CONDITIONS IN PHILIPPINES. 582943) APPENI~fX Tfr'SPELCH OF OF TENNESSEE. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED ST~ATES, -December 16, 10,04. In executive session Mr. CARSIACE obtaineI utisaninsonis consei-t to add the foilowin~g as an appendix to his; remarks: Philippine conditluns-The report of an independent observer-The islands absolutely prostrated economically-Agricuitore roach depressed —The miseries of recoscentration-The lar;; number of prisoners at Bilibid —The law a jsmble of A meriean sand SpanishWeakness of the native constabulary-C'ont~rol of the press by intimidation sand by government advertising-The most expensive administration the islands have knows. [Iry Prof. HI. lurker Willis, of Washington sod Lee University, Lexington, "is. is the New Yoik Evesing Post, October 25, 1004.] The prominence gives by Secretary Tuft to the Philippine question, sod his assurance that satisfaetory prog~ress toward 'better tisings is being made in the Isisndv, say lead per~oos wiho have nut closely examnined this subject to believe that Insular conditions are nil fhbat they - should, or at leant all that they can, he. A recent visit to the islands,~ ex-tended through some floor months and revering a wide field of observatiso, ban not only led to a conviction on -my' part that thin opinion Is unfounded, hut, further, I am satisfied that it is In all essential respects ac variance witis the facts. They are otherwise than aso Secretary Taft represents them to be-cisite otherwise. Thsis statement is notIiotended. to reflect on Mr. Tuft's sincerity, hut is mode in the belief that the principles on whitch the Ilhilipplce commission Is organized necessarily prohibit Its members, and particularly - its bend, from either coming Into close touch wvith the ssstisves ccI fully reclining the nature of Conditions for which they themaelves ste responsible. There can he no dotil# that the general pnublic of the United Staten is under grave misapprehension concerning lbs flituatiun in abe Philippines. Erroneous statements an to what ban.n-tually bees dune is the archipelago have been constantly put before them from many sources. They may welt be described an -f, gves to strung delusion, whotly Irelieving a lie." It they could real me the cltst of affairs is those Islands now -prevailing, they -would be I, — tfied at the desolation wrought by. war and disgusted at the fart e of ou~r "-civil government" to lay even tho foundation far imlproc craent_ ECONeOslIC PROSTRaTI,. The Philippine Islands are to-day absolu~tev prostrated economically4 and politically. Htardly anay undertaking l- eing successfully condncted. According to unpublished figures 1-!* i-shed.hy tite internalrevenue cifice- of Manila, about 1,000 lurean to do husinsem have been Iusued to American individuals and firms d- gthe pdriud of our sccupatton. 'Of tiesse firms end individuals. except some 800 have fasiled or wvithdrawn from business, or about 84 per Oent of the total. The survivors include chietly the very smallest establtahments, sireh as boarding~houses, saloons, Ic. It appears thit- hardly more than half a duzne American firms of recognized capital are at this time actually doing- business in Manila. Trhin population of the city, formerly same 266,000 persons, has fallen (census 10041 to 2190900,iowing largely to depressed business. Simuitaneusinsi with this decline is heavy cdecreinise in the American population has occured (from 6,461 in 19001 to 4,385 In 1004). During tiss past summer at least three of the ebief American business enterpriacs either failed or withdrew from thu field.' A steady a 113 V I A 4-K 2 and positive (delilne in all lranches of trade with tile United States is Bows ill l)trtss'S. aI Irla:ll:;il illalslraled lby the fact that for tile seeen 1!1ollli- tein'.ta Jly. 19014. ie ( shiplients aof doimestic merchandise fromn tim' 1Ilii'(od States to tic' lPhilippines were $2,530,8')19, as against '2L.!:d: tl24 flr tlie (arrl'ltsrlmding m anths i yea- earMter. while the!ilnnt s f na i t lepiandtl i- frtom thle l'hiliodoines to the United St;ltes -\trie S.-.!57,,148 for these sallie seven nlonttis. as agalinst $.::,37.,:;2 a m ear1:llio'. I:elations lIiween tle tnited States and the l'hlil)ines \liil~' ihe tariff a:it lin cS(l 1l- \i' tgresou ir 1n i2 a re so diftiult that Ill( ii 1t)o ''lsd o)I 1- t l f to ti tl, lte t il l)Ortslino fo aof any satisfactory r:ndh. t(le cn thi in thsllli;Ilt ti e itedu ttaotes either no for ilt tshe ftiur. lh-itof t st lr iiinl pi nttisatioIn has (t)r i lesst-i the ittereiland I l.:d":till 11llte.le 1.lt a:t(. ltIvelt -and by ant titipation. To-day a large lieet of l'lilitptil statalil 'e ssls is tncllorel off Carite with absolutely no 'llo (ulatioll. lit ens l (eet is daily ( g rosing in size. Whllilo, li,e (-Ildiliolls ill' tll(i o itlh our (o i.n coluntry are thes disI(,ulrain'-ss nit tclel'o I is no llwalrit for the bel ef thiltt thd e eteeneal oStok iis,,- f;;::', rll. i ML,(iL ieo s been said by Aneric d l adniioiitrsu rators of 'I lI-O.(lJ.- l'h ill explo.,s:indl. ionts al'S indicatin a inlreltsed hoies-r)'it. l]uit lhl 'e irs erltainitl Il} stuch itnferlrtce to te dra-wn from the a!?llrws. lit- (in 1t:! atnd 1!1ti3 gtlos im htpolts of uiterhlltndise increased elimit o 11is du sim-l tioa Ies, l ti imports o, fo pea and tn conils quadrtlhed. thie r-otl il s ll tis itl beinr dul e t rice tpurcheses for the msupp,-'t,f ti a st-ril- l)els:lllts and draft -niiuals designed to replace t te destryed 1- walr 'iitl rinderpest. M.anufa(turedl goods imnported fe ll c(ff il:to- Ial aeen 19( ad 1!(itn. she ing a decline n productivr lrilu s atle rti lries of ltxcani, ete., lol-e than doublted leteen ISp9 1si 1Otl. sl(, t villa notleii nil oe iltn a (ienlttifd for suhe goods nithe e tly iverill.{tnt ctilt-ltlees; in the i slaInds. rTe growthl in exports (ehiefly themlI i s due siiilly to a partial restoration of peace and consequent l'r ltion of t l. and som recent dealis. from Thi tr;tdeli e,dititni s olservah-le at 'Manila ain d othler lportare merely a retleti( t of what s to e i inssile d in thle Inter or. A jorill e thtlouu ilie pr(vin.ces can not thelp cgiing o niost dis(tllraging itlpressiTe. nMally towns, tfornlelly well'bte ilt, aricl destroyed dulring t-ie - ar ty some onie of the va:lrio'-e have i, een only partially, and even It,en ladl__. rel__uilt. C-i _hes are in ruins; w__ ole vilages hee, and rju:!~ -__ —_ --- —_ ---_ --- —-~_ ---^ --- —_-.-__ —____ 10~, uu, 3'J^ there lit, -asite. In ma:! i- arts -of i azon tt e roads abnd trais, nearely ilnp:tcssalle. are i(aily fth:ll ilte o" dorse condition. Barring one initial aptli.l (ritioiii<u f aIbolt $l.l,i).g0( and some recent apllYoprititions from tle C'ili; ressloti'l relief fiund, nicthing ias been ce lit y te c ('i entral -ovo1'lil~inet il lroad nltimling excelpt to sink aome SStO(O,f(l) In attemptill' iiat si-(,i; s to ble an iiImossible road to tile stilltiler resort at li' -i(petii. Te lridtes bi liwi up or othcere-isn destroyl ea have in fen inst;:ilis 1,((tn rtl-;ied. It is the comlmon opinionr that laud travel is ilet-re dtlicult adt slow-er than ever before. (CO)NPI'TION OF AGIICUTlTURE. The inc.( eieincl, ---! 4ir-(dl sctite of n..ri(ti'r lturee in these rice-growain -!a-n r ( 1. e rtlhiized ty tl reiwa of lti- icmportations of riee duaing li teast tttr eeltiS. Tlit-er have been as follows (teplrt 19ti04, p. 48): Itlla.................................~______,, -11:, 4 2; I!) I \1.-.-.-.-.-.-.................................- 5, 91). ft3g Itie2.....................................- G, 578, 4S1 1) -O:;- _ _ _ _ -__ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ 10 t, 0 1, 323 'lli- -._i'tl il t!(' iltlt-ol-t of rice is attributed by P'hiliplpine farmers,t i- I (, 1,; ill::.i i ire (0,1i4, tiiill;tiem (lt li v (; -ernor Taft, tut to ti'.e cal,-'. I 'Ifh( tllu,,'tI ti)tal If,s of tlhiti farili animals lestinmited HfItlo i ll II 10 li,, ('ent I;eli to war iand rinderpeest; (2) inljury done I) il'ltill \I iti ens (it llllig t lie a:t'r t;i tile scarcity of adult manle lT.; lt-lt f l h(;,: '. e "dis.)-oportionate number of wmone allt th llt:- " (ormseclitt upoan the war is still noticeable. Most of a!t —. tir'"4 a re lw iln.iing on tlleir savitigs or are t)orrowinlg at 't.:re-i'-. -:., litlst 2' pter (i at in order to get subsisitence and pay I!I, i:., The; s l!I lliI)silion of ltitvy lalid taxes in the provilices by i, (oilli-tt<l 1-lIlt- ldl i,) a a-ileial exlarotriation in sotme quarters. -111 a 1!,1 - lof -( l al - uc lie-n sa ifle S Iiie( tie t tile ('(Intli.ssioll htas ~1;:1(1 to s ( tl(x ll iftlt if i ll.is ittll) for sale thle bulk of the!,Id Olilt,-.i' if lle Iri,'ill( — In t.,tte Iro'vinces hundlreds of ISieces!' llo!,ltV 111,'. t lIt —tn not exceedill 2 tirreS elellt, have been s.,idl,' ro!, s -le. h No frt 'riry for rvidin'etti l )ianalble capital has ]t.(.1l ill l': ll,' 1,] tly ( ('hl.';i.sioll. and the le(llqirel;(.nt thait rand sihall I,, ic 'i-t(',:it: Iteavy Iea ia olrder to prove titles is working great U153 3 The depression in rice culture is parall-l!ed for a different reason in the growth of suglar. Sugar cosld be raised with much less reliance ou aninmal labor than could rice: but the Ame'ican tariff situation absolutely forbids the possibility of making a profit on 'it. Planters state that under present tariff duties they can barely cover the cost of production. Tobacco is in a suffering condition, owingr to new tariff duties in several eastern countries. lHemp is the only article in which prosperous conditions of production noowexist: but its ctultivation nmust always be narrowly limited to certain soils and localities. Parallel witll the bad trade and agricultural outlook lias come a great increase in cost of living. which is now fully doiuble its former amount in some places. So hard has it leen to get even a bare subsistence that the Iopiul:ttion lhas become greatly reduceder. in vitality and has fallen tin easy prey to the series of terrible epidemics of the past three years. The Pl'ilippine tariff on imported commodities is so arranged as practicallv to forlbid imports of agricultural machinery, and tlle Commission proLesses to be unable to change it without Congressional consent. SUF'FEtINGS AND DISSATISFACTION. Partly owing to the bad industrial prospect, to actual suffering. and to intense and permansent dissatisfaction with existing politictl alrraunements the unrest of the country continues to increase. When'lresidont MAcKinley sent the l'liiippline Comrmission to the islands he turnislied certain clear-cut instruction s to the line of conduct t it should pursie. "The Commission," he wrote (April T, 1!100), "should beir in mind * * *that there are i-rtain great prineiples of governament which have been made the basis of our governmental system. whi:Th we deem essential to the rule of lawv and the maintenance of individual freedom; * * that there are als,) certain practical rules of government which we have found to 1,e essential to the preservation of these great principles of liberty and law, and that these principles and these rules of grovernment must be stablished and maintained in the islands. * * * I'pon every divis'sn and branch of the government of the P'hilippines, therefore, must be imposed these inviolable rules; " That no person sllall be deprived of lit'e, liberty. or property without due process of law; that private property shill not lIe taken for public use without just compensation; that in all criihinal proseiutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial. to Ibe informed of the nature and cause of the accusaUtion, to be confronted with.the witnesses against him. to have compulsory procesi for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have thle assistnce -of counsel for his defense; that excessive ball shall nor: be required nor cxcessive, lines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments' inflicted; that no perason shall be put twice in jeopardy for '.he same offense or lbe compciled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself; * * * that no law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech or of the press o' of the riglhts of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the Government for a redress.of grievancos. * 0 * and that the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profesaion; and worship without discrimination or preference shall forever le allowed." I-ave these instructions been fulfilled? Although the islands have now for about tklee years been under the full control of what is technically known.s a civil government," tliere are 'certain facts which indicae 'that the term "civil" is a misnomser. It is further true that this term is becoming -progressively less ard less aj)plicablle to the administration of the Philippines. Notwithstanding that in the b)ginning many of the provinces were organized as civil:governments, it has been thought necessary now and again to substitsite a politico-military government, and to-day at least six of the provinces are still organized on that basis. Extreme military methods for col-trolling the population are provided for bly law and their aiprication in certain cases authorized. Of these the most marked is what is known as " reconcentration." RECONCENTRATION;-. The use of this plan for reducing a population to submission is authorized by section (i of the Commission's act No. 781, further organizing the constabulary, in the following words: "'In provinces which are infested to such an extent with ladrones or outlaws that the lives and property of residents in the outlying barrios are rendered wholly insecure by continued predatory raids. and such outlying barrios thus furnish to the ladrones or outlaws their source of food supply * * * it shall be within the power of the civil governor, upon resolution of the Commission. to altilorize the provincial governor to order thaut the residents of suchi outlying barrios be temporarily brought within stated proximity to the poblacion or larger barrios." 4 It o. ftct thant no raco0 yenr h ts pnqstd withoult the appiicj-utlon ofthis 1-i1i,'v,in I'l ' ' s~to t Ill I( 2 it Wus- on er ttnken in the _-n-im It-ul Lak,''- too. '-I1l 'tsin pwi't F[ Itt1o'11Il anld Batanutgas -'iflt'. I ii,! ll to(,t loot4 ]i]. thou I lutt 'o)e. aCO-dctlitg to li P' ot-Ttot CI loo''l'tF11I1, I.wiho inslec (tid tile ca silt ( 0.It. ])o e. 1. -.Ih im:. ]t- I, ' tch (i f whith inclutded from 1:,~, ml) I,, 14.in.1):u11,p. D..i tg l., ] he.int it {h plan I' ivl s plt rsledt in -\lh;;,'. ' Ah(re 'et't hlF ' ltrcastO wrFO tentirely dielrivted of poluttion, tite 1 hem- 1ht [' i:-deIiI, '.l III *s like thilo ( tIlal c (-as. Durll'in:.r the r'11]'r~qll yO.Hl 1,c Hl!on i':ll,, bel i en. ('1ord e(d ft)]' Sanlllll (eXectlirVo. d -d;' t ".l?.-:.1t7, o i t -ttrgatt Ito loe. incui a btou ttt 20toe0:il~l\ra ] itl!~:il~ `l l,~ lc rn l1ldtc,~~ccs lcm h~ld Ie c~ l', id,' t 'IIh, officia n7:oitI-Ft it li ot o ftl - it l ly on t't tIfitcalen othicr ill'~M M ('S li-VO OCCII-ld. tillips TwxN e st ill.!v Ie.nud. no,l_ siic ec. 1tF (t. t. t ti'tI! ol t s ot tl'tti td ill T;lL inis. Without of ici;lt otI11,,rit v.;,rt in'. l i:X-tti V, -' rFr 'T ft. It i-; - leo lCI F ti e (,-:fiOn,..... 'llht' k"-! 1 ll 1,()(11 n nt!\.illlves nd -\meric ins who:re c,)iV"-; 11 '-!l le of n,I,'i.. '......'ti..... tlh... it...f, 'Tct............ (..... Ii';i<. ('111 1'I[ Xl hlH't ' in);:ld:l' i Ill the (;tiflps {':,,,d is distril"oui, FF0v wh O Fx1lFtllte W. 11 t,ttF,-; it. tttL'k t,t ttt I pIt t So t iheFOr- l ot Fm 1y Ilflit- h mI tI I I ott- v. 1hot:Itre;tF idIt,' 00S s tOt stly Ih.- II o ItSt t Nh. ttt. to Itr Ft. l:I c FLt 11 ' tO;O.t- tho: t cOni - ctttt olll o tci tv tt ftttOt 'tt wet 111-1 111111:1te., of til c iii j),4. in iv nv 1ii- ildv c iiise.....l~.-,',."i',,,.v 2 l (,......fllL...........l.....'.....Ic~....tl 11.qrri- 1d of ]f h*'( invli~Is~ ('l:. rl n wii l (,ll],-. 1':Ind i'~ `:tliittitItlt' ht [ h e disttictt ill whII' t 'I-,l(,tttr.!o, o ot lif lkql pdla '. Tn'the.etttlo-t,..... t o ttt v-`1lII:,I!,II ill Allulyv;II' (" ' imllm {.AI(. b y. T:I 'pIN fl',,!l ]O 00.(])(.( 0( to 1" i', i.m(,, lpe~os. (,r t.,(.)~, I,) (;.000~.01..J Il' itfed St-lles (~ lylt '.-p i. "".,ll on'ovii~llUb lOSS whe n the ltimited dru'acter of ep")rt 't lhit<t,t-:to -eolot'.:l tou low. and woUttl ttave tu ti -I - otlifi.1ottiterot-utttlytotiio tttto itnt tutti to ott ]:]:,]' i!l(t,':l"td if titnr ennr, ties tttsidtt hemp should lie t olt'itirllr 'lt..;Io t-! tNi l -,2 -I. s W tutlS II-i mly i nt tI - Iot illottto N o Cfl tnttd t1ti)p,, Ill' ll',ViltO ~,I l;~;;ll"3-' v.wh ch ha"s thell I')]'~'ka ll'llco of 1&lswol 111:t m i i,_kll to) I ll( rt' irct ion of {'OCOhillt and ~,ihor tirees. T Jhe ntw,!l h,,i'il,.io, f Ilh e Mlreqt ndlel:lt accorih. d lUllths province asi al lo, -,tn"and Itt.ro is in i t'hliltttnoeq tt.o of the familiar '...t.t...' i. o..rttitns o.'tt It...tiotled on without l':l i ---< (, 'r,,- l,,ft without t ItO in tie reeoneentrulot] (]i~fl'ire<.,1'l,,u-' t-,ur - ln h re~~ { nalici,.,s soldiery., and -l / l"-ttt F — I.X'-'t tiit'itt. tl<ot —sirily rtost't itl most serious Tt I'\Ih(.ii Ill' iIFt Ft-;ot tf llt, o"IlltlS tlot r-ele'lt-t] 1tttt ftltt themselves d'opri\,, o t O (. ly ttiltf fullrnithlo(t thein whnite ill eonu,,.,ul Tic 11:t xoq ' ii i l(tt-,-n.tt 'o,o q istoniod to tile ttse of Ieountitoo tnO ttto teut-tot ii00 0 ttl-o o.-lF,,Nl ttF -,,o:tiiit t t,] tt Illnt the - Iri-earded it atea ma itte-t of (cw111So ill Iil,', -of \klll'. 'IlT,,' r'esent It, Iv Id t Nl. however. th(, pro1Olq l:i 'h! -,vcrnnpoe'!- cxista when Siuk nl.-h l are enmpici-od; andl Iri< is4 tho, llfrt t~,-l:.-iot stwn-lly ott-te ny intt ali,.qnt Fitipinls, -},:n,II-! -l,, c no,-rtl t,._ o r t ttttent rtlion. They ft,tl that 010FF ' "r:, r: thtat "-,: l deprivet d of life, ]l:,t-,'\ I. p:',:,Tq,'i \\10b"liI (!l 1.1'~,1"; oif lnw., and f1int lprivale ]H'Itol to-,.l' o V of c to., filt{tF for ptublic use without just t Ctomtpt nsatiunt,". — RE T.Er;FST.AI..rIrN. fha:;,ti;l,-1 nf h ',ot-, n t:t, t Ilh wh01o polmlalion suf fer f or Itftll.-; 1 ' or l0r-wlltsl. F, r fi t N- l l It t[ nd it, sils,: uo:tt 111-dificqliollF. II.. tt tttt ito, tt't 0V -F It. It tI Iitti F Ot.tri -N c * * * it shall I,t l,ef I~l~ me i'', flu t [Ad'o eviF', t F t tt -t:ot f Ft I -- t it I f: 't (",)'II od n'rv or t;-;,t t., toittt t.very pl (yl ' wI ltll iFt,,ri:.1FtF IN Ot- * Su liet of feeod. '.loll~~it-.:,n-.. i nuiin * * *!lail N **,. )lmishiet hv ti le tel xy'(: I'q. This lo'zislation Ila's F; iit.'-,,111:-'l-i ft.l Fi~tF 1-] It-nm lo than It Fellulo a,;o a i, d full'lhr bN ' - Ni.(i. 1121. w'vi,.h oila' sthe numbeler of 'Ft,, F10-n f h h'Itw:I y 'o!,lttI' " anti gives t 1':,,iF,) itt FI llds of atolot0Fe ihat Einy 1 F troentderetl to s:it ta 1am1. It ts t,,t to.,.a F- to ttie e-vetn Itho trt-tilitnal cup of,',,! It r Ix!,,i-l a.,lpe,,t'-d Til~n.T e o])}tkt0 x(f 1hi.- wvilolo soerie~q of,'!ikt.. t the F1-F- oft! 1 1..(t)t(.tti-t i t pt t ii. s' t ho on to tring into sui,;,.,'li,,ll;i,! tl:! ~ -ov1111'.'l.IlJll'l lit dt -l~ er peacefull lpeople re;..',tn-.!e ftor tIhe Itt s of t leon subt t issive element. ft is the testi6153ii 5 mony of capable American lawyers in Manila that under existing law it is entirelv possible to convict nay humnan being in the archipelago of " Ilandolerinlo"o (the local nalme for nlembershil) ill or assistance to organized bands of insurrectionists), without regard to guilt. That sl('ch convi(tion can Ine secured is. in fact. the open boast of somle constabullary otticials. F-ilipinos believe that these statutes are inhart:oniotls with the " great princliles of fovernlent t * -lwhich we detm essential to the rule of law and the maintenance of individual frerrloll.' 1Iot ctRetive this legisl:ltion has euen may be seen from thle situgltil ill thie lilid ii lonll.pt er. m S. 1 2. to Sepltenllor 1. 1O)t:'. tlh(re w, s s li'rw-th of nearly 100to per cent ill thle lsopulatimr of ttils Institutimon the number conilined on the latter date being:;.!-i. O)n;. retcent dlate IMayv 2':. 1!)U4) this number had risen to 4.42t. a grio-wth in less tha;n nine mInlths of 1,236 persons, or abiout 40 peir cent. Th'e net in-ward movement was then estimated bv tie authiortities at lto 1() Tersons Iper t(ay, which wouldt miean ta gross ian!nial increase of 2.s)t to:i.30t. The total numb)er of persons contined Aiugust:31. 1903, on charges of " iding insurrection. blrigandage. conspiratlcy, higliNwa robi-lry. illegal custo(ly of armls. rebellion, sedition, violaltion of oath of allegiance, violation otf laws of war, violation of artie'es of war, and tlrasoil," was 1.(),0:. These offenses do. not incleude such crimes as murder. homicide. or thef't. but represent the number of men conlined for what swe consider strictly political offenses. In other words, about one-third of all these prisolners were conftied because of their co;inection with revolution:ary movements. Suplposing tl:tit the rate of increase in, this cliss of prisoners had been tlhe stame as the ratio of growth In the total prison population, and eliminating 414 petty policecourt offenders. it illppears that fully 40 per cent of all long-tlime convicts now in Bilibid are contined for such political offenses. On a recent dale the nuntiirli of men confined in Bilibid who had been sentenced and were awaiting capital punishment was 100. STATE OF TIIE JUDICIARY. In bringing about these convictions, and In harshlv enforcing the harsh legislation already referred to, responsibility must be divided lbetween tire judiciary and the constabulary. The judtges have for tie moat part beeln —under the thumb of the Commission, or incompetent and disposed to convict without sufficient evidence. The (lefective character of the judiciary of the islands has been fully recognized by authoritative writers. Mr. Cotqufoun,, the Inglish.!utl(hr of a recent book. Greater America. speaks of it (p. 343) as a weii-known fact, and other foreigners fully agree witil himl. W\e, in fact, took to the islands a body of judges for thie lower courts, many of whoni knew little American, andt no Spanish, law; who were ignoralnt of the SiSpanishl ltanglage, and swho had never heard tle nativedinlects. 'he evil features oi the present situation seem to he as follows: ill The Judiciary act (No. 136) contains no provision for the length of tenure of judges in courts of tirst instance. and no process )by which thley may be plublicly impeached and removed from office. They hold their places slbject to the will of the Commission. (2) Few' of tilemt speak and understandl Spanish, and they are consequently able to follow the testimony in the courts only with great dilficulty. This is a notorious fact. 13) A systenm of venal or incompetent interpreters li.s been developed. tihrbugh wh\-ose error or corruption many iriinccnt men are brought into jeutoeardy. Numerous cases of the sort can l,e cited. (41 The Commiission has assumed the privilege in some cases of sulLgetsting to- thle jludge in advance the direction to lie taken bv his verdlict. Cases of this kind are v)milt-ed for by two high officers of tile 'lhilippine government, by one ex-judge, by prominent lawyers in Manila. and bvy intelligent natives. (,) No legislation or precedent exists whereby judges are distrliuted according to a knsown system. so that it is customary to bring a judge of well known ultra admiinistration sympath!es to try a case wheree a certain kind of verdict is wanted. Some jtluges have been permanently transferrel to anotller district as a kind of penalty for antiadministration verdicts. St,)nm have been askeed to resign; others have been ostracized. and therei y forced to resign:snd leave the islands. A review of the namies of tile judies appointed during the last three years and tlhir later history fully illustrale.s this statement. It shoulld be addedl that in revising the Spanish substantive law we have eliminate(d most of its characteristic features and have left it a mliedley of heterogeieous provisions drawn from American Stato systemis. iand rouirlly put together for a bench most of whose members knew no Spanish 0153 6 tnw. I t Anoeaiolnetn the law of tlw i ant.t we htve. htowever, I tit osd ihe Irl-il( t es of trie by ju riy, n id it r e potections lo i ndl1i(ht Thri h< e pt 'e.st t ton f d si t i s kee;nly felt ty theteost Spantish attI l'<pi tilt ]>i'-> and I, iic the most infm'et'l Of out iudges. No more dt sep' criticisn till i lt' o'!'; k of o t' It.:l rev'is iotist s ( 'llid bl peitined oin ' iOnt " tNoIim I oho Sln (ishl'tivil (',ldeo." lately ptblished by otiude Willard. fotn-ito-y of ti,'e Plt!lipli'le lotch. The b'ot judicia l nId legal ti 1in w\'l' f uly f1'n. Sented 1ito Mien, iTaft blfof e t e left Ithe islanlo, by eltnieeolitoI " oif the Moiht tell'. of t hie foiled to take action, sutggesting 1)li tical ioti ves for the critici smis. C)N'STk~BULAIRY SlTZUATiC~N', In cttoe (.tctnnectintoitottih ihIt( StiloS if lit' jodicttry should tie renliir i' -w o i-h t r ~lit dottit' tot lttt intt tie ort'aottottttiol. ofi tilt c I. t I or tnizing thi fo'ci- (act iNo. 17t } itt l s,vidwd t.It it, i tllic wih iiu lit e drawnito from the pro'ince wheret sl:itiond. thus _,ivinu it the hr locul po li(e. This policy is hizh v ln'.tisd 1L- (;\'rln Wrizh1t inIl his ost r'ece~ilt report lIs ServeI a- y 'of {,qlll l'~'e I d1 T p1 lto ' T Itle - lititth/. hi-wovet'. o toll eltil'o- t,y vil letti tit act it f i -_',Irt- sM l.t- d.]e, tItlin -3 3t11, ]!Ht. wNh lobtq tile II,(,e of the P'hililppine t':,,,u tto-o. u d lcer, d Of lttot chief o f Cst-te SU teia —it fctll ( ItdC i'. c-itt-b it ouie;lo 'e cllie.luf. acYhtill ne-, t tnd i-l ocllll'OS, tit-c t'- svee'to uclifol oott11. stim1 iof ptotviloutes Iowar'd whi'ch bhey f cl tu-ito reilel teett:,they..lotc' oe, cecire' tiim rtihe eoinstabutlcry I-to-llteld r'' ild ic t-Itc It'l't-ti-It 'C W i' O -lh tolev Ic to s t'vt Sieemts Io Il'' welt( 1 l'r( t tien tly vhth lted. n As tilet h - ittgon oie, t.ono, t ie eoil-.~11)1:k ll'y ha l llq a roxilnalt,( lllllh En(qor elosely tn 1110 irillitary tyvpe,:lii-t li t 's l,,$,tiit-t (o'itii l t:1 —i-lt-c li-i a pt e ice f u-ice. Its Illpnl lb rs hil\'o ceil~edto i- ive -l-ll~ t c t iie lle r ill th'ei- lwl holnos, htote ottg tll -l'ed into r tc ldlii ld ut o e ti l- lsis of ili-itt- y Ito;titl raitiontli o-.l l f ic, i) l. i'lv t mtilt it ary furo tire itite tohtt scout s. The' -e n th..;cril,,d;is " peace ofiic(r'$." but llr'i mlilh(>l'izLd to arrest moll "'with-:itf \\tl'ttt." tti-ttl:c111clte'v ollicer- it-It eIf two c ltssos-i-i ld toldiert-s -1o\':lld fl ''ill Ole tl':1 \k o f the l tegnI ',ti l itcd yollint, inexttlrience d ft tel it.rought froittl lte itoi Siititi I-ier t lte ol.t.t class-of offictrs nst'itHis: tltles a ln hlial ' -.hipi \;le!tcotol i ltelico td itpO i ithe IkO e atif-. ',hott' Ih,, seicnd cilcs evils of disorg,tnizatiolt and laxiol have become At \';ll',1,nIs points the( eoonqt:/bimlalr or seour,.~ litx'; inflicted torture, -till ta\ ' l,;l doll-e vi f,,'co tt wo-t ll. II, itl 1 -,lela iet ovincee alld t onii - Illihtotl cd - th, bi-li cciflit-ill. s a tl- iln Isaheii; It 'ot ted in ten ewithiot ';11'I';ie ir Illd et ills nitecd - e'Cabottiti cc-t o $ iec i' r tilto CiteSres, t1 c iln c lito: ti;ivo St,,i ' l prptic ni I t,rflit-f or c:iktte it ntlohnut l)caY 1CcI. Ils ill M;t. -t':ltt tin d I (tot xh e - ti have if ly vt lale - tht ie - tilted onlder. es ill titttit. T',l'l l te fcc ',i r, i. ' t iollf'. te n -c h Ittiluo tile atlmSes itt (.ilteicl orell n'c-lwtc ihteciet.,i-ol 1i c.ife]c le -t:illist l ed ltyb (lic t,~stinlVcue ief be"litnlo igwit ltl i'. Tric-,rtht ti hilippine lawyers Oiftit'll HIll)' I:1,';'e:,',, hil~driedq,,f!nien;ll o~vcr IlII, islandsk who are conifinled i,; ii, c l e'u'tt \.ithollt 'it If Wi ll' lIat of law. It is 'ot'tt ill tht the allilmi~1 l, -:m,(:ll.nf 1i, tl 'p olWol hy conl't:ll'hnll'y outragr':ts is, ne{arly 111fiv\'iit1. lie t-litte ii. Ah t l clli'' replt to (I1 'li ttie oI —C lice- nine1 t ile con-.-Iz,0 l ~'- ' sit tmlito tlil t'e fO, t'e i "- efit d as 1.he G lardi C eivil of?:nlutn.-.l thntc-a: v~,'dict than whrich nolO nIol0'0. $lOV'Te could 1)e inmofIit. It dhsec's to l - lid"ld that Ih, lu~rdships inllieLed by the ',n:,,llv ha\'( w1"t ].,.'il diro,,ctd agz'in-qt lhoi Litdrones, but against t he po:tcet'ul inhailuitaliti.ituett I-eh'onL-a,till COltiltues in differenit to-,.ioll. ltppavelltly il n l czi,sos. throwtli~ tbne connlivanceo or the eonhflit- lial't. Thieo l-sttles htaoe bIto-n toIstly tior'e active if'Cretlptotoo-:I)-, Ilee i '. lad'(rlles whose on inet i \\a rI}lh]wery. Inl lhe forml'rll c;!so. they h:ive. whlen able tn sUr'round,q 1:1 sial1aii1. o-ft.ell butchered thell without qualrtor. as in the ( s of tlhe force,f (;enI. Snn MkJ:.n. l.-whiell wa,\'a liter.;tllv ('.it to pieesq toward the end of l G~;.teneral.\11en, ~hkef of the constabulary,,states, inl convyersation, flhnt the reeord(!s nf Ihi, Iure./u r, ildWthCl-I 'plainlts agains,~t the force," but he. never finds that tlhe charges ha~:e alivl fotllldat iori. Th1is iq nitfriblm(\hie to Ille fact that constabuhlary Uhtses aIre always inive-,thimtedl and repor'te,. upon 1)y constabulary.otli(eers, u1suially belonmging- 1o the very locality where the ahuse(s coral)[:lined of have b'een cb~militted. It is orely Ib\ 'omtsi,le inve.-;t-':,;Itors that the filets 'all Ibe est.'lhlished. Tilis makfes it lhe miore to b}6 reziretted that ihe ('ulnnis-sion hans almost uniformly r-efused to investigate charges of this surf dire(Ill-.' C(~..NTltZsr, OF JI',l'l.T.! Ci X:,;N. 'Tho::vea!, ciff\e",:fly ("'I'lle illt,~'ref] ill ('ll~(li~ almisos iOVa-\,nt Inl tte P'hilipplines to)-day' lrob"11!.!y lies iu thle abeleof ally freedomu of - 61 5, 7 speech or of the press. Act No. 292. known as the ' sedition act," provides that "if two or more persons conspilre to verlthrow, pult down, or destroy by force the (;overnment of tlie United States in the I'hilippine. Islands * * * such persons shall be lplnished by a fine of not more than.$.,000( and by imprisonment, with or without hard labor, for a period not more than six yenrs." Indler this act, and by the use of the conlstalulatir spiecs, it has become unsoafe for private persons to attend social gatherings. or express political opinlons in their own homes. Expressions by letter are eqI. lly d(angerous. owing to the searching of the mail-a process which, it is thought,by Selior del l'an. of tle IMani!a bar. in his argulmelnt (o the recenat.ukban case, Ias ieln carriie vastly further, and Jils I'eel mlore arbitrarily used, tlanl unlder the Spuanish administration While prosecutionls under tl:e sedition act are chiefvy ditected agnainst natives, restraint of the Am.ericans is mainly cauried ulmder Art No. 227, known as the "cl lliuital-lilel act." T I lis la-w defines a libel;;1 '-:liicious defanmation," anti sp)ecifies thi t tle trulth of the lilbel shall not constitute a dtefrllns tInloss it shall be slhown that Ita l)ulic(ation wals ma;de " itll *ood lnotives Indl for justilia!)le enids" a point nost easilv to be estal)lished l'efrre l'lilinl iy:e couirt:. 'Tli, ituotisiol4n of this act, taken in n n inon ietion wit hi those o te sedition act. are such as to lnaite it prlactically imliossilble to exl)less an upli nionl adverse to the administration or any menber of it withoult becomting liable to prosecutlon. In cases where a critic i; too influential. or where his critisms and charges are too c;;refillly phrascd to admit of prosecuttin hinm. a iprocess of ostracism takPes place,hich is usut: lly very effective., s Manila so- Y cletv consists chiflly of oficehlolders who take their hbias directly from those in authority. An American bishop sta:tioned in Manlila expi) sses in conversation the opinion e pi tlhat tile " imptience of criticism shown by the ('ommission " s one of the-most disastrous features of the present I'hilippine situation. 'he hostility of the higlher authorilties, lie assnrts, is visited upon preachers who venture to criticise a; Imcilnl or,f tlhe Cominis.lon or any of its policies. In the recently concludeld " ('Bricn libel case" the two defendants, who conducted a newspnper In NIiiloi. were sent to prison on the ground that they had published a report of some court proceedings containing statements unfavorable to the defcnldant. wlio lhalppened to be a membler of the 'Commission. It was iadmitted that the report was correct; but the technical poinlt was nlmade that the headlines did not accurately describe the substance of the article. In recent decisions handed down by courts of tirst Instance In Manila, heavy penalties, Including both tine and imprisonl:lment, have been awarded not only to the author and producer, but even to tile iactrls in tile play, "Ilindi Aco latay," a dralmatic production oft:ln allegorical character, in which l'lilippine independence was hrinted at. A process of buying the good will of lpublications tll'- lltll the award of (overnment advertising and other favors llas Ibeeln ised to suppllement the methods of int,.nidation alreatdy sutlgestetd. The exnpression of opinion through tile agency of political parties his al:-o 1een placed ' under severe restriction. The Nationalist party, whii.i atttained a considerable degiee of strength aboutt two years ago, 5as destroyed by prosectitions directed against important iten in the otiranizatioin. Ilnder purely technical attacks upon thle forim of Its c-unstitiition a workIngmen's union was recently driven out of existelice becaulse of the belief th4t its pirpose " was primarily political." 'lThese stat-eents are vouclied for by the prosecuting olsi'ers of our;Governmleut, iln anila, who freely admit the ulterior plurlose iof the prosecultions in question. uriing the past summer elffrts were umade to recast thle platform of the Federal party il slch wise as to dolslltll indlt'plndtli'e. 'he revised draft was slownn to niembers of the c('lnissilln Ias it Ireocaution, and these gentlelnen req(tusted its s1up)prssionl on tile -riilllnd thlt " it would embarrass Mr. Taft just at this time." The platform never appeared in print. Do these conditions agree with Presidr;int iMcKinkl "s " rule" that ",no law shall be passed atlridcliing the freetoom of speech or of the plress or of the rigllts of tlle )eople i)eaceably * * * to petitio the Government for a redress of grievances? " COST OF ADMINISTIS'R.ATION. 'The system of government just described ih;s pot even the Imerit of economv. It is by far the most expensive governlment tile island has ever known. Thle Schurnin C(ommission (Relport. vol. 1. pi. sii gasve tle annual receipts of the Sipanish Government in 1.S94-'5 as l$1..5719,90 Mexicein, of whlicth sulm alott $s, t()t00.0it 0 w;sls derliverd flr)ll ilte rnaull taxes: 'rlte new lntcrnal-revt nici law of ilie lPhiliplpines jlist 1ass'ed is estimaited to produce from $10,OUO,0UU to $11,Ut)i),OU, and is apologized 6153 8 for 1b its autlhors as "no worse than the Spanish." The Schurman ('Commission quotes lpane 7l) expenditures of the Spanish (overnment in 184-93, ns $1:.L'2S.l:t). of which sum $.t14.04.t61 was for war and $2.45,0.17( for navy. the!:alance —sonle $,710t0.iO0 —being civil outlay. As against this sum it ln;y be notoed that our outlay for the year 1903 on strictly civil expenses was ablout $22,00(0,0(00 Mexican currency. To this should also be added lpobably $ 2,l(lO,0o0 for the cost of provincial administration and a som-ewlhat preater slum deducted for permanent improvlements. Conversely thlere:slould ihe large reductions in the "ciell outlay " noted above for the Slpanish Government, as that figure includes the cost of carryin l on tlhe church, some diplomatic expenses. and other items. Witlhoit going into these changes in the accounts in dletail, it imay be stated tlhat tle cost of our civil administration is flrom three to live times as heavy as that of the Spaniilrds-yet the Schurrman (vCommission compllained of Spanish administration on the ground of cost liless." Nor can the indictment of the expense incident to Philippine administration stop with local conditions in the islands. The Philippines are tremen dously expensive to the lnited States. According to Gen. George W\. I)Davs tRelport D)iv. o 'iPhil,. 19(03. I. 50), the annual cost of tih- army and navy in tlhe Philippines in nctual cash is at least $21,otO.(0,ttl( gold. This estimate lwas.bnised upon a force (scouts and Americals) of alhout 23.00)0 men. As the present force is probably 3,000 men sltailler. a reduction of correpondlgng amounllt must lbe made. This, however. is far more than offstt )y the cost of the Philippine mall service, \ which falls largely on the I'nitet States; of the army transports, bioth trans-Pacilic and inlerisland:; by the facts that tropical service counts double time toward retirement for enlisted men; that claims for pelsions are more nlumnerous as a result of stch service; that many army olice.rs are now serving in the Philippine government at the cost r of tle 'uited States; and that, inj a variety of ways, the islands are a continuous draft on olir Trasury.: Conservative estimators place the p)restent u!nual money cost of the Philippines to the United States at not less than F25.t000.0t00. Nor does the money laid out for civil expenses "go largely to Filipinos." as so often claimed. A review of the personnel of the government duritng thle past three years shows that the number of Americans holdinu civil offices in 1903 wa:s 3,43s, as agtinst 2,777 in 1902, and 2.044 in 19S01, while the nmnber of Filipinos for these three vyears was:3.:1t.. 2.tc97. and 2.51i2. respectively. In other words, there were employed in 19Ol 25 per cent more natives than American, while in 1902 the natives swere abltot 3 per cent less numerous than the Americans nlld 4 per cent less numerolis in 1903. In the latter year the 3,318 Flipinlo emllllyees drew a:g;regate salaries of $i1,47,010, while the 8,45b Amerricans drew $4,'S-i.482. GrI::EIIAL' St'UMMARY. As General Davis mildly states tlie situation (Report, 190.3, p. 31): "Aimetric(ns in the l'hiliipl)its have not so far been ain-11utnixe.d blesslog to the native inll:!iit;anlt.." We have, in fact, destroyed the public,ililtingls of the country, iiflicted continuous crop losses, during a lieri-d of six years::rva',nl anid burned large sections of territory; produced conditions leadin^i to tlhe death of most of the farm animals ind to serious hulman and animal epidemics: brought foreign trade to - n u;ilpronital!e condition by our Itariff legislation: inaugurated a tremerlolisly explensi;ve r.ovlrnlent fer the bu'nefit of foreign officeholders; ~ est:ilishedi a parlisatr jiudiciary; cronwed the prisons. and deported or sent to tle gallows tc e Le'L and mo-t patriotic of the native leaders. 0-1533 0