts of universities, colleges, academies,
schools, and charitable institutions, the date of their
establishment, and the history of their origin, endowment, and progress;
P. Topographical descriptions of cities, towns, boroughs, counties, or townships.
Q. Accounts of the population, births, longevity,
deaths, endemical or local diseases, facts relative to
climate, soil, products, natural resources, meteorology,
or general employment of the inhabitants of each
district;
R. Biographical notices in manuscript or print of
any eminent persons, or of any persons in respect to
whom remarkable events may have happened.
IV. Are there any tables of family descent of those connected with the settlement or history of the county or state,
which the proprietors would be willing to communicate?
V. What public libraries have you, and what number
and description of books do they contain, and what is the
extent of their resources?
VI. What newspapers, magazines, or periodicals, have
been or now are published in your county, and when was
the first printing press or newspaper established, and by
whom?
VII. What poems or other compositions are in existence
written by persons in your county, and which illustrate its
literary history?
VIII. What histories of any of your towns or townships,




HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA.   109
or of your county have been published, or has any one collected materials for such a purpose'?
IX. Is or was there once standing any ancient church
in your neighbourhood? If so, will you please state the
date of its erection, and, as far as you may be able to
ascertain them, the names of the clergymen who have successively officiated, with the dates of their removal by
death or otherwise; and whether there are or were any
ancient inscriptions on the walls of the church or on the
tombstones in the grave-yard, and of whom; or any other
facts of interest relating to the subject of this question?
Possibly if this letter were submitted to the clergyman at
present the pastor or rector of such church, he might be
able to transmit through you every information, and be
induced to write a history of his church.
X. Are there any ancient dockets, records, or documents,
of historical or local interest, in the public offices at the
county town?
XI. Is there any peculiar legal custom connected with
the administration of the law, or any peculiar notion, custom, or superstition, prevailing among the people of your
township or county?
XII. Mention any interesting civil or criminal trials
which have taken place in your county, and state whether
or not an account of them has been published, or what
persons can furnish an account of them.
XIII. Are there any Indian graves, mounds, or battlegrounds, in your neighbourhood, or those who recollect
when Indians lived in your vicinity, or who are in possession of relics of them, or of anecdotes or narratives relative
to wars or treaties with them, and of the general inter



110               CIRCULAR OF THE
course between them and Europeans, or among the Indians
themselves; the Indian names of mountains, rivers, creeks,
flats, valleys, towns, or other places, &c., and the origin of
such names; vocabularies, or other indications of Indian
language, accounts of missionaries, public messengers, and
travellers among the Indian tribes; or any other information respecting them or their origin?
XIV. Are there any soldiers of the Revolution, or those
who recollect it, living in your county, and who are disposed to communicate through you their recollections; or
persons who are in possession of any revolutionary songs,
ancient ballads, letters, papers, narratives, orderly books,
journals, &c., either written or printed, relating to that period, or of any well-authenticated information of the men,
battles, or incidents of the Revolution?
XV. If there are any persons in possession of letters and
other materials for history described in the foregoing questions, could they be induced to part with them under the
pledge that the Historical Society will carefully preserve
them in its archives, with becoming acknowledgments for
the donation; or if not, would they give the Society permission to copy such of them as might be deemed particularly important or interesting?
GENERAL REMARKS.
In communicating information with regard to any book
or manuscript, &c., please furnish the following particulars:
Title, name of writer, date, and general nature of the
book or document.




HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA.   111
Do not omit in your reply anything of local or historical
interest, because it may seem trivial or un.worthy of notice, or may not be embraced in the foregoing questions.
Collect all you can; whatever it may be, it will be clear
gain.
If you are unable to answer any particular question or
branch of a question, please designate it merely by its
number, &c.
Leave a margin of about an inch at both sides of the
page of your answer, in order that it may be properly
bound with others which may be received.
The names of donors, and of those who acknowledge the
receipt of this letter, or communicate any information, will,
unless it shall be otherwise requested, be properly noticed,
and also preserved upon the journals of the Society.
All donations of manuscript will be carefully preserved
in the fire-proof of the Society.
In order to avoid the heavy expense of postage, be
pleased to request those who may be disposed to reply to
this letter to send their communications through you, as
postmaster, to the Society. Private opportunities for the
transmission of donations, would be preferred.
Please address your communications to the Corresponding Secretary, No. 99 Spruce Street, or to the Recording
Secretary, No. 108 South Fourth Street, or to any other of
the officers of the Society.
This occasion is embraced earnestly to entreat all persons to prevent, as far as it may be in their power, the loss
of letters or documents which have bearing upon the history of our state or country. Many papers of great in



112                CIRCULAR, ETC.
terest have been already lost through the indifference of
their owners, but we hope that no one whom this appeal
shall reach, will fail to assist us in the endeavour to preserve
the evidences of our history.
In concluding we would say, that the motives of the
Society in sending you this letter, are of a public nature,
and that whatever collections shall be made will be for the
benefit of the people of Pennsylvania.




INCIDENTS
IN THE
EARLY HISTORY
OF
CRAWFORD COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
BY ALFRED HUIDEKOPER.
Meadville, August 1, 1846.
IN reply to the circular received last year, from the
Society, I would say that, though'a native of the county,
I am too young to be acquainted personally with its earliest
history, but have employed my first leisure time in procuring such information as I could, from the most authentic
sources within my reach. But few of the first pioneers
to this county are now living, and but a small number of
those who do survive have minds which have stood the
wear of time and infirmities of age sufficiently to retain
and describe, with satisfactory clearness, the events of
early life.
In doing justice to one of them, at the present time, I
should say, that many of the facts hereinafter related, I
have gathered from the lips of Mr. Edward Randolph, now
(with the exception of Mr. Cornelius Van Horn) the oldest
settler in the commonwealth, west of French Creek.
Though young at the time, Mr. Randolph took a prominent
12




114       INCIDENTS IN THE.EARLY HISTORY OF
part in the first settlement of the county, was occasionally
employed by the officers of government, and had otherwise an opportunity of becoming well-informed about its
early history. For fifty-seven years he has lived in this
county, forty-nine of which have been spent upon the
farm where he now resides, about two miles west of
Meadville. Tall, erect, venerable, and active, his vigour at
the age of seventy-four, adds another to the many instances
of a hardy constitution, acquired by exposure in youth
to the vicissitudes of a border life. When I called upon him,
I found him at work alone in his sugar camp, and while
seated on a log in front of his boiling-kettles, recounting his
reminiscences of past events, he seemed indeed an appropriate historian of times when men's homes were the open
air, and their whole stock of furniture an iron vessel like
the one before us.
That part of the state of Pennsylvania which is now
called CRAWFORD COUNTY, was separated from the county
of Alleghany in the year 1800,, and was first explored
by white American citizens, with the view of making a
permanent settlement, in the year 1787. North of it, at
Lebceuf, the French, and south of it, at Venango, the
French and English, had previously had military posts, and
a few white men were found by the first pioneers residing
among the Indians, by whom they had been captured
during the revolutionary war, and whose manners and
habits of living they had adopted. (See Note I.)
(1787.) The first persons who visited the county to
examine its character, with the intention of occupying it,
were David and John Mead, who, escaping from the diffi



CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.           115
culties they had encountered, in the conflicting claims
between Connecticut and Pennsylvania, left their homes in
Northumberland, in the summer of 1787, and, travelling
westward, explored the valley of French Creek.
They found the soil rich and productive, and many of
the finest portions of the valley covered with herbage
and grass, the forest trees having apparently been long
previously removed by some prior occupants of the county,
giving to the cleared portions, at Ihis time, much the appearance of a natural prairie. Prepossessed with the looks
of the county, the Meads, on their return, made a favourable report, and in the spring of 1788, a small company,
consisting of David Mead, John Mead, Joseph Mead,
Thomas Martin, John Watson, James F. Randolph,
Thomas Grant, Cornelius Van Horn, and Christopher
Snyder, started from Sunbury, with the intention of
making the valley of French Creek their future place of
residence.
Van Horn and Snyder arrived at Sunbury, from New
Jersey, about the time that Mead and his comrades were
preparing to leave, and they united themselves with the
party. They reached French Creek, as appears by a
memorandum kept by Van Horn, on the 12th day of May,
and encamped and spent their first night under a large
cherry tree east of the stream, near where now stands
Kennedy's Bridge. The next day was spent in exploration, and the party then moved across French Creek above
the mouth of the Cussewago Creek, and erected a temporary structure to live in. They then commenced ploughing in one of the old Indian fields, with four horses to the
plough, and after breaking up some eight or ten acres,.




116       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
they planted them with corn. A freshet in the stream
soon after destroyed their crop, and it was replanted again
in the month of June.
In the selection of farms, Thomas Grant chose the tract
on which Meadville, the county seat, is now situated, but
for some reason left it again in the fall, and returned to
live in Northumberland.
The same autumn, David and John Mead brought out
their families. John chose for himself a farm west of the
creek, about a mile north of what is now Meadville, and
David selected at first the tract immediately south of his
brother, but soon after removed to the tract Grant had
left, and built his cabin on the east bank of the stream, in
what is now the north part of the village bearing his
name, and where at present stands the tasteful residence of
Mr. William A. V. Magaw.
On the tract which Van Horn had surveyed for himself
stood an old Indian cabin, on the west side of the creek,
into which he moved, and remained until October; during
this month, he received a visit from Archibald Davison,
Archibald's father, and Jacob Van Horn, who spent about
a week with him, and then all four returned to New
Jersey..
(1789.) In this year Frederick Baum, Robert Fits
Randolph, and Darius Mead, the father of David and John
Mead, brought out their families. Sarah Mead, a daughter
of David Mead, was born during the same season, being
the first birth in Crawford County (as now organized). A
saw-mill was commenced to be built, by Matthew Wilson,
for David Mead, and was completed the following year.
In the fall, Cornelius Van Horn made a second visit to




CRA-WFORD COUNTY, PA.           117
French Creek, and remained until Christmas, when he returned to New Jersey.
(1790.) In the spring of the following year (1790), the
saw-mill having been finished, the little colony, with characteristic enterprise, assumed the importance of an exporting community, and the first raft of boards that ever
descended the Alleghany River, was taken from this mill,
and, together with a raft of logs, was run to Pittsburg.
The hands on board were, Edward Randolph, John Ray,
William Wilson, James Randolph, Frederick Baum, Tunis
Elson, and John Gregg.  The lumber was sold at one
dollar and fifty cents per hundred, to Major Isaac Craig,
quartermaster in the army at Pittsburg.
A canoe loaded with baggage and provisions, for Meadville, had been pushed up the river, by James F. Randolph and Joseph Mead, as early as 1788.
In October (1790), Cornelius Van Horn, in company
with Thomas Lacey, Peter Colsher, and Matthew Colsher,
having with them a wagon and two horses, left New
Jersey, and set out for Cussewago, by the way of Philadelphia and Pittsburg. At the latter place, the wagon was
sold, the horses put out for the winter, and the party
ascended from thence to the Cussewago in a canoe.
During the whole of this year, the colony seems to have
been undisturbed, and the settlers worked in peace upon
their farms.
At the time of its first occupation, Crawford- County
appears to have been a kind of border or neutral territory,
between the eastern Indians or Six Nations, who had
made treaties of peace with the whites, and the western
Indians, who still remained hostile. The nearest settlement




118       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
or village of the eastern Indians, was that of Cornplanter,
on the Alleghany River, at Tinneshantago, a word which,
in the Indian dialect, signifies, "burnt town," the village
having been once destroyed by fire, by order of General
Brodhead. The nearest settlements of the western Indians
were at Cuyahoga and Sandusky.   The neutral ground
was occupied principally by nomadic parties of Indians,
who lived by hunting, and a few Indian families, who had
cabins along the valley of French Creek, and at the mouth
of the Coneaut Creek, in Ohio. Among the latter, living
at the mouth of Coneaut Creek, was an Indian chief of
the name of Canadaughta, to whom, and his three sons
(Flying Cloud, Big Sun, and Standing Stone), the white
settlers were indebted- for many acts of kindness, and
friendly protection, bestowed upon them on their first
arrival in the west.
(1791.) About the first of April in this year (1791),
Flying Cloud gave notice to the settlers on French Creek,
that the western Indians (Wyandotts, Shawanees, &c.)
were meditating an invasion. Immediate preparation was
made for the approaching attack. On the second day of
April, all the women and children were collected and sent
in canoes down French Creek to the garrison at Franklin,
a small military post established in 1787, under the care of
Captain Hart. In connexion with this incident, and the
deeds of blood perpetrated by the western Indians which
followed it, it is pleasant to record some of the strongly
marked acts of kindness shown to the settlers by the
Indians who were friendly.
On the occasion referred to, Halftown (a full-blooded
Indian chief, and a half-brother to Cornplanter), of whose
fidelity the early settlers speak in the emphatic language,




CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.           119
that he was as true a man as General Washington, sent
six of his warriors on each side of the stream, to keep pace
with the canoes, and guard them against an ambuscade
and attack from shore.
Halftown then placed himself at the head of his remaining force, amounting to some fifteen warriors, and with
the white settlers who had remained, lay in wait during
the whole day, on the east bank of the creek, at a fordingplace (now Kennedy's Bridge), in expectation that the
hostile Indians (of whom eleven had been seen by William
Gregg in the morning, on Davis's Hill, four miles below)
would select that as the most convenient place for crossing
the stream. The day being spent without any further
appearance of the enemy, the Indian chief and his men
passed the night at the house of David Mead, a double log
cabin, before alluded to. The next day, the settlers took
their cattle and movable effects, and left for Franklin.
They progressed but six miles, and encamped for the night
on the east bank of the creek, opposite Bald Hill, in one of
the old prairie-like clearings. On the fourth of April, they
reached Franklin in safety, having been accompanied the
whole distance by Halftown, and his men. Mr. Randolph,
who was along on the occasion referred to, and who was
otherwise well acquainted with this chief, in describing
his personal appearance, speaks of him as having been
about five feet ten inches high, well made, with an unusually good countenance, indicating great intelligence
and a most unwavering firmness.
The garrison at Franklin was commanded at this time
by Ensign John Jeffers, from Connecticut. Two old and
well-known citizens of Crawford County, Samuel Lord




120       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
Esq., and John Wentworth (now both deceased), were
soldiers under him, and had assisted in the construction of
the fort, in 1787.
The year of'91 was one of danger and anxiety to the
western settlers in Pennsylvania. About the first of May,
Cornelius Van Horn, Christopher Lantz, William Gregg,
and Thomas Ray, voluntered to leave the fort at Franklin,
and return to Meadville, with their guns in their hands,
and endeavour to put in a crop of corn. To do this, it
was necessary that Van Horn should first get his-horses
from Pittsburg; and accordingly he went after them. In
returning, he was obliged to follow a wild path through
the woods, from Pittsburg to Venango, and he describes his
ride as lonely, desolate, and disagreeable.  Crossing the
Slippery Rock Creek the first day, he encamped for the
night in a deep ravine. He had obtained some bread and
two pounds of butter at Pittsburg, out of which he made
his supper, and then threw himself on his blanket to sleep
with his gun by his side. Shortly afterwards, he was
awakened by the crackling of the fire, and found that,
spreading among the dry leaves, it had communicated
itself to his butter. In his endeavours to extinguish the
flame, his hands were so severely burned, as to prevent
him from sleeping any more for the night. At daybreak
he found that. his harness was much injured by the fire,
and that the horses he had turned out to browse had
wandered away, so that it was ten o'clock before he was
able to find them, and resume his journey.
The second day, he progressed as far as Sandy Creek,
and slept again in the woods. On his route he encountered
one Indian, who was on his way to Slippery Rock, and




CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.           121
whose good will he endeavoured to gain by sharing with
him, from his bottle and his remaining stock of bread.
On the third day, he reached Franklin in safety, where he
found the officer, with about twenty-five of his men, preparing to set out in a few days for Erie.
On the fifth day of May (Christopher Lantz being too
unwell to accompany them), Cornelius Van Horn, William
Gregg, and Thomas Ray, having returned to Meadville,
went to their field to plant it with corn. They worked
during the morning, Van Horn ploughing, and the others
planting until noon, when Ray and Gregg returned to
their cabin for dinner, leaving Van Horn ploughing alone,
they engaging to bring his dinner to him. Shortly after
they left, Van Horn, who had laid his gun on the bag of
corn, at the end of the furrow, observed his horses to
appear frightened, and on turning round, discovered two
Indians running towards him. The foremost one threw
down his bow and arrows, knocked off Van Horn's hat,
and drew his tomahawk to strike. Van Horn, who,
though short, was a stout-built man, seized the tomahawk
and held it with such force that the Indian could not wrest
it from him. The second Indian, having laid down his
gun, now came up, and endeavoured to get a stroke with
his tomahawk, but Van Horn managed to keep up so
much action, and to throw the other Indian so frequently
between himself and the danger, that he could not accomplish it. Van Horn pleading for his life, the Indians
conferred a moment together, when one of them, who
spoke English, after cautioning him with an oath to make
less noise, told him they would spare him, and that he
might go with them. The Indians commenced unharness



122       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
ing the horses, but Van Horn requested them to take the
gears along, promising to plough for them. They took
each a horse, and Van Horn ran between them. Crossing
the Cussewago near its mouth, and going west, up a ravine,
for about a quarter of a mile, they came to where two
other Indians were waiting for them on the hill. Here the
Indians inquired of Van Horn the situation of the settlement, and on learning how things stood, three of them took
up their arms and went back, leaving the remaining one, an
elderly Indian, in charge of the prisoner. After remaining
about three quarters of an hour, the Indian put Van Horn
on one of the horses, while he rode the other, and they
pursued a dim Indian path until they came to Coneaut
Lake. After crossing the outlet they dismounted. The
horses were fettered so that they could not escape, and the
Indian then tied the rope, which confined the arms of his
prisoner, to a tree, and left him; going back upon the trail,
it is supposed, either to fish in the lake or to watch if they
were pursued. When left alone, Van Horn, who had
given up his knife and powder-horn to the Indian who
had captured him, began to search in his pockets to see if
he could find any instrument to escape with. He fortunately
discovered a small toy knife, which he had picked up the
day before. It was deplorably dull, but, after whetting it on
the key of his chest, and sawing awhile, he succeeded in
cutting off that part of the rope which confined him to the
tree. He immediately ran down the outlet, crossed it, and
after struggling through the swamp, succeeded in making
his way eastward, until he came to a path leading up
French Creek, which he followed until he reached a small
nursery of apple trees he had planted near Kennedy's




CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.           123
Bridge. Finding the nursery full of weeds, and apprehensive
if the fire got among them that his trees would be injured,
he commenced weeding, as well as he could with his arms
fettered. He had been at work but a few minutes, when
he heard some one call to him from across the creek.
Fearful of danger, he dared not to answer; but when the
call was repeated, he recognised the voice of John Fredebaugh, an old acquaintance.  He immediately left his
work, and, though the water was deep and cold, he waded
through it to Fredebaugh, who conducted him to Ensign
Jeffers, who, with thirty soldiers and three Indians, was at
Mead's house. Jeffers cut the cord which bound Van
Horn, and immediately ordered sentinels to be posted, and
sent part of his men to the island for his horses, intending
at once to leave for Franklin. The horses were all found
but the Ensign's, and he with his men left, leaving behind
two Indians and Van Horn, the latter refusing to go, until
he had collected some articles he wanted. He passed the
night with the two Indians under some oak trees, east of the
present village, and in the morning, finding he had nothing
to eat, he returned to the field where he had the day
before been made a prisoner; and where he discovered, in
a bucket, the dinner which had been brought out for him
the day before, by Gregg and Ray. After breakfast,
having succeeded in catching the missing horse of Ensign
Jeffers, he put his own saddle upon it, and gave it to one
of the Indians to ride, while the other Indian and himself
took a canoe, and descended to Franklin by water. The
Indian on horseback was not heard of afterwards, and
probably took his booty and rode off with it to the west.
William Gregg and Thomas Ray, whom we left going




124       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
to their cabin, after dinner- went out to where they had
left Van Horn, and found that he was gone, and immediately after discovered the three Indians approaching them.
They retreated, but as Gregg was crossing the Cussewago
Creek, near its junction with French Creek, he was shot
through the thigh, and disabled for further flight. He
called to Ray to assist him. Ray stopped, and the Indians
came up.   Both Ray and Gregg appear to have been
panic-stricken, or they might have defended themselves.
The Indians took Gregg's gun (their own being unloaded)
and shot him with it, as he was seated on the bank of the
creek. They scalped and left him, taking Ray with them as
a prisoner.  They followed the trail of the Indian who
had preceded them, and on arriving at Coneaut Lake
found their comrade, and learned from him that Van Horn
had made his escape; a circumstance which, the Indians
told Ray, was entirely in his favour, as they had determined to risk taking with them but one prisoner, and that
either he or Van Horn must have perished, if the latter
had not eluded them. Indeed Ray, throughout this matter,
seems to have had an unusual run of good fortune. After
undergoing the usual vicissitudes of Indian captivity on his
way to the west, his captors brought him at last in the
neighbourhood of a British garrison, near Detroit; here
Ray, who was a Scot by birth, recognised one of the
British officers (a Captain White) as a fellow-countryman,
whom he had seen in Scotland. On-making known his
situation to Captain White, the latter, with generous benevolence purchased his liberty from the Indians, gave him
a suit of clothes, and paid his passage in a schooner to
Buffalo. On reaching the latter place, Ray met with a




CRAWFORD COUNTY) PA.           125
Mohawk chief, of the name of Stripe Neck, who resided
at Meadville, and who conducted him to Franklin, and
from thence he proceeded to join his family at Pittsburg, to
the agreeable surprise of-his relatives and friends, who had
relinquished all expectation of having him return.
During this season Darius. Mead (the father of David
and John Mead) was made a prisoner by two Indians,
while ploughing in a field adjacent to the fort at Franklin.
The- Indians conducted him to near the Shenango Creek,
in Mercer County, where he was found dead the next day,
by a friendly Seneca chief, named Conewyando, who sent
his daughter, a young squaw, to the fort at Franklin, to
give notice of it to his friends. It is: supposed that Mead
was killed in an attempt to escape, as by his side, when
found, was lying, also dead, one of his captors, whom
Conewyando recognised as a Delaware chief, called Captain Bull. Bull was known to the settlers as a professedly
friendly Indian, but his fidelity had been suspected.
From appearances, Mead, during the night, had got. Bull's
knife, and killed him with it, but was himself overcome,
and killed by the other Indian: the latter is reported to
have afterwards died of the wounds he received in the
struggle. Two men (Luke Hill, originally from Connecticut, and John Ray, a revolutionary soldier from Northumberland) went out from the garrison at Franklin, and
found Mead and Bull lying together as above described,
and buried them.
It was also during the month of April, in this year, that
seven men were killed in a cabin by the Indians, near Free.
port, on the Alleghany River, when Agnes Clark, wife of
Richard Clark, -made her miraculous escape, with eher




126       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
child in her arms, by leaping on the backlog on the fire,
and springing from thence over the low chimney of the cabin.
This, however, belongs to the history of another county.
These murders, and the frequent alarm of Indians about
this time, caused the settlement on French Creek, at Meadville, to be for a time abandoned, and in 1792 no white
settlers resided in Crawford County.
(1793.) In the spring of 1793, some of.the first settlers, whose apprehensions had subsided, or regardless of
the danger, returned to their farms, and about twenty
more persons came out about this time, from the neighbourhood of the Susquehanna. During the course of the
summer, notice was received through Flying Cloud, that
the western Indians were preparing for another attack,
and the county was again deserted until late in the fall
and winter, when several persons returned to Meadville.
Cornelius Van Horn and Matthew Wilson, in the fall of'92, having obtained a couple of young panthers, took them
to the east, and appear, from notes kept by Van Horn, to
have exhibited them at Pittsburg, Philadelphia, New York,
and, after the intermediate places, finally at Boston, where
Van Horn (who had purchased Wilson's interest in the
animals at New York) disposed of them, and returned to
Meadville.
Ensign Lewis Bond, with a small detachment of twentyfour men, appears to have guarded, during a part of this
season, the house of David Mead, which had been fortified
with a stockade, to serve as a garrison,-but he and his
men were called elsewhere before notice of the Indian
invasion was given.
(1794.) In the early part of this year (1794), the set



CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.           127
tiers organized themselves into a military company, and
Cornelius Van Horn was chosen captain.
A blockhouse was also built for the protection of the
inhabitants, in the upper story of which was mounted a
cannon. It was a rough log building, with the second
story projecting beyond the lower one, and having a
sentry-box on top. It was situated east of Water Street,
immediately south of the present residence of J. W.
Farrelly, Esq., where it remained standing until the summer of 1828, when, in the progress of improvement in the
village, it was removed. In the month of May, a small
garrison was established at Waterford, twenty-two miles
north of Meadville, by Major Dennis.
The farms about Meadville were cultivated this year by
the inhabitants, who worked in small companies, ever on
the alert to anticipate the danger and avert the evil with
which they were as constantly threatened. On the tenth
day of August, James Dickson (commonly known, to distinguish him from a namesake, as Scotch Jemmy), while
in search of his cows, about half a mile north of the
village, on the farm of Samuel Lord, Esq., was attacked by a
party of Indians in ambuscade. He was wounded by the
first fire of his adversaries in the shoulder, in his hip, and
his hand, and while stooping, to see if he could discover
any of his concealed foes, that he might return their fire, a
ball passed through his hat, just grazing the crown of his
head. Whereupon the old man, who seems to have been
of good pluck, returned them a shout of defiance, exclaiming in broad Scotch, "Come out of that, you rascals, and
fight us fair." The Indians showing no disposition to
assent to so reasonable a proposition, Dickson commenced




128       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
a retreat for the village. The Indians followed him with
tomahawks, their guns being unloaded, but were afraid to
approach too near to him, he having retained his fire.
The old man insisted to the day of his death, that once,
when he was just in the act of firing, a low voice said to
him, "Don't shoot;" whereupon he reserved his load, and
thereby preserved his life. When Dickson came near to
Mead's mill he shouted for help, and was heard by Luke
Hill, who gave the alarm. Flying Cloud, who was here
at the time, and three or four men, immediately started in
pursuit, and Dickson, wounded as he was, was with difficulty dissuaded by his wife and friends from joining them.
The hostile Indians, however, escaped the impending retaliation, by a timely retreat.
Rumours of Indian invasions were rife during the whole
of this year; but this appears to have been the only attack
made upon the settlers at Meadville.
The wife of Darius Mead died this summer at Meadville,
being (except those occasioned by the Indians) the first
death in Crawford County among the white inhabitants.
(1795.) The year of'95 was distinguished ip Northwest
Pennsylvania by the commencement of some improvements of a public and permanent character. In the spring
Mr. M'Nair was employed to cut a road from Waterford
to Presque Isle harbour. Captain Grubb (since an associate judge in Erie County), Captain Russell Bissell,
and Captain Levant, commenced the construction of a fort
about the same time on the harbour near Erie. One of
the persons employed as carpenter in the construction of
this fort, was Mr. James Gibson (now deceased), well
known both at Pittsburg and Meadville, as the keeper of




CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.            129
an excellent hotel. The first wagon which travelled the
new road cut out by M'Nair was loaded with tools for
the fort, and was driven by Mr. Edward Randolph, of
whom I have before spoken. Mr. Randolph speaks of
crossing, on this trip, a bridge built by the French, made of
chestnut timber, and said to be forty-five years old, the
wood of which was still sound.
The year of'95 was also marked by several sanguinary
incursions of the western Indians. Early in June, Thomas
Rutledge and his son, a lad about sixteen years of age,
were killed by the Indians near the M'Nair road, about a
mile south of Erie. The boy when found still showed
symptoms of life, and was carried to Waterford, where
his wounds were carefully dressed by Dr. Thomas R.
Kennedy (now deceased), a physician in Meadville, but
he survived but a few hours.
On the third day of June, James Findlay and Barnabas
M'Cormick, engaged at the time in splitting rails for John
Haling, below Meadville, about a mile west of the present
aqueduct for the canal, were destroyed by the Indians.
A report of guns having been heard, search was made for
them, and they were found where they had been at work,
both dead, having been shot and scalped by their savage
assailants. Their bodies were brought to town, placed in
one coffin, and interred in the Meadville cemetery. On
the fifth day of June, the same band of Indians robbed the
camp of Mr. William Power, who was engaged as deputy
surveyor, in making surveys of tracts in what is now
South Shenango Township. James Thompson, the hand
who had charge of the camp at the time, was taken
prisoner, but subsequently effected his- escape. While in
13




130       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
custody of the Indians, he became aware of the misfortune
which had happened to Findlay and M'Cormick, from
seeing their scalps in possession of the Indians, which
he recognised by the colour of the hair. The scene where
Power's camp was robbed is known to the inhabitants at
the present day, as the " White Thorn Corner."
For the purpose of establishing a town at Presque Isle,
and protecting the frontier, on the eighth day of April,
1793, and again on the eighteenth day of April, 1794, the
legislature offered a bounty of a lot and outlot to each of
the first two hundred persons who should build and reside
for three years at that place. These acts, however, having
failed in their object, were repealed on the 18th day of
April, 1795.
The treaty of General Wayne with the western Indians,
made on the 3d day of August,'95, and ratified on the 22d
of the following December, brought peace, so far as the
Indian hostilities were concerned, to the settlements in
Northwest Pennsylvania. From that period, this portion
of the state began to improve more rapidly, and though
its prosperity was checked for a time by the contest which
immediately after arose between the actual settlers and the
warrant-holders under the act of'92, about the titles to
lands west of the Alleghany River, yet the interruption was
but brief, and in 1805, the rights of those holding by
warrant under the commonwealth, having ultimately prevailed in the United States Court, (which decided that
where the warrant-holder had endeavoured to make his
settlement within two years, and was prevented by force
of arms, or imminent danger from the enemies of the United
States, he was excused by doing so subsequently,) repose




CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.           131
again smiled upon the west, and no barrier any longer
presented itself to the occupancy of the country by that
hardy class of men, who, coming from the eastern portions
of our own country, or escaping from the over-populated
provinces of Europe, became here, on easy terms, proprietors of the soil and found among the hills and valleys
of the west abundance of room and a peaceful home for
themselves and families.
During the year of'95, the towns of Erie, Warren, and
Franklin, were surveyed and laid out by Andrew Ellicott,
Esq.
(1802.) In 1802, an act was passed incorporating a
seminary of learning in Meadville, and David Mead,
James Gibson, with five other persons, were appointed
trustees. A brick building was erected for the purpose,
which was completed in the fall of 1805, when a school
was opened in it, under the care of the Rev. Joseph
Stockton, who gave instruction in the Latin and Greek
languages, and tle common branches of an English education.  The building was a one story edifice, containing
two rooms; it was situated in the extreme eastern part of
the village, where it remained standing for about twenty
years, when the lot attached to it was sold to Mr. Arthur
Cullum, who removed the academy to make room for a
dwelling-house; the trustees have since erected a larger
and more commodious building for academic purposes in a
central part of the village.
In 1805, the first newspaper in the state west of the
mountains was established at Meadville, by Thomas Atkinson and W. Brendle,-the latter, however, remained in
the concern only some eight months, when he sold out,




132       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
and Mr. Atkinson became the sole proprietor. The title
of the paper was the " Crawford Weekly Messenger," and
the editorial leader in the first number, published on the
second day of January, 1805, announces the paper to
be republican in its politics, but that its columns will be
open to all who think their principles or political connexions injured, as freely to the one side as the other, with
the wholesome restriction, that the discussions should be
liberal, candid, and decent.  This commendable rule
seems to have been observed for the first few numbers of
the new paper, but shortly after, when the contest began
to increase in warmth between the friends of Mr. Snyder
and Governor M'Kean, we find the political essays in the
Messenger marked with the same bitter personalities
which mar and disfigure similar contests at the present
day; such, however, was not the character of the editorial
matter. The editor himself was a man of mild disposition.
He continued to edit and publish his paper, until within
about four years of his death, which took place in'37.
Regular files of this Journal have been preserved, and were
devised by Mr. Atkinson to his son, Monroe Atkinson, who
still retains them. (See Note III.)
I had hoped from the files of the Messenger to have obtained much relating to the early history of the county;
but though it is interesting to look over, as containing the
marriages, and deaths, &c., of many of the oldest citizens,
to one who was acquainted with them, yet its columns are
principally occupied, (as it perhaps is natural they should
be,) rather with giving to its readers a knowledge of what
was going on in the world abroad, than in communicating




CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.            133
to those elsewhere, information of what was transpiring in
the little community at home.
It appears that in March, 1805, one of the highest
freshets ever known to the settlers occurred in French
Creek, attended with the destruction of considerable property. In December of the same year we find a statement
of the business done on this stream in the salt trade,
a business which now, with the improved facilities of transportation, has been entirely transferred to other channels.
During the rise of water in this month, it appears that
eleven flat-boats and six keel-boats passed down French
Creek, carrying about 2230 barrels of New York salt,
valued at Meadville at $11 per barrel, and worth
$24,530, but selling at Pittsburg at $13 per barrel, and
amounting there to the sum of $28,990. The revenue that
might be derived from tolls in this trade is pointed out by
the editor, as an inducement for the opening of a turnpike
to Erie.  A matter worthy of notice is the contrast
between the present price of salt (which is $1 37 per
barrel) and that which it bore in 1805, when it sold for
eight times as much.
Though out of place, I may mention that I find, in 1805,
a farmer in this county, recommending to agriculturists, as
a tried and successful remedy for the smut in wheat, to let
the grain for seed become more fully ripe than that which
is used for grinding, a remedy which is recommended as
a discovery by some of the agricultural papers of the
present year.
At the time the Messenger was first published, the paper
on which it was printed had to be brought from Pittsburg
on horseback. The mail was carried in the same way,




134       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
arriving once a week, sometimes by the way of Franklin,
sometimes through Mercer; and the carrier who brought
the foreign news, generally brought with him the paper
upon which it was to be republished at home.
The first volumes of the Messenger contain a history of
most of the cotemporaneous events of any interest; the
foreign intelligence, the congressional and legislative proceedings, the impeachment and trial of Judge Chase, and
of the Judges of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania; of
the times when the assertion of popular rights was carried far towards the verge of ultra'sm, and when new
social and civil, commercial and political relationships and
interests springing up, developed individual character,
modified old habits and opinions, and made almost every
man in the community a student of law, and an imaginary,
if not a real professor, of the science of legislation.
On the 13th day of March, 1800, David Mead, and on
the 14th day of the same month, John Kelso, received
commissions appointing them Associate Judges for the
county of Crawford. Thomas Ruston Kennedy was appointed Prothonotary, &c., at the same time, and on the
second day of August in that year; the late Hon.'Henry
Baldwin, was appointed as deputy Prosecuting Attorney
for the commonwealth. The first court that appears, by
the record, to have sat in the county, was held by Judges
Mead and Kelso, on the 6th day of July, 1800.  The
number of suits, appeals, &c., brought to this term, appears
to be ninety-five. On the 20th day of December, 1800,
William Bell received a commission as Associate Judge,
in the place of David Mead, who resigned. And the




CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.            135
third session of the Court was held at Meadville, on the
6th day of April, 1801, by the Hon. Alexander Addison,
President, and the Hon. William Bell, associate judge.
The average number of suits and appeals to a term for the
first year after the organization of the county, was sixtyfive. The average number to a term, during the year
1845, was two hundred and forty-five.
Regretting that so much of the information collected is
confined almost entirely to the Indian invasions, which
being of paramount importance to the settlers at the time
they occurred, are remembered with more distinctness
than anything else; the rest of my paper will be occupied
with a more methodical reply to the inquiries made in the
circular of the Historical Society.
I.
It is impossible now to ascertain the motives which
actuated the first settlers in emigrating to this county.
The contest between claimants under the Connecticut and
Pennsylvania titles to lands in Northumberland, seems to
have led to the first visit of David Mead. After much
trouble and controversy, he lost his farm near Sunbury,
and subsequently received indemnity from the commonwealth, by the grant of lands west of the Alleghany.
Cornelius Van Horn was also involved in that controversy,
and received a partial equivalent in money from the state
for the losses he sustained. The greater part of the first
settlers came from the Susquehanna River, probably in
quest of better and cheaper lands.




136       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
II.
A. There are no houses in this neighbourhood remarkable for their antiquity. The oldest house now in Meadville is probably one which stands on the west side of
Water Street, belonging to the estate of H. C. Bosler, deceased. It was built in 1796, of hewed logs, and, though
much dilapidated, is still occupied..
B. The number of houses or inhabitants, at any given
time since the first settlement, cannot now be satisfactorily
obtained. In 1814 the entire population of the county was
estimated at 5765. (See Note IV.)
C. There are several ancient papers of historical intqrest
in this county. An original deed between Lord Baltimore
and the sons of William Penn, is in the possession of J. S.
Riddle, Esq., who has kindly permitted me to make an
abstract of its contents. It purports to be a deed between
the Right Hon. Frederick Lord Baron of Baltimore, in the
kingdom of Ireland, only son and heir at law, devisee, and
residuary legatee, of the Right Hon. Charles, late Lord
Baltimore, deceased, proprietor of the Province of Maryland in America, of the one part, and Thomas Penn and
Richard Penn, Esqs., sons and devisees, under the will of
William Penn, their late father deceased, true and absolute
proprietaries of the Province of Pennsylvania and the
three lower counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex, on
Delaware, of the other part. The deed is dated July 4th,
1760; is a voluminous, formal instrument, covering six
large sheets of parchment, and made and executed for the
purpose of settling the boundaries of their respective
provinces.




CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.            137
Mr. Riddle has also an original commission from
Thomas Penn and Richard Penn, proprietaries, as above,
to John Penn, dated 11th August, 1766. The commission
refers to a former one, and reappoints him LieutenantGovernor, from the 1st December, 1766, to 1st December,
1769. This instrument is recorded in Rolls'Office for the
Province of Pennsylvania, in Com. Book A, vol. 3, page
269, on the 2d April, 1767. And at New Castle, in Book
V, page 42.   Also a commission from   Thomas and
Richard Penn, to John Penn, dated 24th August, 1769,
continuing him as Lieutenant-Governor, until 1st December, 1772, recorded in Commission Book A, vol. 3, page
528, and recorded in New Castle, in Book Y, page 6.
Mr. Joseph C. G. Kennedy has also in his possession
some documents of historical interest, among which are
an ancient drawing of Fort Du Quesne; one of the orderly
books of General Washington while at Cambridge in Massachusetts, and an original letter-book of James Logan,
secretary of William Penn, commencing about the year
1718, and containing letters for some ten or twelve years.
Mr. Logan seems to have written his letters in this book,
from which copies were sent to his correspondents. These
letters are quite interesting, as showing the state of things
at that time.
In one of his letters, addressed to Mrs. Penn, after the
death of her husband, he informs her that, according to the
best of his judgment, the northwest corner of the province
is about the middle of Lake Ontario (or Lake Frontignac);
that there are no navigable rivers except the Delaware
and about sixty miles of the Susquehanna, and that the




138       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
latter river is rather -a detriment than a benefit to the
province; that west of it there is no land worthy of cultivation, and that it would be difficult to obtain one -hundred
thousand acres west of that river suitable for settlement. In
another letter, he speaks of the first silk made in the province. Mr. Kennedy has also an original order of his Majesty, of 25th April, 1738, to the inhabitants of Maryland
and Pennsylvania, commanding the observance of peace.
D. I do not remember anything remarkable in the character or appearance of this county, that would seem to be
worthy of especial notice. Geologically, it belongs to the
upper secondary formation, is apparently destitute of calcareous rock, except in very thin veins, and does not contain
within it much bituminous coal; layers of it, it is true, have
been found in some half-dozen places, in different parts
of the county; but they have not generally been of sufficient thickness to afford much encouragement to the miner.
This section of country is abundantly supplied with excellent water, and presents as great a variety of large and
valuable timber as, perhaps, any other county in the state.
Three main streams, the Shenango in the southwest, Oil
Creek (so named from springs upon its margin, which
annually produce large quantities of petroleum or Seneca
oil), in the east; and French Creek, with its tributaries, the
Muddy Creek, Cussewago, and Sugar Creeks, traverse the
county from north to south; and in the northwest, Coneaut
Creek takes its rise, whose waters, after passing through a
portion of Erie County, finally discharge themselves into
Lake Erie, in the state of Ohio. Along each of the above




CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.            139
streams are rich and productive valleys. The fertility and
extent of the valley along French Creek, are alluded to by
General Washington, in the notes he kept of a visit made
by him to Fort Lebceuf (now Waterford), in the year
1753.
Near the source of Coneaut Creek, about eight miles
west of Meadville, is Coneaut Lake, the largest entirely
inland lake in the province; it is from three to four miles
in length, and from three quarters to a mile, or upwards, in
width. The lake is now used as a reservoir for the Erie
Canal (which was opened last year for navigation), and for
that purpose its waters have been raised by an embankment
across the outlet, some eleven feet above their original
height.
About four miles northwest of this lake, at the summit,
the Erie Canal passes through a formation of quicksand
extending about a mile and a half along the line, and
averaging some two feet in thickness. The sand lies
from fourteen to sixteen feet below the surface of the
ground, which here is a Black Ash and Hemlock swamp,
formerly very wet, but now dry, being drained by the
canal. From the yielding character of this sand, this portion
of the line was a very expensive one to make, the cost of
constructing some two miles and a half where it prevailed,
to a greater or less extent, being estimated at $213,000.
Piling, from eighteen to twenty-four feet deep, had to be
resorted to, forming a perfect wall on each side of the
canal, with cross timbers for a floor, all so compact and
firmly united, as to resist the inward and upward pressure
of the sand. To one unaccustomed to it, this sand seems
a very strange kind of material. In constructing the canal,




140       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
wagons could be driven across the bed of it, provided the
team was kept in motion; but if a horse stood upon it for a
moment or two, even long enough to drink, he would gradually sink into it, and it would adhere to his limbs with a
tenacity that no power of his could overcome. A countrywoman, with a child in her arms, undertaking to cross the
canal one day, where the water was about a foot deep,
stopped for a moment to let her horse drink; when she
attempted to pursue her way she found herself suddenly
thrown into the water, and her horse so firmly planted in
the mud, that it required the spade of one of the labourers
before he could be extricated. When a wagon crosses
it, it undulates with a wavelike motion. Yet, notwithstanding its yielding nature, a lock can be built and made
to stand upon it, if piles are driven around it to prevent any
lateral motion of the sand.
At the upper end of Coneaut Lake, near Brightstown, is
a formation of shell-marl. It covers an area of about
thirty-three acres, and from examination, appears to be
seven feet thick at the upper end, and about two feet and
one half at the lower. The shells are minute, of the genus
Planorbis, and abundant; this marl is worked into brick
form and burned, when it makes a pretty good quality of
lime, though not very white.
The improvements for the last twenty, and especially for
the last ten years, have been very great. The main line of
Erie and Beaver Canal passes through the western part of
the county, and not only affords facility in getting to market with the ordinary articles of export, but has also created
new objects of commerce.
Timber which before was regarded as useless, or at




CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.            141
best required to be reduced to ashes before it became
available to the farmer, is now converted into staves and
lumber in various forms, for the New York market. The
feeder of this canal, passing through the county seat, has
increased the business of the village and reduced the rates
of transportation; while the transfer of the carriage of
heavy articles from the turnpike to the canal, has had a
decidedly beneficial effect upon the roads. Less than thirty
years ago, the mail from Pittsburg arrived in Meadville but
once in a week, and was carried on horseback; now a
mail stage arrives daily from Pittsburg and Erie, and
terweekly from Bellefonte via Franklin. At the former
period, there was but one public building in Meadville, the
lower story of which was used for a jail, the upper for a
court-house, and on Sunday for religious services; there are
now a frame and five brick churches, a large brick courthouse, with rooms for the county offices, a brick academy,
two brick houses for schools under the new system, a brick
college, a brick arsenal, and a brick building for a theological institute. There is also a considerable improvement
in the class of buildings now being constructed, both in the
town and country; more attention paid to taste in architecture, and more regard to convenience in the plan of
arrangement. Within two years past, a large manufactory
for the making of picket fence has been put in operation
by Messrs. H. and C. Cullum, at Bemustown, two miles
north of Meadville. This establishment, doing all its work
by machinery, affords its wares at so cheap a rate, that the
farmer may now have his yard or his grounds inclosed.
with an ornamental fence, at a cost little if any beyond




142       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
what he formerly paid for a rough one of simple post and
rails.
With the physical improvement of the county, there has
also been a corresponding moral and intellectual progress
in the inhabitants; while school-houses and churches have
multiplied, distilleries and taverns have diminished. On
the subject of ardent spirits, the change of popular sentiment has been so great, that at the last session of the legislature an act was passed authorizing the inhabitants of
this (with many other counties in the state), to determine
at the spring election in'47, whether any licenses whatever, shall be granted for the sale of vinous or spirituous
liquors for the ensuing year, except such as are wanted for
sacramental or medicinal purposes.
The facilities of country mails, by distributing news.
papers and periodical literature, have also done something
towards educating and improving the popular mind.
The art of manufacturing paper from straw, was first
discovered and successfully practised in America, by Colonel William Magaw, a resident of Meadville, in the year
1827. Colonel Magaw was previously the proprietor of a
paper-mill, and was led accidentally to the discovery by
chewing a stalk of rye straw which had been used in the
letching of ashes, the alkali having affected the texture of
the straw, so as to make it easily converted into pulp.
Large quantities of wrapping paper are now made of this
material, and also boards for the binding of books. Though
the art of making paper of straw, by some process, was
known prior to that time, in Europe, yet the discovery
of preparing the straw with alkalies, was an original one
with Colonel Magaw, and has been a highly useful one to
the community.




CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.           143
E. The wild animals that have been seen in this county
since its settlement are-the elk, deer, panther, wolf, bear,
wildcat, fox, marten, otter, polecat, beaver, groundhog or
woodchuck, opossum, raccoon, hare, rabbit, black, gray,
red or pine, flying, and ground or striped squirrels, muskrat, mink, weasel, porcupine, field-mouse, deer-mouse, common rat and mouse.
The elk and panther are now entirely extinct, and the
wolf, the bear, and the beaver, altogether or very nearly so.
Among the birds which visit this county annually, either
to build or touching it i'n their migration to a more northern
region, are the bald and gray eagle, rarely seen; the henhawk, fish-hawk, pigeon-hawk, sparrow-hawk, the white,
the cat, and screech owl; the swan, wild goose, blackduck, mallard, woodduck, shelldrake, teal, butterbolt, loon,
dipper, water-hen, plover, jacksnipe, sandsnipe, kingfisher,
turkey, pheasant, partridge or quail, woodcock, rail, pigeon,
dove, whippoorwill, robin, thrush, catbird, cuckoo, lark,
oriole, bluejay, fieldfare, martin, the barn-swallow, bankswallow, oven-swallow, bluebird, wren, cowbird, bob-o'-link
or reed-bird, yellowbird, redbird, blackbird, red-wing, starling, black, or large woodpecker, red-headed woodpecker,
gray woodpecker, flicker, cedar-bird or toppy, the crookbill, meadow-hen, greenbird, and a variety of small birds
with whose species I am not familiar. The oven-swallow,
which is now quite common, made its first appearance in
this county only some eight or ten years ago. They now
come annually, in great numbers, and build long rows of
oven-shaped nests, constructed of mud, under the eaves of
the barns, with a small aperture in one side for an entrance.




144       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
The snakes that are found in Crawford County, are the
black and the yellow rattlesnake; the former of which is
most frequently found in swampy or wet land, and the
latter, upon hilly or drier ground; water-snake, large blacksnake, growing from five to seven feet in length; the small
black-snake, or white-ringed viper; the brown, or housesnake; the garter-snake, and green-snake. All these species are innocuous, except the rattlesnake, and it is fortunately now almost extinct.
F. The preceding pages contain about all that I have ever
heard, concerning the condition of the country when first
settled. When first visited by the whites in'87, in the
valley of French Creek were old meadows, destitute of
trees, and covered with long wild grass and herbage, resembling the prairies; but by whom those lands were
originally cleared, will probably for ever. remain a matter
of uncertainty.
The Indians alleged that the work had not been done by
them; but a tradition among them attributed it to a larger
and more powerful race of inhabitants, who had preoccupied the country. Whether some far-straying Frenchman,
or straggling Spaniard, whose wanderings have been unrecorded, made this first opening in the primeval forest, or
whether some semi-civilized tribe of Indians from the
central regions of America, leaving the sunny south, pushed
their canoes up the Ohio and Alleghany, and settling in
the western regions of Pennsylvania, were finally subdued
and destroyed by the fiercer and more warlike tribes of the
north, may be an interesting subject for speculation; but




CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.            145
the records are too ambiguous and indistinct, to solve the
questions which they raise.
While on this branch of the subject, I would mention
that in the year 1834, while engaged in surveying in the
extreme western part of the county, near Sorrel Hill, I
came across trees that had been blazed one hundred and
twelve years before that time. On blocking these trees,
the mark of the axe or edged instrument was very perfect
and distinct.
III.
I am not aware of any one that has made any collection
of the matters and things classified under this head.
A periodical called the "Alleghany Magazine," was
formerly published in Meadville, by the late Reverend
Timothy Alden, in which there were some interesting articles on Indian names, and matters pertaining to the early
history of this section of the state. The Magazine was
commenced in 1816, and continued for about a year.
Copies of it are preserved in the library of Alleghany College, and in several of the private libraries in this place.
I am told that Mr. Alden, in his lifetime, had a manuscript
narrative of a Mr. Gibson, who was at a very early day, a
prisoner among the western Indians. I have made some
inquiry for this manuscript among the heirs of Mr. Alden,
but, as yet, have been unsuccessful in finding it.
G. None but those referred to in pages 136 and 137.
H. None.
I. None.
J.
14




146       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
K.
L. None.
M. None.
N. None.
0. None.
P. None.
Q. None.
R. None, that I know of, except an interesting description in the Alleghany Magazine, before referred to, of a
young lady in Meadville, who is apparently possessed of a
twofold state of consciousness; entirely unconscious in her
second state of what she has known and learned in her
primary one, and when relapsing into her first state, equally
forgetful of what has occurred in her second state.
The first change came on her after a slight indisposition,
when her mind returned to the blank vacuity of infancy,
and she was obliged to commence in her learning with the
alphabet, and to be introduced to friends and acquaintances
with whom she had long been familiar.
Three or four changes have taken place in her mind,
though none now for several years. The subject of this
mental phenomena is engaged at present as teacher in one
of the primary schools in Meadville, and is a lady of
sprightly disposition, and poetic turn of mind.*
I am not aware of any tables of descent that have been
preserved, of the families of the first settlers of the county.
A memoir of General David Mead, the pioneer to the
waters of French Creek, is given in Alden's Alleghany
Magazine, on page 77. He was born at Hudson, in the
* See a full account of this singular case in Day's Historical Collections of
Pennsylvania.




CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.            147
state of New York, about the year 1751. In the year'74,
he was married to Agnes Wilson, sister of the Honourable
Thomas Wilson, of Northumberland. In'96, having lost
his first wife, he was again married, to Janet Finney,
daughter of Robert Finney.
During the revolutionary war he lived at Sunbury, where
he kept a public house, and at the close of the war removed
to Wyoming, where he had a farm. Driven from it after
a long conflict arising from the Pennsylvania and Connecticut disputation of title, he removed to the west, arid settled
on French Creek. He was a man of uncommon bodily
strength, six feet three and one-half inches high, and large
in proportion. He died at Meadville, on the 23d day of
August, 1816.
Robert Fits Randolph, another of the first settlers, came
from Essex County, in the state of New Jersey; his ancestors came originally from Scotland. He was born about
the year 1741; and in 1812, at the advanced age of seventyone, on an alarm's being given of the war with England, he
started for Erie, with four of his sons and two of his grandsons, to volunteer in the service of his country. He travelled some fifteen miles to the Coneauttee Lake, in Erie
County, where he was persuaded by some of his relatives
to return. He retained his vigour many years afterwards,
and died at Meadville, at a very advanced age.
Edward Randolph, a son of Robert Fits Randolph, and
heretofore spoken of as one of the first settlers, was born
in what is now Lehigh, formerly Northampton County, on
the first day of March, 1772. In 1773, his father moved
from Northampton to Northumberland, and in 1789, the
old man and his wife, with some of their children, viz.,




148       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
Sarah, Taylor, James, Edward, and Robert, in the month
of November, emigrated to what is now the county of Crawford. The route they pursued passed by the places where
Bellefonte and Milesburg now stand, and through Chinkakernoose (the Indian name for Oldtown), by Franklin.
Of the family of Robert Randolph, three sons, viz., Taylor, Esaac, and Edward, still survive. The latter, who was
seventeen years of age when he first moved west, was a
volunteer in the army in the year'91, and did duty at
Franklin from the first of April to the first of July. He
then went to Pittsburg, and in the spring of'92, entered
the service of the United States, in transporting provisions
from Pittsburg to Franklin. During this year, he and
Daniel Ransom were sent by government to build a mill
for Cornplanter, at Tinneshantago. Ransom, who was the
millwright, for some reason did not build the mill, and after
remaining at Cornplanter's village for four months, Mr.
Randolph returned to his former occupation of transporting
provisions. During the year'93 he carried a part of the
time to Franklin, and a portion of the season to Meadville,
for Ensign Bond. In September of this year, he was employed by Major Isaac Craig, to take charge of a boat
loaded with ammunition, under Colonel Clark, to Cincinnati; the latter being on his way to join General Wayne.
In December, Mr. Randolph returned to Pittsburg, and
from thence went to Meadville. On the first of May, 1794,
he again descended to Pittsburg on a raft of boards from
Mead's mill. At Freeport, then called Buffalo station, they
were hailed from shore by the officers at the station, and
took on board William Cousins, who had been wounded in
his hip by the Indians, near the mouth of the Kiskeminetas




CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.            149
Creek. A canoe had gone just before, bearing the body of
John Carter, killed by the Indians, and Peter Kintner,
wounded in the arm.
They were taken to their former home, about six miles
above Pittsburg. On reaching Pittsburg, Mr. Randolph
was employed by General John Wilkins, to go as an advance guard for Major Denny, from Pittsburg to Waterford, a distance of one hundred and twenty miles. At
Meadville, Mr. Randolph became sick, and his brother,
James Randolph, conducted Major Denny from thence to
Waterford. Having returrled to Pittsburg, Mr. Randolph,
about the first of July, fell in with Captain John Heath, on
his way with troops to Franklin, and they kept in company
with their canoes. The party celebrated the fourth of July
at Catfish Falls (about four miles above the Great Western
Iron Works), feasting themselves upon a saddle of venison,
and a big pike which they had captured in the river.
About the first of August, a soldier having been killed by
the Indians, near Franklin, Captain Heath wrote to Robert
F. Randolph, for some men competent to act as spies. He
recommended Luke Hill, John Wentworth, John Baum,
and Edward F. Randolph. Mr. Randolph engaged in this
service, and served from the beginning of August to the
beginning of September as a spy, and in carrying expresses
from Waterford to Pittsburg.  His only roads were Indian
paths, and at night he bivouacked with no other protection
than his blanket. In August, 1795, Mr. Randolph and his
brother Taylor, were employed by Major Craig to go to
Erie as teamsters, to help build the fort. Robert Randolph,
their father, furnished three yoke, and Cornelius Van Horn
one yoke of oxen for this purpose. Mr. Randolph worked




150       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
at Erie until November, when he returned to Meadville.
In 1797, he married Benjamin Wilson's daughter, Elizabeth
Wilson, and settled on the farm where he now resides.
In 1812, he was for three days at Erie with the troops,
and went to Buffalo as teamster for the commissary.
Cornelius Van Horn, another of the first settlers is still
living, now at the advanced age of ninety-five. His body
and mind, however, have both become very frail, and his
recollection of things cannot now be relied upon; the old
man, a few years since, commenced a narrative of his life,
but the manuscript remained unfinished, and, unfortunately,
was commenced so late in life, that but a few of the
prominent events of his history in early life were remembered
by him, and recorded. And in these his memory had
evidently failed him as to dates.
V.
There are two libraries of some magnitude, in this
county. The principal is the one attached to Alleghany
College, which contains from seven to eight thousand
volumes, of books, pamphlets, &c., embracing many standard works of great value, and comprising volumes on
literary, historical, and scientific subjects, in nearly all the
ancient and modern languages.
The other library is that connected with the Theological
Institute, and containing between two and three thousand
volumes. In the private library of Mr. Frederick Huidekoper, one of the professors. in this school, is a work
printed in 1475, and entitled,' Sermones Aurei Sancti, quos
compilavit Leonhardus de Utino."  The mechanical exe



CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.            151
cution of the work, which is a large book, and bound literally
in boards, is quite creditable to the artists of that age. President Stebbens, of the same institution, has in his private
library a work of similar character, printed in 1519, each
chapter of which is commenced with an illuminated or
embellished letter. It is a large book, with the same kind of
substantial binding as that mentioned above.
In the library of Alleghany College are also some works
of very great antiquity.
VI.
There are three newspapers now published in this county,
the "Meadville Gazette," "Crawford Democrat," and
" Meadville Republican." The first newspaper published
in the county was commenced in 1805, as mentioned on
page 131.
VII.
I know of no works published in the county illustrating
its literary history. The poetry has generally been of a
fugitive character, and, with other compositions on literary
and scientific subjects, has found its way to the public
through the ordinary channel of the newspapers.
VIII.
A Mr. Say appears to have collected some facts relating
to the history of this and other counties in the state, and
published a work, of which a small number of copies only




152       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
appear to have been struck off. It is out of print, but I have
not learned why.
IX.
None.
X. XI.
None.
XII.
I do not know of any civil trials which have taken place
in the county involving principles of general interest, that
are worthy of note. Among the subjects of criminal trials,
but two persons, convicted of homicide, in the county, have
suffered the highest penalty of the law. The first a native
of Quebec, of the name of Van Holland, who, while serving
in the army in the West Indies, received a coup de soleil,
which affected his mind permanently; he wandered out to
this county, and in the winter of 1815-16, while sleeping
over night in a cabin, he arose in the night and murdered
the man at whose house he was staying, with an axe.
The man's wife and child escaped from the cabin, and concealed themselves for the night under a bank of a ravine,
where they nearly perished from cold. Notwithstanding
a good deal of cunning and adroitness practised by Van
Holland to escape, he was at last captured by his pursuers,
tried, and convicted. He was a man of great physical
power, and at one time' nearly made his escape from




CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.            153
prison by bending with his hands the iron bars under the
hearth in his room. At the time of execution, he pushed
the deputy employed by the sheriff from the scaffold, and
endeavoured to jump upon him, but was frustrated in his
design by the rope, which prevented him from jumping so
far. The man subsequently died from the effect of his
fall.
After Van Holland's death, letters were received requesting a suspension of execution, if not inflicted, in order that
he might give some explanation of a murder committed in
New Brunswick, in which it is supposed he was implicated.  He was a man of very respectable connexions,
and was no doubt partially deranged.
The other person punished capitally, was David Lamphier, who killed a constable with the stroke of an axe,
while attempting to arrest him. It was a hasty act, without premeditation, and a foolish warning previously given
to the constable to keep away from him led principally to
his conviction.
XIII.
There are many traces of Indian inhabitants still met
with throughout the county. There were originally two
circular forts about a mile below the present village of
Meadville. The one in the valley, on the farm of Mr.
Taylor Randolph, and the other a quarter of a mile below,
on the bluff point of a high knoll, where a small stream
puts into the creek, or now into the canal. The plough, and
annual tillage of the soil, have now destroyed them. There
was also a mound still to be seen a short distance above




154       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
the fort, which stood in the plain. It is now nothing but
a smooth eminence, some two or three feet high, and extending from north to south, some fifteen or twenty feet,
and about twice as much from east to west. It is described, however, by Mr. Esaac Randolph, one of the
oldest settlers, on whose farm it stands, as having been
composed originally of two mounds, connected by a narrow
neck between them. The material of one of the mounds,
he represents as having been of gravel, and the other of
alluvial earth.  The ground around the mound is alluvial, without stone, and it is evident the material was carried from some distance to construct the mound, as there
was no ditch or excavation near it, from which it could
have been taken. The mound stands some thirty rods
from the stream, where gravel is abundant.
The fields in the neighbourhood abound with small pieces
of Indian crockery, resembling common earthenware, except that it is not glazed, nor so well burned.
In ploughing in the neighbourhood of the above mound
some years ago, an Indian grave was discovered, covered
with a large stone, under which, among the bones, were
found some interesting relics. Among the rest, some sharp
instruments of agate or other hard stone, shaped in the
form of a segment of a circle, from three to five inches
long, and having one edge, and the points very sharp; they
were probably used either for surgical instruments, or for
tattooing, &c. Indian arrow-heads of flint, and axes of
greenstone, are frequently found in the flats along the creek,
and occasionally the remains of pipes for smoking, carved
out of stone. A small idol, carved in the form of an owl,
out of soapstone, was found a few years since, and is now




CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.             155
in the cabinet of Mr. Frederick Huidekoper, in Meadville.
A small turtle, either a petrifaction, or a relic of Indian
sculpture, has lately been discovered in excavating for a
furnace on the Big Sugar Creek; it is now in the possession
of Mr. J. Russell, at Russellville, in Venango County. The
fossil is a siliceous stone, and was unfortunately and wantonly broken by the labourers who exhumed it; the pieces,
however, have been obtained and preserved by Mr. Russell. The head and front part of the body are entire; the
head a little distorted, but very distinct. From a hasty inspection I had of it in passing Mr. Russell's, a few days
since, I should be inclined to believe it a specimen of Indian sculpture, and an idol of the Delaware, or some other
tribe of Indians, who regarded the turtle as sacred.
The most perfect of the Indian fortifications in the county,
is a circular fort, still in a tolerable state of preservation,
which stands on a point of land projecting into the Pymatuning Swamp, in North Shenango township. The area of
the fort includes some two acres of ground, now covered
with large timber. The breastwork is about three feet high,
and the fosse from two to three feet deep; there are from
four to five places of egress from the fort, where there are
intervals in the ditch. The breastwork has probably originally been fortified with a stockade, and the portals occupied with gates. On the land side, or the side opposite to
the swamp, is another breastwork, some twenty or thirty
yards from the fort, and now less distinct.
In the interior of the fort, there are a great number of
places where there is a slight depression in the surface, as
though a hole had been dug some two feet in diameter. In
excavating in these places the ground has a burnt look,




156       INCIDENTS IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF
and among the earth are small pieces of charcoal, indicating that these holes have been receptacles for fire, and
were probably made use of in cooking. On the top of the
breastwork trees are now growing, one of which, a white
oak, measured more than ten feet in circumference. In the
neighbourhood of the fort are Indian graves and remains,
that have not yet been explored. I hope to make a further
and more satisfactory report at a future day, to the Society
on this subject.
The Pymatuning Swamp, in the vicinity of this fort, is a
subject of interest to the geologist. From ten to twelve
miles long, and from a half to two miles in width, it has
every appearance of having once been a lake whose bed
has been gradually filled up with the accumulation of vegetable matter. Covered with the cranberry vine, with occasional clumps of alders, and islands of larch and other
timber, the subsoil is so loose that a pole can be thrust into
it from ten to twenty feet. Ditches that have been cut
through it, for the purpose of draining, exhibit fallen timber
below ground, and the dead stumps of trees still standing
in place, show, by the divergence of their roots, that the
surface of the soil is now from two to three feet higher
than it was when the trees were standing and growing.
This swamp was the home of the last beaver that was
caught in the county. It is probable that the present marsh
was a shallow lake at the time the above fort was occupied
by the Indians.
I am not able to give the signification of many of the
Indian names, of which, unfortunately, too few have been
preserved. The dialect of the Pennsylvania Indians appears to have been much softer than that of the New Eng



CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.           157
land tribes, and the names imparted by them to mountains
and rivers, much more euphonious. Cussewago, the Indian name for a creek in Crawford County, signifies " big
snake," probably from the sinuosity of its course, though
tradition says it was named so from a blacksnake seen on
its banks. Coneaut, the name of a lake, signifies " snowplace," and may get its origin from the snow which remains on the bosom of the lake, after having thawed away
in the spring from the adjacent lands.
Alleghany, in Delaware language, means "great warpath."  Monongahela signifies " muddy water."  Ohio,
( beautiful water;" the Indian pronunciation was something
like Ho-hee-yu; the river of this name, with the Indians, extended above Franklin. Connewango signifies' the dead
water is above," it being the outlet of Chautauque Lake.
XIV.
I have not, as yet, been able to obtain anything under
this head, except the narrative of incidents in the life of
General Hugh Mercer, which is herewith transmitted.
Mr. Joseph C. J. Kennedy has an ancient copy of a
letter written by a prisoner in Fort Du Quesne, a copy of
which he will no doubt furnish to the Society, with other
matters which I believe he intends shortly submitting.
I might mention, under this head, that Mr. Frederick
Huidekoper has in his possession a visiting card of Colonel
George Washington, which was devised to him by a son
of the late Honourable Henry Shippen, in whose family it
had been preserved. It is simply a plain piece of pasteboard, except that the ends are gilt, with the name and




158             CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.
title written on it, as above, by Washington himself. Mr.
James Allison, of Beaver County, is also in the possession
of an original letter of attorney of General Washington,
written by himself and framed in the clear and businesslike manner characteristic of its author.
When at Warren, a few days since, I met with an old
parchment, in the possession of Mr. Robert Falconer, of
Sugargrove, which purports to be a declaration of trust,
dated the 27th February, 1799, and executed by Herman
Le Roy, William Bayard, James M'Evan, of New York,
and Thomas Morris, of Ontario, setting forth that they had
in their hands certificates of certain three per cent. stocks,
of the interest of which they were to pay $250, annually,
during his life, to the Indian chief Cornplanter, and after
his death, to his family. This document is now the property of Charles O'Bail, the oldest son living, of Cornplanter.
Cornplanter was a half-breed Indian chief (whose father
was a white man, named O'Bail); he was a man of great
integrity, and the firm friend and ally of the whites. He
died a few years since, aged upwards of ninety. He had
testimonials of friendship signed by Washington and Jefferson, which he valued highly, and preserved with great
care.
XV.
I have met with nothing under this head. except what is
heretofore narrated. Any of the persons referred to'will
cheerfully permit the Society to take copies, and would no
doubt aid in the obtainment of them if desired.




NOTES.
I.
Among the Indians, the first white settlers found, as mentioned on
page 114, several prisoners who had been captured during the revolutionary war; among them were Lashly Malone, taken at Bald Eagle,
below Milesburg; Peter Krause, taken on Duncan's Creek, near the
head of the Monongahela, in Virginia.
Elijah Matthews, taken at Grave Creek, in Ohio; Nicholas Rosencrantz, the son of a minister, and Nicholas Tanewood, taken from
the Mohawk; the former was subsequently a captain in the army.
Matthews, Rosencrantz, and Krause, were married to squaws, and
when the first settlers, came to the county, the two former had
children eight or ten years old. When the Indians left the country
they went with them.
II.
The Indian chief, Stripe Neck, spoken of on page 125, was a very
aged Mohawk chief, who lived in the year 1789, on the west bank
of French Creek (near Kennedy's Bridge), where he and his family
occupied three small cabins. When the old man died, he was
buried by the settlers on the south bank of the creek, near the present residence of Mr. Samuel Torbett, Jr. This mark of attention did
much to secure the good will of the Indians residing here towards
the settlers. The grave was disturbed a few years since, in the
building of a tannery for Mr. Kennedy Davis.
III.
The files of the Crawford Messenger, alluded to on page 132, hake
since passed into the hands of Mr. Joseph C. G. Kennedy.




160               CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.
IV.
In Alden's Alleghany Magazine, page 294, the population of the
townships in Crawford County, for the year 1816, is estimated as
follows:-Mead Township, taxables, 300; Wayne, 105; Oil Creek, 91;
Bloomfield, 28; Rockdale, 127; Venango, 112; Cussewago, 94;
Beaver, 66; Coneaut, 64; Sadsbury, 135; Shenango, 165; Fallowfield, 126; and Fairfield, 100; total, 1513. Computing about five
inhabitants to each taxable, would give the population of the county
at 7,565.
Meadville, the county seat, was originally planned in 1790, by
General David Mead; but the plan was enlarged and matured in the
year'95 by Major Roger Alden and Dr. Thomas R. Kennedy. The
plot for the town was divided into seventy-five squares, by-streets,
alleys, and lanes. One square, called "The Diamond," laid off in
the form of a parallelogram, measuring three hundred feet east and
west, by six hundred feet north and south, was designed for public
use. On the east side of this square now stands the court-house, a large
and commodious brick building, erected in 1825, and planned by
Mr. Strickland, of Philadelphia. On the west side stands the Episcopal church, a neat brick edifice, in the Gothic style, from a plan
by Bishop Hopkins, of Vermont. And on the south is the Unitarian
church, a brick building in Grecian style with Doric columns, from
a plan of Captain George W. Cullum, of the United States Army.
In 1817, Meadville contained about eighty families. The population at the present time, 1846, is about two thousand.
The first minister of the Gospel, at Meadville, was the Reverend
Joseph Stockton, lately of Pittsburg, now deceased; who was settled
over the Presbyterian congregation in 1801. He removed to Pittsburg in 1808, and was succeeded by the Reverend Robert Johnston,
now living at the forks of the Yougheogany River.
V.
INCIDENTS IN THE LIFE OF GENERAL HUGH MERCER.
General Hugh Mercer was born in Scotland; his father was a
Presbyterian clergyman, and educated his son Hugh, for a physician.




NOTES.                      161
After he had completed his studies, he received an appointment, and
sailed for several years as surgeon; aboard of an East Indiaman.
About the year 1750, he emigrated to America, landed in some
port in Maryland, and entered in partnership with Doctor Ross, of
Bladensburgh, an eminent physician. A few years after, he moved
to East Conococheage, now Franklin County, near Greencastle;
where he remained in practice of medicine until after Braddock's
defeat. The Indians then began to murder the frontier inhabitants
of Pennsylvania, at which time there were raised several companies
of troops, by the government, and placed at stations or forts on the
frontiers. One at Auchwik, named Fort Shirly, commanded by Captain George Croghan and Doctor Hugh Mercer, his lieutenant. Soon
after, Croghan was appointed superintendent of Indian affairs, with
the rank of colonel, and Mercer succeeded to the command. Shortly
after this he marched with his company, under Colonel John Armstrong, to attack Kittaning, an Indian town, noted for its chief or
head man, Captain Jacobs, who, with many other of the Indians, was
killed, and the town burnt. During the battle, Captain Mercer received a gunshot wound in his right arm, which shattered the bone;
he was sent to the rear under the protection of a small guard, and
unfortunately missed joining the main body, when they retired, after
the destruction of the town. The guard was attacked, and all were
killed except Mercer himself, whom the Indians observed to be
wounded, and passed, expecting to get him on their return; but
while the Indians were destroying the guard, Mercer hid himself in
a thicket of hazel so as to elude their search, although they were
often very near to him. When they were gone, he set out for the
nearest settlement, and wandered for two weeks without any sustenance or support, except a rattlesnake which he had killed. In the
mean time, his wound had become maggoty for want of proper
dressing, and, to add to his suffering, his shoes were worn out and
his feet much injured. He at length reached Fort Shirly, where he
found a few roasting ears of corn that had been left by a scouting
party of rangers, who had been in pursuit of Indians. From thence
he proceeded to Lancaster, for the cure of his wound. When he
15




162               CRAWFORD COUNTY, PA.
reached that city, he was so emaciated by pain, starvation, and fatigue, that his former most intimate acquaintances did not recognise
him. After his recovery, he was appointed to the command of two
companies, stationed at Shippensburgh, in a garrison called Fort
Morris, and continued there until the campaign opened against Fort
Du Quesne, when he was appointed to the command of a new regiment, called New Levies, added to the two former regiments raised
by the province of Pennsylvania, commanded by Colonel J. Armstrong and E. Burd, and served three campaigns under Generals
Forbes, Stanwix, and Moncton, against Fort Du Quesne; and when
it was evacuated by the French, and the regular troops retired into
winter quarters, Colonel Mercer was left commandant at Pittsburg,
and remained until a general peace was concluded, when he removed to Fredericksburg, in Virginia, and settled in a very extensive practice of physic, until the beginning of 1776, when he was
appointed a Brigadier General by Congress, in the Revolutionary
army. He commanded a brigade at the capture of the Hessians at
Trenton, and soon after fell gallantly fighting, at the head of his
troops, at Princeton.
The above narrative of incidents in the life of General Mercer, is
by Doctor William Magaw, who died at Meadville about twelve
years ago. He was surgeon of the ninth Pennsylvania regiment,
and his oath of allegiance is dated at Valley Forge, on the 11th day of
May, 1778.
VI.
Since writing the foregoing, I have understood that a copy of the
Alleghany Magazine has been presented to the Society, by Mr.
Frederick Huidekoper, through Mr. Tyson.
VII.
Two of the relics spoken of on page 154, are in the possession of
the family of Professor Andrew Norton, at Cambridge, in Massa



NOTES.                         163
chusetts. Similar instruments, made of volcanic glass, from Mexico,
are said to be in the collection at the Athenaeum, in Philadelphia.
To the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the foregoing imperfect
sketch of the early history of the County of Crawford is respectfully
presented, by
A. HUIDEKOPER.
Meadville, September 12,1846.




LETTER FROM J. S. M'CALMONT,
OF
FRANKLIN, VENANGO COUNTY,
PENNSYLVANIA.
7th of March, 1845.
SIR,-A letter from the Officers of the " Historical Society of Pennsylvania," to the Postmaster at this place, has
been handed to me, with a request to answer it. I have
had some conversation with my grandfather, who has furnished me with some information, in reply to the queries
propounded in that communication. I will endeavour to
answer them in their order.
I.
The first settlers of Franklin, were William Wilson, John
Andrew, Samuel Ray, and the widow Dupree. The latter
kept a tavern, before the town was laid out, under the
protection of the fort. She was a decent, intelligent woman,
and afterwards married John Andrew.
Samuel Lord, John Wentworth, and George Sutley, were
soldiers in the garrison in 1795. They afterwards settled
in the country, and became very respectable citizens.
Those persons named are all dead. Andrew, the widow




LETTER FROM J. S. M'CALMONT.      165
Dupree, Ray, Lord, and Sutley have left descendants in
western Pennsylvania.
Among the first settlers in Franklin, after those mentioned, were George Power, Edward Hale, Abraham Selder, Mark Hulen, George Fowler, Alexander M'Dowell,
Samuel B. Magaw, Wm. Connely, and Samuel Hays. Of
these, Power, Connely, Selden, and Hays are now living.
The latter is the late Congressman from this district, and
at present Marshal for the Western District of Pennsylvania. The first settlers were principally Pennsylvanians.
Afterwards the New Englanders immigrated to this country
and overran it generally. They form a respectable portion
of the community to this day. There are but few Germans
in the county of Venango; Richland Township was settled
by them in 1810.
The first settlers were poor people, who came here to
support themselves by "farming," and who had left their
homes in the older counties, to obtain lands here by i" actual
settlement." They experienced a great many hardships
*and privations, having to go to Pittsburg and Westmoreland County for their subsistence, until they were enabled
to produce for themselves. The transportation was by
pack horses, and by canoes up the river. There was
danger, for sometimes they were wounded by the Indians.
I do not know of any letters, &c., except one, now in the
possession of the heirs of Benjamin Stokely, of Mercer
County, written by Captain Heath of Fort Franklin, and
sent by the hands of an Indian, informing Mr. Stokely, who
was then surveyor of the 3d and 6th districts, of the murder
of Finley and McCormick, near the mouth of Coneaut,
which will be mentioned hereafter.




166          LETTER FROM J. S. M'CALMONT,
The first settlers in western Pennsylvania were, David
Mead, Nicholas Van Horne, and -    Fitz Randolph, who
have all left descendants.
II.
There are no persons living here, other than those I have
mentioned heretofore, who could give any correct information in reference to the early settlement of this country.
A. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has held its
session in an old log house on Liberty Street, now weatherboarded, and occupied as a grocery store, in Franklin.
B. Can give no information as to that.
C. I have not heard of any papers of historical or local
interest.
D.
E. Bears, beavers, elk, deer, wolves, panthers, wild cats,
foxes of various kinds, and pole-cats, have all been seen in
this county-and of poisonous serpents, the rattlesnake,
viper, and copperhead.
F. I have often heard my grand-parents describe their
views of things as they found them here, but recollect
nothing more than I have related.
III.
I know of no person in our county, who has made collections of historical papers, &c.
G. Indian relics in abundance have been found in this
county; such as stone axes, stone currying knives, "darts,"
&c.




OF FRANKLIN, VENANGO COUNTY, PA.     167
A stone axe was found, and sent to Lambden's Museum,
in Pittsburg, by Wm. Connely.
H. Bones of an animal of the mammoth species have
been found, and are now in the possession of Aaron McKissick, Esq., of Sandy Creek Township.
Cornplanter's heirs, at Cold Spring, in Warren County,
are in possession of some very valuable manuscripts, of
speeches made in council, and a parchment treaty, signed
by General Washington, and countersigned by General
Knox, who was then Secretary of War. The treaty was
between the United States and the Six Nations.
IV.
No tables of family descent that I know of.
V.
There is a small public library in town; its resources are
very limited.
VI.
There are three papers published in Franklin. Their
names are "Venango Democrat," "Democratic Arch," and
"Franklin Gazette."  The former two support the present
state and general administrations. The latter gets but a
slim support for itself. They are all read with avidity;
our community being fond of the news.
The first paper here, the " Venango Herald," was established in 1820, by John Galbraith, who has been since a
member of the Legislature, and of Congress; and is now a
distinguished lawyer in Erie.




168          LETTER FROM J. S. M'CALMONT,
VII.
I do not know of any poems, &c.
VIII.
I believe there have been no histories of our towns, townships, or county printed, nor have materials been collected
for that purpose.
IX.
There was a church built by the Moravians, and furnished with a bell in 1770, eighteen miles above Fort
Venango, on the Alleghany River, east side. The bell was
presented to the society by the brethren of Bethlehem.
Some of the Indians were converted to the faith of this
church by the exertions of the missionaries.
I do not know of any ancient dockets, &c.
XI.
Nor is there any peculiar legal custom, superstition, &c.
XII.
There was only one person ever tried in this county for
murder. Robert Scott was tried in 1825, for the murder
of a man by the name of Davison. He was acquitted on
the ground of insanity.




OF FRANKLIN, VENANGO COUNTY, PA.      169
XIII.
French Creek was called Venango, by the Indians.
Cornplanter said it took its name from a notch carved in a
tree, at its mouth, and which bore some fancied resemblance
to an unmentionable characteristic of the female sex. The
creek was called Lebceuf River by the French.
On the 7th of June, 1795, two men by the names of Finlev and M'Cormick, who had commenced an "improvement" on French Creek, near the mouth of Coneaut Creek,
had been making rails, and whilst at it, were shot down
and scalped. One of the settlers happening to come there,
saw the dead bodies. He came to Fort Franklin, and reported the circumstance to the commander of the garrison,
who immediately ordered out a detachment of soldiers to
capture the Indians;-no trace of them, however, could be
found. These men, Finley and M'Cormick, were buried
in the woods, near where they were shot, about fourteen
miles from where Franklin now stands, and in what is now
Crawford County.
The same year, within a mile and a half of where Erie
now stands, a man and his son, named Rutledge, from
Cumberland County, were killed by the Indians. The father
was shot dead on the spot. The son was badly tomahawked.
He was taken to Fort Lebceuf (now Waterford), where
medical aid was afforded, but all in vain. The boy died
in about seven days.
It was well ascertained by persons who were captives
with the Indians at that time, that these murders, as well
as other barbarous depredations in western Pennsylvania,
had been committed by hostile Indians of the Pottawattomie




170          LETTER FROM J. S. MCALMONT,
and Wyandotte tribes, as was fully proved by the declarations of the Indians themselves, after arriving at Detroit
with the scalps. The same Indians also reported that they
had lain in ambush, and watched the movements of the
troops whilst building the fort at Presque Isle.
It would be well to mention here, that no depredations
on the part of the Seneca Indians were ever known, after
the treaty of amity and friendship with the United States,
at Fort Stanwix.
William Connely and George Power, who are still living,
were both in the country at the time those transactions took
place.
The former had a brother, who, in company with a Mr.
Wallace, were both killed the same year, by the Indians,
on the path leading to Fort Pitt, or Pittsburg.
A man by the name of Robison, was tried in Pittsburg,
for killing an Indian, at Franklin, in'95, and acquitted.
The case will be found in Addison's Reports.
There are a number of Indian graves in this town and
county. Some of the remains have been dug up, and rings
and trinkets have been found in the graves. A little kettle
of brass was found on one of the skulls.
Mr. Abraham Selder lives about a mile from Franklin.
He could give all the information that any other one could,
on the subjects embraced under your thirteenth question.
XIV.
I know of three men, soldiers in the  Revolution."
Thomas Carter, of Dempseytown; James Dougherty, of




OF FRANKLIN, VENANGO COUNTY, PA.    171
Plum; William Brown, of Canal. Dougherty was imprisoned at Quebec. He killed Indians on the Sinnemahoning,
in company with Peter Grove, Van Camp, and others, in
Clinton or Potter County. Dougherty is nearly one hundred
years old; Carter about eighty-eight.
XV.
I know of no persons in the possession of letters and other
materials for history. If, however, any can be found, the
fact will be communicated to you.
I have handed your communication to a young gentleman of my acquaintance, who will give you some additional information about the increase of the county, and its
improvements; he will perhaps, get Mr. Selder's and Mr.
Power's accounts of the first settlement of this country.
In the "Historical Collections of Pennsylvania," under
the title " Venango County," you will find much information. That article is, as far as I can learn, generally correct in all its features.
In conclusion, sir, I am happy if I have imparted any information which can be of any interest whatever to your
learned Society.
Respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
J. S. M'CALMONT.
Within the last year, a rolling-mill has been erected on
the creek, near the town of Franklin, by Rock, Dangerfield




172          LETTER FROM J. S. M'CALMONT.
& Co. There is a nail factory in connexion with it. It
does a good business. It is the only one in the county, but
there are a number of blast furnaces. I send you three
newspapers, as specimens; one of them has a notice of the
rolling-mill in it.              Yours, &c.
J. S. M'C.




LETTER FROM LYMAN ROBINSON,
OF
WATTSBURG, ERIE COUNTY,
PENNSYLVANIA.
TO THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
GENTLEMEN,-Your circular reached me about ten days
ago, and I have improved all the spare time I had since
then to obtain the information you desire. Having lived
forty-three years in this county, and kept a public house the
last twenty-two years in this place, which enables me to be
tolerably well acquainted with the inhabitants of the county
in its early settlement, as well as at the present time, I
will endeavour to answer a part of your inquiries, in as
condensed a manner as possible.
I.
This place is situated at what has been commonly called
the Forks of French Creek, a place where the east and
west branch of French Creek unite, two and a half miles
west of the southwest corner of the state of New York,
and on the north side of the triangle line. The union of




174         LETTER FROM LYMAN ROBINSON,
these two streams forms a flat, which contains about two
thousand acres of fine alluvial land. That part occupied
by this village lies between the forks of these two streams,
and was settled by the French and Indians, as early as
1750, and was surveyed in the tenth donation district, by
David Watts, in 1785. David Watts and William Miles
afterwards settled this tract under the Act of Assembly of
1792, and in 1822 William Miles laid a village on this spot,
and named it Wattsburg, in honour of David Watts, who
was his brother-in-law. In 1833 it was incorporated, for the
convenience of the inhabitants, on account of the location's
being at the south margin of Venango Township.
The name of this stream was originally called by the
Indians Venango, which in their language means, "crooked."
This is a matter of tradition, as handed down by some of
the few Indians living here when the white settlement
commenced, and this accounts for the name of Venango's
so often being used in this part of Pennsylvania, as
Venango Township, in this county, Venango in Crawford
County, and Venango County, at the mouth of this stream.
This county was settled first by two classes of people. One
class came on with Judah Colt, the agent of the Pennsylvania
Population Land Company in the year 1797,and were mostly
from Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York. The
inducement offered to these settlers by the Company were
one hundred acres of land for $100, and one hundred more
for settling the same. The other class were from the
eastern part of Pennsylvania, and mostly of Irish descent.
This latter class were induced to.come on and settle under
the act of 1792, through the influence of certain individuals,
who told them that the Company had forfeited all right to




OF WATTSBURG, ERIE COUNTY, PA.      17.5
these lands, and they were now subject to settlement under
the act above recited. This caused a great difference of
feeling and opinion between the settlers under the Company
and those who settled under the act of 1792, and caused
what has commonly been called the Actual Settlement
War. This difficulty was in a few years settled by a
decision of the Supreme Court in favour of the Company's
title. The actual settlers then settled with the Company, and
bought their lands, or left the country. Among the first
settlers of this county, were William Miles, Hon. John
Vincent, Rufus S. Reed, Judah Colt, Elisha Marvin, Henry
Loomis, Zalmon Tray, John Carson, James Donaldson,
Cyrus Robinson (father of the writer of this), Gen. John
Phillips, Timothy Tuttle, Joseph Shattuck, and a family of
Lowrys.
II.
I have collected all I could on this subject.
A. There was erected on this site, in the year 1797, by
William Miles, a large blockhouse, made of hewed pine
logs, for the purpose of a storehouse to store provisions in
that were boated up this stream from Pittsburg, for the use
of the early settlers of this country, and was commonly
called the Middle Storehouse.  This building was used
but a few years for that purpose, but was suffered to stand
until the village began to settle. In 1826, Mr. Richard
Seares, built a saw-mill near where this building stood, and
in 1828, took it down and sawed the logs up for pine
boards and posts, &c., some of which are still in existence.




176          LETTER FROM LYMAN ROBINSON,
B. Not by any better authority than the United States
Census.
C, D. The character of this country, in 1797, was one
entire wilderness. It is now about one half or more improved, and some parts of it is in a high state of cultivation.
E. In the first settlement of this country some elk were
to be found, they, however, soon disappeared.  Deer,
bears, wolves, wild turkeys, were very plenty; the bear
and wolf, were very troublesome; at present but few of any
of these animals are to be found, and none inhabit this
region.
F. Often, as per this letter.
III.
Not that I know of.
G. There were a great quantity of Indian arrows found
in ploughing this improvement, and stone axes, but from
carelessness have not been preserved.
H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, IV, V, VI. This
information you will likely receive from Erie, the county
seat of this county.
VII., VIII., IX.
There was a meeting-house built in this Venango Township, in 1802, by a few Presbyterians, of round logs, and in
1806 was rebuilt with hewed pine logs, and is now in good
repair: this is called the Middlebrook Church, and some of
the oldest settlers have very strong partialities in favour of




OF WATTSBURG, ERIE COUNTY, PA.      177
this building, as their ancient place of worship. And so
strong are their attachments to this place of worship, that
they still keep up separate congregation, and have occasional preaching at this house, although almost all of them
are much better accommodated at the Presbyterian house
in this place. I called upon the clergyman of this place,
Rev. L. Stright, who furnished me with the records of the
church, from which I have made a condensed extract, from
the commencement up to the present time. Although I
condensed the latter part, the first part of the records from
1802, or rather the report of the committee, is adopted in
full up to 1818; from that to the present time, I abridged
the records, but they contain all that is of moment or
interest to this Society.
Report of a Committee of the Session of Middlebrook
Congregation, appointed by a resolution of that body passed
on the 17th of January, 1833, to collect all the information
which can be found either from documents or oral testimony, so as to give a concise history of the church of said
congregation, from its foundation, together with all elections
of elders, reception of members, dismissals, deaths, &c.,
and whatever else is proper to place on the sessional
records; up to July, 1826.
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE.
In the year 1798, settlements were made in this region.
Many of the first settlers migrated from the eastern settlements of Pennsylvania, where they had enjoyed the light of
the Gospel, and some were professors of religion of the
Presbyterian order. The loss of Gospel ordinances, and
16




178         LETTER FROM LYMAN ROBINSON,
sanctuary privileges, was felt as a great want, and inclined
the people, at an early day, to associate for the purpose of
obtaining preaching of Presbyterian ministers. Some subscriptions had been raised, and some preaching obtained
from the Rev. Messrs. Satterfield, Keneday, Robert Patterson, McMillan, Woods, Wiley, Lee, Dodd, Wright, and
others, when, in 1802, the members were regularly formed
into a church by the Rev. Elisha McCurdy, and organized
by the election and ordination of James Hunter, John
Phillips, and John Wilson, Ruling Elders.  (The two
latter were not then church members.) The church then
consisted of the following members received by letter:Adam Reed and Martha Reed wife, Nathaniel Wilson,
Thomas Smith and Sarah Smith wife, James Hunter and
Elizabeth Hunter wife, John B. Jones, old Mrs. Jones,
Margaret Phillips, Nancy Allison, Thomas Miles, Joseph
Berry, Abram Norcross, Daniel Wilson, William Allison,
Jane Miles, Elizabeth Johnson.
From the organization in 1802 to 1812, no stated preaching was enjoyed by the congregation. Their dependence
for the word of life was on supplies. During this period
Rev. Messrs. Woods, Redick, Eaton, Tait, Boyds, Wright,
McDonald, and others, occasionally supplied the congregation. It was a rule during this time, and indeed, until a
settled ministry changed the mode of payment, to pay a
minister four dollars for a Sabbath-day's preaching, and
two dollars for a week-day's; which was punctually and
promptly paid. The following members were received
into the church from the year 1802 to 1812:-Eliza Reed,
John Wilson, Joseph Megahan, Thomas Printis, Betsy
Dickson, Hannah Wilson, John Carson and Rachel Carson




OF WATTSBURG, ERIE COUNTY, PA.     179
wife (since dismissed by letter); Jane Megahan, William
Dickson, John Phillips, Betsy Wilson.
In the spring of 1812, the Rev. John McPhirren received
a call for one third of his labours, preached about six months
and withdrew. The following members were received
from 1812 to 1818:-James Donaldson and Polly Donaldson wife, Thomas E. Reed and Lydia Reed wife, Mary
Yost, Nancy McNair, Elizabeth Jones, Samuel Smith,
Sarah Smith, John Smith, Eliza Smith, Jane Davidson.
Up to September, 1823, fifteen members were added. In
September, 1823, Rev. John Barrett came and continued to
labour in the congregation for about fifteen months, and
then left. In February, 1826, Rev. Absalom M'Cready, a
licentiate of the Presbytery of Erie, came to Wattsburg,
and in September, 1826, settled in this place as the pastor
of the Middlebrook congregation. The church then consisted of forty members. June 16th, 1827, thirty members
were admitted.  rn 1828, ten members were admitted.
June 26th, 1831, to the end of the year, seventy-seven
members were admitted. In 1832, twelve members were
admitted. In 1833, eight members were admitted.
1833. This year the congregation was divided, one congregation, called the Middlebrook Congregation, the other
the Wattsburg Congregation, and Rev. Absalom M'Cready
closed his labours, and accepted a call to Warren, Pennsylvania.
In November, 1833, Alexander McCandless, a licentiate
of the Washington Presbytery, commenced preaching at
Wattsburg and Middlebrook. The Presbytery of Erie, in
session at Northeast, 13th of November, 1833, recognised




180         LETTER FROM LYMAN ROBINSON,
Wattsburg as a separate congregation, by a resolution of
that body.
April 1st, 1834, Rev. Alexander McCandless left. In
1835, twenty-four members were admitted.  April 1st,
1836, Rev. J. B. Wilson commenced labours for one year;
left, May 1st, 1837. In 1838, there were thirteen members
admitted into the church. In 1839, eleven members were
admitted. In September, 1838, Rev. Lawrence Stright
commenced his labours in this church, and continues up to
this time. The two churches have been much blessed by
his labours from time to time, and large accessions have
been made to the church under his labours; but owing to
the fluctuating population of this country, I do not think
that the church contains as many members at this time as
at some former periods.
The Methodist Episcopal Church have also a meetinghouse in this place, and quite a respectable Congregation
supplied by itinerant preachers according to their church
discipline, and in general are supplied with men of good
talent, and zealous in the cause of religion.
Gentlemen,-In answering this letter, I have been compelled to do it in rather too much haste for want of time
to devote to the subject, and I have not answered all of the
questions that I might have done, because, I supposed in
all probability, some one at Erie would answer the other
questions, as they had means of answering more correctly
than I could without going there; but such facts as I have
been able to collect, I have fully transmitted.
Your obedient servant,
L. ROBINSON, P. M.




OF WATTSBURG, ERIE COUNTY, PA.      181
Wattsburg, Erie County, Penna.
March 24th, 1845.
HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
GENTLEMEN,-In my answer to some of your inquiries
which I made on the fifth of this month, I made some
remarks in answer to Question A, and gave a description
of an old storehouse, which was erected at this place about
the year 1798. I had addressed a letter to the Hon. John
Vincent at Waterford in this county, but had not then received an answer. A day or two afterwards I received
his answer, and have thought best to forward it with this
communication.
In my last I concluded with Question IX.
X.
This you will probably receive from the county town.
XI.
In the township of Amity, immediately south of this
place, there is a society formed of physicians, calling
themselves Thomsonians; they are organized in a society
composed of male and female, and of all ages from fifteen
upwards, amounting to about twenty in number; and are
so tenacious of their principle, that they have a constitution
and by-laws which prohibit any member of the society
from employing any other kind of medical aid, under any




182          LETTER FROM LYMAN ROBINSON.
circumstances whatever; and all discoveries made by any
member of the society, of new diseases, or treatment of the
same, is made known to each individual member of the
society. These people are so prejudiced in favour of adhering to their principles, that they have been known to
suffer much, rather than violate their rules.
I am respectfully yours,
L. ROBINSON, P. M.




DESCRIPTION
OF
ECONOMY, BEAVER COUNTY,
PENNSYLVANIA.
BY R. L. BAKER.
THE Township of Economy, Beaver County, State of
Pennsylvania, seven miles long, by five miles wide, bordering west on the Ohio River, and south on Big Sewickly
Creek (which creek is the dividing line between Alleghany
and Beaver Counties), had been a part of New Sewickly
Township, until 1826, when it was struck off-and named
Economy, after the town of Economy commenced being
built in the year 1824, by the Harmonie Society, a body of
Germans, who under the superintendence of George Rapp,
removed from the kingdom of Wurtemberg, in the year
1804, arrived mostly at Philadelphia, and settled on a tract
of land, from five to six thousand acres, on Connonquenessing Creek, in Butler County, State of Pennsylvania.
It being all woodland, the first families who arrived from
the seaport, had to shelter in the woods, not a single house
being on the whole tract. The united exertions, however,
of these enterprising foreigners, soon overcame the hard



184           DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMY,
ships and difficulties of a backwoods life, in putting up log
houses for themselves and for those who were coming.
Many of the families had not a dollar left after defraying
expenses of a long journey. The rich supported the poor,
until they could bring into action their desired object in
forming an association, founded on a community of property. After a few months' time, and after some preliminary arrangements, this society was fully organized on the
15th February, 1805, upon the principles of the Primitive
Church, recorded in the Acts of the Apostles, chapters ii.
and iv. The town of Harmonie was laid out and built up
with great rapidity; in a few years much land was cleared,
and the culture of the grape introduced, a woollen factory
and mills established, and all the ordinary mechanical
branches brought into action; as well for the accommodation of the society, as for the whole neighbourhood, which
filled up rapidly, as soon as this settlement was organized.
Not many years had elapsed, however, before it was discovered that although Harmonie was situated several
degrees south of their location in Germany, where the
grape flourished well, they were here subject to frequent
injury by the late frost in the spring, and early frost in the
fall season.
This.fact, and the inconvenience and expense of land
carriage, in bringing to market the surplus of their industry,
induced them to sell their whole possession, and remove to
better land, and to a milder climate, on the navigable Wabash River, Indiana Territory, in the year 1815, where
they purchased over 30,000 acres of very fertile land; some
from second hands, but mostly from government, and commenced a second time in the woods. In a few years they




BEAVER COUNTY, PA.             185
had again built up a fine town called Harmonie, and cleared
several thousand acres of land.
The surplus produce, such as flour, beef, pork, butter,
lard, &c., was taken to the New Orleans market. The
woollen and cotton goods, as well as the surplus of the mechanical productions, were sold to the citizens of the neighbourhood. The grape flourished.here very well, and in a
short time, domestic wine was made in quantities, of a
variety of grapes.
This location, where they remained ten years, although
very suitable in many respects, did not agree with the constitution of the majority of the society; they resolved to sell
out, and settle somewhere in Pennsylvania. Accordingly,
the spot now occupied by them was selected and purchased
in the spring of 1824, consisting of 3000 acres, bought from
eight or ten different owners; a portion of which was
already cleared, more being added, mostly by hired labour,
it soon had the appearance of a well-cultivated farm. The
pine lumber of the Alleghany being cheap, and conveniently procured, the erection of brick and frame houses in
the town of Economy, went up with astonishing rapidity.
Having by this time cultivated more taste for manufacturing, they erected large woollen and cotton factories, a steam
grist-mill, a large hotel for the accommodation of strangers,
storehouses, a large brick building for a town hall, containing in several apartments a museum of natural curiosities, and an extensive cabinet of minerals; also a brick
church, supplied with a high steeple, two bells, and a large
town clock; a roomy school-house, apothecary shop, and
post-office.
Public worship is attended to twice on Sunday, and once




186            DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMY,
during the week; their religion approximates that of the
Lutheran creed. Mr. George Rapp, now in his 88th year,
still vigorous, with full mental faculties unimpaired, delivers his discourses with great force and animation. Nowhere does an audience bestow more attention and devotion
to the Word, than the Society at Economy; this fact is'mziataid._   eryvery   stranger who has visited them during
divine service. Having taken pattern after the primitive
church, as above stated, it is evident each member conscientiously endeavours to embrace the principles laid down
by Christ and his apostles, without the practical exercise
of which, they frankly assert, they could not prosper as a
society at all.
In the year 1826, they made the first attempt with the
silk-worm. Gradually increasing and improving, they have
of late annually produced from five to six thousand pounds
of cocoons; the silk of which is made into satin, velvet,
florentine, cravats, ribbons, &c. Samples of which, having
been sent to the different exhibitions in our seaport cities,
they have had the satisfaction of having awarded gold
medals, and honourable diplomas, at various times.
The products of the soil are brought into common barns,
thrashed by steam power; the grain is brought into granaries, where the miller receives supplies for the flour and
meal for the families of the Society. The butcher takes
from the common flocks of fat cattle, &c., and supplies all
alike.
Each mechanical branch, with its foreman at the head,
furnishes supplies, each in his proper line of business. All
surplus of woollen, cotton, silk, and other goods, are deposited in a common store; where sales are made, and the




BEAVER COUNTY, PA.            187
proceeds appropriated to furnish the wants of the Society,
such as wool, cotton, dye-stuffs, salt, iron, glass, paper, groceries, &c., &c.
This Society own the tract of land called Legionville,
No. 21, Leet's district, bordering upon the Ohio River;
upon which General Anthony Wayne had his winter quarters, with fifteen to eighteen hundred men, in the winter
of 1792 to 1793. Some fifteen to twenty stone chimneys
were yet standing when the purchase was made, in 1824;
but have since been removed.
A few deer are killed yearly about here.
The inhabitants of this township apart from the Society,
about seven hundred souls, are mostly employed in farming.
Products: wheat, rye, corn, barley, oats, &c.
The Society, at Economy, have a library of upwards of
one thousand volumes.
R. L. BAKER.
Economy, 10th August, 1845.




NOTES
RESPECTING THE
INDIANS OF LANCASTER COUNTY,
PENNSYLVANIA.*
BY WILLIAM PARKER FOULKE.
AT the commencement of the 17th century, the Iroquois
had been forced by their Algonkin enemies from the seats
occupied by the former, near the St. Lawrence. After
having in turn driven to the south the Satanas (or Shawanos), who dwelt near the New         York lakes, the Iroquois
took possession of the country thus acquired. The Algonkins being at length repelled, and even driven down the
St. Lawrence, the Iroquois, rendered more warlike and
independent by their successes, and strengthened by the
confederation which their former weakness had suggested,
began that system of conquests the vestiges of which were
* These Notes were not written for publication; but recent inquiries respecting the Indians of the lower Susquehanna having rendered it probable
that the memoranda given in the text may be serviceable to some persons
interested in our aboriginal history, the publication committee of the Society
have requested the use of the MS., for this volume of the Memoirs. The
particular references to authorities have been mislaid; and the writer has
not leisure to retrace them in time for the issuing of the volume. It is believed, however, that the mention of authors, treaties, &c., made in the Notes,
will suffice for the direction of those readers who may desire to consult the
originals quoted.




NOTES RESPECTING THE INDIANS, ETC.   189
everywhere discernible upon the arrival of the colonists
underWilliam Penn. As early as the period above designated, they had penetrated to the bays of Delaware and
Chesapeake; and were pursuing with various success, hostile enterprises against the tribes located near the head of
the latter inlet, and upon the Susquehanna, Potomac, and
other streams whose waters are discharged by the Chesapeake into the ocean. Captain Smith, in the year 1608,
while exploring the bay, found the western shore deserted
from the Patapsco upward; and opposite, upon the eastern
shore, and eastward of the Susquehanna, were settlements
of the Nanticokes and Tockwoghs, fortified to defend them
against the Iroquois, or Massawomeks, as they were called
by the Indians of that region. At the head of the bay he
met eight canoes filled with Massawomeks, who had descended the Susquehanna, and who were now returning
from an expedition against the Tockwoghs. At two days'
journey up the Susquehanna, lived the Susquehannocks;
who numbered six hundred warriors, and who were palisaded in their towns to resist their mortal enemies from the
northward. Upon an inspection of Captain Smith's map,
it appears that the Susquehannocks were settled at about
twenty-one miles in a right line from the mouth of the
river. About five and a half or six leagues higher up, is
marked a village of Quadroques; and about five leagues
above these were the Tesinigh, distant by a straight course
from the embouchure of the Susquehanna about fifty or
fifty-five miles. Here then we have our first account of
the Indians resident within the circuit of Lancaster County.
The three villages just referred to, were between its northern
and southern boundaries. The opening of our historical




190        NOTES RESPECTING THE INDIANS OF
view is such as to prepare us for the changes which followed in course of time the discoveries of Captain Smith.
A powerful confederacy is presented, carrying its conquests
over a belt of country more than two hundred miles broad;
besieging the inhabitants in fortified towns; and repeating
its incursions with remarkable boldness and constancy.
It were easy to surmise that the villages then situated
on the left or eastern bank of the Susquehanna, contained
a population springing from the same stock; and that this
was common to them with the Nanticokes and Tockwoghs.
Their location, their union with one another as objects of
attack to the Massawomeks, the traditional history of the
Lenape division, and a variety of other topics might be
advanced to favour the idea of a common origin. Mr.
Gallatin unhesitatingly adopts this view of their relationship. But as no specimens of their language are known to
remain, and they have not been made the subjects of very
special notice by our chroniclers, they will be left, as Captain Smith has left them-undetermined.
Some years elapsed after the exploration just mentioned,
before the domestic condition of the nascent colony of
Virginia allowed of any diversion of its resources to the
further survey of the neighbouring territory. Chalmers
mentions a voyage of John Pory, who sailed to the head of
Chesapeake, and then crossed over land to the South River
(or Delaware); but we have no details of the Susquehannocks. In the year 1631, Claiborne, so long a source of
internal disquiet to the colony of Lord Baltimore, obtained
a license to trade with the Indians in parts for which no
patent had been granted; and he established his chief
trading settlement in what is now Kent County, in the




LANCASTER COUNTY, PA.           191
state of Maryland. He also fixed a post at the mouth of
the Susquehanna; whence he trafficked with the Susquehannocks, and others at and near the head of the bay, and
where he acquired the influence which he subsequently
employed to the injury as well of the Susquehannocks as of
the colony of Maryland. In the petition which he presented to the King in 1638, he alleges that "he had set up
a plantation and factory upon a small island at the mouth
of a river at the bottom of Chesapeake Bay, in the Susquehannock's country, at the desire of the Indians, and purchased the same of them, by means whereof he hoped to
draw thither the trade of beaver and furs which the French
then wholly enjoyed, in the Grand Lake of Canada." At
the same time that Claiborne was opening his commerce
with the natives in his vicinity, the Swedes were planting
themselves upon the South (Delaware) River and Bay; and
the accounts which have reached us of the state of the tribes
near which Fort Christina was erected, are conclusive of
the inroads which the Iroquois had made upon the independence of the prior occupants of the soil. This fort was
nearly in the same latitude with the settlement of the Susquehannocks mentioned by Captain Smith, and distant
from it less than fifty miles in a straight line; and Campanius informs us that within a few miles of the fort were
several bodies of the " JMaquas" (or Iroquois), who lorded
it over the other Indians so that they scarcely dared to
stir without the approbation of their conquerors.
The efforts of Lord Baltimore's government to enforce
the proprietary's title within the limits of Claiborne's
settlement, met as they were by strenuous opposition, led
to intrigues with the Indians of the Susquehanna tribes;




192        NOTES RESPECTING THE INDIANS OF
who were prejudiced against the new colony of St. Mary's
by all the motives, real or imaginary, which the trader
could urge against his antagonists. The natural results
were hostilities on the part of the Indians; from which it is
not to be supposed that they escaped without serious loss.
They were followed, as usual, by purchases of land.
About 1654 (as appears from the statement of the commissioners who represented Maryland at the treaty of Lancaster, in 1744), almost all the land from Patuxent and
Choptank Rivers, was sold by the Susquehannocks to the
government of Maryland. From Chalmers we learn that
Claiborne was at that time in the administration of affairs
in Maryland, under Cromwell; and probably his old connexions with the Indians were employed in favour of the
sale. That the Iroquois had not yet effected the complete
reduction of the Susquehannocks, is evident from the speech
of Canassatego, an Iroquois chief, at the treaty above cited.
He said, that at the period of the Maryland purchase,
(1654), the " Conestogo or Susquehanna" tribe settled on
the land, had a right to sell; but since then, the Five
Nations had conquered them; and that the remaining territory, viz., on the Cohongoronta (or Potomac), could be
purchased only from the confederacy. It is not clear to
what limits northwardly, the land thus bought of the Susquehannocks extended.  A century elapsed before the
northern boundary of Maryland was finally run; and it is
well known that the claim of Lord Baltimore reached far
beyond the line of Mason and Dixon, as it is now traced.
However this may be, the Susquehannocks continued near
their old seats for some years after the grant in question.
In 1660, they assisted the Marylanders against a tribe




LANCASTER COUNTY, PA.           193
called Janadoas by Mr. Chalmers, and Sanadoas by Mr.
Gallatin, who says they were Oneidas.
Mr. Evans, in his Analysis (2d ed., A. D. 1755), says
that Bell, in the service of Maryland, at the fort whose
remains were then (i. e. 1755), still standing on the east
side of the Susquehanna, about three miles below Wright's
Ferry (now Columbia), "by the defeat of many hundreds,
gave them a blow that they never recovered of; and for
that reason the Confederates (as he styles the Five Nations), never claimed but to the Conewago Falls; and that as
the Susquehannocks had abandoned the western shore of
Maryland before their conquest, and the English found it
mostly derelict, the Confederates confined their claim to
the northward of a line drawn from the Conewago Falls to
the North Mountain, where it crosses the Potomac, and
thence to the head branches of James River." The reason
here assigned, does not, however, accord with that stated
by Canassatego; who admitted the validity of the sale of
1654, only because it was made before the conquest of the
Susquehannocks. Mr. Evans does not fix the date of Bell's
engagement, and it is not mentioned by Chalmers, nor by
Holmes.
In 1664, the province of New Netherlands fell under the
dominion of the English, and assumed its present title of
New York; and public intercourse was then for the first
time opened between the English and the Five Nations.
A firm alliance was contracted by these parties, which,
while it secured the rising power of the English, afforded
to the confederacy a valuable ally against the French of
Canada and their Algonkin auxiliaries. Freely supplied
with fire-arms and ammunition, the Iroquois did not rest
17




194        NOTES RESPECTING THE INDIANS OF
satisfied with their hostilities on the side of the St. Lawrence, but resumed with renewed vigour, their old enterprises against the southern tribes. The passage of bands
of armed warriors through the limits of the colonies could
not be other than inconvenient to the whites. Friendships
had been formed, and treaties solemnly ratified by Maryland and Virginia, with their red neighbours; and the
obligations of allies were more frequently appealed to by
the unfortunate victims of the Confederated Nations, than
consisted with the situation or resources of the colonists.
In 1677, the governor of Maryland sent Colonel Courcey
to Albany, to negotiate with the Five Nations; and both
parties to the conference held gave promises of amity; but
some of the Oneidas, Onondagos, and Senecas, were out
at the time of the negotiation, and one body of them fell
upon the Susquehanna Indians, who were in league with
Maryland.  Four of these were killed, and six were
taken prisoners; five of the latter, falling to the share
of the Senecas, were sent back, in conformity with the
treaty; the sixth was detained by the Oneidas. No treaties, however, could restrain the Cayugas and Oneidas
from a repetition of hostilities. Their elder brother, the
Mohawk tribe, manifested a steadiness of faith which contrasts strongly with the wavering resolutions and the
treachery of other members; and which shows that even
around the great council fire at Onondago the spirit of
independence was active. A series of overtures arid remonstrances were made on the part of Maryland and Virginia, after Colonel Courcey's visit to Albany in 1677; but
only a few years had elapsed, when the storm of war burst
with fatal violence upon the Susquehannocks, and they




LANCASTER COUNTY, PA.           195
ceased to exist as a separate tribe. The period of their
final overthrow is conjectured by Mr. Gallatin, to have
been after 1664, and before 1682. This conjecture may be
reduced to more narrow limits.
At the treaty of Lancaster (1744), one of the speakers,
(Tachanoontia) said, " All the world knows we conquered
the several nations living on Susquehanna, Cohongoronta
(or Potomac), and on the back of the great mountains in
Virginia. The Conoys and others feel the effects of our
conquests, being now a part of our nations, and their lands
at our disposal."  Another speaker, Gachradodow, of the
Oneidas, said, "We remember that we were employed by
Maryland to conquer the Conestogos, and the second time
we were at war with them we carried them all off." This
assertion of the last speaker is rather remarkable, when
viewed in connexion with Mr. Colden's account of the repeated remonstrances of the agents of Virginia and Maryland, against the attacks of the Five Nations upon the Susquehannocks; and is certainly open to question. Mr. Bozman says that in 1634 the Susquehannocks "were in the
practice of making frequent excursions on their neighbours,
partly for dominion, and partly for booty; of which last
women were mostly desired by them;" and it may be inferred that these marauders attacked some of the Nanticokes in friendship with Maryland; and that the Five
Nations being applied to for their influence, reduced the
troublesome people to subjection, as the most effective mode
of quieting their warlike inclinations. It should be observed,
however, that the example given by Mr. Bozman is that of
the Yoamacos, who were attached to the Powhatan nation;
and this was found by Captain Smith in a state of hostility




196        NOTES RESPECTING THE INDIANS OF
with all surrounding tribes. The Susquehannocks were
subdued much later than 1634, and at a period when their
intercourse with the Nanticokes and Ganawese appears to
have been generally of an amicable nature. Mr. Griffith,
in his " Sketches of the Early History of Maryland," says
that in 1674 the Legislature of Maryland enacted a law
for subsidizing the Susquehanna Indians against the Senecas, whom the Dutch, temporarily restored to the government of New York, had excited against the English
colonists.
Mr. Gallatin refers to some preface to the treaty of
Lancaster of 1744, in which he says it is stated that
" the residue of the Conestogos or Susquehannocks, who
were carried away by the Five Nations, were adopted
by the Oneidas, and, when they had forgotten their language, were sent back to Conestogo, where they were
then living, and speaking Oneida." To the copies of that
treaty known to the writer, (which were printed by Franklin immediately after the conclusion of the conference, and
with which the manuscript of Du Simitiere corresponds,)
there is no such preface. Yet, assuming the statement to
be well founded, it would be erroneous to apply to all of
the Indians of the Five Nations settled at Conestogo what
could not be true of more than a part; for, as we shall see,
there were "Mingos" at Conestogo, as early as 1701, and
indeed during William Penn's first visit to his province.
In 1720, Governor Keith laid before his council a draft of a
letter to the President of New York, in which he states that
"when William Penn came to treat with the Indians for
the Susquehanna, finding they were a branch of the Five
Nations, he treated with those nations for the purchase of
their lands, through Col. Dongan, Governor of New York;"




LANCASTER COUNTY, PA.           197
and he adds, that this purchase was confirmed to Penn
about twenty years before. At the treaty of Lancaster, in
1744, Canassatego alleged that, a great while before, Brother
Onas had gone to Albany to buy the Susquehanna lands,
but the Governor of New York had advised the Five Nations not to sell them to Onas, but rather to put them into
his hands, and that he would keep his hands shut close, and
not part with any of them; that accordingly they had
trusted him, but that some time after he had gone to Eng.
land and carried the lands with him, and sold them to
Brother Onas for a large sum, and that afterwards when
they wanted to sell Onas some lands, he told them that he
had bought those of Susquehanna already from the Governor of New York; though when he came to understand
how they had been deceived, he very generously paid them
for the lands over again. A strong confirmation of this
is afforded in a speech of the Onondagos and Cayugas, at
a conference held at Albany, in 1684, with Lord Howard,
of Virginia, and Col. Dongan; in which the speaker for
those tribes said, that the agent of the great Penn had applied to the Five Nations to buy the lands on Susquehanna,
which they had refused to sell, because they preferred that
the Governor of New York should have them. In addition
to the foregoing, may be cited the valuable tract of Messrs.
Duponceau and Fisher, on the Great Treaty; particularly
their quotation from Mr. Thomson, of a speech made by
Tannewhannegah to Governor Gordon, in 1727, in which
a like statement is made of Penn's first application, and its
denial by the confederates.
Mr. J. F. Watson, in a paper published in the third volume
of the Society's Memoirs, gives a copy of a deed from eleven




198        NOTE* RESPECTING THE INDIANS OF
kings and sakamakers to Thomas Holmes, dated 1685,
which purports to convey a tract laid out on an accompanying plan. The limits marked extend to the Susquehanna, ( three miles," says Mr. Watson, " above the mouth
of the Conestogo;" covering of course, a great part of
Lancaster County. That this deed was without the authority of the Onondago Council may be inferred from
what has now been exhibited; and such an inference is
rendered more probable, by the fact that in other cases
deeds have been executed by private individuals, and afterwards disavowed and avoided by the supreme authority;
and that throughout the intercourse of the English with the
Five Nations, it was a principle that no lands controlled by
the latter could be transferred without formal approbation
given at the seat of government of the confederacy.
Upon the whole, we may conclude that the Lancaster
lands fell into the power of the Five Nations at some time
between 1677 and 1684. It may be further observed, that
at a conference held by Gov. Evans at Conestogo in 1707,
some Nanticokes from the head of the Chesapeake, who
were present, said that they had been at peace with the
Five Nations for twenty-seven years, and that they were
tributaries of the latter. That this was a forced alliance
is sufficiently evident from the tribute, without invoking the
authority of Mr. Thomson's note in the Appendix to Jefferson's Virginia. It would seem probable, then, that about
the time of the conquest of these Nanticokes (i. e. 1680),
their neighbours and friends, the Susquehannocks, passed
under the yoke of the confederacy. That the settlements
on the Susquehanna were not in consequence left vacant,
is clear from the numerous references to the Susquehanna




LANCASTER C6UNTY, PA.           199
Indians, which accompany our first notices of the proceedings of Penn's people; and it seems equally manifest that
the conquest preceded the arrival of Markham, only by
three or four years at the most; probably by little more
than a single year. Yet in the able article of Messrs. Duponceau and Fisher, above cited, it is said that " probably
long before" the arrival of Penn,; the valley of the Susquehanna, on the southern frontier of this commonwealth, was
inhabited by a tribe of Indians of the Iroquois stock;" and
in a note, Dr. Franklin's pamphlet on the massacre of 1763,
and the vocabulary of Campanius are referred to, in support
of the assertion, that the Conestogos were of the Five Nations. Why they were "probably" there " long before"
Penn's arrival, is not stated by the authors. The vocabulary of Campanius is not of the language of the Conestogo
Indians, but of the Minquays or Mingos (Iroquois,) who were
near the Swedish fort; and it was compiled by the grandfather of the author referred to, at a time when, assuredly,
the Susquehannocks had not been substituted by Iroquois.
The meaning of the "preface" quoted by Mr. Gallatin,
appears to be simply that at some time prior to the treaty
of Lancaster (1744), a portion of the Conestogo tribe, who
had become nationalized amongst the Five Nations, found
their way back to the ancient dwelling-place of their
people. It is not easy to decide how long a period would
be required for such a merger of individuality as would
substitute one language for another. The peculiarities of
adoption amongst the Indians of our country, were such as
to favour a speedy change of this sort.
Mr. Watson mentions as remarkable, that " Fort Demolished" is noted upon the plan of the Holmes purchase; and




200        NOTES RESPECTING THE INDIANS OF
he says, " at this early period-before Penn's day-a fort
had been constructed by Christian people, on the bank of
the Susquehanna." But as we have already seen, the history
of that river affords more evidence than this, of the presence
of white men upon its shores, prior to the time of Penn.
Having now traced the history of the Lancaster settlements to the last quarter of the seventeenth century, it is
proposed to follow them into the middle of the eighteenth;
but with less adherence to the order of events, than to that
of the dates at which appeared those notices from which
the facts to be stated have been derived. The minutes of
the Provincial Council will be a principal authority.
At the beginning of the eighteenth century we find settled
upon the Susquehanna, within the bounds now under consideration, Mingos and Shawanos, who were in close friendship with the Ganawese inhabiting the northern branches
of the river Potomac, within the province of Pennsylvania
as then.reputed. In the spring of 1701, William Penn held
an important treaty with " Conoodagtoh, king of the Susquehanna Minquays, or Conestogo Indians;" Wopaththa
(alias Opessab), king of the Shawanos; and Weewhinjough,
chief of the before-mentioned Ganawese. The sanction of
the Five Nations was afforded in the presence of Ahookassongh, brother of the head chief at Onondago. It was at
this treaty that Col. Dongan's purchase was confirmed to
the proprietary. In the same year, Shemekenwhoa, one of
the chiefs of the Shawanos of Conestogo, complained to
Penn that one Sylvester Garland had fraudulently conveyed
some rum into the tribe, and had given him (the chief) a
cask, on pretence that it was a present from the govern



LANCASTER COUNTY, PA.           201
ment; and that the Indians had been persuaded to dritk,
and were afterwards much abused. This Garland was
shortly held in a recognisance to sell no strong liquopr to
the Indians. In October of this year, the sachems and some
of the people came from the Susquehanna to take leave of
the proprietary, who was then about to embark for England. The Shawanos were, as we shall see, under special
obligation to him, for the liberty which they enjoyed of
peaceable settlement within the province.
The encroachments of the Virginians upon the Ganawese
forced some of these Indians fron' their villages; and we
find them, like the Shawanos, taking refuge in the Quaker
colony. They removed to the neighbourhood of Conestogo,
where, as they said to Secretary Logan, " they hoped to
live peaceably." The provincial government was always
vigilant with respect to the introduction of new tribes
within its jurisdiction; although, with pride be it spoken,
the hapless wanderer was never denied shelter and protection against the oppression of unscrupulous neighbours.
To ascertain the position of the new-comers, and to allay
some uneasiness which had arisen on their account amongst
the Indians previously resident at Conestogo, were the
objects which induced the provincial council, in October,
1705, to request a journey on the part of Mr. Logan, to the
Susquehanna. He accordingly went first to Conestogo,
" as the chief place;" and upon conference there, he gave
to the Maryland Indians permission to stay until the Governor of Maryland could be treated with in their favour. He
stated then the fact that some Indians (then called Piscataways), about five years before (i.: e. in 1700), when
they came to settle in Pennsylvania, visited Philadelphia,




202         NOTES RESPECTING THE INDIANS OF
with the Conestogos and Shawanos, who engaged to our
government for their peaceable deportment.*  While Mr.
Logan was employed in his mission, he resided principally
among the Shawanos. He paid a visit to the Ganawese
settlement, some miles above Conestogo, at a place called
Connejaghera, above the fort, and held several conferences
with them.
In the spring of the following year (1706), the chiefs of
the Conestogos, Shawanos, and Ganawese Indians, upon
the Susquehanna, came to confer with the government at
Philadelphia. The chief of the Conestogos exhibited a
white belt of twenty-one rows, with three hands wrought
in it in black. He said that this was a pledge of peace formerly delivered by the Onondagos to the Nanticokes, when
they made them tributaries; that the Nanticokes were under
some apprehensions of danger from the Five Nations, and
had brought this belt with them to Conestogo, with another
like it, in order that, whichever route the Confederates
should take, one of the belts might be exhibited to them
before they passed through Pennsylvania, and that they
might see that they had made peace, and that the provincial
government was at peace with the neighbouring Indians.
This little incident evinces the terror inspired by the Confederacy, the sanctity of the public pledge of peace, and the confidence of the Nanticokes in the friendship of Brother Onas.
* Bozman tells us, that when Leonard Calvert, brother of Lord Balti.
more, came over to found his colony, he sailed forty-seven leagues up the
Potomac to Piscataway, where were found many Indians assembled, and
among them an Englishman, Captain H. Fleet, who had lived there several
years, in great esteem with the natives. In 1669, it appears from Griffith's
"Sketches," that there were still some Indian settlements there.




LANCASTER COUNTY, PA.           203
The Shawanos, old enemies of the Five Nations, partook
of the apprehensions of the Maryland Indians; and prolonged conferences were held in Philadelphia, to assure
them  of the protection of the government. In 1707,
Governor Evans visited Conestogo. Some strange Indians
had arrived there,-Nanticokes, from Seven Towns, who
had waited ten days to see the Governor. They had twenty
belts of wampum, which they were carrying as a tribute
to Onondago. The Conestogo sachems ordered Indian
Harry, the interpreter, to speak in English to the Nanticokes, who all understood it, as follows:-" You are going
to the Onondagos,-be sure keep on your way-many may
tell you several things to fright you, and that they are
great men, and you will be killed; yet keep on your way
and believe them not, for you will find the King of the
Five Nations a very great one, and as good a king as any
amongst the Indians."
It appears, from the Governor's report of the proceedings,
that he first arrived at Pequehan, a Shawano settlement,
where he saw Opessah and some other chiefs. At nine
miles from Pequehan, at a place called Dekanoagah, on
the' Susquehanna, he met in conference some Senecas,
Shawanos, Canois, and Nanticokes. The Senecas were of
Conestogo. He returned to Pequehan, and remained there
until the following day, when he had a conference with
Opessah and his Shawanos, and some Indians of the Five
Nations. During his stay at Pequehan, some Shawanos
arrived there from Carolina to settle; and upon his return
to the city, a message was sent to the chief at Pequehan,
desiring him to come to Philadelphia to give account of




204         NOTES RESPECTING THE INDIANS OF
the strangers. Shortly after (i.e. in 1707), a message arrived from the queen and principal men of Conestogo, in
relation to the unlawful settlements which some whites
were making on branches of the Potomac.      Thomas
Chalkley, who visited Conestogo in 1706 (the year in
which Governor Evans was there), tells us in his journal
that he saw an old queen named Ojuncho, who had great
authority, and spoke frequently at the councils of the chiefs.
Upon his expressing surprise at such interference of a
woman in public business, he was told by the chiefs that
this was "because some women were wiser than some
men."  The interpreter added, that "for many years the
Indians there had done nothing without the counsel of an
ancient grave woman." This would carry us back into
the seventeenth century; and we find William Penn, in
1683, writing to the free-traders, that "although the succession to the dignity and authority of sachem was always
by the mother's side, yet no woman inherits." His observation was probably confined to the Lenni Lenape; but that
Ojuncho possessed a real influence in the public councils
at Conestogo, is too clear for question. Both Governor
Evans and Mr. Chalkley speak of the Conestogos as
Senecas.*
In 1710, Opessah, the chief of the Shawanos at Pequehan,
visited the Delawares, then seated near the Brandywine,
and gave occasion to reports of a hostile intention on his
part; but it was soon ascertained that he had no unfriendly
* On Mr. Oldmixon's map of Pennsylvania, which must have been prepared
from materials obtained before 1708, the fort of the Susquehanna Indians is
marked on the west bank of the river, at least ten miles above the mouth of
Conestogo Creek.




LANCASTER COUNTY, PA.           205
designs. In the summer of the same year Colonel French
and Henry Worley visited Conestogo, where they met
chiefs of the Tuscaroras and Senecas, and Opessah.  In
the September following, Queen Ojuncho and some of the
Conestogo chiefs, with a few Conois, laid before the
council at Philadelphia, four bundles of skins, furs, &c., to
wipe away the effect of evil reports, and to confirm the
pre-existing amity. In the spring of 1711, the same queen
sent a request that the Governor would, with his old counsellors, visit Conestogo to adjust some difficulty which had
arisen with the Shawanos, about the murder of one Le Fore.
This request was complied with, and the Governor availed
himself of this opportunity to ask the friendly offices of the
Indians towards the Palatines, who were already settled
near the Pequea. A conference was held with the Senecas
and Shawanos, Opessah speaking for the latter. In the fall of
the year 1714, a deputation of Conestogo Indians appeared
at Philadelphia, and said that, as they lived near the Shawanos, they thought it right to acquaint the government that
Opessah, late king of the Shawanos, had absented himself
from his people for about three years, and refused to return; and that Cakundowanna had been newly elected
king.  In the summer of the next year (1715), Opessah
presented himself in the city, in a company of chiefs of the
Delaware and Schuylkill Indians, led by Sassoonan, a wellknown chief, who recommended Opessah to the attention
of the government on account of his hospitality to the
Indians who had occasion to pass near his residence.
Where this was, is not stated. In the year 1717, the murder of a Delaware Indian led to a conference by Governor
Keith, at Conestogo, with the chiefs of " the Conestogo or




206        NOTES RESPECTING THE INDIANS OF
Mingo Indians, the Delawares, Shawanos, and Ganawese,
all inhabitants upon or near the river Susquehanna." At
another conference, held at Philadelphia, in 1718, there
were present Conestogos, and Methawewach, chief of the
Shawanos, above Conestogo.  As Pequehan was below,
there must have been at this time at least two Shawano
towns in that vicinity. In June, 1719, Colonel French
held a council at Conestogo, at which were present Canatowa, queen of the Mingos; Sewana, king of the Shawanos; Wightomina, of the Delawares; Wininehack, of the
Canawages; and Captain Civility, the interpreter, who was
a war-captain of the Conestogos.
In the year following (i. e. 1720), Mr. James Logan
visited the Susquehanna, and met the chiefs of the " Mingo
or Conestogo" Indians, and the sachem or chief of the
Shawanos, to whom he thus spoke: "Your people of Conestogo, about twenty years ago" (i. e. near 1700), "brought
the Shawanos to Philadelphia to see Governor Penn, and
then promised the Governor that they would answer for the
Shawanos;" and he then charged upon them a breach of
this engagement. The chief of the Shawanos answered,
that " with the king, who was then living (Opessah), the
people had differed, and he left them, and they had then no
chief; therefore some of them applied to him (the speaker),
to assume the charge thus left vacant; but he had only the
name without authority, and could do nothing. He counselled them, but they would not obey: therefore he could
not answer for them." "Divers who were present, both
English and Indians, confirmed the truth of this."
At a council held at Conestogo, in 1721-2, by Mr. Logan
and Col. French, there were present Conestogos, Shawanos,




LANCASTER COUNTY, PA.           207
Ganawese, Cayugas, and Delawares. Sevanna is mentioned as a chief of the Shawanos. The warrant which
was issued in 1722, for the survey of Springetsburg manor
recites, that the three nations of Indians on the north side
of the Susquehanna, the Conestogos, Shawanos, and Conoys,
were disturbed, &c. At a conference held in 1723, Whiwhingee, a Ganawese chief, enumeratesfour nations on the
Susquehanna, viz.: Conestogos, Shawanos, Ganawese and
Delawares. In 1728, the peace which had subsisted between the Conestogos and Shawanos was threatened with
rupture, on account of two of the former people having
been killed by some of the latter. In this year a message
arrived in Philadelphia, from the Shawanos, at Pechoquelin,
near Durham iron works, that the Flat-heads, (doubtless
the Choctaws, old enemies of the Shawanos,) had come
into the province to make war on the Indians there; and
that eleven men who had gone out against them, had had
some difficulties with white men.*  A council was held at
Conestogo, a few days after the receipt of this message, at
which were present, besides the Conestogos, Shawanos, and
Ganawese, some Brandywine Delawares. Captain Civility,
(who is in one place called Tagodrancy, and in another
Taquatarensaly,) interpreted from the Delaware language
into the Mingo and Shawanese; and there was also an
interpreter from Delaware to Ganawese.
It was in this year (1728), that Lancaster city was
founded, there being then upon its site a single dwelling of
* Mr. Gordon, in his Gazetteer, speaks of a skull of a Flat-head having
been found in 1829, near Bainbridge, on the Susquehanna, in the north.
western corner of Lancaster County. See also Hazard's Register, vol. iv.
p. 384.




208        NOTES RESPECTING THE INDIANS OF
a very humble description. Up to this period, the region
to which these memoranda have principally referred, was
comprised within the limits of Chester County. In the
year following, the county of Lancaster was marked off.
Three years later (i. e. 1732), at a conference held at
Philadelphia, with some Indians of the Five Nations,
Thomas Penn being present, it was stated that the Shawanos who were settled to the southward, being made uneasy by their neighbours, about sixty families of them came
up to Conestogo, about thirty-five years before (i. e. near
1698), and desired leave of the Susquehanna Indians, who
were planted there, to settle on the river. That they applied to government, and the proprietor arriving soon after
(1699), the chiefs of the Shawanos and of the Susquehannas came to Philadelphia, and asked permission to make
a settlement. That the proprietor agreed to this; that from
that time greater numbers of the same Indians followed,
and settled on the Susquehanna and Delaware, and as they
joined the Susquehanna Indians, who were dependent on
the Five Nations, they (the Shawanos) fell under the protection of the latter: that four or five years before, some of
their young men had committed disorders, and though the
government of the province had fully made up with them,
yet being afraid of the Six Nations,* they had removed to
the Ohio, and had lately put themselves under the protection of the French. The government desired their return,
and a large tract was offered them on the west side of the
Susquehanna, around the principal town where they had
been last settled.
* Six by the union of the Tuscaroras from Carolina, about the year 1713.




LANCASTER COUNTY, PA.           209
The writer has deferred to this place a notice of the
critique of Messrs. Duponceau and Fisher, in their valuable
paper before referred to, upon some reasoning of Mr. Redmond Conyngham, published in the 15th volume of Hazard's
Pennsylvania Register. Mr. Conyngham, it seems, had
endeavoured in some way to connect the application of the
Shawanos with the Great Treaty; and as the date (1698)
given in the Votes of Assembly would not accord with
this view, instead of altering his hypothesis he suggested
an error in the record. The reviewers say that c" the first
application of the Shawanos must have been in 168:2, to
Markham and the commissioners, who, there is every
reason to believe, made a treaty with them, which was
afterwards confirmed by William Penn himself at Shakamaxon: and that upon fresh difficulties arising, these were
settled by a new treaty with Penn in 1701." It would be
gratifying to know what reason there is for supposing the
Shawanos to have made their application so early as 1t682.
The character of the authors of this assertion secure for it
respect; yet it must be apparent that the statements of
Secretary Logan and of Gov. Gordon to the Indians at
Conestogo, fortified by the legislative record, are irreconcilable with the early date which has been mentioned.
In 1734, the wrongful settlements of claimants under
Maryland grants occasioned disturbances in the neighbourhood of Conestogo. About this time, the Ganawese
are mentioned by Shekellimy, at a conference, as seated between Pextang and Conestogo, nearly where Mr. Logan
found them thirty years before. At the treaty of Philadelphia, in 1742, held by Governor Thomas, there were some
Shawanos; four Conestogos who spoke the Oneyiut (or
18




210        NOTES RESPECTING THE INDIANS OF
Oneida) language; and four "Canoyias or Nanticokes" of
Conestogo. No Delawares are mentioned except those
from Shamokin and the Lehigh fork. Canassatego urged
that the whites should be prevented from settling on the
Delawares' land upon the Juniata. In 1744, the same chief
said that, some time before, the Conoy Indians had sent a
message to advise the government that they were ill used
by the whites in the place where they had been living; and
that they had come to a resolution of removing to Shamokin, (higher up the river,) and requested some small
satisfaction for their land. Governor Thomas replied, that
he well remembered that one of the Conoy Indians had
come down with a paper, setting forth that the Conoys had
resolved to leave the land reserved for them by the Proprietary,'but he made no complaint of ill usage from the
whites; that the reason which he gave for their removal,
was that the settling of the white people all round them
had made deer scarce, and that therefore they chose to remove to the Juniata, for the benefit of hunting. At a conference held at Philadelphia, in 1744, with some Delawares
from the upper part of the Susquehanna, one of the chiefs
said that the Conoys from below had moved higher up, to
be near them. They have left their name in the Conoy, or,
as it is now called, Coney Creek, in the northwestern part
of Lancaster County. The treaty of Albany, in 1746, was
held by New York with the Six Nations; but notice having
been sent to some other Indians, Captains Staats and Vromen appeared at Albany, on the 26th of September, with
Indians living on the Susquehanna. Probably they were
from villages much higher up than Lancaster County.
Governor Thomas, who was making efforts to supply aid




LANCASTER COUNTY, PA.           211
in the war then going on against the French, and who sent
four military companies to Albany, despatched the public
interpreter, Conrad Weiser, among the Susquehanna Indians, doubtless including those at and near Conestogo;
and it was expected by the Governor of New York that
Mr. Weiser would raise at least 300 warriors;' but when
he arrived at Albany he had not a single Indian with him.*
The eagerness of some of the confederacy to take up the
hatchet; their restlessness while the affairs of the English
colonies on the side of the French remained unsettled; and
the evident inclination of the General Council to use their
influence with either of the principal parties to the pending
contest, as might most benefit themselves, must have been,
in some degree at least, communicated to the subordinate
council at Conestogo. Special overtures from the French
themselves, were directed to the Pennsylvanian villages.
At a conference held at Philadelphia, in 1732, with some
Shawanos from Alleghany, the chief who spoke said that
a message had been sent by the French of Canada to the
Conestogos. French traders were always aiming at their
favour; and it appears to have been one of the charges
against Governor Evans, that he gave to those dangerous
visiters too great indulgence. While Governor Thomas
was endeavouring to put his province in a state of defence,
at the same time that he exported troops to New York,
he organized and disciplined the militia of Lancaster
County to resist the inroads of the Shawanos, who were
daily expected on our frontier. The influence of military
preparation was thus combined with the causes before
* See Treaty of Albany, and Gordon, 250-1.




212        NOTES RESPECTING THE INDIANS OF
enumerated, to render doubtful the position of the Conestogos.
A few years now sufficed to bring about an important
change in the aspect of Indian affairs upon the Susquehanna. The rapid increase of the white population near
that river; the defection of the Shawanos; the removals
continually increasing in number towards Shamokin, the
Wyoming Valley, and the West Branch; and the final outburst of warlike feeling amongst all the unchristianized
Indians upon the main river and its tributaries, had so
lessened the Conestogo settlements, that in 1763 they contained few if any remains of their former population, beside the little flock of converts under the supervision of the
Brethren of Bethlehem. These harmless dependents continued only until December, 1763, when, as is too well
known, they were cut off by a party from Pextang and
Donegal Townships.
If the object of the writer of these notes had been to give
a full history of the Indians who were at any time resident
within the county of Lancaster, many authorities, easily
accessible, might have been referred to, and materials obtained for an extended dissertation.
The detail which has been given, sustained as it is by
much contemporary testimony, appears to open the way
for a few general statements.
It appears, then, that from some period before the year
1608, down to about the year 1680, Lancaster County, or
that portion of it which lies upon the Susquehanna, was
inhabited by a number of Indians known to the colonists as




LANCASTER COUNTY, PA.           213
Susquehannocks. These people were objects of attack to
the Five Nations. They were in possession of arms obtained originally from the French; who were, therefore,
indirectly at least, known to them. About the year 1631,
a regular traffic was opened with them from Claiborne's
trading post; and upon the settlement of Maryland under
Lord Baltimore, wars, treaties, and purchases, were had
with them by that colony. They were sometimes in arms
against their neighbours of the aboriginal stock; they at
length became dependent upon the protection of the whites
against the New York Confederacy; and finally, before the
arrival of William Penn, they were overthrown and absorbed by the Five Nations.'A settlement was soon planted
by the conquerors, at Conestogo, which subsequently became the chief post and place of council of the Indians
seated on the Susquehanna, below its fork. The residents
there, were of the Five Nations; chiefly of the Seneca
tribe, but comprising sometimes Oneidas, Cayugas, and
Tuscaroras. About the year 1698, some Shawanos from
the southward applied to the Conestogos, and through
these to William Penn's government, for permission to
settle near Conestogo; which being granted, they established themselves upon Pequea Creek, under Opessah, their
principal chief. They remained there during at least a
quarter of a century; branching off, however, above Conestogo, and westward of the river. Opessah retained his
position at their head until the year 1711, when he abdicated, and an election took place, which resulted in the
nominal elevation of Cakundawanna to the successorship;
but the people being refractory, there was an interregnum
in effect, which lasted several years. As early as 1728, a




214        NOTES RESPECTING THE INDIANS OF
few of them emigrated to the Ohio, and these were gradually followed by the remainder; so that before the middle
of the eighteenth century they had wholly removed from
the county of Lancaster.
Soon after the arrival of the Shawanos, or about the
year 1700, some Ganawese, from the Potomac, were, upon
application to the Proprietor, and upon the security of the
Conestogos and Shawanos, permitted to remove within the
province. They fixed their principal village between Pextang and Conestogo, and kept it there for at least thirty
years. The Nanticokes of Maryland made fiequent visits
to Conestogo, and at length some of them settled near it.
Those called Conoys (who are sometimes confounded with
the Nanticokes, as in the reports of treaties, and sometimes
distinguished from them, as by Mr. Heckewelder, who
says they were the same as the Ganawese), subsequently appeared in the same vicinity as did also a body of Delawares. The former began to shift their ground before the
year 1744; the latter, although occasionally mentioned as
present in conference with the provincial government, never
occupied a prominent post, and they soon retired to the
Juniata. As early as 1711 there were Palatines settled
near the Pequea, who were promptly admitted to the friendship of the neighbouring tribes. From first to last, the
paramount authority of the Five Nations is manifested in
the superintendence of their organ, the Conestogo Council,
and in the respect yielded to this by the surrounding Indians. Peace and free intercourse were maintained amongst
all of them, until after their villages began to be disturbed
by the general movement of their brethren to the north and
west.




LANCASTER COUNTY, PA.            215
It must be obvious that any traditions respecting the
tribes above mentioned, while they remained within the
limits of Lancaster County, had their origin prior to the
year 1763; and if of much older date than this, they must
have been derived through persons who were living whilst
the Indian settlements presented that diversity of aspect
which has just been sketched. The first border settlers
were not very competent judges of historical matters, nor
very nice critics upon aboriginal peculiarities; and whatever facts were within the sphere either of their perception
or their comprehension, come to us now over a tract of
nearly a century of time. While, therefore, we yield something to that probability of truth which locality or integrity
may create, we have little reason to prefer any account
orally transmitted, in circumstances and during an interval
of time such as have existed in the present case, if that account is inconsistent with the general testimony of writers
upon its subject. Perhaps, in this respect, no part of our
state was more unfavourably situated than Lancaster County,
prior to the year 1750. Ten years before this, the Indians
had been embarrassed by the advances of the borderers;
and probably still earlier there were apparent symptoms of
that antipathy which has generally marked the intercourse
of frontier men and savages. At least four or five considerable villages of different tribes were within the county;
smaller villages were scattered around these. Different
dialects, different customs, were in close proximity. That
must be a singularly fortunate tradition which, faithful
to its original, could convey to us living at the middle
of the nineteenth century, accurate details of the customs
of one of those villages-uncorrupted specimens of one of




216        NOTES RESPECTING THE INDIANS OF
those dialects, as they were in the first quarter of the
eighteenth century.
The practical value of suggestions such as these may
be illustrated by some of the collections which have been
made of oral traditions in Lancaster and other counties.
The late Mr. Redmond Conyngham has given to the press
notices of certain Indians, named " Piquaws," whose wigwams are stated to have been scattered along the Pequea
Creek; and who were governed by Tanawa, their king,
who is said to have resided in the natural meadow, at the
great flats. These Indians are reported to have come
into Pennsylvania about the year 1630; and from Mr.
Conyngham's context it will he iiferred that their removal
was on account of the encroa cl(n-!e:. of m hitesettlers in
the south. They are described as faithful and disinterested;
and hospitable and respectful to white strangers. Their
lives are represented as innocent, their manners simple, their
disposition friendly. They are asserted to have been of
the Algonkin tribe; and to have been frequently called
Delawares by the Europeans. Their chief, Tanawa, knew
William Penn. " When Tanawa was asked by a member
of council whether his tribe belonged to the Five Nations,
he replied,'Once we were free in the forests, like a deer,
now like a panther, we hide in the thick branches of the
cedar-we were a tribe of a powerful nation, we pay tribute to the Five Nations-they gave us their nane-we
were not of their nation."'
" Are you Delawares?"
"The Delawares were a tribe of the same great nation.
Your people call us Delawares-we are Piquaws."*
* "An Address on the Early Settlement of the Valley of the Pequea, by
Redmond Conyngham, with an appendix, &c., 1842."




LANCASTER COUNTY, PA.           217
We have seen that the Shawanos had a considerable
village at the lower part of the Pequea; and that they remained upon this stream during a number of years, branching off through the neighbouring country. They were
thus located when the whites first settled in the vicinity.
There can be little doubt that they gave to the creek its
name. It is well known that their nation was distributed
into four leading tribes,* of which the first was the Piqua.
Mr. Gallatin does not scruple to apply this name, without
explanation, to the Pequea. It seems to have been common
for these people to have their own tribal name affixed to
the places of their settlement. Thus we have one Old, and
two New Chilicothes, in what was formerly the Ohio Territory. At least three places called Piqua were settled by
Shawanos in the same region; one of these, on a branch of
the Miami, was one of the reported birthplaces of Tecumseh, according to Mr. Drake.
Mr. Conyngham gives us no authority for the date of
removal from the south (1630), which was too early for
the Shawanos, or indeed for any of the Indians, except
those comprehended under the appellation of Susquehannocks. The Shawanos and Nanticokes called the Delawa.res " Grandfather;" and all these were of the Algonkin
stock, as were the other tribes whose removal from Maryland has been noticed above. The character, however,
attributed to the *" Piquaws," shows clearly that they must
resemble the Nanticokes more than the Shawanos. How
far the latter were influenced by the benevolence and integrity of the Quakers, and the debt of gratitude incurred
* Mentioned by Mr. Johnson, vol. i., Archaeologia Americana; and by
others.




218        NOTES RESPECTING THE INDIANS OF
towards these, it is not easy to determine. Certainly their
general conduct indicated anything rather than mildness
and peaceableness. They were the first of the'Lancaster
Indians who were suspected of hostility; the first with
whom any serious difficulty arose because of the death of
a white man; the first of whom complaints were made by
the provincial government to the general guardian of the
peace, the Conestogo Council; the first to leave their villages for the Ohio River; and the first to join the French
against the British colonies. From the war of 1745 to the
peace of 1815, they have secured everywhere a reputation
for eminent ferocity.
If, then, we regard the name of the Piquaws as Shawano,
it becomes necessary to suppose that the people received
that name after the settlement of the Shawanos within the
limits of Lancaster County. It could not have been borne
by them at the arrival of William Penn, when they are
said by Mr. Conyngham to have been settled on the stream
now called Pequea. It is evident that, in this case at least,
there has been a blending of details which the clearness of
history would require to be separated. If we assume that
the people in question had villages upon the Pequea while
William Penn was in the province, and that their chief assisted at the "great treaty"; then we cannot believe that
they were Shawanos, Nanticokes, Conoys, or Ganawese.
They may have been Delawares, or they may have belonged to the tribe conquered by the Five Nations shortly
before the arrival of the white governor. The latter supposition accords with the statement of Tanawa, that they
paid tribute to the Five Nations and were called by the
name of the latter, but were not of those nations.




LANCASTER COUNTY, PA.           219
It is well known that at the arrival of the first colonists
in Pennsylvania, the Lenni Lenape occupied a wide range
in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, extending northward
toward the upper branches of the Susquehanna, southward
towards Maryland, and eastward to the ocean. Some of
them were seated upon the Brandywine Creek, the west
branch of which heads not far from the principal sources
of the Pequea. It would be thence probable that some of
them have, at some period, lived on the Pequea; but the
people usually distinguished in our annals as "the Susquehanna Indians," or  the Conestogo Indians," when reference is intended to those within the limits now bounding
Lancaster County, were of the tribes mentioned in the
foregoing notes.
Mr. Conyngham says in a note, that "the Piquaws were
frequently called Delawares by the Europeans." If we
might rely upon this statement, and upon the traditionary
one given in the name of Tanawa, it would follow that,
notwithstanding the absorption of his tribe by the Five
Nations, the former retained their political relationship
to the Lenni Lenape so far as to be reckoned (by the
whites at least) as a part of their nation.  It would be
profitless, however, to speculate upon this subject, with no
better light than is afforded by a tradition of the origin
and character of which we are not informed. *  *  *
*      *             *      *      *      *








CONSTITUTION
OF THE:Bi triratl       orietq   of   A    n ql innia.
(As AMENDED PRIOR TO FEBRUARY 11, 1850.)
ARTICLE I.
THIS Association shall be denominated "The Historical Society of
Pennsylvania."
ARTICLE II.
The object of the Society shall be the elucidation of the civil and
literary history of the State.
ARTICLE III.
The Society shall be composed of
1st. Contributing members, who shall be residents of the City or
County of Philadelphia;
2d. Corresponding members, who shall be persons residing in other
parts of Pennsylvania; and
3d. Honorary members, who shall be persons residing out of the
State.
Clergymen who may be members of the Society, shall be exempt
from the annual contribution.
ARTICLE IV.
The Officers of the Society, who shall be annually chosen at the




2'22   CONSTITUTION OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PA.
monthly meeting in February, shall be a President, four Vice-Presidents, two of whom shall be inhabitants of the City or County of Philadelphia; a Treasurer, a Foreign Corresponding Secretary, a Domestic
Corresponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, a Librarian, and a
Curator. All the elections of officers shall be decided by a majority
of ballots.
ARTICLE V.
It shall be the duty of the President, and in his absence of one of
the Vice-Presidents, to preside at the meetings of the Society; and preserve order therein. If two or more of the Vice-Presidents should
happen to be present in the absence of the President, the precedence
shall be given to him who has been for the longest period a member
of the Society.
Should neither the President nor any of the Vice-Presidenf be present, the Society may choose a President pro tem., who shall discharge
the duties of President at the meeting at which he shall be chosen.
ARTICLE VI.
The Treasurer shall have charge of all the moneys and other funds
belonging to the Society. He shall collect the subscriptions of the
members, and other income of the Society, and shall pay such claims
against the Society, as shall have been regularly ordered to be paid
by the Executive Committee. He shall annually present at the stated
meeting of the Society in February, a statement of his receipts and
disbursements during the preceding year.
ARTICLE VII.
The Foreign Corresponding Secretary shall conduct the correspondence of the Society with all persons out of the State of Pennsylvania.
ARTICLE VIII.
The Domestic Corresponding Secretary shall conduct the correspondence of the Society with all persons within the State of Pennsylvania.




CONSTTTITION OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PA.   223
ARTICLE IX.
The Recording Secretary shall keep full and correct minutes of the
proceedings of the Society, and shall notify the members of the Society
of any special meeting that may be called.
ARTICLE X.
The Librarian shall have charge of all the books and manuscripts
belonging to the Society, and shall present a report to the Society at
the stated meeting in February, in every year, of the condition of the
library during the preceding year.
ARTICLE XI.
The Curator shall have charge of all the property of the Society
not in the custody of the' Librarian or Treasurer.
ARTICLE XII.
SECT. 1. There shall be annually chosen a committee of nine members, to be called the Executive Committee, who shall have charge of
the financial and business arrangements of the Society. They shall
hold stated meetings at the hall of the Society, on the fourth Monday
of every month, and may hold special meetings on the call of their
chairman, and upon such notice as their own By-Laws may provide.
Other members of the Society may be present at any of these meetings, but without the privilege of voting therein. They shall select
from their own number a Chairman and a Secretary. Once in three
months, their minutes for the preceding quarter shall be read to the
Society. They shall have power to make such By-Laws as they may
deem expedient for their own government.
[SECT. 2. Providing for the election in February 1848, is obsolete.]
ARTICLE XIII.
Vacancies, occurring in any of the offices of the Society, or in the
Executive Committee, shall be filled by an election at the next stated




224   CONSTITUTION OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PA.
meeting of the Society, for the unexpired term of the person vacating
the office.
ARTICLE XIV.
The Society may elect contributing, corresponding, or honorary
members, at any of their stated meetings, the candidates having been
proposed at any previous stated meeting. All elections shall be by
ballot, and five black balls shall prevent the election of a candidate.
ARTICLE XV.
The Society shall meet on the second Monday evening of every
month, but the President, or in his absence from the city and county
of Philadelphia, one of the Vice-Presidents, may call a special meeting, by giving at least three days' notice thereof, in at least two of the
daily papers published in the city of Philadelphia.
Five members of the Society shall constitute a quorum.
ARTICLE XVI.
This Constitution may be amended at any stated meeting of the
Society, provided that three months' notice of the intended amendments shall have been previously given, and two-thirds of the members present at the meeting at which the proposed amendments shall
be discussed concur in the adoption thereof.
*** By resolution of the Society, three dollars has been fixed as
the amount to be annually paid by each of the contributing members.
The payment of twenty dollars at one time constitutes a member a
life member.




CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
RELATING TO
P E N N S Y L V A N I A
PENNSYLVANIA
AND
DELAWARE,
DEPOSITED AT THE
STATE PAPER OFFICE,
LONDO N








INTRODUCTION.
IT was ascertained in 1846, that, through the assistance of a
gentleman employed in a public office in London, copies of the
many important state papers and historical documents among
the records of the Board of Trade, which are necessary to
supply the materials wanting in the early history of Pennsylvania, could be obtained on very favourable terms. A few gentlemen, mostly connected with the Historical Society of Penn.
sylvania, subscribed a sum sufficient to procure a complete
catalogue of the papers relating to Pennsylvania and Delaware,
as the first step towards procuring copies of the most important
of these documents. The following is a copy of the catalogue
of these papers, received from the State Paper Office, in London.
It has been very carefully prepared, and the original manuscript,
on drawing-paper, is most beautifully executed. It affords the
Society great pleasure to be permitted to publish it.








State Paper Office,
Westminster, London.
THE following Catalogue of Papers relating to Pennsylvania
and Delaware, down to the year 1718, has been compiled from
the documents deposited at the State Paper Office, and which are
chiefly embraced in the collection transmitted from the Board of
Trade in the year 1842. The confused state of these documents has rendered it no easy task to collect every material his.
torically interesting to the above-named states, and the reference
which is subjoined to every document will sufficiently show that
no pains have been spared to make the search as perfect as
possible.
With a view of making the catalogue complete, every document which was sent to or received from either of the two colo.
nies, was carefully noted-even such correspondence as led to
the issue of some circular letters or new regulations from England, were noticed with equal care. The subjoined references,
though perhaps somewhat too long, will at all times be a guide
to the recognition of the documents, even should they be dispersed.  It is also necessary to notice that no allusion has
herein been made to entries, when the original documents were
to be found; and that the length of each document is defined by
the number of folios affixed thereto, each folio consisting of
seventy-two words. As, however, this estimate has been made
at a rough calculation, a paper, when copied, may be found to
contain more or less than the stated number.
V. FR. KUCZYNSKI.
1847, July 3.








1670-1.
March 10, New York. Copy of an old Grant of Land
on Delaware River by which the reserved rent is
payable to the Crown-(inclosed in Col. Quary's
letter to the Board of February 25, 1702-3.)
Proprieties B. T. Vol. 7. L. 33.  (5 folios.)
1680.
June 14. The Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plan.
tations to Sir Joseph Werden, At. Gen., inclosing
a copy of Mr. Penn's petition, and desiring his
opinion "whether such a plantation or settlement
would anyways entrench upon the patent of his
Royal Highness or otherwise prejudice the same."
(Rough draft.)
N. B. There is a note on the back of the same,
that the copy of Mr. Penn's petition was sent to
Lord Baltimore's Agent.
Pennsylvania B. T. Vol. 1.   (4 folios.)
June 23. Mr. Richard Burke (Agent for Maryland) to
Mr. Seer. Blathwayte, in answer to the letter from
the Board of Trade of the 14 June, suggesting the




232             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1680. boundaries for Mr. Penn's petitioned for tract of
land. (Original.)
Pennsylvania B. T. Vol. 1.  (3 folios.)
June 23. Sir Joseph Werden to the Board of Trade, in
answer to the letter from the Board of the 14 June,
giving his opinion how far Mr. Penn's petition may
be complied with. (Original.)
Pennsylvania B. T. Vol. 1.  (5 folios.)
October 16. Sir Joseph Werden to Mr. Blathwayte, informing him that his Royal Highness the Duke of
York is willing to accede to Mr. Penn's request,
that he may have a grant of the tract of land on
the north of Newcastle Colony, and on the west
side of Delaware River. (Original.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.    (3 folios.)
November 8. Mr. Secretary Blathwayte to Sir Jo. Werden, with a draft of a grant presented by Mr. Penn
to the Board of Trade, in order to be passed to
him desiring Sir Joseph's opinion upon the same.
(Rough draft.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.    (3 folios.)
November 18. Mr. Seer. Blathwayte to Sir Jo. Werden, inclosing an extract of so much of the patent
which Mr. Penn is soliciting as it concerns the
boundaries, in order that he may make his objections to in on behalf of the Duke of York. (Draft.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.    (2 folios.)
November 18.   Mr. Seer. Blathwayte to the agents of
the Lord Baltimore, desiring their attendance at
the next meeting of the Board, in order to receive
their objections (if any) against the proposed patent




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.  233
1680. to Mr. Penn, before the final resolution on the said
patent shall pass. (Rough draft.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. ].    (3 folios.)
November 20. Sir Joseph Werden to Mr. Secretary
Blathwayte, in answer to his letter of the 18th of
the same month;-after remarking upon the imperfection of the then existing geographical survey of
America, suggests that the wording of Mr. Penn's
patent be such as to leave Newcastle twenty or
thirty miles beyond it, free, and to be bounded on
the east by the Delaware River. (Original.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.    (4 folios.)
November 23. Sir Joseph Werden to Mr. Secretary
Blathwayte; informed Mr. Penn of the substance
of his letter of the 20th of the same month, and,
upon a discourse, found him (Mr. P.) willing that
twelve English miles north of Newcastle be the
boundary of his patent. (Original.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.    (2 folios.)
December 16. Secretary Blathwayte to Mr. Burke, requesting his attendance at the Board, on the 18th of
the same month, which day was appointed for hearing the exceptions of Lord Baltimore against the
draft of Mr. Penn's patent. (Draft.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.    (3 folios.)
(1680.)  Mr. Attorney-General's observations upon the
several clauses in Mr. Penn's Grant which were not
in accordance with the laws of Great Britain, but
which were in Lord Baltimore's patent. (Private
notes.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.    (2 folios.)




234             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
(1680.) Lord Chief Justice North's Report to the Board of
Trade upon the petition of Mr. Penn for a grant of
land, stating that the boundaries proposed by Mr.
Penn do intrench upon Lord Baltimore's province
of Maryland. (Rough draft.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.    (5 folios.)
"    Lord Chief Justice North's Memoranda, consisting of the drafts of several clauses for Mr. Penn's
Patent.
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.   (13 folios.)'(    Rough draft of the restrictions proposed to be
inserted in Mr. Penn's Patent.
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.    (2 folios.)
("    Rough draft of the boundaries of Pennsylvania,
as settled by Lord Chief Justice North.
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.    (3 folios.)
1680-1.
February 24. Board of Trade to the King, submitting the
draft of a Charter, constituting Mr. Penn absolute
Proprietary of Pennsylvania, to his Majesty's ap.
probation. (Draft.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.    (2 folios.)
1681.
April 10, Westminster. Mr. Penn to Lord Baltimore, recommending Captain Markham, as his kinsman and
deputy, to treat about the boundary line between
Maryland and Pennsylvania. (Copy inclosed with
the order of Council of January 8, 1707-8.)
Maryland B. T. V. 5, Fl. 60.  (4 folios.)
August. A narrative of what passed between the Lord




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.  235
1681. Baltimore and Captain Markham, in 1681 and
1682, in relation to the boundaries between Maryland and Pennsylvania-inclosed with the order of
Council to the Board of Trade, of January 8,
1707-8. (See also 1682, Aug.)
Maryland B. T. V. 5. Fl. 60.  (6 folios.)
October, Custom-House. An account of merchandizes
exported to the Plantations in America from London, in October, 1681, where mention is made of a
ship John Sarah, Henry Smith, master, burden
100 ts., bound for " Pensilvania." (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 80.
1681-2.
February 28.  An attested copy of the Pennsylvania
Charter.
Pennsylvania, B. T. V. 1.
1682.
April 2. Letter from the King to Lord Baltimore, informing him of the grant of Pennsylvania being
made to Mr. Penn, and stating the bounds of that
province. (Entry.)
Maryland B. T. V. 7. p. 83.  (6 folios.)
June 17. Extract of a letter to Lord Baltimore, from the
Commissioners appointed to settle the bounds between Maryland and Pennsylvania. (Copy.)
Maryland, B. T. B. C., P. 2.  (2 folios.)
August 19, Windsor. Letter from the King to Lord Baltimore, about adjusting the bounds between the provinces of Maryland and Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Maryland B. T. V. 7. p. 84.  (6 folios.)




236             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1682, August 24. Copy of Conveyance of Newcastle, &c.,
from the Duke of York to Mr. William Penn-presented to the Board of Trade by Mr. Edw. Randolph, with his memorial of the 19th of February,
1700-1.
Proprieties B. T. V. 5. F. 72.  (14 folios.)
August 24. Copy of Conveyance of the Delaware country
from the Duke of York to Mr. William Pennpresented to the Board of Trade by Mr. Edw. Randolph, with his memorial of the 19th of February,
1700-1.
Proprieties B. T. V. 5. F. 71.  (15 folios.)
August -. A narrative of the whole proceedings between
Lord Baltimore and Captain Markham, Lt. Govr.
of Pennsylvania, and between Lord Baltimore and
Mr. Penn. (Original, signed by Lord B.)
Maryland B. T. V. 1. B. C. P. 4.  (50 folios.)
September 25, Pennsylvania. Mr. Markham to Lord Baltimore, offering his reasons for not concurring with
his lordship on the subject of the boundary line.
(Attested copy.)
Maryland B. T. B. C. P. 29.     (3 folios.)
December 13. An account of the conference held between
Lord Baltimore and Mr. Penn, at the house of
Colonel Thos. Tailler, in the Ridge, in Anne Arundell County. (Attested by Lord B.)
Maryland B. T. B. C. P. 3.     (40 folios.)
December 13, Whitehall. Order in Council to prevent
abuses in transporting servants for the Plantations
in America. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 87.  (15 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   237
1682, December 17, Chester. Copy of an act of Assembly of Pennsylvania, passed at Chester, uniting the
three lower counties to the province-presented to
the Board of Trade by Mr. Edw. Randolph, with
his memorial of the 19th of February, 1700-1.
Proprieties B. T. V. 5. F. 73.  (12 folios.)
1682-3.
February 8. Lord Baltimore to the Marquis of Halifax,
inclosing an account of his conferences with Mr.
Penn and Mr. Markham. (Original.)
Maryland B. T. V. 1. B. C. P. 6.
March 2. Certificate of the Commissioners for settling the
boundary line between Maryland and Pennsylvania
with regard to the latitude of Palmer's; Island.
(Original.)
Maryland B. T. V. 1. B. C. P. 7.  (1 folio.)
1683.
April 13. R. Sawyer to the King, describing the bounds
of Newcastle and Delaware Bay, as it was granted
to the Duke of York upon his surrender of the
former grant. (Original.)
Maryland B. T. V. 1. B. C. P. 48.  (6 folios.)
May 31, Hampton Court. Order of Council upon the petition of Rich. Burke (Lord Baltimore's agent), praying that the grant of Delaware to the Duke of York
may not pass the Great Seal, referring the same to
the consideration of the Board of Trade. (Original.)
Maryland B. T. V. 1. B. C. P. 5.  (3 folios.)
June 11. Lord Baltimore to Mr. Blathwayte, inclosing




238             CATALOGUE OF PAPIRS
1683. copies of his conferences with Mr. Penn and Mr.
Markham, in 1682; also, a substance of what
passed between him and Mr. Penn, at their private
conference at Newcastle, 29 of May, 1683. (Original; the two first conferences are duplicates of
the documents.formerly sent.)
Maryland B. T. V. 1. B. C. P. 21.  (15 folios.)
June 12, Patuxent. Lord Baltimore to the Marquis of Halifax, informing him that he had another conference
with Mr. Penn, but in private, and desires to be
heard personally before the Board, before anything
shall be decided in the boundary question. (Original.)
Maryland B. T. V. 1. B.,C. P. 10.  (3 folios.)
June 12. Lord Baltimore to Sir Leoline Jenkins, desiring
that no request of Mr. Penn be granted, until he is
heard at the Council Board. (Original.)
America and West Indies, V. 389.  (3 folios.)
August 1, Philadelphia. Mr. Penn to Mr. Bridgeman, with
thanks for the favours bestowed upon him-recommends Captain Markham, whom he sends as agent
to the Court-also, sends a present of the country
produce. (Original.)
America and West Indies, V. 388.  (6 folios.)
August 6. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade-is surprised
to hear that Lord Baltimore made his report to the
Board about their conference respecting the fixing
of the bounds, which report is against Mr. Penn's
consent, and for that reason he finds himself under
the necessity of stating every particular with regard
to the above-named conference. (Original.)
Pennsylvania, B. T. V. 1.    (23 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.  239
1683, August 18, Custom-House. Presentment of the Commissioners of the Customs, praying that instructions
may be given to the governors of plantations, and
likewise to the Chief Governor of Ireland, to inforce
the law to prevent frauds in trade. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 96.  (16 folios.)
October 18, Newcastle. Mr. Penn's proclamation prohibiting all persons to settle on the land between Delaware River and Chesapeak Bay, without his leave.
(Original.)
Maryland, B. T. V. 1. B. C. p. 32.  (2 folios.)
December 7, Patuxent. Lord Baltimore to Mr. Blathwayte, thanking him for the intelligence that nothing shall be done by the Council in the Delaware
business until he or his agents were heard. (Original.)
Maryland B. T. V. 1. B. C. P. 23. (5 folios.)
December 11. Lord Baltimore to Sir Leoline Jenkins, desiring to prevent Mr. Penn obtaining'the grant of
the Delaware Bay. (Original.)
America and West Indies, V. 389. (4 folios.)
1683-4.
February 12. Notes on the subject of the Grant of Delaware, presented to the Council on behalf of the Duke
of York.
Maryland, B. T. V. 1. B. C. P. 22.
February 27, Whitehall. Order in Council for passing a
Law in the Plantations against pirates and privateers. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 103.  (3 folios.)




240             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1683-4, March 8, Newmarket. Circular letter from the
King to the governors of the American Plantations, commanding them that the "Jamaica Act"
against pirates and privateers be passed. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 104.  (2 folios.)
1684.
March 26, Philadelphia. Copy of a Grant of Land on Delaware River, made by Mr. Penn, by which the
reserved rents are made payable to himself. (Inclosed in Colonel Quary's letter of February 25,
1702-3.)
Proprieties B. T. V. 7. L. 34.    (3 folios.)
April 6. Lord Baltimore to Sir L. Jenkins. He is going
to embark for England about the end of April, and
hopes to be heard in person by the Privy Council,
in defence of that right which Mr. Penn labours to
deprive him of. (Original.)
America and West Indies, V. 389.  (3 folios.)
May 12, Matapany Sewall. Deposition of Mr. Garrett
van Sweringen concerning his knowledge of the
settling of Delaware Bay and River, to the southward of the 40th degree northern latitude by the
Dutch and Swedes. (Original.)
Maryland, B. T. V. 1. B. C. P. 35.  (35 folios.)
June 30, Inner Temple. Sir Edw. Herbert to Mr. Blathwaytef desiring him, in behalf of the Duke of York,
to represent to the Lords of the Committee the
prejudice his R. H. may suffer by any further
delay in deciding the dispute between Mr. Penn
and Lord Baltimore about the Delaware. (Original.)
Maryland, B. T. V. 1. B. C. p. 25.  (2 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.  241
1684-5, February 6, Whitehall. Circular letter from the
Board of Trade to the Governors of the Plantations for proclaiming King James the Second.
(Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 121.  (3 folios.)
February 7, Whitehall. Order in Council to stop all vessels suspected to go to the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 127.  (2 folios.)
February 9, Whitehall. Order in Council for a Ketch to
be prepared for carrying the Proclamations to the
Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 128.  (2 folios.)
February 13, Whitehall. Order in Council for the Embargo
on Plantation Ships to be taken off. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 128.  (2 folios.)
February 13. Mr. Markham's receipt for a Packet directed to Mr. Penn. (Original.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.        (1 folio.)
February 13. A printed Proclamation for Pennsylvania,
proclaiming King James the Second King of England, &c. (Original.)
Pennsylvania B. T. Vol. 1.     (4 folios.)
March 17. Mr. Markham's answers to Lord Baltimore's
allegations against him (sworn to before the Committee by Mr. Markham).
Maryland, B. T. V. 1. B. C. p. 26. (12 folios.)
March 17. An Account of the Conference held between
Mr. Markham and Lord Baltimore on the subject
of the Boundary Line in 1682, presented and sworn
to by Mr. Markham. (Original.)
Maryland B. T. V. 1. B. C. p. 28. (15 folios.)
20




242             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1684-5, March 17. Extract of a Letter from Colonel Markham to Lord Baltimore, explaining the reason why
he did not attend his Lordship on the appointed day.
Maryland B. T. V. 1. B. C. p. 27. (2 folios.)
1685.
April 1, Whitehall. Order in Council for the Commanders
of the King's ships to seize all Vessels that Trade to
the English Plantations contrary to Law. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 142.  (1 folio.)
April 10. Circular Letter from the Board of Trade to all
the Governors in the Plantations, requiring to take
effectual care that the Acts of Trade and Navigation be strictly observed. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 142.  (4 folios.)
May 23. President Loyd's Proclamation upon the accession of King James the Second. (Attested copy.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.       (3 folios.)
June 26, Whitehall. The King's Circular Letter to all the
Governors in the Plantations, concerning the impositions on Sugar and Tobacco-that the insurrection
in Scotland is put down, and that the Duke of Monmouth is pursued. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 145.  (12 folios.)
July 17, Whitehall. Order in Council upon a Report from the
Board of Trade for issuing Quo Warrantos against
the Proprietors of Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode
Island, E. and W. Jerseys, and Delaware. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 230.  (7 folios.)
August 10, Windsor. Instructions (prepared by the Commissioners of Customs (under Sign Manual, for the
Governors in the Plantations, for the better putting




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.  243
1685. in execution the Acts of Trade and Navigation.
(Entry.)
Plant. Gent. B. T. V. 32. p. 151. - (60 folios.)
August 18. Petition of Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade,
requesting that the hearing of the Boundary question
may be fixed for that day week. (Original.)
Maryland B. T. V. 1. B. C. p. 31. (2 folios.)
August 18. Petition of Mr. Penn to the King, desiring
that his Majesty would command the Boundary
question between Maryland and Pennsylvania to be
referred to the Board of Trade, and order its speedy
determination. (Original.)
Maryland B. T. V. 1. B. C. p. 30. (3 folios.)
October 11, Whitehall. Circular letter from the King to
the Governors of Plantations, about Rebels transported for servants into their respective Governments. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 172.  (6 folios.)
October 20, Whitehall. Mr. Blathwayte to the Governors
in America about Rebels transported to America
for servants. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 174.  (2 folios.)
November 13, Whitehall. Order of Council approving
the Report of the Board of Trade of Nov. 7,
upon the Boundary question between Maryland and
Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Maryland B. T. V. 7. p. 107.  (6 folios.)
(1685.) Abstract from papers sent by Lord Baltimore
relating to the Boundaries of Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Newcastle. (Draft.)
Maryland B. T. V. 1. B. C. P. 51.  (3 folios.)




244             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1685-6, March 24, Whitehall. Memorandum   fiom the
Board of Trade to the Lord President, desiring
him to move the King that an order in Council
of the 13th of December, 1682, touching servants
for the Plantations, may be renewed. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 176.  (2 folios.)
1686.
March 26, Whitehall. Order in Council to prevent
abuses in transporting servants for the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 176.
April 30, Whitehall. Memorandum from the Board of
Trade and Order in Council to Mr. Attorney
General that the several Writs of Quo Warrantos
against Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode Island, E.
and W. Jerseys, and Delaware, be renewed and
prosecuted to effect. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 232.  (4 folios.)
December 16, Whitehall. Circular letter from the Privy
Council, to all the Govrs. in the American Plantations touching the Treaty of Neutrality. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 236.  (4 folios.)
1687.
April 28, Whitehall.  Circular letter from  the Privy
Council to the Govrs. in the Plantations, ordering
them to publish the Proclamation for restraining
Pirates and Privateers. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 289.  (2 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   245
1687, May 18, Whitehall. Circular letter from the Privy
Council to the Govrs. in the Plantations with the
Declaration of Indulgence. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 238.
May 28, Hampton Ct. Order in Council to the Att.
and Sol. Genls. to prosecute the Quo Warrantos
issued against the several Proprieties and Corporations in America. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 32. p. 240.  (1 folio.)
1687-8.
January 22, Whitehall. Circular letter under Sign Manual
to all the Govrs. in the Plantations, inclosing the Proclamation for suppressing Pirates and Privateers.
(Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 17. 1 (10 folios.)
January 22, Whitehall. Circular letter under Sign Manual
to the Govrs. in the American Plantations, inclosing
a Copy of the Instrument for quieting all disputes
between the English and French in America. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 20.  (13 folios.)
1688.
June 10, Whitehall. Circular letter to the Govrs. in America for celebrating the birth of the Prince. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 32.  (2 folios.)




246             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1688-9, February (19). The oaths to be taken instead of
the oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy, and a Proclamation declaring William and Mary of Orange
to be King and Queen of England. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 38.  (4 folios.)
February 19, Whitehall. Letter from the Council to the
Govrs. of the Plantations, to Proclaim King William
the Third, and Queen Mary. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 36.  (5 folios.)
1689.
April 15, Whitehall. Circular letter from the Earl of
Shrewsbury to the Govrs. of the Plantations, giving
them notice of his Majesty's intention to declare
War against France. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 40.  (3 folios.)
May 2, Hampton Ct. Representation from   the Board
of Trade, respecting the state of the Plantations
with relation to the War with France, and an order
of Council upon the same. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 44.  (14 folios.)
May 18, Council Chamber. Report of the Council to the
King, touching the State of the Plantations, and
what stores of war are necessary for their defence;
also that the Proprietary Governments are worthy
the consideration of the Parliament for the bringing
them under a nearer dependence on the Crown.
(Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 50.  (4 folios.)
October 4, New York. Copy of John Forats deposition,
that in August last he was removed from being a
Justice of peace in Newcastle in Pennsylvania, for




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   247
1689. desiring that their Majesties William and Mary
should be proclaimed.
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.       (3 folios.)
1690.
April 10. An order from the Board of Trade to Mr.
Penn to attend at their Meeting on the 17th of the
same month. (Draft.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.       (2 folios.)
April 28. Mr. Penn to Mr. Secretary Blathwayte.-He
has discharged his promise given to the Lords, and
hopes it will have the desired effect: if not, (says
Mr. Penn) " any orders they renew will be there (in
Pennsylvania), I believe, obeyed." (Original.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.      (2 folios.)
December 2. Abstract of the List of Ships allowed to sail
to the different Plantations, with their number of
Men and Tunnage. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 150.  (8 folios.)
qu.? 1690. Copy of the "Golden Brief" for the ship
Alexander condemned in Pennsylvania.
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.    (2 folios.)
1690-1.
January 15. Copy of the Minutes of Council held at
James Town in Virginia, containing a Report received from Pennsylvania, that the Inhabitants of
that Province "have given out, that if the French




248             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1690-1.
and Indians come against them, they will go out
and meet them without arms, and acquaint them
they had no quarrell with them, nor would not fight."
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.    (8 folios.)
1691-2.
March 10. Order of Council for a Commission for the
Government of Pennsylvania and the Militia of N.
Jerseys. (Entry.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 2. p. 22.  (4 folios.)
1692, before April 2. Memorandum for the Lord President
of the Council of the heads of a Commission to be
passed, for Col. Fletcher to take the Province of
Pennsylvania under his Government. (Rough draft.)
New York B. T. V. 4. B. E. P. 12.  (3 folios.)
April 2, Whitehall. From the Board of Trade to Mr.
Attorney General, with a draft of the Commission
for Govr. Fletcher to take the Province of Pennsylvania under his Government. (Draft.)
New York B. T. V. 4. B. E. P. 12.  (1 folio.)
May 2. Memorandum of a Report from the Board of
Trade relating to a Commission for the Government of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 2. p. 23.  (4 folios.)
May 12. Order of Council upon the Report of the Board
of Trade relating to the Commission for the Govern-.
ment of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 2. p. 24.  (4 folios.)
June 21, Newcastle. Copy of a Trial upon the seizure of




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   249
1692. a Sloop for illegal Trade in Pennsylvania-(and a
duplicate of the same.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 4. A. 12 & A. 12-1. (14 folios.)
July 1. Order in Council approving of the draft of the
Instructions to Col. Fletcher for the Govt. of N. Y.
and Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 2. p. 37.  (1 folio.)
July 16. Col. Nicholson, Lieut. Govr. of Virginia, to
the Board.-Informs them that the Quakers in Pennsylvania have fallen out among themselves, and
requests to have the power to make them leave
Virginia, if any of them should arrive there. (Extract.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.       (2 folios.)
October 11. The Queen's letter to Col. Fletcher for the
Province of Pennsylvania to assist New York
against the French. (Entry.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 2. p. 40.  (5 folios.)
October 21. Col. Fletcher's Commission for the Government of New York and Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 2. p. 26.  (45 folios.)
October 28. Instructions to Col. Fletcher for the Government of New York and Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 2. p. 38.  (9 folios.)
November 5, Pocamoke. Copy of Mr. Randolph's letter
to Mr. Wm. Clark, Collector in Pennsylvania, about
negotiating Pardons for Pirates (referred in Mr.
Penn's letter to the Board of 31 December, 1700.)
Proprieties B. T. V. 6. 9. 10.  (3 folios.)
December 5. Mr. Penn to Col. Fletcher.-Having heard
that a Commission is sent to Col. F. to command




250             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1692. Pennsylvania, cautions the said Colonel "to tread
softly and with caution in this affair," as that
Country and the Government of it is Mr. Penn's
property;-that there was no Quo Warranto
brought, nor judgment passed, against his Charter.
(Copy.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.       (5 folios.)
1692 or 1693.
Extract from a letter of Mr. Penn to a "certain" person
in Philadelphia, recommending to "insist upon
(their) Patent with wisdome and moderation, but
steddy; integrity you are to hear, and obey the
Crown of England, speaking in the language and
voice of the Law, which this is not, but sic volo sic
jubeo, &c." (Extract attested by Col. Fletcher.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.       (7 folios.)
1693.
April 22 (last date). Abstracts of Col. Fletcher's letters,
dated the 14th of February, 8th March, and 22
of April, written to Mr. Blathwayte, where it is
mentioned that Pennsylvania, in answer to the
letter from the New York Council requiring them to
assist, said, that "they have nothing to send but
their good wishes:" and again, that Col. Fletcher
having received his Commission for Pennsylvania,




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   251
1693. he is going thither.-The original letters, however,
are not with the Correspondence.
New York B. T. V. 4. B. E. P. 37.  (7 folios.)
April 26. A list of Officers appointed by Col. Fletcher in
the Province of Pennsylvania. (Attested Copy.)
New York B. T. V. 5. B. F. P. 3.  (12 folios.)
April 26 to May 16. Abstracts from the Minutes of
Council in Pennsylvania.
New York B. T. V. 5. B. F. P. 22.  (6 folios.)
June 12, New York. Col. Fletcher to the Board.-Mr.
Lodvick sent by the Council to give an account of
the Province (N. Y.);-can get no assistance from
Pennsylvania;-seal wanted for that Province
(Pennsylv'a). (Original.)
New York B. T. V. 5. B. F. P. 1.  (4 folios.)
June 13. Instructions from the Govr. and Council of
New York to Col. Charles Lodvick, containing
what he is to offer on their behalf to the Board of
Trade. (Copy.)
New York B. T. V. 4. B. E. P. 60.  (10 folios.)
September 15. Memorial of Charles Lodvick on behalf
of Col. Fletcher to the Board of Trade, wherein he
complains, that Pennsylvania will not assist N.
York, and that if the Colonies of Connecticut, N.
Jersey, and Pennsylvania, were incorporated with
N. York, it would then strengthen that part of North
America against the Enemies. (Original.)
New York B. T. V. 4. B. E. P. 59.  (9 folios.)
August 18, New York. Col. Fletcher to Mr. Blathwayte:
could not raise any money in Pennsylvania;-he
conferred with the Indians, &c.;-(the rest of the




252             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1693. letter does not relate to Pennsylvania.)  (Original.)
New York B. T. V. 5. B. F. P. 6.  (8 folios.)
December 28. Order of Council with the Draft of a
Charter proposed to be granted to Richard Haynes
and others, to incorporate them to Trade with a joint
stock to Pennsylvania, commanding the AttorneyGeneral to prepare a Bill to that effect. (Original.)
America & W. Indies. V. 388.  (150 folios.)
December -. Draft of a bond to their Majesties from some
of the Members of the New Pennsylvania Trading
Company.
America & W. Indies. V. 388.   (24 folios.)
1693,. Extracts from two letters of Mr. Penn to
a certain person in Philadelphia, giving him advice
how to get the Patent restored. (Attested by Col.
Fletcher.)
New York B. T. V. 5. B. F. P. 23.  (6 folios.)
1693,, Philadelphia. Copy of the Address of some
of the Freeholders and Inhabitants of Pennsylvania
to Col. Fletcher.
New York B. T. V. 5. B. F. P. 4.  (10 folios.)
A Printed Copy of the same Address. (Vide.)
New York B. T. V. 5. B. F. P. 15.
1693-4.
March 5. Mr. Seer. Povey to the Attorney-General, with
a copy of the Pennsylvania Patent. (Original.)
Pennsylvania B. T. Vol. 1.     (1 folio.)
1694.
July (5.) Mr. Penn's Petition to the Queen, desiring to be




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   253
1694. restored to his Government, in pursuance of the
right of his grant under the Great Seal. (Original.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.       (4 folios.)
July 5. Order in Council, referring Mr. Penn's Petition
for his restoration to the Government of Pennsylvania to the Attorney and Solicitor-Genl. (Entry.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 2. p. 42.  (1 folio.)
July 12. Mr. Attorney and Solr.-Generl's Report on Mr.
Penn's petition of July (5), touching his right
to the government of Pennsylvania, referred to
them by the Privy Council. (Copy.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.      (9 folios.)
July 12. Order in Council, referring to the Board of
Trade for their consideration the Report of Att. and
Sol. Gen. upon Mr. Penn's Petition touching his
right to the Government of Pennsylvania. (Original.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.       (2 folios.)
July 13. From the Board of Trade to the AttorneyGen., with the Acts of Pennsylvania, requiring his
opinion upon the same. (Draft.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.       (2 folios.)
July 25. Mr. Attorney and Solicitor-Genl's Report upon
the Grants to Mr. Penn, of Newcastle, &c. (Original.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.      (7 folios.)
July 25. Mr. Attorney-General to the Board, returning
his opinion upon the Acts passed in Pennsylvania.
(Original.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.       (4 folios.)
August 1. Mr. Penn's memorial against the Law about recording Deeds. (Original.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.       (1 folio.)




254             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1694, August 1. From the Board of Trade to the AttorneyGeneral, requiring him to reconsider the Laws of
Pennsylvania:-to hear Mr. Penn or his Agent concerning the same, and to attend the Board with his
opinion at their next meeting. (Draft.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.       (3 folios.)
August 1 & 3. Report from the Board of Trade to the
Queen in Council upon Mr. Penn's Petition to be
restored to the Government of Pennsylva., &c., and
upon the laws of that Province passed in their
Assembly, May, 1693. (Entry.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 2. p. 51.  (25 folios.)
August 3. Mr. Penn's agreement given at the Council
Chamber about the Laws of Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.       (3 folios.)
August 9. Order of Council disallowing two Laws of
Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 2. p. 62.  (4 folios.)
August 9. Order of Council confirming some of the
Pennsylvanian Laws. (Entry.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 2. p. 60.  (9 folios.)
August 9. Order in Council upon Mr. Penn's Petition,
restoring him to the Government of Pennsylv'a.,
and revoking in part Col. Fletcher's Commiss'n.
(Entry.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 2. p. 56.  (13 folios.)
August 20. Royal Commission (Letters Patent) to make
void the Appointment of Col. Fletcher to the
Governt. of Pennsylv'a. (Entry.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 2. p. 63.  (8 folios.)
August 21. Sign Manual to Mr. Penn, signifying her
Majesty's pleasure as regards the quota of Men and




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.    255
1694. other assistance to be given from Penna. to New
York. (Entry.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 2 p. 58.  (8 folios.)
November 24. Mr. Penn's Commission to Mr. Markham
to be " Governor" of PerAsylvania under him.
(Copy.)
Proprieties B. T. V. 1. A. 1.   (3 folios.)
November 24. Mr. Penn's Commission to John Goodson
and Sam. Carpenter to be Assistants to Mr. Markham in the Governt. of Pennsylvania. (Copy.)
Proprieties B. T. V. 1. A. 2.   (2 folios.)
December 14. Wm. Ford (on behalf of Mr. Penn) to
Seer. Blathwayte, requesting that Mr. Markham be
approved of by the Board as Lieutenant Govr. of
Penns'a. (Original.)
Pennsylvania B. T. V. 1.        (1 folio.)
1695.
April' 1. Constitution of the Penna. Trading Company.
(Copy.)
Proprieties B. T. V. 7. L. 53.  (17 folios.)
April 21, & seq. Papers relative to a Trial upon the seizure
of the Briganteen Dolphin in Penna. (Copies of
seven documents.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 4. A. 13. & seq. (30 folios.)
October 16. Proposals to the Commissrs. of the Customs to
discourage the illegal Trade in the Plantations, presented to them by Mr. Randolph. (Copy of the same
delivered to the Board of Trade, 1696, Aug. 17.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 4. A. 10.  (21 folios.)




256             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1695, December 7, London. Memorial from Mr. E. Randolph to the Custom Commissioners about the Illegal
Trade in the Plantations, and, in particular, in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, offering some
methods for the prevention thereof. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 352. (40 folios.)
1695-6.
January (13), Custom House. Presentment from the Custom Commissioners to the Lords of the Treasury
upon Mr. Randolph's Memorial of Dec. 7, about the
illegal Trade in the American Plant'ns. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 350.  (6 folios.)
January 13, Whitehall. Order in Council upon Mr. Randolph's Memorial of Dec. 7, touching the illegal
trade in the Am. Plant'ns. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 348.  (2 folios.)
January 17.  Report of the Custom  Comrnmiss'rs upon
Randolph's Memorial of Dec. 7, about the illegal
Trade in the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 365.  (16 folios.)
January 28. Report of the Committee of the whole
Council to his Majesty upon the Report of the
Custom Commissioners of January 17, relative to
Mr. Randolph's Memorial about the illegal Trade in
the Plantat'ns. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 371.  (5 folios.)
January 28. Reference of Mr. Randolph's Memorial of
7th Dec., 1695, by the Committee of the whole




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.  257
1695-6. Council, to Sr. Charles Hedges, Kn't, Judge of the
Admiralty, for his opinion. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 373.  (2 folios.)
February 7, Admiralty. Report of Sir Charles Hedges to
the Committee of the whole Council upon Mr.
Randolph's Memorial referred to him by the said
Committee, January 28th. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 374.  (2 folios.)
February 13, Kensington. Circular letter from the Council to the Govrs. in the Plantations upon the presentment of the Cornmiss'rs of the Customs relating
to the Acts of Trade and the Act passed in Scotland. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 376.  (7 folios.)
March 10, Whitehall. Circular letter from the Council to
the Govrs. in the Plantations upon the discovery of
the Conspiracy. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 378.  (4 folios.)
1696.
April 15, Whitehall. Circular letter from the Council to
the Govrs. in the Plantations, with the Act of Parliament for preventing frauds and regulating abuses
in the Plantation Trade. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 382.  (3 folios.)
April 20, Whitehall. Circular letter from the Council to
the Govrs. in the Plantations relating to the designs
of the French. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 33. p. 381.  (3 folios.)
May -. Copy of a Bill drawn and presented to Govr.
Markham in Penns'a by the Quakers, which they
21




258             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1696. desired to purchase to be enacted for the sum of
~200 to be given as an assistance to New York.
Proprieties B. T. V. 1. A. 3.  (30 folios.)
June 25. Copy of a letter from Pennsylvania about some
strange Indians' having presented themselves in the
Province & committed some ravages-laid before
the Board by Mr. Penn, 1696-7, Febr'y 12.
Proprieties B. T. V. 1. A. 24.  (15 folios.)
July 6 & Aug. 2, Edinborough. Copies of two letters
from Scotland about illegal Trade carried on from
Pennsylv'a-presented to the Board by Mr. Randolph.
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 4. A. 15.  (2 folios.)
July 17. Extract of a Presentment from the Custom
Commiss'rs to the Lords of the Treasury about the
execution of Penal Laws against illegal Trade in
the Plantations, recommending to erect Courts of
Admiralty, and to nominate Attorneys General.
(Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 20.  (5 folios.)
July 17. Extract of a Presentment from the Custom
Commissioners to the Lords of the Treasury, in
which they propose that the Govrs. of the Proprieties may be persons of good Estates and Reputation. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 19.  (3 folios.)
July 22, Treasury. Mr. Lowndes to Mr. Popple-inclosing
the Extract from the presentment of the Custom
Commissioners to the Lords of the Treasury, to be
laid before the Commissioners of -Trade. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 18.  (2 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   259
1696, July 23, Whitehall. Order in Council referring the
Extract of a Presentment from the Custom Commissioners to the Lords of the Treasury of July 17, 1696,
about the execution of Penal laws, &c. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 20.  (1 folio.)
July 31. Mr. Randolph's proposals for putting into execution the Act for preventing Frauds, &c., in the
Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 25.  (4 folios.)
July 31. List of persons to be Judges, Registers, Marshalls
in the Admiralty Courts, and also Attorneys General
in the Plantat'ns. (Entry-presented by Mr. Randolph.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 22.  (5 folios.)
August 12, Whitehall. Representation from the Board of
Trade to the Lords Justices upon the Presentment
of the Custom Commissioners referred to then by
the Lords of the Treasury, wherein they move, that
it is requisite Commiss'rs should be appointed for
administering the oath or oaths to the Govern'rs of
the Proprieties. (Entry.)
Plant. Gen. B. T. V. 34. p. 26.  (3 folios.)
August 13, Whitehall. Representation from the Board of
Trade to the Lords Justices-expressing their opinion
that the erecting of the Courts of Admiralty in the
Plantations will conduce to the due execution of the
Penal Laws.
Plant. Gen. B. T. V. 34. p, 27.  (2 folios.)
August 17. Mr. Randolph's Representation to the Board
of Trade about the ill execution of the Acts of




260             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1696. Parliament relating to Trade in the Plantations
under distinct proprieties. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Gen. B. T. V. 4. A. 11.  (15 folios.)
August 17. Names of Pirates and Scotchmen inhabiting
and Trading in Pennsylvania, presented to the
Board by Mr. Randolph. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Gen. B. T. V. 4. A. 14.  (2 folios.)
August 20. Order in Council upon Representation from
the Board of Trade of August 12, concerning the
Govers. in Plantations under district Proprieties.
(Entry.)
Plant. Gen. B. T. V. 34. p. 169.  (2 folios.)
August 25. Memorial from Mr. Randolph to the Board
of Trade, about the Attorneys General in the different Plantations. (Orig'l.)
Also a List of the new Attorneys General to be
appointed, signed by Mr. Secr. Popple.
Plant. Gen. B. T. V. 4. A. 17.  (10 folios.)
September 7. Representation from the Board of Trade to
the Lords Justices, concerning the appointment of
Attorneys General in the different Provinces in America, stating, upon Mr. Randolph's information, the
different charges against the then Colonial Attorneys Gen'l. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 7.      (7 folios.)
September 10. Order in Council to the Attorney Genl. to
consider the Representation of the Board of Trade
concerning' the appointment of Att's Gen'l in the
different Colonies in America. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 7.       (2 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.  261
1696. September 23. Mr. Nelson's Memorial to the Board
of Trade, about the state of the Northern Colonies in
America, viz., N. Eng., R. I., Connecticut, N. York,
Penns'a, Maryl'd, and Virginia. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Gen. B. T. V. 4. A. 21.  (36 folios.)
September 23.  Mr. Nelson's memorial to the Board of
Trade, proposing the method of conquering Canada.
(Orig'l.)
Plant. Gen. B. T. V. 4. A. 21.  (14 folios.)
September 30. Representation from the Board of Trade
to the Lords Justices concerning the state of the
Northern Colonies in America. (Entry.)
Plant. Gen. B. T. V. 34. p. 59.  (32 folios.)
October 13. Commission of Gov'r Nicholson of Maryland
to Capt'n Josiah Daniell and Lieutenants Ockman
and Young, to seize one Day, a Privateer supposed
to be in Delaware Bay. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 3. No. 2.  (4 folios.)
October 14. Capt'n Josiah Daniell's Commission to Lieutenants Wm. Ockman and Isaac Young, for seizing
one Day, a Pirate in Pennsylv'a. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 57.      (3 folios.)
October 18. Major Donaldson of Newcastle to Lt. Gov.
Markham-informs that Gov. Nicholson sent into
Newcastle 60 Armed Men from Maryland to search
for Capt'n Day and his Men. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 3. No. 17.  (4 folios.)
October 20. s. From -     (Philada.) to  -  does not
approve of the manner of beating for Recruits, and
desires to be consulted on the subject. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 3. No. 4.  (2 folios.)




262             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1696, October 30. Mr. Randolph's Memorial to the Board
of Trade, soliciting the dispatch of the Attorney General's Report upon a Representation about Attorneys General in the Proprieties. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 4. A. 22.  (3 folios.)
October 30. Mr. Seer. Popple to the Att. Gen'l about his
Report relating to Attorneys General in the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 77.  (2 folios.)
November 5, (or before.) Petition of the Proprietors of
Carolina, Bahama Islands, Pennsylv'a, E. and W.
Jerseys and Connect't, against the appointment of
an Att. Gen'l for these provinces by the Board of
Trade. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 4.       (6 folios.)
November 5. Order in Council upon the Petition of the
Lords Proprietors of Carolina, Bahama Islands,
Penns'a, &c., relating to the appointment of the
Att. Gen'l in the said Provinces, and referring the
same to the consideration of the Board of Trade.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 4.        (2 folios.)
November 10. Mr. Randolph's Memorial to the Custom
Commissioners concerning the Breach of the Acts
of Trade and Navigation in the several Colonies in
America, especially in the Proprietary Govern'ts.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 6.       (25 folios.)
November 16. The Custom Commiss'rs' Presentm't to the
Lords of the Treasury with Mr. Randolph's memorial concerning the breach of the Acts of Trade and




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.  263
1696. Navigation in the several Colonies in America, especially in the Proprietary Govern'ts. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 6.      (2 folios.)
November 19. Copy of the Minutes of Council of Penns'a
about ~300 sent to New York for the relief of the
friendly Indians.
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 3. No. 19.  (3 folios.)
November 28, Albany. Col. Fletcher to Lt. Gov'r Markham acknowledging the receipt of his letter and
thanks for the gift which the Council and Assembly
of Pennsylv'a made for the Indians. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 3. No. 20.  (2 folios.)
December 1. Mr. Lowndes to Mr. Popple-with the Custom Commissioners' Presentment and Mr. Randolph's Memorial concerning the Breach of the
Acts of Trade and Navigation in the several Colonies in Am'a, more especially in the Propr. Provinces. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 5.       (1 folio.)
December 3. Order of Council upon a Report of the
Board of Trade of the same date, relating to Jamaica, and complaining of the protection given to
Pirates in the Propr., commanding that the s'd complaint be communicated to the different Proprietors.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 10.      (2 folios.)
December 4. Mr. Seer. Popple to the Attorney Gen'l
desiring his opinion ab't erecting Admiralty Courts
in the Plant'ns. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 25. p. 13.      (1 folio.)
December 4. Attorney General's opinion about the erect



264             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1696. ing of Courts of Admiralty in the Plantat'ns under
distinct Proprietors. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 7.       (3 folios.)
December 9. Mr. Penn to Mr. Seer. Popple informing
him about two Laws past in Maryland prejudicial
to the Trade of Penns'a, and desiring to be heard
by the Board on that subject before the said Laws
are taken into their consideration. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 9.        (4 folios.)
December 9. Memorial of Mr. Randolph to the Board of
Trade, desiring leave to prove the Allegations in
his former Mem'l of Nov. 10. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. I. A. 8.       (2 folios.)
December 10. Memorial of the Proprietors of Carolina,
Bahama, Pennsylv'a, Jerseys and Connect't to the
Board of Trade relating to the Courts of Admiralty
there. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 11.      (4 folios.)
December 17. Representation from the Board of Trade
to the King about the erecting Admiralty Courts in
the several Proprietary and Charter Govern'ts in
America. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 25. p. 16.     (7 folios.)
December 30. Order of Council upon a Report from the
Board of Trade, dated the 17 Dec., about erecting
of Admiralty Courts in the Plantations under distinct Proprieties and Charters. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 13.      (4 folios.)
1696 or 1697. Mr. Penn's proposals to the Lords Committees of the H. of Lords relating to the Plantation
Trade-also




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.  265
1696 or 1697. A list of several papers delivered into the
H. of L. by Mr. Penn and others relating to the
Plantation Trade-and
A schedule of imp'ts & exp'ts into England delivered by the Custom Commissioners. (Copies.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 4. A. 60 & 61. (33 folios.)
1696-7.
January 21. Petition of the Proprietors of Carolina, Bahama Islands, Penns'a, Jerseys and Connect't to the
King praying that their Gov'rs be appointed vice
Admirals in their respective Govern'ts. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 18.      (5 folios.)
February 8. Mr. Penn's scheme for rendering the Northern Colonies of Am'a more useful to England.
(Orig'l, not signed.)
Plant. Gen. B. T. V. 4. A. 40.  (6 folios.)
February 9. Board of Trade to Mr. Penn-communicating his Maj'ty's pleasure that the Quota appointed
by her late Maj'ty in 1692 be punctually contributed
-that effectual Laws be made against the receiving
& harbouring Deserters & other Fugitives, & that
due care be taken that no Pirates or sea Robbers
be anywhere sheltered or entertained. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 25. p. 37.     (6 folios.)
February 12. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade-complaining against two Laws passed in Maryland in
1695 being injurious to the Trade of Pennsylvania.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 22.     (2 folios.)




266             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1696-7, February 12. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade,objecting to the Quota ordered from Pennsylvania
for the defence of New York. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 23.      (4 folios.)
February 13. Lt. Gov'r Markham to Mr. Penn.-In consequence of a French Privateer's having taken several sloops on the Coast of Pennsylv'a, he gave a
Commission to Capt'n John Day to attack the s'd
Privateer, which raised great clamour against him
by Gov'r Nicholson. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 3. No. 10.  (18 folios.)
February 22. Extract of a letter from Lt. Gov'r Markham to Mr. Penn.-Received a letter from  Mr.
Clark that the Marylanders continue incroaching
upon Penn'a bounds-that Gov'r Nicholson had
drawn up an information against this province for
enticing and harbouring Men belonging to the Ships
of Maryland, and sent the s'd information to the
Magistrates of Cicil County to sign, but they refused, upon which he arrested them.
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 3. No. 16.  (3 folios.)
February 24. Rich. Halliwell, Jno. Donaldson and Ro.
French, Merchants of New Castle, to Lt. Gov'r
Markham-the Gov'r of Maryland having given
permission to the Traders there to bring Tobacco
from Pennsylv'a to be loaded on board there and
transported for England, the said Merch'ts beg to
have the liberty to carry the same over. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 3. No. 15.  (1 folio.)
February 25. Commissioners of the Customs to the Board
of Trade with a List of the names of persons pro



RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.  267
1696-7. per to be imployed in the several Courts of Admiralty in the Plantations. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 4. A. 46.  (6 folios.)
February 26. Lt. Gov'r Markham to the Merchants of
New Castle in answer to their letter of the 24th of
February, regretting that it is not within his power
to grant them their request. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 3. No. 14.  (1 folio.)
March 1. Lt. Govr. Markham to Mr. Penn.-James
Claypole was returned from Maryland, and told
him that Govr. Nicholson is very indefatigable in
collecting all the information he can in order to
frame a complaint home against him;-wishes Mr.
Penn to discourse with the Custom Commissioners
about transporting overland to Maryland from Pennsylv'a. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 3. No. 13.  (8 folios)
March 2. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Secr. Sanson (of the
Board of Customs) about the names of persons to
be appointed Advocates in the Plant'ns. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 110.  (3 folios.)
March 3. Seer. Sanson (of the Board of Customs) to Mr.
Popple, with a List of the names of persons proposed to be Advocates in several of his Maj'ty's
Plantations in America. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 4. A. 47.  (8 folios.)
March 4. Mr. Randolph's memorandum delivered to the
Board of Trade for reconciling and perfecting the
two lists, lately received from the Custom House, of
persons to be Officers in the Admiralty Courts &
the Advocates General. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 4. A. 48.  (2 folios.)




268             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1696-7, March 4. Representation from the Board of Trade to
the king, inclosing a list of the names of the Officers for
the Admiralty Courts in the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 117.  (6 folios.)
March 9. Capt'n Daniell to Govr. Markham.-Informs
him that three Men deserted from his Ship, taking
a Barge with them, and requests him to give'himself a "little trouble" in order to secure the
said Deserters. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 3. No. 5.  (4 folios.)
March 17. Mr. Tucker, of the Privy Council Office, to
Mr. Seer. Popple, about Officers for the Admiralty
Court in the 3 Lower Counties depending on Pennsylv'a. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 4. A. 54.  (2 folios.)
qu.? 1696-7. (b.) The Maryland Council's opinion upon
the Petition of the Merchants of Pennsylvania to
be released from duties imposed upon their Ships
traversing the seas of Maryland, wherein they
assert, that the Petitioners can have no claim of
exemption from those duties. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 3. No. 9.  (9 folios.)
qu.? 1696-7. (a.) Penna. Merch'ts' Pet'n to Govr. Nicholson, praying that none of their Vessels going thro'
the seas belonging to Maryland be taxed or otherwise assized. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 3. No. 8.
1697.
March 25. Board of Trade to Mr. Seer. Trumbull (of
the Pr. Council) relating'to Admiralty Officers for
the 3 Lower Counties. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 133.  (4 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.  269
1697, March 30. Lt. Govr. Markham to Capt'n Daniell,
in answer to his letter of March 9, 1696-7, rebuking
him for the rude and indicent expressions used
therein, when speaking of the Deserters from his
Ship. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 3. No. 6.  (3 folios.)
March 30. Board of Trade to Mr. Attorney Generaldesiring him to draw up a form of Bond or security
to be taken from the Proprietors of several Colonies
in America for their respective Deputy Governors
who are not of the King's nomination. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 25. p. 62.    (4 folios.)
April 8. Seer. Popple to the Att. General, requiring him
to hasten the Dispatch of the Bond required to be
drawn by him on the 30th of March last. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 25. p. 64.     (2 folios.)
April (9). Draft of a Bond (presented by Mr. Att. Genl.
to the Board of Trade) to be entered into by the
Proprietors of several Plant'ns in America.
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 38.      (3 folios.)
April 9. Mr. Att. Genl. Trevor to the Board of Trade
with a draft of a Bond to be entered into by the
Proprietors of several Plant'ns in Am'a. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 38.      (1 folio.)
April 14. Secr. Popple to Mr. Lowndes, Seer. of the
Treasury, with a copy of a draft of a Bond to be
entered into by the proprietors of several Plantations in America, desiring that the same be laid
before the Lords Commiss'rs of the Treasury for
their opinion. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 25. p. 68.    (3 folios.)




270             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1697, April 22, Kensington. The King's letter to Mr.
Penn (being a Duplicate of a Circular letter to all
the Proprietors) commanding him strictly to observe the Laws for preventing of Frauds in the
Plantation Trade under the Penalty of forfeiting
his Patent. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 25. p. 70.     (3 folios.)
April 24. Lt. Govr. Markham to Mr. Penn-vindicates
his conduct with regard to the Pirates and Privateers
in answer to the charges brought, by E. Randolph.
(Extracts.)
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 3. No. 11.  (7 folios.)
April 30. Mr. Lowndes to Mr. Popple.-Informs him that
by direction of the Lords of the Treasury he
forwarded to the Commiss'rs of Customs for their
opinion the Draft of a Bond to be entered into by
the Prop'rs of several Plantations in America.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 42.      (1 folio.)
April 30, Westminster. Copy of the Commission given to
Edw. Randolph, Rob. Quary, Rich. Hollewell, Edward Chilton, John Moore, and Jasper Yates, for
administering to the Govr. of Penna. the oath appointed by Act of Parliament for preventing Frauds
and regulating abuses in the Plantation Trade.
Propr. B. T. V. 4. D. 31.     (17 folios.)
May 1. Lt. Govr. Markham to (Mr. Penn)-vindicates
his character from the accusation of being avaricious
-sends Indian Bows and Arrows as a presentJohn Day is gone for Holland. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 3. No. 12.  (3 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   271
1697, May 4. Report of the Custom Commiss'rs to
the Lords of the Treasury, upon the Draft of a Bond
to be entered into by the Proprietors, giving their
opinion that the penalty ought not to be less than
E2000, and not more than ~5000. (Orig'i.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 43. No. 1.  (2 folios.)
May 5. Mr. Lowndes to Mr. Popple with a Report of the
Custom Commissioners upon the draft of a Bond to
be entered into by the Proprietors in America, concerning the amount of security to be taken from
the said Proprietors. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 43.      (2 folios.)
May 8. Secr. Popple to Mr. Penn, inclosing the form of
a Bond to be entered into by the several Proprietors
in America, that he may comply with it as soon as
he can conveniently come to Town. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 25. p. 74.     (3 folios.)
May 11. Letter from the Custom Commiss'rs to the Lords
of the Treasury, inclosing a Draft of Instructions
prepared by them for the Govrs. in the American
Plantations relating to the observance of the Acts
of Trade and Navigation. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 143.  (90 folios.)
May 20. Secr. Popple to Mr. Lowndes-expressing the
opinion of the Board of Trade upon the Draft of
Instructions transmitted by the Custom Commissioners to the Lords of the Treasury, and by them
to the Board. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 166.  (5 folios.)
July 8. Seer. Popple to Mr. Penn, inclosing the King's
letter of April 22, 1697. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 25. p. 84.     (1 folio.)




272             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1697, July 13, Annapolis. Copy of the Information of
Thomas Robinson, Esq're, about Privateers at
Philadelphia.
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 4. B. 49. 4.  (12 folios.)
July 30. Copy of Mr. Samuel Carpenter's letter to Mr.
Penn, on behalf of the Penna. Government, about
Piracy and prosecutions upon forbidden Trade.
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 4. No. 2.  (4 folios.)
September 1. Copy of a Letter from Mr. Penn to Col.
Markham, Lt. Govr. of Penna., about drawing the
Boundary line between that Province and Maryland.
Propr. B. T. Vol. 1. A. 52.    (2 folios.)
September 10, Philad'a. Col. Quary to the Board of
Trade.-This letter is a Duplicate of one dated
Sept'r 6, 1697, in which he states, that all the goods
under seizure in the Marshall's hands were by force
taken away;-application was made to Col. Markham to have them restored, but he refused to do it;
-the Merchants of Penna. send Tobacco to Scotland and import the European Goods from Curacao;
their late Act destroys the Admiralty Court;-the
Judges & Judges not sworn, and, lastly, that he
cannot proceed in his office and desires directions
from the Board. In this letter he adds, that Mr.
Randolph was imprisoned by the Lt. Govr. Markham for writing to him (Mr. M.);-that the Law
did oblige Col. Markham to have his Majesty's &
Council's allowance and approbation before he acted
as Govr. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 25. p. 285.   (15 folios.)
(September 20) (Received). Mr. Robert Snead of Penn



RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   273
1697. sylvania to Sir John Houblon, complaining of Col.
Markham, Lt. Govr. of that Province, in regard of
his countenancing the Pirates. (Orig'l-with an
Affidavit.)
Propr. B. T. V. 1. A. 54.     (26 folios.)
September (22). Col. Robert Quary's Memorial-giving
an account of the State of Pennsylvania, suggesting the necessity of a Vessel to cruise at the
entrance of Delaware Bay to prevent Illegal Trade,
and praying he might have a salary for his
place of Judge of the Admiralty in that Province.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 1. A. 55.   (18 folios.)
October 8. Seer. Popple to Mr. Penn, informing him that
the Commiss'rs of Trade desire to speak with him
on the subject of the complaints relating to the protection of Pirates in Penna. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 25. p. 166.    (2 folios.)
October 15. Mr. Penn to Mr. Seer. Popple-regrets to
hear the complaints against Col. Markham, his Dep.
Govr. in Penna., for protecting Pirates, and suggests
that Lord Bellomont be appointed to investigate the
truth of the same. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 2.       (9 folios.)
October 25, Council Office. Order of Council directing
the Board of Trade to send the Proclamation for
publishing the Peace to the Governors in the American Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 186.  (2 folios.)
October 27, Whitehall. Circular letter from the Board of
22




274             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1697. Trade to the Govrs. in America, about publishing
the Peace. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 190.  (4 folios.)
November 9.   Mr. Penn to Mr. Seer. Popple-desires
that a letter be sent from the Board to Govr. Nicholson ordering him to desist levying any duty upon
the Ships belonging to Pennsylvania, as the Law
passed at Maryland to that effect will not be confirmed. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 2. B. 4.     (3 folios.)
November 13. Mr. Francis Jones of Pennsylvania to Mr.
Penn,-tending to vindicate Col. Markham's conduct in relation to Pirates there. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 2. B. 3.    (14 folios.)
November 22. Seer. Popple to Sr. Charles Hedges, Knt.,
Judge of the High Court of Admt'y, about the Power
of Admiralty Courts in the Plantations with relation
to Pirates. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 207.  (2 folios.)
November 30. Circular letter from the Board of Trade
to the Govrs. of Plantations with copies of the
Treaty of Peace. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 208.  (3 folios.)
November. Names of Persons, who can give information
about Pirates in Maryland, delivered to the Seer.
of the Board by Mr. Penn.
Propr. B. T. Vol. 2. B. 3. No. 18.  (1 folio.)
November. Col. Robt. Quary to Mr. Penn-tending to
vindicate Col. Markham's conduct in relation to
Pirates in Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 2. B. 3. No. 1.  (7 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   275
1697, December 9. Representation from the Board of
Trade to the King about the Pirates' being sheltered
in the American Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 211. (10 folios.)
December 22, Whitehall. Seer. Popple to Mr. Penn,
desiring him to transmit to the Board the Laws
made in Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 25. p. 188-.    (1 folio.)
December 28. Mr. Penn to Mr. Seer. Popple, transmitting
to the Board the Laws of Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 2. B. 6.     (1 folio.)
December 30, Whitehall. Seer. Popple to Mr. Penn-desiring him to give an answer to his letter of the 8th
of May last about the security required of him for
his Deputy Governor. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 25. p. 189.    (2 folios.)
1697 -.  List of the Laws of the Province of Pennsylvania, transmitted to the Board by Mr. Penn, Deer.
28, 1697.
Propr. B. T. Vol. 2. B. 7.    (10 folios.)
1697 -.  Mr. Penn's Reply to Govr. Nicholson's answer
to the Philadelphia Merchants' complaint to him.
(Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 4. No. 1.  (6 folios.)
1697-8.
January 7th, Essex Street. Seer. Popple to Sr. Thos.
Trevor, Kn't, Attorney General, & Sr. John Hawles,




276             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1697-8. Kn't, Solicitor Genl., transmitting the Laws of
Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 221.  (1 folio.)
January 13th, Essex Street. Letter from the Board to
Mr. Seer. Vernon, inclosing a Representation to the
King about the Pirates in the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 222. (13 folios.)
February 12, Philadelphia. Copy of Col. Markham's Proclamation about Pirates.
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 4. B. 49. 6. (10 folios.)
February 14. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade, relating
to the security required from Proprietors for their
respective Deputy Governors in the Plantations.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 2. B. 8.      (4 folios.)
February 23, Whitehall. Letter from the Board of Trade
to the Proprietors of Carolina, Bahama —, Pennsylvania & N. Jerseys, with a proclamation prohibiting his Maj'ty's subjects to enter the service of
Foreign Princes, &c. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 25. p. 196.    (2 folios.)
March 15, Philadelphia. Examination of Peter Claus and
James Brown, two of Every's Crew at Philadelphia,
relating to Pirates. (Attested Copy.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 4. B. 41.  (6 folios.)
March 21, Cockpit. Circular letter from the Board of
Trade to the Proprietors of Carolina, Pennsylvania,
&c., about enacting Laws against Privateers and
Pirates. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 25. p. 199.     (5 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   277
1698. April 2, Philadelphia. Copy of the Deposition of
Robert Webb, relating to the seizure and reldase
of a Vessel trading illegally in Pennsylvania, in
November, 1696. (Received from Mr. Randolph,
May 19, 1702.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 35.      (6 folios.)
April 25, New York. Mr. Randolph to Secretary Popple
about Pirates and Illegal Traders-and amongst
other things, accuses Col. Markham of favouring
the Pirates-of breaking his oath by taking a
Quaker's attest; recommends the King to appoint
Governours in the Proprieties,-and that an Attorney
Genl. is wanted in Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 4. B. 42.  (10 folios.)
April 25. Mr. Robert Snead of Philadelphia to Sr. John
Hubland, one of the Admiralty Commissioners,
relating to the protection of Pirates in the Govern't
of Pennsylv. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 2. B. 14.    (5 folios.)
April (26). Preface or Title to the new Laws of Pennsylvania, transmitted by Mr. Randolph, in his letter
to the Board of April 26.
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 4. B. 40. 1.  (4 folios.)
April 26, New York. Mr. Randolph to the Board of
Trade.-He administered the oath to Col. Nicholson, Govr. of Maryland, for the due execution of the
Acts of Trade and Navigation-Sr. Edmd. Andros
took the oath also-arrives at New Castle and finds
there an Arbitrary Quaker Govern't; no oaths administered even upon Trials of Criminals-comes




278             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1698. to Philadelphia & administers the oath to Col.
Markham-Col. Markham     protects Pirates-He
puts Plantation Bonds in a suit at Philadelphia, but
the Govr. does not assist him, and eludes the proceedings in those suits, &c., &c.-The Proprietors
have not given security for their Governors-proposes the Government of the Proprietys be taken
into the King's hands, &c., &c. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 4. B. 40.  (20 folios.)
May 30. The Address and vindication of the Freemen
of the Province of Pennsylvania to the Kingwherein they congratulate the Kingdom  on the
peace-vindicate themselves with regard to the
Scotch and Dutch Trade and about the Ships with
Tobacco not going direct to England. Mr. Randolph's irregular proceedings-The Pirates apprehended in Pennsylv'a, escaped to New York, thither
pursued and apprehended, but set at Liberty without
Trial.-Col. Fletcher accused of countenancing the
Pirates.-Charge ag'st Mr. Randolph for bringing
false accusations against the Pennsylvania Govern't.
(Orig'l-signed by the Lt. Govr. Markham, eleven
Members of the Council, and 19 of the Assembly,
with eleven copies of different papers inclosed with
the Address in support of the allegations therein
contained.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 2. B. 18. No. 1.2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10. 11. 12.         (70 folios.)
May -, Philadelphia. Copy of an Act passed in Pennsylvania for preventing frauds and regulating abuses
in Trade, with Mr. Randolph's marginal notes,




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   279
1698. transmitted to the Board in his letter of the 25th of
Aug., 1698. (An imperfect copy.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. C. 18.  (36 folios.)
July 4, Philadelphia. Col. Quary to the Board with regard
to the establishing of the Court of Admiralty in
Pennsylvania, and the difficulties which he meets
with on account of the Act of the Assembly which
has taken off the obligation of an oath in all cases
relating to the Acts of Trade and Navigation.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 2. B. 22.  (13 folios.)
July 23, Philadelphia. Copy of a Bond given by an Illegal
Trader. (Referred to in Col. Quary's Letter of
the 1st of March, 1698-9.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 3. C. 17.   (5 folios.)
July 23, Philadelphia. Copy of a Bond given by Francis
Bassett and John Motorehead for the Sloop Jacob of
Albany, seized by the Collector of his Majesty's
Customs in Pennsylvania on the 8th of July, 1698.
Propr. B. T. V. 3. C. 27. 6.   (4 folios.)
August (5). Narrative of Capt'n Robert Sneed, one of
the Justices of the Peace in Pennsylvania, containing his proceedings in seizing some Pirates at
Philadelphia and committing them, and Governor
Markham protecting & letting them escape. (Orig'.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 4. B. 49. 3. (15 folios.)
August 8, New York. Mr. Randolph to the Board of
Trade.-The Pennsylvania Act about Trade is
repugnant to the Act passed in England-Col.
Quary intends to hold a Court of Admiralty to Try
an illegal Trader-Col. Markham has not had the




280             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1698. oath legally administered to him-Col. Markham
has made a Scotchman a Naval Officer-The Commission for Administering the oath is in the Secretary's Office-Col. Markham took the oath, but not
before the Commissioners - Consequence - Col.
Markham will not let the Commissio'rs for administering the oath keep the Commission-Mr. Randolph
was abused & imprisoned-represents the necessity
of having a small vessel well manned to cruise at
the Entrance of Delaware Bay. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 3. C. 26. 2.  (13 folios.)
August 9, New York. Depositions of Edward Randolph.
-How he was abused, when in Philadelphia, by
Patrick Robinson, a Scotchman, Secretary of Pennsylvania, and reasons for it-Col. Markham will
not appoint an Att. General to prosecute Bonds, but
demands to have the same himself-Col. Markham
imprisoned Mr. Randolph and required him to
deliver up the forfeited Bonds-One of those Bonds
delivered to Col. Markham. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 3. C. 26. 3.  (10 folios.)
August 19. Mr. Yard, Seer. to Lords Justices, to Mr.
Popple with the Pennsylvania Freemen Address of
the 30 of May, 1698, to be submitted to the Consideration of the Board of Trade. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 2. B. 18.    (1 folio.)
August 25, New York. Mr. Randolph to the Board.Among the other matters informs them that Mr.
Markham passed a Law contrary to his Instr'sthat that Law defeats the Act for preventing
Frauds, and, if passed in England, will be a pre



RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   281
1698. cedent for the other Proprieties, and draw away the
People from N. Y. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. C. 18.  (12 folios.)
August 25, New York. Queries upon one Clause in the
Act made in the 7 & 8 Will. III., Entitled an Act
for preventing Frauds and regulating abuses in the
Plantation Trade, relating to Proprietors' Governours
-presented to the Board by Mr. Randolph. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. C. 18.  (7 folios.)
August 25, Philadelphia. Col. Quary to the Board of
Trade.-Two seizures were lately made in this
Bay of East India goods-the illegal Trade is
carried on in Pennsylvania upon a very extensive
scale-cannot hold the C't of Admiralty as yet, as
the Officers live a great way off, the Marshall is a
cripple, and the Registrar is one of that Assembly
that made the Act so prejudicial to the Admiralty
Court. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 2. B. 29.   (11 folios.)
August 28 (Newcastle). Deposition of R't Webb, Marshall
of the Court of Admiralty in Pennsylvania, relating
to the taking away by force of goods under seizure
in his Custody, by the Sheriff of that Prov'ce.
(Incl. in Col. Quary's letter of Sept'r 6, 1698.Copy.)
Proprie. B. T. V. 2. B. 34. No. 1.  (2 folios.)
August 30 (Philadel'a). Col. Quary to the Earl of Bridgewater, complaining of the illegal Trade's being
carried on in Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 30.      (6 folios.)
September 12, Annapolis. Col. Nicholson to the Board of




282             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1698. Trade.-Offers his remarkslupon the Act of Trade
lately passed in Pennsylvania. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 3. C. 26. 4.  (8 folios.)
September 14, Pennsylv'a. Certificate relating to a Jury's
determining a verdict in Pennsylv'a by " hustle-cap."
(Copy-presented to the Board of Trade by Col.
Quary, March 31, 1702.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 3.      (4 folios.)
September 16, Philad'a. Col. Quary to the Board.-Lt.
Gov'r Markham has in his hands considerable effects
of the Pirates.-His Commission to take Pirates'
effects into Custody of the Admiralty is of no force.
-A French Pirate landed, plundered Lewis Town
and took 8 or 9 ships.-The people of Pennsylvania
are very much exposed to Pirates and to the Indians
for want of Militia. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 2. B. 35.      (6 folios.)
October 14, Treasury Chamb'r. Mr. Lownds to Secr.
Popple inclosing an Extract of a Report from the
Custom Commissioners to the Lords of the Treasury for the consideration of the Board of Trade.
(Entry,)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 358.  (10 folios.)
October 20, Philad'a. Col. Quary to the Board-the irregularities of the Govern't of Pennsylvania, the contempt with which the King's Commission was treated by Mr. Lloyd, one of the Council-the want of
military defence makes the people who are not
Quakers very uneasy. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 2. B. 40.  (10 folios.)
October 27. Representation from the Board of Trade to
the Lords Justices with the draft on an Instruction




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.    283
1698. to the Respective Gov'rs in America relating to the
employment of Naval Officers there. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 368.  (14 folios.)
November 3. Order in Council approving the draft of an
Instruction to the Respective Gov'rs in America relating to the employment of Naval Officers there,
presented to the Lords Justices by the Board of
Trade Octo'r 27, 1698. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 34. p. 379.  (2 folios.)
Nov'r 10, 11 & 12, Newcastle. Proceedings of the Court
of Admiralty held at New Castle by Col. Quaryreferred to in Col. Quary's letter of the 1st of March
1698-9. (Attested Copy.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 3. C. 17. 4.  (30 folios.)
November 19, Philad'a. Copy of a Warrant of the Court
of Admiralty, set up by the Gov'r of Pennsylv'a, for
seizing a Ship.
Propr. B. T, Vol. 3. C. 17. 3.  (1 folio.)
December 1st, Philad'a. Robert Webb's Deposition about
the affront offered to the King's person in Open
Court in Philadelphia by Mr. David Lloyd, Attorney
Gen'l-referred to in Col. Quary's letter of the 1st
of March, 1698-9. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 3. C. 17. 1.  (4 folios.)
December 1, Philad'a. Samuel Holt's Deposition about
the affront offered to the King's person in Open
Court in Philad'a by Mr. Daniel Lloyd, Att. Gen'lreferred to in Col. Quary's letter of the 1st of March,
1698-9. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 3. C. 17. 2.  (3 folios.)
December 10, Philad'a. Col. Quary to the Board of Trade
-describes largely the irregularities in Trade com



284             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1698. mitted by the People of Pennsylvania, and that the
Acts of Parliament have no force there-they have
barbarously used Mr. Randolph the Surveyor General, and concluded that by such means they have
prevented his coming amongst them any more.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 2. B. 39.  (15 folios.)
December 19, London. Memorial of Mr. Penn to the
Board of Trade-Offers his remarks upon the Act
passed in Pennsylvania for preventing of Frauds
&c. in Trade, and defends Mr. Markham and the
People of Pennsylvania against the accusations of
Randolph & others for carrying on an illegal Trade.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 2. B. 38.   (10 folios.)
December 23. Extract of a Letter from Seer. Popple to
Seer. Sanson of the Customs, about the marginal
note relative to the Proprieties, in the draft of the
Instructions to the several Governors in the Plantations relating to Trade. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 1.  (3 folios.)
1698 -. Copy of an Act for preventing Frauds and
regulating Abuses in Trade within the Province of
Pennsylvania and Counties annexed. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 3. C. 26. 8.  (35 folios.)
1698 —. Copy of an Act for preventing Frauds and
regulating abuses in Trade within the Province of
Pennsylvania and Counties annexed-brought to the
Board by Mr. Penn, Decemb'r 16.
Propr. B. T. Vol. 2. B. 37.  (60 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   285
1698-9, January 3, Custom House.  Extract of a letter
from the Seer. Sanson to Seer. Popple, in answer to
his letter of Dec'r 23, 1698. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 2.  (2 folios.)
January 5. Representation from the Board of Trade to
the King upon the drafts of Instructions relating to
Trade for Barbadoes, Jamaica, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Carolina, and the Bahama
Islands. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 3.  (3 folios.)
January 5, Kensington. Order in Council upon Representation from the Board of Trade of the same day,
relating to the Instructions for the different Governors in America. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. Vol. 35. p. 8.  (2 folios.)
January 10. Representation from the Board of Trade to
the King relating to Ships of War for the service
of the Plantations in America. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 4.  (10 folios.)
January 19, Admiralty. Report of the Admiralty Cornmissioners upon a Representation of the Board of
Trade of the 10th January, relating to the Ships of
War for the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 9.  (8 folios.)
February 3. Mr. Secretary Popple to Mr. Penn, inclosing
his Majesty's Instructions relating to Trade. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 25. p. 307.    (2 folios.)
March 1, Philad'a. Col. Quary to the Board of Trade.The Government of Philadelphia oppose and affront
the King's Laws & authority, and cast scurrilous




286             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1698-9. reflexions on the King's person.-He has held a
Court of Admiralty and sends the proceedings.No obedience paid to that Court.-The Gov'r refuses to Deliver up the Goods of a Prize without
Mr. Penn's Order.-Gives an account of their Act
of Trade.-They have threatened him & the other
Admiralty Officers. - They forcibly entered the
King's Storehouse and took away the seized goods
and brought an Action against the Marshall for detaining those Goods.-They have affronted the King
in open Court.-Instance of their dislike of the Admiralty Court.-They perswade people to oppose
that Court.-They have now set up a Court of Admiralty of their own.-They have arrested a Ship
& proceeded against her.-They endeavour to ruin
the Admiralty Officers.-He is " out of pocket" and
dares not take any Fees.-Other provinces submit
to the Admiralty Court.-An Illegal Trader was
seized-the Ship was condemned-the Merchants
appealed but would not give security.-He cannot
put the Bond in suit, nobody will prosecute for
the King.-He desires directions from the Board.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 3. C. 16.   (24 folios.)
March 1, Philad'a. Col. Quary to the Commissioners of
Admiralty.-This letter is the same in substance as
the one to the Board of Trade of the same date.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 3. C. 27. 2.
March (6). Copy of a Bill now depending in the House of
tC n  h  d ens nding in the H ouse of
Commons, that Judgments and decrees hereafter to




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.  287
1698-9. be obtained in his Maj'ties Courts of Law and
Equity in England, may be executed in the English
Plantations and Colonies in America.
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. C. 31.  (38 folios.)
March 9, Kensington. Copy of an Order in Council upon
a Representation from the Board of Trade of Janu'y
10th, relating to Ships of War for the Plantations.
(Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. Vol. 35. p. 32.  (3 folios.)
1699.
April 13th, Whitehall. Mr. Seer. Popple to the Attorney
& Solicitor General, desiring them to hasten to send
to the Board their opinion upon the Laws of Pennsylvania sent to them the 7th of January, 1697-8.
(Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 25. p. 339.     (1 folio.)
May 10, 12, & 13, Philad'a. Proceedings of the Court of
Admiralty in Pennsylvania about the seizure and
Trial of the Ship Providence.
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 59.     (13 folios.)
May 12 & 13. Copy of the Proceedings of the Court of
Admiralty at Philadelphia, upon the petition of John
Lumby, Master of the Ship Providence.
Propr. B. T. Vol. C. 28. 2 & 3.  (26 folios.)
May 18, Philad'a. Col. Quary to the Board of Trade.This is his 6th letter and no orders or Instructions
received.-Mr. Penn informed those of Pennsylvania
Govern't that he had "blown off" several of the
complaints sent home against them.-They affront
the King.-They take prohibited goods under seizure.-The Assembly passed an Act to destroy the




288             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1699. King's C't of Admiralty & erect one of their own.
-An account of a Ship tried for want of Registry.
-The proceedings of the C't of Admiralty are
transmitted.-Officers of the C't of Admiralty can
hardly be prevailed upon to Act, &c.-The rest is
in substance very much like Col. Quary's letter of
the 1st of March, 1698-9. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 3. C. 28.     (20 folios.)
May (24), London. Presentment of the Custom Commissioners to the Lords Justices about the abuses in
Trade in Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 3. C. 26. 1.  (4 folios.)
May 25, Kensington. Order of Council referring to the
Presentment of the Custom Commissioners of the
24th of May, 1699, with several papers relating to
the abuses of Pennsylvania, to the considera'n of
the Board of Trade. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 3. C. 26.       (2 folios.)
(May) -, Philad'a. Copy of a Libel filed at the Court of
Admiralty in Pennsylvania by Mr. John Moore, advocate of that Court, against the Ship Providence,
John Lumby Master.
Propr. B. T. V. 3. C. 28. 1.   (12 folios.)
(May) -. Copy of an Act passed in Pennsylvania
against Pirates and Privateers.-Referred to in Col.
Quary's letter of 6 June, 1699.
Propr. B. T. V. 3. C. 32.      (10 folios.)
(May) -.  Abstract of the Pennsylvania Act against
Pirates, &c.-Referred to in Col. Quary's letter of
the 6 June, 1699.
Propr, B. T. V. 3. C —.        (2 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   289
1699, June 1, Philad'a. Col. Quary to the Board of Trade.
-A Ship is arrived in Pennsylvania with 60 Pirates-part of them belonged to Capt'n Kidd.-The
Ship belongs to N. Y. Merchants, and one Shelly
commands her.-He has seized two of the Pirates
and sent them to Burlington, had he sent them to
Pennsylvania they would have been set at liberty.He pursued two more & with the assistance of
Col. Markham lodged them in Philadelphia.-Col.
Markham took the goods found with the Pirates, and
will neither deliver them to the Admiralty Officers
nor give an account of them.-Col. Markham would
not assist him to seize the vessel.-There is no
Militia in Pennsylvania to defend the Country.-He
has frequently written about the contempt of the
Admiralty Court. - The want of Salaries for the
Admiral'y Officers makes men unwilling to serve in
that station. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 3. C. 30.  (15 folios.)
June 6, Philad'a. Col. Quary to the Board of Trade.Since his last Col. Bass seized 4 more of the Pirates.-He could easily have seized the rest with the
ships, if the Govern't of Pennsylvania would have
assisted him.-The Assembly have passed an Act
(not the Jamaica Act sent them from the Board of
Trade) against Pirates.-His observations thereupon.-He knows not how to try the Pirates, since
none of the Judges nor the Jury would take their
usual oaths.-Capt'n Kidd is arrived in Delaware
Bay; the People frequently go on Board his Ship.The Pirates brought to Pennsylvania are only con23i




290             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1699. fined to a Tavern, those in West Jersey are at
liberty; the Quakers there will not let them go to
Gaol. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 3. C. 31.   (21 folios.)
June 12th, Admiralty Office. Lords of the Admiralty to
the Justices-transmitting Col. Quary's letter of the
1st of March, 1698-9, and other papers for their
Lordships' consideration. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 3. C. 27. 1.  (2 folios.)
June 26, Newcastle (Pennsylv'a). Capt'n Nicholas Webb
to the Board of Trade.-The Seamen of his Ship
in which he came to Pennsylvania, assisted by some
Pirates, ran away with the ship and everything in
her, leaving him on shore-he sends affidavits of
those men who would not join the Pirates. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 4. D. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. (35 folios.)
June 29, Whitehall.  Order in Council referring Col.
Quary's letter to the Lords of the Admiralty-(and
by them transmitted to the Lords Justices) bearing
date March 1, 1698-9-to the consideration of the
Board of Trade, who are to Report their opinion
upon the same. (Orig'].)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 3. C. 27.    (2 folios.)
July 3, Custom House. Seer. Sanson to Seer. Popple, informing him that the Commissions for administering
oaths to the Gov'rs in the American Plantations
were transmitted to the several Commissio'rs appointed for that purpose. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 57.  (4 folios.)
July 6. Draft of a Circular letter from the Lords Justices
to the Proprietors in America, commanding them




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   291
1699. to be very careful in causing the Acts of Trade and
Navigation to be duly put in Execution. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 25. p. 469.    (5 folios.)
July 6. Representation from the Board of Trade to the
Lords Justices, with the draft of a Circular letter
for their signature to the Governors of all the Plantations in America, about Officers of the Customs &
Officers of the Admiralty. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 58.  (10 folios.)
July 13. Order in Council upon the Representation from
the Board of Trade to the Lords Justices of the 6th
of July, 1699. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 62.  (2 folios.)
July 27, New Castle. Copy of a deposition of Jacob Bodit
and others about the opposition made to the Collector of New Castle in seizing some Pirates and their
Goods in Delaware River. (Received from Col.
Quary, May 19, 1702.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 33.      (8 folios.)
July -. Copies of two Depositions about Pirates' landing some goods in Delaware Bay.  (Rec'd from
Col. Quary, March 2, 1702.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 5.       (6 folios.)
August 4, Whitehall. Representation from the Board of
Trade to the Lords Justices, in obedience to their
orders of the 25th of May and 29th of June, 1699,
relating to the abuses in Trade, &c., in Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 26. p. 20.    (28 folios.)
August 10, Whitehall. Representation from the Board of
Trade to the Lords Justices, relating to the arrival




292             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1699. & encouragement of Pirates in Pennsylvania & W.
N. Jersey, and to illegal Trade between N. Y. &
Madagascar. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 26. p. 66.   (23 folios.)
August 15. Mr. Mompesson's opinion relating to Admiralty Courts in the Plantations, mentioned in a letter
from Col. Quary to the Board of 25 July, 1703.
(Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. M. 15.    (15 folios.)
August 17, New Castle. Copy of a Letter from Mr. Birch,
the Collector of N. C. to (Col. Quary), about the opposition he met with in seizing some Pirates and
their goods in Delaware River in July, 1699. (R'd
from Col. Quary, May 19, 1702.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 34.     (6 folios.)
August 22, Whitehall. Mr. Seer. Popple to Col. Quarygiving him an account why his several letters to this
Board have not yet been answered. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 26. p. 80.    (4 folios.)
August 25, Portsmouth, Engl'd. Mr. Commissary Greenhill to Seer. Popple, about the conveyance of a Letter from the Seer. to Col. Quary in Philadelphia.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 4. D. 1.      (2 folios.)
August 31, Whitehall. Copy of an Order of Council upon
a Representation fiom the Board of Trade of the
4th of August, relating to Pennsylvania, declaring
their Act for preventing Frauds, &c., and all others
contrary to the Laws of England, to be void.
Propr. B. T. V. 4. D. 2.      (3 folios.)
August 31, Whitehall. Copy of an Order of Council upon




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   293
1699. a Representation from the Board of Trade of the
4th of August, about the arrival of Pirates in Pennsylvania, the Jerseys, &c.-disallowing Mr. Markham to be Lt. Gov'r of Pennsylvania, &c.
Propr. B. T. V. 4. D. 3.       (3 folios.)
August 31, Whitehall. An Order of Council upon a Representation from the Board of Trade of the 4th of
August, relating to Pennsylvania, approving what
has been therein proposed, and that the several matters be recommended to Mr. Penn the Proprietor
(now going thither) for remedying the several irregularities & undue practices lately committed in
that Province. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 4. D. 4.       (4 folios.)
August —, Pennsylv'a. Copies of several Papers concerning the Pirates in Pennsylvania (inclosed in
Col. Quary's letter to the Board of 20th Oct'r, 1699.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. E. 24.     (25 folios.)
September 12, Whitehall. Representation from the Board
of Trade to the Lords Justices upon the Earl of
Bellomont's letter about Capt'n Kidd and other information about Pirates in the West Indies. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 63.  (25 folios.)
September 12, Whitehall. Board of Trade to the Earl of
Jersey, Principal Secretary of State, inclosing a
copy of Col. Webb's letter of the 26th of June, 1699,
requesting that such use be made of it, as his Lord'p
shall understand to be expedient for his Maj'ty's
service. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 26. p. 97.     (3 folios.)
September 12, Whitehall. Board of Trade to Col. Quary.



294             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1699. Reasons for not answering his letters before.-The
Pennsyl'a Act for preventing Frauds, &c., made
void.-Col. Markham disallowed to be Lt. Gov'r.As Mr. Penn is directed to reform abuses and support the Admiralty Officers, so those officers must
be respectful towards him. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 26. p. 102.    (7 folios.)
September 12, Whitehall. Board of Trade to Mr. Penn.
-Acquainting him, that the Act for preventing
Frauds, &c., is made void-that Col. Markham is
disallowed to be Lt. Gov'r, and sending him the Orders in Council thereupon-ordering also that David
Lloyd be removed from all public employments, and
Anthony Morris from the Commission of the Peace
-that all due obedience be given to the Court of
Admiralty & to incourage & countenance the Officers of the Customs-the Acts of Trade to be observed-to enact Laws against Pirates-to settle a
Militia-nothing to be done to the prejudice of the
Crown-to make report of the state of the Province,
and to give an account of his proceedings in reforming abuses. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 26. p. 98.    (11 folios.)
September 26, Whitehall. An Order in Council upon the
Representation from the Board of Trade of the 12th
of September, 1699. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 74.  (2 folios.)
October 3, Whitehall. Letter from the Board of Trade to
the Attorney and Solicitor General, for the draft of
a warrant in order whereby Pirates with the evi



RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   295
1699. dences against them may be sent for from the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 75.  (2 folios.)
October 9. Solicitor & Attorney General to Mr. Seer.
Popple inclosing the draft of a warrant for sending
for Pirates that are in Custody in the Plantations.
(Orig'l.)
Plant. Gen]. B. T. V. 5. C. 47.  (3 folios.)
October 20, London. Mr. Ph. Ford to Mr. Seer. Popple
acknowledging the receipt of a Letter from the
Board of Trade to Mr. Penn. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 4. D. 14.       (1 folio.)
October 20, Pennsylv'a. Col. Quary to the Board of
Trade.-Reminds the Board of the several matters
stated in his former letters, and desires speedy directions therein - he apprehended eight Pirates, &
would have apprehended more if the Govern't of
Pennsylv'a had rendered him the slightest assistance. The Pirates are out on Bail, & the constant
companions of the Govern't Officers-they threaten
his life-they carry the prohibited goods from place
to place, and threaten the King's Collectors-&c.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. E. 24.     (12 folios.)
October 23, Kensington. Order of Council upon a Presentment of the Commissioners of the Customs to
the Lords of the Treasury touching a seizure of
some Muslins, &c., by their Officers at Perth Amboy,
& about the Gov'rs of Proprietijes' being approved
by the King. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 83.  (4 folios.)




296             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1699, October 31, Whitehall. Representation from  the
Board of Trade to the King, with the drafts of Circular letters for the Royal signature relating to Pirates, to the Governors of the several Provinces in
America. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 85.  (11 folios.)
November 2, Kensington. Order of Council upon a Representation of the 31st of October, with drafts of
letters from his Majesty to the several Governors in
America, relating to Pirates. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 104.  (2 folios.)
December 23, Philadelphia. A printed Proclamation of
Mr. Penn against Pirates.
Am. & W. Ind's. V. 388.        (6 folios.)
December 23, Philadelphia. Printed Proclamation issued
by Mr. Penn for the apprehending of Pirates or any
suspected of Piracy.
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 24.      (5 folios.)
qu.? 1699, Philad'a. Copy of a Petition from the Inhabitants of New Castle to Lt. Governor Markham, relating to Pirates, and their inability to defend themselves. (Rec'd from Col. Quary, March 31, 1702.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 4.       (5 folios.)
1699-1700.
January 10, London. Mr. Attorney Gen'l Trevor to the
Board of Trade-giving his opinion, that in pursuance of the Act passed in the 7 & 8 W. III. for
preventing Frauds, &c., his Maj'ty may by Cormission under great Seal of England impower the Earl




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   297
1699- of Bellomont (Gov'r of N. Y. & Mass. B.) by name,
1700. or the Gov'r of any neighbouring Plantation for the
time being, to approve or disapprove any of the Governors of the Proprieties or Charter Governments,
from time to time. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 4. D. 37.      (2 folios.)
February 1, Whitehall. Representation from the Board of
Trade to the King, with drafts of Letters for his
Maj'ty's signature to the several Governors in America, for sending Pirates to England. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 163.  (6 folios.)
February 1, Kensington. Order in Council upon a Representation of the same date from the Board of Trade.
(Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 172.  (2 folios.)
February 1, Kensington. Draft of a letter for the King's
signature to Mr. Penn, for sending to England such
Pirates as are or may be seized in that Province.
(Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 26. p. 151.    (3 folios.)
February 9, Philad'a. Address of the Assembly of Pennsylvania to Mr. Penn, in vindication of the Government from the complaints against it, and particularly
for opposing the Court of Admiralty. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 25.     (10 folios.)
February 10. List of the Acts past at a General Assembly held in Pennsylvania. (Draft.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 28.
February 26, Philadelphia. Mr. Penn to Mr. Secr. Vernon.-Brandinham and Evans, two Pirates, are confined in the Gaol.-The prison is made strong and




298             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1699- secure.-The Assembly passed Laws against Pi1700. racy and Forbidden Trade.-Philadelphia is clear
from distemper, of which 215 died, & the Country
is much improved. (Orig'l.)
Am. & W. Ind's. V. 388.       (12 folios.)
February 27, Philad'a. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade.
-He has displaced the Lt. Gov'r and others complained of.-He has called an Assembly and passed
two Bills, the one against Piracy, the other against
illegal Trade.-Philad'a has been much afflicted
with sickness and mortality.-The Town and Country extremely improved.-The General Assembly
have addressed him in vindication of the Government from the complaints against it.-He desires
that Government may be protected.-If his representation of things be suspected, he appeals to his
Neighbours, the Earl of Bellomont and Col. Blackinston.-If the Laws he left at the Board have not
been laid before the King, he desires that may be
deferred till the whole body of their Laws be transmitted.-He desires that Quakers may register their
Ships without an Oath. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 23. 3.  (11 folios.)
March 1, Philadelphia. Col. Markham to the Lords of
Trade, in answer to the accusations brought against
him by Col. Quary and Mr. Randolph. (Orig'l.)
Am. & W. Ind's. V. 388.      (45 folios.)
March 6, Philadelphia. Col. Quary to the Board of Trade.
Mr. Penn's arrival had made a great change in the
Govern't: he does not countenance or justify their
former proceedings-The prize goods in the Govr's




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   299
1699- hands are delivered-The Sheriff is displaced and
1700. ordered to be persecuted for letting a Pirate escape-Two Acts, concerning Pirates & for the regulation of Trade, passed in the Assembly, which, with
due execution, will answer the end-Mr. Penn very
zealous in the King's service-he hopes there will
be no occasion of sending home complaints-he
prays to be reimbursed out of Pirates' money in
his hands - Shelly the Pirate had been taken.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 5.      (14 folios.)
March 6, Philadelphia. Col. Quary to Mr. Vernon.-He
shall deliver all the goods he took from Pirates to
L'd Bellomont, and complains of the Lt. Govr.
Markham   for not assisting him in pursuing the
Pirates. (Orig'l.)
Am. & W. Ind's. V. 388.        (6 folios.)
March 6, Philadelphia.  Col. Quary to the Board of
Trade, inclosing Remarks on the abuses in the
Plantation Trade, presented by him to the Custom
Commissioners. (Origi'l-another copy in the Plant.
Gen. B. T. V. 5. D. 41.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 5.      (36 folios.)
March 6, Philadelphia. Mr. Moore to the Board of Trade.
Encouraged by Colonel Quary, he desires the Board
to recommend him for the Attorney Generalship of
Pennsylvania and the Jerseys. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 21.      (2 folios.)
March 10, Philadelphia. Col. Quary to the Board of
Trade.-Since Mr. Penn's arrival there, things
begun to have a different aspect.-Mr. Penn pro



300             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1699- mised to give his assistance to the King's Officers.
1700. -He deposed Lt. Govr. Markham and Anthony
Morrice, one of the Justices,-also called Mr.
Lloyd to an account for affronting his Maj'ty's
Commission in open Court, &c. (Orig'l.)
Am. & W. Ind's. V. 388.        (6 folios.)
March 10, Philadelphia. A Duplicate of Col. Quary's
letter to Mr. Seer. Vernon of the 6 March.
Am. & W. Ind's. V. 388.        (6 folios.)
1700.
March 26, Philadelphia. Col. Quary's deposition as to
the quantity of Pirates' goods that ever came into
his hands. Attested by Mr. Penn and John Noll.
(Orig'l.)
Am. & W. Indies. V. 388.      (3 folios.)
April 1, Philadelphia. Mr. Markham  to -. He
regrets the punishment he received from the Lords
of Trade, but he will not labour to be restored to
the Deputation, but petitions that he may not continue under the King's displeasure, & that he may
be allowed to defend himself against the accusation
of his Ennemies. (Orig'l.)
Am. & W. Ind's. V. 388.        (4 folios.)
April 8. An Inventory of goods taken from Bradingham
the Pirate by Colonel Markham, attested by Mr.
Penn. (Orig'l.)
Am. & W. Ind's. V. 388.        (4 folios.)
April 8, Philadelphia. Deposition of Mr. Markham, late
Lt. Gr. of Pennsylvania, concerning the Treasure
seized by him belonging to Robert Bradingham,




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   301
1700. apprehended on suspition of Piracy in May, 1699.
(Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 27.      (4 folios.)
April 10, Pennsylvania. Col. Quary to the Board of
Trade.-He has seized and condemned a Sloop
from Curaqao. Old Pirates settled at Horekills
keep constant correspondence with any Pirates
coming thither.-Govr. Penn active in the discovery; committed them all to Gaol. —He is at a
loss how to proceed against them.-If he had a
small vessel, would no doubt be able to give a good
account of vessels & lading. Necessity of rooting
out the old Pirates.-Govr. Penn promises positively
to do it. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 34.      (6 folios.)
April 28, Philadelphia. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade.
-He has displaced David Lloyd, the Attor'y Genl.,
and will prosecute him the next Quarter SessionsLloyd is the only Man in the Province versed in
the Law.-He has sent two Pirates (Bradingham,
Kidd's Doctor, and Evans) to New York with their
Treasure.-One Wm. Stanton was seized with Bradingham but made his escape.-Gives an account
of two other Pirates seized formerly by Col. Quary.
Mr. Penn has seized one James Brown & sent him
to the Earl of Bellomont.-When Kidd (The Pirate)
was on that Coast, several people went on board of
him from the Town of Lewis, and brought ashore
about ~300 worth of goods-some of them were
old Pirates settled in Pennsyl'a, whom Mr. Penn
ordered to be seized.-They pretend they did not




302             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1700. know Kidd, & that the goods were given them as
a present by Wood & Gillam.-The Laws of
Pennsylvania will not reach these Men, and requests orders from the Board. He is told that the
money seized with the Pirates belong to him; he
desires some assistance from the Board about the
difficulties he meets with.-He sends the Laws
past last Assembly, by one of which a great abuse
in the weight of Tobacco Hhds., which Mr. Randolph established by his Instructions to the Collectors,
is remedied.-He has been very much pressed by
the Pirates for a Trial, and desires directions from
the Board.-He has ordered a Deputy Govr. to be
named to the Board for the King's approbation.He desires a clause may be put in some Act of
Parliament for permitting Quakers to Register their
ships without taking an oath. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 26.     (30 folios.)
May 4, Admiralty. Mr. Burchett to Seer. Popple, inclosing a list of the names of several Admiralty
Officers in the Plantations. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. D. 28.  (6 folios.)
June 5, Whitehall. Representation from  the Board of
Trade to the King, relating to Admiralty passes for
Plantation Ships. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 213. (20 folios.)
June 5, Whitehall. Representation from the Board of
Trade to the King, relating to Commissions for
Trying Pirates in her Maj'ty's Plantations in America. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 221,  (27 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.    303
1700, June 5, Virginia. Col. Quary to the Board of
Trade, concerning the effects of the Pirates seized
by him, and the charge he was at in pursuing them.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 35.     (22 folios.)
June 6, Hampton Court. An Order of Council authorizing
George Larkin, Esq're, to be one of the Commissioners for the Trial of Pirates in the Plantations,
and that for the better settling the Forms of proceedings the said Larkin be sent with Duplicates of
the Commissions to the several Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 275.  (3 folios.)
June 6, Hampton C't. An Order in Council upon a representation from the Board of Trade of the 5th June
relating to Admiralty Passes for Plantation Ships.
(Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 276.  (3 folios.)
June 11th, Admiralty. Mr. Burchett to Seer. Popple, inclosing a copy of the Instructions from the Lords
of the Admiralty to the several Governors in the
Plantations, relating to the issuing of Passes which
will be sent to each Plantation. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. D. 33.  (40 folios.)
June 14, Whitehall. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Burchett, in
answer to his letter of the 11th Instant abo't issuing
Passes in the Plantations. (Entry.) Another letter
of the same date and on the same subject, (3 folios.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 266.  (8 folios.)
June 6th, Hampton C't. An Order of Council upon a
Representation from the Board of Trade of the 5th




304             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1700. of the same Month relating to Commissions for
Trying of Pirates in the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 274.  (3 folios.)
June 19. Mr. Attorney General's Report to His Maj'ty
upon an Order of Council of the 13th of June, 1700,
desiring him to consider how the Law stands as to
obliging the Proprietors of Plantations to give
security for their Deputy Gover'rs. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 9.       (5 folios.)
June 20, Philadelphia. Mr. Penn's Commission to Thomas
Farmer, High Sheriff of Philadelphia, to execute
the Office of Water Bailiff. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 60.      (3 folios.)
July 5. A Memorial from some of the Inhabitants of the
Bahama Islands, Carolina, Pennsylvania, Jerseys,
&c., relating to the State of the coin in the Plantations, presented to the Board by Mr. Tysack.
(Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. D. 43.  (8 folios.)
July 10, Whitehall. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Sansom,
Seer. to the Custom Commissioners, about alterations in the Instructions to the Governors in America, relating to Trade. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 305.  (3 folios.)
July 18th, Whitehall. An Order of Council commanding
the Governors in the American Plantations to give
to the Board of Trade a particular account of the
Method of proceedings in the several Courts upon
all Trials in the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 309.  (2 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   305
1700, July 19, Whitehall. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Sansom, Seer. of the Customs, about a clause in the
Commissions to the Governors in America, relating
to Custom House Officers. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 307.  (4 folios.)
July 26, Whitehall. Mr. Seer. Popple to S'r John Hawles,
his Maj'ty's Solicitor Gen'l, inclosing for his opinion,
two Acts past at an Assembly held in Pennsylvania
the 10th of February, 1699-1700. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 26. p. 285.    (2 folios.)
July 30, Whitehall. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Charlewood
Lawton, Agent for Pennsylvania-communicating
to him some extracts from Mr. Penn's letters, and
desiring him to act as he thinks proper in order to
procure what he desires in relation to the Public
affairs of Pennsylvania-he is also desired to apply
himself to L'd Baltimore in order to settle the disputed boundary line between Maryland and Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 26. p. 291.    (6 folios.)
August 1, Whitehall. Circular letter from the Board of
Trade to all the Gov'rs in America, inclosing a
Copy of the Order of Council of the 18th of July.
(Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 332.  (2 folios.)
August 1, Whitehall. Circular letter to Mr. Penn (delivered to Mr. Lawton) relating to the Method of
Proceedings in the several Courts upon Trials of all
sorts of causes in Pennsylv'a. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 26. p. 293.   (2 folios.)
24




306             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1700, August 19, Whitehall The Board of Trade to Col.
Quary-glad to hear that Mr. Penn has applied himself to the reformation of the irregularities in Pennsylvania-they cannot decide in the matter which
relates to the Effects of the Pirates, but must refer
the same to the Council-they hope that by the late
Act of Parliament for the suppression of Piracy,
every one in authority will thereby understand plainly their duty. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 26. p. 310.    (5 folios.)
August 23, Whitehall.  Board of Trade to Mr. PennCol. Quary wrote to the Board of Mr. Penn's reforming the abuses-the Improvements of the Province very acceptable-an honest conduct recommended to him-he is desired to follow the orders
about Pirates, which were sent him, and that all
difficulties in that matter will be removed by the late
Act of Parliament for suppression of Piracy-Two
Acts lately sent by him are with the Solicitor Gen'l,
the Board will suspend their Report till the Body of
Laws is received-Nomination of a Lt. Gov'r not
yet offered-Mr. Penn's desire that the Quakers
may be enabled to Register their Ships without
Oaths, and that the bounds of the Admiralty Jurisdiction may be explained, recommended to Mr.
Lawton's care. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 26. p. 311.   (10 folios.)
November 5. Memorial from Mr. Randolph to the Board
of Trade, shewing the loss the King sustains in the
Revenue of his Customs on Tobacco, carried from
the American Plantations to Newfoundland, Scot



RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.  307
1700. land, &c.-submitting proposals for regulating the
Trade in the Plantations. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. D. 48.  (50 folios.)
November 5. Mr. Randolph's Journal of his Survey in
the American Plantations commencing from Nov'r
8, 1697, to July 1, 1700, presented by him to the
Board of Trade. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. D. 49.  (50 folios.)
November 6. A list of the names of Proprietory Gov'rs
not allowed of by his Maj'ty, at the end of the list
there is a Query? Whether Mr. Penn the present
Proprietor &c. be qualified? not being first approved
of by his Maj'ty's order in Council as by the Act
directed. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 26. p. 331.    (4 folios.)
November 9, Philad'a. Mr. Moore, to the Admiralty Commissioners, complaining of the ineficiency of the
Register of the Court of Admiralty in Pennsylvania,
and begs that no Inhibition should be granted from
the High Court of Admiralty to vacate a sentence
given in May 1699, against the Ship Providence.
(Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 61.      (4 folios.)
November 14, Philadelphia. Col. Quary to the Board of
Trade.-Incloses a copy of'his Letter to the Lords
of the Admiralty.-He is labouring under great
difficulties.-Pennsylvania is the only Govern't in
America which opposes the authority of the Court of
Admiralty. Orig'l. (Entry Propr. V. 26. p. 411.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 5. F. 57.   (3 folios.)
November 14, Philadelphia. Col. Quary to the Admiralty




308             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1700. Commissioners.-Relating to the Proceedings in the
Court of Admiralty in Pennsylvania, and the obstacles which are thrown in the execution of his
Commission by that Government-attested Copy.
(Entry Propr. V. 26. p. 413.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 58.      (36 folios.)
Decem'r 8 & 13, Pennsylvania. Mr. Penn, to the Board
of Trade-acknowledges the receipt of several letters from Whitehall, and that the orders therein
contained shall be fulfilled.-He went to New York
and had a conference with the Earl of Bellomont
and other Gov'rs where they agreed on certain
points of the internal regulation of the Colonies.Col. Quary has no salary-is often obliged to be absent upon Trade which is not for the King's service.
-Mr. Penn appointed Mr. Charlewood Lawton his
agent in London. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. G. 4.      (36 folios.)
Decem'r 8 & 13, Pennsylvania. An Account of goods
received from on Board Capt'n Kidd by some persons in Pennsylvania. (Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. G. 6.       (6 folios.)
December 10, Philadelphia. Copy of Mr. Penn's letter to
the Lords of the Admiralty inclosed in his letter to
the Board of Trade of Aug. 26, 1701.
Propr. B. T. V. 6. G. 40.     (25 folios.)
December 12, Philadelphia. An affidavit of Mr. Burch,
that he never traded with Gillam the Pirate. (Attested Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. G. 5.       (3 folios.)
December 20, Whitehall. Mr. Seer. Popple to S'r John




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.  309
1700. (q.? Tho's) Trevor Attorn. Gen'l desiring to know
(for the information of the Board of Trade) whether
he has reported to the King his opinion how the
Proprietors may be more effectually obliged to present the names of the respective Gov'rs appointed
by them for his Maj'ty's allowance or disallowance.
(Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 26. p. 405.    (2 folios.)
December 28, Philadelphia. Copy of C. Sober's deposition
and Mr. Portlock's Bond for money left him by Bradenham-referred to in Mr. Penn's letter of 31
Dec'r, 1700.
Propr. B. T. V. 6. G. 9.      (10 folios.)
December 31, Philadelphia.  Mr. Penn to the Boardgives some account of the Pirates' goods-the People of Pennsylvania think they may conceal Pirates,
he desires advice from the Board about it.-He
sends a copy of the Proposals left with the Earl of
Bellomont and a copy of Mr. Randolph's letter of
Novem'r 5, 1692 about pardons for Pirates.-Mr.
Penn is censured for his zeal against forbidden
Trade. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. G. 7.     (12 folios.)
December -. Heads discoursed of at New York between
the Earl of Bellomont Col. Nicholson and Mr. Penn
for the advantages of their respective Governments,
referred to in Mr. Penn's letter of the 31 Dec'r,
1700.
Propr. B. T. V. 6. G. 8.      (7 folios.)




310             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1700-1, January 14. Sir Tho: Trevor to Mr. Popple, in
answer to his letter of Dec'r 20th, 1700, desiring to
inform the Board of Trade that he did not make any
Report to the Council on the subject mentioned in
his letter, as the late Act of Parliament for punishing Pirates does not provide any means to oblige
the Proprietors, and he hopes that a new Act of
Parliam't will be attempted this next Session. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 26. p. 410.    (2 folios.)
January 19, Hampton C't. Draft of a letter for the King's
signature to Mr. Penn directing him to contribute
~350 sterl'g towards the Fortifications on the Frontiers of New York. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 26. p. 406.   (6 folios.)
January 28, Philadelphia. Letter from the Vestrymen of
Christ Church in Philadelphia about their religious
rites' being invaded by a late Act of the Assembly.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. G. 13.     (13 folios.)
January 28, Whitehall. Mr. Secr. Popple, to Mr. Burchet
Seer. of the Admiralty-desiring him to communicate to the Board of Trade such information as to
the illegal Trade in Pennsylvania as the Lords of
the Admiralty possess, in order to present the same
to the King. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 26. p. 432.    (2 folios.)
February 3. A paper presented to the Board of Trade
by Mr. Randolph containing the names of several
Governors of the America Plantations who were
guilty of the breach of Acts of Trade and therefore




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   311
1700-1. forfeited ~1000 to the Crown.-Mr. Markham is
one of them. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. D. 54.  (4 folios.)
February 3. An account of Vessels and goods forfeited
in the Plantations for breach of the Acts of Trade,
presented to the Board of Trade by Mr. Randolph.
(Orig'].)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. D. 55.  (15 folios.)
February 3, London. Mr. Randolph's account of money
due to his Maj'ty for the Ird of seizures & forfeited
Vessels and goods detained by the Gov'rs of No. &
So. Carolina & Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 65.      (5 folios.)
February 3, London. A list of Bonds taken by Mr. Markham, the Naval Officers and others in the Province
of Pennsylvania, presented to the Board of Trade
by Mr. Randolph. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 5. F. 66.    (5 folios.)
February 3, Admiralty Office. Mr. Burchet Secretary to
the Admiralty Commissioners, to Mr. Popple, Secretary to the Board of Trade, inclosing copies of
several letters from Col. Quary and other papers,
relative to Pirates, illegal Trade and Courts of Admiralty in Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 64.     (200 folios.)
February 13. Deposition of Robert Dale about goods imported from Curacao to Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 10.       (3 folios.)
February 19, London. Abstract of Mr. Randolph's Memorial presented to the Board of Trade setting forth
the misdemeanours and mal-administrations of Go



312,CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1700-1. vernors in the Proprieties & Charter Governments
in America. (Signed by E. Randolph.)
Propr. B. T. V. 5. F. 69.     (48 folios.)
March 5. MIr. Randolph's memorial to the Board of Trade
setting forth the ill condition of the Plantations on
the Continent of America with respect to their defence against an Enemy. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. E. 2.  (36 folios.)
March 6, Philadelphia. Mr. Penn to the Board-the improved condition of Pennsylvania is not owing to
Pirates or unlawful Trade, but to the industrious
habits of the People-some remarks upon an indirect
Trade carried on with CuraSao-he has appointed
a Committee of Trade-he will send the Pennsylvania Laws by the next Ship-requests that an
alteration in registering of Ships may be made.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. G. 12.     (10 folios.)
March 17. Mr. Randolph's proposals to the Board of
Trade for regulating Trade in all the American
Plantations and in the West Indies. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. E. 6.  (12 folios.)
March 24. Articles of high Crimes and misdemeanours
charged upon the Governors of the Proprietary
Governments in America, presented to the Board of
Trade by Mr. Randolph. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. G. 3.      (14 folios.)
1701.
March 26, Whitehall. Representation from the Board of
Trade to the King, containing several charges of




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   313
1701. misdemeanour upon the Governors of the Proprietary Plantations in America. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 12.    (15 folios.)
April 2. Order of the House of Commons requiring an
Account of the complaints made to the Board of
Trade in relation to Trade and the Courts of Justice
in the Plantations. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. E. 7.  (1 folio.)
April 2, Whitehall. Board of Trade to Mr. Seer. Vernon,
with extracts of Mr. Penn's letters of the 8th &
31st Dec'r, 1700. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 39.     (2 folios.)
April 10, Whitehall. Representation from the Board of
Trade to the King, with Instructions for Mr. Larkin relating to the Trial of Pirates in the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 410. (14 folios.)
April 15, Whitehall. Board of Trade to Mr. Penn-what
he wrote about Pirates, was communicated to Mr.
Seer. Vernon-is desired to communicate to other
Governours the heads of deliberations with the Earl
of Bellomont-requested to hasten an account of
the method of proceedings in the Courts of Justice
in Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 40.    (7 folios.)
April 19, Whitehall. Letter from the Board of Trade to
Mr. Larkin, inclosing the heads of enquiries to the
different Gov'rs in the Plantations about Pirates and
Privateers. (Entry.)
Plant. Gen. B. T. V. 35. p. 417.  (20 folios.)
April 23, Whitehall. Answer of the Board of Trade to an




314             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1701. Order of the House of Commons of the 2d April,
requiring an account of the complaints made to that
Board in relation to Trade, and the Courts of Justice
in the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 35. p. 424.  (70 folios.)
April 23, Philadelphia. Copy of a Contract made between
Mr. Penn and the Indians in the Neighbourhood of
Pennsylvania-(referred to in Mr. Penn's answer
of Apr. 29, 1702.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 20.     (20 folios.)
April 29. Letter from the Board to the Lords of the Treasury, for assistance to be given to Mr. Randolph
about the Bill depending in the House of Lords for
reuniting the Government of the Proprieties to the
Crown. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 47.     (3 folios.)
April 29, House of Lords. Order of the House of Lords
requiring the Secretary of the Board to attend their
Lordships with such Books and papers as may relate to the Bill for reuniting the Government of the
Proprieties to the Crown. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. G. 14.      (2 folios.)
May 3, House of Lords. Order of the House of Lords
requiring the papers in the Board of Trade relating
to Complaints against Governors of the Plantations
to be laid before their Lordships. (Orig'i.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. G. 15.      (1 folio.)
May 6, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to Sir John Hawles, desiring him to deliver the two Acts of Pennsylvania
sent him the 26 July last, to Mr. Randolph. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 65.     (2 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   315
1701, May 8, Whitehall. Report from the Board of Trade
to the House of Lords, in answer to their Order of
3d of May, with List of papers relating to complaints
against Propriety Governments. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 66.   (70 folios.)
May 9, House of Lords. Order of the House 6f Lords
requiring all the papers in the Board of Trade that
concern Mr. Penn to be laid before their Lordships.
Propr. B. T. V. 6. G. 16.      (2 folios.)
May 10. List of Papers relating to Pennsyl'a presented
to the House of Lords in answer to their Order of
May 9.
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 90.   (24 folios.)'July 2, Pennsbury. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade-he
will send the Laws by the next conveyance-he
will condemn Gillam the Pirate's goods for the
King's service-he had meetings with the Indians
to dispose them to peace-the Colony is in a flourishing condition. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. G. 31.     (14 folios.)
July 2. Mr. Randolph's memorial to the Board of Trade
inclosing an account of his disbursements (~66-116) in carrying on in the House of Lords an Act for
reuniting the Proprietary Governments to the Crown.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 6. G. 20.    (6 folios.)
July 2. From the Board of Trade to the Lords of the
Treasury, upon Mr. Randolph's memorial relating
to his disbursements in carrying on in the House of
Lords an Act for reuniting the Propriety Governments to the Crown. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 105.    (5 folios.)




316             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1701,July 11, Whitehall. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Sansom
(Seer. of Customs) about alterations in the Instructions relating to Trade to be sent to the Governors
of the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 8.  (4 folios.)
July 15. Memorial from Mr. Bass to the Board of Trade
relating to the irregularities in the Propriety Governments, and suggesting the propriety of appointing a
Commission to inquire into the state of things there,
enumerating at the same time the several points for
the inquiry. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. G. 22.       (6 folios.)
July 24, Custom House. Mr. Savage to Mr. Popple, with
the Clauses which are to be added to the Instructions relating to Trade to be sent to the Gov'rs in
the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 10.  (20 folios.)
August 26, Philadelphia. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade
-sends the Laws-answers the Board's Reports to
the Houses of Lords & Commons relating to Propriety Govern'ts, the faults were introduced by a
King's Gov'r-an account of the Commission of
Water Bailiff-Irregularities of the Admiralty Court
— Trade between Pennsylvania and Curacao-he
has prosecuted Pirates-he defends himself against
the charges —remarks of the prejudicial consequences of the Bill for reuniting the Proprieties to
the Crown. Orig'l. (See also 1700, Dec'r 10, Mr.
Penn to the Lords of Admiralty.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. G. 39.      (18 folios.)
September 9. Copy of the Certificate of Mr. John Keeble




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   317
1701. relating to the putting in execution the Act about
Marriages in Pennsylvania. (R'd from Col. Quary
June 8, 1702.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 2.       (3 folios.)
October 10th, New Castle. Copy of an Address from the
Representatives of the Three Lower Counties to
Mr. Penn, relating to the expense of the Assembly,
the not sending home some Acts, to Mr. Penn's title
to the Lower Counties, and to the Want of a Militia
and Stores of War. Rec'd from Col. Quary March
31, 1702. (The Original draft is with the Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 7.      (12 folios.)
October 15. Petition of Robert Bradinham for a Copy of
Col. Markham's deposition relating to his Effects
seized in Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. G. 38.      (4 folios.)
October 20. Copy of the Charter given by Mr. Penn to the
People of Philadelphia-inclosed in Mr. Moore's
letter to the Board of 5 Dec'r, 1702.
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 23.     (36 folios.)
October 24, Philadelphia. Copy of Mr. Penn's Grant to
Mr. Carpenter, for making his wharfs in Delawar
River Ports, to load and unload Vessels-transmitted
to the Board by Col. Quary in his letter of 24 July,
1702.
Propr. B. T. Vol. 6. K. 43.   (12 folios.)
October 25, Philadelphia. \Address of the Representatives
of the 3 Lower Counties to the Board, relating to
their ill state of defence. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 1,      (3 folios.)




318             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1701, October 25. Copy of Mr. Penn's Charter to the
City of Philadelphia.
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 49.     (40 folios.)
October 27, Philadelphia. Letter from the Minister and
Vestry of Christ Church in Philadelphia to the
Board, about irregularities in Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 2.      (12 folios.)
October 27, Philadelphia. Copy of Mr. Penn's Commission
to Col. Hamilton to be Deputy Governor of Pennsylvania.
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 45.      (9 folios.)
October 28, Philadelphia. Copy of a Commission from Mr.
Penn to the Council of Pennsylvania. (Inclosed in
Col. Quary and others' letter of June 30, 1703.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 50.      (5 folios.)
October 28. Copy of Mr. Penn's Charter of Priviledges
to the People of Pennsylvania.
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 50.      (25 folios.)
October 29, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to Mr. Lawton about
the Queries sent to Mr. Attorney & Solicitor General, relating the Acts passed in Pennsylvania in
Nov'r, 1700. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 310.    (4 folios.)
October 29, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to Sir E. Northey,
Attorney Genl., with the Acts of Pennsylvania past
in November, 1700, proposing some Queries to him
relating to the said Acts. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 299.    (4 folios.)
October 29, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to Sir John Hawles,
Solicitor Genl., proposing the same Queries as those




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   319
1701. to Mr. Attorney relating to Acts passed in Pennsylvania in Novr., 1700. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 308.    (4 folios.)
October 29. List of 72 Laws of Pennsylvania passed in
General Assembly held at Newcastle in Novr., 1700.
(Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 301.   (12 folios.)
October -, Philadelphia., Col. Quary to the Board.-He
is going to sail for England, and desire the Board
to suspend all their resolutions as regards the
Govern't of Pennsylvania until his arrival home.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. H. 2.       (2 folios.)
November 4. Board of Trade to Mr. Penn, relating to
five Men taken by a Pirate out of the John Galley
in her voyage to Madagascar. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 26.  (2 folios.)
December 2, Maryland. Copy of Govr. Blakiston to Mr.
Moore of Pennsylvania, inquiring into the irregularities of that Province and the Jerseys. (Transmitted to the Board by Col. Quary in his letter of
24 July, 1702.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 44.      (3 folios.)
December 17, Philadelphia. Copy of a letter from Mr.
Robert Asheton to Mr. Penn, relating to the seizure
of W. Righton's Briganteen. (Referred to in Mr.
Penn's answer of Apr. 29, 1702.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 6. I. 20.    (5 folios.)
December 18, Whitehall. Order of Council upon a Representation from the Lords of the Committee for




320             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1701. appeals, relating to the method of appealing from
the Courts of Admiralty in the Plantations. (Orig'l.)
Pn. G1. B. T. V. 5. E. 22.     (3 folios.)
December -. Copy of an Act of Pennsylvania for preventing Clandestine Marriages. (Rec'd from the
Bishop of London, June 1, 1702. Another Copy
delivered by Mr. Penn, June 8, 1702. V. 6. K. 1.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 41.      (7 folios.)
December -. Caveat from the Lord Bishop of London
against an Act of Pennsylvania about Marriages
passed there, Octo'r 14th, 1700. (Orig'l.)
Newfoundland B. T. V. 4. D. 31. (3 folios.)
1701, --. Original draft and a fair copy of an Address
from the Representatives of the 3 Lower Counties
to Mr. Penn about their inability to contribute to
the Quota for New York. (Rec'd from Col. Quary
March 31, 1702.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 6.       (5 folios.)
1701-2.
January 2, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to Sir E. Northey,
requesting to hasten his Report on the Pennsylva'a
Acts sent him the 29th of October last. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 318.    (2 folios.)
January 10, Upland. Copy of a Letter from Mr. Yeates
to Col. Quary, relating to some Grants made by
Mr. Penn in Pennsylvania. (Transmitted to the
Board by Col. Quary in his letter of 24 July, 1702.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 42.     (13 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   321
1701-2, January before 15th. Mr. Penn to Mr. Popple,
relating to the Pennsylvania Laws and Queries
which were sent to the Attorney General in Octo'r,
1700. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. H. 1.      (3 folios.)
January 16, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, in
Answer to his letter relating to the Laws of Pennsylvania and Queries sent to the Attorney General.
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 333.   (2 folios.)
January 24. Representation from the Board of Trade to
the King upon the State of defence of Rhode Island,
Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Carolina, &c., &c.
(Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 37.  (70 folios.)
January 24, Whitehall. Board of Trade to the Earl of Manchester, inclosing a Representation upon the state of
defence of the several Plantations in America. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 36.  (70 folios.)
January 26, Admiralty. Mr. Burchett to Mr. Popple, with
a List of the Vice Admiralty Commissions in the
Plantations. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. E. 27.  (6 folios.)
January 31, House of Commons. Order of the House of
Commons requiring to have the state of the Plantations with relation to Trade and their security, &
for the names of the Gov'rs. (Copy.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. Vol. 5. E. 25.  (1 folio.)
February 2, Whitehall. Earl of Manchester to the Board
of Trade, in answer to their letter of Janu'ry 24.
(Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. E. 24.  (2 folios.)
25




322             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1701-2, February 5, Whitehall. Answer from the Board
of Trade to two Orders of the House of Commons,
relating to the Trade and security of the Plantations.
(Entry.)
Trade B. TV.     p.
February 14, York. Affidavit of Thomas Smith, relating
to. the condemnation of the Ship Providence of
Stockwith, Jno. Lumby, Master, in Pennsylvania in
the year 1699, and a Copy of the Register of the
said Ship.
Propr. B. T. V. 6. H. 15. 16.  (10 folios.)
February 17, Whitehall. Earl of Manchester to the
Board of Trade, inclosing Heads for a Bill for
reuniting to the Crown several Colonies under Proprietary Governments, particularly that of Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. H. 13.     (5 folios.)
February 18. Board of Trade to the Earl of Manchester,
in answer to his Letter of the 17th inst. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 383.    (3 folios.)
February 26, H. C. Order of the House of Commons for
an account of the proceedings of the Board of
Trade on the complaints made to them  of the
Courts of Justice in the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 69.  (1 folio.)
March 6. Memorial from Col. Quary to the Board in
answer to the Affidavit of Thomas Smith, relating
to the Ship Providence condemned in Pennsylvania.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. H. 18.    (12 folios.)
March 10, Whitehall. Answer of the Board of Trade to




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.  323
1701-2. an Order of the House of Commons of February
26, relating to the Courts of Justice in the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 75.  (8 folios.)
March 11, St. James's. Circular letter from the Lords of
Her Maj'ty's Privy Council to the several Gov'rs in
America for proclaiming her Maj'ty. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 82.  (7 folios.)
March 16, Whitehall. Board of Trade to the Earl of Manchester, with drafts of Warrants for her Maj'ty's
signature to the several Gov'rs in the Plantations,
impowering them to use the old Seals. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 78.  (3 folios.)
March 19. Board of Trade to Mr. Penn, commanding
him to proclaim the Queen in Pennsylvania. (Entry-with several inclosures.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 8.  (20 folios.)
1702.
March 26.   Col. Quary's Memorial to the Board of
Trade, relating to the irregularities committed in
the Plantations in America. (Origl.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. E. 31.  (60 folios.)
March 31. The Case of Thomas Byfield, relating to his
not being able to obtain an appeal from a sentence
of a Court in Pennsylvania. (Draft.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 9.       (3 folios.)
March 31. Memorial from Col. Quary to the Board, proposing Mr. John Moore to be her Maj'ty's Attorney
General in Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 11.      (3 folios.)
April 2. Board of Trade to Mr. Penn, inclosing the papers




324             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1702. presented to the Board by Col. Quary, March 31,
1702. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 402.    (2 folios.)
April 4. Board of Trade to Mr. Penn, requiring his attendance in reference to the affairs of Pennsylvania
and the three Lower Counties. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 403.
April 7. Memorial from Col. Quary to the Board on the
behalf and by the Order of the Representatives of
the " People chosen into the Assembly by the Inhabitants of the three L. C. adjoining to Pennsylvania," complaining of Mr. Penn's misgovernment.
(Orig'].)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 14.      (9 folios.)
(April, before 8.) Copy of an Act for reuniting the Proprietary Govern'ts in America to the Crown. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 426.   (12 folios.)
April 8. Mr. Secr. Popple to Mr. Attorney General, desiring to have the Laws of Pennsylvania and an
answer to the two questions relating to them (forwarded Oct'r 29, 1701) returned to the Board.
(Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 426.    (2 folios.)
April 16, Whitehall. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Lawton,
Mr. Penn's agent, with an abstract of several
informations relating to irregular proceedings and
other undue practices in Pennsylv'a. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 27. p. 431.   (15 folios.)
April 17. Representation from the Board of Trade to the
Queen upon the General State of Defence of the




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   325
1702. Plantations in America-very similar to the one of
January 24.
Plant. Genl. V. 36. p. 116.   (70 folios.)
April 20. Memorial from Col. Quary to the Board upon
some informations lately received from Pennsylvania, relating to the affairs of that Province.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 17.      (7 folios.)
April 21, Philadelphia. Copy of Mr. Moore's answer to
Col. Blakistone's letter of Dec'r 2, 1701. (Transmitted to the Board by Col. Quary in his letter of
July 24, 1702.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 44.      (3 folios.)
April 28. Mr. Penn's answer to the abstract of complaints
against Pennsylvania, sent from the Board to Mr.
Lawton. (Fair Copy, but not signed.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 19.     (20 folios.)
April 29. Mr. Penn's answer to Col. Quary's second
Memorial to the Board of April 20. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 20.     (13 folios.)
May 3. Memorial from    Mr. Penn, relating to goods
seized by him, belonging to Bradenham, a Pirate.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 42.      (3 folios.)
May 4, London. Mons'r Le Tort to Mr. Penn, relating
to the Government in Pennsylvania. (Orig'l in
French.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. I. 43.      (8 folios.)
May 7, Whitehall. Circular letter from the Earl of Nottingham to all the Govrs. in America for proclaiming War against France and Spain.
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 153.  (3 folios.)




326             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1702, May 12. Col. Quary's Reply to Mr. Penn's Answers
of April 28 & 29 to the informations relating to irregular proceedings in his Government in Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 6. I. 28.  (15 folios.)
May 12. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, requesting him to
attend the Board of Trade the 19th instant, on the
subject of the complaints against his Govern't.
(Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 26. p. 464.    (2 folios.)
May 19, Whitehall. Mr. Secr. Popple to Mr. Pern, with
some Queries relating to Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Prop. B. T. V. 27. p. 475.     (2 folios.)
1701-2, May 19, Whitehall. Circular letter from the
Board of Trade to the Governors in America to
proclaim the Queen. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 80.  (5 folios.)
1702, May 29. Representation from the Board of Trade
to the Queen for New Seals for the Governments in
America. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 164.  (2 folios.)
May 31, St. James's. Order of Council for preparing the
new Seals for the Governments in America. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. E. 43.  (3 folios.)
June 5. Earl of Nottingham to the Board about the
renewal of the Commissions and Instructions for
the Governors in America.
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. E. 42.  (1 folio.)
June 11, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to Mr. Attorney Gen'l &
Advocate Gen'l, with some Queries about the
Qualifications of a Govr. of a Planta'n-the Powers
of a Court of Admiralty-and whether Mr. Penn's




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.    327
1702. Commissions to the Water Bailiffs do not interfere
with the Jurisdiction of that Court. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 25.     (15 folios.)
June 11, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to Mr. Lowndes that the
Solicitor of the Treasury may attend the Attorney
and Advocate Gen'l upon occasion of some Queries
relating to the Proprietary Govern'ts. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 27.      (1 folio.)
June 11. Memorial from Col. Quary to the Board of
Trade, desiring a consideration for his services,
and that the three Counties may be recommended
to Her Majesty's immediate care. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 3.        (4 folios.)
June 13. Answer of Sir John Cooke, Adv. Genl., to the
Queries sent him the 11th inst., wherein he states
that Mr. Penn had no right to grant Commissions to
the Water Bailiffs. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 4.        (6 folios.)
June 16. Memorial from   Mr. Randolph to the Board,
containing articles of complaint against " William
Penn, Esq'e, pretended Governour of the three
Lower Counties on Delaware Bay in America."
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 5.        (6 folios.)
June 19. Mr. Penn to Mr. Popple, inclosing his complaints against Col. Quary. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 9.       (14 folios.)
June 22. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade, with his rejoinder to Col. Quary's Reply about irregularities in
Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 8.      (23 folios.)




328             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1702, June 22, Whitehall. Earl of Nottingham to the
Board, with Mr. Penn's memorial to her Maj'ty,
praying that Colonel Hamilton may be approved as
L't Govr. of Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 13.      (4 folios.)
June 23. Col. Quary's answer to Mr. Penn's complaints
against him, sent to Mr. Seer. Popple 19th inst.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 10.    (30 folios.)
June 23. Mr. Secretary Popple to Mr. Penn for an
answer to the Queries sent him the 19th of May,
and desiring an account of his title to the soil &
Govern't of the 3 Lower Counties.
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 55.     (4 folios.)
June 24, Whitehall. Board of Trade to Col. Quary, desiring him to acquaint the Gentlemen of New
Castle that their letter to the Board of Octo'r 25,
1701, is now under consideration. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 57.    (2 folios.)
June 30. Mr. Popple to Mr. Sansom, Seer. of Customs,
with Mr. Penn's charge against Col. Quary. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 96.     (2 folios.)
July 7. Mr. Attorney General and Mr. Advocate Gen'l's
answer to the Queries sent them from the Board of
Trade relating to the Proprietary Govern'ts. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 24.    (12 folios.)
July 7, Whitehall. Representation from the Board of
Trade to the Queen upon Mr. Penn's Memorial
that Colonel Hamilton may have the Queen's ap



RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   329
1702. probation to be Lieut't Govr. of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 102.    (4 folios.)
July 9. Minute of Council approving the Representation of
the Board of Trade of July 7th, against Colonel Hamilton's being Lt. Govr. of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 220.    (1 folio.)
July 24, Plymouth. Col. Quary to the Board of Trade,
inclosing several Papers which he had received
from Pennsylvania, offering his remarks upon the
irregularities of Mr. Penn's proceedings in the Government of Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 40.     (18 folios.)
August before 11. Petition of Gabriel Thomas, a Quaker,
to the Board of Trade, praying their Lordships,
Interest in obtaining a speedy answer to his Petitions
presented to the Queen,-viz't:
Petition of Gabriel Thomas to the Queen, praying to have a Commission granted him to Collect
Quit Rents, &c., in the County of New Castle.
Petition of Gabriel Thomas to the Queen, complaining of the persecutions he has received from
Mr. Penn on account of his assisting Col. Quary,
and that he is ready to appear as evidence for the
Crown against Mr. Penn. Also,
A brief statement of Gabriel Thomas's case.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 33.     (8 folios.)
August 12. Copy of Mr. Penn's Reply to Col. Quary's
answer to his complaint against the said Quary.
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 34.    (20 folios.)




330             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1702, August 14. Memorandum of a Letter from the
Board of Trade to Mr. Penn, with Copies of Gabriel
Thomas's complaints against him. (The Entry of
this letter is not made, neither is the draft to be
found.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 168.
August 14, Philadelphia. Copy of a letter to the Lord
Cornbury, relating to a Paragraph in an Address of
the Vestry of Philadelphia, in behalf of their Church,
& requesting his Lordship to extend his Government over them. (Referred to in Mr. Penn's letter
to the Board of Dec'r 22, 1703.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. M. 22.    (10 folios.)
August 18, Whitehall. Letter from the Board of Trade
to the Earl of Nottingham, returning Mr. Penn's
Reply to Col. Quary's answer to Mr. Penn's charge
against the said Quary. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 170.    (4 folios.)
August 24, Windsor. Order of Council upon a Representation from the Board of Trade of April 17, relating
to the State of defence of the Plantations. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 5. E. 50.  (8 folios.)
August 27, Warminster. Mr. Penn to Seer. Popple, in
answer to the letter from the Board of the 14th
inst. upon Gabriel Thomas's complaints. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 37.      (2 folios.)
September 9, London. Mr. Penn to the Board, in answer
to the complaints of Gabriel Thomas. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 46.      (2 folios.)
September 15. Board of Trade to Mr. Penn on the




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   331
1702. subject of the state of defence of Pennsylvania &
a Quota of assistance for New York. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 221.   (3 folios.)
October 2. Petition from Mr. Penn to her Maj'ty, about
Col. Hamilton's being Lt. Gov'r of Pennsylvania.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 51.     (3 folios.)
November 11. Circular letter from the Board of Trade
to all the Governors in America for a day of thanksgiving. (Entry.)
Plant. Geni. B. T. V. 36. p. 188.  (3 folios.)
November 11. Representation from the Board of Trade
to the Queen, upon Mr. Penn's petition for her Majesty's approbation of Col. Hamilton as Lt. Gov'r
of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 237.    (6 folios.)
November 11. Order of Council upon a Representation
of the Board of Trade of the same date, relating
to Col. Hamilton's being Deputy Gov'r of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 53.     (8 folios.)
November 14. An account of goods and Merchandizes
imported from Pennsylvania, from Christmas, 1699,
to 14 Nov'r, 1702, with the Duties payable thereon.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 51. 52. 53. (18 folios.)
November 19. Extracts from the minutes of Council of
Pennsylvania, relating to the sitting of the three
upper & the three Lower Counties in an Assembly,
(Copies) referred to in Col. Quary's letter of Dece'r
7, 1702.
Propr. B. T. V. 7. I,. 21.     (8 folios.)




332             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1702, November 21, Pennsylvania. An Address from the
Members of the Assembly of the 3 Lower Counties
to the Board of Trade, praying that they may be
recommended to her Maj'tv's immediate Govern't,
(Orig'l,) referred to in Col. Quary's of Dec'r 7,
1702. An original duplicate of the same was sent
by Col. Quary in his letter of Febr'y 25, 1702-3.
Propr. V. 7. L. 31.
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 20.      (6 folios.)
November 24. Order of a Committee of the House of
Lords to the Board of Trade, commanding them to
attend the said Committee on the subject of the irregularities in the Proprietary & Charter Govern'ts
and other matters. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 2.       (2 folios.)
November 24. Copy of Gabriel Thomas's Reply to Mr.
Penn's answer to the said Thomas's complaints,
with an Affidavit of Joyce Fisher therein referred to.
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 1.      (13 folios.)
November 28. Report from the Board of Trade to the
House of Lords, in answer to their order of the
24th Nov'r, relating to the irregularities in the Propr.
Gov'ts, & other matters. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 250.    (8 folios.)
November 30. Mr. Penn's answer to the four Queries sent
him from the Board of Trade in May and June,
1702. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 3.       (5 folios.)
December 1. Mr. Secretary Popple to Mr. Penn, desiring
him to comply with the Order' of Council relating
to Col. Hamilton's approbation. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 261.    (3 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.    333
1702, December 3. Petition of Gabriel Thomas to the
Board of Trade about irregularities in Pennsylvania, & complaining of Mr. Penn's dealing with him.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 7. I,. 4.    (4 folios.)
December 4. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade, inclosing
a Declaration signed by him relating to Her Majesties title to the 3 Lower Counties. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 6.       (4 folios.)
December 5, Philadelphia. Mr. Moore to the Boardsends a Copy of Mr. Penn's Charter granted to the
Town of Philadelphia, and prays to have a salary
allowed him. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 23.      (2 folios.)
December 7. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade, with extracts of Letters relating to the present state of
Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 5.       (8 folios.)
December 7, Pennsylvania. Col. Quary to the Boardafter stating various matters relating to other Colonies, he begs to state that the Board's letter respecting the 3 Lower Counties was very satisfactoryPennsylvania is in confusion raised by Col. Hamilton (Hambleton)-Mr. Penn has exercised regal
power in the 3 Lower Counties-proposes Mr.
Yeates to be Gov'r of the Lower Counties-Mr.
Penn endeavours to recal his Charters, but the " topping Quakers" would not let him-the Admiralty
& Custom Officers are hindered in the execution of
their duties-illegal Trade-bad state of the Militia




334             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1702. -animosity of Mr. Penn and the Quakers against
him. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 194. (40 folios.)
December 10. Mr. Penn to Mr. Seer. Popple, inclosing
his Declaration relating to Her Maj'ty's right to the
three Lower Counties, also a letter from Col. Hamilton to himself, relating to the state of Pennsylvania.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 10 & 11.  (8 folios.)
December 10. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Penn, returning
the Declaration sent to the Board Dec'r 4, and desiring to send one conformable to the Order in Council. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 267.    (3 folios.)
December 10. Mr. Secr. Popple to Mr. Secr. Lowndes,
inclosing a draft of a Bond to be given by Mr. Penn
as security for Col. Hamilton to be Deputy Governor
of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 278.    (8 folios.)
December 15. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade, with the
Acts of Pennsylvania passed in the years 1700 &
1701. (Orig'l.)
Propr, B. T. V. 7. L. 12.      (2 folios.)
1702.  Heads of a Charter granted by Mr. Penn to
the City of Philadelphia-transmitted to the Board
by Col. Quary in his letter of 24 July, 1702.
Propr. B. T. V. 6. K. 41.      (4 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   335
1702-3, January 8. Mr. Popple, Jun'r, to Mr. Penn, about
the Certificate of security having been given for Col.
Hamilton. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 280.    (1 folio.)
January 12. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Penn, enquiring
whether he has delivered to the Board a complete
Body of the Laws of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 28. p. 281.  (1 folio.)
January 14. Mr. Penn to Mr. Popple, in answer to his
letter about the security for Colonel Hamilton and
about the Laws of Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 16.      (2 folios.)
January 19. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade, inclosing a
Certificate that security has been given for Col.
Hamilton, Lt. Gov'r of Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 17.      (5 folios.)
January 21. Representation from the Board of Trade to
the Queen, relating to her Maj'ty's approbation of
Col. Hamilton for Deputy Gov'r of Pennsylvania,
and relating to the 4 Queries sent to Mr. Penn
sometime since about the Courts of Judicature in
Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 285.   (10 folios.)
January 21. Copy of an order of Council upon a representation of the same date relating to Col. Hamilton's
approbation to be Deputy Gov'r of Pennsylvania.
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 22.      (5 folios.)
January 21. Order of Council upon a Representation of
the same date, approving Col. Hamilton for Dep'y
Gov'r of Pennsylvania for One year. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 25.      (3 folios.)




336             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1702-3, January 21. Copy of an Order of Council upon a
Representation of the same date, relating to Courts
of Judicature in Pennsylvania.
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 26.    (10 folios.)
January 21. A Testimonial of Walter Marten that the
Quakers in Pennsylvania refuse to take the Oaths, or
to act in the Government of that Province with none
but themselves-(Copy) inclosed in Col. Quary's
letter of February 25, 1702-3.
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 32.      (4 folios.)
January 25. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade, relating to
the Order of Council approving Col. Hamilton
Dep'y Gov'r of Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 18.      (3 folios.)
January 28. Mr. Secr. Popple to Mr. Penn, in answer to
his of the 25th inst., also inclosing some Queries relating to Pennsylvania.. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 294.   (7 folios.)
February 25, Philadelphia. Col. Quary to the Board of
Trade-Great confusion in the Government of Pennsylvania-the jail is crowded with criminals but the
Quakers will not try them, they have hired some
Gentlemen to do it-proceedings at the Courts of
Assize-Mr. Penn withdraws all grants & gives
new ones-incloses some of the grants. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 30.     (10 folios.)
February 25. Board of Trade to Col. Quary, inclosing
the Order in Council relating to Courts of Judicature in Pennsylvania, and a copy of the Order for
approving Col. Hamilton. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 306.    (3 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   337
1702-3, February 26, Philadelphia. Mr. Moore, Advocate
of the Admiralty in Pennsylvania, to the Board, desiring some consideration for his service. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 7. L. 37.     (1 folio.)
March 4, St. James's. Order of Council relating to salaries
of Govern'rs, and the presents made them by Assemblies.
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 7. F. 6.  (2 folios.)
1703.
March 25. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Penn, inclosing the
Earl of Nottingham's circular letter relating to the
French and Spaniards. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 309.    (2 folios.)
April 2. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade, relating to the
regulating of Coin in the Plantations. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 27.      (5 folios.)
April 2. Representation from the Board of Trade to the
Queen, relating to the salaries of the Gov'rs & the
presents made them by the Assemblies. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 229. (30 folios.)
April 20. Circular letter from the Board of Trade to all
the Gov'rs in America, relating to Courts of Justice.
(Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 244.  (5 folios.)
May 4.   Mr. Popple to the Attorney Gen'l, enquiring
whether her Maj'ty may not by Proclamation alter
the rates of Coins in the Plantations, notwithstanding Acts passed there. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 247.  (2 folios.)
May 11. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade, signifying his
26




338             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1703. willingness to resign the Government of Pennsylvania to the Crown. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 28.      (2 folios.)
May 12. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Penn, in answer to his
of 11th inst., desiring to have in writing the conditions upon which he proposes to resign the Government of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 314.    (2 folios.)
May 18. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade, in answer to
Mr. Seer. Popple's letter of the 12th inst., expressing his opinion that there is no necessity for him to
write down the conditions for his resignation, as he
has said enough to them to lay before the Queen.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 29.      (2 folios.)
May 21. Board of Trade to Mr. Penn, about the Quota
for New York. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 316.    (3 folios.)
May 21. Board of Trade to the Earl of Nottingham, upon
Mr. Penn's proposal of surrendering his govern't of
Pennsylvania to her Maj'ty. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 320.    (2 folios.)
May 22. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Penn, informing him
that the Commiss'rs for Trade have sent his letters
of proposal of surrendering his Govern't to the
Crown to the Earl of Nottingham. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 321.    (2 folios.)
May 28. List of Pennsylvania Laws passed in two Gen'l
Assemblies, one held at New Castle in Nov'r, 1700,
and the other at Philadelphia in Oct'r, 1701, sent to




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   339
1703. Mr. Attorney General May 28th, for his opinion in
point of Law. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 28. p. 322.  (18 folios.)
May 31. Mr. Attorney General's answer to the letter of
Mr. Popple of May 4, relating to the regulating of
Coin in the Plantations. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 7. F. 13.  (2 folios.)
June 1.  Mr. Popple to Mr. Attorney Gen'l, enquiring
whether her Maj'ty may not by her Royal prerogative settle the Rates of Foreign Coins in the Plantations, and desiring his Opinion upon a Pennsylvania
Act relating to the Coin. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 250.  (2 folios.)
June 8, Whitehall. The Earl of Nottingham to the Board
of Trade, informing them that her Maj'ty is willing
to treat with Mr. Penn for his Proprietary Government. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 35.      (2 folios.)
June 10, Whitehall. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Penn, desiring to have the proposals upon which he surrender
his Government of Pennsylvania to her Majesty.
(Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 338.    (2 folios.)
June 15. Mr. Penn to the Board, desiring two or three
days' time to make his proposals for surrendering
his Government of Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 36.      (2 folios.)
June 18. Mr. Penn's proposals for surrendering the Govern't of Pennsylvania to the Crown. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 38.      (9 folios.)
June 30, Philadelphia. Col. Quary, Mr. Moore, Mr. Hal



340             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1703. liwell, & Mr. Yeates, to the Board-upon the demise of Col. Hamilton the Govern't fell into the
hands of Quakers-their conduct with regard to
administering the Oaths-the Courts are adjourned
for a considerable time-Mr. Penn has given them
the power of Govern't in the three Lower Counties
-the 3 Lower Counties would become very valuable to the Crown. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 50.      (7 folios.)
July 2. Mr. Penn to the Board, acquainting them of the
death of Col. Hamilton, and proposing another Deputy Gov'r. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 39.     (2 folios.)
July 2. The Attorney Gen'l to the Board, about her Maj'ty's settling the Rates of Foreign coins in the
Plantations, & about a Pennsylvania Act relating to
Coin. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Gen. B. T. V. 7. F. 16.  (2 folios.)
July 6. Order of Reference from the Earl of Nottingham
upon the Petition of Mr. Penn for Mr. John Evans
to be Deputy Governor of Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 40.     (3 folios.)
July 7. Representation from the Board for her Maj'tie's
disallowance of the Pennsylvania Act for appointing the rate of money or Coin within that Province.
(Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 346.   (5 folios.)
July 7. Mr. Secr. Popple to Mr. Penn, desiring him to
inform the Board of Trade who is Mr. Evans whom
Mr. Penn has proposed for Dep'ty Gov'r of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 345.   (3 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   341
1703, July 8. Mr. Penn to the Board, informing them of
the character and qualifications of Mr. Evans, whom
he has proposed for a Dep'ty Gov'r of Pennsylvania.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 41.      (3 folios.)
July 9. Letter from the Board of Trade to the Earl of
Nottingham, inclosing a Representation to the
Queen, wherein they express having no objection to
her Maj'ty's appointing Mr. Evans as Dep'y Gov'r
of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 349.     (3 folios.)
July 11, Windsor. Order of Council upon a Representation from the Board of Trade of the 9th inst., relating to her Majesty's approbation of Mr. John Evans
as Deputy Gov'r of Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 42.      (4 folios.)
July 13. Mr. Penn's declaration relating to her Maj'ty's
title to the 3 Lower Counties upon her Maj'ty's approbation of Mr. John Evans as Dep. Gov'r of Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 43.      (2 folios.)
July 14. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Lownds, relating to
security to be given for Mr. Evans, Dep'y Gov'r of
Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 353.    (3 folios.)
July 21. Certificate from the Remembrancer's Office that
security has been given for Mr. John Evans, Dep'y
Gov'r of Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 44.      (2 folios.)
July 22, Whitehall. Representation from the Board of
Trade for her Maj'ty's approbation of Mr. Evans




342             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1703. as Deputy Gov'r of Pennsylvania, and inclosing a
draft of Instructions for Mr. Penn relating to the
Acts of Trade. (Entry) the Instructions are missing.
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 356.    (4 folios.)
July 23, Whitehall. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Penn, about
Persons' being condemned to death in Pennsylvania
by Judges and Juries not under Oaths. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 358.    (2 folios.)
July 25, Philadelphia.  Col. Quary to the Board-Mr.
Roger Mumpessons arrived in Pennsylvania to be
Judge of the Admiralty-he is surprised Mr. Penn
has been able to procure a Commission for Mr.
Mumpesson-The confused state of Pennsylvaniaconcludes with his observations on the condition
and Trade of the Plantations in General. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 51.     (18 folios.)
July 28, Bristol. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade, in answer to the letter from Mr. Seer. Popple of July
23, requesting to have a copy of that part of the
Lord Crubury's letter which regards Pennsylvania.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 45.      (2 folios.)
July 30, Hampton Court. Order of Council upon a Representation from the Board of Trade of the 7th July,
repealing an Act of Pennsylvania for regulating the
rate of Coin. (Orig'l)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 46.      (6 folios.)
July 30, Hampton C't. Copy of an Order of Council upon
a Representation from the Board of Trade of July




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   343
1703. 22, approving Mr. Evans for Dep'y Gov'r of Pennsylvania.
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 47.     (2 folios.)
July 30, Hampton C't. Copy of an Order of Council upon
a Representation from the Board of Trade of July
22, approving the draft of Instructions for Mr. Penn
relating to the Acts of Trade.
Propr. B. T. V. 7. L. 48.     (2 folios.)
August 3, Whitehall. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Penn, in
answer to his of the 28th inst., relating to Trials in
Pennsylvania without Oath. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 360.   (2 folios.)
August 4, Pennsylvania.  Col. Quary to the Board of
Trade-about the Tobacco Trade in the Plantations, & that he is going to Maryland & Virginia
to inspect the Revenue Officers. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. M. 10.    (10 folios.)
August 6, Whitehall. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Penn, with
the Order of Council for Repealing an Act of Pennsylvania appointing the Rate of Coin. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 365.    (1 folio.)
August 14, Pennsylvania.  Col. Quary to the Board of
Trade-chiefly on the subject of the New Jersey
Government. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. M. 11.    (15 folios.)
August 26, Philadelphia. Letter from the Council of Pennsylvania to Mr. Penn, relating to their proceedings
in the Government of that Province after the Deputy
Governor Hamilton's death. (Orig'l, inclosed in
Mr. Penn's of Dec'r 22, 1703.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. M. 19.    (20 folios.)




344             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1703, September 6, Lewis, Sussex. Copy of a Letter to Mr.
Penn from one of his Council, about his being obliged
to appear at the Provincial Court at Annopetan, to
defend his title to Lands taken up under Mr. Pennreferred to in Mr. Penn's letter to the Board, 22
Dec'r, 1703.
Propr. B. T. V. 7. M. 23.      (6 folios.)
September 7, Pennsylvania. Copy of a letter from Mr.
John Moore to Col. Quary, about the Quaker Justices in Pennsylvania refusing to take the Oath of
abjuration-inclosed in Col. Quary's letter of Oct'r
15, 1703.
Plant. Genl. V. 7. F. 39.      (5 folios.)
October 15, Virginia. Col. Quary to the Board-amongst
various matters relating to other Colonies he gives
an account of the Proceedings in Pennsylvania respecting the Trade and the encouragement of Pirates. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Gen. B. T. V. 7. F. 37.  (42 folios.)
October 22, Whitehall. Board of Trade to the Earl of
Nottingham, with an Extract of Col. Quary's letter
of July 25, 1703, relating to the Judge of the Admiralty in Pennsyl'a, & the state of the Leeward Islands. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 386.    (2 folios.)
October 22, Whitehall. Mr. Popple, Jun'r, to Mr. Burchet,
with an Extract of a letter from Col. Quary to the
Board of July 25, 1703, relating to the Judge of the
Admiralty in Pennsylv'a. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 384.    (5 folios.)
October 26, Philadelphia. Copy of a Dedimus from the




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   345
1703. President and Council of Pennsylvania to qualify
the Justices.
Propr. B. T. Vol. 7. M. 14.    (3 folios.)
November 12, Port Lewis. Mr. Henry Brooke, Collector
of Port Lewis, in the lower County of Pennsylvania, to Col. Quary, about the encouragement given
there to Pirates. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. V. 7. F. 40.     (14 folios.)
November 12, Port Lewis. Mr. Brooke, Collector of Port
Lewis, to Quary, giving an account of the encouragem't given there to Pirates. (Orig'l, referred to
in Col. Quary's to the Board of Oct'r 15, 1703.)
JV. B. The letter is dated in Mr. Brooke's own
hand, Nov'r 12, 1703, and the letter of Col. Quary
is dated Oct'r 15, 1703,-the discrepancy of the
dates is unaccountable.
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 7. F. 40.  (13 folios.)
November 23. Representation from the Board of Trade
to the Queen, relating to the Rates of foreign Coins
in the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 282.  (7 folios.)
December 22, London. Mr. Penn to the Board, with Extracts of several letters relating to his Governm't,
as also his answer to the complaints sent him the
16th April, 1702. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. M. 18.      (5 folios.)
December 22. Mr. Penn's answer to the several Informations relating to irregular Proceedings and other
undue practices in Pennsylvania, sent him from the
Board, April 16, 1702. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. M. 21.     (80 folios.)




346             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1703. Extracts of several letters received from Pennsylvania, giving an account of the uneasy and uncomfortable circumstances of the People and Government of that Province, through the practices of
Col. Quary-referred to in Mr. Penn's letter to the
Board of Decem'r 22, 1703.
Propr. B. T. V. 7. M. 20.     (40 folios.)
Qu.? 1703.  Copy of the subscription obtained by Mr.
Penn, of money, &c., from the Inhabitants of Pennsylvania, to defray the charge of his coming over
to England-referred to in Col. Quary's letter of
May 30, 1704.
Propr. B. T. V. 7. M. 38.      (5 folios.)
1703-4.
January 12, Whitehall. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Penn,
inclosing an Extract of a letter from Mr. Thomas
Lawrence, Secr'y of Maryland, complaining of the
behaviour of the Quakers at their General meeting.
(Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 407.    (2 folios.)
February 18. Letter from the Board of Trade to Col.
Quary, relating to his being established Surveyor
General of Her Majesty's Plantations on the decease
of Mr. Randolph. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 441.    (4 folios.)
March 2, St. James'. Draft of a letter for her Maj'ty's
signature to the several Govrs. in America, relating
to Courts of Admiralty & distribution of prizes in
the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. Vol. 36. p. 347. (2 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   347
1703-4, March 7. Draft of a Charter for the Pennsylvania
Company, presented to the Board by Mr. Byfield
& other Members of the same.
Propr. B. T. V. 7. M. 26.    (100 folios.)
March 12, Philadelphia. Dep'ty Gov'r Evans to the Board,
giving a favourable account of the state of the
Governm't as he found it upon his arrival in Pennsylvania. (Origl.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. M. 41.      (6 folios.)
March 13, London. Memorial from Mr. Penn to the
Board, containing matters of complaint against
Col. Quary & others. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 28. p. 459.    (8 folios.)
1704.
March 30. Draft of a Bond to be entered into by Mr.
Byfield & other members of the Pennsylvania
Company.
Propr. B. T. V. 7. M. 33.      (3 folios.)
April 13, Philadelphia. Copy of the condescension made
by the Representatives of the three Lower Counties
to the Assembly of Pennsylvania. (Inclosed in Col.
Quary's letter to the Board of Octo'r 15, 1704.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 10.      (3 folios.)
April 14, Philadelphia. Copy of an Address from the
Assembly of Pennsylvania to the Dep. Govr. Evans,
relating to the three lower counties. (Inclosed in
Col. Quary's to the Board of Oct'r 15, 1704.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 14.      (4 folios.)
April 15, Philadelphia (qu.?). Copy of an answer from
the Representatives of the Province to the Repre



348             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1704. sentatives of the Territories. (Inclosed in Col.
Quary's letter to the Board of Oct'r 15, 1704.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 11.      (5 folios.)
May 11. Board of Trade to Col. Quary, informing him
of Mr. Penn's assurance that no impediment shall
be made to the Custom Officers in Pennsylvania.
(Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 31.     (4 folios.)
May 26, Philadelphia. Copy of the Dep'y Govr. Evans's
Proclamation requiring the Inhabitants of Pennsylvania to furnish themselves with arms for their
defence.
Propr. B. T. V. 7. M. 43.      (4 folios.)
May 26, Philadelphia. Copy of a Proclamation for the
settling a Militia throughout the Governm't of Pennsylvania. (Inclosed in the D'y G'r Evans's letter to
the Board of Octo'r 10, 1704.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 3.       (4 folios.)
May 30, Philadelphia. Dep'y Govr. Evans to the Board.
-He is not able to find any abuses in Trade.-He
endeavours to reconcile the animosities-gives an
account of his proceedings with the Assemblyinforms the Board that the Lower Counties have
distinct Legislation. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. M. 42.      (9 folios.)
May 30, Virginia. Col. Quary to the Board of Trade,
giving an account of the present state and condition
of the Trade in Pennsylvania & other American
Colonies. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 7. G. 15.  (70 folios.)
May 31. Draft of a letter for Her Maj'ty's signature to




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.    349
1704. the several Proprietary Governm'ts in America relating to her Maj'ty's & the Lord High Admiral's
share of Prizes there. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 37.     (6 folios.)
(May,) Philadelphia. Copies of two Addresses from the
Quakers to her Maj'ty, relating to Qualification by
an affirmation to become general to all her Maj'ty's
subjects in Pennsylvania. (Inclosed in Col. Quary's
to the Board of Oct. 15, 1704.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 15.     (10 folios.)
(May,) Philadelphia. Copy of the Assembly of Pennsylvania's Address to the Dep'y Gov'r, relating to their
refusing the Quota expected from them. (Inclosed
in Col. Quary's letter to the Board of Oct'r 15, 1704.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 6.       (4 folios.)
(May,) Philadelphia. Copy of an Address from the Assembly of Pennsylvania to Mr. John Evans, Dep'y
Govr., also copy of a clause proposed, which
imposes the Quakers' Test on all the Inhabitants
there. (Inclosed in Col. Quary's letter to the Board
of Octo'r 15, 1704.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 8.     (12 folios.)
(May,) Philadelphia. Copies of two Speeches of Dep'y
Govr. Evans to the Assembly of Pennsylvania.
(Inclosed in Col. Quary's letter to the Board of
Octo'r 15, 1704.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 9.      (10 folios.)
June 29. Circular letter to the Proprietors of her Maj'ty's
Colonies in America, inclosing her Majesty's Proclamation for settling and ascertaining the Rates of
Foreign Coin in the Plantations. (Entry.)
Propr, B. T. V. 29. p. 39.     (7 folios.)




350             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1704, July 7. Additional Instructions to all the several
Proprietors in America, relating to the number of
Seamen allowed by an Act of Parliament for
Navigating of English Ships during the present
War. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 42.    (5 folios.)
July 13. Representation from the Board of Trade to the
Queen that the Commissions for Trial of Pirates in
America be renewed. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 36. p. 481. (56 folios.)
July 18, Philadelphia. Copy of a Proclamation for the
encouragement of those in Pennsylvania who have
taken up Arms. (Inclosed in the Dep'y Govr.
Evans's letter to the Board of Octo'r 10, 1704.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 4.      (6 folios.)
July 24, Philadelphia. Mr. Moor to the B'p of London,
entreating his support against Mr. Penn, in order to
his retaining the place of a Collector, the late
Collector being lately Dead. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 7. M. 46.     (2 folios.)
August 3. Copy of an Order of Council for the renewal
of the Commissions for Trial of Pirates in the
Plantations in America.
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 7. G. 17.  (2 folios.)
August 24. Circular letter to the several Proprietors in
America about a day of thanksgiving to be kept
for the success of her Maj'ty's arms near the
Danube. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 45.    (3 folios.)
September 2, Philadelphia. Deputy Govr. Evans to Col.




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   351
1704. Quary. (Original letter inclosed in Col. Quary's
letter to the Board of Oct'r 15, 1704.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 12.       (1 folio.)
September 2, Philadelphia. Mr. Rolph to Col. Quary
about Mr. Penn's being summoned before the
Mayor's Court for an assault on the Constable.
(Orig'ly inclosed in Col. Quary's letter to the Board
of Octo'r 15, 1704.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 16.       (1 folio.)
September 3, Burlington. Col. Quary to the Dep'y Govr.
Evans, in answer to his of Sept'r 2. (Inclosed in
Col. Quary's letter to the Board of Octo'r 15,
1704.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 13.      (2 folios.)
September 23, Philadelphia. Copy of a Proclamation
issued by Mr. John Evans, Deputy Govr. of Pennsylvania, making void the proceedings of a Court
held there. (Inclosed in Col. Quary's letter to the
Board of Oct. 15, 1704.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 7.       (5 folios.)
October 10, Philadelphia. Deputy Govr. Evans to the
Board of Trade. - Sends his Proclamation for
settling the Militia, and the Proclamation for the
encouragement of those who have taken up armsgives an account of the Proceedings of the Assembly in relation to the Quota for New York, and
their endeavours for divesting the Govr. of the
power of prorogation or dissolution. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 2.      (27 folios.)
October 13. Sir E. Northey's Opinion upon the Acts of
Pennsylvania, passed at 2 Gen'l Assemblies, the one




352             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1704. held at New Castle in Nov'r, 1700, the other at
Philadelphia in Octo'r, 1701. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 40.     (67 folios.)
October 15, Maryland. Col. Quary to the Board of Trade.
-Informs them that the Order in Council relating
to Courts of Judicature is not complied with in
Pennsylvania. —Dep'y Govr. Evans favours Quakers
and gives no encouragement to the Admiralty or
Custom  Officers.-Disorders in the Govern't of
Pennsylvania - the Quakers indited young Mr.
Penn and he publicly renounced them.-He goes
for England in order to perswade his Father to
resign.-No money raised for Mr. Penn, the Quakers
are so incensed against him & his son.-Gives them
an account of the Lord Cornbury's Govern't.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 5.      (24 folios.)
December 25. An account of exports from England to
Pennsylvania for 6 years, from 25 Decem'r, 1698,
to 25 Decem'r, 1704. (Draft.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 5,.
1704, -. Several papers relating to the Pennsylvania
Company which do not relate to the State of Pennsylvania.
Propr. B. T. V. 7.
1704-5.
January 2. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade, offering to
surrender the Govern't of Pennsylvania to the
Crown upon certain conditions. (Orig'l.)
Propri. B. T. V. 8. after N. 1.  (5 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   353
1704-5, January 3. Mr. Penn to the Board, in explanation
of some expressions in his letter to the Board
of Janu'y 2. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. after N. 1.  (3 folios.)
January 11. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn with several Queries
upon his proposals for the surrender of his right of
Government to the Crown. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 29. p. 81.   (3 folios.)
January 12. Mr. Penn's answer to the Queries sent him
from the Board the 11th inst. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 1.       (5 folios.)
February 13, Philadelphia. Dep'ty Govr. Evans to the
Board, owning the receipt of their Lordships' letter
of the 29th June last with the Proclamation about
Coin, and his remarks on the observance of the said
Proclamation. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 36.      (5 folios.)
February 22, St. James's. Draft of a Circular letter to
the Governours of the Plantations in America for
an account of Ordinance, &-c'a.
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 37. p. 58.  (5 folios.)
March 9. Mr. Penn to the Board, desiring to know what
it is expected he should surrender. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 26.      (2 folios.)
March 9. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, in answer to his letter
of this day's date relating to the surrender of his
government. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 132.    (2 folios.)
1705.
May -.   Copy of the draft of a new Patent, upon the
27




354             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1705. granting of which Mr. Penn is willing to surrender
the Govern't of Pennsylvania to her Majesty.
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 30.     (40 folios.)
June (5). Draft of a surrender of the Pennsylvania Government to her Majesty.
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 32.      (9 folios.)
June 6. Mr. Penn to the Board, inclosing his answer to
the observations of the Board upon the draft of a
new Charter desired by him, which were delivered
the 5th inst. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 33.     (12 folios.)
June 20. Mr. Penn to the Board, desiring them to enter
upon the consideration of the Pennsylvania Laws
before his surrender. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 34.       (1 folio.)
June 30. Mr. Penn to the Board, desiring the dispatch of
their Lordships' Report on the Laws of Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 37.      (2 folios.)
July 23, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to S'r Rob't Cotton and
Sir Tho's Frankland with a copy of an Act for
erecting and establishing a Post Office in Pennsylvania for their opinion thereupon. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 192.    (2 folios.)
July 26, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, inclosing
the Board's observations upon the Acts of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 193.   (18 folios.)
July 28, Whitehall. Circular letter from the Board to the
Proprietors in America to appoint a day of thanks



RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   355
1705. giving in their Governments for the late victory
obtained in the Spanish Netherlands. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 202.    (2 folios.)
August 31. Mr. Penn's answer to the observations made
by the Board upon the Pennsylvania Laws. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 41.      (7 folios.)
September 1. Mr. Penn's paper containing the heads of
what he desires from her Majesty upon his surrender. (Draft.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 42.      (3 folios.)
September 1. An abstract of the clauses contained in Mr.
Penn's Grant of Pennsylvania, which he is willing
to surrender to her Majesty. (Draft.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 43.      (3 folios.)
October 9. Observations upon an Act for establishing
Courts of Judicature in Pennsylvania.  (Draft,
signed Wm. Wharton-indorsed "Mr. Penn's observations," &c.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 46.      (3 folios.)
October 12. Mr. Popple to Sir E. Northey, with several
Queries relating to Mr. Penn's power given him by
the Charter, & Sir E. Northey's answer to the said
Queries-dated Oct'r 19th. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 48.     (16 folios.)
October 23. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, with Mr. Att. Gen'l's
answers to the Queries about Pennsylvania sent him
the 12th inst. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 224.     (1 folio.)
November 9, Philadelphia. Dep'ty Gov'r Evans to the
Board-(presented to them by Mr. Penn, in his letter of Febr'y 22, 1705-6.)-The People of Pennsyl



3506            CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1705. vania are very slow in observing her Maj'ty's Proclamation about the Coin-He has formed Militia
even there, where the Quakers are most numerous
-Incloses an address from the Traders and pleads
in their favour. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 35.     (12 folios.)
November 19, Gen. Post-Office. Sir R. Cotton to the
Board, inclosing his observations upon an Act of
Pennsylvania for erecting & establishing a PostOffice there, and returning a copy of the Act.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. NI. 57. (5 folios. Act, 28 folios.)
November 20. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, desiring to know
which and how many of the Laws he passed &
signed whilst he was in Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 232.     (1 folio.)
November 21. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, inclosing the
Post Master General's opinion on an Act of Pennsylvania for Establishing a post Office there. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 233.     (1 folio.)
November 21. Mr. Penn to the Board, in answer to the
Secretary's letter of yesterday about the Laws
signed by him in Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. N. 58.       (1 folio.)
November -, Philadelphia. Address from the Traders of
Pennsylv'a to Mr. John Evans, L't Gov'r of that
Province, setting forth the hardships they suffer in
their Trade thro' the late Order for regulating money, and from the severity of the Custom House




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   357
1705. Officers-(with Mr. Penn's letter of 22 Febr'y,
1705-6). (Orig'l)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 34.      (6 folios.)
List of Acts passed by the Dep'ty Gov'r Evans in
the year 1705, with Mr. Penn's observations upon
the same. Draft not signed-delivered June 28,
1706.
Propr. B. T. Vol. 8. O. 73.    (9 folios.)
1705-6.
January 9, Philadelphia. Copy of the Minutes of Council
held in Pennsylvania, upon a Conference between
that Board and the Assembly, relating to the Administering of Oaths in Judicial affairs-inclosed in
the Dep'ty Gov'r Evans's letter to the Board of
January 19, 1705-6.
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 68.     (24 folios.)
January 10. Representation from the Board of Trade to
the Queen, relating to the Misfeazances of the Proprietary and Charter Governments in America.
(Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 238.   (38 folios.)
January 11, Philadelphia. Address of the Assembly of
Pennsylvania to the Dep'ty Gov'r Evans, about administering of Oaths in Judicial affairs. (Orig'l,
inclosed in Dep'ty Gov'r Evans's letter to the Board
of January 19, 1705-6.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 67.     (10 folios.)
January 17. Representation from the Board of Trade to
the Queen, upon the Laws of Pennsylvania, against




358             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1705-6. the passing of which Mr. Attorney Gen'l and the
Board have made objections, also upon the Laws
against which there are no objection. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 254.  (100 folios.)
January before 19, Philadelphia. A printed broadside ol
an Act passed in Pennsylvania for proportioning the
Rates of money in Payments made upon contracts
according to the former regulation inclosed in the
Dep'ty Gov'r Evans's letter to the Board of January
19, 1705-6.
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 69.     (20 folios.)
January before 19, Philadelphia. Copy of an Act of Pennsylvania, directing the qualifications of all Magistrates & Officers, also the manner of giving evidence-inclosed in the Dep'ty Gov'r Evans's letter
to the Board, of January 19, 1705-6.
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 70.     (20 folios.)
January 19, Philadelphia. Dep'ty Gov'r Evans to the
Board-promises copies of the several Acts passed
the last Assembly-he sends two, one about taking
Oaths, another about the Rate of money, and gives
his opinion of them, as well as of several inclosed
papers. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 66.     (20 folios.)
February 7, St. James's. Copy of an order of Council of
the 7th instant, upon a Representation from the
Board of Trade of the 17th of January, upon the
Laws of Pennsylvania.
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 32.      (6 folios.)
February 7, St. James's. Order in Council relating to the
misfeazances of the Proprietary & Charter Govern



RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   359
1705-6. m'ts, directing the Representation of the Board of
Jan'y 10th, 1705-6, to be sent to Mr. Secr. Hedges.
(Copy.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 32.      (3 folios.)
February 18, Cock-Pitt. Mr. Hedges to the Board of
Trade, with a draft of a Bill relating to the Proprietary Gov'ts in America, desiring the Board to consider thereof. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 322.   (20 folios.)
February 22, Knight's Bridge. Mr. Penn to the Board,
inclosing a letter from the Dep'ty Gov'r of Pennsylvania to the Board, & proposing some heads for
a letter from the Board to the said Dep'ty Gov'r.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 33.      (5 folios.)
February 28. MIr. Seer. Hedges to the Board, referring a
Petition from Bern, for settling a Colony of Natives
of Switzerland in Pennsylvania or Virginia. (Orig'l.)
Virginia B. T. V. 12. N. 17.  (12 folios.)
March 1, Whitehall. Mr. Seer. Popple to Mr. Penn, acquainting him that the matter of the address from
the Traders of Pennsylvania (1705, Nov'r) to the
Lieut't Gov'r there, does belong properly to the
Commissioners of the Customs. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 344.    (2 folios.)
March 13, Whitehall.  Board of Trade to Mr. Seer.
Hedges, relating to the settlement of a Colony of
Natives of Switzerland in Pennsylvania or Virginia.
(Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 345.    (6 folios.)




360             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1706, March 25, Philadelphia. Memorial from the Minister
and Vestry of St. Paul's Church in Pennsylvania,
to the Bishop of London, against the Act lately
passed in that Province about the manner of giving
of Evidence. (Orig'l, inclosed in Bp. of London's
letter to the Board, of July 4, 1706.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 77.      (5 folios.)
May 31, Whitehall. Circular letter from the Board of
Trade to all the Gov'rs in America, for a day of
thanksgiving for the great success of her Maj'ty's
arms in Brabant, &c. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 37. p. 122.  (2 folios.)
June 19, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to Sir E. Northey, inclosing an Act of Pennsylvania "( directing the qualifications of all Magistrates & Officers, also the manner of giving evidence" for his opinion thereupon
in point of Law. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 410.     (I folio.)
June 28. Board of Trade to the Dep. Gov'r Evans-his
letter of 19 Janu'y received & the inclosed Acts
sent to Mr. Attorney General for his opinion-they
express themselves very much satisfied with his conduct in the Government, and desire him to encourage
all those who appear ready in her Maj'ty's service.
(Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 414.     (3 folios.)
June 28. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, inclosing a letter from
the Board to the Dep'ty Gov'r Evans. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 413.
July 4. Bishop of London to the Board, inclosing a Memorial from the Vestry of St. Paul's in Pennsylva



RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   361
1706. nia, against the Act about the manner of giving
evidence, &c. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 77.      (2 folios.)
July 9. Sir E. Northey's Report to the Board upon the
Act of Pennsylvania transmitted to him June 19.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 78.      (4 folios.)
November 6. Memorial from Mr. Wilcox to the Board of
Trade, containing reasons against confirming an
Act of Pennsylvania for directing the Qualifications
of all Magistrates & Officers, &c. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 81.     (12 folios.)
November 26. Memorial to the Board of Trade from Mr.
Wilcox, appointed agent by some Gentlemen of
Pennsylvania to oppose the confirmation of some
Acts now coming from that Province. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 82.      (8 folios.)
December 2. Affidavit of Benjamin van der Werf, late of
Pennsylvania, relating to the passing of an Act
there for directing the Qualifications of all Magistrates & Officers, &c. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 84.      (2 folios.)
1706-7.
January 4. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, desiring his attendance at the Board upon an Act of Pennsylvania for
Qualifications of Magistrates & Officers, &c. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 429.    (2 folios.)




362             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1706-7, January 29. Mr. Penn to the Board, desiring to
expedite their Representation on his proposal for
surrendering his Government. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 87.      (3 folios.)
February 5, Whitehall. Board of Trade to the Earl of
Sunderland, upon Mr. Penn's proposal for surrendering his Governm't of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 439.   (11 folios.)
March 18, Treasury. Mr. Lowndes to the Board of Trade,
desiring them to reconsider their Report relating to
Mr. Penn's of Pennsylvania, &c. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 98.      (4 folios.)
1707.
April 7, Treasury. Mr. Lownds to the Board of Trade,
referring an account of goods imported and exported
from Pennsylvania to Xmas, 1705. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 8. 0. 99, 100.  (30 folios.)
May 7, Whitehall. Earl of Sunderland to the Board, desiring them to transmit Copies of the Act of Union
between England & Scotland to all the Gov'rs in
America. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 8. I. 32.  (1 folio.)
May 7, Whitehall. Board of Trade to Mr. Penn, the
Gov'r & Co. of Rhode Island, and the Gov'r & Co.
of Connecticut, relating to the new Commission for
this Board and for inclosing the Act of the Union.
(Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 466.   (10 folios.)
May 12, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, with several
Queries relating to his Government of Pennsylvania.
(Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 29. p. 472.    (4 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   363
1707, June 10, Whitehall. Board of Trade to the Earl of
Sunderland, enclosing a Representation to the Queen
relating to the rates of Foreign Coin in the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 37. p. 142. (12 folios.)
June 28, Philadelphia. Col. Quary to the Board-The
confusion in Mr. Penn's two Govern'ts-the Dep'ty
Gov'r's irregular proceedings-Taxes & Powder
duties occasioned a Rupture between the 3 Lower
Counties & Pennsylva'a-the Assembly are against
Mr. Penn and his Deputy, and they against the Assembly-proposes that the Quakers should be excluded from the Govern't, for they continue to disown the Queen's Orders, & gives an instance of it.
The rest of the Letter relates to other Plantations.
(Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 8. I. 59.  (20 folios.)
June 30. Memorial from Mr. Wilcox against an Act
passed in Pennsylvania relating to the qualifications
of Magistrates, &c. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 9. P. 7.     (2 folios.)
July 2. Copy of a letter from Mr. Penn to Mr. Popple, in
answer to one written to him the 12 of May, with
several Queries relating to his surrender.
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 8.       (5 folios.)
July 19. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, enclosing Mr. Wilcox's
memorial of June 30 against the Act about qualifications of Magistrates, and desiring his particular
answer to the Queries sent him the 12 of May last.
(Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 12.     (2 folios.)




364             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1707, August 14. Mr. Penn to Mr. Popple, enclosing his
answers to Mr. Wilcox's memorial of June 30.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 11.     (11 folios.)
September 29, Philadelphia. Dep'ty Govr. Evans to the
Board.-Sends Minutes of Council relating to the
Assembly, who intend to complain of him for
causing an Alarm and beating a Constable.-The
People oppose his attempts to regulate the Militia.
-David Loyd, one of the most violent amongst the
Assembly, is their Speaker. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 35.     (12 folios.)
November 10, H. C. Order of the House of Commons
for a List of the Several Governors in America.
(Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 37. p. 150.  (1 folio.)
November 12. List of the names of Gov'rs and Depu'y
Gov'rs in the Plantations laid before the House of
Commons. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 37. p. 150.  (4 folios.)
December 10. Mr. Wilcox's reply to Mr. Penn's answer
to his memorial of June 30. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 15.      (9 folios.)
December 30. Board of Trade to the Earl of Sunderland,
inclosing a Representation to the Queen upon the
Act of Pennsylvania relating to the qualifications of
Magistrates, recommending to disallow the same.
(Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 22.     (5 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.    365
1707-8.
January 8, Kensington. Copy of an Order of Council
upon a Representation of the 10 of June last, for
settling the Rates of Coin in the Plantations, referring the same to the Attorney & Solicitor General for their opinion.
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 8. I. 48.  (2 folios.)
January 8, Kensington. Copy of an Order of Council
upon a Representation from the Board of Trade of
Dec'r 30 for repealing an Act of Pennsylvania
about the qualifications of Magistrates.
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 19.      (3 folios.)
January 8, Kensington. Order of Council referring to
the Board of Trade the Address of the Gov'r,
Council and Assembly of Maryland to the Queen,
relating to the Boundaries between that Province
& Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Maryland B. T. V. 5. H. 59.    (6 folios.)
January 12, H. L. Order of the Committee of the House
of Lords, requiring the Board of Trade to prepare
the draft of an Act for Establishing the Rates of
Foreign Coin in the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. Vol. 37. p. 155.  (1 folio.)
January 15, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to the Attorney Genl.
(Sir Simon Harcourt), inclosing the draft of a Bill
for ascertaining the Rates of Foreign Coin in the
Plantations, together with Sir Isaac Newton's table
of the weight, &c., of the said Coins, for his opinion
thereupon. (Entry.) N.B. The Table of weights
is not entered.
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 37. p. 155. (11 folios.)




366             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1707-8, January 22. Copy of an Order of Council upon a
Report from  the Attorney & Solicitor General,
relative to the Representation from the Board of
Trade of June 10, for settling the Rates of Coin in
the Plantations.
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 21.      (2 folios.)
January 27, H. of L. Order of a Committee of the House
of Lords that the Commissioners for Trade do prepare a Bill for enforcing obedience to her Maj'ty's
Proclamation for settling the Rates of Foreign
Coins in the Plantations. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 8. I. 50.  (1 folio.)
February 3. Draft of a Bill for enforcing obedience to her
Maj'ty's Proclamation of June 18, 1704, for settling.
the RatesofForeign Coins in the Plantations. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 37. p. 160. (14 folios.)
February 20. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, desiring his attendance about the Boundaries between Maryland
& Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 30.      (1 folio.)
February 21, Ratclif. Mr. Conway to Lord Baltimore,
relating to observations made on Palmer's Island,
touching the Boundaries between Maryland &
Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Maryland B. T. V. 5. H. 63.     (1 folio.)
March 2. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, desiring his answer to
the letter of the 20 of Feb'y last. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 32.      (1 folio.)
March 3. Mr. Penn to Mr. Popple, promising to give an
account of the proceedings touching the Boundaries
between Maryland & Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 26.      (3 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.  367
1707-8, March 10. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, desiring
him to hasten what he may have to offer in relation
to the Boundaries between Pennsylvania and Maryland. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 35.    (2 folios.)
March 10, Petty France. Mr. Chamberlayne to Lord
Herbert, inclosing a Memorial from Mr. Ludolf in
favour of some Germans, who about 25 years ago
settled in Pennsylvania, desiring to be made Denizens of that Province. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 27.     (4 folios.)
1708.
March 29. Mr. Penn to Mr. Popple, desiring a Month's
time to answer the matters relating to Boundaries
between Pennsylvania and Maryland. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 28.      (2 folios.)
March 30. Notice is taken that on that day a letter was
written to Mr. Penn, desiring him to attend the
Board on the 26th of the next month, in relation to
the Boundaries between Maryland & Pennsylvania.
Propr. B. T. Vol. 30. p. 36.
April 15. Circular letter to the Gover'rs in America relating to the number and price of Negroes brought
thither directly from Africa. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 37. p. 165. (10 folios.)
May 14. Circular letter from the Board of Trade to the
Gov'rs of her Maj'ty's plantations inclosing the
Acts of Parliament relating to Foreign Coins and
the Trade in America. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 37. p. 184.  (3 folios.)
May 20, Kensington. Order of Council referring to the




368             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1708. Board the Petition of Mr. Penn praying her Majesty
to approve Capt'n Charles Gookin as his Deputy
Governor of Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 32.      (3 folios.)
May 28, Charborough. Letter from Lieut't General Erle
in favour of Capt'n Gookin, proposed by Mr. Penn
for his Deputy Governor in Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 34.      (2 folios.)
June 1. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade,:recommending
Capt'n Gookin to be his Dep'ty Gover'r in Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 33.      (2 folios.)
June 2. Representation from the Board of Trade to the
Queen upon the Petition of Mr. Penn recommending Mr. Gookin to be Dep'ty Gover'r of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 37. p. 46.     (2 folios.)
June 11. Mr. Penn, Jun'r, and Mr. Standfast, Bookseller
of Westminster, are proposed by Mr. Gookin as his
securities. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 39.
June 26, Kensington. Order of Council approving Mr.
Gookin to be Mr. Penn's Dep'ty Gover'r of Pennsylvania, provided he gives security. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 44.      (3 folios.)
June 29. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade, relating to the
Declaration he is to make of her Maj'ty's Right to
the three Lower Counties adjoining Pennsylvania.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T.V. 9. P. 45.       (7 folios.)
June 30. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, in answer to his of the




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   369
1708. 29th inst., inclosing the form of the Declaration,
which the Board cannot alter. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 37. p. 58.
June 30. Mr. Popple to Mr. Lowndes, relating to Capt'n
Gookin's giving security (Entry), with the draft of
a Bond.
Propr. B. T. V. 37. p. 60.    (8 folios.)
July 2. Mr. Penn to the Board of Trade, inclosing his
Declaration of her Maj'ty's right to the three Lower
Counties. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 45.      (3 folios.)
July 8. Certificate of Capt'n Gookin's having given security for observing the Acts of Trade, &c'a.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 9. P. 46.    (1 folio.)
July 8. Representation from the Board of Trade to the
Queen, inclosing a draft of Instructions for Mr.
Penn, relating to the Acts of Trade. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 37. p. 65.   (80 folios.)
August 24. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn & Lord Baltimore,
desiring them to come to some agreement about the
Boundary line, and to lay the same before them
before the 12th of Octo'r next. (Entry.)
Maryland B. T. V. 11. p. 54.   (1 folio.)
December 18. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, relating to an intended agreement between Lord Baltimore and him
about the Boundary line, desiring that such be
transmitted to them directly. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 37. p. 71.     (1 folio.)
28




370             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1708-9.
January 9, St. James's. Order of Council referring to the
Board the Petition of Lord Baltimore relating to
the Boundaries between Maryland & Pennsylvania
(Original), dismissed by an Order of 27 January,
1708-9.
Maryland B. T. V. 5. H. 84.    (7 folios.)
January 12. The Case against Lord Baltimore relating to
the Bounds between Pennsylvan'a and Maryland,
without the Order of Council, presented to the
Board by Mr. Penn.
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 52.      (9 folios.)
January 13. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, desiring him to
attend the Board in relation to L'd Baltimore's
Petition. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 37. p. 85.      (1 folio.)
January 27, St. James's. Order of Council upon Mr.
Penn's Petition praying that Lord Baltimore's late
Petition relating to the Bounds may be dismissed.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 55.      (8 folios.)
1709.
April 6. Mr. Penn to the Board, desiring Copies of such
letters and orders as have been given in relation to
Boundaries between Pennsylvania and Maryland.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 60.       (1 folio.)
April 28. Copy of an Order of Council referring to the
Board several Acts passed in Pennsylvania in 1705.
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 63.      (2 folios.)
June 9. Mr. Penn to Mr. Popple, desiring a copy of that




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.    371
1709. part of L'd Baltimore's Charter which relates to
the Boundaries. (Orig'l.)
Maryland B. T. V. 5. H. 89.     (1 folio.)
June 17. Mr. Penn to the Board, desiring to have permission to look over several Books at their Office.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 66.       (1 folio.)
June 23. Copy of an Order of Council dismissing Lord
Baltimore's Petition against an Order of the 13
Nov'r, 1685, for settling the Boundaries between
Pennsylvania & Maryland.
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 71.      (2 folios.)
August 10. Mr. Popple to the Attorney General Sir James
Montague, with some Laws of Pennsylvania for his
Opinion thereupon. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 37. p. 144.  (3 folios.)
August 30. Mr. Attorney General's Report upon 5 Laws
passed in Pennsylvania in 1705. (Original.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 73.      (2 folios.)
September 8. Representation from the Board of Trade to
the Queen, upon the Laws of Pennsylvania passed
in 1705. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 37. p. 146.   (19 folios.)
September 8. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, acquainting him
with a Report's having been made by the Board upon
several Acts of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 37. p. 155.     (1 folio.)
September 12, Bristol. Mr. Penn to Mr. Popple, relating
to the Representation on the Laws of Pennsylv'a.
(Orig'l.) 
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 75.      (2 folios.)




372             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1709, September 15. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, in answer
to his of the 12th September relating to a Representation on the Laws of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 37. p. 157.    (2 folios.)
October 18. Board of Trade to the Lord President, relating to the Laws of Pennsylvania passed in 1705,
now lying before her Majesty. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 159.    (2 folios.)
October 24, Windsor. Copy of an Order of Council upon
a Representation from the Board of Trade of the 8
of Sept'r last on the Pennsylvania Laws passed in
1705-repealing six of them.
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 79.      (4 folios.)
October 24, Windsor. Order of Council upon a Representation from the Board of Trade of Sept. 8 on the
Pennsylvania Laws passed in 1705, directing the
Board to recommend to Mr. Penn the several matters set forth in the said Representation. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 80.      (5 folios.)
October 28. Board of Trade to Mr. Penn, with the order
in Council of the 24th inst., repealing six Pennsylvania Laws, as likewise the Copy of another Order
of that date, about passing & transmitting Laws
from them. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 165.     (1 folio.)
December 2. Col. Quary to the Board-giving an account
of the state of the Governments of Virginia, Maryland, New York, New Jersey & Pennsylvania.
(Orig'l.)
Plant. Gen. B. T. V. 9. K. 1.  (15 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   373
1709-10, January 19. Board of Trade to Mr. Penn, with
extracts of Memorials relating to illegal Trade
carried on between Pennsylvania and the Islands of
Curagao and St. Thomas. (Entry.) See also the
Plant. Gen. V. 37. p. 422.
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 206.   (24 folios.)
February 20. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, with further Extracts of several Memorials relating to illegal Trade
between Curacao, St. Thomas, and the British Plantations. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 211.    (7 folios.)
1710.
July 31, Whitehall. Lord Dartmouth to the Board, inclosing Mr. Penn's Memorial proposing to surrender
his Government of Pennsylvania to her Maj'ty.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. P. 100.    (14 folios.)
November 4, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to Mr. Penn, with
several Queries upon his proposing to surrender the
Government of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 229.    (5 folios.)
December 7, Whitehall. Mr. Penn to the Board, relating
to the surrender of his Government of Pennsylvania
for ~20,000, to be paid him in 7 years. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. Q. 4.       (8 folios.)
1710-11.
February 2. Mr. Penn's Memorial to the Board of Trade,
relating to his surrendering his Government of Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. Q. 9.      (11 folios.)




374             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1710-11, February 13. Board of Trade to Lord Dartmouth-inclosing their Representation to the Queen,
upon Mr. Penn's proposal for surrendering his Government of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 254.   (17 folios.)
February 28. Notice taken of an Act passed in Pennsylvania directing an affirmation to such who for conscience sake cannot take an oath-but the Act itself
is not with the Correspondence.
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 320. & V. 9. Q. 18.
1711.
July 30, Windsor. Order of Council, referring to the
Board an Address of the Minister, &c., of St.
Mary's in New Jersey, about an Act passed in
Pennsylvania constituting a new form of protestation, repugnant to the Affirmation enjoined by Act
of Parliament. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. Q. 17.     (11 folios.)
December 4, Whitehall. Representation from the Board
of Trade to the Queen, upon an Act passed in Pennsylvania " Directing an Affirmation to such who for
conscience sake cannot take an Oath," proposing a
repeal thereof. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 330.    (3 folios.)
December 19, St. James's. Copy of an Order of Council
upon a Representation from the Board'of the 4 of
Dec'r, relating to an Act passed in Pennsylvaniarepealing the same.
Propr. B. T. V. 9. Q. 29.      (3 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.    375
1711-12, February 7, London. Copy of a letter from Col.
Evans to Mr. Penn, touching the yearly income of
Pennsylva'a, with another paper transmitted from
Mr. Penn, of advantages which will accrue to the
Crown by his surrendering the Govern't-transmitted to the Board from the Treasury, Aug. 30,
1715.
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 53.     (5 folios.)
February 25. Mr. Attorney General's Report on a proposal of Mr. Penn's to surrender his powers of Government in Pennsylvania, &c. (Copy) transmitted
from the Treasury to the Board of Trade, Aug. 80,
1715.
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 54.     (6 folios.)
1712.
August 27. Circular letter from the Board of Trade to all
the Governors in America, directing them not to
send over any Persons as Prisoners without proof
of their Crimes. (Entry.)
Plant. Gen. B. T. V. 38. p. 3.
1713.
May 4, St. James's. Order of Council directing the Board
to send the Proclamations of Peace with France to
the Governors in America. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Gen. B. T. V. 9. K. 25.  (2 folios.)
May 8. Circular letter from the Board of Trade to the
Proprietary and other Govern'ts in America, inclosing the Proclamation for publishing the Peace between her Majesty and the French King. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 380.    (2 folios.)




376             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1713, July 15. Circular letter from the Board of Trade to
the Governors in the American Plantations, transmitting the printed Copies of the Treaties with
France. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 387.    (2 folios.)
July 28. Notice is taken that on that day 29 Acts, passed
in Pennsylvania in 1709, 1710, 1711, & 1712, were
laid before the Board.
Propr. B. T. V. 9. Q. 37.
August 3, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to the Solicitor Gen'1,
(Sir R't Raymond,) with 29 Acts of Pennsylvania
for his opinion thereupon in point of Law. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 389.    (9 folios.)
August 3, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to Mr. Borret (Solicitor
of the Treasury), requesting to procure the dispatch
of Mr. Solicitor General's Report upon the Laws
of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 393.    (2 folios.)
December 2, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to Mr. Borret, to
hasten Mr. Solicitor General's report upon the Laws
of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 394.    (2 folios.)
December 22. Mr. Solicitor General's Report upon the
Laws of Pennsylvania, sent him from the Board
August 3. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 9. Q. 39.     (31 folios.)
1713-14.
January 15. Representation from the Board of Trade to




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.    377
17i3-14. the Queen, upon the Laws passed in Pennsylvania
in 1708-9-10-11 & 12. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 408.    (9 folios.)
February 20, St. James's. Copy of an Order of Council
upon a Representation from the Board of Trade of
15 Janu'y last, confirming several Laws of Pennsylvania.
Propr. B. T.-V. 9. Q. 41.      (7 folios.)
February 20, St. James's. Copy of an order of Council
upon a Representation from the Board of Trade of
15 Janu'y last, repealing several Laws of Pennsylvania.
Propr. B. T. V. 9. Q. 42.      (7 folios.)
March 19, Whitehall. Board of Trade to the Dep'y Gover'r Gookin, inclosing two orders of Council of the
20 of February last, for confirming some and repealing other Laws of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 416.    (2 folios.)
1714.
April 6, Whitehall. Circular letter from the Board of Trade
to all the Governors in America, with the Proclamation and the Treaty of Peace with Spain. (Entry.)
Plant. Gen. B. T. V. 38. p. 40.  (2 folios.)
June 5. Order of a Committee of Council, with a Copy of
an Order of Council of 21 April, about passing
temporary Acts in the Plantations. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Gen. B. T. V. 9. K. 30.  (12 folios.)
June 10, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to Mr. Attorney Gen'linclosing several papers relating to the passing and




378             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1714. transmitting of temporary Plantation Laws, for his
opinion thereupon. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 38. p. 47.  (5 folios.)
July 16. Mr. Popple to Mr. Attorney Gen'l, pressing for
an answer to his letter of the 10th of June last.
(Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 38. p. 48.  (1 folio.)
July 22. Sir Edw'd Northey's (Attorney Gen'l) Report to
the Board, in answer to Mr. Popple's letter of the
10th of June last, on the subject of the temporary
Plantation Laws. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 9. K. 35.  (6 folios.)
August 5, St. James's. Order of Council, with the draft
of a Proclamation for Proclaiming King George I.,
to be filled up and returned to the L'ds Justices to
pass the Great Seal. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 9. K. 33.  (5 folios.)
August 6, Whitehall. Representation from the Board of
Trade to the Lords Justices, with drafts of Proclamations, filled up for Proclaiming King George in
America, for their approbation. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 38. p. 51.  (7 folios.)
August 10, St. James's. Order of Council, approving the
Drafts of a Proclamation sent to them from the
Board on the 6th of August. (Orig'l.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 9. K. 34.  (2 folios.)
August 11. Circular letter from the Board of Trade to the
Governors in America, for Proclaiming King George
the 1st. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 38. p. 56.  (4 folios.)
September 2, Whitehall. Report from the Board of Trade




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   379
1714. to the Lords of the Committee, of appeals from the
Plantations in relation to the temporary Laws passed
there. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 418.   (10 folios.)
1715.
August 4, Whitehall. Circular letter from the Board of
Trade to all the Governors in America, relating to
the Revenues raised there, the number of White
Men fit to bear arms, the Indians, stores of War,
&c'a. (Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. Vol. 38. p. 81.  (5 folios.)
August 17, H. C. Order of a Committee of the House of
Commons requiring the Secretary of the Board of
Trade to attend them with Books and papers relating
to the Charter and Proprietary Governments in
America. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 52.      (1 folio.)
August 24, Whitehall. Mr. Popple to Mr. Taylour (Secretary to the Treasury), for copies of such papers
in that Office as relate to the surrender of Pennsylvania & Maryland. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 30. p. 465.     (1 folio.)
1716.
August 31. Petition of the Rev'd Robert Jenney, Minister
of the Church at Philadelphia, and the King's letter




330             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1716. for the payment of a certain sum yearly for his
subsistance out of the Customs on Tobacco. (Draft.)
Am. & W. Ind's. V. 388.        (8 folios.)
September 13, Hampton C't. Order of Council upon the
Recommendation of Mr. Penn and his Trustees for
Mr. Keith to be Dep'ty Gover'r of Pennsylvania.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 85.     (5 folios.)
September 16. Mr. Perry and Mr. Hyde to Mr. Popple,
offering to be sureties for Mr. Keith to be Dep'y
Gov'r of Pennsylvania. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 86.      (2 folios.)
September 27. The Case of Mr. Wm. Keith, late Surveyor
Gen'l of the Customs in America, and now nominated to be Lt. Govr. in Pennsylvania. (Draft.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 87.     (5 folios.)
October 16. Representation from the Board.of Trade to
the Prince of Wales upon the order of Council of
the 13th of Sept'r last, relating to Mr. Keith's being
appointed Dep'y Gov'r of Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 31. p. 29.     (2 folios.)
October 25. Mr. Penn's Declaration of his Maj'ty's Right
to the three Lower Counties. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 90.     (1 folio.)
November 12, St. James's. Order of Council approving a
Representation about Mr. Keith's being appointed
Dep'y Gov'r of Pennsylvania, and ordering the
Board to take care that security be given. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 88.     (3 folios.)
November 22. Mr. Popple to Mr. Lowndes, relating to




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.    381
1716. Mr. Keith's giving security and inclosing the Draft
of a Bond for that purpose. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 31. p. 37.    (12 folios.)
December 17th. Certificate from the Dep'y Remembrancer
of security having been given in the Exchequer for
Mr. Keith. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 99.     (2 folios.)
December 17. Representation from the Board of Trade
for Mr. Keith's approbation to be Dep'ty Gov'r of
Pennsylvania. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 31. p. 53.   (4 folios.)
December 17. Copies of two Orders of Council, one approving Mr. Keith for Dep'ty Gov'r of Pennsylvania, another relating to instructions to be given
Mr. Penn concerning the Acts of Trade.
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 104.    (3 folios.)
December 29, Hanover. Mr. Seer. Stanhope to the Board,
inclosing a Memorial from the Earl of Sutherland,
praying for a grant of the three Lower Counties.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 110.    (5 folios.)
1716-7.
February 13. Mr. Popple to the Attorney & Solicitor
Generals, inclosing the Earl of Sutherland's Petition
for a Grant of the three Lower Counties for their
opinion. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 31. p. 70.     (2 folios.)
March 18. Memorial from    Mr. Gee to the Board of




382              CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1716-7. Trade, relating to the production of Naval Stores
in Pennsylvania and other parts of America, and
relating to transporting servants to the Plantations.
(Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 114.    (15 folios.)
1717.
March 27, Marlboro' Street. The Earl of Sutherland to
the Board, desiring a Copy of Mr. Penn's Declaration relating to the three Lower Counties. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 115.     (1 folio.)
May 6, Bristol. Copies of a Letter and Affidavit from
Bristol relating to the progress made by the Naval
Store Company of Merchants towards setting up
the Manufacture of Hemp in Pennsylvania.
Propr. B. T. V.10. Q. 120.     (6 folios.)
May 16. Circular letter from the Board of Trade to all
the Gov'rs in America, relating to the Treaty of
Neutrality in America concluded between England
and France in 1686, and against illegal Trade
between the English and French Plantations there.
(Entry.)
Plant. Genl. B. T. V. 38. p. 113.  (5 folios.)
June 27, Philadelphia. Mr. Keith to the Board of Trade.
Sends a copy of his speech to the Assembly of the
3 Lower Counties, and intercedes to the Board in
behalf of the People of Pennsylva'a, urging strongly
the non-separation of the three Lower Counties
from that Province. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 135 & 136. (36 folios.)
June 27,,Philadelphia. Mr. Keith to Mr. Popple, inclosing
his letter of the same date to the Board. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 137.    (2 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.    383
1717, September 24, Pennsylvania. Mr. Keith to the
Board, inclosing minutes of the proceedings with
the Indians.-Informs the Board that he has found
great plenty of Iron Ore in Pennsylva'a.-He hopes
the Governm't will take Pennsylvania into its own
hands, and join to it the West Jerseys and the 3
Lower Counties, and gives reasons for it. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 140.   (45 folios.)
October 21. Copy of Mr. Attorney and Solicitor General's
Report upon the Petition of the Earl of Sutherland
for a Grant of the three Lower Counties adjoining
Pennsylvania, and the King's reference of the said
Petition to the Board of Trade.
Am. & W. Ind's. Vol. 388.     (60 folios.)
October 28. The Attorney and Solicitor Gen'l to Mr.
Popple, inclosing their Report upon the Petition of
the Earl of Sutherland for a Grant of the three
Lower Counties. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 134.   (57 folios.)
November 25, Philadelphia. Mr. Keith to the BoardAcknowledges the receipt of a Circular letter-incloses a copy of his directions to the Collector of
the Customs-he believes that the People still Trade
with the Foreign settlements, and he knows not an
Act of Parliament to prohibit such Trade, and recommends a heavy duty on Foreign produce as a
remedy. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 141.   (11 folios.)




384             CATALOGUE OF PAPERS
1717-8.
March 19th. Board of Trade to Mr. Keith.-Agree with
him in the opinion to lay a heavy duty upon Foreign
produce as recommended in his letter of November
25, 1717.-They have not had any proposals about
the Iron Ore.-They send him a Copy of a Memorial about the discoveries by the French, and
desire him to be well informed on the subject.They desire him to give immediate directions for an
account of the Imports from the West Indias for
three years past. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 31. p. 138.   (9 folios.)
1718.
April 26, Do. 28, London. Two Anonymous letters to
Mr. Popple, relating to some Laws of Pennsylvania
and the surrender of the Government of that Province. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 150.    (4 folios.)
May 20. Mr. Joshua Gee, one of the Mortgagees' answer
to two anonymous letters sent to Mr. Popple of 26th
& 28th of April last. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 155.   (10 folios.)
June 2, Philadelphia. Mr. Keith to the Board-Is in want
of directions for his conduct in the Government.He has passed some Laws for renewing & continuing duties, & hopes they will not be disapproved
of. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 159.   (4 folios.)
October 17. Mr. Keith to the Board, inclosing an Act of
Pennsylvania for confirmation. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 166.   (2 folios.)




RELATING TO PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.   385
1718, October 23. Mr. Keith to Mr. Popple, acknowledging
the receipt of letters from the Board. (Orig'l.)
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 167.    (1 folio.)
December 5. Mr. Popple to Mr. Gee, desiring him to
bring the Laws lately passed in Pennsylvania.
(Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 31. p. 159.     (1 folio.)
December 9. Memorial of Mr. Penn and several of his
Friends to the Board of Trade, in behalf of the
People of Pennsylvania, with reasons for passing
several Laws there in 1713 & 1715. (Orig'l in the
handwriting of Mr. Gee, but not signed.)
Propr. B. T. Vol. 10. Q. 160.  (48 folios.)
December 9. An Abstract of several Laws of Pennsylvania presented with the Memorial of Mr. Penn &
others of the same date.
Propr. B. T. V. 10. Q. 161.  (130 folios.)
December 10. Mr. Popple to Mr. Gee, desiring the Laws
passed in Pennsylvania since 1711. (Entry.)
Propr. B. T. V. 31. p. 160.     (1 folio.)
29








OFFICERS
OF THE
HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
(Elected February 11, 1850.)
PRESIDENT.
THOMAS SERGEANT.
VICE-PRESIDENTS.
THOMAS M. PETTIT,          J. FRANCIS FISHER,
WILLIAM RAWLE,             GEORGE SHARSWOOD.
TREASURER.
THOMAS S. MITCHELL,
No. 48 S. Fourth Street.
RECORDING SECRETARY.
EDWARD ARMSTRONG,
No. 108 S. Fourth Street.
DOMESTIC CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.
WILLIAM DUANE,
No. 138 Walnut Street.
FOREIGN CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.
HORATIO GATES JONES, JR.,
No. 47 S. Fifth Street.
LIBRARIAN.
SIDNEY V. SMITH.
No. 59 S. Seventh Street.
CURATOR.
HOWARD SPENCER,
No. 53 N. Water Street.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
SAMUEL HAZARD,              LEWIS H. WEISS,
BENJ. H. COATES, M.D.,      TOWNSEND WARD,
JOHN T. LEWIS,              CHARLES J. HENNIS,
JOHN JORDAN, JR.,           PHILIP F. SNYDER,
GEORGE NORTHROP.








CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS
OF THE
HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
(MARCH, 1850.)
(Life Members are marked with an *.)
Edward Armstrong,            James H. Castle,
S. Austin Allibone,          John Cadwalader,
Charles J. Ashmead,          George W. Carpenter,
Samuel B. Ashmead,           Joseph L. Chester,
William N. Atwood.          *Alexander B. Carver,
Henry C. Carey,
*Thomas Biddle,               Edwin T. Chase,
T. Pennant Barton,           Peter Crans, Jr.
William Linn Brown,          Harry Conrad,
Samuel Breck,                John Cassin,
John Bohlen, Jr.,             Franklin A. Comly,
Thomas A. Budd,              George W. Colladay.
George H. Boker,
Henry C. Baird,             *William Duane,
J. Rhea Barton, M.D.         MVontreville W. Dickeson,
C. Morris Blake,             Lyman C. Draper,
Joshua G. Brinckle,         IH. Dutton,
Samuel A. Black,             Isaac R. Davis.
Alexander Browne,
William D. Baker,            Alfred L. Elwyn, M.D.
Maurice Bywater,
Rev. Albert Barnes,          J. Francis Fisher,
Rev. Henry A. Boardman.      William P. Foulke,
Rev. George W. Bethune,      Frederick Fraley,
J. Dorsey Bald,              John Fallon,
Edward C. Biddle,            John F. Frazer,
Francis N. Buck,             Coleman Fisher,
Vincent L. Bradford.         J. B. Flagg, M.D.
James B. Freeman,
Thomas P. Cope,              John Farnum.
*Benjamin H. Coates, M.D.
Alfred Cope,                 Henry D. Gilpin,
Joseph R. Chandler,          George R. Graham,




390        HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
Charles Gibbons,             E. Spencer Miller,
Michael F. Groves, M. D.     John C. Mitchell,
Emile B. Gardette, M. D.     James V. Mazurie,
Henry I. Grout,             *Thomas S. Mitchell,
P. Gould, M. D.              John H. Markland,
Robert Morris, M. D.
H. H. Hollingshead,          Charles Morris,
*Samuel Hazard,               Rev. William Mann,
Samuel Hood,                 Andrew Miller,
Henry Helmuth,               John G. Michener,
Charles Harlan,              James Murphy,
George Hammersley,           John McAllister,
Charles Hall,                Peter McCall,
Charles J. Hennis,           Morton McMichael,
C. H. Housekeeper,           William J. Mullen,
James Hanna,                 Rev. D. Sutter Miller,
Jeremiah Hacker,             Rev. Howard Malcom.
Isaiah Hacker.
George W. Norris, M. D
Joseph R. Ingersoll.         George Northrop.
*John Jordan, Jr.             John H. Oberteuffer.
*Francis Jordan,
George W. Jones,             John Penington,
Theodore T. Johnson,         Thomas M. Pettit,
Horatio G. Jones, Jr.        Charles A. Poulson,
Charles A. Poulson, Jr.
Horn R. Kneass,              Comegys Paul,
William V. Keating, M. D.    Isaac Parrish, M. D.
William C. Kent,             Charles J. Peterson.
Leonard R. Koecker, M.D.     Robert S. Paschall,
Augustin R. Peale,
James B. Longacre,           Rt. Rev. Alonzo Potter,
Rev. Isaac Leeser,           Horace L. Peterson,
John T. Lewis,               Rev. Joel Parker.
D. Paul Lajus, M. D.
John Lindsay,                William Rawle,
Lyon J. Levy,                William B. Reed,
James Lippincott,            Frederick A. Raybold,
Joseph P. Loughead.          John M. Read,
Lewis Roper, M.D.
Samuel G. Morton, M. D.      Philip P. Randolph,




LIST OF CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS.             391
Charles C. Rhoades,           Benjamin Tilghman,
Nathaniel Randolph,           Samuel H. Traquair,
Rev. Edward Rondthaler,       Joseph M. Thomas,
*A. B. Rockey,                 George Tucker,
*T. Buchanan Read,             Henry C. Townsend,
Joseph Galloway Rowland.      Alfred B. Taylor,
John Titus,
Thomas Sergeant,              John K. Townsend,
Isaac Smith,                  Joseph C. Turnpenny.
George Sharswood,
Charles J. Stille,           John J. Vander Kemp,
Howard Spencer,               Richard Vaux.
Henry H. G. Sharpless,
Thomas Shipley,               George B. Wood, M. D.
Sidney V. Smith,              Mifflin Wistar,
Aubrey H. Smith,              Thomas I. Wharton,
Philip F. Snyder,             Townsend Ward,
Richard Calhoun See,          J. Wilson Wallace,
Winthrop Sargent,             William White,
William Shippen, M. D.        Solomon Wiatt,
Rev. William B. Stevens,      C. M. Wickersham,
James S. Spencer, Jr.         E. E. Wilson, M. D.
Samuel W. Stockton,          John Welsh, Jr.
S. M. Schmiicker,            John R. Wilmer,
Charles G. Sower,            Thomas U. Walter,
S. Moore Shute,               David Weatherly, Jr.
Abraham H. See,              *Lewis H. Weiss,
George Snyder,               *Charles M. Wagner,
Isaac S. Serrill.             John Wiltbank, M. D.
Thompson Westcott.
Job R. Tyson,
Oswald Thompson,              Henry M. Zollickoffer.
THE END.