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""..~'"'"'~~...../ " " " ~~~...........;~ ~ " - "''...............'..~ *-:::~::: ~~:.............:............,'r'i":.'.. ^ _ ^' ^ - - / ^ ~.'^ly.....~~.'" ^ j^E^.."^''./~'....... ~~ -......~~''';~'''~ ~~" "i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i~~p~~i:.^,..-..'....~~........:~.....~":....." ^""'"''"'"~"::~. ""^::~;'' ~..~' ~~::^^~~::~~....... ~...."........ CYCLO P D I A OF AMERICAN LITERATURE: EMBRACING PERSONAL AND CRITICAL NOTICES OF AUTHORS, AND SELECTIONS FROM THEIR WRITINGS, FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT DAY; WITH,,srla t$* utorta it4 ti t # t* $trtttim$. BY EVERT A. DUYCKINCK AND GEORGE L. DUYCKINCK. EDITED TO DATE BY M. LAIRD SIMONS. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I. PHILADELPHIA: BAXTER PUBLISHING CO. 1881. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by WILLIAM RUTTER & COMPANY, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington........................................................................................................................................... WILLIAM RUTTER & CO., BOOK MANUFACTURERS, SEVENTH & CHERRY STREETS, PHILADELPHIA. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. / R. DUYCKINCK'S CYCLOPFEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE is a work monumental in character and in execution. Within its two thousand pages are traced the lives and literary labors of the Authors whom all are proud to name as foremost among the representative men of America. Scholars, divines, philosophers, poets, litterateurs, and reformers - these volumes illustrate the fruit of their culture and persistent toil of brain and heart. The men and women who use the pen, and who in the main use it royally, are not drudges of the pen, but are clansmen fighting loyally in their generation for refinement, truth, honor, humanity, purity of life, and conscience. They are apostles preaching a gospel of real manhood and womanhood, whether they appeal to the fancy, the imagination, the heart, the intellect, the wavering soul, or the immortal spirit that claims kinship to the Divine Father. Such workers as these are profound teachers and moulders of their age, whose labors demand to be outlined in a commemorative book like the present -a book that glories in, and is glorified by, the galaxy of American writers. And it is a matter for congratulation that the task of such an editorship fell so fittingly, twenty years since, into the hands of the brothers DUYCKINCK. In that employment they spent several years of their lives, though aided in part by the favors of many scholars. The first edition of the CYCLOP2EDIA was printed in 1856, forming two royal octavo volumes of above fourteen hundred and seventy pages. The aims of its editors were so exactly defined in their Preface, that the attention of our readers is invited thereto, in preference to a re-survey of its fascinating subject. At once the book took rank as the standard authority on American Literature in its biographic and historic development, while its catholicity, accuracy, and scholarly tone have been repeatedly acknowledged by those competent to judge. After an interval of ten years, wherein GEORGE LONG DUYCKINCK was called away from his earthly labors, the elder editor, EVERT A. DUYCKINCK, prepared a Supplement of one hundred and sixty pages, which was published in 1866. It included, to quote its title, " Obituaries of authors, continuations of former articles, with notices of earlier and later writers omitted in previous editions." The entire electrotype plates of this work came into the possession of the present proprietors by purchase in 1872, whereupon measures were at once taken for the issue of a new edition. It was purposed to transfer the matter of the Supplement into the original pages, and to continue each article to date, so that all relating to an author should be grouped chronologically under a single heading, while a proper record should also be made of the writers of the last decade. It was hoped that Mr. Duyckinck could still retain his oversight and editorship; but his prior literary engagements defeated that expectation. Thus this attractive but responsible duty devolved on a younger and less experienced editor. As completed on the plan outlined, the present edition of the CYCLOP2EDIA extends-to two thousand and eighty pages, being an addition of four hundred and fifty. It contains biographic sketches of above nine hundred authors,- a full ninth of whom now appear br the first time, —besides many articles on collegiate and literary institutions. The iii iv INTRODUCTORY NOTE. manifold data was collected by a widely-extended correspondence with those most competent to speak on each point, and by an examination of the proper bibliography and literature. The few omissions to continue old articles to date were wholly involuntary, and because letters of inquiry failed to reach the parties sought after, or else were left unanswered. ** Wherever practicable, these additions, as well as the new sketches and literary extracts, were indicated by the prefix of two asterisks to the opening paragraph. This discrimination was thought to be due in justice to the original Editor. Those minor changes which could not be typographically indicated have all met his approval. As the original work was found to be strikingly accurate in its facts, such emendations were chiefly owing to the lapse of years, and in no case embraced any liberty with the critical opinions on record. The sole endeavor has been to make each article as amended at unity with itself and exhaustive, as far as the inexorable limits of the electrotype plates would allow. The hundred original articles are mostly of those authors who have won the right to admission in recent years; and yet it has not been possible to include all the worthies our lists contained. These biographies, which are well illustrated from photographs, are as full in detail as the accessible material permitted; and recourse has always been had to the primal sources of information. The literature of the past twenty years has been winnowed, and many selections taken therefrom. It is believed the revised edition may be relied on for its accuracy, thanks to the kindness of several hundred of our literary friends in furnishing facts and revising proofs. We trust it will be found as complete a record as the inherent difficulties of the subject have permitted. It is important to note that almost every page was electrotyped by the close of the year 1873, and that, with only an occasional exception, it was impossible to continue its annals later than that year. Mr. Evert A. Duyckinck gave kindly advice in the preparation of this edition, approved the list of new authors introduced, and generously looked over the plate-proofs. He cordially endorsed the method of its execution, which sought to give a clear narrative of what American authors did to the year 1873, without censorious or laudatory criticism, so that each notable volume should rest on a statement of its nature and aims. Yet he is in nowise responsible for the changes and additions in the present CYCLOPZEDIA, the burden of which is to be borne by his successor. Our thanks are due to him, for his sympathy and friendship throughout this delicate and arduous task. To Mr. John Ward Dean, of Boston, and Mr. Charles Henry Hart, of Philadelphia, we are under obligations for memoranda concerning the prominent writers on antiquarian and genealogical topics. Mr. Dean's fund of literary information was only equalled by the kindness with which he hastened to put it at the service of our readers; and his disinterestedness was displayed in clearing up various perplexities. Courteous favors were also rendered by Mr. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, of Newport; Mr. Charles Dudley Warner, of Hartford; Professor Willard Fiske, of Cornell University; General James Grant Wilson, of New York city, who revised the articles on the brother poets, Drake and Halleck; and Mr. Lloyd Pearsall Smith, the helpful librarian of the Library Company of Philadelphia. To these gentlemen, as well as to the Mercantile Library Company and the American Philosophical Society, we tender our hearty thanks. M. L. S. PHILADELPHIA, February, 1875. PREFACE. IN submitting the following work to the public, it may not be amiss, though the numerous articles of which it is composed must speak separately for themselves, to offer a few words of general introduction, setting forth the intent, the necessary limitations, and presenting a few suggestions, which may give unity to the apparent variety. The design of the Cyclopsedia is to bring together, as far as possible in one book convenient for perusal and reference, memorials and records of the writers of the country and their works, from the earliest period to the present day. In the public and private library it is desirable to have at hand the means of information on a number of topics which associate themselves with the lives of persons connected with literature. There are numerous points of this kind, not merely relating to authorship, but extending into the spheres of social and political life, which are to be sought for in literary biography, and particularly in the literary biography of America, where the use of the pen has been for the most part incidental to other pursuits. The history of the literature of the country involved in the pages of this work, is not so much an exhibition of art and invention, of literature in its immediate and philosophical sense, as a record of mental progress and cultivation, of facts and opinions, which derives its main interest from its historical, rather than its critical value. It is important to know what books have been produced, and by whom; whatever the books may have been, or whoever the men. It is in this light that we have looked upon the Cyclopadia of American Literature, a term sufficiently comprehensive of the wide collection of authors who are here included under it. The study and practice of criticism may be pursued elsewhere: here, as a'matter of history, we seek to know in general under what forms and to what extent literature has been developed. It is not the purpose to sit in judgment, and admit or exclude writers according to individual taste, but to welcome all guests who come reasonably well introduced, and, for our own part, perform the character of a host as quietly and efficiently as practicable. A glance at the contents of this work will show that an endeavor has been made to include as wide a range of persons and topics as its liberal limits will permit. It has been governed by one general design,- to exhibit and illustrate the products of the pen on American soil. This is connected more closely here, than in the literature of other countries, with bio-.graphical details not immediately relating to books or authorship, since it is only of late that a class of authors by profession has begun to spring up. The book-producers of the country have mostly devoted their lives to other callings. They have been divines, physicians, lawyers, college-professors, politicians, orators, editors, active military men, travellers, and, incidentally, authors. It is necessary, therefore, in telling their story, to include many details not of a literary character, to exhibit fairly the proportion which literature bore in their lives. As the work has not been restricted to professed authors, of whom very few would have been found, neither ha~ it been limited to writers born in the country. It is sufficient for the purpose that they have lived and written here, and that the land has been enriched by their labors. Indeed it is one of the marked facts in American cultivation, that in its early formative period it was so fortunate as to start with some of the finest products of the European mind. The divines of Cambridge, who brought with them to the New World the V Vi PREFACE. seed of literary as well as of political and religious life; the men who taught at Harvard and William and Mary, who first spoke from the pulpits, who wrote the first historical records, who furnished the supplies for the first presses, were Englishmen by birth, as they and their successors were by political constitution, down to the comparatively recent period of the Revolution. Even since that period, the mental vigor of the country has been as constantly recruited by European minds as its material conquests of the soil have been extended by European arms and hands. To ignore this, would be treasonable to the higher interests of letters, whose greatest benefit is to associate all nations in intellectual amity and progress. With pleasure we have placed upon these pages, accounts of foreign scholars and writers who have visited us and lived among us, frequently enduring privation, and freely expending their talents and energies in the literary service of the country. It is an honor, as it is a most liberal advantage to America, that men like Berkeley, Priestley, Dr. Cooper, Witherspoon, Nesbit, Follen, Lieber, Schaff, Agassiz, Guyot, have freely joined their contributions to the stock of our own authors. The country has received their books, and profited by their lessons and experience. It cannot grudge the few pages which justice, no less than gratitude and affection, assigns to their story. The arrangement of the work, it will be seen, is chronological, following as nearly as practicable the date of birth of each individual. As a record of National Literature, the Cyclopsedia may be divided into three general periods; the Colonial Era, the Revolutionary Period, and the Present Century. Each of these is marked by its distinct characteristics. The writers of the first period include the New England Puritan school, the patient, laborious, well read, and acute divines, the scholars who gave life to the early seats of learning, the first race of chroniclers, several genial observers of nature, as the Bartrams, and an occasional quaint poet, who penned verses without consulting the pleasure of'vinerva. In this period there is rudeness, roughness, but much strength;'frequently a high order of eloquence; great diligence, and an abundant collection of materials for history. Harvard College, William and Mary, Yale, the College of New Jersey, King's College New York, the University of Pennsylvania, the College of Rhode Island, and Dartmouth College, were established in this era. The great men of this period were Roger Williams, Cotton, Hooker, the Mathers, Blair, Colden, Logan, the Bartrams, Jonathan Edwards - chiefly proficients in divinity and science; while Franklin heralded the more general literary cultivation which was to follow. The next, the Revolutionary period, may be said to have begun and ended with the discussion of legal and constitutional principles. It was inaugurated by Otis, Dickinson, Jefferson, and Adams, and closed with the labors of Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, in the Federalist. The political and judicial arguments form its staple. They were the first distinctive voices of America heard in the Old World. There had been as good Puritan divinity published in England as had been broached in Massachusetts and Connecticut; the age of Dryden and of Pope had undoubtedly furnished better poets than the land of Anne Bradstreet and Michael Wigglesworth; but here was a new experience in government, a fresh manly interpretation of constitutional right, expressed succinctly, forcibly, eloquently in the colonial writings, fast ceasing to be colonial, which compelled a hearing, and elicited the generous admiration of Chatham. Nor was this literature confined to didactic political disquisition. In Francis Hopkinson it had a polished champion, who taught by wit what Dickinson and Drayton unfolded with argument and eloquence; while Trumbull, Freneau, and Brackenridge, caught the various humors of the times, and introduced a new spirit into American literature. The intellect of the country was thoroughly awakened. At the close of the period in 1799, Dr. Benjamin Rush, whose mental activity had assisted in promoting the result, wrote: " From a strict attention to the state of mind in this country, before the year 1774, and at the present time, I am satisfied the ratio of intellect is as twenty to one, and of knowledge as one hundred to one, in these states, compared with what they were before the American Revolution." The third period exhibited the results of this increased capacity. It gave a new range to divinity and moral science, in writers like Channing; Calhoun and Webster illustrated the principles of political science; Marshall, Kent, and Story, interpreted law; Paulding, Irving, Cooper, Simms, Emerson, opened new provinces in fiction and polite literature; Hillhouse, PREFACE. Vii Bryant, Halleck, Dana, Longfellow, sang their profound and sweet melodies; the national life at the earliest moment found its historian in Bancroft; oratory gained new triumphs in the halls of Congress, and a genial race of writers filled the various departments of letters, in turn thoughtful, sentimental, or humorous, as the occasion or theme required. To enumerate them here, would be to repeat the index of these volumes. In another light, this literature may be looked at in its relations to the several portions of the country -the kind and extent of the productiveness varying with the character and opportunities of each region. When the different elements of the question have been duly considered, it will be found that mental activity has been uniformly developed. The early settlemehts of the North; its possession of the main seats of learning, drawing together numerous professors; its commercial centres, calling forth the powers of the press; its great cities have given it the advantage in the number of authors; but without these important stimuli, the South and West have been vigorous producers in the fields of literature. Virginia and South Carolina, whose long settlement and Atlantic relations fairly bring them into view for competition here, have yielded their fair proportion of authors; their literature naturally assuming a political character. It is not a just test in the comparison to take the results of colleges and great cities, where literary men are drawn together, and contrast their numbers with the isolated cultivation of an agricultural region, where letters are solely pursued for their own sake, as the ornament or solace of life, seldom as a means of support, and where that book-generating person, the author by profession, is almost wholly unknown. We are rather to look for the social literary cultivation. Tested in this way, by their political representatives, their orators, their citizens who travel abroad; the men who are to be met at home, on the plantations, and in large rural districts, there is a literary cultivation in the South and West proportionate with any other part of the country. In the number of books on the list of American bibliography, their quota is neither slight nor unimportant. It has been an object in this work to exhibit fairly and amply all portions of the country. The literature of the South is here more fully displayed than ever before. The notices might readily have been extended, but in this, as in other cases, the work has been governed by necessary limitations. It is very evident to any one who has looked at the statistics of the subject, that it would not be practicable, even on the generous scale of these volumes, to introduce all the writers of the country. With great labor and patience such a work might be undertaken, but its extent would soon place it beyond the reach of ordinary purchasers. For that remote end, a complete American bibliography would be required; and it is probable that at some future time it will be executed. But the plan of the present Cyclopaedia is different. It required selection. On consultation with the publishers, it was found that two royal octavos of the present liberal size could be afforded at a moderate price, which would place the work within the reach of the entire class of purchasers; that any extension beyond this would involve an increase in cost unfavorable to its circulation. This was the material limit. On the other side the space seemed sufficient for the display of the comparatively brief period of American authorship, when the whole vast range of English literature was, successfully for the purpose, included by Messrs. Chambers in about the same compass. The next question respected the distribution of the space. It was considered that, under any principle of selection, the story should be as briefly told as possible; being confined to the facts of the case, with no more comment than was required to put the reader in ready communication with the author, while matters of digression, and essay-writing should be carefully avoided. The lives of the authors were to be narrated, and their best works exhibited in appropriate extracts. To the early periods, the preference was to be given in fulness of display. Many of the lives required much curious investigation, in regions not readily accessible to the general reader. The sympathy shown in this portion of the subject by various eminent scholars and successful prosecutors of literature themselves, who were occasionally consulted in its preparation, and who readily gave the most important assistance, seemed additional warrant to devote considerable space to this research. The Revolutionary matter presented similar claims. It was novel, much of it not generally attainable, and it was full of picturesque life. The rapid multiplication of the literary and VnIi PREFACE. scientific institutions of the country has permitted us to speak at length only of those long established. An account of the early colleges has afforded much interesting detail, while it has given the opportunity of commemorating many worthies of the past, whose literary labors were chiefly entitled to notice from this connection. The passages to be selected for quotation, in a work of this kind, must frequently be chosen for their minor qualities. The brief essay, the pertinent oration, the short poem, the song or squib of the wit may be given, where it would be absurd to mutilate the entire line of argument of a work on philosophy, or where it would be irreverent to violate the sanctity of a treatise of divinity, by parading its themes, plucked from the sacred inclosure of the volume. The lighter passages of song and jest were numerous in the days of the Revolution, and may be worth exhibiting, as a relief to graver incidents of the struggle, and as a proof of the good heart with, which our fathers entered into it. The reader may trace a full exhibition of the admirable productions, both witty and serious, which grew out of the argument for the Federal Constitution, in the passages from Hopkinson, Belknap, Hamilton, and others. It has-been further an object in the extracts, to preserve the utmost possible completeness: to present a subject as nearly as practicable in its entire form. The ample page of the work has allowed us, in numerous instances, to carry this out even with such productions of length as an entire canto of McFingal, a reprint of the whole of Barlow's Hasty Pudding, of the Buccaneer of Dana, complete papers by Fisher Ames, Gouverneur Morris, and others; while the number of shorter articles has been occasionally extended to embrace most, if not all, that is of interest in the literary remains of minor authors. A reference to the index will show, we trust, a worthy design in the selection of passages from the various authors. We have kept in view the idea, that a work of the opportunities of the present, should aid'in the formation of taste and the discipline of character, as well as in the gratification of curiosity and the amusement of the hour. The many noble sentiments, just thoughts, the eloquent orations, the tasteful poems, the various refinements of literary expression, drawn together in these volumes, are indeed the noblest appeal and best apology for the work. The voice of two centuries of American literature may well be worth listening to. Avoiding, however, further enlargement on this theme, which might run into an unseemly critical analysis of the book, we have left to us the safer and more agreeable duty of acknowledging the friendly aid which has encouraged and assisted us in a laborious undertaking. Many a letter of sympathy and counsel has warmed us to renewed effort in the progress of the work. It has been our care to indicate on its appropriate page the obligations due to others, and, if we may adopt the words of that good old divine and poet, Dr. Donne, " to thank not him only that hath digg'd out treasure for me, but that hath lighted me a candle to the place." To our predecessors in these labors, ample acknowledgments are due, from the first collections of American verse, in the last century, by Elihu H. Smith, and Mathew Carey, to the excellent labors at the present day of Kettell, Everest, Griswold, and others. To their works we may appropriately add the numerous collections of local literature, as the Boston, New Hampshire, and Charleston books. In the earlier departments, special recognition should be made of the valuable biographical dictionaries of Eliot and Allen; in the latter, of the industrious biographical labors of Mr. J. S. Loring, in the several editions of his "Boston Orators." We have been under great obligations to several of the public libraries, and the efficient acts of courtesy of their librarians. Of these institutions, we may particularly mention the rare collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, of the Boston Athenaeum, of the library at Harvard, of the American Antiquarian Society at Worcester, of the Library Company, and the Library of the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia, of the Historical Society, of the Society, Mercantile, and Astor Libraries of New York. We never left one of these institutions without a new sense of the magnitude of the subject before us. In this connection, we cheerfully express our thanks, not merely as an aid, but as an honor PREFACE. ix to our enterprise, for the cordial cooperation of the Rev. John L. Sibley of Harvard, Charles Folsom of Boston, Mr. S. F. Haven of Worcester, Mr. E. C. Herrick of Yale, Messrs. J. J. and Lloyd P. Smith of Philadelphia, Mr. Philip J. Forbes, Mr. George H. Moore, Mr. S. Hastings Grant, and Mr. J. G. Cogswell of New York. Numerous private collections have been freely opened to us. We have been favored with the use of many rare-volumes from the choice and costly libraries of Mr. J. Carter Brown of Providence, Mr. George Ticknor of Boston, the Rev. Dr. Hawks, Mr. George Bancroft, Mr. James Lenox, Mr. E. B. Corwin of New York; while important incidental aid in this way has been rendered us by Mr. J. Pennington, Mr. Charles J. Ingersoll, Mr. Henry D. Gilpin, Mr. J. T. Fisher, Mr. C. B. Trego, Mr. W. B. Reed, Mr. H. C. Baird of Philadelphia; Professor Gammell of Brown University, Mr. Joseph Johnson, and Mr. John Russell of Charleston, South Carolina; Mr. Samuel Colman, Mr. George B. Rapelye, Mr. John Allan, and Mr. W. J. Davis of New York. To both the library and valuable counsel of Dr. John W. Francis of New York we have been under repeated obligations. To Mr. Washington Irving we are indebted for a special act of courtesy, in his contribution to the notice of Allston of an interesting series of personal reminiscences. We are under like obligations to Dr. Francis, for a similar recollection of Philip Freneau. One of the last letters written by the late Col. D. J. McCord, of Columbia, South Carolina, was a communication printed in its place, on Dr. Thomas Cooper. The privilege of friendly consultation with the Rev. Dr. Osgood of New York has introduced us to much of the abundant literature of his religious denomination. We have also received cordial aid from Mr. Henry T. Tuckerman, whose published writings afford many illustrations of the topics of these volumes. Other acknowledgments appear on various pages of the book. In the department of Southern literature, where information rests largely in the hands of individuals, we have been greatly strengthened by correspondence with Mr. W. Gilmore Simms of South Carolina, bringing with it a train of kindly assistance from others; and with Mr. John Esten Cooke of Richmond, which opened to us frequent avenues to information in Virginia. To Mr. Harrison Hall of Philadelphia, and his brother Judge James Hall of Cincinnati, we are under similar obligations in other regions of the country. From Professor Porcher of the Charleston College, President Swain of the University of North Carolina, Professor Totten of William and Mary, Mr. Gessner Harrison of the University of Virginia, Professor North of Hamilton College, Mr. Wm. W. Turner of the National Institute, we have received assistance in the notices of the several seats of learning with which they are connected. It may not be amiss here, for the prevention of possible comparisons in future, to state, that in some instances -to the extent, perhaps, of three or four pages of the book - we are under a debt to ourselves, having drawn upon a few critical papers heretofore printed in the Literary World. Not the least difficult portion of the work has been the preparation of the numerous portraits. They have been frequently obtained from original sources, and are now engraved for the first time, from old paintings, or recent daguerrotypes and photographs. If they prove of interest to the purchasers of the book, proportioned to the care often expended upon them, the publisher and editors may be well satisfied. A few choice daguerrotypes are from the hands of Messrs. Southworth and Hayes of Boston, and Mr. Richards of Philadelphia, while a large number have been taken by Mr. M. B. Brady of New York, -z sufficient guarantee of this stage of the work. The drawings from them have been made by Mr. W. Momberger of this city. The engravings are by Mr. W. Roberts. For several of the vignettes we are indebted to the Homes of American Authors, at present published by the Messrs. Appleton. A large number of the autograph illustrations were kindly placed at our disposal by the Rev. Dr. W. B. Sprague, of Albany, New York. Valuable aid of this kind has been freely given by others. The accuracy of the work has been greatly promoted by the cooperation of Mr. W. H. Smith, who has been long known to many of the scholars of the country as proof-reader in the office of Mr. Robert Craighead, where the Cyclopaedia was put in type. In conclusion, we may, we trust, ask a generous and kindly consideration for a work of much difficulty. Inequalities and shortcomings may, doubtless, be discovered in it. " Errors Excepted," the usual phrase appended to a merchant's account, the gloss upon all x PREFACE. things human, may with propriety be added at the termination of an undertaking of this nature. The perfection of such a work is the result of time and experience. The present volumes may perhaps fall into the hands of some who are able and willing to afford additional information; and this may be employed in the supplements to future editions, if indeed the book shall attain such desirable repetitions. We need not say that any suggestions, looking fairly to the design of the work, will be welcome. In the delicate duty to contemporaries, every hour adds to the opportunities of such an undertaking; but the authors of the day are well able, in their own writings, to speak for themselves. We may be allowed to insert a caveat against the pretension that we have not omitted some of the true worthies of America - though the reader will perhaps be reminded, on the other hand, of the story told by Sir Walter Scott, of the laird on a visit to his friend in the country. He was about taking his departure homewards, when he thought of interrogating his servant, who had been engaged in packing his portmanteau. " Have you put in everything that belongs to me?" "At least your honor," was the candid reply. There is an old passage in the dedication of the venerable Cotton Mather's Decennium Luctuosum, which is perhaps a good sequel to the anecdote in this relation. " Should any Petit Monsieur," says he, "complain (as the captain that found not himself in the tapestry hangings, which exhibited the story of the Spanish invasion in 1588), that he don't find himself mentioned in this history, the author has this apology: he has done as well, and as much, as he could, that whatever was worthy of a mention, might have it; and if this collection of matters be not complete, yet he supposes it may be more complete than any one else hath made; and now he hath done, he hath not pulled up the ladder after him: others may go onas they please with a completer composure." NEw YORK, August 16, 1855. PREA CE. mIHIS work, after having passed through several editions, has been for a few years quite out of print. It was intended by the publisher to meet the demand for a new edition about the time of the outbreak of the recent civil war, and some preparations were then made for the purpose; but the engrossing struggle which ensued necessarily deferred the contemplated publication. There were other considerations also, of a more private nature, which interfered. When the new edition was projected, it was felt that the numerous changes which even a few years had made, in the removal by death of many of the most important American authors, called for some notice of these events, with others of consequence, in a contemporary literary chronicle like the present work. A Supplement was therefore undertaken. Though intended to be brief, its preparation required care and industry. In this, as in the original work, my brother, the late GEORGE LONG IDUYCKINCK, shared with me its counsels and labors. He resumed the old task which he had so earnestly and faithfully performed with his accustomed spirit and energy; but it was not long before this wdrk, which he delighted to pursue, was interrupted by the illness which, early in 1863, resulted in his death. The war was then at its height, adding its public calamities to the burden of private sorrows. Other duties interposed, and the work was deferred to a more propitious season. As the national struggle evidently drew to a close it was resumed, and in the present year has been pushed to a conclusion. It was with a feeling of heaviness that the manuscript notes, commenced and interrupted under such circumstances, were resumed. To the long list of obituaries of honored authors, with many of whom we had been personally acquainted, was to be added that of a beloved brother and life-long partner in literary studies and pursuits. A notice of his simple, useful, unostentatious literary career, from the hand of a friend who knew him well, will be found on a subsequent page. His portrait, engraved by Burt, after an original painting by another friend, the late Paul Duggin, is placed as a frontispiece to th present Supplement. Here I must pause, with a brother's testimony to the manly sincerity of h character and the great worth of his example; the lesson of his life, in t] discharge, with rare self-devotion, of every private, social, and Christia duty. I owe much more than I can here express, to his constant affectior his principles, and his active virtues. xi xii PREFACE. In the preparation of the Supplement added to the present edition, little more has been attempted than to continue, in a very brief manner, the record of the lives and works of the individuals commenced in the previous volumes. The first duty in our chronicle was to the departed: alas, that these obituaries should inelude so many whose virtues and abilities seem now, more than ever, to be regretted amidst the unparalleled losses of the nation! Washington Irving, James Kirke Paulding, William Hickling Prescott, Edward Robinson, Edward Everett, and, as we close these pages, Francis Wayland, are but a few of the eminent authors who have passed away during the ten years since this work was first published. Happily others, veterans also of our young literature, yet survive in unimpaired strength and vigor, as the record of their recent works will demonstrate. We have attempted to chronicle the most important of these, and to supply some omissions of the previous editions in the introduction of new names, both of an earlier and later date. The reader may possibly wish more had been included; but the editor has of necessity been governed by limited time and limited space. It is quite probable that many names of consequence are yet omitted, so prolific of late has been our literature. Many new writers are establishing a reputation in the weekly joAirtalI and monthly-magazines -the Atlantic Monthly might furnish a score of them for our!ges-and the fast developing literature of the war, in the poems of Brownei, the sketches of Halpine, Edmund Kirke, and the narratives of others, is prolific of excellence. But no work of this kind can exhaust a subject so difficult exactly to define in its limits, and which is every day expanding with ever-increasing rapidity. Something is even now left for future editions. It is believed, however, that the present Supplement, imperfect as it may be, will add much to the usefulness of the previous volumes. Here, as before, we gladly acknowledge our obligations to our literary friends, who have given important aid to the undertaking. Our thanks are particularly due to Mr. Buckingham Smith, Who has'furnished us with a series of sketches of old Spanish writers, derived from rare materials in his private collections; to Mr. John Gilmary Shea for similar notices of the early French writers who wrote of -America from personal observation; and to Mr. John Ward- Dean, of Boston, for many valuable notices of contemporary authors, particularly in We field of antiquarian and genealogical researches. The latter has become lite an important department of American literature; it is oie highly creditle to the country, and by no one has it been assisted with more isinterested praiseworthy diligence than by Mr. Dean. EVERT A. DUYCKINCK. YoRK, October, 1865. CONTENTS OF'VOLUME I. PAGE q>XI GEORGE SANDYS....I ETRII4OLJGERI.... -. 57 Passage from Ovid's Metamorphoses. A Looking-glass for the Tinmes; ~er, the former-Spirit WILLIAM VAUGHAN 2 of New England revived in this generation. Passages fromnthe Golden Fleece and Church Militant. WILLIAM HUBBARD.-61 WILLIAM MORELL...... 2 MICHAEL WIGGLESWORTH......:62 Passages from Nova Anglia. Meat out of the Eater. WILLIAM WOOD.3 A Prayer unto Christ. Passages from New England's Prospect. A Song of Emptiness. GOOD NEWS FROM NEW ENGLAND 4 INCREASE MATHER....64 The New England Preachers. 0COTTON MATHER.... 6 CAPTAIN JOTH" N STMITH. An hortatory and necessary address, to a country now Story of Pocahontas. extraordinarily.alarwmed ly the wrath of the Devil,The Sea Mark. The Tarantula. THOMAS HARRIOT —ALEXANDER WHITAKER- The life of Mr. Ralph Partridge. WILLIAM STRACIIEY. Ministry of Angels..Psaim C. HARVARD COLLEGE..,.,. 8 On the death of his son. Pietas et Gratulatio. On the death of his daughter. THE BAY PSALM BOOK..... 21 BENJAMIN TOMPSON.... -.71 NATHANIEL WARD....... 23 New England's crisis. Prefatory lines to the Poems of AnseaBradstreet.,OJet FOREFATHERS' SONG.... 73 JOHN COTTON.25 THOMAS MAKIN... 73 On my reverend and dear fathler, Mr. Thomas Hooker, Praises of Pennsylvania. late Pastor of the Church at Hartford, in Connecti- JOHN JOSSELYN 74 A thankful acknowledgment of God's Providence. New Enan. Lines on his removal from Boston. JOHN WILLIAMS...76 JOTHN NORTON'... -. 28 ~ YPassages from " The Redeemed Captive." Picture of a Student's life. JOHN LEDERE...... 76 THIOMAS HOOKER....29 Travels in Virginia. From "The Application of Redemption." FRANCIS KNAPP.. 77 From "The Doubting Christian drawn to Christ." A New Egland Pond. ADAM WINTHIOP........O Birds and Fishes. Verses made to the Lady Mildmay at ye birth of her BENJAMIN COLMAN...7 sonne Henery. Elijah's ascension JOIIN WINTHROP 30 To Urania, on the death of her first and only child. Of a few persons who left the Colony in 1642. WILLIAM BYRD. 79 Liberty and Law. Passages from "The Westover Manuscripts." THOMAS MORTON.33 JAMES LOGAN. ~.. 2 Passages from New England's Memorintellectual. defrom his translation WILLIAM BRADFORD..35 of Cicero. Of Boston in New England. ROGER WOLCOTT.... 8: Fragmentary Poem on New England. Proverbs xviii. 14 —"A wounded spirit who can JOHN DAVENPORT....36 xeoar " ROGER WILLIAMS.. 37 CADWALLADER OLDEN.. 88 Poems on Life with the Indians. THOMAS PRINCE...... 86 Conference between Truth and Peace. WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE.87 WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE...... 8 Plea for John Clarke. JOHN CLARKE...... 43 AR NE. 91 SAMUEL GORTON..43....4AEEG..1 EDAR JOHJONATHAN EDWARDS..... 102 EDWANR ELIOT.'SON CHARLES CHAUNCY........106 JOHN ELIOT.44 THOMA..C.L.E 106 THOMA CH1ALKLEY..., 106 DANIEL GOOKIN..47 Passage from his life, labors,.travel, &c. Eliot's Teaching. UILA ROSE.. 1 THOMAS SIIEPARD.... To his conmpanion at:sea. Shipwreck off Yarmouth. Piece wrote by him for the boys who carried out the Views of Toleration. weekly news-papers to their master's customers in ROGER CLAP 49 Philadelphia; to whom commoDily every NewNew England Retrospect. Year's day, they present verses of this kind. NATHANIEL MORTON -PETER BULKLEY - JOSI- SAMUEL KEIMER 109 AHl WINSLOW - EDWARD BULKLEY - SAMUEL An elegy on the much lamented DEATH of the INOESTONE-JONATHAN MITCHELL-JOHN SLIER- NIOUS AND WELL-BELOVD AmWLA ROSE. MAN-JOSHUA SCOTTOW. 50 The serrowful lamentation of Samuel Keimer, Printer of the Barbadoes Gazette. ANNE BRADSTREET. 52 Contemplations. GEORGE WEBB......... Old Age recounts the history of the Puritan period, Batchelors' Hall: a Poem. from "The Four Ages of Man." JOSEPH BRIENTNALL..112 Alexander meets Darius, from " The Four Monarchies Lines prefixed to Webb's " Batchelors Hall." of the World." The Flesh and the Spirit JAM~ES RALPH. - 122 JAMES nALPH.........I \ xi.V CONTENTS, PAGE PAGE.ETNJAMIN FRANKLIN.......114 GEORGE BERKELEY. 175 A Parable against Persecution. Verses on the prospect of planting Arts and LearnThe Ephemera; an emblemn of human life. ing in America. The Whistle. CHARLES THOMSON. 180 Dialogue between Franklin and the Gout. ROCERL' RO MERSO isO Paper; a poemW S Paper;a poem. ROBERT ROGERS........180 My plain country Joan. e ar Soug. The Mother Country. JOSEPH-GALLOWAY. 182 The Mechanic's Song. IHECTOR ST. JOHN CREVECEUR.. 183 DAVID FRENCH.........126 American Farmers' Pleasures. Odeg of Anacreon. Song and Instinct. MATHIBEII BYLES...... 126 The Hunmming Bird. To - Desiring to borrow Pope's Homer. A Journey with Franklin. A full and true acconnt of how the lamentable wicked THE LIBRARY COMPANY OF PHILADELPHIA. 187 French and Indian pirates were taken by the val- GEORGE WASINGTON.189 iant Englishlmen. Palssages froT a Sermon on Death. JOHN DICKINSON........191 The Btttlerfly. a Type of the Resurrection. PELEG PFOLGER.. 193 Passage fromt "The Conflagration." Dominune collaudamus. New England Hymn. JOH ADAMS 194 JOSEPH GREEN.......130 Passages front the Diary. Hymn written during a voyage. From the Letters. The Psalm. Rhe Psalm. HUGH WILLIAMSON.......199 Parody by Mather Byles. The Poet's Lamentations for the loss of his cat, which tlUGH PETERS... 200 he used to call his muse. My Wishes. Ode. SAMUEL PETERS...200 JOHN CALLENDER. 133 Passages frosm "Hlistory of Connecticut." Liberal Principles of Rihode Island. THOMAS GODREY..205 JANE TURELL.. ". From "The Prince of Parthia." Hymsssn. Poesy, from n"'The Court of Fancy." An Invitation into the country, in imitation of Song. Horace. A Dithyrambic on Wine. To moy Muse, Dec. 29, 1725. THOMAS PAINE. 207 JfOlN SECCOMB..... 136. Ode on thie Death of General Wolfe. Father Abbey's will; to which is nosw added a letter ~ Reflections on thie Life and Death of Lord Clive. of courtship to his virtuous and amiable widow. Tie American Crisis.-Number One. JOHN BEVERIDGE..... 138 Liberty Tree. To ****i*** From the Castle in the Air to the little Corner of the THOMAS COOMBE..140 Word. Passage from tlie "Peasant of Auburn." ETHAN ALLEN... 216 THOMAS HUTCHINSON... 140 Conquest of Ticonderoga. EARLY CAROLINA LITERATURE 141 FRANCIS HOPKINSON.219 JOHN OSBORN.T 1T42 A letter frosm a gentleman in America to his friend ^A ~1haling S'wi~ ~' ~ ~ in Europe, on white-washing. A nV~ aiing song.,lModern Learning exemplified by a specimen of a colTHE REV. JOHN ADAMS.... 143 legiate examination. From a poem on Society. Dialogue on the address of the Philosophical Society To my Honored Father on the loss of his sight. to Dr. oFranklin. Horace. Book I., Ode 1. Verses. JOHN WINTHROP...145 Description of a Church. Passage friom tie " Lecture on Comets." A Morning Ilymn. SAMUEL CURWEN.146 An Evening Hymn. letter to Richard Ward, Esq., Salem.' An Epitaph for an Infant. Passages from his Diary. A Camp Ballad. BENJAMIN CHURCl... 148 The.Battle of the Kegs. A'' "'''' Scnffl. The New Roof: a Song for Federal Mechanics. Death of King Philip. JACOB DUCIGIf. 229 DAVID BRAINARD.... 150 From "Caspipina's Letters." Indian Superstition. HENRY CRUGER. 231 JAMES iMcSPAHIRAN..........153 Passages from Speeches. iThe Cold Winter 1740-1. The Golden Days of hlarry Cruger. JONATHAN MAYHEW......154 WIILIAM BARTRAM. 233 Passage from a "Thanksgiving Discourse." Epshe oera. Crocodiles on the St. John's. JOHN WOOLMAN....... 156 Evening scene in Florida. Passages fron hsis Diary. EDWARD BANCROFT........238 SAMUEL HOPKINS.. 160 BENJAMIN CHURCH....... 239 SAMSON OCCUM.. 161 RThe Choice, a Poem. WILLIAM LIVINGSTON... IZAB.T 161243 Thie Retreat, from the poem, "Plhilosophic Solitlude."etical Coesonence. Favorite Books. A Wife. JAMES ALLEN..... 245 Conclusion. From the Poem on the Massacre. 5AMES'OTIS....165 ST. GEORGE TUCKER..246 Advantages of Representation. Stanzas. JAMES POWDOIN..167 TISEODORIC BLAND - RICHARD BLAND. 246 Pariaphrase of Economy of Hiuman Life. NATHANIEL EVANS. 247 EZRA STILES.168 Ad G.uiielnumn Lauderum, PP. Extracts from the Literary Diary, Newport, R. I. To William Lauder, P P. (till 1777.) TWILLIAM HENRY DRAYTON. 248 On Kings, from "Lives of the Judges." W R D A. SAMUEL SEABURY.. 172 Passage from Jury Charge. S&0.MUEL SEABURY...... 17 THOMAS JEFFERSON.249 MIERCY WARREN 173 Dialogue between Head and'IIeart. From "The Ladies of Castile." Character of WasJ' — ton. To the Hon. J. Winthrop, Esq., who, on the American Moralities. determination, in 1774, to suspend all commerce with Britain (except for the real necessaries of life). NATHANAi L EMMONAS..... requested a poetical list of the articles the ladies Passages from Jeroboam Sermon. might comprise under that head. JAMES MOODY....... 259 From "A Political Reverie," Jan., 1774. Passages from his Narrative. CONTENTS. xv PAGE PAGE JOSIAH QUINCY, JR.. 261 The Dying Indian. JEREMY BELKNAP.263 Death Song of a Cherokee Indian. The Old Confederation, from "The Foresters." May to April. The New Constitution. The Wild honeysuckle. The Hurricane. ELIJAIH FITCH... 268 St. Catharine's. The True Christian. Neversink. The Choice. Tile Man of Ninety, or a Visit to the Oak. LINDLEY MURRAY...269 The Almanac Maker. Passages from Autobiography. The New England Sabbath-day Chase. Song- To my Wife. New England and New York. From theAddress of the New Yok Convention,1776. To the Memory of the brave Americans, under From the Address of the New York Convention,'1776. General Greene, in South Carolina, who fell in the BENJAMIN RUSH 274 action of September 8, 1781. An Account of the Influence of the Military and Polit- On the Memorable Victory obtained by the gallant ical Events of the American Revolution upon the Captain John Paul Jones of the Bon Homme RichHuman Body. ard, over the Serapis, under the command of CapBiographical Anecdotes of Anthony Benezet. tain Pearson. Biographical Anecdote of Benjamiil Lay. The Battle of Stonington, on the Seaboard of ConnecCOLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY.. 280 ticut. ~JOI~HIN DAX~VIES}S.~ ^~A Bacchanalian Dialogue, written 1803. JOHN DAVIES. Hymns. GOUVERNEUR MORRIS.362 PELATIAH WEBSTER.286 Funeral Oration by the dead body of Hamilton. Thle Restoration of the Bourbons - 1814. JOHN WITITERSPOON..287 AXANDER GRAYDON367 Maxim V., from "The Characteristics.". bei-^ IT'- ir \ ^ ~.. 36T Maxim V., front " The Characteristics." British Officers in Philadelphia before the Revolution. JAMES R1VINGTON 290 James Smith, of Pennsylvania, the Signer of the Witherspoon's Parody of Supplication. Declaration of Independence. Hopkinson's Advertisement Extraordinary. A Prisoner of War in exile, at Flatbush. Freneau's Rivington's Last Will and Testament. Oratory, from "Notes by a Desultory Reader." JAMES M'CLURG.....295 Novels. The Belles of Williarnsburg. TIMOTHY DWIGHT....... 371 Sequel to the Belles of Williamsburg. - Psalm cxxxvii. TIHE REDWOOD LIBRARY...... 297 The Smooth Divine. Colunibia. RICHARD RUSH.2...9....299 RICHARD RUSlH..............299 The Travelled Ape.-From an Epistle to Col. HumWILLIAM C. REDFIELD...... 300 phreys, 1785. JONATHAN MITCHEL SEWALL.. 300 Fall of Empire, from "Greenfield IIill." Epilogue to Cato. Round of American Life, " " Eulogy on Laughing. The Village Clergyman, " " War and Washiington. ANN ELIZA BLEECKER.. 379 HUGH HENRY BRACKENRIDGE... 302 To Mr. L * * * An Ode on the Battle of Bunker's Hill. To Miss Catherine Ten Eyck. A Military Song, by the Armly, on General Washing- PHILLIS WHIEATEY.. 381 ton's victorious entry into the town of Boston. His Excellency General Washington. An Election Scene. Liberty and Peace. Teague a member of the Philosophical Society. To the University of Cambridge, wrote in 1767. Captain Farrago's Instructions to Teague on the On the Death of the Rev. Dr. Sewall, 1769. duello. On the Death of the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield, 1770. An Essay oi Common Sense. A Farewell to America. Prophecy of the greatness of America- from " The BENJAMIN THOMPSON.385 Rising Glory of America." Cooking Hasty Pudding. WILLIAM W~HITE. 313 DAVID lIUMPIREYS. 387 Instructions to Missionaries in China. e with the Wolf. Putnam's Adventure with tlhe Wolf~ ISAIAH THOMAS......316 Mount Vernon; an ode. BERNARD ROMANS.....317 The Shepherd: a song. Tea. The Monkey who shaved himself and his friends; a fable. DAVID RAMSAY..318 JAMES THAER 39 JAMES THIACHER........392 JOHN PARKE. 319 To Melpomlene. COLUMBIA COLLEGE....393 To Lollius. MYLES COOPER..394 On the Return of Augustus from Spain. Stanzas by an Exile from America. To Munatius Plancus. THE CHARLESTON LIBRARY-TIE NEW YORK JOHN WILCOCKS........322 SOCIETY LIBRARY.403 The Two Peac Scks. THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 404 Parody on Pope's Ode to Solitude. BARLOW.408 JOHN TRUMBULL....322 The Baylonian Captivity. An Epithalamium. Guillotine Song. The Liberty Pole- M'Finyal, Canto III. On the Discoveries of Captain Lewis. LEMUEL HOPKINS.. 333 Advice to a Raven in Russia. On General Ethan Allen. Hymn to Peace. Passages from the " Political Green House." The Conspiracy of Kings. A Plea for Union and the Constitution, from the The Hasty Pudding. "Anarchiad." JOHN MARSHALL.....421 The Hypocrite's Hope. Washington. JAMES MADISON.....336 AARON BANCOFT........424 JOHN LEDYARD.... 338 George Washington. WILLIAM LINN......... 340 HANNAH ADAMS......425 Washington. HENRY LEE.. 426 PHILIP FRENEAU.....341 Champe's Expedition. To a truly great man. From the Funeral Oration on the Death of Gen. To a would-he great man. Washington, delivered at the request of Congress. Hymn to Liberty. ROYAL TYLER..432 Lines on Cobbett. From the shop of Messrs. Colon & Spondee. Advice to Authors. Love and Liberty. Directions for Courtship. The author keepeth a country school: the anticipaLines occasioned by a visit to an old Indian burying- tions, pleasures, and profits of a pedagogue. ground. Anecdotes of Dr. Benjamin Franklin, whom the auThe Indian Student; or Force of Nature. thor visits in Philadelphia. xvi CONTENTS. PAGE PAGE ALEXANDER HAMILTON.. 437 Sonnet. The Fate of Major Andre. The Choice. From the EuloOium on Gen. Greene, before the So- The Independent Farmer. ciety of the Cincinnati. America, Commerce, and Freedom. BALLAD LITERATURE, &c., OF THE INDIAN,- TABITHA TENNEY.521 FRENCI, AND REVOLUTIONARY WARS.. 444 Passages from "The Adventures of Dorcasina ShelLovewell's Fight. don." Tildens Poems to animate and rouse the Soldiers, 446. JOSEPH BARTLETT.. 523 Bladdock's Expedition, 446. Passages from " ysioom Ode to the Inhabitants of Pennsylvania, 448. Aphorisms.io y. Wolfe's "How stands the glass around?" "Ap s. JOHN MAYLEM, 449. J K 525 GEORGEH COCIGS. The New York Convention for the Adoption of the BENJAMIN YOUNG PaEIE, 450. Federal Constitution, from an Address before the Hearts of Oak, 451. Law Association. Come, join hand in hand, brave Americans all, 452. ABIEL HOLMES... 529 Come, shake your dull noddles. ST. JOHN HONEYWOOD.530 Thle Massachusetts song of Liberty. The Selfish Man's Payer on tie prospect of war. Come, cheer up, my lads, like a true British band, 453. The Purlse. Planting the Liberty Pole. P rO Ballad of the Gaspee, 454. JOSEPH BROWN LADD....... 532 Verses on Tea, 455. An Invocation to the Almighty. Bob Jingle's Association of the Colonies, 456. Ode to Retirenlent. On hearing that the poor man was tarred and feathered. V hat is Happiness? On Calvert's Plains. SAMUEL LATIIAM MITCHILL..... 534 Hark,'tis Freedom that calls, 457. Krout Club Address. Niles' American Hero. Turtle Club Address. The Bombardment of Bristol, 458. Elegy on a Shell-the Nautilus. Bold Iawthorne, 459. Pythagoras and Sappho; or, the Diamond and the Free America, 460. Rose. Poem on the present war. Memorable Occurrences. Parody by John Tabor Kemp, 462. Speech of Tammany. Fall of British Tyranny, a Tragi-Comedy. BROWN UNIVERSITY 541 Song of St. Tammany, 463. Rise, rise, bright genius, rise, 464. FRANCIS WAYLAND.... 547 Come all you brave soldiers. Passage from Missionary Discourse. Continuation of tiudibras. WILLIAM SMITH.....548 Battle of Trenton, 465. ELKANAH WATSON. 549 The Fate of John Burgoyne, 466. Progress of Sir Jack Brag, 467. JOSIAS LYNDON ARNOLD. 549 Prologue to Zara, 468. Exegi Monumsentum, etc. Lib. 3, Ode 30, Horace. Prescott ballads. Ode to Connecticut River. Tribute to Gen. Francis Nash, 469. Song. Yankee Doodle's Expedition to Rhode Island. DARTMOUTH COLLEGE.. 550 Wyoming Massacre, 470. SAMUEL LOW.55 Washington, by Wheeler Case, 47L The Winter Fireside. The Farll of Burgoyne, 472. On a Spring of Water in Kings County, Long Island. Our farce is now fi.nished. The Congratulation, 473. JOHN S. J. GARDINER.....555 T'he Siege of Savannah. Passages from Discourses. Washington the Hero of the West, 474. WILLIAM DUNLAP.. 558 Major Andlre's Cow-Chase. Scene fr the Com t edy, "The Father of an Only Brave Paulding and the Spy, 476. Child." Song of the Vermonters, 1779, 477. A Night on the Hudson River with Charles Mathews, The American Times, 478. from " The History of the American'Theatre." American Taxation. A Scene with Cooke and Cooper at Cato's, from "The Yankee Doodle, 480. Memoirs of a Water Drinker.". WILLIAM CHARLES WELLS..... 481 ALEXANDER WILSON...... 565 ROBERT DINSMOOR.. 482 Passages from Journals. Skip's Last Advice. The Schoolmaster. The Poet's Farewell to the Muses. At Home on the Susquehanna. The Sparrow. Rab and Ringan, a tale. A Scrap. Connel and Flora, a song. FISHER AMES A s 486terto. Mostrous Relations in Newspapers. The Blue Bird, from "The Ornithology." A Sketch of the Character of Alexander Hamilton. e i aw NOAH WEBSTER 491 JOHN EDMUND HARWOOD..... 575 NOAH WEBSTER........491 Ode to Indolence. NOAH WORCESTER........496 To Miss S —y, on returning the Juvenilia of Wither. JOHN ARMSTRONG.....497 In a Wood. Passage from Newburgh Letters. The Friends to their opposite Neighbors. GEORGE R. MINOT....498 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS...... 577 Treatment of the Acadians, 1755. Song. SARAH WENTWORTH MORTON.. 500 The Wants of an Song for the Celebratipn of the National Peace. From the "Life and Character of James Madison." WILLIAM DUANE..... 00 THADDEUS MASON HARRIS..582 JACOB CAMPBELL..... 3 The Triumtdss of Superstition. JACOBLi CAberty........ 50EThe Little Orator. Li bertry MASON L. WEEMS....501 JOSEPH DENNIE. 53 Early Anecdotes of Washington. To the Public. Keimer's attempt at a new religion, from " The LifeOn th Pi s Study. On Meditation. ~otI~f ~~F~ranklin.~" Ingratitude of Republics. JEDIDIAH MORSE....... 9 On Cleanliness. ALBERT GALLATIN.......509 DAVID EVERETT58 RICHARD ALSO........512 Lines spoken at a school exhibition, by a little boy Elegy. seven years old. A Newspaper Thunder-storm. Governor Hancock's Message on Stage Plays. SAMUEL MILLER.....590 Jefferson's Inaugural -Indian Ameliorations, 1805. DE WITT CLINTON.. 591 SUSANNA ROWSON........519 Provincial Influences on Literature, from the DisAffection. course before the Literary and Philosophical To Time. Society. CONTENTS. xvii PAGE PAGZE Parties, from " The Letters of Hibernicus." The Gods Mingling in the Battle, from the twentieth Literary Taste, " " book of the Iliad. DAVID HOSACK..595 PAUL ALLEN. 670 FREDERICK DALCIIO.596 The Childof Japhet. AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. 596 LYMAN BEECHER 671 RUTGERS COLLEGE....... 601 WILLIAM MEADE........672 JOHN M. MASON..603 HENRY BOND..672 From the Funeral Oration on Washington. JOHN HENRY HOBART. 673 JOSEPH HOPKINSON 605 American Principles of Civil Freedom. History of the Song of Hail Columbia. PHILANDER CHASE. 674 WILLIAM MARTIN JOHNSON.607 Father Nash. On a Snow-Flake falling on a Lady's Breast. JOHN J. AUDUBON....678 Winter. Common Mocking-Bird. Spring. JOHN BLAIR LINN..680 Fame. Passage from "The Powers of Genius." Epitaph on a Lady. HENRY CLAY 682 HENRY CLAY.. 682 CHARLES BROCKDEN BROWN. 608 From the Speech on the Greek Revolution, Jan. 20, First Appearance of Carwin, from "Wieland." 182. Yellow Fever Scenes in Philadelphia, 1793, from Address to Lafayette on his Reception by the Htouse "Arthur Mervyn." of Representatives, Dec. 10, 1824. THOMAS GREEN FESSENDEN... 617 From the Valedictory Address to the Senate, 1842. The Country Lovers, etc. JOHN SHAW. 684 HOSEA BALLOU....621 A Sleighing Song. Blessings of Christ's Universal Reign. JOHN BRISTED.685 HOSEA BALLOU,d....... 621 WILLIAM AUSTIN..... 686 NATHANAEL HOWE.... 622 A Dinner with Godwin, Holcroft, and Wolcot, from the "Letters from London." JOHN GRISCOM.... 622 CONRAD SPEECE...623 EDWARD LIVINGSTON.... 687 ELIHU H. SMITH.. 623 ZEBULON MONTGOMERY PIKE.. 688 Epistle to the Author of the Botanic Garden. JOEL R. POINSETT... 689 STEPIIEN ELLIOTT.... 625 CLEMENT C. MOORE..690 CHARLES CALDWELL.......626 A Visit from St. Nicholas. Sketch of the Rev. James Hall, of North Carolina. -WILLIAM PINKNEY..691 WILLIAM CLIFFTON... 628 F. S. KEY..692 Epistle to W. Gifford, Esq. Song. To a Robin. The Star-Spangled Banner. To Fancy. Hymn for the Fourth of July. Il Penseroso. AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 693 Song. A Flight of Fancy. SIMON GREENLEAF..693 WILLIAM RAY.......633 BEVERLEY TUCKER..694 Song. HENRY COLMAN....... 695 JOSIAH QUINCY.... 633 HENRY LEE.. 695 JOIIN FANNING WATSON.... 636 SAMUEL G. DRAKE..696 ISABELLA OLIVER..... 637 WILLIAM RAWLE........697 JOHN LATHIROP....637 HENRY M. BRACKENRIDGE.. 698 Ode for the Twentieth Anniversary of the Massachu- St. Genevieve on the Mississippi at the close of the setts Charitable Fire Society, last century. ARCHIBALD ALEXANDER...639 Notices of the author's father, Judge H. II. BrackenNatural Scenery seen by the youth and the man. ridge. JAMES WADDEL ALEXANDER. 643s and Jefferson. FRANCIS GLASS..703 JOSEPH ADDISON ALEXANDER.. ~644 IN FRANCE 70 PINKNEY'S TRAVELS TN FRANCE 704 WILLIAM VIKR.. 644 Passport Scene at Calais in the days of the Empire. James Waddell, the Blind Preacher, from " The Bri- Fete Champltre in a village on a hill at Montreuil. tish Spy." Eloquence of the Pulpit, from "The Old Bachelor." WILLIAM B. SPRAGUE.......07 Jefferson at Monticello, from the "Eulogium on MOSES STUART........708 Adams and Jefferson." WILLIAM ELLERY CHANNING.. 709 Patrick IHenrry, from the " Sketches." Military Genius, from the " Essay on Napoleon." JOHN PICKERING........652 Religion in Literature, from the "Essay on Fenelon." NATHANIEL BOWDITCII. 653 HENRY T. FARMER.712 JOHN RANDOLPH..654 The Woes of Modern Greece; a Prize Poem. Passages from Speeches. TIMOTHIY FLINT.712 DAVID HITCHCOCK..656 The Shores of the Ohio. Passage from "The Shade of Plato." IIENRY PICKERING.713 WILLIAM BIGELOW.. 657 The ouse in which I was Born: once the ead Receipt to make a Magazine. quarters of Washington. The Cheerful Parson. TIle Dismantled Cabinet. ROBERT TREAT PAINE, JR. 659 Te Buckwheat Cake. From "TThe Ruling Passion." hENRY J. FINN716 Adams and Liberty. Passage fronm the Comic Annual. ISAAC STORY.........661 DANIEL WEBSTER. 717 Sign Board. Moral Force of Public Opinion, from the Speech on Ode to Poverty, the Revolution in Greece. Peter's Adieu to the City. The Union -Peroration of second Speech on Foot's LEONARD WOODS.663 Resolution in Reply to tIayne. The Secret of Murder —the Trial of Knapp for the WILLIAM SULLIVAN. 664 Murder. of White. Sketch of Hamilton, from the "Famiiiar Letters." From the Address before the New York Historical ROBERT GOODLOE HARPER. 665 Society, 1852. Passages from Speeches. Letter on the Morning, to Mrs. J. W. Paige. ~MATHEW CAREY.667 JOHN C. CALHOUN....722 IIAII ^.M D............ 9 t7 State Sovereignty, from the Speech on'the Force Bill WILLIAM MUNFORD.......669 in the Senate, February, 1833. xviii CONTENTS. PAGE PAGE ROBERIT WALSH. 725 RICHARD DABNEY.. 794 Sentences, from " Didactics." Translation from Sappho. CONV"ERS FRANCIS........728 Youth and Age. The Tribute. HENRY WHEATON........728 An Epigram, imitated from Archias. CIIARLES J. INGERSOLL..... 729 NATHANIEL H. CARTER. 796 Book-making Travellers in America, from 4Inchiquin's Letters." LEWinsLCASS.s."1 WILLIAM ELLIOTT. 796 LEWIS CASS...731 Passag es from Fiesco. Passage from'Address before the Ne;w England So- Passaes from Fieso ~~~~ciety of Michl~igan. Passages from Sporting Papers. TIHOMAS HART BENTON. 732 SAMUEL JACKSON GARDNER..799 Character of Nathaniel Macon,'from tile "Thirty ABNER MORSE........ 799 Years' View." WILLIAM J. GRAYSON..... 800 JOHN FREDERICK SCIIROEDER.734 A Sunday Scene at the South. HENRY A. S. DEARBORN. 735 UNIVERSITY OF NORTHI CAROLINA.. 801 JOHN SANDERSON........735 WILLIAM JAY..... 803 The Parisian "Pension." JOSEPH K. ANGELL.......804 SELLECK OSBORN.. 736 RICHARD HENRY WILDE..805 New England. Sonnets, translated from Tasso. WASHINGTON IRVING.......737 To the Mocking Bird. The Dull Lecture. Stanzas. The Stout Gentleman, from "Bracebridge HIall." JAMES FENIMORE COOPER 807 The Broken Heart, from the " Sketch Book." Capture of a Whale, from "The Pilot." Description of the powerful Army assembled at the The Panther, from "The Pioneers." City of New Amsterdam, fromn'"Knickerbocker's Deerslayer at the Death of his Savage Foe. New York." The Last Days of Washington. JAMES A. HILLHOUSE.816 "WILtIAM IRVING.741 Passage from HIadad. WILIAM IofTwoSVI sters........aBl741 mLast Evening of the World, from "The Judgment." Vision of Two Sisters in a Ball Room. Interview of HIadad and Tamar. DICKINSON COLLEGE..... 752 The Temptation. JAMES T. AUSTIN 74 The Education of Men of Leisure, from "The RelaPassages from thie Life of Elbridge Gerry. tions of Literature to a Republican Government." SAMUEL L. KNAPP...7541 JOHN W. FRANCIS....... 820.7VIT F151 TVT T^TChristopher Colices. LEVI pi F' ~' ~ ~' ELIZA TOWNSEND......825 A Castle in the Air. nTe Incomprehensibility of God. JOSEPH S. BUCKMINSTER.. 756 The Rainbow. DAVID HOFFMAN.758 SARAH J. HALE..826 Fame and Authorship, from the Introduction to America's National Thanksgiving IIymn. Viator." JOB DURFEE..827 GULIAN C. VERPLANCK.... 761 Roger Williams in the Forest. The Mother and the Schoolmaster. LEVI WOODBUY 828 BENJAMIN DORR........764 Means and Motives in American Education. JOSEPHI PALMER. 764 Description of the'White Mountains. SAMUEL WOODWORTII.7H 761 SAMUEL IH. TURNER... 831 Autumnal Reflections. THlE UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT. 831 The Pride of tile Valley. CIIARLES SRAGUE.. 835 The Old Oaken Bucket. Prize Prologue, recited at the Opening of the Park JOHN PIERPONT.766 Theatre, 1821. Invitations of the Muse, from "Airs of Palestine." Art. An Italian Scene. The Traveller, from " Curiosity." Dedication Hymn. The Brothers. Centennial Ode. The Winged Worshippers. M. M. NOAH.767 CHARLES JAMES SPRAGUE... 837 Letter to William Dunlap, Esq. The Empty House. FRANKLIN COLLEGE, GA. 770 LYDIA nI. SIGOURNEY..... 828 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, MD. 771 Indian Names. C. S. RAFINESQUE..73 Poetry. Janmestown Church. DANIEL DRAKE - BENJAMIN DRAKE. 773 Life's Evening. NICHOLAS BIDDLE........774 The Early Blue-bird. ~~GARDINER SPRING. ~7 ~75 ~Talk with the Sea. GARDINER SPRING........775 Solitude. A Popular Preacher. Jes of Nazareth. ANDREWS NORTON......776 Niagara. Scene after a Summer Shower. A Literary Life. On Listening to a Cricket. JONATHAN MAYHEW WAINWRIGHT. 844 hlymn. Funeral Dirge' EDWIN C. IIOLLAND...845 JOHN ENGLAND...... The Pillar of Glory. THOMAS SMITH GRIMK.. 779 WILLIAM It. TIMROD.....845 Passage from a Fourth of July Oration. To arry. Passage from Preface to Oration on American Educa- HENRY TIMROD...8...45 tion. The Past - a Fragment. SAMUEL FARMAR JARVIS.. 780 The Cotton Boll. Spring. WILLIAM CRAFTS.781 Ode. Monody on the Death of Decatur JOHN HOWARD PAYNE.848 JOHN HOWARD PAYNE. 848 ELIZA LESLIE 782 Fragment. The Montagues in America, from' "Mrs. Washington Home, Sweet Home. Potts." Ode. RICHARD HENRY DANA...... 784 The Tomb of Genius. The Little Beach Bird. JAMES HALL 852 Immortality, from "The Husband and Wife's Grave." Solitude. The Buccaneer. Pierre. the French Barber's Indian Adventure, from Edmund Kean's Lear, from the Paper on Kean's "The Dark Maid of Illinois." Acting. Influence of Home, from the Paper on Domestic Life. WILLIAM L. STONE...... 858 CONTENTS. xix PAGE PAGE HENRY ROWE SCHOOLCRAFT 859 Morning Sunlight, from "Zophil." The White Stone Canoe-from the "Talcs of a Wig- Song, from' Zophiel." warn." JOSEPH RODMAN DRAKE... 926 WILLIAMS COLLEGE....862 Paso-age from "Lines to John Lang." CYRUS EATON. 8(15 Passages from "the Culprit Fay." Impromptu. EDWARD HITCHICOCK...... 866 The Mlocking Bird. HENRY C. CAREY........867 Sonnet. SILAS PINCKNEY HOLBROOK.....869 To the Defenders of New Orleans. SILAS PINCKNEY HOLBROOK..... 869 Brox. Bronx~ CHARLES LANMAN........870 To Ennui, from "The Croakers." HENRY COGSWELL KNIGHT..870 Ode to Fortune, The Country Oven. To Croaker, Junior, FREDERICK KNIGHT..871 The American Flag, Faith. FITZ GREENE HALLECK..932 The Iron Greys. HEW AINSLIE...872 To * * The Abselnt Father. Domestic Happiness, from "The Croakers." The Ingle Side. Song, from "Fanny." JOHN NEAL.....873 On the Death of Joseph Rodman Drake. A War Song of the Revolution. Marco Bozzaris. The Birth of a Poet. A Poet's Daughter. ORVILLE DEWEY. 876 Connecticut. Study, from his Phi Beta Kappa Address in 1830. Psalm cxxxvii.-" By the rivers of Babylon." T~JARE~D SAPARK-S........ 87- Cutting, from "The Croakers." JAMES G. PERCIVAL..939 EDWARD ROBINSON.7...... 879 JM GThe Spirit of Poetry, from "Clio." TIIERESE ROBINSON.......881 A Platonic Bacclanal Song. EDWARD EVERETT..881 The Serenade. PAssages from his Phi Beta Kappa Poem. To S(neca Lake. Benefits to America of One National Literature. The'raves of thle Patriots. The Men and Deeds of the Revolution. Tle Parting of Hector and Andromache. Passages from his Oration at Gettysburg. A Sonnet. Scott at Allbbotsford in 1818. Anapestic, from "Classic Melodies." IIENRY WARE-IHENRY WARE, JR.-JOIIN WARE DANIEL PIERCE THIOPSON 944 -WILLIAM WARE.889 A School-Conmitte-Man and a Lawsuit. Sonnet on the Completion of Noyes's Translation of ROBERT BAIRD...... 947 the Prophets. November, 1837. JOHN P. KENNEDY 949 Death of Probus, from "Anreliant." Description of Swallow Barn. Zenobia, Fausta. and Piso, from "Zenobia." Pusuits of a Philosopher Repose, from the "Lectures on Allston." A Spanish Bull Figlt. CAROLINE GILMAN.895 JOIN GORHIAM PALFREY.. 955 The Plantation. Tothe PUrsuines. Religious Opportunities of Age. l~T~o the Ulr~sulines.~ The Regicides in New England. CAROLINE H. GLOVER... 897 The Witchcraft Tragedy. Spring Time. SARAH II. PALFREY. 961 CARLOS WILCOX..897 Passage from " Manhood." Spring in New England, from the "Age of Benevo- HORACE MANN 962 lence." Health and Temperance, from "Thoughts for a WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT..... 899 Young Mian." Drought. Last Address to his Students. Thanatopsis. To a atow. GEORGE BUSH.......964 June. JOHN G. C. BRAINARD.. 966 The Death of the Flowers. To the Daughter of a Friend. Oh, Fairest of the Rural Maids. On Connecticut River. To the Evening Wind. Salmon River. Song of Marion's Men. The Black Fox of Salmon River. The Battle Field. The Sea Bird's Song. The Land of Dreamns. Stanzas. Robert of lincoln. GEORGE TICKNOR...969 Corn-Slluckling in South Carolina, from the "Letters The Author's Key-note to Spanish Literature. of a Traveller." Spanish Love Ballad, from the Romancero of Pedro Not Yet. Flores, 1594. At the Pyramids, from "Letters from the East." Hymn on the Ascension, fiom the Spanish of Luis de Extracts from the Iliad: The Exordium; Hector's leon. Parting with Andromache; The Trojan Watch- i)on Quixote. Camp. La Dama Duende of Calderon. Extraats from the Odyssey: How Ulysses Bent his Literary Ilabits of William IHickling Prescott. Bow; Meeting of Ulysses and Penelope. WILLITAM. PRESCOTT. 6 The Planting of the Alple Tree. The lteturn of Cohnllm, is after his First Voyage, from Waiting by th ate te Ilistory of Ferdinand and Isabella. JOIIN HOWARD BRYANT... 913 Queen Isabella, fiomn tlhe same. Lines on finding a Fountain in a secluded part of a Death of Montezuma, fron the Conquest (f Mexico. Forest. Montezuma's Way of Life, from " " JOHN D. GODMAN....... 914 An Auto de Fe in Spain, from the History of Philip The Pine Forest. the Second. BOWDOIN COLLEGTE....915 The English Character. T TNION COLLEGE 917 CHARLES FOLLEN..986 LI^IUJNION ,^^...O.L...G. 9 Scliiller's Love of Liberty, from the lectures on JOHN E. HOLBROOK.....922 Schiller. MARIA BROOKS93 M. F... 989 Passages from "Zophiil." -Passages from " Zo;phiel." On the- Death of a Beautiful Girl. Egla Sleeping in the Grove of Acacias, from " Zophiil." CALVIN COLTON.....989 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE PAGE PAGE Seal of Harvard College.. 9 Autograph of Thomas Godfrey. 205 Portrait and Autograph of Fisler Portrait of Thomas llollis..10 Portrait and Autograph of Thomas Ames....486 Harvard Hall, 1682.... 11 Paine.. 207 Portrait and Autograph of Noah Gore Hall.. 15 Portrait and Autograph of Ethan Webster. 491 Autograph of Nathaniel Ward. 23 Allen.. 216 Portrait and Autograph of Noah John Cotton. 26 Portrait and Autograph of Francis Worcester.. 496 Thomas IHooker. 9 Hopkinson.. 219 Autograph of Geo. R. Minot.. 498 Residence of Thomas Iooker, at Autograph of Henry Cruger. 231 Portrait and Autograph of Mason L. Hartford. 29 William Bartram. 234 Weems.. 502 Autograph of John Winthrop. 31 John Bartram..234 Pohick Church, Va... 504 William Bradford. 35 Bartram's House. 235 Autograph of Jedidiah Morse..509 Roger Williams. 37 The Old South Church.. 240 Portrait and Autograph of Albert John Eliot. 44 Autograph of S. G. Tucker. 246 Gallatin.. 511 Daniel Gookin. 47 Theodore Bland. 246 Portrait and Autograph of R. Alsop. 512 Thomas Shepard. 47 Richard Bland..247 Portrait and Autograph of James Roger Clap... 49 Portrait and Autograph of Thomas Kent.... 526 Nathaniel Morton. 50 Jefferson. 249 Autograph of St. Johln Iloneywood. 531 A. Bradstreet.. 52 Autograph of Josiah Quincy, Jr.. 261 Portrait an'd Autograph of Samuel William Hubbard. 61 Portrait and Autograph of Jeremy L. Mitchill... 534 Michael Wigglesworth. 62 Belknap. 265 Portrait of Nicholas Brown 542 Portrait and Autograph of Cotton Portrait and Autograph of Lindley Brown University.. 545 Mather.. 64 Murray.. 270 Portrait of Eleazer Wheclock. 551 Autograph of John Williams. 75 Autograph of John Jay... 273 Dartmouth College.. 552 Portrait of James Logan... 82 Portrait and Autograph of Benjamin Autograph of Samuel Low. 554 Autograph of Roger Wolcott. 84 Rush... 275 Portrait and Autograph of William Portrait and Autograph of Cadwal- Nassau Hall, Princeton.. 283 Dunlap... 558 lader Colden... 85 Portrait and Autograph of John Portrait and Autograph of AlexAutograph of Thomas Prince..86 Witherspoon... 289 ander WVilson.. 567 William and Mary College. 87 The Redwood Library.. 298 Portrait and Autograph of J. Q. Portrait and Autograph of James Portrait and Autograph of H. H. Adams... 579 Blair... 89 Brackenridge... 305 Autograph of T. M. I arris. 582 Portrait of Elihu Yale.. 91 Autograph of William White. 316 Samuel Miller..590 Yale College..... 95 Antiquarian Society IHall,Worcester. 317 D. Hosack.. 595 Yale Library.. 97 Portrait and Autograph of David Frederick Delcho.596 Portrait and Autograph of Jona- Ramsay.. 18 Portrait of David Ritteiinouse. 597 than Edwards... 102 Birthplace of Trumbull.. 323 Autograph of Joln M. Mason.. 603 Birthplace of Franklin.. 114 Portrait and Autograph of John Portrait and Autograph of I. IopPortrait and Autograph of Benja- Trumbull.. 24 kinson.. 606 rin Franklin. 117 Portrait and Autograph of Lemuel Portrait and Autograph of C. B. Portrait and Autograph of Mather Iopkins. 333 Brown.. 610 Byles.. 127 Autograph of James Madison..337 Autograph of T. G. Fessenden 617 Autograph of Joseph Green..130 Willian Linnl..340 Portrait of Elihu II. Smith..624 J. Callender.. 133 Philip Freneau.. 342 Autograph of Stephen Elliott.. 626 Thos. Hutchinson. 140 Portrait and Autograph of Gouver- Portrait of William Cliffton..629 Rev. John Adams. 143 neur Morris.. 362 Autograph of Josiah Quincy.. 634 Joln Winthrop. 145 Autograph of Alex. Graydon.. 367 Portrait and Autograph of ArchiBenjamin Church. 148 Portrait and Autograph of Timothy bald Alexander.. 640 David Brainerd.. 150 Dwighlt... 371 Portrait and Autograph of William Portrait and Autograph of Jonathan Dwight's House in New Haven, from Wirt.. 645 Mayhew. 155 an original drawing.. 373 Autograph of John Pickering. 652 Autograph of John Woolman.. 156 Portrait of Ann Eliza Bleecker. 380 Nath'l Bowditch. 653 S. Hopkins. 160 Portrait and Autograph of Phillis John Randolph.. 655 Samson Occum. 161 Wheatley..381 Portrait and Autograph of Robert Portrait and Autograph of William Autograph of Benjamin Thompson. 386 Treat Paiie, Jr..659 Livingston... 161 Portrait and Autograph of David Portrait and Autograph of William Liberty HIall... 162 Humphreys... 388 Sullivan.....664 Portrait and Autograph of James Humphreysville, Ct... 390 Portrait and Autograph of Mathew Otis.. 166 Portrait of Samuel Johnson. 393 Carey... 668 Portrait and Autograph of Ezra Portrait and Autograph of Myles Autograph of P. Allen. 670 Stiles... 169 Cooper.. 394 Phlilander Chase. 674 Portrait and Autograph of Mercy Columbia College...400 Portrait and Autograph of John J. Warren. 173 Portrait of William Smith. 404 Audubon.. 678 Portrait and Autograph of George The University of Pennsylvania. 406 Autograph of Clay... 682 Berkeley..... 175 Portrait and Autograph of Joel Bar- F. S. Key... 692 Whitehall, Berkeley's residence. 176 low.409 B. Tucker... 694 The Philadelphia Library. 188 Portrait and Autograph of J. Mar- HIenry Colman.. 695 Autograph of George Washington. 189 shall..421 S. G. Drake. 697 Portrait and Autograph of John Autograph of A. Bancroft. 424 Portrait and Autograph of H. M. Dickinson.191 Portrait and Autograph of Hannah Brackenridge..698 Portrait and Autograph of John Adams. 426 Autograph of Wm. B. Sprague. 707 Adams.. 195 Portrait and Autograph of Alex. Portrait and Autograph of Wm. ElAutograph of Hugh Williamson. 199 Hamilton... 439 lery Channing... 710 Samuel Peters..201 Autograph of Robert Dinsmoor. 482 Autograph of Timothy Flint..712 xxi xxii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE PAGE PAGE Portrait and Autograph of Henry Portrait and Autograph of Richard Portrait and Autograph of Caroline Pickering... 714 enry Wilde... 805 Gilman.. 896 Portrait and Autograph of Daniel Portrait and Autograph of James Autograph of Carlos Wilcox.. 897 Webster. 718 Feimore Cooper.. 807 Portrait and Autograph of William Portrait and Autograph of John C. Otsego Hall.811 C. Bryant.. 901 Calhoun. 723 Portrait and Autograph of James A. Residence of William C. Bryant. 902 Portrait and Autograph of Robert Ilillhouse..817 Autograph of John D. Godman. 914 Walsh.. 726 Portrait and Autograph of John W. Bowdoin College...916 Autograph of Henry Wheaton. 728 Francis.. 822 Portrait and Autograph of Eliphalet Portrait and Autograph of Charles Autograph of Job Durfee.. 827 Nott... 918 J. Ingersoll... 730 James Marsh.. 832 Portrait and Autograph of Tayler Autograph of Lewis Cass.. 731 Portrait and Autograph of Charles Lewis.. 919 Portrait and Autograph of Thomas Sprague. 835 Union College.. 920 11. Benton.. 732 Residence of Mrs. L. H. Sigourney. 839 Portrait and Autograph of Maria Portrait and Autograph of Wash- Portrait and Autograph of Mrs. L. Brooks 923 ington Irving...739 H. Sigourney... 839 Portrait and Autograph of Joseph Sunnyside... 710 Portrait and Autograph of John Rodman Drake... 927 Portrait of Charles Nisbet..752 Howard Payne.. 848 Portrait and Autograph of FitzDickinson College.. 753 Park Theatre.. 849 Greene Halleck... 933 Autograph of Samuel L. Knapp. 755 Portrait and Autograph of James Portrait and Autograph of James Levi Frisbie. 755 Hall.854 G. Percival.. 940 Portrait and Autograph of J. S. Portrait and Autograph of William Portrait and Autograph of D. P. Buckminster... 757 L. Stone. 858 Thompson 945 Autograph of D. Ioffman.. 758 Portrait and Autograph of Henry Portrait and Autograph of John P. S. Woodworth.. 765 R. Schoolcraft. 859 Kennedy..949 John Pierpont.. 766 Elmwood.. 859 Residence of John P. Ke;nledy. 950 Portrait and Autograph of MM. Williams College... 861 Autograph of Horace Mann.. 962 Noah.... 768 Autograph of Edward Hitchcock 866 Portrait and Autograph of George St. John's College, Md.. 772 Henry C. Carey.867 Bush. 964 Autograph of Nicholas Biddle. 775 John Neal.. 874 Portrait and Autograph of John G. Andrews Norton. 777 Portrait and Autograph of Jared C. Brainard... 966 Thomas S. Grimke. 779 Sparks. 878 Portrait and Autograph of George VWilliam Crafts..781 Portrait and Autograph of Edward Ticknor 970 Portrait of Eliza Leslie.. 782 Robinson.. 879 Portrait and Autograph of William Portrait and Autograph of Richard Portrait and Autograph of Edward II. Prescott..97 H. Dana...784 Everett.. 883 Portrait and Autograph of Charles Residence of Richard II. Dana. 786 Portrait and Autograph of William Follen..986 University of North Carolina. 802 Ware.. 891 Autograph of Calvin Colton. 990 C Y C LO PED I OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. GEOROE SANDYS. "Review of God's Mercies to him in his travels," TEE first English literary production penned in an eloquent poem which he wrote in welcoming America, at least which has any rank or name his beloved England, and in which he does not in the general history of literature, is the transla- forget the perils of the American wilderness in tion of Ovid's Metamorphoses, by George Sandys, That new-found-out-world, where sober night printed in folio in London in 1626. The writer Takes from the Antipodes her silent flight, was the distinguished traveller, whose book on the countries of the Mediterranean and the Holy and where he had been preserved Land, is still perused with interest by curious From the bloody massacres readers. It was some time after his return from Of faithless Indians; from their treacherous wars the East, that he was employed in the government of the Colony in Virginia, where he held As a poet he has gained the respect of Dryden, the post of treasurer of the company. There, on who pronounced him the best versifier of his age, the banks of James river, he translated Ovid, ad f Pope, who commended his verses, in his under circumstances of which he has left a me- notes to the Iliad.* We may quote a few lines morial in his dedication of the work to King of his Ovid, as a pleasing memorial of this classic Charle I s., as he informs that monarch his poem theme pursued amidst the perils and trials of the was "limned by that imperfect light, which was early colonial settlement. We may fancy him snatched from the hours of night and repose. looking round him, as he wrote, upon the rough For the day was not his own, but dedicated to materials of the Golden Age of Virginia, testing the service of his father and himself; and had Ovid's poetical dreams by the realities. that service proved as fortunate, as it was faith- METAMORPHOSIS, BOOK L ful in him, as well as others more worthy, they The Golden Age was first; which uncompeld had hoped, before the revolution of many years, And without rule, in faith and truth exceld, to have presented his majesty with a rich and As then, there was nor punishment nor fear; well peopled kingdom. But, as things had turned, Nor threatning laws in brass prescribed were; he had only been able to bring from thence him- Nor suppliant crouching prisoners shook to see self and that composition, which needed more Their angrie judge. * * * * than a single denization. For it was doubly a In firm content stranger, being sprung from an ancient Roman And harmless ease, their happy days were spent, stock, and bred up in the New World, of the The yet-free Earth did of her own accord rudeness whereof it could not but participate; (Untorn with ploughs) all sorts of fruit afford. especially as it was produced among wars and Content with nature's unenforced food, tumults; instead of under the kindly and peaceful T gather ildings, straw'bries of the wood, influences of the muses."* Sour cornels, what upon the bramble grows, Sandys was a gentleman of a good stock, his And acorns which Jove's spreading oak bestows. a gthe Archbishops of aYork, and the'Twas always Spring; warm Zephyrus sweetly father being the Archbishop of York, and the blew friend of Hooker, by whom his brother Edwin On smiling flowers, which without setting grew. was educated. His piety is expressed in his ~~_____________________________________ * Holmes, Am. Annals, i. 184. Egerton Brydges, Censura Literaria, vi. 135. Bancroft, History United States, i 284. * Stith, Hist. of Va., Bk. v. He has slightly adapted the There is a copy of the Ovid ea dono ThwomnHooUi in the Harbanguase of Sandys's preface to Ovid. yard Library. 1 2 CYCLOP1EDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE Forthwith the earth, corn unmanured bears; Golden Fleece there is a commendation of NewAnd every year ren:ews her golden ears: foundland and its bounteous fishery, with many With milk a:id nectar were the rivers fill'd; allusions to historical incidents of the period. And yellow honey from green elms distilled. Vaughan's Church Militant published many years subsequently, in 1640, is one of those long WILLIAM VAUGHAN. labored historical deductions in crabbed verse, AT about the same time v ith Sandys in Virginia, which Puritan writers loved heavily to trudge William Vaughan, a poet and physician from through. When the weary journey is accomWales, took up his residence on a district of land plished, the muse, as if exultil:g at the terminawhich he had purchased in Newfoundland. Here tion, rises to a somewhat clearer note, in good he established a planltation, which he called Cail- strong Saxon, in view of the English reformation. briol, and to invite settlers from England, sent home.i * lz ~.The spouse of Christ shone il her prime, and publishle his Colden fleece, a quaint tract Whenl she liv'd near th' Apostles' time, in prose aad verse, intended through the medium But afterwards eclips'd of light, of satire and fancy to set forth the discourage- She lay obscure fiom most imen's sight; merits of England and the encouragements of For while her watch hugg'd carnal ease, Amer;ca, In his dedication of the work to King And loath'd the cross, she felt disease. Charles, th3 author, who wrote also several other Because they did God's rays contemn, poems in Latin and English, calls himself Or- And maumets* served, Grace fled fi om them. pheus Jr. "Were it not," says Oldmixon, " a Then stars fell down, fiends blackt the air, trouble one might remark, that neither the vicar's And moiglels held the Church's cL.air, lion, nor the pilot's mermaid, is more a prodigy, But now dispelling erior's night, than an Orpheus in Newfoundland, though there By Christ his might, our new-man's light, was one actually there, if the poet Vaughan was She may compare for faith alike So. t With famous Rome's first Catholic,.,^'r^~~~.^~~.1' * Anld paragolls for virtue briglht The Golden Fleece, which is now a very rare Te royal scrie's sweet burite book, is a curious composition of the puritan way Who taill'd to zeal, yet witot tiaps, of thinkilg engrafted on the old classic machinery Ier poor yourg sister wantil:g paps; of Apollo and his court. It has sense, shrewdness, Without traditions she traiin'd her, some poetry, aid much downright railing,-the Or quillets, which make souls to err. last in a school, the satirical objurgatory, which was brought to perfection, or carried to excess, in So feeds our Church her tender brood Ward's Simple Cobler of Agawam. Vaughan With milk, the stog with stoge fod She doth contezld ill grace to thlive, vents his humors in a depreciaticn of the times, in Reproved like the pinritive. a kind of parody of the Litany, which he puts dar, yet Ralke the ropund, into the mouth of Florio, the Italian novelist, then And joys to hear the Gospel's sound. in vogue. She hates their mind in judgment blind, From blasplleming of God's name, U ho swell with merits out of kind. From recaslting words with shame, II Chlist alone lies all her hope, From damnlation! eternral, Not cravinlg help of saint or Pope. From a rich soul internal, Poor saints, to show her faith by deeds, From a sinner will niot mend, She fills their souls, their bodies feeds. From a friend, that will not lend, She grants no weapons for offence, From all modern abuses, Save vows and fasting for defence; From much things to no uses, And yet she strikes. But with what sword? From Iglatian's cursed swords, The spirit's sword, God's lightning word. From air Alchymist's fair words, Indiff'rent toys and childish slips From those Friars which cloaks use, Y so t sa Se f wiv. P From those Fliars which cloaks use, She slights, but checks gross sills with stripes As from such tlhat haunt the stews, Yet soon the strays her favor win:, From such sins as do delight us, When they repent them of the si, As from dleams which deo aflight us, So mild is she, still loathirg ill, From parasites that stroke us, And yet most loathe the soul to kill. From morsels that will choke us, Such is the Lady, whom I serve; From false sycophants, that soothe us, Her goodness such, whom I observe, As fiom those in sin do smooth us, And for whose love I beg'd these lays From all profane discourses, Borne from the spheres with flaming rays. From all urgodly courses Sweet angel free WILLIAM MORELL. deliver me. WILLIAM MORELL, an Eiglish clergyman of thr Some of Vaughan's descriptions, as in his ac- Established Church, came to America in 1623, count of the fairer sex, smack strongly of old with the company sent out by the Plymouth counBurton, whose Anatomy of Melancholy was then cil, under the command of Capta:in Robert, son in its first popularity. In the third part of the of Sir Ferdinando Gorges. Morell bore a commission from the Ecclesiastical Court in England * The Golden Fleece, divided into three parts, under which to exercise a superintendence over the churches are discovered th" errors of relirion, the vices and decay of the which were r might be established in the colony. kingdom, and, lastly, the way to get wealth and to restore trad- "ihwroby tis be ls i ttlC in,. so much complained of. Transported from Cambrioll Col-company to form a se chos, ->lt of the soiothernmot part of the Island, commonly called Lhe Newfound'and, by Orpheus Junior. for the general and perpetual good of Great Britain. 1626. Small 4to. * Idols: the word is used for puppets by Shakespeare. L + Oldmixon. Brit. Emp. in Am. i. 8. Henry IV., Act 2, Scene 8. WILLIA MORELL; WILLIAM WOOD. 8 ment at Wessagussett, now Weymouth, in Mfaassa- WILLIAM WOOD. chusetts, was unsuccessful. After Gorges's re- CHEERFUL William Wood was at that period a turn, Morell remained a year at Plymouth and sojourner in the sale colony. Returning home then returned to England, where he soon after in 1633, he published in London, in 164, the published in Latin hexameters and English hero- first printed account of Massachusetts in New ics, the latter a little rough, his poem Nova England's Prospect being, as its title page well Anglia, which he addressed, to King Charles I. describes it, "a true, lively, and experillental deIt is mainly taken up with the animal inhabitants scription."* "I have laid down," says he, "the of the land and their conquerors, the native In- nature of the country, without any partial respect dians. The opening address to New England is unto it as being my dwelling-place, where I have really grand. We have marked one line by italics, lived these four vears, and intend, God willing, to for its stirring tone, in the English portion, which return shortly again." is somn3thing more than a mere literal version of This tract is divided into two parts, the one his Latin. We give both. treating of the situation and circumstances of the colonists; the other, of the manners and customs NOA ANGLIA. of the native Indians. In the former, in which Hactenus ignotaen populis ego carmine primus, the writer notices the towns bordering the site of Te Nova, de veteri cui contigit A!iglia iomell, Boston, venturing in one or two instances as far Agg.'elior trepidus pimgui celeblrate Millerva. as Agawaln and Melrilack, there are some Per mihi numea ope.n, cupienti singula plectro.., Per mini nunmea open, cupie iti sitigula plectro curious poetic(al or rhyming natural history dePoonde.e ve'idico, quia nuper vidimus ipsi:' PUt beviter veeui, e nper modulamidna inostra,: scriptions interspersed, as of the trees, which Telapevliein cBui, vil terre, mIiulelra poiti, reminds us, in a degree, of the fatlous passage in Et varios geatis mores, velamina, cultus. Spen~~i, ve txed Bermoothes" was the nearest approach he made to the copper: for they thought him as well of all occupa- Western continent. Had Sir Philip Sidney made the voyage tiols as themselves. Forthe King himself will make to America which he contemplated, his pen would doubtless his owll robes, shoes, bows, arrows, pots; plaut, hunt, have given a tinge of poetry to its woods and Indians. Paleigh's name is connected with the Virginia voyages, but lihe or do anything so well as the rest. never landed within the present litnits of the United States. They say lie bore a pleasal t show, Lord Bacon had the "Plantations" in view, in his Essay bearThey say he bore a pl t sw, ing that name, and in another "of Prophecies" calls attention But sure his heart was sad, to the verses of SenecaFor who can pleasant be, and rest, Venient annis That lives in fear and dread: Secula seris, quibus Oceanus And having life suspected, doth Vincula rerutn laxet, et ingens Patent tellus, Tiphysque novos It still suspected lead. Detegat orbes; nec sit terris. Ultima Thule: In the same year he published a work for the as "a prophie of the Discovery of America. general benefit of mariners and landsmen entitled Milton's fine imagery conn('cted with the fall of our first A.n Accidence, or the Pathway to E.rperience, parents," their guilt and dreaded shame," will be called to necessaryfor all young Seamen; which was fol- nd:- how unlike lowed in 1627, by A Sea Grammar, with the To that first naked glory! Such of late pllaine Expo.sitionb of Sm ith's Accidence for you:ip Columbus found the American, so girt''at I "e E pos.ition- ofI With feather'd cinctutre; naked else and wild Sewnen, enlarged. In Ils own words it "found Among the trees on isles and woody shores. HARRIOT; WHITAKER; STRACHEY. 7 and probably other projects of his ever active and better known as an algebraist, was born at Ox. mind. ford in 1560, where he was educated, being graCaptain Smith wrote with a view to furnish duated in 1579. He was recommended in conseinformation rather than to gain the reputation of quenca of his mathematical acquirements to Sir an author or scholar. He confines himself to the Walter Raleigh as a teacher in that science. He subject matter in hand, seldom digressing into received him into his family and in 1585 sent him comment or reflection. His descriptions are ani- with the company under Sir Richard Granville mated, and his style clear and simple. The fol- to Virginia, where he remained a twelvemonth. lowing verses, the only ones, with the exception In 1588 he obtained through the introduction of of a few scattered lines in his History of Virginia, Raleigh a pension from Henry Percy, Earl of which can be attributed to his pen, show that he NorthumberIand, of ~120 per annum. He passed has some claim to the title of a poet. They many years in Sion College, where he died in possess a rude, simple melody, not inharmonious 1621. He was the inventor of the improved with their subject. method of algebraic calculation adopted by THE SEA MARK. Descartes six years after, who passed off the Aloof, aloof. and come no near, discovery as his own. Harriot's claim was estaThe ldangers do appear blished by Dr. Wallis in his History of Algebra. Which, if my ruin had not been, His tract, A brief and true account of the new You had not seen: found land of Virginia, &c., was published in I only lie upon this shelf 1590. A Latin edition appeared in the collection To be a mark to all of De Bry in the same year, and afterwards in Which on the same may fall, English in Hakluyt. That none may perish but myself ALEXANDER WHITAKER, a son of the Rev. Dr. If in our outward you be bound William Whitaker, Master of St. John's College, Do not forget to sound; Cambridge, came to Virginia while a young man, Neglect of that was caused of this and was one of the settlers of the town of HenTo steer amiss. rico on James river, in 1611. During the same The seas were calm, the wind was fair, year a church was built and the foundations of That made me so secure, another of brick laid, while the minister " imThat now I must endure paled a fine parsonage, with a hundred acres of All weathers, be they foul or fair. land, calling it Rock Hall." His letters, in which The winter's cold, the summer's heat he expresses his surprise that more of the English Alternatively beat clergy do not engage in nissionary labors similar to Upon my bruised sides, that rue, his own, testify to his earnestness in the cause.* Because too true, Ile baptized Pocahontas, and also married her to That no relief can ever come. Mr. Rolfe. But why should I despair In 1613 he published a work entitled Good hBeing promise al fairy, ewes from Virginia, Sent to the council and That there shall be a day of Doomcompany of Virginia resident in England. The The commendatory verses which, following the "Epistle Dedicatorie" by W. Crashawe, contains publishing fashion of the day, accompany several this well merited eulogium of the author. of Smith's productions, show that lie was held in high favor by some of the leading literary men I hereby let all men know that a scholar, a graof his day, the names of Wither and Brathvayte, duate, a preacher, well born and friended in England; two poets whose productions are still read with not in debt nor disgrace, but competently provided pleasure, being found among those of the contri-for, and liked and beloved where he lived; not in butors. The same feelings of respect excited want, but (for a scholar, and as these days be) rich of Smith's followers to sin the praises of in possession, and more in possibility; of himself, some of Smith's followers to sing the praises of ^some o- Smit~'Y fol s T' ~ g f' e ^pr without any persuasion (but God's and his own their great leader. His "true friend and soldier, heart) did voluntarily leave his warm nest; and to Ed. Robinson" thus addresses " his worthy Cap- the wonder of his kindred and amazement of those taine, the author"- who knew him, undertook this hard, but, in my Thou that to passe the world's foure parts dost judgment, heroical resolution to go to Virginia, and deeme help to bear the name of God unto the gentiles. No more, than t'were to goe to bed, or drinke; A picturesque account of the country was writand Thos. Carlton, who signs himself " vour true ten by WILLIAM STRACHEY, the first Secretary of friend, sometimes your soldier," gives this honora- te Colony, in his two books of Historie of Trable testimony: vaile into Virginia Britannia. It is dedicated I never knew a Warryer yet, but thee to Lord Bacon, and bears date at least as early. as From wine, tobacco, debts, dice, oaths, so free.* 1618.t Strachey was three years in the Colony, 1610-12. The motto from the Psalms shows his A FEW Virginia historical publications contem- religious disposition and presc enc3, "This shall porary with Smith, written by scholars resident in be written for the generation to conie: and the or identified with the country, may be here men- people which shall be created shall praise the tioned: Lord," as the narrative itself does his careful THOMAS HARRIOT, the author of "A Brief and true Report of the new found land of Virginia;" * History of the P. E. Church in Virginia, by the Rev. F. ___________________________L. Hawks. Lif o capaihn it h been wtitten It hls been iecently editle fromn the crininl MS. in the The Life of Captain John Smith has been written by Mr. British Musemnn. by R. II. MWj~o, and pubTisledt among the Mamma, with a genial appreciation of his nercs works of the Hakluyt Society. 8 CYCLOPADIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE, observation of "the cosmographie and commodi- which he always regretted. He was driven to ties of the country, together with the manners New England, whence he was about returning and customes of the people." home to his Puritan friends, who had come into Strachey was one of the party of officers ship- power, when he was arrested by the college wrecked on the Bermudas in 1609. His descrip- appointment. lie devoted himself to the affairs tion of the storm published in Purchas, was main- of the college, and as he suffered the penury of tained by Malone to be the foundation of Shake- the position, cast his eye to the " allowed diet" and speare's Tempest.* settled stipend of similar situations in England. His petitions to the "honored governor" show that, HARVARD COLLEGE. notwithstanding the early gifts, the institution ON the twenty-eighth day of October, 1636, eight was ill provided for. Chauncy was threescore years after the first landing of the Massachusetts when he was made President; and several inteBay colonists, under John Endicot, the General resting anecdotes are preserved of his scholar's Court at Boston voted four hundred pounds to- old age. He was an early riser-up at four wards a school or college, and the following year o'clock in winter and summer, preached plain appointed its location at Newtown, soon changed sermons to the students and townspeople, was to Cambridge (in gratitude to the University of laborious in duty, manfilly holding that the England), under the direction of the leading men student, like the commander, should fall at his of the colony. In 1638, the project was deter- post. IIe has reputation as a divine and scholar. mined by the bequest of John Harvard, an English He published a sermon on the Advantages of clergyman of education, who had arrived in the Schools, and a Faithful Ministry, in which he country but the year before, who left to the institu- inveighed against the practice of wearing long tion a sum of money, at least equal to and probably hair —the Election Sermon of 1656, a volume of two-fold the amnount of the original appropriation, twenty-six sermons, on Justification, and the and a valuable library of three hundred and twenty "Antisynodalia," written against the proceedvolumes, including not only the heavy tomes of ings of the Synod held in Boston in 1662. theology in vogue in that age, but important His manuscripts passed into the lands of works of classical and the then recent English his step-daughter, a widow, who, marrying a literature, among which Bacon's clear-toned style Northampton deacon-a pie-man-these devout and the amenities of Horace tempered the rigors writings were taken to line his pastry-a fate of Scotus and Aquinas. Contributions flowed in. which the poet Herrick not long before had The magistrates subscribed liberally; and a noble deprecated in hurrying effusions of a very difproof of the temper of the times is witnessed in ferent character into print, in his " Lines to his the number of small gifts and legacies, of pieces Book:"of family plate, and in one instance of the bequest Lest rapt from hence, I see thee lie of a number of sheep. With such precious stones Torn for the use of pasterie. were the foundations of Harvard laid. The time, place, and manner need no eulogy. They speak The fate of Warburton's collection of old plays, for themselves. by which English literature has lost so much, it During its first two years it existed in a kind will be recollected, was similar. Dryden, in his of embryo as the school of Nathaniel Eaton, MacFlecknoe, celebrates the "martyrs of pies." who bears an ill character in history for his Chauncy left six sons, who all graduated at bad temper and short commons. In 1640 the Harvard, and became preachers. Dr. Chauncy Rev. Henry Dunster, on his arrival from Eng- of Boston, in the days of the Revolution, was one land, was constituted the first President. He of his descendants.* served the college till 1654, when, having ac- The next President was himself a graduate of quired and preached doctrines in opposition Harvard, of the class of 1650-Leonard Hoar. to infant baptism, le was compelled to resign He had reversed the usual process of the clergy his office. He had borne manfully with the of the country-having gone to England and early difficulties of the position, and received been settled as a preacher in Sussex. Thle collittle in the way of gratitude. Through his ex- lege was thinly attended, and badly supported at cellent oriental scholarship, he had been intrusted the time of his inauguration. He had fallen with the improvement of the literal version of upon evil days. With little profit and much the Psalms, known as the Bay Psalm Book. The anxiety, discipline was badly supported, and lie first printing-press in the colony was set up at retired from the management in less than three Harvard, in the President's house, in 1639. The years, in 1675. first publication was the Freeman's Oath, then an The first collection of books was greatly enalnanack, followed by the Bay Psalm Book. larged by the bequest of the library of Theopllilus Ddnster was succeeded by Charles Chauncy, who Gale, who died in 1677, "a philologist, a philoheld the office till his death,.which was in 1672. sopller, and a theologian.'"t He was a man of learning, having been Professor Urian Oakes, of English birth, though a graof Hebrew and Greek in Trinity College, Cam- duate of the college, was then President pro ternbridge, and of general worth, though of wavering pore for several years, accepting the full appointdoctrinal consistency. He had his share in Eng- ment in 1680, which he held till 1681. lie died land of Laud's ecclesiastical interferences, and suddenly in office, leaving as memorials of his had recanted his views in opposition to kneel- literature several sermons, including an Election ing at the communion-an act of submission * Mass. Hist. Soc. Coil., First Series, x. 179. Allen's Bl graphical Dictionary. Peirce's Hktory of Harvard, 82. * Major's Introduction to Virginia Britannia, xi. t Quincy's Harvard, i. 155. HARVARD COLLEGE. 9 and an Artillery sermon, " The Unconquerable, All- And fury fell of elements allayes, conquering, and more than Conquering Christian By paying every one due tribute to his praise. Soldier;" an Eulogy in Latin, and an Elegy in This seem'd the scite of all those verdant vales, English verse on the Rev. Thomas Shepard, of And purled springs, whereat the Nymphs do play: Charlestown. This was printed in 1677. The With lofty hills, where Poets rear their tales, verse somewhat halts: To heavenly vaults, which heav'nly sound repay By echo's sweet rebound: here ladye's kiss, The muses and the graces too conspired Circling nor songs, nor dance's circle miss; To set forth this rare piece to be admired. But whilst those Syrens sung, I sunk in sea of bliss. He breathed love and pursued peace in his day, A mighty name of the old New England disAs if his soul were nmade of harmony. pensation follows in the college annals, Increase Scarce ever more of goodness crowded lay Mather, who held the presidency from 1685 to In such a piece of frail mortality. In such apiece of frail mortality. 1701. He had previously supplied the vacancy Sure Father Wilson's genuine son was he, Sure Father Wilson's genuine son was he, for a short time on the death of Oakes. He New England's Paul has such a Timothy.*e on the death of akes. He * * * * * * * * attended to his college duties without vacating My dearest, inmost, bosom friend is gone! his parish or his residence at Boston. The charGone is my sweet companion, soul's delightl ter troubles intervened, and Mather was sent to Now in a huddling crowd, I'm all alone, England to maintain the rights of the colonists And almost could bid all the world good-night. with James II. and William and Mary. While Blest be my rock! God lives: oh! let him be there, he made the acquaintance of Thomas As he is all, so all in all to me. Hollis, who subsequently became the distinguished benefactor of Harvard. He secured from the In his youth Oakes published at Cambridge crown, under the new charter, the possession, to a set of astrononical calculations, with thett, college, of the grants which it had received. in allusion to his size- The institution, on his return, flourished under Parvum parva decent, sed inest sua gratia parvis. his rule, and received some handsome endowments. In 1699, Lieutenant-Governor William Cotton Mather puns incorrigibly upon his name, Stoughton erected the hall bearing his name, and pronounces the students "a rendezvous of which lasted till 1780, and was succeeded by a happy Druids" under his administration. new building, with the same designation, in Mr. Oakes being now, in the quaint language 1805. Mather retired in 1701, with the broad of the same ingenious gentleman, transplanted hint of an order from the General Court, into the better world, he was succeeded by John that the presidents of the college should reside Rogers, a graduate of the College of 1649. at Cambridge. It is considered by President He was but a short time President —hardly a Quincy, in his History of the University, that the year, when he was cut off suddenly, the day influence of the Mathers-Cotton was connected after commencement, July 2, 1684. Mather with the college during the absence of his father,' celebrates the sweetness of his temper, and his though he never became its head-was unfriendly real piety set off with the accomplishments to its prosperity, in seeking to establish a secof a gentleman, as a gemn set in gold." He was tarian character. At the outset it was, in a one of the writers of comnplilllentary verses on measure, independent. The charters of the colthe poems of Anne Bradstreet, in recording the lege are silent on points of religious faith. Its emotions inspiled by which, he proves his charac- seal bore simply the motto "Veritas," written ter for courtesy and refinement. in three divisions on as many open books on the shield. This inscription was soon changed to To Venus' shrine no altars raised are, " In Christi Gloriamn," and, probably in the time Nor ve;iom'd shafts from painted quivers fly: of Mather, to " Christo et Ecclesia."* It was a Nor wanton doves of Aphrodite's car, Or fluttering there, nor here forlornly lie: Lorn paramours, nor chatting birds tell news, How sage Apollo Daphne hot pursues l Or stately Jove himself is wont to haunt the stews. Nor barking Satyrs breathe, nor dreary clouds Exhaled from Styx, their dismal drops distil Within these fairy, flow'ry fields, nor shrouds The screeching night raven, with his shady quill. But lyrick strings here Orpheus nimbly hits, \ / Arion on his sadled dolphin sits, Chanting as every humour, age and season fits. Here silver swans, with nightingales set spells, Which sweetly charm the traveller, and raise Earth's earthed monarchs, from their hidden cells' And to appearance summons lapsed dayes; Original Draft for a College Seal. 1643. Their heav'nly air becalms the swelling frayes, * Quincy's History, i. 49. In reference to the disposition * John Wilson was the first pastor of the Church in Boston, of the motto, "Veritas," partly inscribed on the inside and whose virtues and talents are recorded by Mather in the third partly on the outside of two open volumes, Mr. Robert C. book of the Magmialia. His cleverness at anoke, by his second marriage. He was born August 13, 1728, MOi~t~jS-=~T _ _and became a graduate of Harvard of 1746. For nearly eighty years he was a practitioner at Salem, dying there in 1829. Ite Harvard Hall, built 1682 destroyed 1764. was a man of character and probity in his profession, and a remarkable example of the retention of the powers of life. At the ae of eighty his desire for knowledge was active as ever. lie kept up his familiarity with the classics, and Among other additions to the college useful- the prestige of his parentage and college life, in liberal studies ness, the first endowment of special annual lec- and acquaintance with curious things, in and out of his profession. He was well versed in scientific studies, and his case tures was made at this period by the Iton. Paul may be added to the long list of natural philosophers who have Dudlev, of great reputation on the Bench, who, reached extreme age. He retained his ficul+ies to the last. in 1751, founded, by beuest, the course bearing It had always been his habit to record his obocrvations, and various voluminous diaries from his pen are in existence. his name. Four are delivered in succession, one After he completed his hundredth year, it is stated -that "he each year, on Natural and Revealed Religion, the commenced a manuscript in which he proposed to minute down some of the changes in the manners, dress, dwellings, Church of Rome, and the Validity of Presbyterian and mploymentsoftheiahabitantsofSa'em." —Williams'sAm. Ordination. The first of these was delivered by Med. Biog,; Knapp's Am. Biog. President olyoke, who ad arare disinclintion Pietas et Gratulatio Collegii Cantabrigiensis apud NovanPresident Holyoke, who had a rare disinclination glos. Bostoni-Massachusettensium. Typis J. Green & J. Rusamong the New England clergy to appear in print, sen. 1'61. 4to pp. 106. and his discourse was not published. IIe lived I From a manuscript copy of the "Proposal," in the copy of the Pi:;tar et Gratclttio in the library of IIarvard College. in the discharge of his office to the age of eighty, ~ September 25, 1162, Hollis's Memoirs, 4 to 14L 12 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. so the departing. guest is sped and the coming died, in 778. Thougharigidteacher,Lovellissaid welcomed, in the most rapturous figments of to have been an agreeable companion; and though poetry. George II. is elevated to his apotheosis a tory, he educated many of the whig leaders. in the skies, in the long echoing wave of the exult- He delivered the first published address in Faneuil ing hexameter, while the ebbing flood of feeling HIall, a funeral oration on its founder in 1742. In at so mournful an exaltation is couched in the the close of this he uttered the memorable sensubdued expression of the sinking pentameter.* tence, "May this hall be ever sacred to the inteAll nature is called upon to mourn and weep, and rests of truth, of justice, of loyalty, of honor, of again to rejoice; all hearts to bleed, and again to liberty. May no private views nor party broils live, as one royal monarch ascends the skies and ever enter these walls." another the throne. As this production really Lovell's Latin ode (ii.) to Governor Bernard is possesses considerable merit, as it brings together forcible and elegant, and its concluding simile of the names of several writers worthy of comme- the torn branch in Virgil's descent to Hades, as moration, and as the work is altogether unique in applied to the royal succession, happy. the history of American literature, it may be well i sacra dn roserpi to notice its separate articles with such testimony Dimittit arbor, alter et emicat as we can bring together on the question of their Ramus refulgens, ae avito authorship. Silva iterum renovatur auro. By the kindness of Mr. Ticknor, the historian Sa item oat a of Spanish Literature, we have before us his copy His second composition (xxv.) is an Epithalaof the Pietas which once belonged to Professor mium in English heroics, descriptive of the embarWinthrop, with a manuscript letter from the anti- cation of Charlotte on the Elbe. Rocks, sands, quarian Thaddeus Mason Harris, who was libra- winds, and Neptune are invoked to give safe conrian at Harvard from 1791 to 1793, which fur- duct to the marriage party; and Neptune responds nishes authorities named in Professor Sewall's copy in the most cordial manner. presented to the writer; also a manuscript list of xxV. and xxvi. are, the one in Latin, the other authors on the authority of Dr. Eliot. In the in English, commemorations of the astronomical Monthly Anthology for June, 1809, we have a incident of the year, the transit of Venus, which carefully prepared list, in an article written by had just been observed by Professor Winthrop, of A. H. Everett, and in the No. for July some sug- the College at St. John's. gestions for its emendation, by the Rev. Dr. Samuel Deane, of Portland, the only surviving contributor, and from another person, not known to us, who While Halley views the heavens with curious eyes, dates his note, July 13, 1809. And notes the chamges in the stormy skies,datesis note, July 11 1809I * What constellations'bode descendilig rains, There are thirty-one papers in all, exclusive of hat onsteations ode desendi ai **well the proud streams, and fertilize the plains; the introductory address to the King. The first What call the zephyrs forth, with favouril.g breeze, is the Adhortatio Pradsidis, a polished Latin ode, To waft Britannia's fleets o'er subject seas; the ostensible composition of President Holyoke, In different orbits how the planets run, who was then about seventy. It does credit to Reflecting rays they borrow from the sun:his taste and scholarship.t It closes with a refer- Sudden a different prospect charms his sight,ence to the hopes of the future American song. Venus encircled in the source of light! Wonders to come his ravished thoughts unfold, Sic foran et vos vestraque mnera And thus the Heaven-instructed bard foretold: Blando bellgnus lumine videlit,'What glorious scenes, to ages past unknown, M Siratus igHlotas camenans Shall in one summer's rolling months be shown. Sole sub Hesperio calentes.. Auspicious omens yon bright regions wear; The second and twenty-fifth belong to John Lo- Events responsive in the earth appear. veil, to whom have also been ascribed by Deane A golden Phoebus decks the rising morn,the twenty-sixth and seventh, with the still further Such, glorious George! thy youthful brows adorn; authority of Lovell's name at the end of these Nor sparles Venus on the ethereal plain, articles, in Winthrop's own copy. Brighter than Charlotte'midst the virgin train. Lovell was a graduate of Harvard, and was The illustrious pair conjoined in nuptial ties, master of the Boston Latin school for forty years a r t from 1734 to 1775 (succeeding to the afterwards Seven of the compositions are given to Stephen famous Jeremiah Gridley, a great lawyer in his Sewall, whom Harris has called "the most prime, and an elegant writer in his newspaper, accomplished classical scholar of his day which the Rehearsal,t in his younger days, in 1731), our college or country could boast." These when he became a loyalist refugee, and went with papers are the II., in Latin hexameters; v., an the British troops to Halifax, where he soon after English ode; xii., a Latin elegiac; xiv., an elegant Latin sapphic ode, exulting over the pros * Coleridge has most happily, in his translation of Schiller's pects of the royal grandson, and prematurely coup!et, "described and exemplified" the Ovidian Elegiac rejoicing in the peaceful reign: metro. In the hexameter rises the fountain's silvery column-; Ipse sacratum tibi JANE! templum In the pentameter aye falling in melody back. Clauserit; ramos olea virentis t The writer in the Monthly Anthology for June, 1809, sng- Martejactatis poulis datrus gests that he was assisted in it by Master Lovell. It has also arte atats populs daturus been ascribed to Bernard. Corde benigno. $ The Rehearsal was a weekly paper in Boston, on a half sheet folio, published from 1781-85, when it was merged in the Boston Evening Post. In Gridlev's hands it was written in rather an ornamental style. Thomas's Hist of Print. ii. 228. * Manuscript letter to Prof. George Ticknor, Dorchester, Mass. Hist. Soc. Coil., First Series, v. 218. April, 1828. HARVARD COLLEGE. 13 Hine quies orbi; studiis juvamen; at this time a graduate of some sixteen years' Gaudium musis; thalami puellis; standing. Omnibus passim hine oriatur amplo Samuel Deane, who wrote the English ode x., Copia cornu. as appears by his own authority, was a Bachelor Prata pubescunt gregibus superba; of Arts of the year before. He was of the class Cuncta subrident redimita sertis. of 1760 of the college, its Librarian and Promus,Num rogas unde haec REGIT his GEORGUS a species of steward. He became noted as the ALTER LT IDEM. minister of Portland, Maine. He died in 1814, xv. and xvi. are a Greek elegy and sapphic. havin published an Election Sermon and the xxiii. is a Latin sapphic ode addressed to the New England Farmer or Georgical Dictionary. new sovereign, elegant and spirited, setting all xi., one of the longest English poems, was ~ I ~ * - ~ written by Benjamin Church, of whom we say the powers of nature ringing in twith great joy Beamin Church of whom e say and hilarity the coming of the new sovereign. something elsewhere; and iv., in English rhyme Sewall was born at York, in the district of may also be given to, the authority of a Maine, in 1734, and was brought up as a joiner, marked copy in the Harvard Library. his industry in which calling gave him the means xii. a nds xxviii., English odes, belong to Dr. of entering Harvard at the age of twenty-four. Samuel Cooper, then in his established pulpit He was Professor of Hebrew and Oriental Lan- reputation, having left college eighteen years guages, in which he was a proficient, at Harvard, before. from 1765 to 1785. His lectures were models of XVIII., XiX., Xx. XXX., on the Anthology English composition. He published a Hebrew authority, may be set down to Governor Francis Grammar in 1763; a Latin oration on the death Bernard, who may have been the writer also of of President Holyoke; an oration on the death VI., a Latin elegiac. President Quincy assigns of Professor Winthrop; Scripture Account of the five contributions to Bernard. The first two are Schekinah, 1774; History of the Destruction of brief Greek and Latil epitaphs, of which the Sodom and Gomorrah, 1776; a translation of the third is an English translation. Thirty-one is the first book of Young's Night Thoughts into Latin Epilogue, a Latin sapphic ode, prophetic of the verse, and Carmina Sacra.* In the college library future glories of the American muse. It is not is a "Svriac and Chaldee Grammar and Dictionis a "Svriac and Chaldee Grammar and lDiction- often that the world gets so good an ode from a ary" in MS., prepared by him for publication; also Governor, but Bernard had kept up his old Oxford a "Treatise on Greek Prosody," and part of a education, and had a decided taste in literature, Greek and English Lexicont He died in 1804, knowing Shakspeare, it is said, by heart.* in his seventy-first year. xxxi. John Lowell, of Newbury, on the testimony of EPILooUs. the Anthology and Dr. Eliot, was the author of Isis et Camus placide fluentes, No. vii., a not very remarkable eulogy of the Qua novem fastos celebrant sorores, two sovereigns in English heroics. Lowell had Deferunt vatum pretiosa REGI been graduated the year before, and was about Dona BRITANNO. to lay the foundation of those legal attainments Audit hiec Flumen, prope Bostonenses which made him a constitutional authority in his Quod NOVANGLORvM studiis dicatas own State, and Judge of the Federal Court in Abluit sedes, eademque sperat Massachusetts, under the appointment of Wash- Munera ferre. ington. Obstat huic Phoebus, chorus omnis obstat vIII., Ix., and xvii., are ascribed, in Sewall's Virginum; frustra officiosa pe:lsum copy, and by Deane, to the elder Bowdoin. The Tentat insuetum indocilis ferire first two are Latin epigrams; the last is an Eng- Plectra juventus. lish iambic in the good round measure of, theidstudiumplacendi Attamen, si quid studium placenhai, author, whom we shall meet again in his moral vlent quidquam Pietas Fidsque poem on the Economy of Life. Bowdoin was Civica, omnino rudis haud peribit Gratia Musea. * The Night Thoughts were published in a small 18mo. of eri 21 pages, in 1786. Nocte Cogitata, Auctore, Anglice Scripta, Qn erit tempus, eupidi augurantur Young, D.D., qua Lingua Latii Donavit America. Carolop Vana nl vates, sua cum NOV4ANLIS pidi: Typis Allen & Cushing, Massachusettensium. The motto Grandius quoddam meliusque carmen is from Virgil-Sunt lachrymae rerum, et mentem mortalia Chord sonabit: tangunt. The dedication is to John Hancock, President oforda sonab Congress-Nomen prme se ferre gestit. It thus renders Young's Dum regit mundum occiduum BRITANNUS, famous opening lines:Somnus, qui fessos reficit mitissimus artuslEt suas artes, sua jura terris Iste, homines veliti, qua res fortuna secundat, Dat novis, nullis cohiber.da metis Prompte adit; at miseros torve fugit ore minaci: Regna capessens; Praeceps a luctu properat pernicibus alis, Atque oculis, lachryma vacuis, considit amice. Dum DEUS pendens agitationes The Carmina Sacra qua Latine Grseceque Condidit America Gentium, fluxo moderatur orbi, was published in a neat small quarto form of eight pages, Passus humanum genus hic perire, Wigorniae, Massachusettensis, typis Isaise Thomas, 1789. It Hic renovari gives versions of the 23d and 184th Psalms, the first nine verses of the 4th chapter of the Song of Solomon, and a Greek XXI., XXII., are Latin sapphics of which the Ode on the Day of the Last Judgment. The Canticles com- autlor is unknown; nor has any name been mec Enve nustaescaramihi:- envenustassigned to the spirited Latin epithalamium Crinibussubsunt oculi columbee: xXIV., worthy to have been penned by Lovell Sunt tui crines, velut agmen errans or Sewall. Monte caprinum. 1 MS. list of Sewall's writings by T. M. Harris. * Allen's Biographical Dictionary. 14 CYCLOPMEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. xxix. of the Pietas et Gratulatio, in English though fastidious in avoiding publication, by his blank verse, is assigned by the Anthology lists to occasional discourses and articles in the Christian Thomas Oliver, who had graduated eight years Examiner, during his editorship of the journal before, and who was then living in retirement, to with the Rev. Dr. Greenwood. He has published, be disturbed afterwards by his lieutenant-gover- as a college text-book, an edition of Reid "On norship and loyalist flight to England. Peter the Intellectual Powers," with notes, also an Oliver, to whom this has also been ascribed, had edition of Dugald Stewart's "Philosophy of the graduated thirty-one years before, and was then Active and Moral Powers," and has delivered a a Judge of the Superior Court of Massachusetts. course of Lowell lectures on "The Philosophy The English poem xxx. may have been written of Religion." by Bowdoin. Having brought the line of Presidents near to We have now enumerated each item of this the present day, we may now notice a few incimeritorious production, which is w-ell worthy of dental points connected with its history. learned and antiquarian annotation at the hands In 1814 a Professorship of Greek Literature of some competent son of Old Harvard. The wri- was founded by Samuel Eliot, a merchant of Bosters were nearly all alumni of the college, and ton, who liberally appropriated twenty thousand though not all fresh from its halls at the date of dollars for the purpose. The gift was anonymous, this composition, the fact that they were scho- and the professorship did not bear his name till his lars, whose taste and literature had been thus far death in 1820.. Edward Everett was the first inpreserved, is the more creditable to both parties, cumbent; and C. C. Felton, since 1834, has done when we consider how soon such accomplish- much to make the title known. In Astronomy and ments generally fade amidst the active affairs of Mathematics, Benjamin Peirce, since 1842; Dr. the world. Gray, the successor of Nuttall in Natural History, in 1842; and Louis Agassiz, in Zoology and GeoSamuel Locke was the successor of Holyoke for logy, since 1847, have extended the reputation of more than three years, when he resigned the office. the college among men of science throughout the He made no particular mark in his college govern- world. ment. He is said to have been a man of talents, An important addition has been made to the wanting knowledge of the world, which the situa- higher educational facilities of Cambridge in the tion in those revolutionary days demanded. foundation, by the Hon. Abbott Lawrence, of the From 1774 to 1780 the chair was occupied by Scientific School bearing his name. Its faculty Samuel Langdon, whose ardent Whig politics, consists of the president and ten professors; the while the public was pleased, hardly compensat- most important chairs, those of chemistry, geoed for his lack of judgment. IIe retired to the logy, and engineering, are at present occupied duties of a country parish. by Horsford, Agassiz, and Eustis. Students are Joseph Willard was elected- in 1781, and con- not admitted under the age of eighteen. An attinued till his death, in 1804. "Having been tendance of at least one year on one or more of called to the President's chair in the midst of the courses of lectures, and a satisfactory examithe revolutionary war, when the general tone nation on the studies pursued, entitle the student of morals was weak, and the spirit of discipline to the degree of Bachelor in Science curn laude. enervated, he sustained the authority of his sta- To attain the highest grade, sumvma cum laude, a tion with consummate steadfastness and prudence. more rigorous examination, exceeding in thoHe found the seminary embarrassed, he left it roughness, it is said by those who have been subfree and prosperous." jected to it, the celebrated examinations at West Samuel Webber, before his presidency, from Point, must be passed. A Museum of Natural 1806 to 1810, had been Professor of Mathematics Ilistory, under the supervision of the professors, in the college. He had been a farmer's boy, and has been commenced on a scale commensurate had entered the university at twenty. He pub- with the extended instructions of the school. lished a work on Mathematics in two volumes The Institution, besides the eminent professors octavo, which was much used in the early part whom we have mentione ], enumerates amongst its of the century. He was succeeded in the go- graduates and officers, the names of the Wigglesvernment of the college by John Thornton Kirk- worths, the Wares, Woods, Channing, Buckmiinland, who held the office from 1810 to 1828, ster, Norton, Palfrey, Noyes, Francis, in theoand whose honored nemory is fresh in the logy and sacred literature; Edward Everett, hearts of the present generation. All of these Popkin,* and Felton, in classic literature; Ticknor, Presidents, from the commencement to the time Follen, and Longfellow, in the languages of conof Quincy, were clergymen or preachers, as tinental Europe; Winthrop, Webber, Bowditch, they have always been graduates of the college Safford, Farrar, Peck, Cogswell, Nuttall, Harris, from the days of President Hoar. From Kirk- Wyman, in the departments of mathematics, naland, in 1829, the office passed to Josiah Quincy, tural history, and philosophy; Isaac Parker, Parwho held it till 1845; when he was succeeded sons, Stearns, Story, Ashmun, Greenleaf, Wheaby Edward Everett, 184649; and Jared Sparks ton, William Kent, and Joel Parker, in the school from that year till 1853, when a later in- of jurisprudence; and the best talent of the time cumbent, James Walker, was called from his and region in medicine and anatomy. Other chair of Moral Philosophy. His reputation as a thinker and preacher was established l y his pulpit career at Charlestown, and the dis- * A Memorial of the Rev. John Snelling Popkin was edited charge of the duties of his professorship; and by Professor Felton, in 1852. He was a man of a dry humor _____________________________ and of sterling character. His lectures on classical subjects, of which several are published, show him to have been a good * Quincy's Hist. ii. 288. scholar and a polished man of his times. HARVARD COLLEGE. 15 names of reputation are to be found in the list governor of the colony, one of the earliest snpof tutors, while the "bibliothecarii" have nobly porters of the college, was the marshal of the day. illustrated their calling, from early Stoddard, The college buildings were illuminated in the Sewall, and Gookin, including Mather Byles and evening. the Librarian of the Astor Library, Dr. Cogswell, Gore Hall, the library building, completed in to the very competent Dr. Harris, and his 1841, is named in honor of Christopher Gore, who Assistant Librarian, Mr. Sibley, than whom the had been Governor of the State, and United office never had a more accommodating or active States Commissioner to England under the Jay incumbent.* treaty, who left the college a bequest amounting The early college usages, the mode of living, to nearly one hundred thousand dollars. The the respect to profeisors, interior rules and regu- several libraries connected with the University lations, the ceremonial on state occasions, offer contain about one hundred thousand volumes. many curious subjects of inquiry. In 1693, the Amllong the specialities, besides the Hollis, the Corporation passed an ordinance against the use Palmer, and other donations, are the Ebeling by the students in their rooms of " plum cake," collection of American books, purchased and which probably became contraband from its ac- presented by Israel Thorndike in 1818, the Amecessories. The Saturnalia of Commencement time rican historical library of Warden, former Conwere celebrated. In the "Collection of Poems sul at Paris, purchased at a cost of more than by Several Hands," published in Boston in 1744, five thousand dollars, and presented to the colto which Byles contributed, there is a pleasant lege by Samuel Atkins Eliot, in 1823, a collecdescription in verse of the humors of Commence- tion further enriched by the application of the ment at Camlbridge, recounting the adventures of Prescott bequest in 1845.* The library has also rural beaux and belles crossing the river, the fine its collection of portraits and statuary. show made by the ladies of the town at their Gore Hall is of granite, of the general design windows, equalled only by the procession of stu- of King's College Chapel at Cambridge. dents. The church is filled, while the youth, full of learning, declaim and debate, and having received their degree from "the awful chief," _ proceed to "the sav'ry honors of the feast." The fields about, in the mteantine, are turned into m K a fair, full of wrestlers, mllountebanks, and ginger- bread. In 1771 was published "Brief Remarks on the ___ l Satirical Drollery at Cambridge last Commence- meat Day, with special reference to the character of Stephen the Preacher, which raised such ex- S travagant mirth," by A. Croswell, V.D. M. in Boston. The reverend divine seems to have been greatly disturbed at the hilarity on the occasion, created by some of the performances, "which made the house of God to outdo the playhouses - for vain laughter and clapping." Croswell's pamphlet drew out a reply, in "A letter to the _ Rev. Andrew Croswell, by Simon the Tanner." I-.. In the old Massachusetts Magazine for 1789, Gore Hall. there is a quaint paper addressed "To Students of Colleges and Universitie," eulogistic of the The Picture Gallery, in the room extending beauty and opportunities of college halls and through the entire lower story of Harvard Hall iustages. - tcontains more than forty portraits of benefactors The Fair day at Cambridge. was kept up till I The Fair day at Camb~ridlge was kept up till of the institution, and of other eminent individuwithin quite a recent period. To this day the als. Nearly all are works of merit, being the banks of BoCston are closed on the holiday of productions of Copley, Stuart, Trumbull, NewCornmlence:lmnt, and the Governor goes out in ton, Smniert, and Frothingham, with other more state to the esercise, escorted by city troops. recent painters. tothe eercise escored bycintelyf trIn the literary associations of Harvard, the Phi lee sefoundation cen eletennial anniversary of the col-er, Beta Kappa Society should not be forgotten. It lege foundation was celebrated in September, 1836, with great eclat. A pavilion was erected was introduced at Harvard from the original on the college grounds, where the alumni asseli- charter, at Willialn nd Mary College, in Virbled, answering to the roll-callof graduates. An ginia, about the year 1778. It was a secret old mlan of eighty-six, of the class of 1774, was ociety, with its grip for personaldence, thounigh ction, the first to ansever. The Address was delivered and its cypher for correspondence, though conthe first to answer. The Address was delivered by President Quiincy. Odes were recited, speeches fined to purely literary objects. For some tilne were made by Everett, Story, and other nagnates the literary exercises usual with college clubs of the institution. Everett presided, and Robert were kept up by the students, though they have C. Winthrop, a direct descendant of the first been intermitted for the last twenty or thirty years. Meetings of undergraduates are held only to elect members from the next class; and the * His History of the Town of Union, in Maine, is a mono- entire action of the society at Camb.ridge is graph of local history, written with fidelity and spirit: one of th best of a class of compositions of inestimable interest to our American historical literature. * Jewett's Smithsonian Institution Library Report, 82 16 CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. limited to an oration and poem, and the enter- ing: "During a long life, I have seen few who tainment of a dinner, in which it alternates with* were his equals, and no one who knew better the Association of the Alumni, so that each has than he how to deal with his fellow-men. His its exercises every second year. Edward Everett manners were marked by dignity and benigwas for several years its President at Iarvard. nity; they invited confidence and repelled familIts literary exercises have been distinguished by iarity. A scholar and a man of the world, he many brilliant productions. Joseph Bartlett pro- was honored and beloved in every circle in nounced his poem on "Physiognomy" in 1799; Boston and by all classes in the College.... Everett's poem, on "American Poets," was deli- He was suited to any high public office; was vered in 1812; Bryant's "Ages" in 1821; ever the honored companion of statesmen, and Sprague's " Curiosity"' in 1829; Dr. Iolmes's fit to be the peer of the best of them; but he "Metrical Essay on Poetry" in 1836. was satisfied with bringing the University over In the religious opinions of its conductors, and which he presided into a condition more worthy its plan of education, Harvard has faithfully re- of the arts and sciences which it undertook to presented the times, during the long period teach." through which it has passed. A glance at its catalogue will show its early proficiency in the studies President Walker was succeeded on his retireconnected with sacred literature and natural phi- ment from his office, at the beginning of 1860, by losophy. Though always producing good scholars, the oldest member of the faculty, Professor C. its polished Belles Lettres training has been com- C. Felton, who brought to the station the presparatively of recent growth. When the first tige of distinguished and classical scholarship, catalogue of the library was printed in 1723, it an equal acquaintance with modern letters, and contained not a single production of Dryden, the social powers which were the delight of his literary magnate of its period; of the accomplished friends. We have elsewhere traced his literary statesman and essayist, Sir William Temple, of career. Previous to his acceptance of the presShaftesbury, Addison, Pope, or Swift."* It has, idency he had made two visits to Europe, in to the present day, largely supplied the cultiva- both of which the classic land of Greece, the tion of Massachusetts, and for a long time, favorite subject of his studies, engaged most of from its commencement, the whole of New Eng- his time and attention. The proceedings at his land, furnishing the distinguished men of the inauguration as president, in July, 1860, were State and its professions. Its new professorships of much interest, his address on that occasion of the Classics, of Rhetoric, of the Modern Lan- being- distinguished by his sober and earnest guages, of Law, of Science, mark the progress of estimation of the duties of his office, based the world in new ideas. Though for the most upon more than thirty years of college life, part ostensibly founded with conservative reli- passed in the service of the university, and the gious views, our colleges have not been generally unaffected warmth with which he commended very rigid guardians of opinion. Their course the influence of those classic studies with which has rather been determined by influences fron he had so long been identified. "To the end of without. Established in old Puritan times, Har- time," said lie, "the great classic authors of vard has suffered, of course, a disintegration Greece and Rome will be the models of all that of the staunch orthodoxy of its old Chauncys is noble in expression, elegant in style, chastened and Mathers. About the beginning of the cen- in taste. Doubtless the human race advance in tury, it passed over virtually into its present general knowledge and culture, and in command Unitarianism, though the officers of instruction over the facts of nature and the laws of dyand government are of nearly all denominations. namics, as they move on through the ages. But This narrative might be pursued at great length, the twin peaks of Parnassus still rise, and only following out the details of bequests and legacies, one poet soars to the side of Homer. The Bema the dates of college buildings, the foundation of stands silent and solitary in Athens, and no scholarships and professorships through long orator has ascended its steps and plucked the series of incumbents more or less eminent. Pre- crown from the brow of Demlosthenes." sident Quincy, who is not a diffuse writer, has Dr. Felton held the presidency for two years, not extended the subject beyond the interest or till his death, which occurred while on his way sympathies of his intelligent reader, in his two to Washington, D. C., at the residence of his large octavo volumes. For the iminuti of ad- brother, in Chester, Pa., February 26, 1862. His ministration, and other points of value in the his- loss was much regretted, not only by the universitory of education and opinion in America, we ty which he had served so long and faithfully, but may refer to his work-to the faithful but not so by the various learned and other institutions of extensive chronicle of Benjamin Peirce, the libra- which lie was a member. "We hardly know," rian of the University, who closes his account with said President Winthrop, before the Massachuthe presidency of Holyoke, to the sketch of the setts Historical Society, "which will be most history of the College by Samuel A. Eliot, and missed in the sphere from which he has been so to the judicious History of Cambridge by Abiel prematurely removed-his thorough scholarHolmes. ship or his genial fellowship." A memorial sermon was preached the Sunday after the funeral, In late years, on. George Bancroft has paid by the Rev. Dr. Andrew P. Peabody, preacher an affectionate and merited tribute to the mem- to the university, in the Appleton Chael, in ory of President John Thornton Kirkland, say- which the character of the president was drawn, with the knowledge and warmth of a friend. President Woolsey, of Yale College, also pro* Peirce's History of Harvard Univ. 109. HARVARD COLLEGE. 17 nounced a eulogy before the members of the of Harvard. It is original in thought, compact Smithsonian Institution, of which President in reasoning, and a masterpiece of analysis. In Felton was one of the regents. In addition to this discourse, says he, " I would include all the publications of Mr. Felton which we have possible sciences under these five heads: Theolmentioned, are to be mentioned a valuable series ogy, which refers to the Divine Being; Psycholof articles on Athens, Attica, Demosthenes, ogy, using that word to include all that belongs Homer, and kindred topics, contributed to Ap- to the human powers of thought, feeling, or pleton's Cyclopscdia. A posthumous volume, a perception; History, extending the signification record of his foreign travel, was published of the term to include all the thoughts and shortly after his death. It is entitled Familiar achievements of men; Natural History, in which Letters from Europe, written with the freedom I place also the chemical and the mathematical of domestic intimacy. It is an interesting me- sciences; and, fifthly, Mathematics." The natmorial of the author's habit of mind, his powers ural sequence of these studies, according to the of observation, and favorite studies, particularly development of the powers of the human mind, inthe sketches of his tour in Greece. he maintains, is in the inverse order in which Thomas Hill, the successor of Dr. Felton in they are named. Ile would have the nathemathe presidency, was born in New Brunswick, tics, as the preliminary studies, followed by N. J., January 7, 1818. His father, an English- Natural Iistory, History, and finally by Psychoman, came to America in 1792, and, in 1797, logy and Theology; not, of course, arbitrarily married at New Brunswick a lady of English and exclusively separating the studies entirely parentage, by whom he had nine children, of where they assist each other, but keeping pace whom Thomas was the youngest. At the age with the order of nature in the development of of twelve the youth was apprenticed to the the sensational, emotional, and intellectual facprinter of the Fredonian newspaper in New ulties. Dr. Hill has shown great ingenuity in Brunswick; at the end of three years deserted illustrating these divisions, and in his elementary the office, and went to school to his brother school-books, on Geometry in particular, has William, who kept an academy in Philadelphia laid the basis of his system of instruction. His County, Pa. Lie continued there for a year, address, entitled Religion in Public Instruction, when he returned to New Brunswick, entered delivered before the graduating class ofAntioch an apothecary's store in that place as clerk, and College in 1860, exhibits all arts, sciences, and remained in this new vocation till 1838. In- literature, dependent upon the vital truths of spired at this time with a desire of becoming a Christianity. His inaugural address in 1863, on minister of the gospel, he went to Leominster, being formally inducted into the presidency of Mass., where lie received his first instruction in Harvard, is a plea for a sound general education, Latin fiom the Rev. Rufus P. Stebbins, after- in an eloquent vindication of the thesis that "the ward president of the Meadville Theological capacity for profiting by special professional School, and in 1865 president of the Ameri- studies, and for usefulness in special professional can Unitarian Association. He passed two labors, is in direct proportion, other things months in study at Leicester Academy, and in being equal, to the extent and solidity of a stuAugust, 1839, entered Iltavalrd College. His dent's general attainments." Dr. Iill has also poverty was such that he was obliged to eke out published, among other discourses and addresses, his subsistence by teaching school during the a treatise entitled Geometry and Faith (New winter months of the fieshman year at Leicester, York, 1849); Jesus the Interpreter of 2utture, Mass., and subsequently by manual labor. He and other sermons (Boston, 1860); a sermon on also took private pupils. These honorable efforts, The Opportunities of Life, preached to the with his proficiency as a student, gained him graduating class of Harvard in 1863. He is the friends, who assisted him through the college author of most of the mathematical articles in course. He graduated with distinction in 1843, Appleton's Cyclopsedia, and of numerous papers and passed the next two years at the Cambridge published in the Proceedings of the American Divinity School. In 1845 he was ordained pas- Association for the Advancement of Science. tor of the Independent Congregational Society A few changes in the professorships during at Waltham, and held this position for four the last twenty years are to be noted. On his years, when lie became the successor of Horace appointment to the presidency, Dr. Felton was Mann in the presidency of Antioch College, succeeded as Eliot professor of Greek Literature Yellow Springs, Ohio. lie occupied this place by William Watson Goodwin, a graduate of the till June, 1862. In October of that year he was university of 1851, and for the four years preelected president of Harvard College, and ilmine- ceeding 1860 a tutor in Professor Felton's dedliately after entered upon the discharge of the partmlent. The assistant professor of Greek, duties of the office. Mr. Evangelinus A. Sophocles, was, at the same Dr. Hill has published several elementary time, elected to a newly-established professormathematical publications-& Treatise on Arith- ship, entitled the University Professorship of metic (1844); First Lessons in Geometry (1855); Ancient, Patristic (including the Byzantine), A Second Book in Geometry (1863); An Ele- and Modern Greek, instruction in the latter havmentary Treatise on Curvature, also A Frag- ing for many years been constituted a part of mentary Essay on Curves (1850). lie has the regular course. Professor Sophocles, a naalso published several addresses, devoted to a tive of Greece, and during the revolution in that philosophical examination of the true order and country a resident in Egypt, came to America method of a sound university education. One under the patronage of the American Board of these, entitled Liberal Education, was deliv- of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. He ered in 1858, before the Phi Beta Kappa Society studied at Amherst College in 1829, and was 3 18 CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. subsequently a teacher at the Mount Pleasant science in his favor. The ground of his rejecSchool at that place, and at schools at Hartford tion was understood to be a prejudice on the and at New Haven, Connecticut. From 1840 to part of some of the trustees in reference to his 1845, and again from 1847 to 1859, he was tutor religious belief; but nothing was publiclystated in Harvard College. lie was then appointed to warrant any unfriendly assumption of this assistant professor of the Greek language. natlure. Dr. Gibbs retained his position at the His publications are several works, deservedly Free Academy till he was called to Harvard. esteemed by scholars, written to facilitate Francis J. Child has held the Boylston prothe study of ancient and modern Greek. In fessorship of Rhetoric and Oratory since the 1842 he published at Hartford a Roinaic death of Professor Channing, in 1851. He has, Grammar, accompanied by a Chrestomathy, during the last few years, rendered acceptable with a vocabulary. This work, modified and service to the literary public by his selection of improved, was published at Boston in 1857, a series of English and Scottish ballads, with with the title, A Romaic or Modern Greek notes and an introduction, which has been pubGrammar. His other publications are Greek lished in choice style, in eight volumes. Mr. Lessons, adapted to the author's Greek Gram- Child, it is understood, has in preparation an mar, for the use of beginners (Hartford, 1843); edition of Chaucer, the result of a diligent inCatalogue of Greek Verbs for the Use of Colleges vestigation abroad of the original text, which (Hartford, 1844); History of the Greek A lphabet, promises to be of great value to the students with Remarks on Greek Orthography and Pro- of English literature. nunciation (Cambridge and Boston, 1848 and George Phillips Bond, director of the obser1854); A Glossary of Later and Byzantine vatory and Phillips professor of Astronomy, Greek, forming volume VII. of the new series of was actively engaged in original observations Memoirs of the American Academy; A Diction- and investigations in this his favorite science, in ary of Byzantine and Patristic Greek. which he acquired merited distinction, from the In 1855, Professor Longfellow, having resigned time of his appointment in 1859 to his death his professorship of the French and Spanish in February, 1865. Mr. Bond was the son of Languages and Literatures, was succeeded by William Craven Bond, his predecessor in the James Russell Lowell, who, by his learning, office of director, who introduced various valuaeminent attainments in authorship, and accom- ble improvements in the method of recording plishments as a lecturer, maintains the high observations by electro-magnetism, and the use reputation of the chair won by his predecessors. of the camera in photography, in the observaThe Rev. Dr. F. D. Huntington resigned the tory. The late Professor Bond was much aided Plummer professorship of Christian Morals in in his lab.ors by the assistant observer, Mr. Truthe university in 1860, and was succeeded by' man II. Safford, a graduate of Harvard of 1854. the Rev. Dr. Andrew Preston Peabody. Of this On the decease of the librarian of the Colaccomplished scholar and divine we have else- lege, Dr. Thaddeus William Harris, the assistant, where given an account, to which we refer. the Rev. John Langdon Sibley, was appointed his It is only needful to add that Dr. Peabody successor. Mr. Sibley, besides'his indefatigable has published Conversation, its Faults and its labors in the immediate duties of his office, to Graces (Boston, 1856); The Immutable Right, which the prosperity of the library is greatly an oration delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa due, has other claims on the gratitude of Alma Society of Brown University in 1858; four Ser- Mater, in the preparation, on which he has long mons Connected with the Re-opening of the Church been engaged, of a biographical record, so far as of the South Parish, Portsmouth, N. H., 1859, attainable, of all the deceased graduates of the and other occasional sermons and discourses. university from its first foundation. This work, The Rumford professorship and lectureship when it appears, cannot fail to be of great inon the Application of the Sciences to the Useful terest. From the well-known habits of the Arts having become vacant in 1863, by the re- writer it may safely be expected to be distinsignation of Professor Horsford, was filled by the guished for its accuracy, while it will not be election of Dr. Wolcott Gibbs. Dr. Gibbs, a wanting in candor of judgment and characterisgraduate of Columbia College, New York, re- tic details. Mr. Sibley is a member of the Masceived the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and sachusetts Historical Society, and his name freafterward devoted himself assiduously to the quently appears as a contributor to its proceedftudy of chemistry. He was an assistant opera- ings. lIe has now in preparation, at the request tive pupil in the laboratory of the eminent Dr. of the society, a History of the Triennial CatRobert Hare, of the University of Pennsylvania, alogues published by Harvard University. Mr. and subsequently pursued his chemical studies Sibley was succeeded as assistant librarian by and researches with Baron Liebig in Germany. Mr. Ezra Abbot, a gentleman of Boston, elniOn his return to the United States he was elected nent for his devotion to bibliography. A signal to the professorship of Chemistry and Physics proof of his devotion to this important branch of in the New York Free Academy. He also con- literature is exhibited in the curious and exten1ducted the physical and chemical resume of sive catalogue of books on the subject of the Silliman's Journal. In 1854 he was a candidate volume which he has furnished as an appendix for the professorship of Natural and Experi- to Mr. Alger's Critical History of the Doctrine mental Philosophy and Chemistry in Columbia of a Future Life. Mr. Abbot has also rendered College, New York; but failed to receive the an acceptable service to the reading world by appointment, notwithstanding the urgent solici- his careful revision and collation with the origitations of a large number of the alumni, and nals of the numerous learned quotations in extraordinary testimonials from eminent men of Jeremy Taylor's Holy Living and Dying. The HARVARD COLLEGE. 19 result of these researches has been given to the College, and it was accepted. The mnm, howpublic in a new edition of these works. Mr. ever, not being sufficient to accomplish the inAbbot has also been a contributor to the Bibli- tended object, application was made to the Leotheca Sacra, and an editor of the American gislature of Massachusetts for additional means edition of Smith's Dictionary of the Bible. for the purpose. An appropriation was granted In 1857 the college received a valuable and of one hundred thousand dollars, on condition unique addition to its library, in the presenta- that a like amount shall have been obtained by tion, by Mr. William Gray, of an extensive col- private subscription. Seventy thousand dollars, lection of choice engravings, which had been in addition to the Gray bequest, was speedily formed by his uncle, the late Hon. Francis C. raised, a suitable building, a portion of a proGray, a former member of the corporation of jeeted larger edifice, was erected oi the college Harvard, and an enlightened friend and benefac- grounds, and, in November, 1859, the collection tor of the institution. By the will of the latter, formed by Professor Agassiz having been placed this collection became the property of Mr. Wil- in it, the museum was dedicated with formal liam Gray, as residuary legatee. It consisted of ceremonies. The collections at the museum are three thousand engravings, selected with "the ut- freely open to the public, and courses of lecmost care, judgment, and taste," at an aggregate tures are given at the building in the departcost of not less than forty thousand dollars, to- mlent of zoology and geology. gether with three hundred and fifty volumes Several other new buildings have been erected illustrating the subjects of art, including the within the last ten years. The Appleton Chapel works of Rosellini, Audubon, Wilson, and others. was opened in October, 1858, and a gymnasium The bequest was accompanied by a letter to the building was about the same time erected, legatee, in which the donor expressed a desire which is presided over by a proper insteuctor, that, "under certain circumstances," the collec- and largely attended. tion should be given to Harvard College, or such Louis John Rudolph Agassiz, professor of other institution as Mr. Gray might see fit, to- Geology in the Lawrence Scientific School, cugether with sixteen thousand dollars, of which rator of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, one thousand, with the income, should be ap- &c., was born in Switzerland in 1807. Educated propriated in the first place to keeping the col- at schools in the cantons, he early acquired a lection in order, and publishing a catalogue of taste for natural history, studied medicine at the the same, as it was left by the testator. The medical school at Zurich, and subsequently at legatee, Mr. Gray, promptly complied with these Ieidelberg and Munich, pursuing especially the suggestions. The college accepted the gift. study of zoology and botany. Before taking his The "Gray Collection of Engravings," as it is.degree of Doctor in Medicine, he had obtained termed, now occupies an alcove of Gore Hall, reputation as a naturalist by his labors on the under the especial charge of a curator, Mr. Louis ichthyological portion of the report of an AusThies, who has also assisted in carrying through trian and Bavarian scientific exploring expedithe press a carefully prepared descriptive cata- tion to Brazil. He now devoted himself to the logue of the works in the collection. The en- preparation of an important work, A -Natural dowment accompanying the collection will pro- History of the Fresh-water Fishes of Europe, and vide means for its gradual increase. It is stated made extensive researches into the fossil species. by Mr. Thies that this is the best collection in He was meantime studying the glaciers and the world for the works of Raphael. their geological phenomena in summer excurBesides this donation, Mr. William Gray has sions in the Alps, and published the result of his given twenty-five thousand dollars, in five semi- researches in his works entitled Etudes szr les annual payments, for the purchase of books for Glaciers and Systene Glaciare. In 1846 he the library. Other important donations to the came to the United States to continue his exlibrary are recorded in the annual reports, in- plorations, and deliver a course of lectures on the eluding the bequest by Mr. Prescott, the histo- Animal Kingdom at Boston, before the Lowell rian, of the works, printed and in manuscript, Institute. The lectures were well received, and used by him in writing his "History of Ferdi- he delivered others on Natural History for the nand and Isabella;" a donation by the Hon. same institution during the next three winters. Stephen Salisbury, of a fund of five thousand In 18471 e accepted the professorship of Zoology dollars, for the purchase of Greek and Latin and Botany, in the Scientific School founded by literature, and that of a similar sum, the interest Mr. Lawrence at Cambridge. In 1848 he was to be expended in books, by Mr. F. A. Lane, of engaged in an exploration of the shores of Lake -New York. The late George Hayward also be- Superior, the results of which were published in queathed five thousand dollars for the same pur- the volume written by Mr. Elliott Cabot and pose. others, entitled Lake Superior. In conjunction Mr. Francis C. Gray, by a suggestion in his with Dr. A. A. Gould he published, in 1848, will, similar to that resulting in the endowment Principles of Zoology, for the use of schools of the "Gray collection of engravings," left fifty Continuing his natural history researches in thousand dollars, for the purpose of establishing various parts of the country, he has commenced and naintaiiing a Museum of Comparative the publication of some of the results of his obZoology. It was not to be appended to any servations in a series of volumes in qrarto, enother department, but to be under the charge of titled Contributions to the Natural History of an independent faculty, and no part of the in- the United States. During the winter of 1852-3 come of the fund, it was enjoined, was to be ex- he was professor of Comparative Anatomy in pended for real estate or the payment of salaries. the Medical College of Charleston, S. C. Since Mr. William Gray tendered this gift to Harvard that time he has been mainly engaged in various 20 CYCLOP.EDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. duties connected with the Scientific School at Geological Researches in China, Mongolia, and Cambridge. In the summer of 1865 he set out Japan during the years 1862 to 1865, to the for Brazil, at the head of a picked exploring "Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge." party, to make investigations in the natural his- In the three months' summer vacation of 1868, tory of the empire. Its enlightened emperor the senior class of the Scientific School was enactively co-operated with these scientific ex- gaged, under Professor Whitney, in making a plorers, and their labors were fruitful of good topographical and geological survey of a portion results. In the examination of the lower of the Rocky Mountain region in Colorado. A Amazon, Professor Agassiz is stated to have complete survey, based on the triangulation of discovered nearly two thousand species of an area about sixty miles square, was made. On fishes. An attractive description of the expe- the western side of Arkansas River, and near its dition and of Brazilian life appeared three years head, was found the loftiest peak of the Rocky later, entitled A Journey in Brazil, which was Mountains. It was named Mount Iarvard. chiefly written by Mrs. Agassiz. The vast col- Scarcely less noticeable is the reversion to the lections of natural specimens gathered in South College of the historical manuscripts of ex-PresiAmerica were added to the Museum of Con- dent Sparks, originally bequeathed by him to his parative Zoology, attached to Harvard College. son. In 1866 these were placed in Gore HIall, in This Museum was further enriched in 1867 by an appropriate cabinet built for the purpose, by the liberality of George Peabody, the American Mrs. Sparks. At the same time, a gift of one banker of London, who gave one hundred and hundred thousand dollars, by a gentleman of fifty thousand dollars to establish collections in Boston, led to the founding of a new Divinity Archaeology and Ethnology, to illustrate the School in Cambridge, to train ministers for the Natural History of Man. Professor Agassiz' Protestant Episcopal Church. The Alumni atlatest work is Contributions to Natural History tested their affection four years later, by a from the Museum of Comparative Zo&logy. "Subscription Fund" of fifty thousand dollars. Mr. Nathaniel J. Bowditch, of whom the Charles William Eliot, LL.D., became Presireader will find an account on another page, dent of Harvard College in May, 1869, on the made a liberal and enlightened gift to the uni- retirement of Dr. Hill. IHis accession was folversity, by the appropriatioe, in 1860, of seventy lowed by the creation of the new office of Dean thousand dollars, as a foundation for sixteen of the College Faculty, which was conferred on scholarships, four for each class, with an annual Ephraim Whitman Gurney, University Professor income of two hundred and fifty dollars for each of IIistory. Thus relieved from many minor adscholarship. This was justly pronounced by ministrative details, Dr. Eliot has held a general President Felton "not only a most munificent superintendence over all the concerns of the act, but one which will forever continue to bless University, thus infusing a spirit of vigor into the community... In a century, four hun- its manifold enterprises. Nor have the literary dred men of character and ability will have been labors of the professors of this peculiarly literadded to the liberally-educated workers in the ary institution ever waned. In addition to the community by this timely and generous gift."* recent works of Professors J. D. Whitney, Louis Mr. Bowditch also left to the College library Agassiz, F. J. Childs, F. H. Iedge, E. A. Sophotwo thousand dollars for the purchase of books. cles, Oliver Wendell Holmes, James Russell There were in 1865 thirty-seven scholarships Lowell, and Ezra Abbott, elsewhere mentioned, attached to the institution. A spirit of liberal- there have lately appeared Select Cases on Conity has, in fact, been awakened on all sides. In tracts and on Sales, by C. C. Langdell; Political 1863, Mr. Thomas Lee gave five thousand dol- Economy, by Francis Bowen; Chemical Philoslars " for the encouragement of the art of read- ophy, by J. P. Cooke; Science of Thought, by ing aloud among the under-graduates." The Charles Carroll Everett; Greek Grammar and Scientific School, its library and laboratory, Reader, Greek Moods and Tenses, by W. W. Goodhave been handsomely provided for. The win; a Series of.Manuals ofBotany, byAsa Gray; school was founded by the generosity of the late Musical Compositions, by J. K. Paine; PublicaAbbott Lawrence. His son, Mr. James Lawrence, tions of the U. S. Coast Survey, by its Superinhas contributed fifty thousand dollars, as a fund tendent, Benjamin Peirce; and Law of Real for the support of the Chemical and Engineering Property, by E. Washburn. Departments. Thirteen distinct departments are contained **Hon. Samuel Hooper in 1866 donated fifty in Harvard College, embracing as many classes thousand dollars to found, in close connection students. These are: 1 Undergraduates, with the Lawrence Scientific School, a School candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Artswith the awrene Scientific School, a School 2. Resident Bachelors, pursuing independent stuof Mining and Practical Geology. This was dies, candidates for honorary degrees in Arts, Phiplaced under the care of tw.o able professors, osophy, and Science; 3. Candiates for the deJosiah Dwight Whitney and Raphael Pumpelly. gee of Bachelor of Laws; 4. Candidates for the State of California, was born at Northamptor ofMedicine; 5. Studentsofthe State of California,'as born t Nothampton, ]ental art; 6. Theological students; 7. Scientific'Massachusetts, in 1819, and is a graduate of students; 8. Students in te Scool of Mining Yale College. He is the author of some stanand Practical Geology; 9. Students in the Mudard scientific works, the latest of which is and ratial eology seum of Comparative Zoology; 10. Students of Stte Reports on the Geology, etc., of Califor Astronomy; 11. Students of Ethnology and Professor Puinpelly contributed a volume on Archeology; 12. Attendants on University Lec* Dr. Lathrop's memoir of N. J. Bowditch. Mass. Hist. Col- tures; 13. Students in the Bussey Institution, lections, 1p62. comprehending Agriculture and Horticulture. THE BAY PSALMI BOOK. 21 Its rapid approach to a real University is also Book. "About the year 1689," says Cotton Maattested by its high standard of scholarship, and ther, in the Magnalia, "the new English Reformthe number of its scholars. These in 1871-72 ers resolving upon a new translation [of the exceeded twelve hundred, a half of whom at- Psalms], the chief divines in the country took each tended the academic department. Its profes- of them a portion to be translated; among whom sors and assistants then numbered one hundred, were Mr. Welde and Mr. Eliot of Roxbury, and while thirty-three distinct courses of lectures Mr. Mather of Dorchester. The Psalms thus were delivered. Its invested funds almost turn'd into Metre were printed at Cambridge, in equalled two-and-a-half million dollars, giving the year 1640."* an annual income exceeding one hundred and The Rev. Thomas Welde was the first minister eighty thousand dollars, while the term-bills for of Roxbury, where he was the associate of Eliot, tuition supplied one hundred and forty thousand the Apostle to the Indians. lIe returned to more. The area of the College has also shared England with Hugh Peters, and became the in the increase, and now reaches sixty acres, author of two tracts in vindication of the purity thus allowing park-like grounds around its nu- of the New England worship. Mr. Richard Mamerous buildings, which exceed twenty in nmn- ther was the grandfather of Cotton, who goes on to ber. In the general and subsidiary libraries add-" These, like the rest, were of so different a are gathered 164,000 volumes, and 16,000 addi- genius for their poetry, that Mr. Shepard of Camtional are in the society libraries of the Under- bridge, on the occasion, addressed them to this graduates. To such dimensions has this great in- purpose. stitution of learning attained. Although it met You Roxbury Poets, keep clear of the crime a net loss of two hundred thousand dollars in Of missing to give us a very good rhyme. the great Boston fire of November, 1872, this And you of Dorchester your verses lengthen, deficiency in its capital has been nearly made And with the text's own word you will them good by voluntary contributions, strengthen As compared with Yale Coliege, the triennial The design was to obtain a closer adherence to catalogue of Harvard shows that up to the close the sense than the versions of Ainsworth, which of 1868 it had conferred degiees on 11,553 per- they chiefly employed, and of Sternhold and Hopsons, of whom 5,817 were then survivors, and kins offered. The preface to the new book set the former, to the close of 1870, upon 10,036, this forth distinctly as a motive of the collection, of whom 5,661 were living. After a practical experiment of several years, because every good minister hath not a gift of the policy of elective studies, with partial re- spiritual poetry to compose extemporary psalmes as strictions, appears to have triumphed at Har- he hath of pryer. vard College over old-time opposition. In an * * Neither let any think, that for the metre able report of the Board of Overseers prepared sake we have taken liberty or poetical licence to in 1869 it is authoritatively declared that this depart from the true and proper sense of David's words in the Hebrew verses, nloe; but it hath been method "ought to be maintained, and perhaps one part of our religious care and faithful endeavour, extended. to keepe close to the original text Hon. George Bancroft, in recognition of his * * If, therefore, the verses are not always so youthful indebtedness to Harvard, lately found- smooth and elegant as some may desire or expect; ed a travelling fellowship. His graceful letter le& them consider that God's altar needs not our -dated from the "American Legation, Berlin, polishings, Ex. 20: for we have respected rather a July 4, 1871 " —demands an extract, as illus- plain translation, than to smooth our verses with trating the labors of his early manhood. the sweetness of any paraphrase, and so have A little more than fifty-three years ago, attended conscience rather than elegance, fidelity ".. A little more than fifty-three years ago,. t Edward Everett, then Eliot Professor of Greek rather than poetry, in translating the Hebrew words Into English language, and David's poetry into EngLiterature, in one of his letters to President Kirk- lish metre that so we may sing in Sion te Lod's land, developed the idea that it woul be well to songs of praise according to his own will; until he send some young graduate of Harvard to study for send some young graduate of Harvard to study for take us from hence, and wipe away all our tears, and a while at a German university, with a view to i o m g eternal his being called to a place on the College Board. Hallelujahs The President approved the suggestion, and his choice for this travelling fellowship fell upon me. As specimens of this version we may give the Accordingly in the early summer of 1818, being following, not remarkable for grace or melody, then in my eighteenth year, I proceeded to GSt- however distinguished for fidelity. tingen. After remaining more than three years in Europe, I returned to Cambridge, where I held the office of tutor for one year...... I wish, theref to found a scholarship on the idea of Presi- Manalia, iii. 100. We take the title from the copy in the fore, to mfound a ass. Iirst. Soc. Library, which, from an entry on a fly-leaf, was dent Kirkland, that the incumbent should have one of the books belonging to "the New England Library," leave to repair to a foreign country for instruction. begun to be collected by Thomas Prince, upon his entering Merit must be the condition of the election to the Harvard ollee July 6, 3. The Whole Book of Psalms faithfully translated into English metre. Whereunto is prescholarship; no one is to be elected who has not fixed a discourse declaring not only the lawfulness, but also the shown uncommon ability, and uncommon disposi- necessity of the heavenly ordinance of singing Scripture tion to learn. Of course the choice should fall on Psalms in the Churches of God. Imprinted 1640. ti tenry Ainsworth was a native of England, a leader of the some one who needs the subsidy." Brownists, and a man of eminent learning, lie retired, on the banishment of the sect, to Holland, where he published his THE BAY PSALM BOOK. "Book of Psalms" in Amsterdam in 1612. The Puritans brought it with them to Plymouth. Sternhold and Honkins's TTE first book of consequence printed in the version of a portion of the Psalms was made in England as country was what is called The Bay Psalm early as 149. 22 CYCLOPAIDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. PsALME is. "A little more art," says Mather, was found to * * * * * be necessary to be employed upon this version, 6s. I. i my streights, cl on the Lord, and it was committed for revision to the President an. I my Gd str c'd he did thea Lor, of Harvard, the Rev. Henry Dunster, who was fiand to my God cry: he mdid heye assisted in the task by Richard Lyon, an oriental before him came, unto his eare. scholar, who came over to the colony as the tutor to the son of Sir Henry Mildmay. The versifica7. Then th' earth shooke and quak't and moun- tion improved somewhat under their hands. tamies Previously to the publication of this edition, to roots moov'd, and were stir'd at his ire. u root oo'd, and e stir'd at his ire assist it with the people, came forth the Rev. John 8. Up from his nostrils went a smoak, Cotton's treatise, Singing of Psalms a Gospel and from his mouth devouring fire: ordinance," urging the duty of singing aloud in By it the coales inkindled were. spiritual meetings, the propriety of using the 9. Likewise teheavens he downe-bow'd, examples in Scripture, and the whole congregaid(l lie dlesceiided, and there zwas ttion joining in the duty; and:meeting the objecunder his feet a gloomy cloud. tions to the necessary deviation from the plain text of the Bible. The circumstance that Popish 10. And he on cherub rode, and flew; churches used chants of David's prose helped him yea he flew on the wings of winde. along in the last particular. The difficulties to be 11. His secret place hee darknes made met show a curious state of religious feeling. his covert that him round confinde, That the use of the Psalms of David in religious Dark waters, and thick clouds of skies worship, should be vindicated, in preference to dependence upon the special spiritual inspirations PSALME 128. of this kind on the occasion, such as the state of A Song of degrees. New England literature at that time afforded, is I. Blesse 1 is every one something notable in the Puritan history. Another that doth Jehovah feare; scruple it seems was in permitting women to take that walks his wayes along, part in public psalnody by an ingenious textual 2. F-o thou shalt eate with cheere' argument which ran this way. By a passage in thy hands labour: Corinthians it is forbidden to a woman to speak blest shalt thou bee, in the church-"how then shall they sing?" it well with thee Much less, according to Timothy, are they to proshall be therefore. phesy in the Church-and singing of Psalms is a 3 Ty ife like fruitful vine kind of prophesying.'Then the question was shall be by thi3e house si e: raised whether' carnal men and pagans" should the childrmei that be thillesing with Christians and Church-members. Such like olive plants abide was the illiberal casuistry which Cotton was reabout thy board. quired to meet. He handled it on its own. Behold thus blest grounds with breadth and candor, in the spirit that manh doth rest of a scholar and a Christian. "Though spiritual that feares the L-od. gifts," he wrote, "are necessary to make melody to the Lord in singing; yet spiritual gifts are 5. Jehovah shall thee blesse. Jehovah shall thee blesse neither the only, nor chief ground of singing; but from Sion, and shall see. s. Jeruom Sion, and sll see the chief ground thereof is the moral duty lying all thy lifs days that beeupon all men by the commandment of God: If any be merry to sing Psalms. As in Prayers,. And shall view well though spiritual gifts be requisite to make it acthy childreni then ceptable, yet the duty of prayer lieth upon all with their children, men by that commandment which forbiddeth peace on Isrell. atheism: it is the fool that saith in his heart In a second edition of the work in 1647, were there is no God: of whom it is said they call not added a few spiritual songs. This is a specimen upon the Lord, which also may serve for a just of the latter from the "Song of Deborah and argument and proof of the point." Barak." The Bay Psalm Book was now adopted and Jael the Kenite, Heber's wife was almost exclusively used in the New England'bove women blest shall be, Churches. It passed through at least twentyAbove the women in the tent seven editions by 1750. a blessed one is she. The first American edition of Sternhold and He water ask'd, she gave him milk: Hopkins's version was published at Cambridge in in lordly dish she fetch'd 1693. Him butter forth: unto the nail Cotton Mather, in 1718, published a new literal she forth her left hand stretched: version of the Psalms-" The Psalterium AmeriH ~er right hand to the workman's mal canum," of which a notice will be found in the and Sisera hammered: accountof thatauthor. The Rev. Thomas Prince, She pierced and struck his temples through, the antiquarian, revised the Bay Psalm Book and then cut off his head. with care. It was published in 1758 and introHe at her feet bow'd, fell, lay down, duced into the Old South Church, of which he he at her feet bow'd where had been pastor, in October of that year, the He fell: whereas he bowed down Sunday after his death. he fell distroyed there. Dr. Watts's Hymns were first published;n NATHANIEL WARD. 23 England in 1707, and his Psalms in 1719. He ties. Fuller has also preserved his Latin Episent specimens of them the year before to Cotton taph: Mather, who expressed his approval. The Hymns Quo si quis scivit scitius, were first published in America by Dr. Franklin Aut si quis docuit doctius: in 1741, and the Psalms in the same year, in Bos- At rarus vixit sanctius, ton. They did not come into general use till after Et nullus tonuit fortius: the Revolution. and thus translated it:Tate and Brady's version of the Psalms, pub- Grant some of knowledge greater store, lished in England at the close of the seventeenthoe some i teaching; century, was not reprinted in America till 1741. Yet few in life did lighten more, It furnished the material for the collection in use None thundered more in preaching. by the Protestant Episcopal Church. In 1752, the Rev. John Barnard, pastor at Mar- In the library of the Mass. IIistorical Society blehead for fifty-four years, who lived in great there is an old Londop quarto of the seventeenth estimation for his high character to the age of century, entitled "A Warning Piece to all Drunkeighty-eight, published a new version of the ards and Health Drinkers," which contains a "colPsalms based on the old Bay Psalm Book.* lection of some part of a Sermon long since preached " by Mr. Samuel Ward, one of these NATHANIEL WARD. sons, A Wo to Drunkards. "'He lived," continues this old writer, " in the days of famous King /?^ ~~~~~James, and was like righteous Lot, whose soul was -^{<~~/ mu^ f / ~vexed with the wicked conversation of the Sodomites. He published divers other good sermons. His text was in Proverbs xxiii. 29, 32. To THE most quaint and far-fetched in vigorous ex- whom is woe? to whom is sorrow? to whom is pression of the early political and religious tracts strife? In the end it will bite like a serpent, and generated in New England, is that piece of pedan- sting like a cockatrice. He begins thus: tic growling at toleration, and pungent advice to British Royalty, inclosing a satire on the fashiona- "Seer art thou also drunk or sleep? or hath a ble ladies of the day, the production of Nathaniel spit of lumber put out thie eyes Up to thy Pastor. of the C c a watch-tower, what descriest thou? Ali, Lord! Ward, Pastor o the Church at Ipswich, which what end or number is there of the vaniis entitled the Sinple Cobler of Agawam.t This ties which mine eyes are weary of beholding? was written in America in 1645, when the author But what seest thou? I see men walking like the was seventy-five. It has a home thrust or two tops of trees shaken with the wind, like masts of at the affairs and manners of the colony, showing ships reeling on the tempestuous seas: drunkenness, where it was written, but is mainly levelled at I mean, that hateful night bird; which was wont the condition of England. The style is for the to wait for the twilight, to seek nooks and corners, most part very affected, " a Babylonish Dialect;" to avoid the howting and wonderment of boys and full of the coinage of new words,- girls; now as if it were some eaglet, to dare the sun-light, to fly abroad at high noon in every street, Words so debas'd and hard, no stone in open markets and fairs, without fear or shame. Was hard enough to touch them on- * * * Go to then now ye Drunkards, listen, not passing, however, into very direct nervous Eng- what I or any ordinary hedge-priest (as you style passing, however, into very direct nervous Engus) but that most wise and experieIlced royal lish in the appeal to the King, then at war with preacher hath to say unto you. * * You promise his subjects. preacher bath to say unto you. * * You promise his subjects. yourself mirth, pleasure and jollity in your cups; Theodore de la Guard, the name assumed by but for one drop of your mad mirth, be sure of galthe author, addresses his remarks "to his native Ions and tons of woe, gall, wormwood and bittercountry." Ward was born in England in 1570, ness, here and hereafter. Other sinners shall taste at Haverhill, in Suffolk. His father John, the of the cup, but you shall drink off the dregs of painful minister" of that place, had four sons God's wrath and displeasure. * * You pretend in the Church, of whom, according to Dr. Fuller you drink healths and for health; but to whom are in his " Worthies," people used to say that all of all kind of diseases, infirmities, deformities, pearled them put together would not make up his abili- faces, palsies, dropsies, headaches, if not to drunkards."' Nathaniel Ward was educated at Camblridge, *A History of Music in New England, by George Hood. N l W w e a Boston: 1846. Much interesting matter has been collected by was bred a lawyer, travelled on the Continent with Mr. Hood, who gives specimens of the writers. Moore's En- some merchants in Prussia and Denmark, becomncyclopaedia of Music and Psalmody. in t The Simple Coblerof Aggawam in America, willing to help g acqu wth te learned theologue Pa'mend his native country, lamentably tattered, both in the reus at Heidelberg, and influenced by his auupper-leather and sole, with all the honest stitches he can thority, devoted himself to divinity. Returning take. And as willing never to be paid for his work, by olde tk o s a p a pi English wonted pay. to England he took orders and procured a parish It is his trade to patch all the year long, gratis, in Hertfordshire. He had some connexion with Therefore I pray, Gentlemen, keep your purses. the Massachusetts Company in 1629, got into By Theodore de la Guard. In rebus arduis ac tenui spe, difficulty as a nonconformist in 1631, was sifortUssnia quaque consia tutissima s8nt. Cic. In English, lenced as a preacher and came to America in the When Dootes and shoes are tome up to the lefts, summer of 1634, where he was set up as pastor Coblers must thrust their awls up to the hefts. of the church at Ipswich, formerly the Indian This is no time to feare Apelles granun: * 9 A Ive Sutor quidem 7a tra crepidam. e Sutoru i tidem ultra cre Apidlm.a town of Aglwamn. He had John Norton, on his London: Printed by J. D. & R. I. for Stephen Bowtell, at the arrival fro Enland the next yer, his ssosigng of the Bible in Pope's Head Alley, 164T. ciate. He soon after resigned this situation, and 24 CYCLOPiEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. appears to have been clerical and political assistant unravel the whole texture actually, if it be not in general to the country. His legal training conserved by an arm of extraordinary power"enabled him to prepare a draft of laws, called a sentence which has a very Coleridgean look. for by the people of the province, which was Again, an illustration worthy of Milton: "Non more constitutional than the theocratical propo- senescit veritas. No man ever saw a gray hair sitions of John Cotton. His suggestions were on the head or beard of any Truth, wrinkle or mostly included in the code entitled "Body of morphew on its face: the bed of Truth is green Liberties," of which he was the author. It was all the year long." This is very tersely expressed: the first code of laws established in New Eng- "It is a most toilsome task to run the wild goose land, being adopted in 1641. It is not to be chase after a well-breath'd opinionist: they delight confounded with the "Abstract of Laws" pre- in vitilitigation: it is an itch, that loves a life to pared by Cotton. Many of its provisions and be scrub'd; they desire not satisfaction, but satisomissions are sagacious, and its statutes are diction, whereof themselves must be judges." In tersely worded. A manuscript copy of the these more earnest thoughts he rises beyond his "Liberties" was some time since discovered by word-catching; but one portion of his book is Mr. Francis C. Gray, of Boston, who has pub- very amusing in this way, that directed against lished the work in the Mass. Hist. Society Col- the fashionable ladies of the time. The Cobler lections, accompanied by a judicious review of professes to be a solitary widower of twelve the early legislation.* Ward's Code exhibits, years' standing, on the look-out for a mate, and he says, "throughout the hand of the practical thinking of going to England for the purposelawyer, familiar with the principles and securities "but," says he, "when I consider how women of English liberty; and though it retains some have tripe-wifed themselves with their cladmnents, strong traces of the times, is in the main far in I have no heart to the voyage, lest their nauseous advance of them, and in several respects in shapes, and the sea, should work too sorely upon advance of the Common Law of England at my stomach. I speak sadly; mlethinks it should this day." Ward returned to England, where, break the hearts of Englishmen to see so lmany shortly after his arrival in 1647, he published goodly English-women imprisoned in French The Simple Cobler, which he had written iu cages, peering out of their hood-holes for some America. He obtained an English parish the ien of mercy to help them with a little wit, and next year, at Shenfield in Essex, where he died in nobody relieves them." He tells us there are 1653. Fuller celebrates his reputation for wit in " about five or six" specimens of the kind in the England, as one who, "following the counsel of colony: "if I see any of them accidentally, I the poet, cannot cleanse my fancy of them for a month Ridtenz dicere. erumafter." On this matter the Cobler thus defines Tidsntem dicere verum, Quis vetat? his position:-" It is known more than enough, What doth forbid but one may smile, that I alm neither niggard nor cynic, to the due And also tell the truth the while? bravery of the true gentry: if any man mislikes a bully mong drosock more than I, let him take hath, in a jesting way, in some of his bookher for his labour: I honour the woman that can delivered much smart truth of the present times.'t honour herself with her attire: a good text Cotton Mather, in the Magnalia, has written the alwas deserves a fair margent: I am not much life of his son who settled at Haverhill, on the offended if I see a trim, tar trirner than she Merrinmack, and has given a few lines to the that wears it: in a word, whatever Christianity father's memory as " the author of many compo-or civility will allow, I can afordith London sures full of wit and sense; among which, that measure: but when I hear a nugiperous gentleentituled The Simple Cobler (which demonstrate dalne inquire what dress the Queen is in this him to be a subtle statesman), was most consi-week: what the nudiustertian fashion of the dered;" and in his Remarables of his father, urt I ean the very newest; with egg to be Increase iMather, he alludes to Ward's hundredi t Increase Mather, he alludestn it in all haste, whatever it be; I look at her as witty speeches, with an anecdote of the inscrip-the very gizzard of a trifle, the product of a quartion over his mantelpiece, the four words en- ter of cypher, the epitome of nothing, fitter to graved Sobrie, Juste, Pie, Lete. be kickt, if she were of a kickable substance, than While looking over the notices of Ward which either honour'd or humourd." remain, and which are not so many as could be Like most of the Puritans, Ward was a bit wished, it has been our good fortune to hold in of apoet, a cultivator of that crabbed muse our hands the copy of The Simple Cobler which who frowned so often on such votaries. But belonged to Robert Southey, who, as is well Ward was too sensitive a wit not to have suspiknown, was a diligent reader and warm appreia- cion of his own verses, and says modestly and tor of the American Colonial history and records. truly enough of his attempts:-" I can impute it It is marked throughout with his peculiar pencil- to nothing, but to the fatuousness of our diet: lings on the. margin, of the following among other they are but sudden raptures, soon up, soon down.' fine passages: the least truth of God's kingdom, Here re soe lines forKing Charless onsideradoth in its place uphold the whole kingdom of tion which he appends to his book, and calls his Truths; take away the least vericulum out of "driving in half a dozen plain honest country the world and it unworlds all potentially, and may hobnails, such as the Martyrs were wont to wear." * Remarks on the Early Laws of Massachusetts Bay, with There, lives cannot be good, the Code adopted in 1641, and called the Body of Liberties, There, faith cannot be sure, now first presented by F. C. Gray, LL.D., &c. Mass. Hist. Wh u annt b Soc. Coil., Third Series, viii. 191. t Fuller's Worthies, Ed. 1859, iii 18T. Nor ordinances pure. JOHN COTTON; JOHN NORTON. 25 No king can king it right, classicalities. The Cobler's boy proves himself as Nor rightly sway his rod; efficient at patching and mending souls as his sire. Who truly loves not Christ, His pulpit-confectioner he warns against that And truly fears not God. "doctrine of indulgence," reminding him that He cannot rule a land, "ve must not speak things tooth-some but wholeAs lands should ruled been, some." " Coloquintida," says he, "must usher That lets himself be rul'd in ambrosia. Children would never eat so much By a ruling Roman Queen. raw and forbidden fruit (to vermiculate their intrals) if they could but remember that ever since NoTear hly t to mants sate Adam's time poma fuisse mala. If sugar-plums WTrue sject tPo this istate; lead the van, scouring pills will challenge the rear. Who makes the Pope his Christ, An heretique his mate. Too much diet-bread will bring a man to a diet Therete his mte drink; mack-roones will make room for (no good) There peace will go to war, luxury. Marmalade may marre my Lady, me it And silence make a noise: shall not. March pane shall not be my archWhere upper things will not bane." He then utters a meditation " that spice With nether equipoise. when it is bruised and small (being beat and heat), The upper world shall rule, it sends up a sweet savour into the nostrils of the While stars will run their race: smiter: so a gracious man, the more his God The nether world obey, bruises and beats him by afflictions, the more While people keep their place.* small he is broken in himself, the more fragrant To which we mlay add his and ravishing odours he sends up to heaven. The more the Lord brayes, the more he prayes." PREFATORY LINES TO THE POEMS OF ANNE BRADSTREET. He reminds the Smith not to have too many irons Mercury show'd Apollo, Bartas book, in the fire, and that it is easier to make his anvil Minerva this, and wish'd him well to look, groan than the hearts of his hearers. A seared And tell uprightly, which did which excel: conscience he says, " is like the smith's dog that He view'd and view'd, and vow'd he could not tell. hath been s addicted to sleep under the very They bid him hemisphere his mouldy nose, anvil tht no noise will convince im to an With's crack'd leering glasses, for it would pose awakening." The Coble's boy is of course at The best brains he had in's old pudding-pan,. Sex weigh'd, which best, the woman or the man ho th the shoe r he warns not He peer'd, and por'd, and glar'd, and said for woe, to go beyond his last by seeking to be one of the I'm even as wise now, as I was before. first." The tailor's disposition, he says, " must be They both'gan laugh, and said, it was no mar'l not more cross than his legs or shears." From The auth'ress was a right Du Bartas girl.' the porter pursuing his trudging vocation abroad Good sooth, quoth the old Don, tell me ye so, he draws this quaint conclusion, " that he walks I muse whither at length these girls will go. abroad all day, but the evening brings him home: It half revives my chill frost-bitten blood, many a prodigal roames abroad all the day of To see a woman once do ought that's good; prosperity; but the night of adversity brings him And chode by Chaucer's boots and Homer's furs, home to God. Therefore I shut up with an adLet men look to't, lest women wear the spurs. miring question thus, —What a strange owl-eyed Ward was also the author of a humorous sati- reature is nan, who (for the most part) finds the rical address in 1648, to the London tradesmen way home best iI the dark." The bos-maker turned preachers, entitled Mercurius Anti-mecha- naturally recalls to so ingenious a witted person nicus, or the Simple Cobler's Boy,t in which he the pulpit: "but perhaps thou accountest a pulpit devotes twelve chapters of punning and exhorta- a box, and I'll tell thee a brief story to that effect. tion to the Confectioner; the Smlith; the IRight ^A little child being at a sermon and observing the and Left Shoe-Maker; the Needless Tailor fromn inister very vehelent in his words and bodily his working (iln)posture; the Saddler; the Por- gesture, crie out, other, hy don't e people let the man out of the box?' Then I entreat ter; the Labyrinthian Box-maker; the All-be- the man out of the box? Then I entreat smearing Soap-boiler or the sleepy Sopor; the thee beave thyself ell in pacin lestmen Both-handed Glover; the White-handed Meal- say truly this is Jack in a box!" Iis Chickenman; the Chicken-man; and the Button-maker. man is to learn that many men woodcock-like He extracts from each the quaint analogies and live by their long bills." So he puns odl through provocations of his particular calling, running over fifty pages of typographical eccentricities in riot in a profusion of puns and moralities, en- small quarto He was a contemporary of Dr. grafted by his strong vigorous sense on his devo- Thomas Fuller, the admnirable wit and Church tional ardor, study of the times, and collegiate historian, who we have seen appreciated him, and has much in common with his genius, though the one was suffering with the ecclesiastical establishment, which the other was bent upon de* The Simple Cobler, in the old editions, is a scarce book. s ent The old Boston reprint bears date 1713. It has been lately stroyllg. republished by Munroe & Co. in 1843, with an introductory notice by David Pulsifer. There is an article on Ward in the Monthly Anthology for May, 18C9, from the pen of Dr. J. G. JOHN COTTON.-JOHN NORTON. Cogswell. Mercurius Anti-mechanicus, or the Simple Cobler's Boy. JOIIN COTTON, " the great Cotton," whose general With his Lap-full of Caveats (or Take heeds), Documents, m ilnd pastoral vertisements and Prcemonitions, to all his honest fellow- amiability, piety, political influence, and pastor tradesmen-Preachers, but more especially a dozen of them, in fidelity are memorable in the New England or about the City of London. By Theodore de la Guarden. London: Printed for John Walker, at the Sign of the Starre at erby, in Englad, i 1585. in Pipes-head Alley. 1648. He was an eminent student, and a fellow of Cam4 26 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. bridge, where he became a Puritan, and was after- Amen to it, and thus far may find it a lawful help wards minister in Lincolnshire for twenty years, to him; but if you set apart such a prayer to supbearing a high reputation for his personal worth port him as a crutch in his prayers (as without and his theological acumen, till a citation before which he cannot walk straight and upright in that Laud's Ecclesiastical Court induced him to escape or if he that penned that prayer, or others prosecution in America, where he landed in 1633, that have read it, do enjoin it upon him, and forbid and was established the same year in the ministry to pray (and especially with of a crutch, unless he of the Boston Church.which he held nineteen years, use that form, this, instead of a crutch, will prove a of the Boston Church, which he held nineteen years,.. oft tn X cudgell, to break the bones of the spirit in prayer, till his death in 1652. He was an ardent admirer and force him to halt in worshipping God after tha of church and state authority according to the precepts of men; as it hath been said before, so it theocratic Mosaic dispensation of the Jews. In may be again -remembered here; a man may help 1636, Cotton was appointed by the General Court his spirit in meditation of his mortality, by beholdto prepare a scheme of laws for the government ing a dead man's scalp cast in his way, by God's of the colony. He performed the task, but his providence; but if he should set apart a death's work was not accepted, the "Body of Liberties," head, or take it up as enjoined to him by others, by Ward, being preferred in its stead. Cotton's never to meditate or confer with others about his "Abstract of the Laws of New England as they mortality, and estate of another life, but in the sight are now established," * was printed in London, il and use of the death's head, such a soul shall find 1641, a book which has passed incorrectly for the but a dead heart, and a dead devotion from such a condeinactualoperationinNewEEngland. Heresy, means of mortification; if some forms of prayer, by these proposed laws, was punishable with death. especially such as gave occasion to this dispute, do now seem to be as bread to the hungry, we say no Scripture authorities were freely quoted, as, for n d v more but this: then hungry souls will never be sending out warrants for calling of the general starved, that never want store of such like bread as Court, Josh. xxiv. 1. this is. The ingenuity of Cotton was considerably taxedys of the kingdom of Heaven and in his controversy with Roger Williams, in his Power thereof exhibits his systetton som of church goattempts to reconcile the authority of the civil Pernent. He published numerous discourch gopower with rights of conscience. Williams had vernent.* He published numerous discourses charged him with "holding a bloody tenent of and religious treatises of a practical ad expository persecution;" when Cotton entitled his reply charactr, from catechism to sermons on t The Bloody Tenent~ washed and made white in the Revelations, beside his controversial religious and Blood of the Lamb,t to which Williams rejoined political writings. The titles of some of these The controversy was conducted with much polemi- writings are in the quaint style of the times, as his cal acuteness on both sides. Milk for Babes, a Catechism, and his Meat for In 1642, he published a tract on Set Forms Strong Men, which was an exposition of civil Prayer from which we may present a charac- government in a plantation founded with religious teristic passage:otives. In case a distressed soul do meet with a prayer C ODo penned by a godly and well-experienced Christian, and do find his own case pithily and amply deci- Like most of the old New Egland divines phered and anatomized therein, we deny not but his heart and affections may go along with it, and say he could on occasion turn his hand to verse. A specimen of this kind has been preserved in Secretary Morton's'" New England's Memorial." * This is reprinted in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., First Series, v. IT3, and sequel. In 1655, after Cotton's death, this was pub- ON MY REVEREND AND DEAR BROTHER, MR. THOMAS HOOKER, lihed in London in a complete form by William Aspinwall, as LATE PASTOR OF THE CHURCH AT HARTFORD ON CONNECTICUT. "collected and digested into the ensuing method by that godly grave and judicious divine Mr. John Cotton of Boston in To seethree things was holy Austins wish, New England, in his lifetime, and presented to the General Rome in her flower, Christ Jesus in the flesh, Court of Massachusetts." See F. C. Grays review of the And Paul i' the Pulpit: lately men might see, matter, Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., Third Series, viii. 192,..in r' i t The Bloody Tenent, washed and made white in the Blood Two first, and more, in Hooker's ministry. of the Lamb: being discussed and discharged of blood-guilti- Zion beauty, is a fairer sight, ness by just defence. Wherein the great questions of this present time are handled, viz. How farre liberty of conscience Than Rome in flower, with all her glory dight: ought to be given to those that truly fear God? And how farre Yet Zion's beauty did most clearly shine restrained to turbulent and pestilent persons, that not only In Hooker's rule and doctrine; both divine. raze the foundation of godliness, but disturb the Civil Peace where they live? Also how farre the magistrate may proceed Christ in the spirit is more than Christ in flesh, in the duties of the first Table? And that all magistrates ought Our souls to and our states to bless to study the word and will of God, that they may frame their Our souls to quicken, government according to it. Discussed as they are alledged Yet Christ in spirit brake forth mightily, from various Scriptures, out of the Old and New Testaments. In faithful Hooker's searching ministry. Wherein also the practice of Princes is debated, together with the judgment of ancient and late writers of most precious Paul in the pulpit, Hooker could not reach, esteem. Whereunto is added a Reply to Mr. Williams' An- Yet did he Christ in spirit so lively preach swer to Mr. Cotton's Letter. By John Cotton, Batchelor in hr t r h Divinity, and Teacher of the Church of Christ at Boston, in That living hearers thought he did inherit New England. London: Printed by Matthew Symmons, for A double portion of Paul's lively spirit. Hannah Allen, at the Crowne in Pope's-Head Alley, 16'7. 4to. Pp. 195, 144. 4 From a modest and clear Answer to Mr. Ball's Discourse * The Keys of the Kingdom of Heaven and Power thereof, of Set Forms of Prayer, set forth in a most seasonable time, according to the word of God, by that Learned and Judicious when this kingdom is now in consultation about matters of Divine, Mr. John Cotton, Teacher of the Church at Boston, in that nature, and so many godly long after the resolution in New England, tending to reconcile some present differences that point. Written by the Reverend and learned John Cot- about discipline, was published in London in 1644. with a preton, B.D., and Teacher of the Church of Christ. at Boston, in liminary address to the Reader, by Thomas Goodwin and New England. London: Printed by R. 0. and G.D., for Henry Philip Nye, members of the Westminster Assembly. It was Overton, in Pope's Head Alley. 1642. 4to. pp. 51. reprinted by Tappan & Dennet, Boston, 1843. JOHN COTTON. 27 Prudent in rule, in argument quick, full; He then saw it time to send in a busy Elf, Fervent in prayer, in preaching powerful; A Joyner to take them asunder, That well did learned Ames record bear, That so they might learn each one to deny himself The like to him he never wont to hear. And so to peece together.'Twas of Geneva's worthies said, with wonder, When the breach of their bridges, and all their (Those worthies three) Farell was wont to thunder; banks arow, Viret, like rain, on tender grass to shower; And of him that school teaches; But Calvin, lively oracles to pour. When the breach of the Plague, and of their Trade All these in Hooker's spirit did remain, also A son of thunder, and a sphower of rain, Could not learn them to see their breaches. A son of thunder, and a shower of rain, A pourer forth of lively oracles, Then God saw it time to break out on their MinisIn saving souls, the sum of miracles. ters, Now blessed Hooker, thou art set on high, By loss of health and peace; Above the thankless world, and cloudy sky; Yea, withall to break in upon their Magistrates, Above the thankless world, and cloudy sky; That so their pride might cease. Do thou of all thy labour reap the crown, T Whilst we here reap the seed which thou hast sown. Cotton Mather has written his life in the to which we may add from John Norton's life, Magnalia, with great unction and many puns. "A taste of the Divine Soliloquies between God "If Boston," says he, "be the chief seat of New and his Soul, from these two transcribed poems England, it was Cotton that was the father left behind him in his study, written with his own a glory of Boston," in compliment, by the way, hand. The one entituled thus,"- to whose Lincolnshire residence the city was,named, and he celebrates the divines who came A THANKFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF GOD'S PROVIDENCE. with himl in the ship froln England:- L Mr. CotIn mother's womb thy fingers did me make ton, Mr. Hooker, and Mr. Stone, which glorious And from the womb thou didst me safely take: triumvirate colling together, made the poor peoFrom breast thou hast me nurst my life throughout, ple in the wilderness, at their coming, to say, that That I may say I never wanted ought. the God of heaven had supplied them with what In all my meals my table thou hast spread, would in some sort answer their three great Iln all my lodgings thou hast made my bed: necessities: Cotton for their clothing, Hooker Thou hast me clad with changes of array, for their fihing, and Stone for their building." And chang'd my house for better far away. One of Mather's conceits in this "Life" is worthy of Dr. Fuller; it has a fine touch of inmagination. In youthful wandrings thou didst stay my slide, "Another time, when Mr. Cotton had nodestly I1 all my journies thou Ihast beei my Guide: replied unto one that would much talk and crack.Thou hast me sav'd from many an unknown danger, And shew'd me favour, even where I was a stranger. of hcs fnslght nto the Revelations; Brother, I mllust confess myself to want light in those mysIn both my callings thou hast heard my voice, teries:"-the man went home and sent him a In both my matches thou hast made my choice: pound of candles; upon which action this good Thou gav'st me sons, and daughters, them to peer, man bestowed only a silent smile. lie would not And giv'st me hope thou'It learn them thee to fear. set the beacon of his great soul onfire at the landOft have I seen thee look with Mercy's face, ing of such a little cockboat." And through thy Christ have felt thy saving grace. Mather quotes the funeral eulogy on Cotton This is the Heav'n on Earth, if any be: written by Benjamlin Woodbridge,* the first graduFor this, and all, my soul doth worship Thee. ate of Harvard, which was probably read by An m m e by Mr. C n (s it Franklin before he wrote the famous typographi"Another poem, made by Mr. Cotton (as it cl epitaph on himself: cal epitaph on himself: seemeth), upon his removal fronm Boston to this wilderness:" A living, breathing Bible; tables where Both covenants, at large, engraven were; I now may expect some changes of miseries, Gospel and law, in's heart, had each its column; Since God hath made me sure His head an index to the sacred volume; That himself by them all will purge mine iniquities, His very name a title-page; and next, As fire makes silver pure. His life a commentary on the text. Then what though I find the deep deceitfulness 0 what a monument of glorious worth, Of a distrustful heart! When, in a new edition, he comes forth, Yet I know with the Lord is abundant faithfulness, ithout erratas, may we think he'll be He will Io~t lose his part. In leaves and covers of eternLity! He will not lose his part. When I think of the sweet and gracious company It was to Cotton New England was indebted That at Boston once I had, for the custom of commencing the Sabbath on And of the long peace of a fruitful Ministry Saturday evening. " The Sabbath," says Mather, For twenty years enjoy'd: "he began the evening before: for which keeping of the Sabbath, from evening to evening, he The joy that I found in all that happiness wrote arguments before coming to New England: Doth still so much refresh me, That the grief to be cast out into a wilderness Doth not so much distress me. * * Doth not so much distress me. * The Rev. Benjamin Woodbridge, the first graduate from Harvard College (1642), was born in 1622. He returned to EngFor when God saw his people, his own at our town, land and preached at Newbury, Berks, with reputation as a That together they could nrot hit it, scholar and orator. In 1662 he was ejected, but by particular favor of the king, by whom he was highly esteemed, was alBut th ththey had learned the language Askelon, lowed to preach privately. He died at Inglefield, Berks, 168L And one with another could chip it. A few of his sermons were published. 28 CYCLOPPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. and, I suppose,'twas from his reason and practice seeds of virtue, and looks at them as the printhat the Christians of New England have gene- ciples and foundations of better education. These rally done so too." the godly-wise advise such to whom the inspecThe life of Co ton was also written by his succes- tion of youth is committed, to attend to, as spring sor in the Church at Boston, JOHN NORTON, an masters were wont to make a trial of the virtue English curate, who came to America and was set- latent in waters, by the morning vapors that tied as the colleague of Ward at Ipswich. While ascend fromn them;" and in a marginal reference at the latter place, he acquired distinguished litera- he quotes Clemens Alexandrinus, " Animi nostri ry reputation by the elegant latinity of his Answer sunt agri animati." "Idleness in youth," he to Apollolius, the pastor of the Church in Mid- says, "is scarcely healed without a scar in age." dlebury, who, at the request of the divines of When he arrives at Cotton's distinguished college Zealand, had sent over various questions on years, he has this picture of a student's life. Church Government to the clergy of New England. Of this work, published in London in He is now in the place of improvement, amongst 1648, Dr. Thomas Fuller, that warm appreciator his e0a,XXo,, beset with examples, as so many objects of character, says in his Church hitory,* of his of better emulation. If he slacken his pace, his inquiries into the tenets of the Congregationalists, compeers will leave him behind; and though he "that of all the authors I have perused concern- quicken it, there are still those which are before. Notwithstandi, g Themistocles excelleth, yet the troing the opinions of these Dissenting Brethren, NotwithstandingTheistolesexcellethyetthetronone to me waopinions of these informa tiv e than Mr. John phies of Miltiades suffer him not to sleep. Cato, none to me was more informative than Mr. John noto e o noe I ati than 3M h that Helluo, that devourer of books, is at Athens. Norton (one of no less learning than Imode-ty), Ability and opportunity are now met together; minister in New England, in his answer to Apol- unto both which industry actuated with a desire to lonius." Norton, in his services to the state, was know, being joined, bespeaks a person of high excharged with a delicate commission from the Pu- pectation. The unwearied pains of ambitious and ritans of New England to address his Majesty unquietwits, are amongst the arrangements of ages. Charles II. on the Restoration. He died suddenly Asia and Egypt can hold the seven wonders; but in 1663, shortly after his return froln this em- the books, works, and motions of ambitious minds, bassy. the whole world cannot contain. It was an illicit Norton's Life and Death of that deservedly aspiring after knowledge, which helped to put forth famous Man of God, AMr. John Cottor,t shows a Eve's hand unto the forbidden fruit: the less marscholar's pen as well as the emotion of the divine, el if irregenerate and unelevated wits have placed and the warmln heart of the friend. It abounds their susrnu bonun in knowledge, indefatigably with those quaint learned illustrations which pursuing it as a kind of deity, as a thing ruinous, yea, as a kind of mortal-immortalit.y. Diogenes, those old preachers knew how to employ so well yea, as a kind of mortal-immortality. Diogenes, those old preachers knew how to employ so well, Democritus, and other philosophers, accounting large and which contrast so favorably with the gene- estates to be an impediment to their proficiency in. rally meagre style of the pulpit of the present day. knowledge, dispossessed themselves of rich inheritThus, in introducing Cotton on the stage of life, ances, that they might be the fitter students; prehe treats us to a quaint and poetical essay on ferring an opportunity of study before a large patriyouthful education. " Though vain man would mony. Junius, yet ignorant of Christ, can want his be wise, yet may he be compared to the c.lb, as country, necessaries, and many comforts; but he well as the wild asses' colt. Now we know the must excel. "Through desire a man having sepabear when she bringeth forth her young ones, rated himself, seeketh and intermeldleth with all they are an ill favored lump, a mass without wisdom," Prov. xviii. 1. The elder Plinius lost his shape, but by continual licking, they are brought life in venturing too near to search the cause of the to some form. Children are called infants of he irruption of the hill Vesuvius. It is true, knowledge palms (Lain. ii. 20), or educations, not because excelleth other created excellences, as much as life ar u e n, b t because t excelleth darkness; yet it agreeth with them in they are but a span in length, but because the this, that neither call exempt the subject thereof midwife, as soon as they are born, stretcheth out from eternal misery. Whilst we seek knowledge their joints with her hand, that they imay be more with a selfish interest, we serve the decree; and straight afterwards." A conceit is not to be re- self being destroyed according to the decree, we jected by these old writers, come from what hence become more able to serve the command. quarter it may; as George Herbert saysAll things are big with jest: nothing that's plain Cottonwas on one occasion a correspondent of Butmay be witty, if thou hast the vein Cronwell, on an application in 1651 for the encouragement of the Gospel in New England. Here is something in another way: "Three in- The reply of the Lord Protector-For my esteemned gredients Aristotle requires to comlplete a man, Friend, Mr. Cotton, Pastor of the Church at Bosan innate excellency of wit, instruction, and ton, in New England: These-is characteristic of government: the two first we have by nature, in his bewildered dogmatic godliness. " What is the them man is instrumental; the first we have by Lord adoing? What prophecies are now fulfilling? nature more immediately from God. This native Indeed, my dear Friend, between you and me, aptitude of mind, which is indeed a peculiar gift you know not me," and the like. Carlyle, in his of God, the naturalist calls the sparklings and Oliver Cromwell, has printed the letter and prefaced it with this recognition of the old divine — "Reverend John Cotton is a.man still held in * Book xi. sec. 51, 2. *??^k xi^ sec. 51, 2. some remembrance among our New England t Abel being dead yet speaketh; or the Life and Death of some re brance among our New England that deservedly famous man of God, Mr. John Cotton, late Friends. A painful Preacher, oracular of high teacher of the Church of Christ, at Boston, in New England. Gospels to New England; who in his day was By John Norton, teacher of the same church. London: Tho. well seen to be connected with the Supreme PowNewcomb. 185. 4to. 1. oridaeb ewell seen to be connected with the Supreme PowNewcauthor, Boston, Nov. 6,1651. This work is dated by the author, Boston, Nov. 6, 1657. ers of this Universe, the word of him being as a TH1OMxAS HOOKER. 29 live-coal to the hearts of many. IIe died some He frequently bestowed large sums on widows years afterwards;-was thought, especially on and orphans, and on one occasion wlhen there his deathbed, to have manifested gifts even of was a scarcity at Southampton, on Long Island, Prophecy,-a thing not inconceivable to the joined with a few others in despatchiing a whole human mind that well considers Prophecy and bark's load of corn of many hundred bushels" to John Cotton."* the relief of the place. THOMAS IIOOKER. TIiOiIAS IloorEn was born at IMarfield, Leicestershire, in 1586. HIe was educated at Cainr- bridge, became a fellow of Emanuel college, and, i onl leaving the uBniversity, a popular preacher_ a I in LondoIn. In 1626 he removed to Chelms- - ford, Essex. After officiating as "lecturer" fbr _ -'. __ four years in this place, in consequence of nonconformity with the established church he w'uas_ obliged to discontinue preaching, and, by request, opened a school, in which he employed John Eliot, afterwards the Apostle to the Indians, as his usher. lie not long after went over to -Iol- land, where he remained three years, preaching 1ooker's Residence at Hartford. at Anmsterdam and Rotterdamr. He then emigrated to Massachusetts, arriving at Boston, with Ilie would say," remarks Matller, "that he Mr. Cotton and Mr. Stone, Sept. 4, 1633, and be- should esteem it a favor from God, if lie might came the pastor of the congregation at Newvtown, live no longer than he should be able to hold up or Camnlrdlge, with Mr. Stone as his assistant. lively in the work of his place; and that when " Such multitudes," says Cotton lMather, "flocked the time of his departure should comge, Cod would over to New England after them that the planta- shorten the time, and he had his desire." A few tion of Newtown became too straight for them," ldays' illness brought him to his deathbed. His and in consequenlce Iooker, with one hunred of last words were in reply to one who said to him, his followes, penetrated through the wilderness Sir, you are going to receive the reward of all eivdr, Iy am going to receive t rd o al7 to th e banlks of the Connecticut, where they your labors," "Brother, I am gong to receive founded Hartford. A difference of opinion on mercy." A little after he closed his eyves with minor points of church government with his his own hands, "and expired his blessed soul into clerical associates had its share in effecting tis the arms of his fellow-servants, the holy angels, removal. Neither distance nor difiference, how- i on July 7, 1647. ever, led to any suspension of fiiendly intercourse, Two hundred of his manuscript sermons were Hooker occasionally visiting and preaching in sent to England by John igginson, the minister prilea chEinglin ohn Hiinsof micer MeassEachnusetts Bay, whehre he was always re- of Salem, himself a man of some literature, who ceived by admliring crowds. died in 1708, at the extreme sge of ninety-two With the exception of these visits, the remain- ear seventy-two of which le hal passed i the der of his life was spent at the colony he had nt ealy one hundred of thee seons founded. HIe enjoyed throughout his career a were published; and he was also the author of great reputation as a pulpit orator, and several several tracts, and of a Survey of the Sum of vstories are told by Mathier of wonders wrought Church Discipline, which was published in Lonstories are told by Mather of wonders wrought don, 1648;:under' the care of I1r. Thomas Goodwahisabot, andu eer Ont edon, 1648; under the care of Dr. Thomas Goodby his prayers and sermons. On one occasion whiler p~reaching in "hie great church of Leices: win, who declares that to praise either author or while preaching in t"the great church of Leicester (England), one of the chief burgesses in the k, "were to lay paint pon burnished arbe, town much opposed his preaching there; and or add light unto the sun.'t when he could not prevail to hinder it, he set The Applicaton of edemption by the Efectual certain rfilers at work to disturb him in the Work of the Word and Spirit of Christ, for the church porch or clhurchyard. But such was the Bringing Ihome of Lost Sinners to God, which vivacity of Mr. Hooker, as to proceed in what he was pinted fom the athor's pers, itten was about, without either the damping of his with his own hand, and attested to be such in an mind or the drowning of his voice; whereupon epistle by Thomas Goodwin and Philip Nye, had the man himself went unto the church door to reached a second edition in London in 1659. It overhear what he said," with such good result that he begged pardon for his offence, and became * His associate at Salem, Nicholas Noyes, wrote an elegy on a devout Christian. His bearing was so dignified him, in which he says quaintly: For rich array cared not a fig, that it was said of him, he could put a king in And wore Elisha's periwig. his pocket." At ninety-three had comely face, Adorned with majesty and grace. His charities were as liberal as his endowments. Before he went among the dead, He children's children's children hbad. Noyes published an Election Sermon, 1698; a poem on the Death of Joseph Green, of Salem, 1715; and appears among * Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, with Elucidations, the comnmendatolry poets of the Magnalia.-AIllen's Biog. Dict. 1. 8. t Alien's Biog. Diet. 30 CYCLOPADIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. is a compact small quarto of seven hundred pages, glory of the Lord: Therefore, first behold this grace exhibiting his practical divinity in the best man- in Christ by faith (and thou must do so before thou ner of the Puritan school. One of his most popu- canst receive grace). First, see humility in Christ, lar works was The Poor Doubting Ckhristian and then fetch it thence: First see strength and drawon to Christ; a seventh edition was pub- courage in him, whereby to enable thy weak heart, lished in Boston, 1743. and strength will come; there fetch it, and there have it. Would you then have a meek, gracious, FROM THE APPLICATION OF REDEMPTION. and humble heart? I dare say for some of you that Follow sin by the fruits of it, as by the bloody you had rather have it than anything under heaven, footsteps, and see what havoc it makes in every and would think it the best bargain that ever you place wherever it comes: go to the prisons, and see made; which is the cause why you say, " Oh, that so many malefactors in irons, so many witches in I could once see that day, that this proud heart of the dungeon; these are the fruits of sin; look aside, mine might be humbled: Oh, if I could see the last and there you shrll see one drawn out of the pit blood of my sins, I should then think myself happy, where he was drowned; cast your eye but hard by, none more, and desire to live no longer." But is and behold another lying weltering in his blood, the this thy desire, poor soul? Then get faith, and so knife in his throat, and his hand at the knife, and buy the whole, for they all go together: Nor think his own hands become his executioner; thence go to to have them upon any price, not having faith. I the place of execution, and there you shall hear mean patience, and meekness, and the humble many prodigal and rebellious children and servants heart: But buy faith, the field, and you have the upon the ladder, leaving the last remembrance of pearl. Further, would you have the glory of God their untimely death, which their distempers have in your eye, and be more heavenly minded? Then brought about. I was born in a good place where look to it, and get it by the eye of faith: Look up the gospel was preached with plainness and power, to it in the face of Jesus Christ, and then you shall lived under godly masters and religious parents; a see it; and then hold you there: For there, and holy and tender-hearted mother I had, many prayers there only, this vision of the glory of God is to be she made, tears she wept for me, and those have met seen, to your everlasting peace and endless comfort. me often in the dark in my dissolute courses, but I When men use to make a purchase, they speak of never had a heart to hear and receive. All you all the commodities of it, as, there is so much stubborn and rebellious, hear and fear, and learn by wood, worth so much; and so much stock, worth so my harms; hasten from thence into the wilderness, much; and then they offer for the whole, answerand see Corah, Dathan, and Abiram going down able to these severals. So here; there is item for quick to hell, and all the people flying and crying anl heavenly minld, and that's worth thousands; and, lest we perish also; Lo, this rebellion hath brought; item for an humble heart, and that's worth millions: Turn aside but to the Red sea, and behold all the and so for the rest. And are those graces so much Egyptians dead upon the shore; and ask who slew worth? What is faith worth then? Hence we may them? and the story will tell you a stubborn heart conclude and say, Oh, precious faith! precious inwas the cause of their direful confusion: From deed, that is able, through the spirit of Christ, to thence send your thoughts to the cross where our bring so many, nay, all graces with it: As one deSaviour was crucified, he who bears up heaven and gree of grace after another, grace here and happiearth with his power, and behold those bitter and ness for ever hereafter. If we have but the hearts brinish tears, and hideous cries, My God, my God, of men (I do not say of Christians) methinks this why hast Thou forsaken me? And make but a peep- that is spoken of faith should provoke us to labor hole into hell, and lay your ear and listen to those always, above all things, for this blessed grace of yellings of the devils and damned, cursing the day God, the grace of faith. that ever they were born, the means that ever they enjoyed, the mercies that ever they did receive, the JOIN WINTHROP, worm there gnawing, and never dies, the fire there THE first Governor of Massachusetts, was deburning, and never goes out, and know this sin hath scended from a highly honorable English family, done, and it will do so to all that love it and live in and born at the family seat at Groton, county it. of Suffolk, January 12, 1587.* His father, Adam FROM THE DOUBTING CHRISTIAN DRAWN TO CHRIST. Winthrop, was an accomplished lawyer; and the Many a poor soul mourns and cries to heavel for following, from his pen, reprinted in the Massamercy, and prays against a stubborn, hard heart, chusetts Historical Society Collections, shows him and is weary of his life, because this vile heart to have been possessed of poetic feeling. remains yet in him; and yet haply gets little or no VERSES MADE TO THE LADIE MILDMAY AT YE BIRTH OF HER redress. The reason is, and the main wound lies M ONNE MIL ENERAY here, he goes the wrong way to work; for, he that MADAME: I mourn not like the swan would have grace must (first of all) get Faith, Faith t lr i the swa will bring all the rest: buy the field and the pearl But with the P nix I re e is thine; it goes with the purchase. Thou muste i not think with thine own struggling to get the mas-When she in fire doth fry. tery of a proud heart; for that will not do: But let My soul doth praise the Lord, thy faith go first to Christ, and try what that can And magnify his name, do. There are many graces necessary in this work; For this sweet child which in your womb as meekness, patience, humility, and wisdom: Now He did most finely frame. faith will fetch all these, and possess the soul of And on a blessed day them. Brethren, therefore if you set any price upon Hath made him to be born these graces, buy the field, labor for faith; get that That with his gifts of heavenly grace, and you get all. The apostle saith, 2 Cor. iii. 18: His soul he might adorn. We all with open face beholding, as in a glass, the ___________ glory of the Lord, are changed into the same image, from glory to glory. The Lord Christ is the glass, * Mather (Magnalia, Ed. 1858, i. 119) has it June, and is followed by Eliot. January is the true date from the family and the glorious grace of God in Christ, is that record. JOHN WINTHROP. 31 God grant him happy days, That thou mayst long possess those lands In joy and peace to live, Which he must leave one day.* And more of his most blessed fruit He unto you do give. The son was, though inclined to the study of AMEN. theology, also bred to the law, and at the early age of eighteen was. made a justice of the peace. VERSES TO HER SON. He discharged the duties of this responsible post in an exemplary manner, and in his private Ah, me! what do I mean capacity was celebrated for his piety and hospiTo take my pen in hand? tality. More meet it were for me to rest, t And silent still to stand. For pleasure take I none'cf, y 0 t * In any worldly thing, But evermore methinks I hear 7 ~ Z My fatal bell to ring. Yet when the joyful news.-e was chosen leader of the colony formed Did come unto my ear, in England to proceed to Massachusetts Bay, That God had given to her a son, and, having converted an estate yielding an inWho is my nephew dear, come of six or seven hundred pounds into My heart was filled with joy, cash, left England, and landed at Salem, June My spirits revived all, 12, 1630. Within five days he made, with a few And from my old and barren brain companions, a journey of twenty miles through These verses rude did fall. the forest, which resulted in the selection of the peninsula of Shawmut as the site of Boston. During the first winter, the colonists suffered Welcome, sweet babe, thou art severely from cold and hunger. The Governor Unto thy parents dear, endured his share of privation with the rest, livWhose hearts thou filled hast with joy, ing on acorns, ground-nuts, and shellfish. He As well it doth appear. devoted himself with unsparing assiduity to the The day even of thy birth, good of the commonwealth, and was annually When light thou first didst see, elected Governor until 1634, and afterwards from Foresheweth that a joyful life 1637 to 1640, 1642 to 1644, and 1648 to his Shall happen unto thee. death, which occurred in consequence of a cold, For blessed is that day, followed by. a fever, March 26, 1649. His adAnd to be kept in mind; ministration of the government was firm and On which our Saviour Jesus Christ decided, and sometimes exposed him to tempoWas born to save mankind. rary unpopularity. He bore opposition with Grow up, therefore, in grace, equanimity, and served the state as faithfully in And fear his holy name, an inferior official or private position as when at Who in thy mother's secret womb its head. He opposed the doctrines of Anne Thy members all did frame, Hutchinson and her followers, and was active in their banishment, but at the same time used his And gave to thee a soul, influence in the svnod called to consider their Thy body to sustain, doctrines, in favor of caln discussion and cool Which, when this life shall ended be, deliberation In heaven with him shall reign deliberatlon. His private character was most amiable. On Love him with all thy heart, one occasion, having received an angry letter, And make thy parents glad, he sent it back to the writer with the answer: As Samuel did, whom of the Lord "I am not willing to keep by me such a matter His mother Anna had. of provocation." Soon after, the scarcity of proGod grant that they may live visions forced this person to send to buy one of To see from thee to spring the Governor's cattle. He requested him to acAnother like unto thyself, cept it as a gift, upon which the appeased oppoWho may more joy them.bring. nent came to him, and said, "Sir, your overcoming And from all wicked ways, yourself hath overcome ie." That godless men do trace, During a severe winter, being told that a Pray daily that lie will thee keep neighbor was making free with his woodpile, he By his most mighty grace, sent for the offender, promising to "take a course with hhn that should cure him of stealing." The That when thy days shall end, " corse" was an announcement to the thief that he In his appointed time was to help himself till the winter was over. It Thou mayest yield up a blessed soul, was his practice to send his servants on errands Defilede with no crime. to his neighbors at meal times, to spy out the And to thy mother dear nakedness of the land, for the benevolent purpose Obedient be, and kind; of relieving them from his own table. Give ear unto her loving words, And print them in thy mind. Th father also love * These lines are preserved in a Miscellany of Poetry of the lyfather also love, time, now No. 1598 of the Harleian MSS. (British Museum) And willingly obey, Mass. Hist. Soc. Coell., Third Series, x. 152. 32 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. Governor Winthrop left five sons, the eldest of of those troubles and miseries, which they heard to whom-John, born 12th February, 1605-6-was have befallen those who departed. Much disputathe founder of the colony at Saybrook, and ob- tion there was about liberty of removing for outtained fiom Charles II. the charter of Connecti- ward advantages, and all ways were sought for an cut, of which colony he was annually elected open door to get out at; but it is to be feared many Governor for the fourteen years preceding his ept out at abroken wall For such as come todeath, April 5, 1676. gether into a wilderness, where are nothing but wild Goveror Winthrop'house afterwards tenat beasts and beasts like mel, and there confederate Goveror histhriops house-rfterards tenandt- together in civil and church estate, whereby they e by the historian Prince-remained standing do, implicitly at least, bind themselves to support until 1775, when it was pulled down with many each other, and all of them that society, whether others by the British troops, for firewood. A civil or sacred, whereof they are members, how piece of ground, first allotted to him in laying out they can break from this without free consent, is the town of Boston, became the site of the Old hard to find, so as may satisfy a tender or good conSouth Church.* science in time of trial. Ask thy conscience, if thou Winthrop left a MS. Journal of the public oc- wouldst have plucked up thy stakes, and brought currences in the Massachusetts colony from Easter thy family 3000 miles, if thou hadst expected that Monday, March 29, 1630, to Jan. 11, 1649, which all, or most, would have forsaken thee there? Ask was consulted by Mather, Hubbard, and Pr gin, what liberty thou hast towards others, which b thou likest not to allow others towards thyself; for The manuscript was divided into three parts, the o ie n alow others towards thyself; for first two of which remained in the possession of if one ay go, aother may, d so the greater the falnily until the Revolution, when Governor part: and so church and commonwealth may be left family until t Revoluti, w n destitute in a wilderness, exposed to misery and reTruinbull procured them and copied a large por- proach, and all for thy ease and pleasure, whereas tion of their contents. After the death of Trum- these all, being now thy brethren, as near to thee bull, Nolh Webster, in 1790, with the consent as the Israelites were to Moses, it were much safer of the Winthrop family, published these, believ- for thee, after his example, to choose rather to suffer ing them to be the entire work, in an octavo affliction with thy brethren, than to enlarge thy volumne. In 1816, the third part was discovered ease and pleasure by furthering the occasion of their anong a mass of " pamphlets and papers, where ruin. it attracted instant noti'c by its fair parchment binding, and the silken strings by which its covers LIBERTY AND LAW. were tied, and the whole work perfectly pre- F Gov. Winthrop's eh to t Assembly of Massachu served"t by Abiel Holm3s, the author of Amneri- 1. cn Annals. A transcript was made by Mr. I am unwilling to stay you from your urgent Janes Savages who also collated the volume print- affairs, yet give me leave (upon this special occasion) James Sava,-_, who also c,~llated the volune printed in 1790 with the original volume and pub- to speak a little more to this assemlly. It may be.ed te. wiohwth oany valuable notsfrni of some good use, to inform and rectify the judglished the whole with many valuable notes fron ments of some of the people, and may prevent such his own hand in two volumes 8vo. in 1826, un- distempers as have arisen amongst us. The great der the title of " The History of New England questions that have troubled the country, are about from 1630 to 1619." A new edition, with fresh the authority of the magistrates and the liberty of annotations by the same editor, has been issued the people. It is yourselves who have called us to in 1853. this office, and being called by you, we have our Winthrop is also the author of " A Modell of authority from God, in way of an ordinance, such Christian Charity, written on board the Arbella, as hath the image of God eminently stamped upon on the Atlantic Ocean," which has been printed it, the contempt and violation whereof hath been from the original MS. in the New York Histori- vindicated with examples of divine vengeance. I cal Society in the Massachusetts Historical Socie- ent'iat you to consider, that when you choose ty's Collections.: magistrates you take them from among yourselves, ty's present twons.1 extracts, the firstt a pas of men subject to like passions as you are. Therefore, We present two extracts, the first a passage of when you see infirmities in us, you should reflect his Journals, the second, part of a speech which upon your own, and that would make you bear the the Governor calls his "little speech," but which more with us, and not be severe censurers of the Grahame, in his History of the United States, has failings of your magistrates, when you have con cited as a remarkable definition of true liberty, tinual experience of the like infirmities in yourselves and which the Modern Universal History (vol. and others. We account him a good servant, who xxxix. 291, 2) says, "is equal to anything of breaks not his covenant. The covenant between antiquity, whether we consider it as coining from you and us is the oath you have taken of us, which a philosopher or a magistrate." is to this purpose, that we shall govern you and judge your causes by the rules of God's laws and OF A FEW PERSONS WHO LEFT THE COLONY IN 1642. our own, according to our best skill. When you agree with a workman to build you a ship or a They fled for fear of want, and many of them fell house, &c., he undertakes as well for his skill as for into it, even to extremity, as if they had hastened his fithfulness, for it is his profession, and you pay into the misery which they feared and fled from, him for both. But when you call one to be a magisbesides the depriving themselves of the ordinances trate, he doth not profess nor undertake to have and church fellowship, and those civil liberties sufficient skill for that office, nor can you furnish which they enjoyed here; whereas, such as staid in him with gifts, &c., therefore you must run the their places, kept their peace and ease, and enjoyed hazard of his skill and ability. But if he fail in still the blessing of the ordinances, and never tasted faithfulness, which by his oath he is bound unto, that he must answer for. If it fall out that the case * Holmes's Annals, 1. 291. be clear to common apprehension, and the rule clear t Account in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coil., Second Series, iv. 200. also, if he transgress here, the errour is not in the: Third Series, vii. 81. skill, but in the evil of the will; it must be required THOMAS MORTON. 33 of him. But if the cause be doubtful, or the rule day. And because they would have it in a complete doubtful, to men of such understanding and parts as form, they had prepared a song fitting to the time your magistrates are, if your magistrates should err and present occasion. And upon May-day they here, yourselves must bear it. brought the May-pole to the place appointed, with For the other point, concerning liberty, I observe drums, guls, pistols, and other fitting instruments, a great mistake in the country about that. There for that purpose; and there erected it with the help is a two-fold liberty, natural (I mean as our nature of salvages, that came thither of purpose to see the is now corrupt) and civil orfederal. The first is com- manner of our Revels. A goodly pine tree of 80 mon to man with beasts and other creatures. By feet long, was reared up, with a pair of buck-horns this man, as he stands in relation to man simply, hath nailed on, somewhat near unto the top of it; where liberty to do what he lists; it is a liberty to evil as it stood as a fair sea mark ir directions; how to well as to good. This liberty is incompatible a.d find out the way to mine Host of Ma-re Mount. inconsistent with authority, and cannot endure the * * * * least restraint of the most just authority. The exer- There was likewise a merry song made, which cise and maintaining of this liberty makes men (to make their Revels more fashionable) was sung grow more evil, and in time to be worse than brute with a corus, eve:y man bearing his part; which beasts: omnes sumus licentid deteriores. This is that they performed in a dance, hand in hand about the great enemy of truth and peace, that wild beast, May-pole, whiles one of the company sung, and which all the ordinances of God are bent against, to filled out the good liquor like gamniedes and Jupiter. restrain and subdue it. The other kind of liberty I call civil or federal, it may also be termed moral, in TILE sONG. reference to the covenant between God and Man, in Drink and be merry, merry, merry boys, the moral law, and the political covenants and con- Let all your delight be in Hymen's joys, otitutions, amongst men themselves. This liberty lo to IIvme now the day is come, stitutions, amongst men t, emselves. T Xis libei-ty About the merry May-pole take a roome. is the proper end and object of authority, and can-, not subsist without it; and it is a liberty to that And fll sweet Nectar freely about, only which is good, just, and honest. This libeity Uncover thy head, and fear no harm, you are to stand for, with the hazard (not only of For here's good liquor to keep it warm. our goods, but) of your lives if need be. Then drink and be merry, &c. lo to Hymen, &c. Nectar is a thing assign'd, THOMAS MORTON. By the Deities own mind, THE readers of NathanielHawthorne cannot fail And of guore the ht opprst ith ief, to remember "the May-pole of Merry Mount." Then drink, &c. The sketch, in its leading features, is a faithful Io to Hymen, &c. presentation of a curious episode in the early Give to the Melancholy man, history of New England. It has been narrated cup or two of't now and than, history o.'.ew Enghmd. It ha s been narrated This physic will soon revive his blood, by the chief actor in the scene, "Mine Host of And make him be of a merrier mood. Ma-re Mount" himself, and his first telling of the Then dink, &c. "twice told tale" is well worth the hearing. I. to Hymen, &c. Thomas Morton, " of Clifford's Inn, gent.," Give to the nymph that's free from scorn, Thomas Morton, "of Clifford's Inn, gent.," No Irish stuff, nor Scotch over worn; came to Plymouth in 1622, with Weston's party. Lasses in beaver coats come away, Many of these returned the following year, and To dri shall be lcome to us night and day. the remainder were scattered about the settle- Io to Hymen, &c. ments. Our barrister says that they were very This harmless mirth made by youg men (that popular with the original settlers as long as their lived in hope to have wives brought over to them, liquors lasted, and were turned adrift afterwards. that would save them a labour to make a voyage Be that as it may, he remlained in the country, to fetch any over) was much distasted of the precise and we hear of him a few years afterwards as Separatists; that keep much ado, about the tithe of one of the company of Captain Wollaston who mint and cummin, troubling their brains more than came to America in 1625. Wollaston appears reason would require about things that are into have had a set of fellows similar to those of different; and from that time sought occasion against Weston. He carried a portion of them off to my honest Host of Ma-re Mount to overthrow his Virginia, leaving the remainder in charge of one undertakings, and to destroy his plantation quite and Filcher, to await the summons to Virginia also. clear. Morton was one of these, and persuaded his corn- Such proceedings of course caused great scanpanions to drive away Filcher, place themselves dal to the Plymouth colonist. Nathaniel Morton, under his leadership, and found a settlement at the first chronicler of the colony, thus describes Mount Wollaston. This he effected, and he the affair. henceforward speaks of himself as "mine host of heMa-re fMount." Here he set up a Maiy-pole tbut After this (the expulsion of Filcher) they fell to we shall allow him to be his own narrator- great licentiousness of life, in all profaneness, and the we shall allow him to be his own narrator. s M.o ba l o mu a m ti said Morton became lordl of misrule, anrd maintained The inhabitants of Pasonagessit (having trans- as it were, a school of Atheism, and after they had lated the name of their habitation from that ancient got some goods into their hands, and got much by savage name to Ma-re Mount; and being resolved tradivg with the Indians, they spent it as vainly in to have the new name confirmed for a memorial to quaffing and drinking both wine and strong liquors after ages), did devise amongst themselves to have in great excess, as some have reported ten pounds it performed in a solemn manner.with Revels and worth in a morning, setting up a May-pole, drinkmerriment after the old English custom, prepared to ing, and dancing about it, and frisking about it like set up a May-pole upon the festival day of Philip so many faries, or furies rather, yea and worse and Jacob; and therefore brewed a barrel of ex- practices, as if they had anew revived and celecellent beer, and provided a case of bottles to be brated the feast of the Roman goddess Flora, or the spent, with other good cheer, for all comers of that beastly practices of the mad Bacchanalians. 5 34 CYCLOPJEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. Morton was also charged, and it appears justly, of the country and the commodiousness of the with employing the Indians to hunt for him, fur- place affording means, by the blessing of God; and nishing them with, and instructing them in the he did but deride Captain Littleworth, that made use of, firearms for that purpose. The colonists, is servants snap short in a country so much abound"-fearingl that they should get a blow thereby; ing with plenty of food for an industrious man, with also, taking notice that if he were let alone in his gret variety. way, they should keep no servants for him, Soon after Governor Winthrop's arrival, in 1630, because he would entertain any, how vile soever,"* he was again arrested, convicted, and sent to Engmet together, and after remonstrating with him land, where he arrived, he says, "so metamorto no effect, obtained from the governor of Ply- phosed with a long voyage, that he looked like mouth the aid of Captain Miles Standish to Lazarus in the painted cloth."* arrest him. Morton was taken prisoner, but, His book,t from which our extracts are taken, according to his own story, which he makes an bears date, Amsterdam, 1637. It was probably amusing one, effected his escape: printed in London, this device being often resortMuch rejoicing was made that they had gotten ed to at the time, with works of a libellous or their capital enemy (as they concluded him), whom objectionable character. With perseverance worthey purposed to hamper in such sort that he should thy of a better cause, he returned to New Engnot be able to uphold his plantation at Ma-re Mount. land, in 1643, and was arrested and imprisoned The conspirators sported themselves at my honest in Boston a year, on account of ris book. His host, that meant them no hurt; and were so jocund advanced age only, it is said, saved him from the that they feasted their bodies and fell to tippeling, whipping-post. He died in poverty, in 1646, at as if they had obtained a great prize; like the Agamenticus. His book shows facility in conTrojans when they had the custody of Hippeus' position, and not a little humor. Butler appears pine tree horse. to have derived one of the stories in Hudibras Mine host feigned grief, and could not be per- from it suaded either to eat or drink, because he knew emptiness would be a means to make him as watch- Our brethren of New England use ful as the geese kept in the Roman capitol; whereon Choice malefactors to excuse, the contrary part, the conspirators would be so And hang the guiltless in their stead; drowsy, that he might have an opportunity to give Of whom the churches have less need, them a slip instead of tester. Six persons of the As lately't happened: in a town conspiracy were set to watch him at Wessaguscus, There liv'd a cobbler, and but one, but he kept waking, and in the dead of night (one That out of doctrine could cut use, lying on the bed for further surety) up gets mine And mend men's lives as well as shoes host and got to the sdcond door that he was to pass, This precious brother having slain, which (notwithstanding the lock) he got open; and In time of peace, an Indian, shut it after him with such violence that it affrighted Not out of malice, but mere zeal, some of the eonspirators. Because he was an infidel, The word which was given with an alarm was, The mighty Tottipottimoy 0, he's gone, he's gone, what shall we do, he's Sent to our elders an envoy, gonel The rest, half asleep, start up in a maze, Complaining sorely of the breach and, like rams, run their heads one at another, full Of league, held forth by brother Patch, butt, in the dark. Against the articles in force Their grand leader, Captain Shrimp, took on most Between both churches, his and ours; furiously, and tore his clothes for anger, to see the For which he crav'd the saints to render empty nest and their bird gone. Into his hands or hang the offender: The rest were eager to have torn their hair from But they maturely having weigh'd their heads, but it was so short that it would give They had no more but him o' the trade, them no hold. A man that serv'd them in a double Capacity, to teach and cobble, He returned to Ma-re Mount, where he soon Resolv'd to spare him; yet to do afterwards surrendered, and was sent to England, The Indian Hogan Moghian too coming back the next year to his old quarters, Impartial justice, in his stead did which during his absence had been visited by Hang an old weaver that was bed-rid: Endicott, who caused the may-pole to be cut down, "and the name of the place was again * A common colloquial phrase of the period. It is used by changed and called Dagon."t The year following Falstaff (a character somewhat akin to mine host) in the first ct, h an. g ed p art of Henry IV. "Ragged as Lazarus in the painted cloth." his return his house was searched on the charge The painted cloth was used, like tapestry, for covering and of his having corn belonging to other persons in decorating the walls of apartments. it. t New English Canaan, or New Canaan, containing an abstract of New Eng'and, composed in three Bookes. The first After they had feasted their bodies with t'hat they atBooke, setting forth the original of the Natives, their Manners After they had feasted their bodies with that they and Customs, together with their tractable Nature and Love found there, carried all his corn away, with some towards the English. The second Booke, setting forth the other of his goods, contrary to the laws of hospi- naturall Indowments of the Country, and what staple Comit mall parl of refuse cn ol modities it yealdeth. The third Booke, setting forth what tality, a smallrel of re corn only excepted, people are planted there, their prosperity, what remarkable which they left mine host to keep Christmas with. accidents have happened since the first planting of it, together But when they were gone. mine host fell to make with their Tenents and practise of their Church. Written use of his gun (as one that had a good faculty in nowlede andexperiment of the Country. the use of that instrument) and feasted his body Printed at Amsterdam, By Jacob Frederick Stam, in the nevertheless with fowl and venison, which he pur- yeare 1637. chased with the help of that instrument; the plenty The original edition of his "New England's Canaan" is extremely scarce. We are indebted for the use of a copy to the ~~~ _________ ~valuable American collection of the Rev. Dr. Hawks. It is reprinted in Col. Force's Historical Tracts. ~ New England's Memorial. t Ibid. $ Hudibras, Part II., Canto II. 409-486. WILLIAM BRADFORD. 35 A young man, as Morton's story goes, was ar- April 5, 1621, he was chosen his successor. He rested for stealing corn from an Indian, and the established by gentleness and firmness a good unfollowing mode of dealing with the case was pro- derstanding with the Indians, and conducted the posed by one of the general assembly of the com- internal affairs of the colony with equal sagacity. munity called to adjudge punishment. Says he: He was annually re-elected for twelve years, and "You all agree that one must die, and one shall then, in the words of Governor Winthrop, "by die. This young man's clothes we will take off, importunity got off" from the cares of office for and put upon one that is old and impotent; a two years, when he was re-elected, and continued sickly person that cannot escape death; such is in power, with the exceptions of the years 1636, the disease on him confirmed, that die he must.'38, and'44, until his death, May 9, 1657. He Put the young man's clothes on this man, and let was twice married, and'left two sons by his second the sick person be hanged in the other's stead. wife, Alice Southworth. The eldest, William, Amen, says one, and so says many raore." was deputy-governor of the colony, and had nine A large portion of the volume is devoted to the sons and three daughters. aborigines and the natural features of the country. Numerous anecdotes are related of Governor He thus expatiates on his first impressions: Bradford, indicative of ready wit and good common sense. When in 1622, during a period of And whiles our houses were building, I did en- gre scarcity in the colony, Canonicus, Sachem deavor to take a survey of the country; the more of Narragansett, sent him a bundle of arrows I looked, the more I liked it. When I had more tie with the s serpent, the messenger seriously considered of the beauty of the place, with i ate snt ak with th s st all her fair endowments, I did not think that, in.all mmedately sent ack with the skin stufed the known world, it could be paralleled. For so with powder and ball, which caused a speedy and many goodly groves of trees; dainty, fine, round, satisfactory termination to the correspondence. rising hillocks; delicate, fair, large plains; sweet Suspecting one Lyford of plotting against the eccrystal fountains, and clear running streams, that clesiastical arrangements of the colony, he boarded twine in fine meanders through the meads, making a ship, which was known to have carried out a so sweet a murmuring noise to hear, as would even large number of letters written by him, after she lull the senses with delight asleep, so pleasantly had left port, examined them, and thus obtained do they glide upon the pebble stones, jetting most evidence by which Lyford was tried and banished. jocundly where they do meet, and hald in hand run down to Neptune's court, to pay the yearly tribute which they owe to him as sovereign lord of all /di rr bo /the springs. Contained within the volume of the land, fowls in abundance; fish in multitude; and s r a a a discovered besides, millions of turtle doves on the Governor Bradford's reputation as an author le green boughs, which sate pecking of the full, ripe, decidedly of a posthumous character. lft pleasant grapes, that were supported by the lusty MS. history, in a folio volume of 270 pages, of the trees, whose fruitful load did cause the arms to bend, Plymouth colony, fiom the formation of their while here and there despersed, you might see lillies, church in 1602 to 1647. It furnished the mateand of the Daphnean tree, which made the land to rial for Morton's Memorial, was used by Prince me seem paradise, for in mine eye it was Nature's and Governor Hutchinson in the preparation of masterpiece, her chiefest magazine of all, where lives their histories, and deposited, with the collection her store. If this land be not rich, then is the whole of papers of theformer, in the library of the Old world poor. South Church, in Boston. During the desecration He is amusingly at fault in his natural history. of this edifice as a riding-school by the British The beaver, he says, sits "in his house built on in the Revolutionary war, the MS. disappeared.* the water, with his tayle hanging in the water, A copy of a portion closing with the year 1620, which else would over.heate and rot off.". An- in the handwriting of Nathaniel Morton, was disother marvel is, "a curious bird to see to, called covered by the Rtv. Alexander Young in the lia humming-bird, no bigger than a great beetle; brary of the First Church, at Plymouth, and that out of question lives upon the bee, which he printed in his Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers catcheth and eateth amongst Flowers; for it is his of the Colony of Plymouth, in 1841. A "lettercustom to frequent those places. Flowers he can- book," in which Bradford preserved copies of his not feed upon by reason of his sharp bill, which correspondence, met with a similar fate, a portion is like the point of a Spannish needle but short." only having been rescued fiom a grocer's shop in Halifax, and published in the Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, in 1794, vol. iii. WILLIAM BRADFORD. of thle first series of Collections, with a fragment WILLIAM BRADFORD was born at Austerfield, in of a poem on New England. These, with two the north of England, in 1588. He was educated other specimens of a few lines each, first pubas a farmer, and inherited a large patrimony. lished by the same Society in 1838,t form, with Embracing at an early age the tenets of the Puri- the exception of some slight controversial pieces, tans, he connected himself with the congregation the whole of his literary productions. of the celebrated John Robinson, and at the age " I commend unto your wisdom and discreof nineteen, after two unsuccessful attempts, joined tion," he says in his will, "some small bookes his associates at Amsterdam. He remained in written by my own hand, to be improved as you Holland until 1620, when he formed one of the shall see meet. In special, I commend to you a ship's company of the Mayflower. While exploring the bay in a small boat, for the purpose of * It was given up for lost till 1855, when it was found corselecting a place for settlement, his wife was plete in the Fulham Library, England. drowned. After the death of Governor Carver, + Third Series, vii. 36 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. little booke with a black cover, wherein there is Not only of the Massachusetts Bay, a word to Plynouth, a word to Boston, and But all trade and commerce fell in her way. a word to New England, with sundry useful And truly it was admirable to know, verses." Ilow greatly all things here began to grow. New plantations were in each place begun, OF BOSTON i NEW ENGLAND. And with inhabitants were filled soon. O Boston, though thou now art grown All sorts of grain which our own land doth yield, To be a great and wealth y town, Was hither brought, and sown in every field: Yet I have seen thee a void place, As wheat and rye, barley, oats, beans and pease, Shrubs and bushes covering thy face; Here all thrive, and they profit from them raise. And house then in thee none were there, All sorts of roots and herbs in gardens grow, Nor such as gold and silk did weare; Parsnips, carrots, turnips, or what you'll sow. No drunkenness were then in thee, Onions, melons, cucumbers, radishes, Nor such excess as now we see. Skirets, beets, coleworts, and fair cabbages. We then drunk freely of thy spring, Iere grow fine flowers many, and'mongst those, Without paying of anything; The fair white lily and sweet fragrant rose. We lodged freely where we would, Many good wholesome berries here you'll find, All things were free and nothing sold. Fit for man's use, almost of every kind, And they that did thee first begin, Pears, apples, cherries, plumbs, quinces and peach, Had hearts as free and as willing Are now no dainties; you may have of each. Their poor friends for to entertain, Nuts and grapes of several sorts are here, And never looked at sordid gain. If you will take the pains them to seek for. Some thou hast had whome I did know, * * * * * * That spent theirselves to make thee grow, But that which did'bove all the rest excel, And thy foundations they did lay, God in his word, with us he here did dwell; Which do remain unto this day. Well ordered churches, in each place there were, When thou wast weak they did thee nurse, And a learn'd ministry was planted here. Or else with thee it had been worse; All marvell'd and said: "Lord, this work is thine, They left thee not, but did defend In the wilderness to make such lights to shine." And succour thee unto their end. And truly it was a glorious thing, Thou now hast grown in wealth and store, Thus to hear men pray, and God's praises sing. Do not forget that thou wast poor, Where these natives were wont to cry and yell And lift not up thyself in pride, To Satan, who'mongst them doth rule and dwell From truth and justice turn not aside. Oh, how great comfort it was now to see Remember thou a Cotton had, The churches to enjoy free liberty! Which made the hearts of many glad; And to have the Gospel preach'd here with power, What he thee taught bear thou in mind, And such wolves repell'd as would else devour; It's hard another such to fild. And now with plenty their poor souls were fed, A Winthrop once in thee was known, With better food than wheat, or angel's bread, Who unto thee was as a crown. In green pastures, they may themselves solace, Suah ornaments are very rare, And drink freely of the sweet springs of grace; Yet thou enjoyed this blessed pair. A pleasant banquet is prepar'd for these, But these are gone, their work is done, Of fat things, and rich wine upon the lees; Their day is past, set is their sun: "Eat, O my friends (saith Christ), and drink freely, Yet faithful Wilson still remijns, Here's wine and milk, and all sweet spicery; And learned Norton doth take pains. The honey and its comb is here to be had; Live ye in peace. I could say more. I myself for you have this balquet made: Oppress ye not the weak and poor. Be not dismayed, but let your heart rejoice The trade is all in your own hand, In this wilderness, O let me hear your voice; Take heed ye do not wrong the land, My fiiends you are, whilst you my ways do keep, Lest he that hath lift you on high, Your sins I'll pardon and your good I'll seek." When, as the poor to him do cry, And they, poor souls, again to Christ do say: Do throw you down from your high state, "0 Lord, thou art our hope, our strength and stay, And make you low and desolate. Who givest to us all these thy good things, Us shelter still, in the shadow of thy wings: FRAGMENTARY POEM ON NEW ENGLAND. So we shall sing, and laud thy name with praise, Famine once we had, Tis thine own work to keep us in thy ways; But or t s Gd ge us fll s, Uphold us still, O thou which art most high, But other things God gave us in full store, As filsh and gron Id-nuts, to supply our strait, We then shall be kept, and thy name glorify, That we might learn on Providence to wait; Let us enljoy thyself, with these means of grace, hAnd kwoe, by brlead maon lives not in his need, And in our hearts shine, with the light of thy face; And know, by bread man lives not in his need, t p w But by each word that doth from God proceed. not away thy presence, nor thy olrd, But a while after plenty did come iII, But, we humbly pray, us the same afford." But a while after plenty did come ii, From his hand only who doth pardon sin. And all did flourish like the pleasant green, JOH DAVENPORT. Which in the joyful spring is to be seen. JOHN DAVENPORT, the first minister of New HaAlmost ten years we lived here alone, ven, and an important theological writer of his In other places there were few or none; i, was born in Coventry, England, in 1597. For Salem was the next of any fame, e as educated at Merton and Magdalen colThat began to augment New England's name; leges, Oxford, but left before taking a degree. But after multitudes began to flow, Soon after removing to London he became minisMore than well knew themselves where to bestow; ter of St. Stephen's Church, Coleman st., at nineBoston then began her roots to spread, teen, and obtained great celebrity as a pulpit And quickly soon she grew to be the head, orator. In the year 1630 he united with others ROGER WILLIAMS. 37 in purchasing church property held by laymen liberty, the right divine of conscience, was not with a view of devoting the revenue therefrom to simply having his own way, while he checked provide clergymen for destitute congregations. other people's. He did not fly from persecution By the exertions of Laud, who feared that the to persecute. Born in Wales in 1606,* eduscheme would be turned to the advantage of the cated at Oxford; if not a student at law with non-conformists, the company was broken up, Sir Edward Coke, enjoying an early intimacy and the money which had been collected, confis- with him; then a non-conformist minister in concated. In 1633, in consequence of non-conformiity, flict with the ecclesiastical authorities of the he resigned his church, and removed to Holland. times, he arrived in Massachusetts in 1631. After preaching to the English congregation for Asserting at once his views of religious toleratwo years as the colleague of John Paget, he be- tion, the independence of conscience of the civil came engaged in a controversy in consequence of magistrate, and the separation of Church and his opposition to the plan there pursued, of the State, he was driven from Salem, where he had general baptism of infants, and retiring from the become established as a preacher, by an order of pulpit devoted himself to teaching, until he was the General Council in 1635, into exile, for "his induced by John Cotton to emigrate to Boston. new and dangerous opinions against the authority He had been an early friend of the colony, having of magistrates." IIe then made his memorable been one of the applicants for the original char- journey in the winter season, through what was ter. His name does not appear in the list of pa- then a wilderness, to the vicinity of Narragansett tentees, having been omitted at his own request Bay, where, received in friendship by the Indians, lest it should excite the opposition of Laud to the he established himself at Seekonk; but finding scheme. I-e arrived at Boston, June. 1637, and in himself within the limits of the Plymouth colony, August took part in the Synod called in reference he sailed with his friends in a canoe down the to the opinions of Anne Hutchinson. He sailed, river to found on the opposite shore the city of March 30,1638, with a company for Quinnipiack or Providence, a living name which will always bear New Haven, where he preached under an oak on witness to his persecution and trust in God. the eighteenth of April, the first Sunday after his Here he maintained friendly relations with the arrival, as their minister, a position he retained Indians, warded off disaster, by quieting their for thirty years, during which he was instrumen- threatened aggressions, from the people who had tal in the passage of the rigid laws regarding driven him away, received fugitives for conscience church membership established in the colony, sake from Massachusetts Bay, and promoted the He displayed great courage in concealing the settlement of Rhode Island. In 1643 he sailed Regicides, Whalley and Goffe, in his own house, from New Amsterdam for England, as an agent in 1661, and by preaching when their pursuers to procure a charter. On his way thither at sea, were expected in the city from the text, "Hide he wrote his Key into the Language of America, the outcasts; bewray not him that wandereth. which he published in London, on his arrival.t Let mine outcasts dwell with thee, Moab; be "I drew," he says in his address, "to mly dear thou a covert to them from the face of the spoiler" and well beloved ifiends and countrymen in Old (Isaiah xvi. 3, 4). On the death of John Wilson, and New England, the materials in a rude lump minister of the first church in Boston, in 1667, at sea, as a private help to my own memory, that he accepted a call to become his successor, believ- I might not by my present absence lightly lose ing that as affairs in New Haven were in a settled what I had so dearly bought in solme few years of condition he could do more good in Boston, where, hardship and charges among the Barbarians," and as he thought, ecclesiastical discipline had been he commliitted it to the public for the benefit of unduly relaxed. He was instituted pastor, Dec. his friends. " A little key," he says, "may open 9,1668, and died of apoplexy March 15, 1670. a box, where lies a bunch of keys." He was the author of several pamphlets on the controversy between himself and the English ( church at Amsterdam, of A Discourse about' Civil Government in a new Plantation, whose de- t sign is religion, and of The Saints Anchor Hold in all Storms and Tempests, a collection of sermons. lie also prepared an Exposition on the * We follow here the Oxford Universityentry presented by Canticles, of which Mather tells us, " the death of Dr. Elton, in preference to the usual statements which make the geontleman chiefly concerned in the intended him seven or eight years older. the gentleman chiefly concerned in the intended 1 A Key into the Language of America, or an help to the impression proved the death of the impression Language of the Natives in that part of AMERICA called NEW itself."* ENGLAND; together with briefe Observations of the Customs, Manners and Worships, &c., of the aforesaid Nations, in Peace and Warre, in Life and Death. On all which are added SpiritROGER WILLIAMS. uall Observations, General and Particular, by the Authour, of IN the political history of the country, the name chiefe and speeiall use (upon all occasions) to all the Englis IN the political history of the country, the name Inhabiting those parts; yet pleasant and profitable to the view of Williams, as the apostle of civil and religious of all men: By Roger Williams, of Providence, in New Engliberty, holds the first rank; his literary achieve- land London: Printed by George Detoeril mo., pp. 200. 1643. There are very few copies of the original edition of this ments, exhibiting his graces of character, entitle book in existence. The library of the Massachusetts Historical him to an honorable place in this collection. He Society has one, from which a reprinthas been made in the first volume of the Collections of the Rhode Island Historical was one of the first of the learned university men Society, Providence, 1827. Mr. James Lenox, of New York, who came to New England for conscience sake, in his valuable Collection, hs another, which we hate had the and the principle which brought him across the privilege of consulting for this article. The Licenser's ImAand t he principle which brought him across tel primatur on the last page is curious. "I have read over these Atlantic did not depart on his landing. Religious thirty chapters of the American Language, to me wholly un_know;ne, and the Observations, these I conceive inoffensive; and that the Worke may conduce to the happy end intended * Magnalla, Ed. 1853, i. 88. by the Author. Jo LANGLEY." 38 CYCLOPMEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. The book is in a series of thirty-two chapters, If birds that neither sow nor reape, each containing a vocabulary, with an occasional Nor store up any food, enlargement at a suggestive word relating to man- Constantly to them and theirs A maker kind and good!1 ners or notions; and concluding with a copy of A maker kind and good! verses. To the second chapter, " of Eating and If man provide eke for his birds, Entertainment," this pious and benevolent man In yard, in coops, in cage, touchingly adds:- And each bird spends in songs and tunes, His little time and age! Coarse bread and water's most their fare, What care will man, what care will God O England's diet fine; For his wife and children take? Thy cup runs o'er with plenteous store Millions of birds and worlds will God Of wholesome beer and wine.Sooner than his, forsake. Sometimes God gives them fish or flesh, To the general " observations of their travel," Yet they're content without; And what co.nes in they part to friends God makes a path, provides a guide, And strangers round about. And feeds in wilderness! Ilis glorious name while breath remains, God's providence is rich to his, O that I may confess. Let tnone distrustful be; Lost many a time, I have had no guide, In wilderness, in great distress, house, but hoo tee Thliese Ravens have fed me. rIn stormy winter night no fire, There is the same simplicity and faith in Pro- Nofood, no company: videnlc in the rest of these little poems, wher- In him I have found a house, a bed, ever the topic gives him an opportunity to ex- A table, company: press it. The notes are simply jottings down of No cup so bitter, but's made sweet, facts he had noticed-but even these few words When God shall sweetning be. are somehow instinct with his kindly spirit. I His business with Parliament was successful once travailed," he says, "to an island of the He obtained a Charter of Incorporation of Prowildest in our parts, where in the night an In- vidence Plantations in 1644. Before his return dian (as he said) had a vision or dream of the Sun he published in London, the same year, a (whom they worship for a God) darting a beam pamphlet, r. Cotton's Letter lately printed into his breast, which he conceived to be themes- Examined and Answered, a refutation of the reasenger of his death. This poor native called his sons of his dismissal, and also his celebrated friends and neighbors, and prepared some little work which embodies the principles of tolerarefreshing for them, but himself was kept wak- ti The Bloody Tennt of Persecution for ing and fasting in great humiliations and invo- se of Conscience, discussed in a Conference cations for ten days and nights. I was alone between Truth and Peace.* (having travelled from my bark the wind being The history of this composition is curious. "A contrary) and little could I speak to them, to their witness of Jesus Christ, close prisoner in Newunderstanding, especially because of the change of- gte," wrote a tract "against persecution in their dialect or manner of speech from our neigh- of Conscience," which he penned on paper bors: yet so much (through the help of God) I introduced into his prison as the stoppers to a did speak, of the true and living only wise God, bottle of milk, the fluid of which served him for of the Creation, of Man and his fall from God, ink. Williams thus introduces it in the prefatory &c., that at parting many burst forth, Oh when part of his book, the "Tenent:"will you co ae again, to bring us some more news of this God a" And to this follow the "more Arguments against persecution in milk, the answer particular" refections~.- for it (as I may say) in blood. The author of these arguments (against persecution) (as I have been informed) being committed by God gives them sleep on ground, on straw, some thei in power close prisoner to Newgate for Oa sedgy mats or board-. OW n Elseg matso bs r df. * the witness of some truths of Jesus, and having not When English softest beds of down, *When Etiesh softest beds of down, the use of pen and ink, wrote these arguments in Sometimes no sleep afford. X.. X Sometime no slep ffmrd. ilk, in sheets of paper, brought to him by the I have known them leave their house and mat, oman his keeper, fro frien in London, as the To lodge a friend or stranger, stoppers of his milk bottle. When Jews and Christians oft have sent In such paper written with milk, nothing will Christ Jesus to the manger. appear, but the way of readi,g it by fire being nChrist Jesus to the manger. known to this friend who received the papers, he'Fore day they invocate their gods, transcribed and kept together the papers, although Though many false and new the author himself could not correct, nor view what O how should that God worshipt be, himself had ritten. Who is but one and true It was in milk, tending to soul nourishment, even for babes and sucklings in Christ. " How sweetly," he says, " do all the several It was in milk, spiritually white, pure, and innosorts of heaven's birds, in all coasts of the world, preach unto men the praise of their maker's wisdome, power, and goodnesse, who feeds them * The Bloody Tenent of Persecution, for cause of Condoe, power d goodnesse, who fescience, discussed in a Conference between Truth and Peace, and their young ones stmmer and winter with who, in all tender affection, present to the High Court of Partheir several sorts of food: although they neither liament, as the Result of their Discourse, these, amongst sow nor reap, nor gather into barns " oter, Passages of highest consideration. Printed in the year ROGER WILLIAMS. 39 cent, like those white horses of the word of truth factor, Sir Edward Coke, Mrs. Anne Sadleir, on and meekness, and the white linen or armour of this second visit to England in 1652-3. They righteousness, in the army of Jesus. Rev. vi. & xix. are full of character on both sides; the humor of It was in milk, soft, meek, peaceable, and gentle, them consisting in the lady being a royalist, well tending both to the peace of souls and the peace of disposed to the church establishment a sharpstates and kingdoms states and fk~ingdoms. ^shooter in her language and a bit of a termagant, This was a mild introduction to controversy: while Williams was practising his politest graces yet being sent to New England, was answered and most Christian forbearance, as he steadily by John Cotton, when Williams published both maintained his independent theology. lie adarguments with his reply. The "Bloody Tenent" dresses her, "My much-honored friend, Mrs. is a noble work, full of brave heart and tender- Sadleir," and tenders her one of his compositions ness; a book of learning and piety,-the composi- to read, probably the work he had just published tion of a true, gentle nature. How sweet, delicate, in England, entitled, Experiments of Spiritual and reverential are the soft approaches of the Life and Health and their Preservatives,* which dialogue as "Peace" and "Truth" address one he describes as "a plain and peaceable discourse, another. "But hark," says Truth, "what noise is of my own personal experiments, which, in a this?" as she listens to the din of the wars for Con- letter to my dear wife-upon the occasion of her science. These," is the reply, "are the doleful great sickness near death-I sent her, being abdrums and shrill-sounding trumpets, the roaring, sent myself among the Indians." lie courteously murdering cannons, the shouts of conquerors, the invites attention and even censure. "I have groans of wounded, dying, slaughtered righteous, been oft glad," he says, "in the wilderness of with the wicked. Dear Truth, how long? How America to have been reproved for going in a long these dreadful sounds and direful sights? How wrong path, and to be directed by a naked Inlong before my glad return and restitution?" dian boy in my travels." He quietly throws out This is the expression of a poet. For his posi- a few hints of the virtues of his own position in tion as an asserter of religious toleration, we may church matters. Mrs. Sadleir quotes Scripture in quote the sentence of Bancroft: "IIe was the reply. first person in modern Christendom to assert in MR. WLLIAMS-Since it has pleased God to make its plenitude the doctrine of the liberty of con- the prophet David's complaint ours (Ps. lxxix.): " science, the equality of opinions before the law, God, the heathen," &c., and that the apostle St. Peter and in its defence he was the harbinger of Mil- has so long ago foretold, in his second epistle, the ton, the precursor and the superior of Jeremy second chapter, by whom these things should be ocTaylor."* casioned, I have given over reading many books, Williams returned to America in 1644, and at and, therefore, with thanks, have returned yours. the close of 1651 again visited Engrland to secure Those that I now read, besides the Bible, are, first, the Confirmation of the Charter, in which he the late kirg's book; Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity; succeeded. Cotton had in the meantime replied, Reverend Bishop Andrews's Sermons, with his other in 1647, to the "Bloody Tenent" in his "Bloody divine meditations; Dr. Jer. Taylor's works; and Tenent Washed and Made White in the Blood of Dr. Tho Jackson upon the Creed. Some of these the Lamb," to which Williams was ready in Loll-my dear father was a great admirer of, and would don with his rejoinder, The Bloody Tenent yet often call them the glorious lights of the church of Bloot by Mr. C os En d ea r to Wh England. These lights shall be my guide- I wish more Bloody, by Mr. Cotton's ]ndeavor to ^lash, <, more -Boody, by Xr. Cotton's -nneavor to tTash they may be yours; for your new lights that are so it White in the Blood of the Lambe,t in which much cried up, I believe, in the conclusion, they he pursued his argument with his old zeal and will prove but dark lanterns; therefore I dare not learning. He published at the same time, in a meddle with them. small4to., The Hireling Ministry none of Christ's, Your friend in the old way, or a Discourse touching the Propagating the ANN-E SADLEIR. Gospel of Christ Jesus; humbly presented to Which little repellant, Williams, feeling the sting, such Pious and Honorable Hands, whom the pre- answers, offering another book:sent Debate thereof concerns. In 1853, there were first published at Provi- MY MUCI-HONORED, KIND FRIEND, MRS. SADLEIR dence, in the Life of Roger Williams by Romeo My humble respects premised to your much-honored series of letters which passed be- self, and Mr. Sadleir, humbly wishing you the sav-.Elton. a brief i ng knowledge and assurance of that life which is tween Williams and the daughter of his old bene- eternal, when this poor minute's dream is over. In my poor span of time, I have been oft in the jaws * Bancroft's Hist. U. S. i. 876. of death, sickening at sea, shipwrecked on shore. in t The Bloody Tenent yet more Bloody, by Mr. Cotton's danger of arrows, swords and bullets: and yet, meEndeavor to wash it white in the Blood of the Lambe, of thin the most high and most holy God ath re whose precious Blood spilt in the Blood of his Servants, and of the Blood of Millions spilt in former and later Wars for served me for some service to his most glorious and Conscience' Sake, that most Bloody Tenent of Persecution for eternal majesty. Cause of Conscience, upon a second Tryal, is now found more I think, sometimes, in this common shipwreck of apparently, and more notoriously guilty. In this Rejoynder' to Mr. Cotton are principally, 1. The Nature of Persecution; mankind, vherein we all are either floatig or sinks 2. The Power of the Civill Sword in Spiritualls examined; 3. ing, despairing or struggling for life, why should I The Parliament's Permission of dissenting Consciences justi- ever faint in striving, as Paul saith, in hopes to save fied. Also (as a Testimony to Mr. Clark's Narrative) is added a ca an c a Letter to Mr. Endicott, Governor of the Massachusetts in mysel, to save er to call, and cry, and ask, N. E. By R. Williams, of Providence, in New England. Lon- what hope of saving, what hope of life, and of the don, printed for Giles Calvert, and are to be sold at the Black Spread Eagle, at the West End of Paul's, 1652. $ Life of Roger Williams, the Earliest Legislator and true * Prof. Gammell's Life of Roger Williams, 218. We are Champion for a full and absolute liberty of Conscience. By much indebted to his careful bibliography. Certainly there Romeo Elton, 96-109. This is a work of original research and should not be suffered to remain much longer any difficulty of much interesting information, access to all which Roger Williams wrote. 40 CYCLOPfEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. eternal shore of mercy? Your last letter, my honored plainness, the meekness, and true humility of the friend, I received as a bitter sweeting-as all, that learning of the Son of God. is under the sun, is-sweet, in that I hear from you, and that you continue striving for life eternal; bit- with this telling postscript:ter, in that we differ about the way, in the midst of h f the dangers and the distresses. " le the dangers and thle distresses. My honored friend, since you please not to read For the scope of this rejoind,'r, if it please the i, lt e pray leave to request your eading of Most High to direct your eye to a glance on it, oe kof your own authors. I s callthe "Libert please you to know, that at nmy last being in Eig- of Popheyig," d by (so called) Dr. Je land, I wrote a discourse entitled, "The Bloudy Taylor Ion the which is excellently asserted the Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conlscience." I toleration of diffeent religions, yea, ill a respect, bent my charge against Mr. Cotton especially, your that of the Papists themselves, which is a new way btandard-bearr o New Englad miister. of soul freedom, and yet is the old way of Christ standard-bearer of New England ministers. That discourse he since answered, and calls his book, Jesus asall his holyTestmet declares " The Bloody Tenent made white in. the Blood of I also humbly wish that you may please to read the Lamb." This rejoinder of mine, as I humbly over impartially Mr. Milton's answer to the king's hope, unwashed his washings, and proves that ini soul matters no weapons but soul weapons are reach- Mrs. Sadleir waxes indignant, and replies more ing and effectual. at length-getting personally discourteous and His "much-honored, kind friend" replies:- scandalous on John Milton:SIR,-I thank God my blessed parents bred me up MR. WILLIAMS,-I thought my first letter would in the old alid best religion, and it is my glory that have given you so much satisfaction, that, in that I am a member of the Church of England, as it was kind, I should never have heard of you any more; when all the reformed churches gave her the right but it seems you have a face of brass, so that you hand. When I cast mine eye upon the frontispiece cannot blush. of your book, and saw it entitled " The Bloudy c * * * * * Tenent," I durst not adventure to look into it, for fear it should bring into my menody the much For Milton's book, that you desire I should read, fear it sholdby memory the if I be not mistaken, that is lhe that has wrote a blood that has of late been shed, ald which I wouldif I be ot mtke, that s he that has wrote a bfain f orget; therefoe beI shwih tan t, return it book of the lawfulness of divorce; and, if report fain forget- therefore I do, with thanks, return it. d, r I cannot call to mind any blood shed forl conucienlce. says true, he had, at that time, two or three wives nso tle fewl thot ment about to make fa rent il our living. This, perhaps, were good doctrine in New -sonce well-govthat went re pul, br t nour Englald; but it is Iiost abominable in Old England. once well-governied church were punished, but none For his book that he wrote against the late king suffered death. But this I know, that since it has h book t hat e roeat te le been left to every man's consciellce to fancy wt that you wotfld have me read, you should have been left to every mans conscienceto fancy what taken" notice of God's judgment upon him, who religion he list, there has more christian blood been. takell notice of God's Judgment upon him, who shed than was in the ten persecutions. Arid solne stlole hil with blindness; ald, as I have heard, he was fain to have the help of one Andrew Marvell, of that blood will, I fear, cry to) the day of judg- o e he uld t have thed tAnd rew Marvell, ment. But you know what the Scripture says, that el God has began his judgment upon him here when there was no king in Israel, every man did _libs uniment b h ll. B that which was right in his own eyes,-but what his punishment will be heeafter in hel But becae of that, the sactred story will tell you. have you seen the answer to it? If you can get it, became of that, the sacred story will tell you. I assure you it is worth your reading. Thus entreating you to trouble me no amore in this I worth your r ediirg. kind, and wishing you a gool journey to your I have also read Taylor's book of the Liberty of kindcharge i New Providence, I rgool jourey to your Prophesyinlg; though it please not me, yet I am charge in New Providence, I rest YOUR REND, IN THE OLD AND BEST A. sure it does you, or else I [know]* you [would]* YouR FRIEND, INTHEOLD A BE3T WAY. not have wrote to me to have read it. I say, it and Williams, not to be disconcerted, triples the you would make a good fire. But have you seen length of his response, with new divisions and his Divine Institution of the Office Ministerial? I scripture citations, and this among other biting assure that is both worth your reading and practice. paragraphs on the lady's favorite reading:- Bishop Laud's book against Fisher I have read long I hate read those books you mention, and the since; which, if you have not done, let me tell you I have read those books you meition, and the that he has deeply wounded the Pope; and I bethat he has deeply wounded the Pope; and, I being's book, which commends two of them, Bp. Air- lieve, howsoever he be slighted, he will rise a saint, drews's and Hooker's-yea, and a third also, Bp. when many seeming ones, such as you are, will rise Laud's: and as for the king, I know his personl, devils. vicious, a swearer from his youth, and an oppressor and persecutor of good men (to say nothing of his This winds up the correspondence. Mrs. Sadown father), and the blood of so many hundred ]eir, as she puts it aside, for publication a couple thousands English, Irish, Scotch, French, lately of hundred years later, writing on the back of charged upon him. Against his and his blasphemous Williams' first letter:-"Thi RogerWilliams father's cruelties, your own dear father, and may when he ws a youth, wuld, in shrt hand, take when he was a youth, would, in short hand, take precious men, shall rise up shortly and cry for ven- sermons and speeches in the Str Chamber, and g e a " " sermons and speeches in the Star Chamber, and But for the present them to my dear father. He, seeing so you please to mention, and thousands more, not only hopefll a youth, took such liking to him that he protestants of several sects, bet of some papists an sent hi in to Sutton's Hospital, and he was the jesuits also —famous for worldly repute, &c.-I have second that was placed there; full little did he found them sharp and witty, plausible and delight- think that he would have proved such a rebel to ful, devout and pathetical. And I have been God, the king, and the country. I leave his letamazed to see the whole world of our forefathers, ters, that, if ever he has the face to return into his wise and gallant, wondering after the glory of the native country, Tyburn may give him welcome." Romish learning and worship. (Rev. xiii.) But amongst them all whom I have so diligently read and heard, how few express the simplicity, the * These words are not in the MS. ROGER WILLIAMS. 41 For which scrap of biographical information, in can Biography, is from an old painting put forth the too general dearth of anecdote respecting a a few years since, which was soon pronounced an good and great man, we thank her.* indifferent likeness of Benjamin Franklin. After his return he writes to his friend John Winthrop, subsequently the Governor of Connec- CONFERENCE BETWEEN TRUTH AND PEACE-FROM THE ticut, relating, among other incidents of his visit BLOODY TNENT. to England, this anecdote of his exchange of lan- Truth. In what dark corner of the world (sweet guages with John Milton in hlis blindnress -" t Peace) are we two met? IHow hath this present evil world banished me from all the coasts and pleased the Lord to call me for some time, and, evil world banished me fro l the coasts and with some persons, to practice the Hebrew, the ters of it and ho ath the righteous God in GrAek, Latin, French and Dutch. Tle Secretary judgment taken thee from the earth, Rev. vi. 4. theeCouncil, Mr. Milton, for my Dutch I read Peace.'Tis lamentably true (blessed Truth) the of the Council, Mr. Milton, for my tch read foundations of the world have long been out of him, read me many more languages.'t He was course: the gates of earth and hell have conspired intimate with Cromwell and passed much time together to intercept our joyful meeting and our with Sir Henry Vane, the old Governor of Mas- holy kisses: with what a weary, tired wir:g have I sachusetts. In this journey he was associated flown over nations, kingdoms, cities, towns, to find with his friend Mr. John Clarke, who remained out precious truth? in England as the agent of the colony, and in Truth. The like enquiries in my flights and travels whose behalf, on his return, he addressed a plea have I made for Peace, and still am told, she hath to his "beloved friends and countrymen," the left the earth, and fled to heaven. General Assembly of Rhode Island. It is a good Peace. Dear Truth, what is the earth but a dunexample of his love of justice, directness, and geon of darkness, where Truth is not? Truth. And what is the Peace thereof but a fleetbusiness tact, and, as such, we present a portion ing dream, thine ape and countefeit ing dream, thine ape and counterfeit? of it in our extracts.4 Peace. Oh, where's the promise of the God of Willianms was active as usual in the affairs of Heaven, that Righteousness and Peace shall kiss the colony, and was chosen its President in 1654. each other? The persecution of the Quakers then followed in Truth. Patience (sweet Peace), these heavens and Massachusetts; their rights were maintained in earth are growing old, and shall be changed like a Rhode Island, though Williams held a controver-y garment, Psal. cii. They shall melt away, and be with Fox and his disciples, an account of which burnt up with all the works that are therein; and he embodied in the last of his publications in the most high Eternal Creator shall gloriously create 1676, George Fox digg'd out of his Burrowes,~ a new heavens and new earth, wherein dwells rightpun on the names of the Quaker leaders. Fox eousness, 2 Peter iii. Our kisses shall then have replied to this in his Newe England Firebrand their endless date of pure and sweetest joys; till Quenched, with abundant bitterness; and Edmund- then both thou and I must hope, and wait, and son, one of Williams's personal antagonists in the ear the fury of the dragons wrath, whose moneIa~.e ah a eld' 1.111t1 strous lies and furies shall with himself be cast into controversial encounter, which was held both ath, Rev. xx. a-wport -and Providence, in *is Journal of hs 7 the lake of fire, the second death, Rev. xx. Newport and Providence, in his Journal of his Peace. Most precious Truth, thou knowest we are LZfe, Slfferings, and Labor, speaks of " one Roger both pursued arid laid for. Mine heart is full of Williamls, an old priest and an enemy to truth, sighs, mine eyes with tears. Where can I better putting forth fourteen propositions, as he called vent my full oppressed bosom, than into thine, them.' II It was ah unpleasant affair, but the whose faithful lips may for these few hours revive Quakers had laid themselves open to attack my drooping, wandering spirits, and here begin to by some outrageous extravagances. Seven years wipe tears from mine eyes, and the eyes of my afterwards, in 1683, in the seventy-eighth year dearest children? of his age, the Founder of Rhode Il-and, the Truth. Sweet daughter of the God of Peace, friend of peace and asserter of liberty, died at begin, pour out thy sorrowes, vent thy complaints; Providence, on the spot which his genius and how joyful am I to improve these precious minutes lablors had con ecrated. Ie left a wife and six to revive our hearts, both thine a::d mine, and the chldren. There id o portrait cof nit. T e hearts of all that love the Truth and Peace, Zach. viii. children. There is no portrait of him. The eace. Dear Truth I know thy birth thy nature engraving prefixed to the Life in Sparks's Ameri- ty de. Trth t ko thee, will prize thee thy delight. They that ]knlow thee, will prize thee far above themselves and lives, and sell themselves * Mr. Elton was led to the knowledge of these letters to y thee. Well spae that famous Elizabeth to Bancroft the listorian, and copied them from the oi iginalMSS.her famous attorney, Sir Edward Coke: "Mr. preserved in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge. Attorney, go on as thou hast begun, and still t Elton's Life, 114. plead, not pro Domina Jcgina, but pro Domina It was first published in the Rhode Island Book in 1840. Vead nt r ~ George Fox di.g d out of his Burrowes, or an Offer of Dis- Vertate. putation. on fourteen Proposalls made this last Summer, 1G72, Truth.'Tis true, my crown is high, my sceptres (o cali'd), unto G. Fox, then present on Rode Island, in New strong to break down strongest holds to throw England, by R. W. As also how (G. Fox slily departing) the down highest c Disputation went on, being managed three Dayes at Newport on Rode Island, and one Day at Providence, between John in thought) against me. Some few there are, but Stubbs, John Burnet, and William Edmundson, on the ore oh, how few are valiant for the Truth and dare to Part, and R. W. on the other. In which many Quotations plead my cause, as y witnesses in eaccloth, out of G. Fox and Ed. Burrowes Book in Folio are alledged. l a m tes i s ot With an Appendix, of some Scores of G. F., his simp'e lame Revel. ii. While all men's tongues are bent like Answers to his Opposites in that Book quoted and replied to, boughs to shoot out lying words against me! by R. W. of Providence in N. E. Boston, printed by John Peace. Oh, how could I sped eterl ds and Foster, 1676. Peace. Oh, how could I spend eternal days and II See Memoir of Roger Williams, the Founder of the State endless dates at thy holy feet, in listening to the of Rhode Island, by James D. Knowles, for much careful his- precious oracles of thy mouth. All the words of torical investigation on this and other points. Mr. J. thy mouth are Tth, ad there is no iniquity in lett has riven an account of Edmundson's book, printed in them. Thythe honeyob. Iut oh London 1713, in some Early Notices of Rhode Island, in the hem. Thy lips drop as the honeycob. But oh Providence Jousrnal for 1855. since we must part anon, let us (as thou saidst) im6 42 CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. prove our minutes, and (according as thou pro- 5. A liberty, which other charters have not, to misedst) revive me with thy words, which are wit, of attending to the laws of England, with a sweeter than the honey, and the honeycomb. favorable mitigation, viz. not absolutely, but respecting our wilderness estate and condition. CONCLUSroN. I confess it were to be wished, that these dainties Peace. We have now (dear Truth) through the might have fallen from God, and the King, like gracious hand of God clambered up to the top of showers and dews and manna from heaven, gratis this our tedious discourse. and free, like a joyful harvest or vintage, without Truth. Oh,'tis mercy unexpressible that either thou any pains of our husbandry; but since the most holy or I have had so long a breathing time, and that God, the first Cause, hath ordered second causes together! and means and agents and instruments, it is no more Peace. If English ground must yet be drunk with honest for us to withdraw in this case, than for men English blood, oh, where shall Peace repose her wen- to come to an Ordinary and to call for the best wine ried head and heavy heart? and liquor, the best meats roast and baked, the best Truth. Dear Peace, if thou find welcome, and the attendance, &c., and to be able to pay for all and God of pea-e miraculously please to quench these yet most unworthily steal away and not discharge all-devouring flames, yet where shall Truth find rest the reckoning. from cruel persecutions My second witness is Common Gratitude, famous Peace. Oh, will not the authority of holy scrip- amo:ig all mankind, yea, among brute beasts, even tures, the commands and declarations of the Son of the wildest and fiercest, for kindness received. It God, therein produced by thee, together with all is true, Mr. Clarke might have a just respect to his the lamentable experiences of former and present own and the peace and liberty of his friends of his slaughters, prevail with the sons of men (especially own persuasion. But I believe the weight that with the sons of Peace) to depart from the dens of turned the scale with him was the truth of God, viz. lions, and mountains of leopards, and to put on the a just liberty to all men's spirits in spiritual matters, bowels (if not of Christianity, yet) of humanity each together with the peace and prosperity of the whole to other! colony. This, I know, put him upon incredible Truth. Dear Peace, Habacuck's fishes keep their pains and travail, straits and anguish, day and night, constant bloody game of persecutions in the world's himself and his friends and ours, which I believe a mighty ocean; the greater taking, plundering, swal- great sum of money would not hire him to wade lowing up the lesser: 0 happy he whose portion is through the like again. I will not trouble you with the God of Jacob! Who hath nothing to lose under the allowances, payments, and gratuities of other the sun, but hath a state, a house, an inheritance, a colonies in like cases. Only let me present you with name, a crown, a life, past all the plunderers, ra- a famous story out of our English records. Henry vishers, murtherers reach and fury! the Third, as I remember, fell out with the city of Peace. But lo! Who's here? London, took away their charter and set a governor Truth. Our sister Patience, whose desired com- over them, which brought many evils and sorrows pany is as needful as delightful!'Tis like the wolf on them. But Doctor Redman, so called, pacified will send the scattered sheep in one: the common the King's anger and procured a restitution of their pirate gathers up the loose and scattered navy! the charter, though with great charges and payments of slaughter of the witnesses by that bloody beast unites moneys. Now while this Redman lived, they hothe Independents and Presbyterians. The God of nored him as a father and heaped all possible graPeace, the Go I of Truth will shortly seal this truth, tuities upon him; and when he died they decreed and confirm this witness, and make it evident to the that the Lord Mayor and Aldermen and chief citiwhole world, zens, should yearly and solemnly visit his tomb, That the doctrine of persecution for cause of con- which mine eyes have seen performed in the public science, is most evidently and lamentably contrary walks in Paul's, and I presume, it is practised to this to the doctrine of Christ Jesus the Prince of Peace. day. I will not trouble you with the application of Amen. this story, but present you with my third Witness of the fairness of this matter, which is Christianity, PLEA FOR JOHN CLARKE. which we all pretend to, though in various and difThe first is peace, commonly called among all ferent persuasions. This witness soars high above men, the King's Peace, among ourselves and among Common justice and Common gratitude, yea, above all the King's subjects and friends, in this country all religions. This not only speaks home for due and wheresoever: and, further, at our agent's most payment and due thankfulness, but of doing good for reasonable petition, the King prohibits all his sub- evil, of paying blessing for cursing, of praying for jects to act any hostility toward our Natives inha- enemies and persecutors, of selling houses and lands, biting with us without our consent, which hath yea, of laying down lives for others. Common jushitherto been otherwise practiced to our continual tice would not, Common gratitude would not, least and great grievance and disturbance. of all will Christianity, employ a public messenger The second jewel is Liberty. The first, of our unto a mighty King and there leave him to shift for spirits, which neither Old nor New England knows his living and means to go through so high a service, the like, nor no part of the world a greater. nor leave him to shift for moneys and to mortgage 2d. Liberty of our persons; no life, no limb taken his house and lands to carry on our business and from us, no corporeal punishment, no restraint but thus to forfeit and lose them; and lost they are, as by known laws and agreements of our own making. all must see, except a speedy redemption save them. 3. Liberty of our Estates, horses, cattle, lands, Shall we say we are christians, yea but ingenuous goods, not a penny to be taken by any rate from us, or just men, to ride securely, in a troublous sea and without every man's free debate by his deputies, time, by a new cable and anchor of Mr. Clarke's chosen by himself, and sent to the General As- procuring and to be so far fiom satisfying his ensembly. gagement abont them, that we turn him adrift to 4. Liberty of society or corporation, of sending or languish and sink, with his back broke, for putting being sent to the General Assembly, of choosing and under his shoulder, to ease us. "Which of you," being chosen to all offices and of making or repealing said Christ Jesus to his enemies, " will see an ox or a all laws and constitutions among us. sheep fall into a pit and not pull it out on the Sab JOHN CLARKE; SAMUEL GORTON. 43 bath day " What beast can labor harder, in plough- died at Newport in 1676, childless, and by his ing, drawing. or carrying, than Mr. Clarke hath done will, directed the annual income produced by his so long a time, and with so little provender? Shall farm (which has amounted to about $20* to be we now, when he looks for rest at night, tumble employed for the promohim by our neglects into a ditch of sadness, grief, and lear. e instrupoverty, and ruin tion of religion and learning. The same instru — povertyand ruin?. ment bears testimony to his learning as well as If we wholly neglect this business, what will be- charity, ashe also eqathes to his dear frien come of our credit? Rhode-Island, in the Greek Richard Bily, hs ebrew and Greek books, language, is an Isle of Roses, and so the King's Ma- with a Concordance and Lexicon written by jesty vas pleased to resent it; and his honorable himself. He also left a paper expressing his Calcommissioners in their last letter to the Massachu- vinistic belief. setts from the eastward, gave Rhode-Island and this whole colony an honorable testimony which is like SAMUEL GOETON. to be pointed to the view of the whole world. Shall SAMUEL GORTON was born in the town of Gorton, we now turn our roses into hemlock and our fra- England, where his ancestors had resided for grant ointment into carrion? Our own names, in a many generations. " I was not brought up," he righteous way, ought to be more precious to us than says, in a letter written to Nathaniel Morton, the thousands of gold or silver, how much infinitely annalist, "in the schools of human learning, and more precious, the name of the most Holy and most bless Go that Ins address to High and his holy truth of soul-liberty amongst us. Charles the Second, in 1679, he speals of "his JOHN CLAR~KE, mother," the Church of England, but in 1636 we JON CL E, find him emigrating from the city of London, THE friend of Roger Williams, was one of the where he was engaged in business as a clothier, earliest authors of Rhode Island. lie was born to Boston, that he might "enjoy liberty of conin 1609, and is supposed to have been a native science, in respect to faith towards God, and for of Bedfordshire. Ile was educated as a physi- no other end." After a short residence in Boston, cian. Soon after his emigration to Massachu- not finding the theology there prevalent to his setts he publicly claimed, with Roger Williams, taste, he removed to Plymouth, where his wife's full license for religious belief. He was one of servant, having smiled in church, " was threatthe eighteen, who on the seventh of March 1637-8, ened with banishment from the colony as a comhaving formed themselves into an association, mon vagabond.'t Gorton incurred odium by his purchased Aquetneck and became the Founders of defence of the offender, which was increased by Rhode Island. In 1644, he formed and became his success as a preacher in drawing off hearers the pastor of the Baptist Church at Newport, a from the Plymouth church. This was peculiarly charge he retained until his death. In 1649 he distasteful to the pastor, the Rev. Ralph Smith, was treasurer of the colony. In 1651 he visited who was instrumental in his arraignment and his friends at Lynn, and while preaching there on conviction on the charge of heresy. The court, the forenoon of Sunday, July 20, was arrested, Gorton says, "proceeded to fine and imprisoncompelled to attend meeting in the afternoon, and ment, together with sentence given, that my on the 31st, after trial, condemned to pay a fine family should depart out of my own hired house of twenty pounds. lie wrote from prison pro- within the space of fourteen days, upon the posing a discussion of his theological principles, a penalty of another great. sum of money (besides course which had been suggested by the judge, my fine paid), and their further wrath and disEndicott, in passing sentence; but the challenge pleasure, which time to depart fell to be in a was not taken up, and Clarke soon after paying mighty storm of snow as I have seen in the his fine, was ordered to leave the colony. In country; my wife being turned out of doors in 1651 he went with Roger Williams on an embassy the said storm..... and myself to travel in the to England, where he remained until he obtained wilderness I knew not whither, the people comthe second charter of the colony dated July 8, forting my wife and children when I was gone 1663. He published in London in 1652, In News with this, that it was impossible for me to come from nTew England.* It contains a narrative of alive to any plantation.": This was in the winhis difficulties and a discussion of various theolo- ter of 1637-8. gical points, with an inculcation of the great doc- He removed to Aquetneck, or Rhode Island, trine of toleration. The work is reprinted in the where he soon became involved in difficulty about last volume (second of the fourth series) of the Mas- "a small trespass of swine." He was brought sachusetts Historical Society, where it occupies 113 before the governor, Coddington, who ordered, octavo pages. Its style is diffuse, the sentences "You that are for the king, lay hold on Gorton." being of intolerable length, but is in general ani- He again, on the other side, called forth, "All mated, and passages occasionally occur which ap- you that are for the king, lay hold on Coddingproach to eloquence, ton." He was whipped and banished from the After his return, Clarke was elected for three suc- island. cessive years deputy governor of the colony. He He next removed to Providence, where, in January, 1642, he purchased land at Pawtuxet. Here * Ill News from New England, or a Narrative of New Eng- le was followed, as at his previous residences, by land's Persecution, wherein is declared that while old England those who sympathized with his doctrines. He is becoming new, New England isbecome old. Also four proposals to the Honoured Parliament and Council of State, touching the way to Propagate the Gospel of Christ (with small * Alen's Biog. Diet. 1886. charge and great safety), both in Old England and New. Also t Life of Gorton, by John M. Mackie, a work to which we four conclusions touching the faith and order of the Gospel of are chiefly indebted in the preparation of this article. It is one Christ, out of his last Will and Testament, confirmed and jus- of the series of American Biographies edited by Jared Sparks. tified. $ Letter to Nath. Morton. 44 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. soon took part, with his usnal warmth, in a dis- pp. 240; Saltmarsh returned from the Dead, a pute between the inhabitants of the settlements at commentary on the General Epistle of James, 4to. Moshassuck and Pawtuxet. His opponents, in the pp. 198; and An Antidote against the common absence of any chartered government of their own Plague of the World, a commentary on the decolony, applied to Massachusetts Bay for assistance. nunciations of the scribes and pharisees in the That colony answered that they had "no calling twenty-third chapter of St. Matthew's Gospel. or warrant to interfere in their contentions." A A MS. commentary on chapter vi. 9-13 of the second application in September, 1642, was con- amne Gospel, in 130 folio pages, is preserved in strued into an admission of the jurisdiction of the library of the Rhode Island Historical Society. Massachusetts Bay, and Gorton was summoned to Boston. He returned a reply on the 20th of EDW D JOHNSON. November, denying the jurisdiction of the "men E of Massachusetts," in which he was clearly in the EDWARD JoNIsoN is supposed to have emigrated right; and again removed in 1642 to lands pur- to New Egland with Governor Winthrop in chased at Shavo!nst, from a sachem called Mian- 1630. He was a prominent man in the organizatonomo. It was not long, however, before tw tion of the tovn and church of Woburn in 1642, was chosen its representative in 1643, and annuinferior sachems, acknowledging the jurisdiction representative in 1643, and an of Massachusetts, were instigated to claim the ally re-elected, with the exception of the year purchased lands as their property. The inhabit- 1648, unti1671. He hel the ofice of recorder ants of Shawonie3t were cited to appear at Boston of the town from its incorporation until his death to answer the complaint of these sachems. On in 1682. His Wonder Working Providence of their refusal to do so an armed conmmission was. ion's Saviour, in New England, is a history of sent to settle the affair. The negotiations failed, the country "from the English planting in the and Gorton finally consented to appear, with his year 1628 until the year 1652." It was published followers, at Boston. On their arrival the ques- London in 1654, and repinted in the second tion of the title to the lands was dropped, and series of the Mass. Hist. Soc. Coil., where it forms they were tried for heresy. Gorton was convict- bout 230 pes. It is somewhat rablig and ed, and, narrowly escaping the punishment of diffuse i style and matter, and contains a numher of verses on various New England worthies, death, was sentenced to " be coifined to Charles- e f rses on vrious Ne England worthies, town, there to be set on work, and to wear such lowing, on Hooker, is an average bolts or irons, as mlay hinder his escape, and to specimen. continue during the pleasure of the court." In Come, Hooker, come forth of thy native soil; case he should preach or publish his doctrines he Christ, I will run, says Hooker, thou hast set was to be put to death. In January, 1644, this My feet at large, here spend thy last day's toil; punishment was commuted to banishment. Gor- Thy rhetoric shall people's affections whet. ton repaired with his followers to Aquetneck, Thy golden tongue and pen Christ caus'd to be where they persuaded the sachems to deed their The blazing of his golden truths profound, lands, and place themselves under the protection Thou sorry worm, it's Christ wrought this in thee; of the English crown. In the same year he sailed What Christ hath wrought must needs be very from New Amsterdam for England, where he sound. published, in 1646, his tract, entitled Simplicities s s 2. 7 A' Then look on Hooker's works, they follow him Defence against Seven-Headed Policy. He also g, tis orthy resteth there awhile: preached on several occasions to large audiences. Die shall he not that hath Christ's warrior been; He returned in 1648 to Boston, with a letter from Much less Christ's truth, cheer'd by his people's the Earl of Warwick, requesting that he'might toil. be allowel to pas through Masachusetts unmnobe alloe to pas through Maachusetts uno- Thou angel bright, by Christ for light now made; lested, anl on his arrival at Shawonet, named Throughout the world as seasoning salt to be, the place Warwick, in acknowledgment of this Although in dust thy body mouldering fade, and other services from that nobleman. He had Thy Head's in heaven, and hath a crown for thee. secured, while in England, the protection of the government, and passed the remainder of his days PThe opening of his preface is pithily expressed, in tranquillity. He died at an advanced age in Good Reader: As large gates to small edifices, so the latter part of the year 1677, leaving several are long prelfces to little books; therefore I will children, one of whom, Samuel, lived to the age briefly inform thee that here thou shalt find the of ninety-four. His sect seems to have survived time when, the manner how, the cause why, and the him about a century, as President Stiles, of Yale success which it hath pleased the Lord to give to this handful of his praising saints in N. Eng., &c. College, renarks, in his manuscript diary on visit- t ing at Providence, November 18, 1771, Mr. John JOHN ELIOT Angell, aged eighty years:-" He is a Gortonist, and the only one I have seen. Gorton lives now only in him; his only disciple left." In addition to " Simplicitie's Defence," a tract of one hundred and eleven pages quarto, which Tim "Apostle'to the Indians," was born at was reprinted in 1647, and has also been repub- Nasing, County of Essex, England, in 1604, and lished in the second volume of the Transactions educated, like many of the early New England of the Rhode Island Historical Society, Gorton divines, at Cambridge. He was afterwards usher wrote a commentary on the one hundred and to Hooker in his grammar-school at Little Badtenth psalm, with the title of An Incorruptible dow, near Chelmsford, Essex. He emigrated to Key, composed of the cx. Psalm, wherewith you New England in 1631, arriving in Boston harmay Open the rest of the Holy Scriptures, 1647, bor on the ninth of November. He was soon JOHN ELIOT. 45 after followed by a young lady to whom he had extinction by the exertions of the Hon. Robert been betrothed in England, and on her arrival Boyle, who was made its president. This distinthey were married. Hie had commenced preach- guished man took a deep interest in Eliot's efforts. ing before lie left England, and had promised the He maintained a correspondence with him, porfriends to whom he officiated that if they would tions of which have been published in the colleccome to New England he would maintain the tions of the Massachusetts Historical Society; same relation to them in the new as in the old and by his influence obtained an annual stipend home. They did so, and settling at Ioxbury of fifty pounds from the Society for the missionchose him as their pastor. ary. Eliot was intrusted, in company with Welde and Meanwhile Eliot was instructing the Indians in Richard Mather, with the preparation of the Christianity and civilization; and i'l 1651, foundmetrical version of the Psalms published in 1640, ed the Indian town of Natick, eighteen miles and known as the " Old Bay Psalm Book." southwest of Boston. He framed laws for the In 1646 an order was passed requesting the inhabitants, which were an exact copy of those of elders of the churches.to take into consideration the Pentateuch. In 1660, a church was formed, the subject of the conversion of the Indians. Eliot, and the Indian converts, having given sufficient who had some time before this commenced the testimony of the sincerity of their faith to satisfy study of the Indian language with a native, "a the prudent and practical missionary, were admitpregnant-witted young man," who could speak ted to the Holy Communion. English, and was especially interested in the race In a letter written to Winslow, in 1649, Eliot from his belief that they were the long lost tribes had expressed his desire to translate " some part of Israel, came forward to respond to the call. of the scriptures" into the Indian tongue. In Notice was given of his intention, and on the 28th 1651 we find by a letter written by him to Engof October, 1646, he proceeded with three others land, that he was engaged on the task, but with to address for the first time in history, the Nortlh "no hope to see the Bible translated, much less American Indians on the subject of Christianity. printed, in my days." He, however, kept steadily The text of his sermon delivered in English, and at work, and the society in England supplying translated sentence by sentence by an interpreter, funds, the New Testament in the Indian language, was from Ezekiel xxxvii. 9, 10.* It was an hour commenced in 1658 at the first press set up in and a quarter long, but listened to with attention the colony at Harvard, was published in Septemby its auditors. A conversation followed, in which her, 1661. In 1663, the Old Testament was addthe Indians propounded several questions on the ed to it, a catechism and translation of the Bay topics of the discourse, and expressed a wish to Psalm Book being included in the volume. A live together in a town. dedication to the king was prefixed to the copies A second assembly was held a fortnight after, sent to England, but to few of those circulated at when Eliot addressed them in their own language. home. Other meetings followed, and a settlement of This Bible was printed by Samuel Green and " praying Indians," as they were styled, was form- Marnaduke Johnson. It was the first, and for ed, called Nonantum. The Indians assembled, nearly a century after, the only version of the lived in accordance with the instructions they had Scriptures published in the colonies. A second received, and labored diligently for their subsist- edition of the New Testament appeared in 1680, ence, under the instructions of their missionary, and of the Old in 1685. Two thousand copies who taught them the use of farming tools. were printed of these, and fifteen hundred, it is A second effort was made at Neponset, within estimated, of the former editions. Eliot received the town of Dorchester, and with similar success. no remuneration for his labor, and contributed The Indians at Concord, Pawtucket, and on Cape from his small salary to defray the expense of Cod, were also visited and addressed by Eliot. publication. The translation is written in a diaTwo tracts, The Day Breaking, if not the lect of the Mohegan tongue, which has long since Sun Rising of the Gospel with the Indians in become extinct. The work has been of great New England, by an anonymous author (proba- service to the students of the Indian languages, bly the Rev. John Wilson, of Boston), and The and although it has proved, by the dispersion of Clear Sunshine of the Gospel breaking forth upon those for whom it was designed, of less practical the Indians in New England, by the Rev. Tho- benefit than its author anticipated, it must ever be inas Shepard, of Cambridge, were published in honored as a monument of Christian zeal, patient England in 1647 and 1648. The accounts they toil, and earnest scholarship. gave of these transactions were read with interest, Eliot published in 1664 a translation of Baxter's and an appeal was made to Parliament for aid in Call to the Unconverted in the Indian language, the cause, which resulted in the formation in 1649 and in 1666 an Indian grammar. Several comof a corporation, " The President and Society for munities of Christian Indians had been formed, the Propagation of the Gospel in New England." who were progressing satisfactorily in a life in Money was collected and transmitted to preachers accordance with their profession,.when an interand teachers among the Indians. On the Resto- ruption occurred to their advance, which proved ration, in 1660, the society was preserved from eventually fatal to their existence. This was King Philip's war. The "praying Indians" suffered from the hatred of the red men, as well * Then said he unto me, Prophesy unto the wind, Prophesy, as from the distrust of the white, and at the close son of man, and say to the wind, Thus saith the Lord God; f cnt mny f t c itis Come from the four winds, O breath, and breathe upon these of the contet many of their communities had slain, that they may live. been broken up. So I prophesied as he commanded me, and the breath came Eliot ha(l throughout the whole period of his upon them. and they lived, and stood up upon their feet, an I r h conneion with Rexceeding great army. Indian labors, retained his connexion with lex 46 CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. bury, and had also found time to prepare several Extremely simple and frugal in his personal short religious treatises. He died at the age of habits, though by no means ascetic, he opposed eighty-six, on the 20th of May, 1690. violently the use of tobacco, and with Puritan Eliot's Indian grammar, and his letters to the consistency, the wearing of long hair or of wigs. Hon. Robert Boyle, have been reprinted in the Out of six children, but two survived him. Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society. " My desire was," he said of the other3, " that they His other writings are The Christian Common- should have served God on earth; but if God will wealth, a treatise on government, framed from choose to have them rather serve him in heaven, the Scriptures for his Indian convert<, which he I have nothing to object against, it, but his will published in London in 1654, with a preface be done." recommending its adoption to the people of Eng- Eliot's life has been written by Convers Fran. land;* The Communion of Churches; or the cis, in Sparks's American Biography, occupying an Divine Management qf Gospel Churches by the entire volume of that series. Mather devotes Ordinance of Councils, constituted in Order, many pages of the Magnalia to the record of his according to the Scriptures, a tract published in good words and works —pithily and quaintly 1665; and a volume of one hundred and thirty- remarking of him, that "he was a Boniface as one pages, published in 1678, entitled, The Har- well as a Benedict," and gives us a report, "writ mony of the Gospels in the holy History of the from him as he uttered it," of one of his serHumiliation and Sufferings of Jesus Christ, from nons, "a paraphrase that I have heard himself his Incarnation to his Death and Burial. to make upon that Scripture,' Our conversation In addition to the translations already men- is in heaven." tioned, he published in 1685 a ver-ion of the "Practice of Piety," a popular devotional work, Behold, said he, the ancient and excellent cha written by Lewis Baylychalin to Jles I., nl racter of a true Christian;'tis that which Peter Written by Lewis Bayly,c.aplain to aes I, an calls "holiness in all manner of conversation;" you Bishop of Bangor, from 1616 to his death in o shall not find a Christian out of the way of godly 1632, and in 1688, of two tracts by Thomas conversation. For, first, a seventh part of our Shepard, "The Sincere Convert," and "The time is all spent in heaven, when we are duly Sound Believer." He also published an Indian zealous for, and zealous on the Sabbath of God. primer. Besides, God has written on the head of the SabIn his intercourse with his parishioners, and in bath, REMEMBER, which looks both forwards and his private life, Eliot was remarkable for mild- backwards, and thus a good part of the week will ness, meekness, and generosity. He combined be spent in sabbatizing. Well, but for the rest of with the latter virtue a-total forgetfulness of self our time! Why, we shall have that spent in heaven, and his household affairs would often have been ere we have done. For, secondly, we have many in sorry plight, had he not had a good wife who day for both fsting and thksgivig i our pil shared his old age as she had his youth, to look grimage; ard here are so many Sabbaths more. after thel. She one d(ay, b way of a joke Moreover, thirdly, 4e have our lectures every week; pointing out their cows before the door ke and pious people won't miss them, if they can help pointing out their cows before thved our private him whose they were, and found that he did not him whoe ty we, ad f d tt he dd nt meetings, wherein we pray, and sing, and repeat know. The treasurer of his church paying him sermonls, and confer together about the things of a portion of his salary on one occasion, tied the God; and being now come thus far, we are in heaven coin in the pastor's pocket-handkerchief with almost every day. But a little farther, fifthly, we an abundance of knots, as a check to his free- perform family-duties every day; we have our dom of disbursement in charity. On his way morning and evening sacrifices, wherein having home, the good man stopped to visit a destitute read the Scriptures to our families, we call upon family, and was soon tugging at the knots to get the name of God, and ever now and then carefully at his money. Quickly growing impatient he catechise those that are under our charge. Sixthly, gave the whole to the mother of the family, say- shall also ave our daily devotions in our ing, " Here, my dear, take it; I believe the Lord closets; wherein unto supplication before the Lord, designs it all for you." IIe showed an equally liberal we shall add some serious meditation upon his word: a David will be at this work no less than thrice a disregardl of self in his dealings with his congre- S w soe day. Seventhly, we have likewise many scores of gation, proposing in place of the usual rate or tax ejaculations in a day; and these we have like Neby which the clergy was supported, to depend for hemiah, in whatever plac e come into. Eighthly his maintenance on the voluntary contributions of we have our occasional thoughts and our occasional his congregation, and towards the close of his life talks upon spiritual matters; and we have our occasuggested the appointment of an assistant, on sional acts of charity, wherein we do like the inhawhom he offered to bestow his entire salary. His bitants of heaven every day. Ninthly, in our callcongregation answered, that they would count his ings, in our civil callings, we keep up heavenly very presence worth a salary, when he should be frames; we buy and sell, and toil; yea, we eat and so superannuated as to do no further service to drink, with some eye both to the command and the them. honor of God in all. Behold, I have not now left The last years of his life were much occupied n inch of time to be carnal; it is all engrossed for with endeavors to promote education among the heaven. And yet, lest here should not be enough, negroes who had been introduced into the coun- we have our sptual warfare. We are try. "He (li not live," says Mather,t " to make always encountering the enemies of our souls, which try.much progress le(in nth undersakg." continually raises our hearts unto our Helper and much progress in the undertaking.Leader in the heavens. Let no man say, "'Tis impossible to live at this rate;" for we have known * It is reprinted in the third series of the Collections of the some live thus; and others that have written of Mass. t.. Soc., volume ixsuch a life have but spun a web out of their own t Mather's Magnalia. blessed experiences. New England has example of THOMAS SHEPARD. 47 this life: though, alas!'tis to be lamented that the fellow-magistrates and insult in the public streets. distractions of the world, in too many professors, do He took an active part on the side of the people becloud the beauty of an heavenly conversation, against the measures which terminated in the In fine, our employment lies in heaven. In the morn- withdrawal of tie charter cf the colony, in 1686. ing, if we ask, "Where am I to be to-day?" our souls died the next year, so poor, that we find John must answer, "In heaven." In the evening, if e Eliot soon after soliciting a gift of ten pounds ask, "Where have I been to-day?" our souls may from Robert Boyle, for his widow. answer, "In heaven." If thou art a believer, thou There is an aount of Goo art no stranger to heaven while thou livest; and Thee i an accout of Gookin in the first vowhen thou diest, heaven will be no strange place to lume of the Massachusetts Historical Collections, thee; no, thou hast been there a thousand times appended to the reprint of his Collections of the before. Indians-one of the most pleasing of the original narratives of the aborigines. Gookin, in his Historical Collections of the It was by Eliot's influence that an attempt was Indians, gives this pleasing picture of Eliot's made to educate Indian youths with reference to teaching: — Harvard, which encouraged the work. The plan, however, proved unsuccessful. The health of Besides his preaching to them, he framed two some of the students failed, and the courage of ^cateciisms in the In"dian tongue, containing othe oters; a number fell off to different occupations. principles of the Christian religion; a lesser for The name of one graduate is on the catalogue of children, and a larger for older persons. These also The name of one graduate on the catalogue of he communicated unto the Indians gradually, a few the iversity, of the yar 1665, Caleb Cheesquestions at a time, according unto their capacity hahteaumuck Indus." He soon afterwards died to receive them. The questions he propounded one of consumption. Gookin speaks of another, "a lecture day, were answered the next lecture day. good scholar and a pious man, as I judge," who, His manner was, after he had begun the meeting within a few months of the time of taking his with prayer, then first to cateclifse the children; degree, made a voyage to his relatives at Martha's and they would readily answer well for the gene- Vineyard, and was drowned by shipwreck or murrality. Then would he encourage them with some dered by the savages on his return. At a later small gift, as an apple, or a small biscuit, which he day, in 1714, an Indian student of Harvard, caused to be bought for the purpose. And, by this named Larnel, spoken of as "an extraordinary prudence and winning practice, the children were Latin poet and a good Greek one," died during induced with delight to get into their memories the his college course * principles of the Christian religion. After he had done the children, then would he take the answers THOMAS SHEPARD. of the catechetical questions of the elder persons; and they did generally answer judiciously. When THOMAS SHEPARD, a writer whose reputation has the catechizing was past, he would preach to them been among the most permanent of his brethren upon some portion of scripture, for about three of the early New England clergy, was born at quarters of an hour; and then give liberty to the Towcester, near Northampton, England, in 1605, Indians to propound questions, as I intimated before; and educated at Emanuel college, Cambridge. and in the close, finish all with prayer. On obtaining the degree of Master of Arts, he became a preacher at Earls Coln, in Essex, where f~_~ ~214'e, ~ -ff/_a lecturt had been established by endowment for (al~n"~!,hon* Sp Amid Daniel Gookin, a native of Kent, in England, threo years. His services proved so acceptable was among the early settlers of Virginia, and in to the people, that at the expiration of the time 1644 removed to Cambridge, in consequence of they raised a voluntary subscription for his suphis doctrinal sympathies with the New England port, and he remained among them until silenced Puritans. He was soon appointed captain of the not long after for non-conformity. military company of the town, and a member of After passing some time "with the kind family the House of Deputies. In 1652 he was elected of the Harlakendens,": he removed to Butter assistant or magistrate, and appointed in 1656 by crambe; near York, where he resided in the the General Court, superintendent of all the In- family of Sir Richard Darby, whose daughter he dians who acknowledged the government of Mas- married, and preached in the neighborhood, until sachusetts, an office he retained until his death. again silenced. After a third attempt, at HedIn 1656 he visited England, and had an interview done in Northumberland,~ with like result he with Cromwell, who authorized him to invite the people of New England to remove to Jamaica, people of New Englanq d to remove to JamaicaI * Mass. Hist. Soc. Col, First Series, i. 173. Quincy's lust. then recently conquered from Spain. In 1662 he of Harvard, i. 444. was appointed one of the two licensers of the t These lectures were originally established by benevolent Cambridge p~rinting-pressq. His work, Historical persons, as a provision for spiritual instruction in large or des~~Cambr~idge prining-prss. Hs worktitute parishes, to aid the established clergy.sd in connexion Collections of the Indians in New England, with the national church. bears date 1674. Th ran t flI The breaking out of King second son of Mr. Harlakenden, Roger, accompaniel1 ld to te page o Shepard to New England, settled with him at Cambridge, and Philip's war soon after, led to the passage of died at the early age of twenty-seven. " He was," says Winseveral measures against the Natick and other throp, "a very godly man, and of good use, both in the comIndians who had submitted to the English. monwealth and in the church. He was buried with military Indians who had submitted to the was lieutenant-colonel. He left behind a Gookin. was the only magistrate who joined virtuous gentlewoman and two daughters. lie died in great Eliot in opposing these proceedings and, eonse- peace, and left a sweet memorial behind him of his piety and Eliot in opposing these proceedings, and, conse- Vn youngs Chron Mass Bay, 5l7. virtue. Young's Chron. Mass. Bay, 51T. quently, subjected himself to reproaches from his ~ According to Mather, he hired a house in this place which 48 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. resolved to emigrate to New England. He em- I One of the most noticeable passages of the barked with Cotton at Yarmouth, at the close of work is the account of the shipwreck off Yarthe year 1634. The vessel, encountering a storm mouth. in Yarmouth roads, returned to port in a disabled condition. Passing a few months in retirement, In the year 1634, about the beginning of the winhe again sailed in July from Gravesend, "in a ter, we set sail from Harwich. And having gone bottom too decayed and feeble indeed for such a some few leagues on to the sea, the wind stopped us voyage; but yet well accomodated with the that night, and so we cast anchor in a dangerous society of Mr. Wilson, Mr. Jones, and other place, and on the morning the wind grew fierce, and Christians, which more significantly made good rough against us full, and drave us toward the sands. the name of the ship, the Defence."*. The vessel But the vessel being laden too heavy at the head, sprang a leak, which was, however, got under, would not stir for all that which the seamen could sprang a leak,.which was, however, got under, ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^ and Mr. Shepard landed in New England on th do, but drave us full upon the sands ear Harwich third.of Otober. Or the first of thefollowing t harbour; and the ship did grate upon the sands, and third of October. On the first of the following wasingreatdanger. ButtheLorddirectedone was in great danger. But the Lord directed one February he succeeded Mr. Hooker as minister at man to cut some cable or rope in the ship, and so Cambridge, where he remained until his death, at she was turned about, and was beaten quite backthe early age of forty-four years, August 25th, ward toward Yarmouth, quite out of our way. 1649. But while the ship was in this great danger, a "The publi hed composures of this laborious wonderful miraculous providence did appear to us. person," to use Cotton Mather's phrase, were, For, one of the seamen, that he might save the vesTheses Sabbaticce; The Miatter of the Visible sel, fell in when it was in that danger, and so was Church; The Church Membership of Little carried out a mile or more from the ship, and given Children; a letter entitled, New Englanld's for dead and gone. The ship was then in such danLamentation for Old England's Errours; several ger, that none could attend to follow him; and when sermons; The Sincere Convert; The Sound Be- it was out of the danger, it was a very great hazard liever; and the P.arable of the Ten Virgins to the lives of any that should take the skiff to seek' the Pa~ra"ble of the A Ten V irgins to find him. Yet it pleased the Lord, that being Opened, published after his death in a folio discerned afar off floating upon the waters, three of volume. The two last mentioned of these worki, the seamen adventured out upon the rough waters, with his M[editations and Spiritual Experience, and at last, about an hour after he fell into the sea and a treatise on Evangelical Conversion, have (as we conjectured), they came and found him floatbeen reprinted in England within the last quarter ing upon the waters, never able to swim, but supof a century, in a popular form. ported by a divine hand all this while. When the Shepard left an autobiography, which remained men caine to him, they were glad to find him, but unpublished until 1832, when it was printed for concluded he was dead, and so got him into the the use of the Shepard Congregational Society at skiff, and when he was there, tumbled him down as Cambridge. It is also printed in the Chronicls one dead. Yet one of them said to the rest, "Let of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachu- us use what means we can, if there be life, to presetts Bay, collected and edited by the Rev. Ale- serve it;" and thereupon turned his head downward ander Young, where it occupies fifty-eight octav for the ater to run out. An having doe so, the pages rs. fellow began to gasp and breathe. Then they appages i. in i. plied other means they had: and so he begal at last It ii written in a simple, earnest style, and is to move, and then to spak and by that time he occupied in a great meaure with an account of cato move, to the ship he was pretty well, and able to his spiritual experiences, remlinding us solnewhat walk. And so the Lord showed us his great power. of John Bun yan. He received the name of the Whereupon a godly man in the ship then said, " This doubting Apo-tle, he tells us, because he was born man's danger and deliverance is a type of ours; for "upon the fifth day of November, called the he dii fear dangers were near unto us, and that yet Powder Treason day, and that very hour of the the Lord's power should be shown in saving of us." day wherein the Parliament should have been For so, indeed, it was. Forthe wind did drive us blown up by Popish priests, which occasioned my quite backward out of our way, and gave us no father to give me this name Thomas; because lie llace to anchor at until we came unto Yarmouth said, I would hardly believe that ever any suc roa n open plce t sea, yet fit for anchorage, wickedness should be attempted by men againAt but otherwise a very dangerous place. And so we caame thither through many uncomfortable hazards, so religious and good a Parliament." Spealing of ce thitler through many uncomfortable hazards, swithin thirty hours, and cast anchor in Yarmouth his proposed removal to Coggeshall, he introduces thity hours, and cast anchor in Yarmouth an anecdote of ThoCmas Hoker "Mr. Hooke oads. Which when we had done, upon a Saturday morning, the Lord sent a most dreadful and terrible only did object to may going thither; for being, storm of wind from the west, so dreadful that to this but young and unexperienced, and there being an day the seamen call it Windy Saturday; that it also old, yet shy and malicious minister in the town, scattered many ships on divers coasts at that time, who did seeln to give way to have it (the lecture) and divers ships were cast away. One among the there, did therefore say it was dangerous and un- rest, which was the senman's ship who came with us comfortable for little birds to build under the fiom Newcastle, was cast away, and he and all his nests of old ravens and kites." men perished. But when the wind thus arose, the master cast all his anchors; but the storm was so terrible, that the anchors broke, and the ship drave had been last tenanted by a witch, and performed prodigies in toward the sands, where we could not but be cast the allaying of strange noises, as he had previously silenced the Whereupon the master cries out that we sound of a great bell tolling at two o'c!ock at night at the Har- away. lakenders' homestead. Shepard himself says, "When we were dead men, and thereupon the whole company came into it (the house), a known witch came out of it; and go to prayer. But the vessel still drave so near to being troubled with noises four or five nights together e the sands, tht the mastershot off two pieces of ordsought God by prayer to remove so sore a trial; and the Lord the sands, that the mastershot off to pieces ofordheard and blessed us there and removed the trouble." nance to the town, for help to save the passengers M'ather. The town perceived it, and thousands came upon ROGER CLAP. 49 the-walls of Yarmouth, and looked upon us, hearing vrTws OF TOLERATIOT. we were New-England mel, and pitied much, and To cut off the hand of the magistrate from touch. gave us for gone, because they saw other ships per- ig men for their consciences (w h you also menishing near unto us at that time; but could not send tion), will certainly, in time (if it get ground) be any help unto us, though much money was offered the utter overthrow, as it is the undermiigtg, of the by some to hazard themselves for us. by some to hazard themelves for us. Reformpation begun. This opinion is but one of the So the master not knowing what to do, it pleased fortresses and strongholds of Sathan, to keep his head the Lord that there was one Mr. Cock, a drunken from crushing by Christ's heel, who (forsooth), befellow, but no seaman, yet one that had been at sea cause he is crept into men's consciences, and because often, and would come ill a humor unto New Eng- conscience is a tender thing, no man must here medland with us; whether it was to see the country, or dle with him, as if consciences were made to be the no, I cannot tell. But sure I am, God intended it safeguard of sin and error, and Sathan himself, if for good unto us, to make him an instrument to save once they can creep into them. As for New Engall our lives; for he persuaded the master to cut land, we never banished any for their consciences down his mainmast. The master was unwilling to but for sinning:gaist conscience, after due means it, and besotted, not sensible of ours and his own loss. of conviction, or some other wickedness which they At last this Cock calls for hatchets, tells the master, had no conscience to plead for; they that censure "If you be a man, save the lives of your passengers, New Ei gland for what they have done that way, cut down your malilnast." Hereupon he encou- should first hear it speak before they condemn. We raged all the company, who were forlorn and hope- have magistrates, that are gracious and zealous; we less of life: and the seamen presently cut down the have ministers, that are aged and experienced, and mast aboard, just at that very time wherein we all holy and wise; no man was yet ever banished from gave ourselves for gone, to see neither Old nor New us, but they had the zeal and care of the onethe England, nor faces of friends any more, there being holiness, learning, and best abilities of the other near upon two hundred passengers in the ship. seekig their good before they were sent from the And so when the mast was down, the master had coasts. And when they have been banished, as they one little anchor left, and cast it out. But the ship have had warrant from the word, so God from heawas driven away toward the sands still; and the ven hath ever borne witness by some strange hand seamen came to us, and bid us look, pointing to the of his providence against them, either delivering place, where our graves should shortly be, conceiv- the up to vile lusts ad sins, or to cofusion amongst ing also that the wind had broke off this anchor alg also the atte rind hap d hroke off this anchor themselves, or to some sudden and terrible deaths, also. So the imiaster professed he had done what he for their obstincy against the ligbt, and means used for their obstinacy.gainst the light, and means used could, and therefore now desired us to go to prayer. to heal their coisciences I could tell you large So Mr. Norton in one place, and myself in another stories (if Ieed were) of thesethings. part of the ship, he with the passengers, and myself with the mariners above decks, went to prayer, and committed our souls and bodies unto the Lord thatR CLAP. gave them. Immediately after prayer, the wind began to abate, and the ship stayed. For the last anchor was not broke, as we conceived, but only rent up with the wind, and so drave, and was drawn along, ONE f te ost touching memorial of the New ploughing the sands with the violence of the wind; England worthies, is the simple narrative of Capwhich abatil:g after prayer, though still very terri- tai loger Clap of Dorchester, which he prepared ble, the ship was stopped just when it was ready to for the benefit of his children. The incidents it be swallowed up of the sands, a very little way contains are few, but the manner in which it reoff from it. And so we rid it out; yet not without flects the spirit of the time makes it valuable as fear of our lives, though the anchor stopped the an historical document, while it is far from being ship; because the cable was let out so far, that a without claims to attention in a literary point of little rope held the cable, and the cable the little view. Roger Clap was born at Salloil, Devonanchor, and the little anchor the great ship, in this shire, in 1609, emigrated to Ma-sachusetts in great storm. But when one of the company per- 1630, settled at Dorchester, served in the Pequot ceived that we were so strangely preserved, had, and died in 1691. He had large family "htthe sae words, dThat threadied in 1691. He hang by wl save fus;il, -these words, 1' That thread we hang by will save us;" who bore the genuine Puritan names of Samuel, for so we accounted of the rope fastened to the an- Willi, Eliz, chor in comparison of the fierce storm. And so,..Experience, indeed it did, the Lord showing his dreadful power served, Hopestll, Wait, Thanks, Desire, Thomas, towards us, and yet his unspeakable rich mercy to Unite, and Supply. His manuscript "Memoirs" us, who, in depths of mercy, heard, nay, helped us, ere first publihed by the Rev. Thomas Prince, when we could not cry through the disconsolate the antiqua:rian, in 1731, and have been five times fearswe had, out of these depths of seas, and miseries. reprinted, the la-t impression having been issued Shepard's wife contracted a consumption in by the Dorcheter Historical Society, in a duoconsequence of exposure during the stormy pas- declno volnme. sage in a crazy vessel across the Atlantic, and NEW ENGLAND RETROSPECT. died a few yea:rs after their arrival. He mnarried died a few years after their arrival. He married In those days God did cause his people to trust in a second wife, a daughter of Thomas Hooker, and him and to be contented with meal tlings. It was the autobiography closes with a beautiful and pa-____________________ thetic eulogy on her mild virtues. thetic eulogy on her inild virtues. rours and divisions, and their feared fiuture desolations, if not In 1645 Shepard published a brief tract, 2elw timely prevented; occasioned by the increase of Anabaptists, England's Lamentations for Old England's Er- Rigid Separatists, Antinomians, and Fami ists; together with rors8 from which we quote a pas-sage on tolera- some seasonable remedies against the infection of those errours, ror from which we quote a passage on lera- prescribed in A Letter, sent from Mr. Thomas Shepard, sometion: time of Immanuel College, in Cambridge, and now Minister of the Gospel in Ca'nbridge, in New England, to a godly friend of his in Burrs, in Suffolk. London, printed by George Miller, * New England's Lamentation for Old England's present er- 1645. 50 CYCLOP.EDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. not accounted a strange thing in those days to drink the lines on Hooker by Cotton, and part of the water and to eat samp or hominy without butter tribute to Cotton by Woodbridge —have been or milk. Indeed it would have been a strange thing already given. We add a few other specimens, to see a piece of roast beef, mutton, or veal; though with brief accounts of their authors. it was not loig before there was roast goat. After There i an Elegy on Hooker, by PETER BULKthe first winter, we were very healthy; tho.lgh EY. After twenty-one year service in the some of us had no great store of corn. The Indialis E did sometimes briag corn, and truck with us for Church, e as silenced for no-conforclothing and knives; and once I had a peck of corn and ae to Camnbidge, in New England, or thereabouts, for a little puppy-dog. Frost fish, in 1635. The following year he founded the muscles, and clams were a relief to many. If our town of Concord, where he remained until his provision be better now than it was then, let us not death, in 1659. He published several sermons, (and do you, dear children, take heed that you do and some brief Latin poems. not) forget the Lord our Got. You have better food and raiment than w1o s in former times, bat have A LAMENTATION FOR THE DEATH OF THAT PRECIOUS AND WORfood and raiment than was in former times, but have TY MINISTER OF JE CT, T OOKER, WHO TIIY MINISTER OF JESU8 CHI{IST, MR. TIIOMAS hIOOKER, WHO you better hearts than your forefathers had? If so, DIED JULY 7, 1647, AS THE SUN WAS SETTING. THE SAMB rejoice in that minrcy, and let New England then IOUR OF THE DAY DIED BLESSED CALVIN, TIAT GLORIOUS shout for joy. Sure all the people of Go1 in o'her LIGHT. parts of the worll, that shall hear that the chillrea * * * * and grandchildren of the first planters of New Let Hartford sigh, and say, I've lost a treasure; England have better hearts, and are mon'e heavenly Let all New England mourn at God's displeasure, than their predecessors; they will doibtless greatly In takling from us one more gracious rejoice, and will say, This is the generation who:n Than is the gold of Ophir precious. the Lord hath blessed. Sweet was the savour which his grace did give, And now, dear children, I know not the time of It season'l all the place where he did live. my death; my time is in Gol's hall Is; but my ag3 His name did as an ointment give its smell, shows me it cannot be far of. Thereforwe while I And all bear witness that it savour'd well. am in health and strength, I tho't gool to put iito Wisdom, love, meekness, fiiendly courtesy, writing and leave with you, what I have desired in Each moral virtue, with rare piety, my heart, and oftentimes expressed to you with my Pure zeal, yet mixt with mildest clemency, tongue. Did all conspire in this one breast to lie. Deep was his kinowlelge, judgment was acute, NATHANIEL MORTON-PETER BULKLEY —JOSITA His doctrine solid, which none could confute. WINSLOW-EDWARD BULKLEY — AMUELSTONE — To mild he gave light of intelligence, JONATHsN MITCHELL-JOHN SHERMAN-JOSHUA And search'd the corners of the co.iscience. SCOTTOW. To sinners stout, which no law could bring under, NATHANIEL MORTON was born in the north of To them he was a son of dreadful thunder, England in 1612. His father, George Morton When all strong oaks of Bashan us'd to quake. emigrated to Plynouth with his family in 1623 And fear did Lebanus his celars shake; and died the following year. Nathaniel was The stoutest hearts he filled full of fears, elected Clerk of the Colonial Court in 1645, and He dave the rocks, they melted into tears. held the office until his death, in 1685. Yet to souls, with e f i cast He was a son of consolation. At 87'fA Sweet peace he gave to such as were contrite; / t,72v Their darkness sad he turn'd to joyous light. Of preaching he hal learn'd the rightest art, The colony records show him to have been a To every one dividing his own part. faithful anl capable officer, and he is said to have Each ear that heard him said, He spake to me: been equally estimallble in all the other relations So piercing was his holy ministry. of life. His N1u e Enelacbnd's lelemorial; or, a His life did shine, time's changes stain'd it not, brief Relation of the most memnorable and re- y itself could t there fid a spot. markable Passages of the Providence of God, JOSTAH WINSLOW celebrates Governor Bradford. manifested to the Planters of New England in Winslow was the first Governor born in New America; with special reference to the First England. He was annually chosen in the PlyColony thereof, called Newo Plymouth, published mouth colony, from 1673 to 1680. In King for the use and benefit of present and future Philip's war he was commander of the Plymouth generations, was published at Cambridge in forces, and did good service in the field. He died 1669, a second edition in 1721, and several others at Marshfield in 1680. have since appeared, the one of 1826 containing a large body of valuable note. by the Hon. John BY THE HONOURED MAJOR JOSIAS WINSLOW, ON MB. WI1LAM i-v~~.n~i r i. -is~ ~. n Af~ l~BaADrOgD, AiK8 FOLLOWETII Davis. The work is arranged in the form of annal, BR D, AS commencing with the departure of the Pilgrimn If we should trace him from the first, we find from England, and closing with the date of pubfrom England, and elosing with the date of pub- He flies his country, leaves his firiends behind, To follow God, and to profess his ways, lication. Apart from his honorable position, as And here encounter s hardshis y days, the first historian of the country, Secretary Mor- ton possesses some claims, from the purity and He is content, with Moses, if God please, earnestness of his style, to favorable notice. Renouncing honour, profit, pleasure, ease, Secretary Morton has preserved much of the To suffer tossings, and unsettlemelits, contemporary poetry of ais time by the insertion d if their rage doth ise, to banishments of the elegies, written by their fellows on the He weighs it not, se he may still preserve worthies whose deaths he has occasion to record His conscience clear, anld with GoT's people serve in the progress of his annals —a practice which Him freely,'cording to his mind and will, was also followed by Mather. Two of these- If not in one place, he'll go forward still. SAMUEL STONE; JONATHAN MITCHELL; JOHN SHERMAN. 51 If God have work for him in th' ends of th' earth, UPON THE DEATH OF THAT REVEREND, AGED, EVER HONOURED, Safe, drlllger, hullger, coldls, nor any dearth; 9AND GRACIOUS SERVANT OF CHRIST, MR. JOHN WILSON. Safe, danger, hunger, colds, nor any dearth; A no tr n wh d n knw A howling wilderness, nor savage men, Ah! now there's none who does not know, Discourage him, he'll follow God again. lhat this day in our Israel, Is flll'n a great and good man too, And how God hath made him an instrument A Prince, I might have said as well: To us of quiet, peace and settlement; A man of princely power with God, I need not speak; the eldest, youngest know, For faith and love of princely spirit; God honour'd him with greater work than so. Our Israel's ch:lriots, horsemen good, By faith and prayer, though not by merit To sum up all, in this he still went hence, Renown'd for practick piety This man was wholly God's; his recompense In Englands both, fiom youth to age; Remains beyond expression, and he is In Cambridge, Inns-Court, Sudbiiry, Gone to possess it in eternal bliss. And ach place of his pilgrimage. As humble as a little child, He's happy, happy thrice: unhappy we When yet i real orth high-gron: That still remain more chal:ges here to see.: Himself a tlig still he stil'd, Let's not lame.t that God hatil taken i When God so nluh hald for him done. From troubles hence, in seas of joys to swim. In love, a none-such; as the sand, The death of Samuel Stone introduces EDWARD, With lrgest heart God di( him fill, the son of Peter Bulkley, just mentioned. lie A bounteos mind, an open hand, r 2 * * i.,.^',, Affection sweet, all sw-eetnlling stilL succeeded his tather in his pastoral charge at Coll- Love was lis life, he dy'd in love; cord. Love doth embalm his memory; SAMUEL STONE was born at I-Iartford, hEngland, Love is his bliss all joy, above With God now who is love for ay: educated at Camnbridge, and came to Plymouith Go e W o love for ay: in the saine ship witl Cotton and Hooker. Ile A comprehending charity. accompanied to. was; To all, where ought nppear'd of good; accnmp~alled tile latter to Htrtford, which was And yet in zeal was none more high named after his native place, where lie acted s Against th' apparelt serpent's brood. his associate for fourteen years, and for sixteen. * * * * * more as his succes-or. The latter part of his life Gaius, our host, ah now is gone! was embittered by a dispute between himself and Can we e'er look for such another the ruling elder on a speculative point of divinity, But yet there is a mansion, which led to a division of the church. He printed Where we may all turn in together. a sermon and left behind him two works in MS, No nlovinlg inn, but resting place, one of which was a body of divilni y, "a rich Where his blest soul is gathered; treasure," say- Cotton Mather, which "has often Where good men going are a pace been tran;cribed by the vast pains of our candi- Into the bosom of their Head. dates for the ministry." Neither has been Ay, thither let us haste away, printed. Sure heaven will the sweeter be, (If there we ever come to stay) A TnRENODIA UPON OUR CUITSCHES S'BCoOD DARK FCLIPfiE, For him, and others such as he. HAPPENING JULY 20, 1668, BY DEATIIS INTERPOSITION BETWFEN US AND TIIAT GREAT LIGHT AND DIVINE PLANT, MR. Mitchell, in his tiun, is soon commemorated by JoriN SIHElMAN, a non-contormii t emigrant from A stone more than the Ebenezer fam'd; England, wlho officiated at Watertown and New Stone splendent diamond, right orient named; Haven as a clergymann, and toolk an active part as A cordial stone, that often cheered hearts civil magistrate. lie was a mllathemlatician,,and With pleasant wit, with Gospel rich imparts; published for many year- an Almanac, well garWhetstone, that edgify'd th' obtusest mind; nihe with n l refections. He was married Loadstone, that drew the iron heart unkind; wice, w cire A pond'rous stone, that would the bottom sound iea ws the father of twenty-six chi Of Scripture depths, and bring out Arcan's found; e at the ae of ixty-to, n 1675. A stone for kingly David's use so fit, AN EPITAPHI UPON TIlE DEPLORED DEATI OF TIIAf SlUPERREIAs would not faiil Goliah's firont to hit; NENT MINISTER OF TIlE GOSPEL, MR. JONATHAN MITCHELL. A stone, an antidote, that brake the course Here lies the darling of his time, Of gangrene errour, by convincing force; Mitchell expired in his prime; A stone acute, fit to divide and square; Who four ye:rs short of forty-seven, A squared stone became Christ's building rare. Wns found full ripe alnd pinck'd for heaven. A Peter's living, lively stone (so rear'd) Was full of prutet zel and love As'live, was Hartford's life; dead, death is fear'd. Faith, patience, wisdom from above; In Hartford old, Stone first drew infant breath, aew-Englant's stay, next nge's story; In New, effus'd his last: 0 there beneath The churches gem, the coil ge glory His corps are laid, near to his darling brotherl, Angels may speal him ah! not I, Of whom dead oft he sigh',, Not such another. (Whose worth's above lIpebole) Heavena is the more dr'sirable, said he, Pt for our loss, wer't inl y power, For Hooker, Shepard, and Haynes' company. ween ao everl:sting shoe. S* I'd weep an everlasting shower. J. S.* E. B. (prob;ably Edward Bulkley). J. S. has also bleen supposed to refer to JosnuA These lines, remarkable for their quaintsimpli- ScoTTOW, a inlchant of Botol. The only city, on John Wilson, are attributed to JONATHANd MITCHELL, a graduate of Harvard of 1647, and the successor of Sherpad at Cambridge in 1650.. lie * Gruidedby these initials on7y, we are inc!inea to attribute the lines to which they are annexed, t the ltev, John Sherman. cdied in 1668, at the age of forty-fourr (Davis's note.) 162 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. dates known in reference to his life, are those of the rare learning of a daughter was not the least his admission to church membership in the Old of those bright things which adorned no less a Church, Boston, on " the nineteenth of the third month," 1639, with his brother Thomas, as the /j / e " sonnes of our sister Thomllnaine Scottowe," the record of the birth of seven of his children, the eldest of whom wTs born, September 30, 1646; Judge of England than Sir Thomas More; it must the date of his will, June 23, 1696; and of its now be said, that a Judge of New England, nameprobate, March 3, 1698. His name is, however, ly, Thomas Dudley, Esq., had a daughter (besides of frequent recurrence in the town records, andt other children) to be a crown unto him. Reader, he appears to have mantatained throughout his America justly admires the learned women of the long life an honorable position. other hemisphere. She has heard of those that He was the author of Old Men's fears for were witnesses to the old professors of all philotheir own declensions, mixed with fears of their sophy: she hath heard of Hippatia, who formerly and posterities further falling off from New taught the liberal arts; and of Sarocchia, who, England's Primitive Constitution. Published more lately, was very often the moderatrix in the by some of Boston's old Planters, and some other. disputations of the learned men of Rome: she 1691. pp. 26. It contains a vigorously written has been told of the three Corinnas, which equal. presentation of what the writer regarded as the led, if not excelled, the most celebrated poets of degeneracy of his times. their time: she has been told of the Empress EuNEW ENGLAND'S DECLIN. docia, who composed poetical paraphrases on vaOur t i not the spot of Gd's cildren the rious parts of the Bible; and of Rosnida, who Our spot is not the spot of G(-,d'j children; t wrote the lives of holy men; and of Pamphilia, old Puritan garb, and gravity of heart, and habit theves holy; and o Paphi lost aLd ridiculed intostrange and fantastic fashions who roteother istories untothe lifethe ritand attire, naked backs and bare breasts, and fore- ings of the most renowned Anna Maria Schurhead, if not of the whorish woma:i, yet so like unto man, have come over unto her. But she now it, as would require a more than ordinary spirit of prays that into such catalogues of authoresses as discernment to distinguish; the virgins dress and Beverovicius, IHottinger, and Voetius, have given matrons veil, showing tleir power oa their heads, unto the world, there may be a room now given because of the holy angels, turned into powdered unto Madam Ann Bradstreet, the daughter of our foretops and top-gallant attire, not becoming the Governor Dudley, and the consort of our Governor Christian, but the comedian assembly, not the Bradstreet, whose poems, divers times printed, church, but the stage play, where the devil sits have afforded a grateful entertainment unto the regent in his dominion, as he once boasted out of ingenious, and a monument for her memory bethe mouth of a demoiiack, church member, he there yolln te stateliest marbles' took possession of, and made this response to the, ll 1 ^. o ^. took possession of, atd made this response to the Thomas Dudley, the father of this gifted lady, church, supplicating her deliverance; so as now we ee s e the rotestat wrs of Elimay and must say, New England is not to be found P estant s - in New England, nor Bosto in Boston; it is become zabeth in the Low Countries, and afterwards rea lost town (as at first it was called); we must now cry trieved the tortunes of the Earl of Lincoln by his out, our leanness, our leanness, our apostacy, our faithful stewardship of his estates. He came apostacy, our Atheism, spiritual idlatry, adultery, over to Massachusetts with a party of Puritan reformality in worship, carnal and vain confidence fugees, among whom was his son-in-law, Simon in church privileges, forgetting of God our rock, Bradstreet, from the Earl's county, in 1630; and and multitude of other abominations. four years afterwards, succeeded Winthrop as Go-.Thi;.tract was reprinted, with the omission of vernor ofthe Colony. In addition to his various.the alddress to the readler, by D. Gookin, in 1749. valorous.and religious qualities, he would appear In 1691, A Narrative of the Planting of the from.ar Epitaph, of which Mtther gives us a Afassachusetts Colony, Anno 1628, with the Lord's poetical translation, to have been something of a signal presence the first Thirty years. Also a book-orm. caution from New England's Apostle, the great In books a prodigal, they say; Cotton, how to escape the calamity, which might A livi:g cyclopedia; befal them or their posterity, and confirmed by Of histories of church and priest, the evangelist Norton, with prog!ostics from the A full compendium, at least; famous Dr. Owen, concerning the fate of these A table-talker, rich in sense, Churches, and Animadversions upon the anger of And witty without wit's pretence. God in sending of evil angels among us. Pub- So that the daughter may have inherited some lished by Old Planters, the authors of the Old of her learning. Morton, in his "Memorial, has Mer's Fears, a pa'nphlet of seventy-eight pages, preerved these lines by Dudley found in his appeared, much in the style of the author's form pocet fter his death, which exhibit the severity ~prodnu~ctions~.~* - ol his creed ald practice. ANNE BRADSTREET. Dim eyes, deaf ears, cold stomach shew IT is with a fine flourish of his learned trump of My dissoutiol is il view; Eleven times seven near lived have I, fame that Cotton Mather, in his Magnalia, intro-. n o seven ner lied nve detwho wrote the first vo- And now God calls, I willing die: duces Anne Bradstreet, who wrote the first - My shuttle's shot, my race is run, lume of poems published in New England. " If My sun is set, my deed is done; hMy span is measured, tale is told, *Memoirs'of Scottow, Mass. Hist. Soc. Coil. Sec, econd fwer is faded and grown old, lv. 10.' My dream is vanished. shadow'k fled, ANNE BRADSTREET. 53 My soul with Christ, my body dead; tained a very respectable digest of the old histoFarewell dear wife, children; and friends, rians, and a fair proportion of medical and scienHate heresy, make blessed ends; tific knowledge. It is amusing to see this mother Bear poverty, live with good men, in Israel writing of the Spleen with the zest of an So shall we meet with joy again. anatomist Let men of God in courts and churches watch, If any doubt this truth whence this should come, O'er such as do a toleration hatch; O'er such as do a toleration hatch; Show them the passage to the duodenum. Lest that ill egg bring forth a cockatrice, To poison all with heresy and vice. The good lady must lave enjoyed the perusal If men be left, and otherwise combine, of Phineas Fletcher's Purple Island, a dissecting My epitaph's, I dy'd no libertine. theatre in a book, which appeared in 1633. Her The cs of m d le w nt a to descriptions are extremely literal. She writes as if The itcresfrrted Mtress Bradstreelot apper to under bonds to tell the whole truth, which she does have miterruI)ted Mistress Bradstreet's acquisition., forrupted wa,.tress Brai~treet's a wcquisi- without any regard to the niceties or scruples of tieos, Ior she was married at the age of sixteen, vh tion r le was rried at the age of sixtee the imagination. Thus her account of childhood and her poetry was written in the early part of begins at the beginning somewhat earlier thn a her life. As she had eight children, and adher life. As he had eight children, and ad- modern poetess would tax the memory of the dressed herself particularly to their education,* ^. thecradle randtheMuse mus t havL beenonpe-I Imuse; and she thinks it necessary to tell us in her the cradle and the Muse must have been competi- account ofinter, how tors for her attention. Her reading, well stuffed o o e, o with the facts of ancient history, was no trifle for Beef, brawn and pork, are now in great'st request, the memory; but we may suppose the mind to And solid'st meats our stomachs can digest. have been readily fixed on books, and even pe- dantic learning to have been a relief, where theree l.; s were no diversions to distract when the household, d a l oun o eno he ro labors of the day were over. Then there is the pect, we may prepare ourselves for a neighboring labors of the day were over. Then there is the, ^ * ip pitfall. In "Summer" we set forth trippingly native passion fr books, which will find its own afield opportunities. The little volume of her poems, published in London, in 1650, is entitled The Tenth Now go those frolic swains, the shepherd lad, use, lately sprung up in Americat; or, Several To wash their thick-cloth'd flocks, with pipes fll Poems, compiled with great variety of wit and glad. learning full of delight: wherein especially is In the cool streams they labor -with delight, contained a complete Discourse and Description Rubbing their dirty coats, till they look-white. of the Four Elements, Constitutions, Ages of With a little more taste our poetess might have Man, Seasons of the Year. Together with an been a happy describer of nature, for she had a Exact Epitome of the Four Monarchies, viz., the warm art and a hearty view of things The Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, Roman. Also a Dia- honesty of purpose which mitigates her pedantry, logue between Old England and New concerting sometimes displays itself in a purer simplicity. the late troubles, ewith divers other pleasant and The account of the flowers and the little bir in serious Poems. By a Gentlewoman in those parts. Spring might find a place in the sincere, delicate A more complete edition was published in Boston poems of Dana, who has a family relationship in 1678, which contains her Contemplations, a with the poetess. moral and descriptive poem, the best specimen of her pen; The Flesh and the Spirit, a dialogue, The primrose pale, and azure violet, and several poems on family incidents, left among Amoi:g the verdurous grass hath nature set, her private papers. That when the sun (on's love) the earth doth shine, The formal natural history and. historical topics, These might, as love, set out her garmelts fipe; which compose the greater part of her writings, Thefarful bird his litle house now builds, are treated with doughty resolution, but without In trees, ad walls, in cities, and in fields; much reg2ard to poetical equality. The plan is The outside storg, the iside warm and Veat, A natural artificer complete. simple. The elements of the world, fire, air,ificer complete. earth, and water; the humors of the constitution, In the historic poems, the dry list of dynasties the choleric, the sanguine, the melancholy, and is sometimes relieved by a homely unction and phlegmatic; childhood, youth, manhood, and age; humor in the narrative, as in the picture of the spring, summer, autumn, and winter, severally progress of Alexander and the Persian host of come up and say what they can of themselves, of Darius-though much of this stuff is sheer dogtheir powers and opportunities, good and evil, grel, as in the Life and Death of Semiramis: with the utmost fairness. The four ancient m1onarchies are catalogued in a similar way. It is She like a brave virago play'd the rex, not to be denied, that, if there is not much poetry And was both shame and glory of her sex. in these productions, there is considerable infor- * * * * * * * mation. For the readers of those times they con- Forty-two years she reign'd, and then she dy'd, But by what means, we are not certified. * She records the number in the posthumous lines In Refer- If sighs for " imbecility" can get pardon for bad ene to her Ctildren. 28d June, 1656: verses, we should think only of Mrs. Bradstreet's I had eight birds hatch't in the nest; good ones-for her poems are full of these depreFour cocks there were, and hens the rest; I nurst them up with pain and care, catory acknowledgments. For cost nor labor did l spare, The literary father of Mrs. Bradstreet was Till at the last they felt their wing, Silver-tongued Sylvester, whose translation of Dn There are two pages more in ontednuatio of this im. Bartas was a popular book among Puritan reader There are two pages more in continuation of this simile. Bartas was a popular book among P A a 54 CYCLOPJEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Then higher on the glittering sun I gaz'd, His quaint volumes, which will be remembered Whose beams were shaded by the le.;vie tree, as favorites with Southey's simple-minded Dr. The more I look'd, the more I grew am:z'd, Daniel Dove, were both poetical and devout; and And softly said, what glory s like to thee if they led our author's taste astray, they also Soul of this world, this iverse's eye, strengthened her finest susceptibilities. She has o wonder, some made thee. deity; Had I not better klc.wil (alas), the same had L left a warm poem "in his honor," in which there is an original and very pretty simile. Thou as a bridegroom from thy chamber rushest, And as a stro..g man, joyes to run a race, My Muse unto a child, I fitly may compare, The morn doth usher thee, with smiles and blushes Who sees the riches of some famous fair; The earth reflects her glances in thy face. He feeds his eyes, but understanldiig lacks, Birds, insects, a'iimnls with vegetive, To comprehend the worth of all those knacks; Thy heart f.o:n death and dul.,ess doth revive: The glittering plate, and jewels, he admires, And in the d:arksome womb of fruitful nature dive. The hats and fans, and flowers, a:ld ladies' tires; And thousand times his'mazed mind doth wish Thy swift annual, and diurnal course, Some part, at least, of that brave wealth was his; Thy daily straight, and yealy oblique path, But seeing empty wishes nought obtain, Thy pleasing fervor, anid thy scorching force, But seeintg empty to hishes nought obtaing knowledge bath. All mortals here the feeliilg klnowledge hath. At^ ~ 1."""t turs "^ ^^ m s cThy presence m~lkes it day, thy absence night, And tells her tales (his full heart over glad) resene s t day y Of all the glorious sights his eyes have had: Quaternal seasons caused by thy might: But fi:ids teoo soon is want of elyes ae aHail creature, full of sweetness, beauty and delight. But fi:ds too soon his want of eloquence, The silly prattler speaks no word of sense; Art thou so full of glory, that no eye And seeing utterance fail his great desires, Hath strength, thy shining rayes o-ce to behold Sits down in silence. And is thy splendid throle erect so high? As to approach it, can no earthly mould. Nathaniel Ward, the author of the Simple How full of glory then must thy Creator be, Cobbler of Agawam, i'n some comic fetches pre- Who gave this bright light luster unto theel fixed to the poems, says:- Admir'd, ador'd for ever, be that Majesty. The Authoresse was a right Du Bartas girle. Silent alone, where none or saw, or heard, In pathful paths I lead my wandering feet, Mrs. Bradstreet was also a reader of Sir Philip My humble eyes to lofty skyes I rear'd Sidney's Arcadia, which she has characterized To sing sonie song, my mazed Muse thought meet with more minuteness than others who have My great Creator I would m'lgifie, written upon it, in an Elegy which she penned That nature had thus decked liberally: forty-eight years after the fall of that mirror of t Ah, and Ah,gi y imbecility knighthood at Zutphen. I heard the merry grasshopper then sing, Ann Bradstreet died 16th September, 1672, at The black clad cricket, bear a seco:id part, the age of sixty. That she had not altogether They kept one tune, and plaid oli the same string, survived her poetical reputation in England, is Seeming to glory in their little art. shown by an entry in Edward Phillips's (the Shall creatures abject, thus their voices raise? nephew of Milton) Theatrum Poetarum, in 1674, And in their kind resound their maker's praise: where the title of her Poems is given, and their Whilst I as mute, can warble forth no higher layes, memory pronounced " not yet wholly extinct." When present times look back to ages past, A third edition, reprinted from the second, ap- And men in being fancy those are dead, peared in 1758. It makes things go:ie perpetually to last, And calls back months and years that long since CONTEMPLATIONS. fled. Some time now past in the Autumnal Tide, It makes a man more aged in conceit, When Phcebus wanted but on:e hour to bed, Than was Methuselah, or's grand-sire great; The trees all richly clad, yet void of pride, While of their persons and their acts his mind doth Were gilded o'er by his rich golden head. treat. Their leaves and fruits seem'd painted, but was true Sometimes in Eden fair he seems to be, Of green, of red, of yellow, mixed hew, Sees glorious Adam there made Lord of all, Wrapt were my senses at this delectable view. Fancyes the Apple, dangle on the Tree, Th:lt turn'd his Sovereign to a naked thral. I wist not what to wish, yet se thoughtWho like a miscreant's driven from that place, If so much excellence abide below - How excellent is le thit dwells o high To get his bread with pain, and sweat of face:.How excellent is H-e, that dwells o. higl IA penalty impos'd on his backsliding race. Whose power and beauty by his works we know., Sure he is goodness, wisdome, glory, light, Here sits our Grandame in retired place, That hath this under world so richly digit: And in her lap, her bloody Cain new born, More heaven than earth was here, no winter and no The weeping imp oft looks her in the face, night. Bewails his unknown hap, and fate forlorn; on a stafely oa I ast mie His mother sighs, to think of Paradise, Then on a stately oak I cast mine eye,, 1 Th ose ruffling top the clouds seemd to aspire And how she lost her bliss, to be more wise, hose long since thop s the clos ine infancy?p Believing him that was, and is, Father of lyes. How long since thou wast in thine infancy? Thy strength, and stature, more thy years admire. Here Cain and Abel come to sacrifice, Hath hundred winters past since thou wast born? Fruits of the e:rth, and fatlings each do bring; Or thousands since thou brak'st thy shell of horn, On Abel's gift the fire descends from skies, [fso, all these as nought, eternity doth scorn. But no such sign on false Cain's offering; ANNE BRADSTREET. 55 With sullen hateful looks he goes his wayes. 0 happy Flood, quoth I, that hold'st thy race Hath thousand thoughts to end his brother's dayes, Till thou arrive at thy beloved place, Upon whose blood his future good he hopes to Nor is it rocks or shoals that can obstruct thy pace ~~~~~~~~~raise. Nor is't enough, that thou alone may'st slide, There Abel keeps his sheep, no ill he thinks, But hundred brooks in thy clear waves do meet, His brother comes, then acts his fratricide, So hand in hand along with thee they glide The Virgin FEarth, of blood her first draught drinks, To Thetis' house, where all embrace and greet: But since that time she often hath been cloy'd; Thou Emblem true, of what I count the best, The wretch with ghastly face and dreadful mind, Oh could I lead my Rivulets to rest, Thinks each he sees will serve him in his kind, So may we press to that vast mansion, ever blest. Though none on Earth but kindred near then could he find. Ye Fish which in this liquid region'bide, Who fancyes not his looks now at the bar, That for each season, have your habitation, His face like death, his heart with horror fraught, Now salt, now fresh, where you think best to glide, His face like deth his heart with horror fraught fl l Nor male-factor ever felt like war, To unknown coasts to give a visitation, When deep despair, with wish of life bath fought, In lakes and ponds, you leave your numerous fry, Branded with guilt, and crusht with treble woes, So ^nture taught, Id yet you know not why, A vagabond to LanLId of iNod he goes, You watry folk that know not your felicity. A city builds, that walls might him secure from Look how the wantons frisk to taste the air, foes. Then to the colder bottom straight they dive, Who thinks not oft upon the Fathers ages, Eftsoon to Neptune's glassie Hall repair Their long descent, how nephew's sons they saw, To see what trade the great ones there do drive, The starry observations of those Sages, Who forage o'er the spacious sea-green field, And how their precepts to their sons were law. And take the tremnblii g prey before it yield, How Adam sigh'd to see his progeny, Whose armour is their scales, their spreading fins Clothed all in his black sinlfull livery, their shield. Who neither guilt, nor yet the punishment could While musing thus with contemplation fed, fly. AIid thousand fancyes buzzing in my brain, Our Life compare we with their length of dayes, The sweet tongued Philomel percht o'er my head, Who to the tenth of theirs doth now arrive? And chanted forth a most melodious strain And though thus short, we shorten many ways, Which rapt me so with wonder and delight, Living so little while we are alive; Ijudg'd my hearing better than my sight, In eating, drinking, sleeping, vain delight, And wisht me wings with her a while to take my So unawares comes on perpetual night, flight. And puts all pleasures vain unto eternal flight. O merry Bird (said I) that fears no spares, When I behold the heavens as in their prime, ~ That neither toyles nor hoards up in thy barn, And then the earth (though old) still clad in Feels no sad thoughts, nor cruciating cares green, To gain more good, or shun what might thee The stones and trees, insensible of time, harm; Nor age nor wrinkle on their front are seen; Thy cloaths ne'er wear, thy meat is every where, If winter come, and greenness then do fade, Thy bed a bough, thy drink the water clear, A Spring returns, and they more youthful made; Reminds not what is past, nor what's to come dost But Man grows old, lies down, remains where once fear. he's laid. The dawning morn with songs thou dost prevent, By birth more noble than those creatures all, Sets hundred notes unto thy feather'd crew, Yet seems by nature and by custolne cursed, So each o..e tul:es his pretty instrument, No sooner born, but grief and care make fall And warbling out the old, begins anew, That state obliteralte lie had at first. And thus they pass their youth in surmmer season, Nor youth nor strength, nor wisdom spring again, Then follow thee into a better region, Nor habitations long their names retain, Where winter's never felt by that sweet airy legion. But in oblivion to the final day remain. Man's at the best a creature frail and vain, Shall I then praise the heavens, the trees, the earth, In knowledge ignorant, in strength but weak: Because their beauty and their strength last Subject to sorrow^, losses, sickness, pain, longerl?.Each storm his state, his mind, his body break: Shall I wish their, or never to had birth,. X Shall I wish their, or never to had birth, From somne of these he never finds cess:;tion, Because they're bigger, and their bodyes stronger? But d. y or night, within, without, vexation, Nay, they shall darken, perish, fade aind dye, Troubles fiom foes, from friends,' from dearest, And when unmalde, so ever shall they lye,ner'st relation But man was made for endless immortality. Under the cooling shadow of a stately elm And yet this sinful creature, frail and vain, Close sate I by a goodly River's side, This lunip of wretchedness, of sin and sorrow, Where gliding streams the rocks did overwhelm; This weather-beaten vessel wreckt with pain, A lonely place, with pleasures dignified. Joyes not in hope of an eternal morrow: I once that lov'd the shady woods so well, Nor a his losses, crosses and vexation, Now thought the rivers did the trees excell In weight, in fquecy and ong duration And if the sun would ever shine, there would I hm d y g n f t d dwell. tio While on the stealing stream I fixt mine eye, The Mariner that on smooth waves doth glide, Which to the long'd-for Ocean held its course, Sings merrily, and steers his barque with ease, I markt nor crooks, nor rubs that there did lye As if he had command of wind and tide, Could hinder aught, but still augment its force: And now become great Master of the seas; 56 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. But suddenly a storm spoils all the sport, But not their Prince's love, nor state so high; And llakes hini lo:ig for a more quiet port, Could once reverse their shameful destiny. Which'gainst all adverse wilds may serve for fort. I've seen one stabb'd, another lose his head; And others fly their Cou;try, through their dread. So he that saileth in this world of pleasure, I've seen and so have ye, for'tis but late, Feeding onl sweets, that never bit of th' sowre, The desolation of a goodly State, That's full of friends, of honour and of treasure, Plotted and acted, so that none can tell, Fond fool, he takes this earth ev'n for heav'n's Who gave the counsel, but the Prince of hell bower. I've seen a land unmoulded with great pain, But sad affliction comes and makes fim see But yet may live to see't made up again: Here's neither honour, wealth, nor safety; I've seen it shaken, rent, and soak'd in blood, Only above is found all with security. But out of troubles, ye may see much good. These are no old wives' tales, but this is truth; O Time the fatal wrack of mortal things, We old men love to tell what's done in youth. That draws oblivion's curtains over kings, Their sumptuous monuments, men know them not, ALEXANDER MEETS DARIUTS-FROM TIIE FOUR MONARCHIES OF Their names without a Record are forgot, THE WORALD. Their parts, their ports, their pomp's all laid in tll' And on he goes Darius for to meet; dust, VWho came with thousand thousands at his feet, Nor wit, nor gold, nor buildings'scape time's rust; Though some there be, and that more likely, write, But he whose name is graved in the white stone le but four hundred thousand had to fight, Shall last and shine when all of these are gone. rest attendants, which made up no less; (Both sexes there) was almost numberless. OLD AGE RECOTNTS THE HISTORY OF THE PURITAN PERIOD For this wise King had brought to see the sport; -FROM THE FOUR AGES OF IMAN. ^ Along with him, the Ladies of the Court. What you have been, ev'n such have I before, His mother old, beauteous wife, and daughters, And all you say, say I, and something more; It seems to see the Macedonian's slaughters. Babe's innocence, Youth's wildness I have seen, Sure it's beyond my time, and little art, And in perplexed middle-age have bin; To shew, how great Darius play'd his part; Sickness, dangers, and anxieties have past, The splendor, and the pomp, he marched in, And on this Stage have come to act my last: For since the world, was no such pageant seen. I have bin young, and strong, and wise as you, Oh,'twas a goodly sight, there to behold But now, Bis pueri senes, is too true; The Persians clad in silk, and glitt'ring gold; In every Age I've found much varietie, The stately Horses trapt, the launces gilt, An end of all perfection now I see. As if they were now all to run at tilt: It's not my valour, honour, nor my gold, The Holy fire, was borne before the Host My ruin'd house, now falling can uphold; I(For Suni and Fire the Persians worship most); It's not my Learning, Rhetoric, wit so large, The Priests in their strange habit follow after; Now hath the power, Death's Warfare to discharge; An object not so much of fear, as laughter. It's not my goodly house, nor bed of down, The King sat in a chariot made of goldl, That can refresh, or ease, if Conscience frown; With Robes and Crown, most glorious to behold. Nor from alliance now can I have hope, And o'er his head, his golden gods on high, But what I have done well, that is my prop; Support a parti-coloured canopy. He that in youth is godly, wise, and sage, A number of spare horses next were led, Provides a staff for to support his age; Lest he should need then, in his chariot's stead. Great mutations, some joyful, and some sad, But they that saw him in this state to lye, In this short Pilgrimage I oft have had; Would think he neither thought to fight nor fly, Sometimes the Heavens with plenty smil'd on me, lie fifteen hundred had like women drest, Sometimes again, rain'd all adversity; For so to fright the Greeks he judg'd was best Sometimes in lho:our, and sometimes in disgrace, Their golden Ornaments so to set forth, Sometimes an abject, then again in place. Would ask more time, than were their bodies worth. Such private changes oft mine eyes have seen, Great Si'igarmbis, she brought up the Rear; In various times of state I've also been. Then such a world of Wagons did appear, I've seen a kingdom flourish like a tree, Like several houses moving upon wheels: When it was rul'd by that celestial she; As if she'd drown, whole Sushan at her heels. And like a cedar, others to surmount, This brave Virago, to the Kinlg was mother; That but for shrubs they did themselves account; And as much good she did, as any other. Then saw I France, and Holland saved, Cales won, Now lest this Gold, and all this goodly stuff, And Philip, and Albertus, half undone; HIad not been spoil, and booty rich enough, I saw all peace at home, terror to foes, A thousand Mules, and Camels realy wait, But ah, I saw at last those eyes to close; Loaden with gold, with jewels and with plate, And then, metlhought, the world at iloon grew dark, For sure Darius thought, at the first sight, When it had lost that radiant sun-like spark, The Greeks would all adore, and would none fight. In midst of griefs, I saw some hopes revive But when both armies met, he might behold, (For'twas our hopes then kept our hearts alive), That valour was more worth than pearls, or gold. I saw hopes dasht, our forwardness was shent. And how his wealth serv'd but for baits t'allure, And silenc'd we, by Act of Parliament. Which made his over-throw more fierce and sure I've seen from Rome, an execrable thing, The Greeks come on, and with a gallant grace, A plot to blow up Nobles, and their Kilg; Let fly their arrows in the Persian's face; I've seen designs at Ru, and Cades crost, The Cowards feeling this sharp stinging charge, And poor Palatinate for ever lost; Most basely run, and left their King at large, I've seen a Prince, to live on others' lands, Who from his golden coach is glad t'alight, A Royal one, by alms from subjects' hands, And cast away his crown, for swifter flight; I've seen base men, advanc'd to great degree, Of late, like some immoveable he lay, And worthy ones, put to extremity: Now finds both legs, and horse, to run away; PETER FOLGER. 57 Two hundred thousand men that day were slain, Than can thy hours in pleasure spent. And forty thousand prisoners also tane; Nor are they shadows which I catch, Besides, the Queens, and Ladies of the Court, Nor fancies vain at which I snatch; If Curtius be true, in his report. But reach at things that are so high Beyond thy dull capacity; THE FLESH AND THE SPIRIT. Eternal substance I do see, In secret place where once I stood With which enriched I would be; Close by the banks of Sacrim flood, Mline eye doth pierce the heavens, and see I heard two sisters reason on What is invisible to thee. Things that are past and things to come. My garments are not silk nor gold, One Flesh was called, who had her eye Nor such-like trash which earth doth hold. On worldly wealth and vanity; But royal robes I shall have on, The other spirit, who did rear More glorious than the glist'nilng sun; Her thoughts into a higher sphere: My crown not diamonds, pearls, and gold, Sister, quoth Flesh, what liv'st thou on, But such as angels' heads infold. Nothing but meditation? The city where I hope to dwell, Doth contemplation feed thee so There's none on earth can parallel; Regardlessly to let earth go? The stately walls, both high and strong, Can speculation satisfy, Are made of precious jasper stonie; Notion without reality? The gates of pearl, both rich and clear, Dost dream of things beyond the moon And angels are for porters there; And dost thou hope to dwell there soont The streets thereof transparent gold, Hast treasures there laid up in store, Such as no eye did e'er behold; That all in th' world thou count'st but poor? A christal river there doth run, Art fancy sick or turn'd a sot Which doth proceed fiom the Lamb's throne: To catch at shadows which are not? Of life there are the waters sure, Come, come, I'll show unto thy sense, Which shall remain for ever pure; Industry hath its recompense. Nor sun, nor moon, they have i:o need, What canst desire, but thou mayst see For glory doth from God proceed: The substance in variety No candle there, nor yet torch light, Dost honor like? acquire the same, For there shall be no darksome night. As some, to their immortal fame: From sickness and infirmity, And trophies to thy name erect, For evermore there shall be free, Which wearing time shall ne'er deject. Nor withering:ge sh:lll e'er come there, For riches dost thou long full sore? But beauty shall be bright and clear; Behold enough of precious store; This city pure is not for thee, Earth hath more silver, pearls, and gold, For things unclean there shall not beThan eyes can see or hands can hold. If I of heaven may have my fill. Affect'st thou ple:sure? t:lke thy fill, Take thou the world, and all that will. Earth hath enough of what you will. Then let not go what thou may'st find PETER FOLGER. For things unknown, only in mind. 09pr. Be still, thou unregen'rate part, PETER FOLGER, the maternal grandfather of BenDisturb no more my settled heart, jamin Franklin, and only child of John Folger, For I have vow'd (and so will do) came to America with his father from Norwich, Thee as a foe still to pursue; England, in 1635, at the age of eighteen. They And combat thee with will, and must settled soon after their arrival at Martha's VineUntil I see thee laid in th' dust. yard, where John died in 1660, leaving a widow, Sisters we are, yea, twins we be, Meribell, who was living in 1663. Yet deadly feud'twixt thee and me; Peter married, in 1644, Mary Morrell, an inmate For from one falthler are we not, in the family of the celebrated Hugh Peters, who Thou by old Adlm wast begot; is said to have been a fellow-passenger of the But my arise is from rbov, Folgers in their voyage to America. In 1663 he Whence my dear fa~ther I do love. v J XT > i7 Thou spea'c t me fair but hat'st me sore removed to Nantucket, and was among the first Thy flat s I trust n more. settlers of that island. He was one of five comHow oft thy slave host thou men mode, maissioners to lay out land, a task for which he When I believ'd what thou hast said, was well qualified by his knowledge of surveying; And never had more cause of woe and the words of the order prove tne estimation Than when I did what thou bad'st do. in which he was held in the community, it being I'll stop my ears at these thy charms, therein stated, that " whatsoever shall le done by And count them for my deadly harms them, or any three of them, Peter Folger being Thy sinful pleasures I do hate, one, shall be accounted legal and valid." Thy riches are to me no bate, He learned the language of the Indiahs, and Thy honors do nor will I love, was of much service as an interpreter. The aid For my ambition lies above, rendered by him in this manner to the Rev. y greatest honour it shll be, Tholas Mayhew, the Indian missionary at When I am victor over thee, > And triumph shallc with larel he adMartha's Vineyard, is thus recorded by Thomas AWen trihou my captive shal be led: aPrince in his account of that good and able man, When thou my captive shalt be led: How I do live thou need'st not scoff, the ancestor of the great Dr. Mayhew of the For I have meat thou know'st not of; Revolution. The hidden mann:a I do eat, "He had," says Prince, "an able and godly The word of life it is my meat. Englishmnan, namned Peter Folger, employed in My thoughts do yield me more content teaching the youth in reading, writing, and the 8 58 CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. principles of religion by catechizing; being well Our women also they have took learned likewise in the Scriptures, and capable of and children very small, helping them in religious nmatters." A long letter Great cruelty they have used to his son-in-law, Joseph Prltt, is a further proof to soe, though not to all. of his familiarity with the Scriptures, and with The enemy that hath done this, religious topics, nnd he is said to have occasionally are very foolish men, preached. He died in 1690, and his wife in 1704. Yet God doth take of them a rod They had two sons and seven daughters, the to punish us for sin. youngest of whom, Abiah, was Franklin's mother. A few lines in the autobiography of his grand- If e then truly turn to God, son, have buoyed up Peter Folger into immor- He will remove his ire, And will forthwith take this his rod, tality as an author. " I was born at Boston, inAnd at it ito fire New Egland(l. My mother, the second wife, And cast t fi was Abiah Folger, daughter of Peter Folger, one Let us then search, what is the sin of the first colonists of New England, of whom that God doth punish for; Cotton Mather makes honourable mention, in his And when found out, cast it away Ecclesia tical History of that province, as a pious and ever it abhor. and learned Engli-hman, if I rightly recollect his expressions. I have been told of his having that maisef or tose sns, that magistrates do name, written a variety of little pieces; but there ap- A make good la r r pears to be only one in print, which I met with atd execute the same. many years ago. It was published in the year 1675, and is in familiar verse, agreeably to the But'tis for that same crying sin, tastes of the times and the country. The author that rulers will not own, addresses himnelf to the governors for the time And that whereby much cruelty being, speaks for liberty of conscience, and in to brethren hath been shown. favour of the anabapti;ts, quakers, and other sec- Te sin of persecution taries, who had suffered persecution. To this such laws established, persecution he attributes the wars with the By which laws they have gone so far, natives, and other calamities which afflicted the as blood hlath touched blood. country, regar(ling them as the judgmnents of God in punishlent of so odious an offence, and he since some of tem were mae exhorts the government to the repeal of laws so Which was the goud and rise of all contrary to charity. The poem appeared to be the persecuting trade. written with a manly freedom and a pleasing simplicity." Then many worthy persons were The outbreaks of opinion and half-framed utter- banished to the woods, ances of the Nantucket surveyor, were to be Where they among the natives did, clarified, in the third generation, into the love of lose their most precious bloods. liberty and the clear-toned expresion of the And since that, many godly men, essayist, philosopher, and patriot. The title of Fol- Have been to prison se.lt, ger's poeml is, A Looking-glass for the Times, or They have been filed, and whipped also, the Former Spirit of New England revived in and suffered banishment. this generation. It was reprinted in 1763. Copies of it are very rare. We are indebted for The cause of this their suffering the one from which we have reprinted, to a MS. was not for any sin, copy in possession of Mr. Bancroft. But for the witness that they bare against babe sprinkling. A LOOKING-GLASS FOR THE TIMES, OR THE FORMER SPIRIT O Of ter time tere ath been some NEW ENGLAND REVIVED IN THIS GENERATION. men come into this la. d, Let all that read these verses know, To warn the rulers of their sins That I intend something to show as I do understand. About our war, how it hath been And also what is the chief sin, They call on all, both great and small, That God doth so with us contend to fear God and repent; And when these wars are like to end. And for their testimonies thus Read them in love; do not despise they suffer a punishment. What here is set before thine eyes. Yea some of them they did affirm, New England for these many years that they were sent of God, hath had both rest and peace, To testify to great and small But now the case is otherwise; that God would send his rod. our troubles doth increase. The plague of war is now begun Against those colonies, beaue in some gr'eat colonies, ii~ some great colonies, they did make laws not good; And many tons re desolate And if those laws were not repeal'd Ana many towns are desolate many townsaredesolthe end would be in blood. we may see with our eyes. The loss of many goodly men And though that these were harmless men, we may lament also, and did no hurt to any, Who in the war have lost their lives, But lived well like honest men, and fallen by our foe. as testified by many; PETER FOLGER. 59 Yet did these laws entrap them so, Which have been made as traps and snares that they weie put to death,- to catch the innocents, And could not have the liberty And whereby it has gone so far to speak near their last breath. to acts of violence. But these men were, as I have heard, I see you write yourselves in print, aglinst our College men; the Balm of Gilead; And this wns, out of.doubt to me, Then do not act as if you were that which was most their sin. like men that are half mad. They did reprove all hirelirgs, If you can heal the land, what is with a most sharp reproof, the cause things are so bad? Because they knew not how to preach I think instead of that, you make till sure of means enough. the hearts of people sad. Now to the sufferings of these men Is this a time for you to press, I have but gave a hiit; to draw the blood of those Because that in George Bishop's* book That are your neighbours and your friends? you may see all in print. as if you had no foes. But may we know the counsellors Yea, some there are, as I have heard, that brought our rulers in have lately fbund out tricks To be so guilty as they are, To put the cause of all the war of the aforesaid sin? upon the heretics, They were the tribe of ministers, Or rather on some officers, as they are said to be, that now begin to slack Who always to our magistrates The execution of those laws, must be the eyes to see. whose consequence is black. These are the men that by their wits I do affirm to you, if that have spun so fair a shred, be really your mind, That now themselves and others are You must go turn another leaf, of natives in a dread. before that peace you find. What need is there of such a fear Now, loving friends and countrymen, if we have done no ill? I wish we may be wise, But'tis because that we have been'Tis now a time for every man not doing of God's will. to see with his own eyes. When Cain had slnin his brother. then'Tis easy to provoke the Lord began this fear to be, to send among us war, That every man would do to him'Tis easy to do violence, the same that did him see. to envy, and to jar. The Scripture doth declare the cause To show a spirit that is high, why Cain did kill his brother; to scorn and domineer; It was because the deeds of one To pride it out, as if there were was good, and not the other. no God to make us fear; Because that God did favor show To covet what is not our own, to Abel more than he, to cheat and to oppress, That was in verity the thing To live a life that might free us that envy could not see. from acts of Righteousness; Then let us all, both great and small, To swear and lie, nd to be drunk, 1^3^ r.c i^ rA'To swear and lie, and to be drunk, take heed how we do fight to bacbite one aoter; A ~L.V ~'.L f ^ T J to backbite one another; Aglinst the spirit of the Lord, To carry tales that may d hurt which is our highest light. and mischief to our brother I Let Magistrates and ministers consider what they do: To live in such hypocrisy, Let them repeal those evil laws as men at h o h s within ae f and break those bands in two of evil and of blood. and break those bands in two Although our hearts within are full of evil and of blood. All these and many evils more are easy for to do: ~ George Bishop, a Qnaker, published "New England But to repent,nd to reform, judged, not by man's but by the Spirit of the Lord, and the o o o, sum sealed up of New England's persecutions; being a brief we have no strength unto. relation of the sufferings of the Quakers in that part of America, from the beginning of the fifth month, 1656, to the end of the Let us then seek for help from God, tenth month, 1660; wherein the cruel whippings and scourg- and turn to him that smite: ings, bonds and imprisonments, and burning in the hand, and Lt us t h t cutting off of ears, banishment upon pain of death, and put- L u ting to death. &c.. are shortly touched," 1661. A second part we sin against our light. appeared in 1667, and both were reprinted in 1703, with'An Answer to Cotton Mather's Abuses in his late History of New Let's bear our testimony piain England, by John Whiting, with an Appendix." against sin in high and low,; Bishop joined the Quakers in 1654. lie was the author of A s several works on the doctr ines of the sect to which he belong- And see that we no cowards be, ed, published at intervals fronm 1660 to 1668. to hide the light we know 60 CYCLOPIEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. When Jonathan is called to court, I would not have you for to think shall we as standers by, that I am such a fool, Be still and have no word to speak, To write against learning, as such, but suffer him to die or to cry down a school. If that you say you cannot help, But't is that Popish college way, things will be as they are; that I intend hereby, I tell you true,'tis plain and clear, Where men are mew'd up in a cage; those words may come from fear. fit for all villainy. That you shall lose some carnal things, But I shall leave this puddle stuff if you do speak for God; to neighbours at the door, And here you go the nearest way That can speak more unto such things, to taste deep of his rod. upon a knowing score. Tis true there are some times, indeed, And now these men, though ne'er so bad, of silence to the meek; when they have learn'd their trade, Not ever, for the Lord doth say, They must come in and bear a part, there is a time to speak. whatever laws are made. Be vigilant then for to see I can't but wonder for to see the movings of your heart, our magistrates and wise, And you will know right well the time That they sit still and suffer them when you shall act your part. to ride on them, not rise. I would not have you for to think, And stir them up to do that work, tho' I have wrote so much, that Scripture rule there wants, That I hereby do throw a stone To persecute and persecute at magistrates, as such. those that they judge are saints. The rulers in the country, I There's one thing more that I believe do own them in the Lord; is worse than all the rest, And such as are for government, They vilify the Spirit of God, with them I do accord. and count school learning best. But that which I intend hereby, If that a boy hath learn'd his trade, is, that they would keep bounds, and can the Spirit disgrace, And meddle not with God's worship, Then he is lifted up on high, for which they have no ground. and needs must have a place. And I am not alone herein, But I shall leave this dirty stuff, there's many hundreds more, and give but here a hint, That have for many years ago Because that you have Cradock's book,* spake much upon that score. and may see more in print. Indeed I really believe, There are some few, it may be, that it's not your business are clear of this same trade; To meddle with the Church of Christ And of those men, I o.ly say, in matters more or less. these verses are not made. There's work enough to do besides, Now for the length of time, howlong to judge in mine and thine: these wars are like to be, To succor poor and fatherless, I may speak something unto that, that is the work in fi.le. if men will reason see. And I do think that now you find The Scripture doth point out the time, enough of that to do; and'tis as we do chuse, Much more at such a time as this, For to obey the voice of God, as there is war also. or else for to refuse. Indeed I count it very low, Indeed I count it very low, The prophet Jeremy doth say, for people in these days, when war was threat'ned sore To ask the rulers for their leave That if men do repent and turn, to serve God in his ways. God will afflict no more. I count it worse in magistrates to use the iron sword, But such a turning unto God, To do that work which Christ alone as is but verbally, will do by his own word. When men refuse for to reform, it is not worth a fly. The Church may now go stay at home, there's nothing for to do; Their work is all cut out by law, and almost made up too. * "Gospel Liberty, in the Extensions and Limitations of it," Now, reader, lenst you should mistake, Lond. 1646, 4to., by Walter Cradock, is probably the work rein what I said before ferred to. Another Cradock, Samuel, a non-conformist divine, Concernillg ministers, I think born 162, died 1706, however, published "Gospel Liberty; concerning afniewers eahis Glad Tidings from Heavenn:' no date. Both were thr to write a few words more. authors of a number of sermons and religious works. WILLIAM HUBBARD. 61'Tis hard for you, as I do hear, Alas! these are but foolish thoughts, though you be under rod, God can make more arise, To say to Israel, Go, you, And if that there were none at all. and serve the Lord your God. he can make war with flies. Though you do many prayers make, It is the presence of the Lord, and add fasting thereto, must make our foes to shake, Yet if your hands be full of blood, Or else it's like he will e'er long all this will never do. know how to make us quake. The end that God doth send his sword, Let us lie low before the Lord, is that we might amend, in all humility, Then, if that we reform aright, And then we shall with Asa see the war will shortly end. our enemies to fly. New England they are like the Jews, But if that we do leave the Lord, as like as like can be; and trust in fleshly arm, They made la? ge promises to God, Then'tis no wonder if that we at home and at the sea. do hear more news of harm. They did proclaim free Liberty, Let's have our faith and hope in God,, they cut the calf in twain, and trust in him alone, They part between the part thereof, And then no doubt this storm of war O this wats all in vain. it quickly will be gone. For since they came into this land, Thus, reader, I, in love to all, they floated to and fro, leave these few lines with thee, Sometimes, then, brethren may be free, Hoping that in the substance we while hence to prison go. shall very well agree. According as the times to go, If that you do mistake the verse and weather is abroad, for its uncomely dress, So we can serve ourselves sometimes I tell thee true, I never thought and sometimes serve the Lord. that it would pass the press. But let us hear what God doth say, If any at the matter kick, to such b:ckslidii:g men, it's like he's galled at heart, That can with e:lse to break their vows, And that's the reason why he kicks, and soon go back again. JER. 34. because he finds it smart. He snith he will proclaim for them, I am for peace, and not for war, a freedom to the sword, and that's the reason why Because they would not fear him so, I write more plain than some men do. as to obey his word. that use to daub and lie. This liberty unto the sword, But I shall cease and set my name he hath proclaimed for us, to what I here insert, And we are like to feel it long, Because to be a libeller, if matters do go thus. I hate it with my heart. Tis better for our magistrates, From Sherbon* town, where now I dwell to shorten time, I s:ly, my name I do put here, By breaking of those bands in two Without offence your real friend that look an evil way. it is PETER FOLGE. You do profess yourselves to be April 23, 1676. men that do pray always, Then do not keep such evil laws, WILLIAM HUBBARD. as may serve at wet days. WILLIAM HUBBARD was born in 1621, and was of If that the peace of God did rule, the first class who graduated from Harvard in with poer in our heart, 1642. He became minister of Ipswich,t where ho with power in our heart, Then outward war would flee away, and rest would be our part. (; If we do love our brethren, and do to them, I ay, was visited in 1686 by John Dunton,* who gives As we would they should do to us, a good account of his hospitality, amiability, and we should be quiet straightway. But if that we a smiting go, of fellow-servants so, t " The Life and Errors of John Dnnton, citizen of London," No marvel if our wars increase a De Foe-ish sort of book, published in 1705. The author was and thiugs so heavy go. a bookseller whose humor it was to describe his fellow traders, customers, and lady visitor —an odd mixture (as in Defoe)'Tis like that some may think and say, of piety and love-making. In 1686, lie visited Boston with a our war would not remain, venture of books, Puritan stock, which sold well. He describes If so be that a thousand more the Mathers and others. From his account, gallantry was I so e mtat a thousand move greatly in vogue in the old Puritan metropolis. His descripof natives were but slain. tions of the ladies are highly amusing. 62 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. acquirements. He published a Narrative of the We soon are surfeited troubles with the Indians from 1607 to 1677, With strong delicious matter. and a number of sermons; and died Sept. 14, And, theretore, Go.d who kiovs our frame, 1704. He wrote a History of New England, for Millgleth our wiie with water. which the state paid him ~50, and which was Meat out of the Eater, is divided into a number used by Mather, Hutchinson, who states that it of sections of some tenl or twelve eight-line stanwas " of great use" to him, and other writers. It zas each. Its style is in general quaint ad harsh, is said to have been saved from the flames in the but passages occasionally occur like the following, attack on Governor Hutchinson's house, by Dr. which possess high merit. Andrew E. Eliot, and was presented by his son to the Massachusetts Iistorical Society, by whom it Soldier, be strong who fightest was finally printed in 1815. It comprises the his- Under a Captain stout; tory from the discovery of the country to the Dishoour notth coqueringHead year 1680. By basely giving out. Endure a while, bear up, Ald hope for better things. MICHAEL WIGGLESWORTH. War ends in peace, and morning light Mounlts upon midight's wilng. MICHAEL WIGGLESWORTI1 was, in his day, one of iig i the most successful of our early writers. He was Through changes manifold, born about 1631, and after completing his studies Ad dangers perilous, at Harvard, in 1651, appointed a tutor in the col- hrough ames, and water floods, lege. He soon after "made his remove to Meldon," Through ways calamitos We travel towards heaven, where he was ordained, and remained a faithful A quiet habitation. pastor, for about a jubilee of years together." Christ shows a kingdom there prepar'd Frequent attacks of illness to which his slight Ev'n from the world's foundation. constitution disposed him, for he was, as one of his friends informs us, in a preliminary address to the O heaven, most holy place, Day of Doom, " a little feeble shadow of a man," Which art our countly der! forced him occasionally to suspend his pulpit ex- What cue have I to lolg for thee, ertions. These intervals were, however, marked And beg with many a tep n by a change rather than cessation of labor, as This bo ly al useles ight during them he composed his " Day of Doom" and And all things else vile, vain, and nought other poems. Notwithstanding his weak frame, To one in such ill plight. O Christ, make haste, from bands Of sin anid death me free, / I/ y And to those heavenly mansions, Be pleas'd to carry me. Where glorified saints he lived to the good old age of seventy-four, For ever are possest dying in the year 1705. Cotton Mather wrote Of God in Christ their chiefest good, his funeral sermon, and the following And from all troubles rest. EPITAPH. It is followed by a collection of verses, similar THE EXCELLENT WIGGLESWORTH REMEMBERED BY SOME GOOD in form and style, the title and contents of which TOKENS. are sufficiently curious to be quoted in full. His pen did once meat from the eater fetch, And now he's gone beyond the eater's reach. RIDDLES UNRIDDLED; OR, CHRISTIAN PARADOXES. His body once so thin, was next to none; Broke open, smelling like sweet From hence, he's to unbodied spirits flown. Spice new taken out of boxes. Once his rare skill did all diseases heal, Each paradox is like a box,.. v i ^., i Each paradox is like a box, And he does nothing now uneasy feel. That corials rare ilcloseth: He to his paradise is'oyful come, He to his paradise is joyful come, This Key unlock, op'neth the Box, And waits with joy to see his day of Doom. And ht' ithn diseloseth; That whoso will, may take his fill Wigglesworth was the author of The Day of wh m Doom, or a Poetical Description qf the Great and Last Judgment, with a short Discourse about The contents follow on the back of the titleEternity, and Meat out of the Eater, or Medita- page. tions concerning the necessity, end, and usefulness RIDDLES UNRIDDLED; OR, CHRISTIAN PARADOXiB. of Afflictions unto God's Children; all tending Light in Darkness, to prepare them for, and comfort them under the Sick men's Health, Cross. Both are small volumes, and went Strength in Weaktess, through several editions. The second is the Poor men's Wealth, rudest in versification, and contains some amus- In confinement, ing examples of incongruous though familiar il- Liberty, lustration. In Solitude Good company. We must not on the knee Joy in Sorrow, Be always dandled, Life in Death's Nor must we think to ride to Heaven Heavenly Crowns for Upon a feather-bed Thorny Wreaths. MICHAEL WIGGLESWORTH. 63 Are presented to thy view, They draw men's souls into perdition, In the Poems that ensue. And when most needed, take them to their wings If my trials had been thine, Ah, foolish man! that sets his heart upon These would cheer thee more than wine. Such empty shadows, such wild fowl as these, That being gotten will be quickly gone, The Day of Doom is a versification of the scrip- And whilst they stay increase but his disease. tnral account of the last judgment. It was re- As in a dropsy, drinking drought begets, printed in London, and a few years ago in Boston. The more he drinks, the more he still requires; In the prefatory poetical introduction the author So on this world whoso affection sets, expresses his intention to rescue poetry from hea- His wealth's increase, increaseth his desires. then classical perversions. 0 happy man, whose portion is above These floods, where flames, where foes cannot bereave A PRAYER UNTO CIIRIST, THE JUDGE OF THE WORLD. him, O dearest, dread, most glorious King Most wretched man, that fixed hath his love I'll of thy justest judgment sing: Upon this world that surely will deceive him. Do thou my head and heart inspire, For what is Honour? what is sov'reignty, To sing alighlt, as I desire. Whereto men's heart3 so restlessly awpire? Thee, thee alone I'1 invocate, Whom have they crowned with ielicity? For I do much abominate When did they ever satisfy desire To call the Muses to minie aid: Which is the unchristian use, and trade The ar of man with hearing is not fill'd; Of some that Christials would be thought, To see ew lights still coveting the eye: And yet they worship worse than nought. The craving stomach, though it may be still'd, Oh! what a deal of blasphemy, Yet craves again without a new supply. And heathenish impiety, All earthly things man's cravings answer not, In Christian pcets may be found, Whose little heart would all the world contain, Where heathen gods with pra:ise are crowned, (If all the world would fall to one man's lot) They make Jehovah to stand by, And notwithstanding empty still remain. Till Juno, Venus, Mercury, The Eastern conqueror was said to weep, With fiownii.g M:lrs:nd thundering Jove, he e the Idia ocea did view, Rule earth below, iand heiven above. To see his conquest bounded by the deep, But I have learnt to pray to none, And o more worlds re g to subdue. Save only God in Christ alone. Nor will I laud, no not in jest, Who would that man in his enjoyment bless. That which I know God doth detest. Or envy him, or covet his estate, I reckon it a damniLg evil Whose gettinlgs do augment his greediness, To give God's praises to the Devil, And make his wishes inore iltemperate? Thou, Christ, and he to whom I pray, Such te woed d the commo guise Thy glory fain I would display. Thy glory fain I would display. Of those on earth that bear the greatest sway; Oh, guide me by thy sacred spirit, with a few the ase be otherwise, So to indite arid so to write, So to indite alnd sm to w rite, They seek a kingdom that abides for aye. That I thy holy name mny praise, And teach the so.s of man thy ways. Moreover they, of all the sons of men, That rule, and are in highest places set; One of the best pasqages of the poem, which we Are most inclined to scorn their brethren; quote, is inodestly introduced at the end of thle And God himself (without great grace) forget. volume, "to fill up the ellmpty pages following." For as the sun doth blind the gazer's eyes, A SONG OF EMPTINESS.-VANITY OF VANITY. That for a time they nought discern aright: Vain, frail, short-lived, and miserable man, So honour doth befool and blind the wise, Learn what thou art, when thy estate is best, And their own lustre'reaves them of their sight, A restless wave o' th' troubled oce:,n, A dresa a lless w ie o' th' t ley dresn,. Great are their dangers, manifold their cares, A dream, a lifeless picture fi-ely drest. Adream, aielsic e. Thro' which whilst others sleep, they scarcely nap, A wind, a flower, a vapor, and a bubble, And yet are oft surprised unawares, A wheel that stands not still, a trembling reed, And fall unwilling into envie's trap. A trolling stone, dry dust, light chaff and stuff, The mean mechic finds his kidly rest, A shadow of sometling, but truly nought indeed.. v A shadow of somriething, but truly nought indeed. All void of fear sleepeth the country clown: Learn what deceitful toys, and empty things, When greatest princes often are distrest, This world and all its best enjoyments be: And cannot sleep upon their beds of down. Out of the earth no true contentment springs, Could strength or valor men immortalize, ~D.,,, i.,. -. Could strength or valor men immortalize, But all things nere are vexing vanity. t al t s he ae v g v. Could wealth or honor keep them from decay, For what is beauty, but a fading flower, There were some cause the same to idolize, Or what is plensure but the devil's bait, And give the lye to that which I do say. Whereby he catcheth whom he would devour, AWhery e catcheth whom he would devour, But neither can such things themselves endure, And multitudes of souls doth ruinate. Without the hazard of a change one hour, And what are friends, but mortal men as we, Nor such as trust in them can they secure Whom death from us may quickly separate; From dismal days, or death's prevailing pow'r. Or else their hearts may quite estranged be, f b c t b i And all their love be turned into hate. rm eath dom o the fai Absal From death's dominion, then fair Absalom And what are riches, to be doated on I Had not been brought to such a shameful end Uncertain, fickle, and ensnaring things; But fair and foul unto the grave must come. 64 CYCLOPA3EDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. If wealth or sceptres could immortal make, dress or "Attestation, which does honor to the Thein wealthy Crelogsus wherefore art the plead? father and the man. If warlike force, which makes the world to quake, i ra The prospect, why is Julius Chsar perished? The landscape of by one who, for two-and-forty years, has; as a son Where are the Scipio's thunderbolts of war? with a father, served with me in the gospel It Renowned Pompey, Cesar's enemy? or will be much if these forty-two periods do not finish Stout Hannibal, Rome's terror known so far? our peregrinations together t hrough the wilderness. Great Alexander, what's become of thee? For my own part, I am every hour looking and If gt a3 bib t f mig b w longincg for the pleasant land, where I am sure I If gifts and bribes might t, shall ot find things as I do here thbis day. And Ifpow'r, if for, or thret' s m to it fray, having been somewhat comforted and strengthened All these, and more, had toill surv land Divinityg been, who gave the Christian nas from the top of But all are gone, for death will have w orthless iay. Mount Pisgah, taken of it, and entirely satisfied in Such is this world, with all her pomp and glory: it, commend it as one of my last legacies to the Such are the men whom worldly eyes admire, people of God, which I must leave behind me in a Cut down by tie, and now becoe a story, world which has things come and comingreater make. upon it, INCRt after better things aspir. essdied inare they that are escaped from.and in Go boast thse.f of what thy heart enjoys, Increase Mather married a daughter of John tongo ieinet ranci the otl Ne w Engl. o is life Vain man! triumph in toll thy worldly bliss: Cotton, o eminent repu-nk in the old New EigThy best ejoyments are but trash and toys, land Divinity, who gave the Christian name to Delight thyself in the at which worthless itys. his son. Omnia prthereunt preter amare Deum. Where two great names their sanctuary take, And in a third combined a greater make. INCREASE MATHER-COTTON MATHER. He died in his eighty-fifth year, in 1723, and in COTTO MATER had the ft ook an importune ecclesiast yical posi-f tion as pastor in Dorchest er. His son, Increase to be born into the world to sustain a great repu- Ei tation. The Mather family had struck its roots w wt b h iu o s w gr deep in the New England polity. Richard spirit and unction.t Mather, the grandfather, came to America an emigrant non-nonformist divine in 1636, and immediately took an important ecclesiastical position as pastor in Dorchester. His son, Increase Mather, born at that town in 1639, developed the learning of the name. He was a graduate of Harvard, of which institution he became President in 1685, in his forty-sixth year, when he- had fully ectablishe&.hinlself in Church and State d as the preacher of the North Church in Boston, E i and the opponent of the government of Charles II., in support of the Colonial Charter. He was 1 employed in England on public affairs during the difficult period of the Revolution of 1688, bringing back with him a new royal charter, under which he had the privilege of nominating his friend, Sir William Phips, a; Governor to the King. In that age, when learned men gave /d greater dignity to their names in sonorous Latin, he was called Crescentius Matherus,* and his studies entitled him to the honor, for he passed two thirds of the day amongst his books, and left Cotton Mather was born in Boston, Feb. 12, behind him eighty-five publications, a considerable 1663. Hle was well trained for Harvard by the number, which was to be very far outdistanced by his bookish son. These productions of In- granted unto several persons in the confines of It. Introduced crease Mather are chiefly sermons in the theolo- by Agathangelus, or, an Essay on the Ministry of tile Holy gical style of the day. His Cases of Conscience Angels, and recommended unto the people of God, by the concernin Wt't pubie in 1, reverend Dr. Increase Mather; waiting in the daily expectaconcerning Witchcraft, published in 1693, bears tion of his departure to that glorious world. Boston: printed an historical value. The last work of Increase by S. Kneeland, for Nath. Belknap, at his shop, the corner of Mather was his Agathangelus, a preface to his Scarlett's Wharffe and next door to the Mitre Coffee House. Mather wa his Agathangelus, a preface to his 1. 18mo.:pp. 162. son Cotton's Ccelestinus.t It has this touching ad- * Mr. J. P Dabney has published, Am. Quar. Register, xiv 8T7, a list of one hundred and eighty-nine graduates of Harvard, chiefly clergymen, who, up to 1842, had reached or passed the age of eighty-four. There are four graduates of * Which'famous Jobi Wilson anagrammatized into En! Harvard centenarians. Dr. Farmer, in the same work (x. 39), Christus merees tua. The appellation was once an Inconve- has published a series of Ecclesiastical Statistics, including the nience to Mather when he claimed some arrears of salary in Aces of 840 deceased Miniisters of the Gospel, who were graEngland; and some official, ignorant of these refinements, duated at Harvard College, from 1842 to 1826. Of these, 342 denied his personal identity, In consequence of his having died at seventy and upwards. There are 17 at ninety and another name. Remarkables In the Life of Increase Mather, upwards. 21. 1 Parentator. Memoirs of Remarkabtes In the Life and the t C('estinns. A Conversation In Heaven, quickened and Death of the Ever Memorable Dr. Increase Mather, who exassisted, with Discoveries of things in the Heavenly World. pired August 23, 1723. 2 Kings ii. 12, My Fathsr, my Father. And some Relations of the Yiews and Joys that have been Boston: Printed by B. Green for Nathaniel Belknap. 1724. COTTON MATHER. 65 venerable schoolmaster Ezekiel Cheever,* and was washed white by the Spirit; on a very small a precocious student; for at twelve years of age maln, that he might have great blessings; upon a he had read Cicero, Terence, Ovid, and Virgil, man on horseback, that as the creature served the Greek Testament, and entered upon Socrates, him, so he might serve the Creator; and, at the Homer, and the Hebrew Grammar. To adopt suggestion of so suspicious an incentive, savoring the old reading of Shakespeare, so strongly of unholy egotism, as a person passing From his cradle, by without observing him, " Lord, I pray thee, He was a scholar and a ripe and good one. help that man to take a due notice of Christ."* He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one. It may not be unreasonable to trace this habit, A mountain of learning and theology was with the disposition of mind upon which it grew heaped upon his childhood. When he left col- in Mather, till he carried out the doctrine of spelege, with a handsome compliment in Latin cial providence to an excess which assumed the from President Oakes, he employed himself for worst forms of dyspeptic and morbid suspicion. several years in teaching. In 1684, at the Pious persons sometimes forget that, while Deity age of twenty-one, he wan ordained, when he rules the world with particular control, in which preached the first time for his grandfather, the nothing is so small as not to be great, it becomes Rev. Mr. Richard Mather, at Dorchester; the not the ignorance of short-sighted man to be the next Lord's day for his own father at Boston; interpreter. and the Lord's day after, for his grandfather It was probatbly one form of this not uncomCotton at Boston. His spiritual life was of an mon deluion which led Cotton Mather to enter earlier date; for in religion, he was a divine so vigorou-ly upon the prosecution of witchcraft. almost from Iis cradle. lie had, as a youth, Wherever in life he saw an effect, he looked acquired a habit of ine tation and religious in- about him for an immilediate cause, and would provement, modelled upon Bishop Hall's Occa- take up the nearest one which suited his taste sional Meditations, in which the most familiar and hunor. lie was undoubtedly instrumental occurrences are chosen for remark. - in fomenting the murderous proceedings at Salem; This quaintness suited the genius of Mather. it would be harsh to suppose with the deliberate Every incident in life affoided him a text. He intent of reviving a fading ecclesiastic tyranny had a special consideration for the winding up of and priestly despotismi in the land, but certainly his watch. As he mended his fire he thought of with an over-zealous eagerness and inordinate rectifying his life; the act of paring his nails credulity. Wiser men than Mather, in tho-e warned him to lay a-ide "all superfluity of days, had a certain kind of belief in the posinaughtiness;" while " drinking a dikh of tea " he bility of witchcraft. Chief Justice Hale, in 1682, was especially invited to fragrant and grateful re- had sanctioned the punishment of death for a flections. He appropriated the time while he piece of intolerable nonsense in England, and was dressing to particular speculations, parcelling witches had been executed in New England before out a different set of questions for every day in Mather was born. There was ju t lurking superthe week. On Sundtay morning he commented stition enough about in the country, in the thin on himself, as pastor; on Monday, as husband settlements and in the purlieus of the wilderand father; on Tuesday he thought of his rela- ness, fostered by the disuse of independent thinking tions, "taking a catalogue which began with his under the dogmatic puritan theology, to be effecparents and extended as far as the children of his tively worked upon by a credulous, zealous, unscrucousin-germans," and, by an odd distribution, in- pulous advocate; and such, for the time being, was terchanging them sometimes with his enemies; Cotton Mather. Vanity appears to have been his Wednesday he gave to the consideration of the ruling passion, and vanity associated with priestly church throughout the world; on Thursday he power and superstition presents a fearful combiturned over his religious society efforts; Friday nation for the times. Self-blinded, he was fooled he devoted to the poor and suffering, and Satur- by the most transparent absurdities. He gives an day he concluded with his own spiritual in- account, in the Magnalia, of the freaks of a young terests.t girl, one of the bewitched family of the GoodTo these devout associations he added the wins, whom he took into his house, and who most humorous turns, not merely improving,-a played him a variety of silly pranks, his relation notion readily entertained-such similes of Imortal of which is exceedingly quaint and amusing, all affairs as the striking of a clock or the dying f them to be explained by the mi.-chievous flame of a candle, but pinning his prayers, on a caprices of the sex, with so capital an object as tall man, that he might have "high attailnents himself to work upon, but which the learned in Christianity;" on a negro, that he mignht be doctor in divinity magnified in the pulpit-he speaks of " entertaining his congregation with a sermon" on the subject-and the "famous Mr. * Cheever, a Londoner by birth, was for more than seventy Baxter" echoed in London, as a " great instance, years a teacher in this country-at Newhaven, Ipswich, Char- with such convincing evidence, that he I ust be a lestown, and at Boston, where he passed the last thirty-seven years of his life, till his death, in 17T(8, at the venerable age of very obdurate Sadducee, that will not believe it." ninety-three. His Latin Accidence had reached its twentieth This was in 1688. His Memorable Providences edition in 1768. He also wrote on the Sc.iltlre Propheies. rd Cotton Mather says, in one of his carefully twisted elegies, relatng to Witchcrat appeaed in 1689. The that his numerous pupils employed the parts of speech which twenty executions of Saleln took place in 1692; he taught them in sounding his praises:- nineteen were hung, and another pressed to death, "With interjections they breakd ff at last, by that peculiar institution of the old English But, ah is all they use, wo, and alas I " The story is. that Cheever used to boast of having flogged seven of the judges on the bench. t Life by Samuel M. L am Mather, 509. * Life by Samuel Mather, 107-9. 9 66 CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. law, thepeine forte et dure. Mather was on the The lesson, however, was not without profit to spot, aidling and abetting, "riding in the whirl- him. When a great hunanitarian question, which wind, and directing the storm." At the execu- he was the first to introduce, afterwards calne up, tion of the clergyman, George Burroughs, he was in the year 1721, the new discovery of the inocupresent among the crowd on horseback, address- lation for the small-pox, and the superstitious ing the people, and cavilling at the ordination of feeling of the day was opposed to it, Mather set his brother pastor.* His Wonders of the Invisible himself against the popular outcry on the side of World; being an account of the trial of several the reform.* It was in vain now that his op-'witches lately executed in New England,t tells ponents brought up the diabolical agencies of the the story of these melancholy judicial crimes, new remedy. Mather had chosen the other side, with a hearty unction which gloats over the and the wicked suggestions of the spiritual world victims. His faith is as unrelenting as the zeal were silenced. It was a noble position for a man of an antiquarian or a virtuoso. His spiritual to. hold, and he resolutely maintained it. Even rant, forgetting the appropriate language of the as all scandal touching the fair Lady Mary Wortscholar and the divine, anticipates the burlesque ley Montagu is forgotten, when she is seen angeliof a Maw-worm, or the ravings of a Mucklewrath. cally bringing this protection for humanity from When the witch mania had run out, having Turkey to England, so may the bigotry and superbrought itself to a reductio ad absurdurn, by stition of Mather be overlooked when, not waitventing suspicions of the diabolical agencies of ing for English precedents, he took upon himself the wife of Governor Phips, which was carrying the introduction of this new remedy in America. the matter quite too far, and Robert Calef had In many other respects, Mather's memory depublished his spirited exposure of the affair in serves to be held in esteem by the present genera1700,T Mather repeating the stories in the old tion. He carried about with him that indefatigable strain in the Magnalia, makes no retraction of his sense of usefulness which we associate with the former judgments or convictions. In 1723, in the popular memory of Franklin, whose character chapter of the " Remarkables" of his father, en- doubtless lie helped to mould. The philosopher titled Troubles from the Invisible World, he in his autobiography, acknowledges his obligations repeats the absurd stories of the " prodigious pos- to Dr. Mather, in a paragraph in which he assosession of devils" at Salem.~ ciates the Essays to do good with a book by De Foe as "perhaps giving him a turn of thinking * Bancroft's U. S. iii. 92. that had an influence on some of the principal t The Wonders of the Invisible World: being an account of the Tryals of Several Witches, lately executed in New England, future events of his life." IHe has left another meand of several remarkable curiosities therein occurring. To- morandum of this obligation in a letter to Samuel gether with, 1. Observations upon the nature, the number, and M the operations of the Devils. 2. A short narrative of a late er, om Passey, May 12, 1784 "When outrage committed by a knot of witches in Swedeland, very I was a boy, I met with a book, entitled'Essays much resembling and so far explaining, that under which New to do Goo(' which I think wa written by your England has labored. 3, Some councils directing a due improveme.lt of the terrible things lately done by the unusual father. It had been so little regarded by its and amazing Range of Evil Spirits in New England. 4. A former possessor, that several leaves of it were brief discourse upon those Temptations which are the moreinder gave e such a turn ordinary Devices of Satan, by Cotton Mather. Published by torn out; but the remainder gave e sch a turn the special command of his Excellency the Governor of the of thinking, as to have an influence on my conProvince of the Massachusetts Bay, in New England. Printed dut thro h life.'t first at Boston, in New England; and reprinted at London, for John Dunton, at the Raven, in the Poultry, 1693. 4to. pp. 98. -- _ __ I More Wonders of the Invisible World; or the Wonders cunning," p. 102. Quincy has handled Mather less mildly in of the Invisible World Displayed in five parts. An account of his History of Harv. Univ. i. 846. the sufferings of Margaret Rule, collected by Robert Calef, * An interesting and instructive history of the introduction merchant of Boston, in New England. London, 17iu. Calef's of inoculation into New England, will be found in Mr. W. B. book, o.i its arrival in this country, was publicly burnt by the 0. Peabody's Life of Cotton Mather, in volume iv. of Sparks's Mather agency, in the college yard at Cambridge. Samuel American Biography. "The clergy, who were generally in Mather, in the Life of his Father (p. 46), disposes of it more favor of inoculation, supported it by arguments drawn from summnaily than posterity is willing to do. "There was a medical science; while tie physicians, who were as much certain disbeliever of witchcraft, who wrote against this book; united against it, opposed it with arguments which were chiefly but as the man is dead, his book died long before him." This theological, alleging that it was presumptuous in man to inflict merchant of Boston deserves to bet well remembered for his disease on man, that being the prerogative of the Most High." indepe idence and acuteness. He is deserving of more special Dr. Zabdiel Boylston stood alone in the faculty. He defended notice than he has received. He died in 172. I inoculation by his pen, and promoted it by his example. Dr. ~ The witchcraft executions had been the work of a few Douglass, a Scotchman, a physician of note in Boston, and clergymen and their friends in office, and had been carried afterwards the author of"A Summary, Historical and Political, through by a special court got up among them for the occasion. of the British Settlements in North America," 1760, was an inBancroft (iii. 88) assigns the'responsibility of the tragedy" to dignant opponent. the' very few, hardly five or six, in whose hands the transition + This letter also preserves an anecdote characteristic of state of the government left, for a season, unlimited influence.' both parties-the theoretical Cotton Mather, and the practiWhen Mr. Upham published his Lectures on this subject, cal Franklin. "You mention your being in your seventyhe was called upon by a writer in the public prints, to make eighth year. I am in my seventy-ninth. We are grown old good his charge against Cotton Mather, of having exerted him- together. It is now more than sixty years since I left Boston: self to increase and extend the frenzy of the public mild. He but I remember well both your father and grandfather, having produced in reply, an original letter from Dr. Mather to heard them both in the pulpit, and seen them in their houses. Stephen Sewall, of Salem, in which he manifests an excessive The last time I saw your father was in the beginning of 1724, earnestness to prevent the excitement from subsiding. This when I visited him after my first trip to Pennsylvania; he was written in September, after the summer which had wit- received me in his library, and on my taking leave, showed me nessed the executions in Salem, and contained an importunate a shorter way out of the house, through a narrow passage, request, that Mr. Sewall would furnish him with the evidence crossed by a beam over head. We were still talking as I withgiven at the trials. "Imagine me as obdurate a Sadducee and drew, le accompanying me behind, and I turning partly towitch-advocate as any among us; address me as one that be'ieved wards him, when he said hastily,'Stoop, stoop!' I did not nothing reasonable; and when you have so knocked me down, understand him, till I fe't my head hit against the beam. He in a spectre so unlike me, you will enable me to box it about was a man who never missed any occasion of giving instrucamong imy neighbors till it come, I know not where at last." tion; and upon this he said to me,' You are young, and have Peabody's Life, 249. Chandler Robbins, in his History of the the world before you: stoop as you go through it, and you will Second Church, or Old North in Boston, has taken an apolgoe- miss many hard thumps.' This advice, thus beat into my tic view of these transactions, and exempted Mather from the head, has frequently been of use to me; and I often think of charge of conscious deception. " He may be called a fool for it, when I see pride mortified, and misfortunes brought upon his credulity; but he certinl.y cannot "be called a knave for his people by their carrying their heads too high." COTTON MATHER. 67 Mather was always exercising his ingenuity to of his father, which supplied us with so many contribute something useful to the world. He characteristic traits of the man,* numbers three was one of the first to employ the press exten- hundred and eighty-two, a Cottonian library in sively in the dissemination of tracts; he early itself, bearing date during more than forty years, lifted his voice in favor of temperance; he from 1686 to 1727.t As al ancient Roman Enmpreached and wrote for sailors; he instructed ne- peror took for his adage, " nuila dies sine linea," groes; he substituted moral and sagacious intellec- so Cotton Mather may be said to have enlarged tual restraints with his children for flogging;* con- the motto, "no year without a book," for in the versation he studied and practised as an art; and ripe period of his book productiveness, not a date he was a devoted historiographer of his country is missing. These publications were, many of for posterity-besides his paramount employment, them, light, and occasional tracts' single sermons, according to the full measure of his day and gene- and the like; but there were many amoing them ration, of discharging the sacred duties of his of sufficient magnitude, and all were greatly conprofession. Pity that any personal defects of densed. The famous sentence which he wvrote in temperament or "follies of the wise" should capitals over his study door, as a warning to all counterbalance these noble achievements —that tedious and impertinent visitors, "Be short," he so well freighted a bark should at times experi- bore in mind himself for his own writings when ence the want of a rudder. Good sense was the he approached that much enduring hoi:t, the pubone stick occasionally missing from the enormous lic. Books and reading were his delight: he was faggot of Mather's studies and opinions. one of the old folio race of scholars, the gluttons The remark that Mather made of one of the of ancient authors, tran planted to America. The many opinionists of the times, whose notions did vigorous pedantic school which grew up under not agree with his own, or whose nonsense, to the shade of Harvard, in those days, between the reverse the saying of Charles II. of Bishop Woolly wilderness and the sea, was a remarkable feature and the non-conformists, did not suit his non- of the times. sense, that his brain was a windmill, may be Warmly writes poetical John Adams, of Newapplied to himself. He was full of a restless, un- port, of Mather's productiveness. easy mental action. He wrote history without being an historian, and painted character without What numerous volumes scatter' from his hand, being a biographer. But he had a great genius Lightel'd his own, ald warm'd each foreign land for the odd and the fantastic.What pious breathings of a glowing soul One thing lie never could attain, though he Live in each page, and animate the whole? nearly inherited it, though his learning alnost The breath of heaven the savory pages show, nearlv inherited it, though his learning almost A w A b f i s k^ow he spiritually.. As we Arabia from its spices kniow. lirresistibly c.hallenged i t, t.hough Tb e spitully U The beauties of his style are careless strew'd, anticipated it-the prize of the presidency of And learning with a liberal hand bestow'l: Harvard College. One and another was chosen So, oi the field of Heavr'n, the seeds of fire in preference to him. The ghostly authority of Thick-sown, but careless, all the wise admire. the old priestly influence was passing away. Cotton Mather was, in age, a disheartened and dis- In one of Mather's private thanksgivings, he appointed man. The possession, in turn, of three records his gratitude for the usual rewards of a wives had proved but a partial consolation. One pastor's ministry, and adds as special items of hapof his sons lie felt compelled to disown;t his piness, "my accomplishments in any points of wife was subject to fits of temper bordering on learning-my well furnished library." On anoinsanity; the glooms of his own disposition grew ther occasion, he de cribes the culture of his darker in age as death approached, a friend whom genius: " I am not unable, with a little study, to he was glad to meet, when he expired, at the write in seven languages: I feast myself with the completion of his sixty-fifth year, the 13th Feb- secrets of all the sciences which the more polite ruary, 1728. His last emphatic charge to his son Samuel was, "Remember only that one word,' Fructuosus. " * Life of the Very Reverend and learned Cotton Mather, D.D. It was a word which had never been forgotten and F.R.S., late Pastor of the North Chinch, in Boston; who died Feb. 18, 1727-8, by Samuel Mather, M.A., Boston. Printby himself —for his genius had indeed borne much ded for Samuel Geriih, in Cornhill, 1729. 12mo. pp. 186. An fiuit. The catalogue of his printed works enu- abridgment of this life was published in London, 1744, by Damerated by his son Samluel, at the close of the life vid Jennings, at the suggestion of Dr. Watts, who speaks in his "Recommendation" of his "happy Ccrrespondence with the Reverend Dr. Cotton Mather, for near twenty years before his death: as well as with the Reverend Mr. Samuel Mather, * The kind and shrewd disposition of Mather in this parti- his son, ever since. I found much of his learned and pious cular is worthy of special mention. "He would have his character very early. from the spirit of his Letters, and of his children account it a privilege to be taught; and would some- public writings, which he favored me with every year." times manage the matter so, that refusing to teach them some- t Large as this catalogue is. and carefully prepared by his thing should be looked upon as a punishment. The strain of son, it does not include all Mather's publications. Extensive his threatenings therefore was: you shall not be allowed to collections of them may be found in the Library of the Ameriread, or to write, or to learn such a thing, if you do not as I can Antiquarian Society at Worcester, which has also a Mahave bidden you. The slavish way of education, carried on ther alcove of weather-beaten divinity in ragged black covers, with raving, and kicking, and scourging (in schools as well as as if smoked by the fires of the Inquisition,-hardly one has a families) he looked upon as a dreadful judgment of God on the label left —rich in such old time works as the' Chuich Polil world; he thought the practice abominable, and expressed a tics" of Voetius, the " Scholastical Divinity" of Henry Jeanes, mortal aversion to it." —LAe by Samuel Mather, p. 17. Bilson's "Christian Subjections," Sib'sPious Writings, relieved t His Diary speaks of his "miserable son," and threatens "a by an old Latin volume of Henry MOre, of Erasmus, and a few tremendous letter to my wicked son." Samuel Mather, his broken sets of Roman poets. Books which once belonged to brother, writes kindly of him:-" The third son was Increase, grandfather, father, son, and grandson, lichard, Increase Cota young man, well beloved by all who knew him for his supe- ton, and Samuel. There are fifty-t-wo Cotton Mather items on rior good nature and manners, his elegant wit and ready expres- the catalogue of the Boston Athenaeum. The Mather MSS. are imons. He went to sea, and on his passage from Barbadoes to chiefly in the archives of the Mass. Historical Society, and the Newfoundland was lost in the Atlantic." —Life of Cotton Ma- American Antiq. Society. ther, p. 14.: On the Deat-h'Dr:. i Cotton Matber. poems, p. S5. 68 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. part of mankind ordinarily pretend unto. I am of the same school, John Reynolds's old folio of entertained with all kinds of histories, ancient and God's Revenge against Murther, "Oh, what a modern. I am no stranger to the curiosities, beautiful concordia discordantium is an unthinkwhich by all sorts of learning are brought unto ing, good-hearted man's soul." the curious. These intellectual pleasures are far The book of Mather's which is mentioned most beyond my sensual ones."* frequently after the Magnaalia, is the ChrisThe great work of Mather, to which many of tian Philosopher, a collection of Natural Theohis writings are properly appendices, the Miagna- logy instances and improvements, leaning upon lia Christi Americana, is a monument of these Boyle, Ray, Derham, and similar writers. Cornstudies. In its plan it is a compound of quaint mencing with light, the planets, and such phenoEnglish Dr. Thomas Fuller's Church History and mena as snow, wind, cold, he travels through Worthies; butin the execution, the wit and saga- the mineral, vegetable, and animal world, to man, city of the American are not of so fine an edge, into whose anatomy he enters intimately. He and the poetical fancy is missing. The book pur- quotes'for poetry "the incomparable Sir Richard ports, on its title-page, to be The Ecclesiastical Blackmore," with whom he corresponded, and History of New England, from itsfirst Planting recognises "our ingenious Mr. Waller." The in the year 1620, unto the year of our Lord 1698; natural history is sometimes of the simplest, and but includes also the civil history of the times, an the moral inprovements are overdone. His proaccount of Harvard college, of the Indian wars, totype, Boyle, in his Occasional Reflections on of the witchcraft "troubles," together with the Several Subjects, had carried a good thing so far lives of more than eighty individuals, celebrities as to excite the humor of Swift, who wrote his of church and state. By the year 1718 Mather Pious Meditation on a Broomstick, in parody of had published the lives of no less than one hun- his style. Mather adopts the popular credulities dred and fourteen men eand twenty women, and touching the victim of the bite of the tarantula, more, says his biographer,,fterw ard-, "not to say and narrates them with great emotion; and he anything of the transient but honorable mention tells us, out of Beccone, that men, if need requires, many others have had in the doctor's tractates." may suckle infants from their breasts. His love Character painting, in funeral sermons and eu- for the curiosities of reading will carry him anylogies, was one of the strong points of Mather's where for an example. Thus he remarks, "What genius, an exercise of amiability which the poet a sympathy between the feet and the bowels! the Halleck has kindly remembered among the verses priests walking barefoot on the pavement of the in which he has so happily depicted the peculi- temple, were often afflicted, as the Talnuds tell arities of the man: us, with diseases in the bowels. The physician of the temple was called a bowel doctor. BellyO Genius! powerful with thy praise or blame, of he te e was calle bowel doctor Belly-.When art thou feig:i;g? when art thou sincere? aches, occasioned by walking on a cold floor, are Mather, who banned his living friends with shame, cured by applying hot bricks to the soles of the In funeral sermons blessed them on their bier, feet." There is, however, an obvious good intenAnd made their deathbeds beautlful with fame- tion to be useful and devout everywhere. Fame true and gracious as n widow's tear The Essays to do Good, an abridgment of To her departed darling husband given; which has been in popular circulation with " imHim whom she scolded up from earth to heaven. provements " by George Burder, the author of the Village Sermons," may be best described by Thanks for his funeral sermons, they recall"Village Sertlons," may be pbes described by The sunshine smiling through his folio's leaves, tir oiinal ti, in publication of 1710, That makes his readers' hours in bower or hall "Bonifacius; an Essay upon the Good, that is Joyous as plighted hearts on bridal eves; to be devised and designed, by those who desire Chasing, like music from the soul of Saul, to answer the Great End of Life, and to do Good The doubt that darkens, and the ill that grieves; while they live. A Book offered, first, in GeneAnd ho!lorin:g the author's heart and mind, ral, unto all Christians, in a Personal Capacity, or That beats to bless, and toils to ennoble human kind.t in a relative: Then more particularly unto MagisThe iagnalia 7was printed in London, in folio, trates, Ministers, Physicians, Lawyers, School~he ^ ^^^ ^~ict Pas printed in Londlon, inf10io, masters, Gentlemen, Omiicers, Churches, and unto in 1702, through the agency of a friend, Mr. Ro-masters, Gentlemen, Ofiicers, Churches and unto Ibert Hackhaxv, ho bore the expense as an act all Societies of a religious character and intention: bert ^' ^ ^ with humible Proposals of unexceptionable meof faith. It was not till 1820 that it was reprinted wth hul e Proposls of unexeptionble me in America, at Hartford. As an historical work the orld e rea its incidental lights are more valuable than it is in ous, and the deign afford a Inoel for a direct opinions; its credulity and prejudice are wider treatment with reference to.all the promnidirect opinions; its credulity and prejudice are nent rtandpuruits of ife. unbounded, but they painfully exhibit the manage- ent art life met of the old ecclesiaticism of New Engld Mather, too, sometimes, like so many of the ment of the old ecclesiaticin of New England; worthies he celebrated, tried his hand upon for the rest, its vigorous oddity of expression is ortes he c elebrae rie is wing or n anusing, and will long attract the curous reader poetry. Whether Minerva was willing or not, and will long the curious reader. the verses must be produced. He has the gift of Giving Mather every credit for sincerity, his judg- Holofernes for "smelling out the odoriferou flowment appears sadly at fault: the mixture of high f fcy, the jerkof invention." But the intentions with low puerilities recalls to us the un3 and uibs which e has for others take a exclamation of Coleridge upon perusing a book oe n l fo wh he wris his orn sor-. more natural form when he writes his owvn sorrows on the death of his son and daughter. * Life by Samuel Mather, 1. 21. The Psalterium Americanum, published in' The who'e of this characterization of Mather and the old 1718, was an attempt to improve the careless Puritan times is:idmirable, balancing virtues and defects with version of tle Psalms thn current, by translation a poet's discrimination. It is from that quarry of the author's version of t he am ten rent, a tranlaion portfolio, the "unpublished poem" Connecticut. exactly conformed to the original, and written in COTTON MATHER. 69 blank verse. Mr. Hood, in his History of Music, have not prevailed against me. But now there is a speaks of the work with respect. To the transla- more than ordinary affliction, with which the Devil tions were appended brief devotional and learned is Galling of us: and such an one as is indeed Uncomments, or, as the author more pointedly chal- parallelable. The things confessed by Witches, and lenges attention to them-" Every Psalnl is here the things endured by Others, laid together, amount satellited with illustrations, which are not fetched untothis account of our Affliction. The Devil, Exfrom the vulgar annotation, but are the more ibiting himself ordinarily as a small Black man, fine, deep, unco on thoughts, which in a has decoy'd a fearful ki.ot of proud, forward, iglofie deep, -nd uncolon tbou which in rant, envious, and malicious creatures, to list themcourse of long reading and thinking have been selves in his horrid Service, by entrig their Names brought in the way of the collector. They are in a Book, by him tendered unto them. These golden keys to immense treasures of Truth." Witches, whereof above a Score have now ConVerily, Mather understood well the learned trick fessed, and shown their De]ds, and some are now of displaying his literary wareM.* tormented by the Devils, for Cofressing, have met This literal translation, "without any jingle of in Hellish lZendezvouz, wherein the Confessors do words at the end," is printed by Mather in the say, they have had their diabolical Sacraments, several metres, separated from prose by rules set imitating the Baptism and the Supper of our Lord. upright in the solid paragraph. We quote one of In these hellish meetings, these Molsters have assothellm, restored to the form of poetry:- ciated themselves to do r.o less a thi g than, To destroy the Kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ, in these PSALM C. parts of the World; and in order hereunto, First Now unto the eternal God they each of them have their Spectres, or Devils, Make you the joyful shouts commissioned by them and representing of them, to lWhich are heard iin a jubilee, be the Engines of their Malice. By these wicked All ye who dwell on earth. Spectres, they seize poor people about the country, with various and bloody Torments; and of those Yield service with a shining joy evidently Preternatural torments there are some To the eternal God; have dy'd. They have bewitched some, even so far With joyful acclamations come as to make Self-destroyers: and others are in many Ye in before His face. Towns here and there languishing under their Evil Know that th' eternal God, He's God, hands. The people thus afflicted, are miserably I-e made us, and we're His; scratched, and bitten, so that the Marks are most We are His people, and we are visible to all the World, but the causes utterly The sheep which He does feed. invisible; and the same Invisible Furies do most visibly stick Pins into the bodies of the Afflicted, His gates H cosurtss with praise and scale them, and hideously distort, and disjoint MHis gates, His cours wiunto Hims; all their members, besides a thousand other sorts of peak ye due onfessions unto Him; Plague, beyond these of any natural diseases which Speak ye well of Hs they give unto them. Yea, they sometimes drag For the eternal God is good; the poor people out of their chambers, and carry His mercy is forever; them over Trees and Hills, for divers miles together. And unto generations doth A large part of the persons tortured by these DiaHis faithfulness endure. bolical Spectres, are horribly tempted by them, An imee pl ish ed MS. of ah sometimes with fair promises, and sometimes with An immnense unpublished MS. of Mather, is b lyswith felt miseries to Illustration of the Sacred Scripture-s is stored hard threatenings, but always with felt miseries, to P -IllIustma~twms of sign the -Devil's Laws in a Spectral Book laid before in the library of the Massachusetts Historical them; which two or three of these poor Sufferers, Society, where it is shown in six volumes folio, being by their tiresome sufferings overcome to do, of rough-edged whity-brown foolscap, written in they have immediately been released from all their the author's round, exact hand, in double columns; miseries, and they appeared in Spectre then to Torits magnitude and forgotten theology bidding de- ture those that were before their fellow-sufferers. fiance to the enterprise of editors and publishers. The Witches, which by their covenant with the Portions of his Diary, a painful psychological Devil are become Owners of Spectres, are oftencuriosity, are also to be found there, including the times by their own Spectres required and compelled torn leaf from which the invisible hand of witch- give their consent, for the molestation of some, craft plucked a piece, according to his declaration, which they had no mind otherwise to fall upon: and before his ees. dcruel depredations are then made upon the Vicinage. In the Prosecution of these Witchcrafts, among a AN HO.TATORY AND NECESSARY ADDRESS, TO A COUNTRY NOW thousand other unaccountable things, the Spec:res EXTRAORDINARILY ALARM'D BY THE WrATH OF THE DEVIL. have an odd faculty of cloathing the mnost substan-FROM THIE WONDERS OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD. tial and corporeal Instruments of Torture, with InThat the Devil is cone down unto us with great visibility, while the wounds thereby given have wrath, we find, we feel, we now deplore. In many been the most palpable thirgs in the World; so that ways, for many years, hath the Devil been assaying the Sufferers assaulted with Instruments of Iron, to extirpate the Kingdom of our Lord Jesus here. wholly unseen to the standers by, though, to their New England may complain of the Devil, as in cost, seen by themselves, have, upon snatching, Psalm cxxix. 1, 2: Many a time have they afflicted me, wrested the listruments out of the Spectre's hands, from mny youth, may New England now say; many a and every one has then immediately i.ot o;lly beheld, time have they afflicted me from my youth; yet they but handled, an Iron Instrument taken by a Devil fiom a Neighbor. These wicked Spectres have pro* Some of his title-pages are exquisite. Brontolotia Sacra ceeded so far, as to steal several quantities of Mon:ey is the name he gives to a few sermons on remarkable thunder- from divers people, part of which Money has, before storms. The titles of several of these occasional publications sufficient Spectators, been dropt out of the Air ito are, Nails Fastened, or Proposal of Piety; A.dversus Liberinos; An Essay on Evanelical Obedienc.; Theopolis Ame- the nds of the nfterers, while the Spectres have rcatna, An Esslay on the Golden Street f bthe Holy City. been urging them to subscribe their Covenant wita 70 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. Death. In such extravagant ways have these upon a bier as if they themselves were dead: like Wretches propounded, the Dragooning of as many people in despair, they will throw themselves into as they can, into their own Combination, and the a pit; women, otherwise chaste enough, cast away Destroying of others, with lingring, spreading, all modesty, and throw themselves into every indeadly diseases; till our Country should at last be- decent posture. There are some colours agreeable come too hot for us. Among the Ghastly Instances to them, others offensive, especially black; and if of the success which those Bloody Witches have had, the attendants have their clothes of ungrateful we have seen even some of their own Children, so colours, they must retire out of their sight. The dedicated unto the Devil, that in their Infancy, it is music with the dancing which must be employed found, the Imps have sucked them, and rendered for their cure, continues three or foI.r days; in this them Venom;ous to a Prodigy. We have also seen vigorous exercise they sigh, they are full of cornthe Devil's first battries upon the Town where the plaints; like persons in drink, they almost lose the first Church of our Lord in this Colony was gathered, right use of their understanding; they distinguish producing those distractions, which have almost not their very parents from others in their treating ruin'd the Town. We have seen, likewise, the of them, and scarce remember any thing that is Plague reaching afterwards into the Towns far and past. Some during this exercise are much pleased near, where the Houses of good Men have the with green boughs of reeds or vines, and wave them Devils filling of them with terrible vexations! with their hands in the air, or dip them in the This is the descent, which, it seems, the devil has water, or bind them about their face or neck; others now made upon us. But that which makes this love to handle red cloths or naked swords. And descent the more formidable, is, The multitude and there are those who, upon a little intermission of quality of Persons accused of an interest in this the dancing, fall a digging of holes in the ground. Witchcra/t, by the Efficacy of the Spectres which which they fill with water, and then take a strange take their name and shape upon them; causing satisfaction in rolling there. When they begin to very many good and wise men to fear, that many dance, they call for swords and act like fencers; innocent, yea, and some virtuous persons, are, by the sometimes they are for a looking-glass, but then devils in this matter, imposed upon; that the devils they fetch many a deep sigh at beholding themhave obtain'd the power to take on them the like- selves. Their fancy sometimes leads them to rich ness of harmless people, and in that likeness to afflict clothes, to necklaces, to fineries and a variety of other people, and be so abused by Prnestigious ornlaments; and they are highly courteous to the Deemons, that upo:l their look or touch, the afflicted bystanders that will gratify them with any of these shall be oddly affected. Arguments from the Pro- things; they lay them very orderly about the place vidence of God, on the one side, and from our where the exercise is pursued, and in dancing please charity towards man on the other side, have made themselves with one or other of these things by this now to become a most agitated Co.itroversie turns, as their troubled imagination directs them. among us. There is an Agony produced in the How miserable would be the condition of manMinds of Men, lest the Devil should sham us with kind, if these animals were common in every Devices, of perhaps a finer Thread, than was ever country! But our compassio;nate God has confined yet practised upon the World. The whole business them to one little corner of Italy; they are existis become hereupon so Snarled, and the determina- ing elsewhere, but nowhere thus venomous, except tio.i of the Question one way or another, so dismal, in Apulia. My God, I glorify thy compassion to that our Ho iourable Judges have a Room for Jeho- sinful mankind, in thy restraints upon the poisons saphat's Exclamation, We know not what to do! of the tarantula. They have used, as Judges have heretofore done, the Spectral Evidnces, to introduce their further THE LIFE OF MR. RALPH PARTRIDGE-FROM THE "MAGNALIA." Enquiries into the Lives of the persons accused; When David was driven from his friends into the and they have thereupon, by the wonderful Provi- wilderness, he made this pathetical representation deuce of God, been so strengthened with other of his condition, "'Twas as when one doth hunt a evidences, that some of the Witch Gang have been partridge in the mountains." Among the many worfafirly Executed. But what shall be done, as to thy persons who were persecuted into an American those against whom the evidence is chiefly founded wilderness, for their fidelity to the ecclesiastical kingin the dark world? Here they do solemnly demand dom of our true David, there was one that bore the our Addresses to the Father of Lights, on their be- name as well as the state of an hunted partridge. half. But in the mean time, the Devil improves the What befel him, was, as Bede saith of what was Darkness of this Affair, to push us into a Blind done by Feelix, Juxta nominis sui Sacramenturn. Man's Bufet, and we are even ready to be sinfully, This was Mr. Ralph Partridge, who for no fault yea, hotly and madly, mauling one another in the but the delicacy of his good spirit, being distressed dark. by the ecclesiastical setters, had no defence, neither of beak nor claw, but aflight over the ocean. THIE TARANTUL.A.-FROr TTE " CTIRTSTTIAN PHTLOSOPHER." The place where he took covert was the colony of What amazing effects follow on the bite of the Plymouth, and the town of Duxbury in that colony. tarantula! the patient is taken with an extreme dif- This Partridge had not only the innocency of the ficulty of breathing, and heavy anguish of heart, a dove, conspicuous in his blameless and pious life, dismal sadness of mind, a voice querulous and sor- which made him very acceptable in his conversation, iowful, and his eyes very much disturbed. When but also the loftiness of an eagle, in the great soar of the viole.nt symptoms which appear on the first day his intellectual abilities. There are some interpretare over, a continual melancholy hangs about the ers who, understanding church fficers by the living person, till by dancing or singing, or change of air, creatures, in the fourth chapter of the Apocalypse, the poisonous impressions are extirpated from the will have the teacher to be intended by the eagle blood, and the fluid of the nerves; but this is a there, for his quick insight into remote and hidden happiness that rarely happens; nay, Baglivi, this things. The church of Duxbury had such an eagle wicked spiders countryman, says, there is no expec- in their Partridge, when they enjoyed such a teacher. tbntion of ever being perfectly cured. Many of the By the same token, when the Platform of Church poisomled are never well but among the graves, and Discipline was to be composed, the Synod at Camin solitary places; and they lay themselves along bridge appointed three persons to draw up each of BENJAMIN TOMPSON. 71 them, " a model of church-government, according to from the caverns of the earth, which are full of bruthe word of God," unto the end that out of those the tish people, and where thy moan was, My soul is synod might form what should be found most agree- among lions, and I lie among them that are set on able; which three persons were Mr. Cotton, and Mr. fire, even among the sons of men; and afraidl of going Mather, and Mr. Partridge. So that, in the opinion to dwell among those amiable spirits, who have of that reverend assembly, this person did not come rejoiced in all the good they ever saw done unto far behind the first two for some of his accomplish- thee; who have rejoiced in being sent by thy God ments. and theirs, times without number, to do good unto After he had been forty years a faithful and pain- thee; who have rejoiced in the hopes of having thee ful preacher of the gospel, rarely, if ever, in all that to be with them, and now have what they hoped for while interrupted in his work by any bodily sick- by having thee associated with them in the satisfacness, he died in a good old age, about the year 1658. tions of the heavenly world! Certainly, thou wilt There was one singular instance of a weaned spirit, not be afraid of going to those, whom thou hast whereby he signalized himself unto the churches of already had so sweet a conversation with. God. That was this: there was a time when most It was a good Memento written on the door of of the ministers in the colony of Plymouth left the a study that had much of Heaven in it: ANGELI colony, upon the discouragement which the want of ASTANT; there are Holy Angels at hand. a competent maintenance among the needy and froward inhabitants gave unto them. Nevertheless ON TIE DEATH OF HIS SON. Mr. Partridge was, notwithstanding the paucity and T7e motto inscribed on his gravestone, " Reservedfor a glorithe poverty of his congregation, so afraid of being Os ReSurrection." anything that looked like a bird wandering from his The exhortation of the Lord, nest, that he remained with his poor people till he With consolation speaks to us, took wing to become a bird of paradise, along with As to his children his good word, the winged seraphim of heaven. We must remember speaking thus: EPITAPH IUM. My child, when God shall chasten thee, Avolavit. His chastening do thou not contemn: When thou his just rebukes dost see, MINISTRY OF ANGELS-FROM " C(LESTINUS." Faint not rebuked under them. When the Angel of the Lord encamps round about The Lord with fit afflictions will those that fear Him, the next news is, They that Correct the children of his love; seek the Lord shall want nothing that is good for He doth himself their father still, them. O servant of God, art thou afraid of wants, By his most wise corrections prove. of straits, of difficulties? The angels who poured Afflictions for the present here, down at least 250,000 bushels of manna day by day The vexed flesh will grievous call, unto the followers of God in the wilderness; the But afterwards there will appear, angel that brought meat unto the Prophet; the Not grief, but peace, the end of al. angel that showed Hagar and her son how to supply themselves; who canl tell what services they may do ON TIE DEATH OF IIS DAUGHTER. for thee Art thou in danger by sicknesses? The T7e motto inscribed on her gravestone, " Gone, but not lobe." angel who strengthened the feeble Daniel, the angel The derest Lord of ven gve who impregnated the waters of Bethesda with such Himself an ofering once for me: sanative ald balsamic virtues; who can tell what dearest thing on earth I have services they may do for thee! Art thou in danger Now Lord I'll offer unto Thee. from enemies? The angel who rescued Jacob from Laban and from Esau; the angel who fetched Peter I see my best enjoyme,!ts here, out of prison, who can tell what services they may Are loans, and flowers, and vanities; do for thee! The angels which directed the Patri- Ere well enjoyed they disappear: arch in his journeys, may give a direction to thy Vain smoke, they prick and leave our ces steps, when thou art at a loss how to steer. The But I believe, O glorious Lord, angels who moved the Philistines to dismiss David; That when I seem to lose these toys, the angels who carried Lot out of Sodom; the angels What's lost will fully be restored who would not let the lions fall upon Daniel, they In glory, with eternal joys. are still ready to do as much for thee, when God thy Saviour shall see it seasonable. And who can I do believe, that I and mine, tell what services the angels of God may do for the Shall come to everlasting rest; servants of God, when their dying hour is coming Becuse, blest Jesus, we are tine, upon them; then to make their bed for them, then ses ae ble to make all things easy to them. When we are I do believe, that every bird in our agonies, then for an angel to come and Of mine, which to the ground shall fall, strengthen us!. Does fall at thy kind will and' word; The holy angels, who have stood by us all our Nor I, nor it, is hurt at all life, will not forsake us at our death. It was the belieg soul does hear last word of a Divine, dying in this, but famous in s mog the glad angels told: other countries; O you holy angels, come, do your I know thou dost thy Maker fear office.'Tis a blessed office, indeed, which our Sa- From whom thou nothing dost withhold! viour sends his holy angels to do for us in a dying hour. At our dissolution they will attend us, they BENJAMIN TOMPSON will befriend us, they will receive us, they will do inconceivable things as a convoy for us, to set us BENJAMIN TOMPSON, "lerned schoolmaster and before the presence of our Saviour with exceeding physician, and ye renowned poet of New Engjoy. C believer, why art thou so afraid of dying.? land," according to the eulogistic language of his What! afraid of coming into the loving and the tombstone, was born in 1640, and graduated at lovely hands of the holy angels! Afraid of going Harvard in 1662. He was master of the public 72 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. school in Boston from 1667 to 1670, when he Under thatch'd hutts without the cry of rent, received a call and removed to Cambridge. lie And the best sawee to every dish, content. died April 13, 1714, and is buried at Roxbury.* When flesh was food and hairy skins made coats, He was the author of an Elegy on the Rev. And men as well as birds had chirping notes. Samuel Whiting of Lynn, who died December Whe Cimrtels were accounted noble bloud; 11, 1679, which is printed in the Magnalia. He Among the tribes of common helbage food. i' ^ ^... ^ ^ -L Of Ceres' bounty form'd was many a knack, also figures in the same volume among the rhym- E h t fi or R s lma nack ing eulogists at its commencement, where he turns These golden times (too fortunate to hold,) a complinment with sole skill. Were quickly sin'd away for love of gold. Quod patrios Manes revocasti a sedibus altis,'T was then among the bushes, not the street, Sylvestres Musae grates, MATHERE, rependunt. If one in place did an inferior meet, Hiec nova Progenies, veterum sub Imagine, ccelo "Good morrow, brother, is there aught you want? Arte tua terrain visitans, demissa, salutat. "Take freely of me, what I have you ha'nt." Grata Deo pietas; grates persolvimus omnes; Plain Tom and Dick would pass as current now, Semper honos, nomenque luum, MATHERE, manebunt. As ever since " Your Servant Sir," and bow. Is R n r Deep-skirted doublets, puritanic capes, rIs the hless'd o MATERy ers'ases tur'd, Which now would render men like upright apes, To raise his country's fathers' ashes urn'd. Was comlier wear, our wiser fathers thou Elsh' dus, lf t th da iprsWas comlier wear our wiser fathers thoughb Elisha's dust lMie to the dead imparts', ^ Elisha's dust, life to the dead imparts, Than the cast fashions from all Europe brought. This prop)het, by his more famtiliar arts.Tines ourher' ts, an gis th;'T was in those days an honest grace would hold Unseals our heroes' tombs, and gives them air; They rise, they walk, they talk, look wondrous fair Till a hot puddi g at heart a cold Each of them in an orb of light doth shine, And men had better stomachs at religion, In liveries of glory most divine. Than I to capon, turkey-cock, or pigeon; When ancient ames I in thy pages me Whein honest sisters met to pray, not prate, Wheal ancient lnames I in thy pages met, Like gems on Aalron's costly breastplate set, About their own and not their neighbour's state. Methinks heaven's open, while great saints descend, Duling Plail Dealing's reign, that worthy stud To wreathe the brows by which their acts were Of te ancient planters' race before the flood, penn'd. Then times were good, merchants car'd not a rush ^~Pelln'd *'~~ ~For other fare than Jonakin and Mush. His chief production is a poem entitled New Eng- Although men far'd and lodged very hard, land's Crisis. The piece, after an eulogy oncertain Yet innocence was better than a guard. patriotic women, who turned out to build a wall'T was long before spiders and worms had dravn for the defence of the town, gives a comparison Their dungy webs, or hid with cheating lawne between old times and new in the colony, in which New England's beautyes, which still seem'd to me he assigns the palm, as usual in such discussions, Illustrious in their own simplicity. at least in poetry, to the days gone by; and then'T was ere the neighbouring Virgin-Land had broke passes to King Philip's war, with which the re- The hogsheads of her worse than hellish smoak. mainder is occupied'T was ere the Islands sent their presents in, Which but to use was counted next to sin. ON A FOETIFICATION AT BOSTON BEGUN BY WOMEN.'T was ere a barge had made so rich a freight Duz fwmvia facti. As chocolate, dust-gold and bitts of eight. Ere wines from France and Muscovadoe to, CA grand attempt some Am zonian Dames Without the which the drink will scarsly doe. Contrive whereby to glorify their names, From western isles fuits ad delicac A ruff for Boston Neck of mud and turfe, From western isles ere fiuits and delicacies A ruff for B iostoi N ieck of mud and tuorfe, Did rot maids' teeth and spoil their handsome faces Reaching from side to side, from surf to surf,e times did chce, the noie of war Their nimble hands spin up like Christms pyes, Ors from oure theowims did chane, the noise of war heir nimble hands spin up like Christmas pyes, Their pastry by degrees on high doth rise. No a cots i the chrystl ar The wheel at home counts in an holiday, N b c i t air The wheel at home counts ii am holiday, Did drive our christian plallters to despair. Since while the mistress worketh it may play. No sooer malice peeped forth A tribe of female bands, but m mnly he:trts, A tribe of female hiands, but manly he:rts, But valour snib'd it. Then were men of worth Forsakea t home dther past crust and te hrts, Who by their prayers slew thousands, angel-like; To knead the dirt, the saplers don tey hurl, Their weapons are unseen with which they strike. Their uindulating silks tlhey closely furl. The had the churches rest; as yet te c The pick-axe one as a commandress holdss, s ~The pick-axe oe as a commandress holds, Were covered up in most contentious souls: While t'other at her awk'ness gently scolds. Freeness in judgment union in affection One puffs and sweats, the other mutters why Dear love, sound truth, they were our grand proCant you promove your work so frast as I? tection. Some dig, some delve, and others' hands do feel The ere te times in hich our concells sate Then were the times in which our councells sate, The little waggon's weight with single wheel. These gave prognosticks of our future fate. And least some fainting-fits the weak surprize, If these be loer liv'd our hopes increase They want no sack nor cakes, they are ore ise. These rrs will usher in a longer pee. These brave essays draw forth male, stronger hands, But if New England's love die n ts youth, More like to dawbers than to marshal bands; The grave will open next for blessed truth. These do the work, and sturdy bulwark e, This theame is out of date, the peacefull hours But the beginners well deserve the praise. When castles needed not, but pleasant bowers. THE PROLOGUE. Not ink, but bloud and tears now serve the turn The times wherein old Pompion was a saint, To draw the figure of New England's urne. When men fared hardly yet without complaint, New Ergland's or of passion is at h;and; On vilest cates; the dainsty Indiani mmmize No power except divine can it withstand. On vilest cates; the dainty Indian maize Was eat with clamp-shells out of wooden trays, Scare hath her glass of fifty years rum out, But her old prosperous steeds turn heads about, Tracking themselves back to their poor beginnings, * Kettell's Specimens of American Poetry, Vol. i. xxxvii, To fear and fare upon their fruits of sinnings. OUR FOREFATHERS' SONG; THOMAS MAKIN. 73 So that the mirror of the christian world Now while some are going let others be coming, Lyes burnt to heaps in part, her streamers furl'd For while liquor's boiling it must have a scumming; Grief sighs, joyes flee, and dismal fears surprize But I will not blame them, for birds of a feather, Not dastard spirits only, but the wise. By seeking their fellows are flocking together. Thus have the fairest hopes deceiv'd the eye But you whom the Lord intends hither to bring, Of the big-swoln expectant standing by: Forsake not the honey for fear of the sting; Thus the proud ship after a little turn, But bring both a quiet and contented mind, Sinks into Neptune's arms to find its urne: And all needful blessings you surely will find. Thus hath the heir to many thousands born Been in an instant from the mother torn: Even thus thine infant cheeks begin to pale, And thy supporters through great losses fail. THOMAS MAKIN was the author of two Latin This is the Prologue to thy future woe, poems addressed to James Logan, and found The Epilogue no mortal yet can know. among his papers after his death; they are entitled, Encomium Pennsylvaniae, and In laudes PennsylOUR FOREFATHERS' SONG. vaniae jpoema, seu descriptio Pennsylvanice, and bear (late in 1728 and 1729. The second is THIS song is stated in the Massachusetts Histo-ate in 1728 an 1729. The second is rical Collections to have been " taken memoriter, principlly retined," as he phrases it, by Robert in 1785, from the lips of an old lady at the Pu, who as an English translation by hiln1785, from the lips 0f an old lady at the self, in his History of Pennsylvania. Makin advanced period of 96." It is also found in the Pen a. Makin Massachusetts Magazine for January, 1791. Both was an usher under George Keith,* in 1689, in the Friends' Public Grammar School in Philadelcopies are identical. It is of an early date, and the Friends' Public Grammar School in Piladelhas been carried back to the year 1630. Four phia, and succeeded him as principal in the followlines in the staza before the last appear ing. g year. He was frequently chosen clerk of the lines in the sa Provincial Assembly, but his school not proving New England's annoyances you that would know productive, he removed to the interior. His them, verses describing the features of town and counPray ponder these verses which briefly doth shew try appear to have been written for amusement, them. and belong to the curiosities of literature. We The place where we live is a wilderness wood, give a brief passage of both the rural and city Where grass is much wanting that's fruitful and descriptions. good: Our mountains and hills and our vallies below, Hic avis est quaedam dulci celeberrima voce, Being commonly covered with ice and with snow; Quee variare sonos usque canendo solet. And when the north-west wind with violence blows, Hie avis est quaedam minima et pulcherrima plumis, Then every man pulls his cap over his nose: Sugere qute flores usque volando solet. But if any's so hardy and will it withstand, Unde fugam musee in morem properare videtur, He forfeits a finger, a foot or a hand. Tanquam non oculis aspicienda diu. But when the Spring opens we then take the hoe, Hie avis est qumadam rubro formosa colore, And make the ground ready to plant and to sow; Gutture quTe plumis est maculata nigris. Our corn being planted and seed being sown, Hie avis est repetens, Whip, Whip, Will, voce jocosa; The worms destroy much before it is grown; Quae tota verno tempore nocte canit. And when it is growing some spoil there is made, Hic et aves alite, quotquot generantur ab ovis, By birds and by squirrels that pluck up the blade; Scribere jam quarumn nomina inane foret, And when it is come to full corn in the ear, Innumerle volitare solent hic sepe columbae; It is often destroyed by raccoon and by deer. Unde frequens multis obvia praeda datur. And now our garments begin to grow thin, Hic Restate solet tanquam aere gaudeat alto, And wool is much wanted to card and to spin; Tollere se ex summis saepe acipenser aquis. If we can get a garment to cover without, Qui salit ac resilit toties (mirabile visu) Our other in-garments are clout upon clout: In cymibas ingens praeda aliquando cadit. Our clothes we brought with us are apt to be torn, Regius hic piscis minime pretiosus habetur; They need to be clouted soon after they're worn, Parior est at ubi, carior est et ibi. But clouting our garments they hinder us nothig,'Tis ere the mocking ird extends his throat Clouts double, are warmer than single whole cloth- n imitates the bids of ev'ry note; ing.'Tis here the smallest of the feather'd train, If fresh meat be wanting, to fill up our dish, The humming bird, frequents the flow'ry plain. We have carrots and turnips as much as we wish; And is there a mind for a delicate dish * George Keith, celebrated both as an advocate and opponent We repair to the clam-banks, and there we catch of the Quakers, was born in Aberdeen, and came to East fish. Jersey in 1682, where he was appointed surveyor-general. He Instead of pottage and puddings, and custards and was, as we have seen, at the head of a school in Philadelphia Instead of pottage and pudding cin 1689. in 1691, after having made a propagandist tour in pies, New England, he left the sect with a few followers, the Our pumpkins and parsnips are common supplies; seceders calling themselves Christian Quakers. lie not long We have pumpkins at morning, and pumpkimss at after took orders in the Church of England, officiated about a We have m, year in New York and Boston, and travelled through the noon, settlements as a missionary. He returned to England in 17(6, If it was not for pumpkins we should be undone. and passed the remainder of his life as rector of Edburton in Sussex. He published in 17T16 a Journal of Travels from New If barley be wanting to make into malt, Hampshire to Caratuck, which was reprinted in 1852 by the We must be contented, ad 4.think it no fault; Protestant Episcopal Historical Society, in the first volume of We must he contented, and think it no fault; imtheir Collections, and a number of controversial works, which For we can make liquor to sweeten our lips, were not deficient in energy. Of pumpkins and parsnips and walnut tree chips. 1 Proud's History, ii. 861. Some Account of the Early Poets and Poetry of Pennsylvania, by Joshua Francis Fisher. Penn. * o * * * * * Hist. Soc. Coil., vol. ii., pt. 2, p. 78. 10 74 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. Its motion quick seems to elude the eye; storm which occurred on his voyage seems to have It now a bird appears, and now a fly. made him poetical. He thus discourses: The various woodpeckers here charm the sight; And the bitter storm augments; the wild winds Of mingled red, of beautious black and white. wage Here whip-per-will; a bird, whose fanci'd name War from all parts; and join with the sea's rage. From its nocturnal note imagined, came. The sad clouds sink in showers; you would have Here, in the fall, large flocks of pigeons fly, thought, So numerous, that they darken all the sky. That high-swoln-seas even unto Heaven had Here other birds of ev'ry kind appear, wrought Whose names would be too long to mention here. And Heaven to seas descended: no star shown; Large sturgeons num'roijs crowd the Delaware; Blld night il darknes, tmpests and her own Which, in warIn weather, leap into the air; Dread terrors lost; yet this dire lightning turns So high, that (strange to tell!) they often fly To more feard light; the sea with lightning burns. Into the boats, which.on the river ply! The pilot knew not what to chuse or fly, That royal fish is little valu'd here; Art stood amazd in ambiguity. But where more scarce,'tis more esteemed and dear. He thus commences the recital of his second Pulchra duos inter sita stat Philadelphia rivos; voyage. Inter quos duo sunt millia longa vice. I have heard of a certain merchant in the west of Delawar hic major, Sculkil minor ille vocatur; England, who after many great losses, walking upon Indis et Suevis notus uterque diu. the sea bank in a calm sun-shining day; observing iEdibus ornatur multis urbs limite longo, the smoothness of the sea, coming in with a cheQuae parva emicuit tempore magna brevi. quered or dimpled wave: Ah (quoth he) thou flatHic plateas mensor spatiis delineat xequis, tering element, many a time hast thou inticed me to Et domui recto est ordine juncta domus. throw myself and my fortunes into thy arms; but Quinque sacrle hac redes una numerantur in urbe, thou hast hitherto proved treacherous; thinking to Altera nonl etiam distat ab urbe procul. find thee a mother of increase, I have found thee to Ex quibus una alias est quse supereminet omnes; be the mother of mischief and wickedness; yea the Cujus nondum ingens perficiatur opus. father of prodigies; therefore, being now secure, I Praecinit hic sacros divina melodia psalmos: will trust thee no more. But mark this man's resoEt vox totius succinit inde chori. lution a while after, periculum maris spes lucri Elevet hoc hominum mentes, et mulceat aures, superat. So fared it with me, that having escaped Sed cor devotum psallit in aure Dei. the dangers of one voyage, must needs put on a Basis huic posita est excelsse firma futurre resolution for a second, wherein I plowed many'a Turris, ubi dicunt tera sonora fore. churlish billow with little or no advantage, but Hic in gymnasiis linguae docentur et artes rather to my loss and detriment. In the setting Ingenuae; multis doctor & ipse fui. down whereof I propose not to insist in a methodical Una schola hic alias etiam supereminet omnes way, but according to my quality, in a plain and Romano et Grceco quee docet ore loqui. brief relation as I have done already; for I perceive, Fair Philadelphia next is rising seen, if I used all the art that possibly I could, it would Between two rivers plac'd, two miles between; be difficult to please all, for all men's eyes, ears, faith, The Delaware and Sculkil, new to fame, and judgments are not of a size. There be a sort of Both ancient streams, yet of a modern name, stagnant stinking spirits, who, like flies, lie sucking The city, form'd upon a beautious plan, at the botches of carnal pleasures, and never traHas many houses built, tho' late began; velled so much sea as is between Heth ferry and Rectangular the streets, direct and fair; Lyon Key; yet notwithstanding (sitting in the chair And rectilinear all the ranges are. of the scornful over their whists and draughts of Five houses here for sacred use are known, intoxication) I will desperately censure the relations Another stands not far without the town. of the greatest travellers. It was a good proviso of Of these appears one in a grander style, a learned man, never to report wonders, for in so But yet unfinisli'd is the lofty pile. doing of the greatest he will be sure not to be beHere psalms divine melodious accents raise, lieved, but laughed at, which certainly bewrays And choral symphony sweet songs of praise: their ignorance and want of discretion. Of fools To raise the mind, and sooth the pious ear; and madmen then I shall take no care, I will not But God devoted minds doth always hear. invite these in the least to honour me with a glance A lofty tow'r is founded on this ground, from their supercilious eyes; but rather advise them For future bells to make a distant sound. to keep their inspection for their fine tongu'd roHere schools, for learning, and for arts, are seen; mances and plays. This homely piece, I protest In which to many I've a teacher been: ilgenuously, is prepared for such only who well But one, in teaching, doth the rest excel, know how to make use of their charitable construcTo know and speak the Greek and Latin well tions towards works of this nature, to whom I submit myself in all my faculties, and proceed in my second JOHN JOSSELYN. voyage. THE first mention we have of John Josselyn is He sailed May 23d, 1663, and returned Defrom his own words, that he set sail for New cember 1, 1671 —the interval of eight and a half England April 26, and arrived at Boston on the years having been passed in New England. He 3d of July, 1638. Here he "presented his re- published, the year after his return, New Engspects to Mr. Winthrop the governor, and to Mr. land's Rarities Discovered.* In it he gives us a Cotton the teacher of Boston church, to whom he delivered, from Mr. Francis Quarles the poet, the * New England's Rarities Discovered in Birds, Beasts, translation of the 16, 25, 51, 88, 113, and 137 Fishes, Serpents, and Plants of that Country; Together with Psalms into English meter."' He returned to the Physical and Chyrurgical Remedies wherewith the Nasalms into ngls mete. He r d To tives constantly use to cure their Distempers, Wounds, and England in October of the following year. A Sores. Also a Perfect Description of an Indian Squa, in all JOHN WILLIAMS. 75 glimpse of Boston in 1663. "The buildings are were removed in a vessel sent from Boston to handsome, joining one another as in London, with that city, where they arrived on the 21st of Nomany large streets, most of them paved with vember following. A portion of the remainder pebble stone; in the high street towards the had fallen from fatigue or violence on the march Common there are fair buildings, some of stone, or died during their captivity, and some preferred and at the east end of the town one amongst the to remain with their Indian captors. Williams rest, built by the shore by Mr. Gibs a merchant, with two of his children returned, and in the which it is thought will stand him in less than March following published his work on his cap30001. before it be fully finished. The town is tivity,* one of the most interesting productions in not divided into parishes, yet they have three fair our early literature. meeting houses or churches, which hardly suffice He was invited immediately after his arrival to to receive the inhabitants and strangers that come return to Deerfield, and, although the situation in from all parts." was still perilous, ventured on his old field of He next issued a brief work entitled, An Ac- labor. Here he married a daughter of Captain count of Two Voyages to New England.* Allen, of Windsor, Connecticut. The town had His books are mainly occupied with a view of been rebuilt after its destruction in 1704, and the natural history of the country, but he occa- was again attacked in 1709, but the assailants, sionally gives us some hints of the inhabitants, finding the inhabitants prepared to give them a and is uniformly amusing. He also published in warm reception, withdrew. Soon after this 1674, Chronological Observations of America, Williams was appointed a commissioner in the from the year of the World to the year of Christ, expedition to Canada, under the command of 1673. Col. Stoddard, undertaken to redeem the prisoners yet remaining there. The attempt was successJOHN WILLIAMS, ful in several instances, but not in obtaining the /y,-s o /y daughter of Mr. Williams. The remainder of his!/ X0 >/ /life was passed in comparative tranquillity, and p ~ a ~ ~.g/7''~ he died at Deerfield, June 12, 1729, leaving eight children. THE author of the Redeemed Captive, was born The Redeemed Captive has been fiequently at Roxbury, Massachusetts, December 16, 1664, reprinted. The last edition (published by Hopwhere his grandfather had settled in the year kins, Bridgman & Co., Northampton, Mass.) is 1638, on his emigration from England. By the excellently edited with a life of the writer, to aid 6f his maternal grandfather, William Park, he which we have been mainly indebted in the received a liberal education, and was graduated present sketch, and an account of his descendants at Harvard at the age of nineteen. In the spring by one of their number, Dr. Stephen W. Williams. of 1686 he became the first minister of Deerfield. We present a passage from the record of the This was a post of unusual peril, as the place, then perilous and painful journey. a fiontier settlement, the first houses in which were erected in 1671, had suffered since 1675 We travelled not far the first day; God made the continued attacks from the Indians engaged in heathen so to pity our children, that though they King Philip's war. It was burnt by these savages had several wounded persons of their own to carry after their slaughter of Captain Lathrop and his upon their shoulders, for thirty miles, before they company, on the 18th of September, 1675, and came to the river, yet they carried our children, the site was not again permanently occupied by incapable of trvelling, in their arms, a upon their shoulders. When we came to our lodgii:g place, the whites until 1682. In 1693, depredations re-. hen e came to lodgig place, comnmenced. Attacks were tmaXde from time to the first night, they dug away the snow, and made commenced. Attacks were made from time to. I < < s some wigwams, cut down some small branches of time on the fort by parties of French and Indians, oe sprceee to lie down on, and gae the prisonthe spruce-tree to lie down on, and gave the prisonand on the 29th February (O.S.) 1704, the place ers somewhat to eat; but we had but little appetite. was taken, destroyed by fire, some thirty-eight I was pinioned and bound down that night, and so of the townspeople slain, and about one hundred I was every night whilst I was with the army. carried into captivity, among whom were Mr. Some of the enemy who brought drink with them Williams, his wife (who was murdered on the from the town fell to drinking, and in their drunken route), and children. They were marched through fit they killed my negronan, the only dead person the wilderness to Montreal, where they arrived I either saw at the town, or in the way. about the end of March. They remained in Ca- In the night an Englishman made his escape; in nada until October 25, 1706, when fifty-seven the morning (March 1), I was called for, and ordered by the general to tell the English, that if any more made their escape, they would burn the rest of the her Bravery; with a Poem not improperly conferred upon prisoners. He that took me was unwilling to let her. Lastly, a chronological table of the most remarkable pas- me speak with any of the prisoners, as we marched; sages in that country among the English. Illustrated with but on the morning of the second day, he being apcuts. By John Josselyn, Gent. London, printed for G. Wid-uar the rear, I was put ito the ands dows. 16T2. pointed to guard the rear, I was put into the hands * An Account of Two Voyages to New England; wherein of my other master, who permitted me to speak to you have the setting out of a ship with the charges, &c. By overtook her and to wal with her John Josselyn, Gent. Menner. distich rendred English by Dr. Heylin. Heart, take thine ease, Men hard to please * The Redeemed Captive returning to Zion: or a faithful Thou haply might'st offend, history of remarkable occurrences in the captivity and deliverThough one speak ill ance of Mr. John Williams, Minister of the Gospel in Deerfield, Of thee, some will who in the desolation which befel that plantation by an incurSay better; there's an end. sion of the French and Indians, was by them carried away. London, printed by Giles Widdows, at the Green Dragon with his family and his neighbourhood, into Canada. Drawn in St. Paul's Churchyard, 1674. up by himself. 76 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. to help her in her journey. On the way, we dis- f;tnt of one of my neighbors; and before night a girl coursed of the happiness of those who had a right to of about eleven years of age. I was misde to mourn, an house not made with hands, eternal in the at the consideration of my flock being, so far, a flock heavens; and God for a father and friend; as also, of slaughter, many being slain in the town, and so that it was our reasonable duty quietly to submit to many murdered in so few miles from the town; the will of God, and to say, " The will of the Lord and from fears what we must yet expect, from such be done." My wife told me her strength of body who delightfully imbrued their hands in the blood began to fail, and that I must expect to part with of so many of His people. When we came to our her; saying, she hoped God would preserve my lodging place, an Indian captain from the eastward life, and the life of some, if not of all our children spake to my master about killing me, and taking off with us; and commended to me, under God, the my scalp. I lifted up my heart to God, to implore care of them. She never spake any discontented his grace and mercy in such a time of need; and word as to what had befallen us, but with suitable afterwards I told my master, if he intended to kill expressions justified God in what had happened. me, I desired he would let me know of it; assuring We soon made a halt, in which time my chief sur- him that my death, after a promise of quarter, would viving master came up, upon which I was put upon bring the guilt of blood upon him. He told me he marching with the foremost, and so made my last would not kill me. We laid down and slept, for farewell of my dear wife, the desire of my eyes, and God sustained and kept us. companion in many mercies and afflictiols. Upon our separation from each other, we asked for each r. S. G. Drake, of Bosto has preserved i other grace sufficient for what God should call us his Indian Captivities, and Book of the Indians, to. After our being parted from one another, she a number of original narratives, of a character spent the few remaining minutes of her stay in similar to that of Williams, forming a collection reading the Holy Scriptures; which she was wont of much historical value. These will always personally every day to delight her soul in reading, retain their place in popular interest, but from praying, meditating on, by herself, in her closet, their necessary resemblance of subject and treatover aid above what she heard out of them in our ment to the " Redeemed Captive," do not call family worship. I was made to wade over a small for separate notice. river, and so were all the English, the water above knee deep, the stream very swift; and after that to JON LEDERE travel up a small mountain; my strength was JOHN L almost spent, before I came to the top of it. No JO LEDERE, the first explorer of the Allesooner had I overcome the difficulty of that ascent, gaes, prepared an account of his Three but I was permitted to sit down, and be unburdened several Marches from Virginia to the west of of my pack. I s:at pitying those who were behind, Carolina and other parts of the continent, begunt and entreated my master to let me go down and in March, 1669, and ended in September, 1670.;* help my wife; but he refused, and would not let me in Latin, which was translated by Sir William stir from him. I asked each of the prisoners (as Talbot, and publi hed in 1672. The address to they passed by me) after her, and heard that, the reader, by Talbot, informs us, passing through the above-said river, she fell down, and was plunged over head and ears in the water- That a stranger should presume (though with Sir and was plunged over head and ears in the water; William Berkly's commission) to go into those parts after which she travelled not far, for at the foot of of th Americak continent whereo nglishmen nver that mountain, the cruel and blood-thirsty savage had been, arid wither some refused to acconpan who took her slew her with his hatchet at one hi, Viii oed o great an iis stroke, the tidings of which were very awful. Andl as so great a i yet such was the hird-hearted!es of the adversary, lence, that our traveller, at his return, instead of yet such was the hard-heartedaness of the adversary, wo' p e n b'ot and that my tears were reckoned to me as a reproach. welco and applause, met nothing but affronts and tMy loss tease rkloss of my c mildren ws gre; our I reproaches; for, indeed, it was their part that forMy loss and the loss of my children was geatprocu re ourdit hearts were so filled with sorrow, that nothing but sook him the expeition, to pocure him discredit the conifortanble hopes of her being takern away, ill that was a witness to theirs. Therefore no industry the comfortable hopes of her being taken away, in was wanting- to prepare men with a prejudice mercy to herself, from the evils we were to see fl, was anin to prepare men with a proved to such and suffer under, (and joined to the assembly of the aginst him, and this heir malice improved to s spirits of just men made perfect, to rest in peace, a general nimosity, that he was not safe in Virand joy unspeakable and full of glory, and the good gila from the outrage of the people, drawn into a pleasure of God thus to exercise us,) could have kept persuasion, that the public levy of that year went us from sinking under, at that time. That Scrip- all to the expense of his vagaries. Forced by this ture, Job i. 21, "Naked came I out of my mother's storm Maryland he became known to me, womb, aild naked shall I return thither: the Lord though then ill affected to the man, by the stories gave, and the Lord hath taken away; blessed be the that went about of him. Nevertheless, finding him, name of the Lord,"-was brought to my mind, and contrary to my expectation, a modest, ingenious perfrom it, that an afflicting God was to be glorified; son, and a pretty scholar, I thought it common juswith some other places of Scripture, to persuade tice to give him an occasion of vindicating himself a patient bearing nmy afflictions. from what I had heard of him; which truly he did, We were again called upon to march, with a far with so convincing reason and circumstance as quite henlvier burden on my spirits than on my back. I abolished those former impressions in me, and made he.tlvier burden on my spirits than on my back. I di t' of hi ravls begged of God to overrule, in his providence, that m the corpse of one so dear to me, and of one whose Lederer does not appear in either of his exspirit he had taken to dwell with him in glory, peditions to have penetrated further than, in his might meet with a Christian burial, and not be left for meat to thle fowls of the air and beasts of the for meat to the fowls of the air ard beasts of tohe * The Discoveries of John Lederer, in three several marches earth, a mercy that God graciously vouchsafed to from Virginia, to the west of Carolina, and other parts of the grant. For God put it into the hearts of my neigh- continent: begun in March 1669, and ended in September 1670. bols, to come out as far as she lay, to take up her Together with A general Map of the whole Territory which he trmaversed. Collected and Translated out of Latine, from his corpse, carry it to the town, and decently to bury it traveDiscourse and Writingsd by Sir William Talbot, Baronetm soon after. In our march they killed Londonprinted a sucking in- London: printed by J. C., for Samuel Heyrick, 1672. FRANCIS KNAPP. 77 own words, " to the top of the Apalatcean moun- Wesley, and a humorous preference of Rymer tains." His tract contains but twenty-seven over Dryden, while the author deprecates an quarto pages, a portion of which is filled with act of parliament which should restrain the race accounts of the Indians. His "Conjectures of of poetasters. the Land beyond the Apalatcean Mountains" are curious: I grant you, such a course as this might do To make them humbly treat of what they know, They are certainly in a great error, who imagine Not ventuling further than their brains will go. that the continent of North America is but eight or But what should I do then, for ever spoil'd ten days' journey over from the Atlantic to the In- Of this diversion which frail authors yield? dian ocean: which all reasonable men must acknow- I should no more on Dunton's counter meet, ledge, if they consider that Sir Francis Drake kept Bards that are deeply skill'd in rhyme and feet; a west-north-west course from Cape Mendocino to For I lam charm'd with easy nonsense more, California. Nevertheless, by what I gathered from Than all the wit that men of sense adore. the stranger Indians at Akenatzy, of their voyage With fear I view great Dryden's hallow'd page, by sea to the very mountains froml a far distant With fear I view it, and I read with raige. north-west country, I am brought over to their I'm all with fear, with grief, and love possest, opinion who think that the Indian ocean does Tears in my eyes, and anguish in my bleast, stretch an arm or bay from California into the con- While I with mournilig Anthony repine: tinent, as far as the Apalatcean mountains, answer- And all the hero's miseries are mine. able to the gulfs of Florida and Mexico on this side. If I read Edgar, then my soul's at peace, Yet I am far from believing with some, that such Lull'd in a lazy state of thoughtless ease. great and navigable rivers are to be found on the No passion's ruffled by the peaceful lay, other side of the Apalatoeans falling into the Indian No stream, no depth, to hurry me away; ocean, as those which run from them to the east- Rymer in both professions harmless proves, ward. M first reason is derived from the know- Nor wounds when critic, nor when poet moves. ledge and experience we already have of South America, whose Andes send the greatest rivers in The lines prefixed to Pope announce a man of the world (as the Amazon and the Rio de la Plata, wit and taste, by whose presence Watertown &c.) into the Atlantick, but none at all into the should have been the gainer. Pacifique Sea. Another argumelt is, that all our Hail, sacred Bard! a Muse unknown before waterfowl, which delight in lakes and rivers, as Slutes thee from the bleak Atlntic shore. swans, geese, ducks, &c., come over the mountains Toour drk world thy shining page is shown, from the lake of Canada, when it is frozen over And Windsor's gy retreat becones our own. every winter, to our fresh rivers: which they would The Eastern pomp had just bespoke our care, never do, could they find any on the other side of And India poured her gaudy treasures here: the Apalat~eans.* A various spoil adorned our naked land, The pride of Persia glittered on our strand, FRANCIS KNAPP. (And China's Earth was cast on common sand: FRANCIS KNAPP, the son of George Knapp, of Tossed up and down the glossy fragments lay, Chilton, in Berkshire, was born in the year 1672, And dressed the rocky shelves, and paved the painted and matriculated at St. John's college, Oxford(.t bay. His father, a captain in the British navy, coin- Thy treasures next arrived: and now we boast mnanded a ninety-gun ship on the American coast A nobler cargo on our barren coast: in the early part of the last century. The son From thy luxuriant Forest we receive came to America to take possession of some lands More lasting glories than the East can give. acquired by his grandfather at Watertown, near Where'er we dip in thy delightful page,. X >. Wh:,t pompous scenes our busy thoughts engage I Boston, where he passed the remainder of his The pompous scenes our busy thoghts engappea The pompous scenes in all their pride appear, life, engaged in the quiet pursuits of a scholar. Fresh n the page, as in the grove they were. He was a comlposer of music, and( the author of Nor half so true the fair Lodona shows a poetical Epistle to Mr. B., reprinted in J. The sylvan state that on her border grows, Nichols's "Select Collection of Poems, 1780," and While she the wandering shepherd entertains of a poetical address to Mr. Pope, on his Wind- With a new Windsor in her watery plains; sor Forest, dated June 7, 1715, which appears Thy juster lays the lucid wave surpass, among the commendatory poems prefixed to the The living scene is in the Muse's glass. first and subsequent editions of that poet's works. Nor sweeter notes the echoing forests cheer, It is claimed by Samuel L. Knapp, in his Ameri- When Philomela sits and warbles there, can Biography, as an Almerican production, but Than when you sing the greens and opening glades, in a note by William Roscoe to his edition of And give us Harmony as well as Shades: Pope, is said to have been written in Killala, A Titzn's hand might draw the grove, but you May ^'or T Ir el a. Can paint the grove. and add the music too. Mayo county, Ireland. The Epistle in Nichols is a well-penned satire In the New England Weekly Journal for June on the author tribe, with an ungenerous fling at 28, 1731, we have met with a poem, hitherto unnoticed, descriptive of Watertown, worthy of * "A Mapp of Virginia discovered to ye Hills," 1651, makes Kna spen-ofwhich thereader ayjudgeby the distance less than three hundred miles from the southern- a few passages, marking an early and true employ. most cape of Delaware to "the Sea of China, and the Indies." nent of American incidents: The author of "A Perfect Description of Virginia," sent from Virginia at the request of a gentleman of worthy note, who A NEW ENGLAND POND. desired to know the true state of Virginia as it now stands, reprinted in Vol. ix. of the Second Series Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., Of ancient streams presume no more to tell, has a similar opinion with Lederer as to rivers running west The fam'd Castalian or Pierian well. from the Alleganies. Account by John Penington, of Plan. Fresh-pond superior, must those rolls confess, T Wods ^Ath^ Ro' d.BisAFresh-pond superior must those rolls confess, taoenet's New Albion. Penn. Hist. Memoirs, Vol. iv. pt. 1 t Wood's Ath. Oxon., Ed. Bliss. As much as Cambridge yields to Rome or Greece; 78 CYCLOPtEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. More limpid water can no fountain show, Thy living lymph and fertile borders shown, A fairer bottom or a smoother brow; Thy various flocks the cover'd shore can shun, A painted world its peaceful gleam contains Drove by the fowler and the fatal gun. The heavenly arch, the bord'ring groves and plains: Thy shining roach and yellow bristly breme, Here in mock silver Cynthia seems to roll, The pick'rel, rav'nous monarch of the stream, And trusty pointers watch the frozen pole. The perch, whose back a ring of colours shows, Here sages might observe the wand'ring stars, The horny pout, who courts the slimy ooze, And rudest swains commence astrologers: The eel serpentine, some of dubious race, Along the brim the lovely plover stalks The tortoise with his golden spotted case; And to his visionary fellow talks: Thy hairy musk rat, whose perfume defies Amid the wave the vagrant blackbird sees, The balmy odour of Arabian skies; And tries to perch upon the imag'd trees; The throng of Harvard know thy pleasures well, On flying clouds the simple bullocks gaze Joys too extravagant, perhaps, to tell; Or vainly reach to crop the shad'wy grass; Hither ofttimes the learned tribe repair, From nei'bring hills the stately horse espies When Sol returning warms the glowing year. Himself a feeding and himself envies. Hither pursu'd by op'ning hounds the hare BENJAMIN COLMAN. Blesses himself to see a forest near, The waving shrubs he takes for real wood, BENJAMIN COLMAN was born in Boston, Oct. 19, And boldly plunges in the yielding flood. 1673. He entered " young and small" into the On this side willows hem the basin round, school of Ezekiel Cheever, by whom he was preThere graceful trees the promontory crown, pared for Harvard college, where he was graduated Whose mingled tufts and outspread arms compose in 1692. He began to preach in the following year A shade delighltful to the laurell'd brows; at Medford, near Boston, and in 1695, enmbrked Here mossy couches tempt to pleasing dreams for England. The mother country was then at The love-sick soul, and ease the weary limbs:- w d y No noxioussnakedispersepoison. he, ar with France, and the ship was attacked by a No noxious snake disperses poison here, French privateer. Mr. Colman took a gallant part Nor screams of night bird rend the twilight air. Fn privateer. Mr.Col antook l lnt at Excepting him who when the groves are still, in her defene, and as epo all the while on Hums am'rous tunes and whispers whip-poor-will, the quarter-deck, where four out of seven were To hear whose carol elves in circles trip, wounded, and one mortally. He was much praised And lovers' hearts within their bosoms leap, for his courage when the fight was over; but Whose savage notes the troubled mind amuse, though he charged and discharged like the rest, Banish despair, and hold the falling dews. yet he declared he was sensible of no courage, but No ghastly horrors conjure tho'ts of woe, of a great deal of fear, and when they had received Or dismal prospects to the fancy show. two or three broadsides, he wondered when his courage would come, as he had heard others talk.,BRDS AND FISHEr. BIRDS AND FIBHS. In short, he fought like a philosopher and a ChrisHither ye bards for inspiration come, tian."* The vessel was captured, and all on board Let every other fount but this be dumb. taken to France, where Mr. Colnan was for some Which way soe'er your airy genius leads, time imprisoned, until an exchange of prisoners Receive your model from these vocal shades between the two belligerents enabled him to visit TWouakd pon hfom tely pastoral excel, England, where he preached several tinies with eping quai great success, and gained the friendship of Bates, The chattering pye or ever babblingd ay. Calamy, Howe, and other leading dissenting minisThe chattering pye or ever babbling jay. The plaintive dove the soft love verse can teach, ters. He was urged to renmain in London, but in And mimic thrush to imitators preach. 1699 receiving a call from a number of leading In Pindar's strain the lark salutes the dawn, citizens of Boston, who had built the Brattle street The lyric robin chirps the evening on. church, to become their first minister, he accepted For poignant satire mind the mavis well, it, and consequently returned to Boston, where he And hear the sparrow for a madrigal. arrived "after a long eight weeks' sick passage," For ev'ry sense a pattern here you have, on the first of November. The congregation was From strains heroic down to humlble stave., formed in opposition to the Cambridge platform, Not Phoebus' self, altho' the God of verse, nd the remaining churches of Boston refused, Could hit such fine and entertaining airs; Could hit such fine ard entertaining airs; for some years, to hold communion with its minisNor the fair maids who round the fountain sate, for soe continued hoi connexion with itse conSuch artless heav'nly music modulate. ter.f He continued his connexion with the conSuch artless heav'nily music modulate. Each thicket seems a Paradise renew'd, gregation until his death in 1747, preaching to The soft vibrations fire the moving blood. them on the last Sunday of his life. He was held Each sense its part of sweet delusion shares, in great esteem as a pulpit orator, received the The scenes bewitch the eye, the sonig the ears. degree of D.D. from the University of Glasgow in Pregnant with scent each wind regales the smell, 1731, and a large number of his sermons were Like cooling sheets th' enwrapping breezes feel. published. In 1724 he was elected president of During the dark, if poets' eyes we trust, Harvard college, but declined the office. He waQ, These lawns are haunted by some swarthy ghost. however, a good friend to the institution, and Some Indian prince who, fond of former joys, also to Yale, procuring for both many donations With bow and quiver thro' the shadow plies; from his English as well as American friends. He can't in death his native grove forget, He was thrice married and left a numerous family. But leaves Elyziuni for his ancient seat. The Rev. Ebenezer Turell, who married his daughO happy pond, hadst thou in Grecia fow'd, ter in 1749, published a life of her father, from The bounteous blessing of some watry God,, Or had some Ovid sung this liquid rise, Distill'd, perhaps, from slighted Virgil's eyes. * Life by the Rev. Ebenezer Turell, p. 6. Well is thy worth in Indian story known, t Eliot's Biog. Diet. WILLIAM BYRD. 79 which the materials of this sketch have been de- I stood, that hour of joy and mirth: rived. It forms a quarto volume of over two I saw your thankful praises rise, hundred pages, and deserves high commendation And flow from pleased, uplifted eyes among American biographies. Dr. Colman wrote With raised devotion, one accord, a short poem, Elijah's Translation, on the death We gave the infant to its Lord. of the Rev. Samuel Willard, 1707, and a few oc- Ad think, Urnia, ere that day, casional verses and poetical epistles are preserved While the fair fruitin secret lay, in his life. He also wrote a tract in favor of in- Unseen, yet loved within the womb (Which also might have been its tomb) oculation for the small-pox, in 1721. How oft, before it blest your sight, How oft, before it blest your sight, ELIJAH'S ASCENSION. In secret prayers, with great delight, You did recognize Heaven's right.'Twas at high noon, the day serene and fair, You did recognize Heaven's right. Mountains of lum'nous clouds rolled in the air, Now stand by these blest acts, my friend; When on a sudden, from the radiant skies, Stand firmly by them to the end. Superior light flashed in Elisha's eyes; Now yous too rious ret th act; The heavens were cleft, and from th' imperial throne Too -u, too glorious to retract. A stream of glory, dazzling splendor shone:hik, dear Urania, how for thee, Beams of ten thousand suns shot round about,God gave his only S on to be The sun and every blazoned cloud went out: n offering on the cursed tree. Bright hosts of angels lined the heavenly way, Thilk, how the Son of God on earth Bright hosts (The spotless Virgin's blessed birth), To guard the saint up to eternal day. (The spotles Virgins blessed birth), Then down the steep descent, a chariot bright, Our lovely babes took up and blest, And steeds of fire, swift as the beams of light. And them high heirs of Heaven confest! Winged seraphs ready stood, bowed low to greet Thilk, how the blest of Woman stood, The favorite saint, and hand him to his seat.hile impious hands, to the cursed wood, Enthroned he sat, transformed with joys his mien, Nailed down her only Son nd God I Calm his gay soul, and like his face serene. ea hence, Urania, to be dumb! His eye and burning wishes to his God, Learn thou the praise that may become Forward he bowed, and on the triumph rode. Thy lighter grief, which Heven oes please Saluted, as he passed the heavenly cloud, To take such wondrous ways to ease. With shouts of joy, and hallelujahs loud. Adore the God who from thee takes Ten thousand thousand angel-trumpets sound, No more than what he gives and makes: And the vast realms of heaven all echoed round. And means in tenderest love the rode To serve to thy eternal good. TO URANIA ON THE DEATH OF HER FIRST AND ONLY CHILD. Why mourns my beauteous friend bereft? WILLIM BD Her Saviour and her heaven are left: Her lovely babe is there at rest, IN 1841, Edmund Ruffin, of Virginia, prepared In Jesus' arms embraced and blest. for the press and published a volume entitled Would you, Urania, wish it down The Westover Manuscripts.* It was the producFrom yqn bright Throne and shining.Crown? tion of a gentleman once much celebrated in To your cold arms and empty breast, the Old Dominion, whose story cannot be better Could Heaven indulge you the request; told for our purpose than in the distinguished Your bosom's neither warm nor fair, recital of the inscription upon the monument Comp red with Abraham's: leave it there. which covers his remains in the garden of his Be thel d hims elf but ear of the just, once splendid Estate of Westover, on the north Before the will of Gob a most high, bank of James River. " Here lieth the HonorAnd bid his darling Isaac die. iable William Byrd, Esq., being born to one of the When Heaven required in sacrifice amplest fortunes in this country, he was sent early The dear desire of his eyes; to England for his education; where, under the And more to prove his love commands care and direction of Sir Robert Southwell, and The offering from the Father's hands; ever favoured with his particular instructions, he See how th' illustrious parent yields, made a happy proficiency in polite and various And seeks Moriah's mournful fields. learning. By the means of the same noble friend, He bound his lovely only child he was introduced to the acquaintance of many For death; his soul serene and mild, of the first persons of that age for knowledge, He reached his hand, and grasped the knife, p He reached his hand, and grasped the knife, wit, virtue, birth, or high station, and particularly To gve up the demvoted life., my frcontracted a most intimate and bosom friendship And less thy faith shall recommend. y with the learned and illustrious Charles Boyle, All it requires is to resign, Earl of Orrery. He was called to the bar in the To Heaven's own act and make it thine, Middle Temple, studied for some time in the Low By silence under discipline. Countries, visited the court of France, and was The least we to our Maker owe! chosen Fellow of the Royal Society. Thus emiThe least, Urania, you did vow! nently fitted for the service and ornament of his The least that was your Saviour's claim, country, he was made receiver general of his maWhen o'er your babe his glorious Name jesty's revenues here, was thrice appointed public Was called in awful Baptism! Then agent to the court and ministry of England, and You gave it back to Heaven again. You freely owned that happy hour, * The Westover Manuscripts: containing the History of the Heaven's right, propriety, and power, Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina; a Journey The loan at pleasure to resume, to the Land of Eden, A.D. 1783; and a Progress to the Mines. And call the pretty stranger home. Written from 1728 to 1786, and now first published. By WilAnd call the pretty stran e. liam Byrd, of Westover. Petersburg: Printed by Edmund A witness likewise at its birth and Julian C. Ruffin. 1841. Large 8vo. pp. 148. 80 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. being thirty-seven years a member, at last became over the camp kettle at night. In the early parts president of the council of this colony. To all no little wit is expended upon the traditional this were added a great elegancy of taste and life, traits of character of the North Carolinians, who the well-bred gentleman and polite companion, fare no better in Byrd's hands than the Yankees the splendid economist and prudent father of a or the Dutchmen in the annals of Diedrich family, with the constant enemy of all exorbitant Knickerbocker. The inhabitants of the vicinity power, and hearty friend to the liberties of his of Coratuck inlet seem to have furnished some country. Nat. Mar. 28, 1674. Mort. Aug. 26, extraordinary specimens of humanity in those 1744. An. etat. 70." days-one in particular of a marooner whose sole The gentleman thus described, a man of plea- dress was his beard, and whose subsistence was sure and literature, at the age of fifty-four, set out " chiefly upon oysters, which his Iandmaid made with a select party, composed of two fellow Vir- a shift to gather from the adjacent rocks." To ginian commissioners, Richard Fitz-William and which he adds, "thus did these wretches live in William Dandridge; two surveyors, William a state of nature, and were mere Adamites, innoMayo, and the mathematical professor of William cence only excepted." The disputed ground of and Mary, Alexander Irvin; with the Reverend the boundary was then a. refuge for runaway Peter Fountain* as chaplain, and a party of seven- debtors, of whom we are told: " Nor were these teen woodmen and hunters, for the purpose of worthy B5orderers content to shelter runaway meeting a similar body of commis ioners of North slaves, but debtors and criminals have often met Carolina to draw the boundary line between the with the like indulgence. But if the government two states. There were two expeditions for this of North Carolina has encouraged this unneighpurpose, one in the spring, the other in the fall bouriy policy in order to increase their people, it of the year 1728. Col. Byrd conducted the Vir- is no more than what ancient Rome did before ginia party gallantly and safely through its perils them, which was made a city of refuge for all on what was then a tour of discovery, and-on his debtors and fugitives, and from that wretched return to his seat at Westover caused his notes beginning grew up in time to be mistress of a of the journey to be fairly copied, and revised great part of the world. And, considering how them with his own hand. As now printed they fortune delights in bringing great things out of form one of the most characteristic and entertain- small, who knows but Carolina may, one time or ing productions of the kind ever written. They other, come to be the seat of some other great have that sharp outline in description and fresh- empire?" ness of feeling in sentiment which marks the best As for religion, these careless settlers seem to Virginia tracts of Captain John Smith and his be quite without it, as recorded by Col. Byrd, fellows a century earlier; with a humor of a more on occasion of a Sunday service when part of his modern date derived from a good natural vein company were in the perils of the Dismal Swamp: and the stores of experience of a man acquainted " In these sad circumstances, the kindest thing with books, and of society in intimacy with what we could do for our suffering fiiends was to give was best in the old world and the new; and more- them a place in the Litany. Our chaplain, for over of that privileged license of fortune which his part, did his office, and rubbed us up with a permits a man to please others by first pleasing seasonable sermon. This was quite a new thing himself. Col. Byrd is a little free in his language to our brethren of North Carolina, who live in a at times, but that belongs to the race of hearty climate where no clergyman can breathe, any livers of his century. There are touches in the more than spiders in Ireland." Arriving at Journal worthy of Fielding; indeed it is quite in Edenton we are told: " I believe this is the only the vein of his exquisite Journey from London to metropolis in the Christian or Mahometan world, Lisbon. where there is neither church, chapel, mosque, The business of the expedition is narrated in synagogue, or any other place of public worship a clear, straightforward manner. It had its diffi- whatsoever. What little devotion there may culties in encounters with morasses, pocosons, and happen to be is much more private than their slashes, beginning with the Dismal Swamp; and vices. The people seem easy without a minister, there was occasionally a rainy day and sometimes as long as they are exempted from paying him. a prospect of short commons. But it was free from Sometimes the Society for propagating the Gosany serious disasters, and, at the worst, seems pel has had the charity to send over missionaries never to have overpowered the good humor of its to this country; but unfortunately the priest has leader; showing that however daintily he may been too lewd for the people, or, which oftener have been brought up, there is nothing like the happens, they are too lewd for the priest. For spirit of a gentleman and a scholar in encounter- these reasons these reverend gentlemen have aling hardships. A good portion of this pleasant ways left their flocks as arrant heathen as they narrative is taken up with accounts of the scenery, found them. Thus much however may be said for the Indians, and the large stock of game and the inhabitants of Edenton, that not a soul has "varmint" which gave employment to the hunters the least taint of hypocrisy, or superstition, acting of the party, and doubtless furnished the staple very frankly and above-board in all their excessof the highly-flavored stories of the "Manuscripts" es." There is also a hint for the Virginian clergy, which his friend Fountain could have stood in no * The son of the Rev. James Fontaine, a Huguenot refugee, need of: We christened two of our landlord's on the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, who settled in Ire- children which might have remained infidels all land and prepared an Autobiography for "the use of all his l nt we cid Cisii children,"which is printed with valuab!e illustrative matter in their ot we carried Chrstanty home the " Memoirs of a Huguenot Family," in a second edition, to his own door. The truth of it is, our neighNew York, 1853, by Ann Maury, one of his numerous descen- hours of North Carolina are not so zealous as to dants. The volume includes a sermon and several letters byor Carolina are not so zealous the clergyman of Westover. go much out of their way to procure this benefit WILLIAM BYRD. 81 for their children: otherwise, being so near Vir- them from starving. And to show that they are ginia, they might, without exceeding much not flesh-eaters by trade, they devour their prey trouble, make a journey to the next clergyman, very awkwardly. They do not kill it right out. upon so good an errand. And indeed should the and feast upon its blood and entrails, like other neighbouring ministers, once il two or three ravenous beasts, but having, after a fair pursuit, 3years, vouclhsat to take a turn amlrlong these gen- seized it with their paws, they begin first upon the tiles, to baptize them and their children, it would rump, aid so devour one collop after mother, till look a little apostolical, and they might hope to they coie to the vitals, the poor anial cryilg all the while, for several minutes together. However, be requited for it hereafter, if that be not thought in so doi, Bruin acts a little imprudently, because too long to tarry for their reward." The terms the dismal outcry of the hog alarms the leighbourof expression in these sentences show the ready hood, and it is odds but he pays the forfeit with his wit, and there is here and there a moderate life, before he can secure his retreat. But bears soon allowance for poetry in sight of the natural grow weary of this unnatural diet, and about Janu beauties of the country; when he speaks apolo- ary, when there is nothing to be gotten in the getically for marrying the vines to the trees, and woods, they retire into some cave or hollow tree, pitches the tent "on the western banks of the where they sleep away two or three months very Mayo for the pleasure of being lulled to sleep by comfortably. But then they quit their holes in the cascade,"~-when a churl would have taken March, when the fish begin to run up the rivers, on the other side. But he does not affect that kind which they are forced to keep Lent, till some fruit of writing, though the material for it is there, or berry comes in season. But bears are fondest of He is more inclined to such illustrations as this: chestnuts, which grow plentifully towards the 1"In this fine land, however, we met with no mountains, upon very large trees, where the soil IIn this he land, ho Iever, we mhappens to be rich. We were curious to know how water, till at the end of three miles we luckily it happened that many of the outward branches of came upon a crystal stream, which, like some those trees came to be broken off in that solitary lovers of conversation, discovered every thing place, and were inforned that the bears are so discommitted to its faithless bosom." His naming erect as not to trust their unwieldy bodies on the of places is by their fanciful characteristics, as smaller limbs of the tree, that would not bear their a "noisy impetuous stream" he calls Matri- weight; but after venturing as far as is safe, which mony Creek; one hill a Pimple and a larger they can judge to an inch, they bite off the end of elevation a Wart. He is a vivid describer of a the branch, which falling down, they are content to wild beast or an Indian. His description of the finish their repast upon the ground. In the same savage scalping makes the flesh creep:-" TIhose cautious manner they secure the acorns that grow that are killed of the enemy, or disabled, ty o he weaker limbs of the oak. Ard it Iust be scalp, that is, they cut the skin all around the loed that, in these instances, a bear carries instinct a great way, and acts more reasonably than head just below the hair, and then clapping their instinct a great way, and acts more relsony bly than feet to the poor mortal's shoulders, pull the scalp frail projects that will not bear them. off clean and carry it off in triumph." Of the frequent Natural History stories we may take The practical suggestions for the investigation that on Bruin, how he eats and is eaten. of the country are acute and valuable-nor Our Indian killed a bear, two years old, that was should his simple expressions of thankfulness to feasting on these grapes. He was very fat, as they God be forgotten. generally are in that season of the year. In the On the twenty-second day of November he fill, the flesh'of this apimal has a high relish, differ- closes the Diary with this satisfactory review of ent from that of other creatures, though inclining the affair nearest to that of pork, or rather of wild boar. A true woodsman prefers this sort of meat to that of Thus ended our second expedition, in which we the fattest venison, not only for the haut gout, but extended the line within the shadow of the Chariky also because the fat of it is well tasted, alnd never mountains, where we were obliged to set up our rises in the stomach. Another proof of the goodness pillars, like Hercules, and return home. We had of this meat is, that it is less apt to corrupt than any now, upon the whole, been out about sixteen weeks, other with which we are acquainted. As agreeable including going and returning, and had travelled at as such rich diet was to the men, yet we who were least six hundred miles, and no small part of that not accustomed to it, tasted it at first with some distance on foot. Below, towards the seaside, our sort of squeamishness, that animal being of the dog course lay through marshes, swamps, and great kind; though a little use soon reconciled us to this waters; and above, over steep hills, craggy rocks American venison. And that its being of the dog and thickets, hardly penetrable. Notwithstandii: g kind might give us the less disgust, we had the ex- this variety of hardships, we may say, without ample of that ancient and police people, the Chinese, vanity, that we faithfully obeyed the king's orders, who reckon dog's flesh too good for any under the and performed the business effectually, in which we quality of a mandarin. This beast is in truth a had the honour to be employed. Nor can we by very clean feeder, living, while the season lasts, any means reproach ourselves of having put the upon acorns, chestnuts and chinquapins, wild honey crown to any exorbitant expense in this difficult and wild grapes. They are naturally not carnivo- affair, the whole charge, from beginning to end, rous, unless hunger constrain them to it, after the amounting to no more than one thousand pounds. mast is all gore, and the product of the woods quite But let no one concerned in this painful expedition exhausted. They are not provident enough to lay complain of the scantiness of his pay, so long as his up any hoard, like the squirrels, nor can they, after majesty has been graciously pleased to add to our all, live very long upon licking their paws, as Sir reward the honour of his royal approbation, and to John Mandevil and some other travellers tell us, declare, notwithstanding the desertion of the Carobut are forced in the winter months to quit the lina commissioners, that the line by us run shall mountains, and visit the inhabitants. Their errand hereafter stand as the true boundary betwixt the is then to surprise a poor hog at a pinch to keep governments of Virginia and ~North Carolina. 11 82 CYCLOP1EDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATLRE. There are two other sketches of Old Virginia - E PRINTR T TTHE READER travel in the volume of the Westover Manuscripts; This version of Cicero's tract De Senectute wna — one of a Progress to the lines in the year made ten years since, by the honorable and learned 1732, and another in the following year of A Mr. Logan, of this city; undertaken partly for his Journey to the Land of Eden, which possess the own amusement (being then in his 60th year, which samne lpleRasant characteristics of adventure, per- is said to be nearly the age of the author when lhe sonal humnor alld local traits. wrote it), but principally for the entertainment of a and local trats,. neighbor, then in his grand climacteric; and the notes were drawn up solely on that neighbor's acJAMES LOGAN. count, who was not so well acquaiilted as himself JAMES LOGAN, the founder of the Loganian with the Roman history and laligu;ige; some other Libr:lry of Philadelphia, was a man of note in fiieads, however (amonlg whom I had the honor to his literuary and scientific accomplishments and be ranked), obtained copies of it in MS. And, as I writings. He was born in Ireland in 1674; wvas believed it to be in itself equal at least, if not far a goot sch!olar in the classics and matheltics in preferable to any other translation of the same piece extant in our lllgutige, besides the -advantage his youth, was for a while a teacher, then engaged i age, besid te vatage in busines, he e fell in ith Penn, an cae it has of so many valuable notes, which at the same in business, when he fell in with Penn, and camle time they clear up the text, are highly instructive over with himn to Americt as lis secretary in 1699. over with him to America as his secretary in 1699. and entertaining, I resolved to give it an impression, He rose to the dignities of Chief Justice and benig confident that the public would not unfavorPresident of the Council. lie continued the ably receive it. administration of Penn to the satisfaction of the A certain freed-man of Cicero's is reported to colony. As a testimony cf the respect in which have said of a medicinal well, discovered in his he was held by the Indians, the chief, Logan, time, wonderful for the virtue of its waters in restorcelebrated for his speech presented in Jefferson's ing sight to the aged, That it was a gift of the bounNotes on Virginia, was named after him. tiful Gods to nen, to the end that all smight now have the pleasure of reading his Master's works. As that ^. ^/?>'^Si,' well, if still in beiing, is at too great a distance for our J^^,^. f- Iuse, I have, gentle reader, as thou seest, prinlted this piece of Cicero's in a large and fair character, that those who begin to think on the subject of OLD AGE (which seldom happens till their sight is somewhat impaired by its:pproach), may not, in read-','^.' W i ing, by the pali small letters give to the eyes, feel the ple:isure of the minil in the least alliyed. I shall add to these few lines my hearty wish, that this first translation of a classic in this Western World,* may be followed with many others, performed with equal judgme:it aid success;.and be a happy omen, that Philadelphia shall become the seat of the Americanl muses. x>F-:,^~~ \^' This was reprinted in London in 1750, at Glasgow in 1751, and in 1778, with Franklin's name James Logan. falsely inscribed on the title-page. Buckminster In 1735, he cnommunica-ted to Peter Collinson, reviewed this translation at length in the Monthly of London, an account of his experilents on Anthology,t with his accustomed scholarship, and maize, with a view of investigating the sexual given it the pise of being tle best transladoctrine, which was printed in the Philosophllic-l tio previous to that of Mellnoth. The notes, Traisactions.* This was afterwvards enlarged biographical and narrative, are entertaining, and are taken froma te original classic w of aewhic and printed in a Latin essay at Leyden, in 1739, are taen fro the oriinal classic, of hic with the title EeperiZmerntc et lleletemata de Logan had a great store in his library. BuckPlantarum Generamtione and republished iin Lon- minster suggests that "from their general colnPlantarum Generatione and republished i Lon- Olexion, it would not be surprising if it should don, with an English translation, by Dr. Fother- be surprising if it s gill, in 1747. He also published at Amsterdamn, prove that Dr. Franllin hilnself hld occasionally in 1740, Epistola aH d Viarlo n Olasrdimsisrn Joan- inserted somle remarks. There is sometimles mnch newz Albertum Fabrici, an at L in ntness and aqlways great freedon in the reflex1541, Dernonstrcatioaes de aRadioram Lucis ions, which, perhaps, betra:y more of Pagan than lmi, Denonstrationes de Radiorum Lucis in P Superficies sphericas ab Axe incidentium a pr- of Christian philosophy.-I of Christian philosophy.'" Smaerio Fcis Abericratib o iiiibus. a Besides these writing-, Logan made A TransHe passed his old age in retirement, at his lationof Cato' Distic into English vere, which Hepassdhisodagen retire Iet a was printed at Philadelphia. lie left behind ]tim country seat named Stenton, near Germantown, ias Pllnted at Philadellhia. e left behind hi penning the translation of Cicero's De Senectute,. thicl e entitled, The to which he added extensive familiar notes. The atie of ana the may b dedaced from Nature; fr'agmnents of A4 Dissertation on the first edition, a very neat specimlen of printing,t Writing s of os A Def isertston on the was published by his fiiend Franklin in 1744, W n o s; A Defence of Aristotle and was publisehed by his friend Franklin in 1744 the Ancient Philosophers; Essays on Languages and the Antiquities of the British Isles; a trans* Mil'er's Retrospect, 1. 134. * It had been preceded by Sandys, in his translation of Ovid, t M. T. Cicero's Cato Major. or his Discourse of Old Age: ante, 1. with Explanatory Notes. Philadelphia: Printed and Sold by t V. 281. 340, 391. Memoirs by Mrs. Lee, 284. B Franklir. 1744. 4to. pp. 159. $ Monthly Anthology, v. 395. JAMES LOGAN. 83 lation of Maurocordatus 7tfpt xa91xovZv, and of benefactor to literature, that he is scarcely less Philo Judalus's Allegory of the Essean&s. illustrious than its munificent patrons of Italy; Like Franklin, Logan was a diligent correspon- his soul has certainly been admitted to the coindent with the learned scientific men of Europe. pany of the congenial spirits of a Cosino and Among his corre pondents, says Mr. Fisher, who Lorenzo of Medicis. The Greek and RoInIan speaks from acquaintance with his papers, were, authors, forgotten on their native banks of the "in this country, Cadwallader Colden, Governor Ilyssus and T'ier, delight, by the kindness ot a Burnet, and Colonel Hunter, the accomplished Logan, the votaries to learning on those of the fiiend of Swift t and in Europe, Collinson, Fother- Delaware."* gill, Meadl, Sir Ilans Sloane, Flamsteed, Jones the We take a single passage, characteristic of our mathematician, father of the celebrated Sir Wil- philosopher's pursuits, fromn his translation ot liam Jones, Fabricius, Gronovius, and Linnaeus; Cicero:the last of whomn gave the name of Logan to a class in botany." THE INTELLECTUAL DELIGHT OF AGE. Logan was a man of general reading in the an- For how solid, how sincere, think you, must that cient and modern languages, and llad formed for pleasure be to the min:d, when, after it has happily himself a valuable library. lie was lmaking pro- worked thio ogh the rufflii g tides of those uneasy vision, at the time of his death, which occurred passio;,s, lust, amlbition, emulation, contention, and Octoler 31, 1751, to establish this collection of every stron g inpet;i.us desire, it filds itself arrived books as a permanent institution, and confer it t its harbor, ard like a veteran discharged froin upon the city, and had erected a building for the the fatigues of war, got home, and retired within purpose. iIs heirs liberally ca:rried out his inten- itself ilto a st:te of tranquillity But if it has the.tions and founded the Logunian Lil rary at PhiT- fifurther advantage of literature and science, and can tionlln found isted at first of more thant Phi- by that means feed o,, or divert itself with some ladelplina. It consisted at first of more than two adepiia. volue whic Loga bad col useful or,amusing study, no condition can be imathousand volumes which Logan had collected, gined more happy tlln such calm enjoymel.ts, in chiefly Greek and Latin classics, and books in the the leisure aid quiet of old age. How warm did we modern languages of the European continent. A see Gallus, your father's intimate friend, Scipio, in large collection of books was afterwards be- pursuit of his astronomincal studies to the last I queathed by Doctor William Logan, a younger How often did the rising sun surprise him, fixed on brother of the founder, who w; s for some time a calcul;itin lie began over night? Ai.d how often librarian. The library remained unopened for the evening, on what he had begun in the morning? some time after the Revolution, when the legis- What a vast plea;sure did it give him, when he lature of Pennsylvania, in 1792, annexed it to the could foretell to us, when we should see the sun or library compasny established by Franklin and his moon in an eclipse? And how many others have associates. It then contained nearly four thou- we known in their old age cdllghtlng thenselves in sand volumes. The collection has been kept other studies? whlch, though of less depth than It received a handsome accession of five those of G:llus, yet must be allowed to be in themseparqte. It receivedl a handsomle accession of five o endble How leased.. selvep it ger ious ar:d comnmendable? How pleased thousand volumes, by the beqne4t of Williamlln wsas gevis wth his poeis of the Punic walr AId^ Mackenzie, a Philcadelphian, in 1828. how Plautus, with his Truculentus an.d Pseudolus? Joln Davis, in his Travels in America, speaks I remember even old Livius, who had his first of his visit to the Loganian Library in 1798, in dramatic piece acted six years before I was born, in terms which remind us of tle corresponding com- the cosulship of Cento and Tudita::us, and conplimlent to Roscoe and the Liverpool Athenleum tinued his complositio:.s till I was grown up towards in the Sketch Book. " I contemplated with the state of mainhood. What r:eed I mention reverence the portrait of James Logan, which Licinius Crassus's studies in the po:.tifical and civil grlces the roomlll — agnum et vcenerabile nomen. law? Or those of Publius Scipio, now lately made I could not repress lliy esxclnamations. As I anm supreme pontiff? A: d all these I have seen, not only a stranger, said I, in this country, I affect no oly diverti g thenselves in old age, but eagerly enthusialsm on beholding the statues of her Gene- pu ig the s^eal studies they afecte. \ith rals ald Statesnlen. I hae left a chulch filled what unwearied diligence did we behold Marcus rals and Statesmen. I have left a church filled Cethegus, whom Enius justly eiough called the with them on the shore of Albion that have a hom Enius utl eogh called the h soul of persuasion, applyirg himself at a great age prior claim to such feeling. But I here behold t oratory,and the practice of pleading? Upon all the portrait of a man whom I consider so great a which let me ask you, whnt gratifications of sense, __what voluptuous enjoymen:ts in feastiig, wine, women, or plity, and the like, are to be compared * A Sketch of Logn's Career, bin with those n,oble eintertainments? Those pure and Sparks's Lit'e of Franklin, vii. 24-27. A volume of Memoirs of Logan, by W. Armistead, was published in London in 1t52. serene pleasures of the mind, the rational fruits of 12mo. pp. 192. k owledge a: d learnirg, that grafted on a good t When Swift was in London in 17C8 and'9, "there was," natural disposition, cultivated by a lberal educasays Sir Walter Scott in his memoirs of that personlage, "a to, and traied p i p nce d irte, are so lan sugested, perhaps b Col. Hunter, governor of Virinia,, and traed p i pdence a irte, are so to send out Dr. Swift as bishop of that province, to exercise a far from beirg palled 1;i old age, that they rather sort of metropolitan authority over the colonial clergy." Vol. continually improve, and g:ow on the possessor. i. of works, 9S. He was appointed Governor of Virginia in t, thef t eprein f 17G8, and was taken by the French on his voyage thither. xcelle.t, therefore, was that expression of Solon, There is an amusing letter of Swift's to Hunter, in Paris. dated which I mentio.ed before, when he said, that daily January 12, 17(8-9. Colonel Hunter arrived in America:s learning sonethinq, he grew old: for the pleasures Governor of New York in 1710. In 1719 he returned to Eng- isi fro n land, and on the accession of George II. was continued Gover-u a urse, namel, ose t nor of New York and the Jerseys. He obtained, on account mi d, must be allowed incomparably to exceed all of his health, the government of Jamaica, where he died in others, 1734. lHe was the author,f a celebrated " Letter on Enthusiasm." ascl ibed to Swift; and a farce, entitled A ndroboros, has been attributed to him. Nichols's Lit. Anecdotesof 1bth Century, vi. S9. 90. Reed's Biog. Dram. i. 25i. Bancroft, iii. 64. * Travols, 40, 84 CYCLOP^EDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. ROGER WOLCOTT. Nor the softest bed of down, ROGER WOLCOTT wai3 born at Windsor on., Connor the jewels of a crown, Jan. 4, 1679. Owing to the unsettled state of the Can give unto the mind a power country, and the constant incursions of Indians, To bear its twinges half an hour. it was impossible to maintain a school or clergy- Whe God's iron justice once i. t ws i. ssSeizeth on the conscience, man at that time in the little town, and Wolcott n n e e e, And in fearful, ample wise, was consequently deprived of the advantages of Lays before the sinners eyes ealy education. At the age of twelve he wa His life's horrible transgressions, apprenticed to a mechanic. On becoming his Intheir dreadful aggravations; own master, at twenty-one, he was enabled to And then for his greater aw, In most ample forms doth draw All the curses of his law; Then the worm begins to knaw, \ LCo^ ^ 6 ^7Doth the very soul devour, Yet it nothing doth suffice; _^^~b~ ^''~ ~~Oh! this worm that never dieseftarblish himself on the banks of the Coanecti- Oh the multitude of thought Into which the sinmer's brought; cut, where, by diligence and frugality, he suc~~~~~~~~~cut, 0slre b ca tnf3uLookiiig up, lie sees God's power, ceeded in acquiring a competence. In 1711 he Through his angry face doth lour; was appointed a commissary of the forces of thend bath for his ruin join'd colony in the attack on Canada, and he bore the Ten thousand chariots in the wind commission of major-general at the capture of All prepar'd to glorify Louisbourg, in 1745. He was also prominent in The strong arm of the Most High, the civil service of the colony, and after passing By inflictilg punishments through various judicial and political grades of Equal to his vengeance. office, was chosen governor from 1751 to 1754. Looking down, he amply seeth He died May 17, 1767, at the advanced age of 88. Hell rowling in her flames beneath; He wrote A Brief Account of the Agency of the Enlarg'd to take his soul into Honorable John Winthrop, Esq., in the Caurt of Its deep caverns full of wo: King Charles the Second, Anno Dom. 1662, when Now the sinner' apprehension he obtaired a Charterfor the Colony of Connec- Stretcheth large s hell's densions, tikut, a narrative and descriptive poem of 1500 A nd doth comprehenie lines, which has been printed in the Collections of The most extreme and vexig sense the Maassachusetts Historical Society, and a small Fasteneth on the conscience. volume of verse, in 1725, entitled, Poetical iedi- Fill'd with deepest agony, tations, being the improvement of some Vacant He maketh this soliloquy: Hours.* It is prefaced by a rambling dissertation, View those torments most extreme, chiefly on titles to land, by the Reverend Mr. See this torrid liquid stream, Bulkley, of Colchester, in which he expresses the In the which my soul must fry opinion, that "the darling principle of many, viz. Ever, and yet never dy. that native rightt i3 the only valuable title to any When a thousand years are gone, lands in the country, is absurd and foolish, and There's ten thousand coming on; may with reason be look't upon as one of our And whe thes e overworn 7ltidissertation fillm * s fifty-six There's a million to be born, vulgar errors." This dissertation fills fifty-six ula errors. Thi' Yet they are not comprehended, pages, the poems which it preludes occupying but For they never shall eded For they never shall be ended. seventy-eight, and these are flanked at the close by the advertisement of Joseph Dewey, clothier, Now despair by representing who, "having been something at charge in pro- Eternity fill'd with tormenting, moting the publishing the foregoing meditations," By anticipation brings takes the liberty to advertise his country people eternal sufferings touching certain rules which ought to be observed Every moment up at once Zn Into actual sufferance. in the making and workirrng of cloth actual sufferance. Z 5 ai a kig cobThus those pains that are to come, Wolcott's verses are rude, but possess some Ten thosand ages further down, force. The lines we give are one of the briefet Evely moment must be born of his' Meditations:" Whilst eternity is worn. Proverbs sxvf. 144 -Every moment that doth come, Proverbs P xvfiTO 14. Such torments brings; as if the sum A WOUNDED SPIRIT, WHO CAN BEAR? Of all God's anger now were pressing. Money answers everything For all in which I liv'd transgressing. But a Guilty Conscience sting, Yet the next succeeding hour, Whose immortal torments are Holdeth forth his equal power; Quite insupportable to bear. And, succeeding with it, brings Nor the silver of Peru, Up the sum of sufferings. Nor the wealth the East do shew, Yet they are not comprehended,.___________________________.For they never shall be ended. * Poetical Meditations, being the improvement of some For God Himself, He is but one, Vacant Holrs, by Roger Wolcott, Esq., with a preface by the Without least variation Reverend M-. Bulklev. of Colchester. New London: printed T i, ito and sold by T. Green: 1725. Just what He was, is, 18 to coe, t That of:the aborigioes, Always entirelv the same. CADWALLADER COLDEN. 85 Possessing'His Eternity Colden, of Dunse, Scotland, where he was born Without succession instantly, February 17, 1688. He was prepared, by the priWith whom the like proportion bears, vate instructions of his father, for the University One day as doth a thousand years. of Edinburgh, where he was graduated in 1705. He makes the prison and the chain, He devoted the three following years to medical He is the author of my pain. and mathematical studies, when he emigrated to Twas unto Him I made offence, Pennsylvania and practised physic with great'Tis He that takes the recompence,'Tis He that takes the recompe, success in Philadelphia until 1715. At that time'Tis His design,'my misery Himself alone shall gloriify he visited London, and there became acquainted Therefore must some proportion bear with Halley, the astronomer, who was so well With Him whose glory they declare. pleased with a paper on Animal Secretions, And so they shall, being day and night written by Colden some years before, that he read Unchangeable and infinite. it before the Royal Society, by whom the production was received with equal favor. In 1716 These very meditations are he returned to America, having in the meanQuite unsupportable to bear: The fire f within my conscience time married in Scotland a young lady of the. Is grown so fervent and intense na of Christie. I cannot long its force endure, He settled in New York in 1718, where he But rather shall my end procure; soon abandoned his profession for the service of Griesly death's pale image lies the State, filling in succession the offices of surOn my ghastly, piercing eyes. veyor-general of the province, master in chancery, My hands, made foi my life's defence, member of the council, and lieutenant-governor. Are ready to do violence In 1756 he removed with his family to a tract of Unto my life: And send me hence, land on the Hudson, near Newburgh, which he Unto that awful residence. named Coldenham. He was appointed lieutenantTher t e to be fill'd with that despair, governor of the province in 1760, and retained Of which the incipations are, the office until his death, September 21, 1776, A wounded spirit none can bear. having been several times called upon to act as But, oh! my soul, think once again. governor in consequence of the death or retireThat there is for this burning pain, ment of various occupants of the office. One only medicine Soveraign. Christ's blood will fetch out all this fire, If that God's Spirit be the applyer. Oh! then my soul, when grief abounds, Shroud thyself within these wounds; And that thou there may'st be secure,,/S A f' Be purified as he is pure. And oh! my God, let me behold Thy Son, Impurpled in his crucifixion, With such an eye of faith that may from thence, Derive from Him a gracioulinfluence, To cure my sin and wounded conscience. There, there alone, is healing to be had: Oh! let me have that Balm of Gilead. CADWALLADER COLDEN. CADWALLADER GOLDEN, who heads with honor the ranks of the authors of the State of New York,' -' unless we except the previous compositions in the r/' \ o Dutch language, the political tract of Van der Donck, the satire of the Breeden Raedt, and an account of the Maquaas Indians, in Latin, by Megapolensis,* was the son of the Rev. Alexander * Adrian Van der Donck, a graduate of the IUniversity of Collections, 1841. It contains an account of the rural products, Leyden, was appointed by the patroon of ensselaerwick sheriff animals, and inhabitants of the Colony. The date of the filst of his colony, and came to New Netherlands in 1642. In 1648 edition is unknown. The second appeared at Amsterdam in we find a grant of land made to him as Yonker Van der Donck, 1656, by Evert Nieuwenhof, who introduces the work with a at Yonkers on the Hudson, Yonker being the usual title of poetical preface. The Breeden-Raedt (Broad Advice to the gentleman. His name appears as one of the eleven signers of United Netherland Provinces, by J. A., G. W. C., Antwerp, a tract of fifty pages quarto, published at the Hague in 1650, 1649), is a coarse but to some extent amusing satire, growing entitled, Vertooglh vani NNiuw Nederlandt; Representation out of the disaffection to the Colonial Government. The Rev. from New Netherland, concerning the situation, fruitfulness, Johannes Megapolensis, the "Dominie" of the colony of Rensand poor condition of the same. It is addressed to the West selaerwick, where he officiated from his arrival in New NetherIndia Company as a petition for changes in the government of lands August, 1642, wrote in 1644, and published in 1651, a Kieft and Stuyvesant. It has been translated by Mr. Henry tract on the Maquaas Indians,-a translation of which was pubC. Murphy for the New York Historical Society, and pub- lished in Hazard's Historical Collections (Phila. 1792), vol. i. lished by them and also by Mr. James Lenox of this city, in p. 51T, where it occupies eight quarto pages. Megapolensis s a quarto edition for private circulation. In consequence activity as a missionary among the Ind;ans furnished of its attacks on the government Van der Donck was denied him with excellent opportunities for observing their pecuaccess to the colonial records during the preparation of his liarities. In 1649 he became pastor of the Church of New Description of New Netherlands, a work the translation of Amsterdam. His name appears frequently in the city anans which occupies 1C6 pages of the New York Historical Society's down to the time of the surrender to the English. 86 CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. Golden was the author of the History of the In the correspondence of Jefferson there is a Five Indian Nations.* The object of this work letter, in which, writing toFrancis Hopkinson, he wvas to call attention to the importance of Indian says, " Many years ago Cadwallader Colden wrote aff-irs in reference to commerce. It contains a a very small pamphlet on the subjects of attracbrief history of the intercourse between the tion and impulsion, a copy of which he sent to aborigines and the Europeans from the settlement Monsieur de Buffon. He was so charmed with of the country to the period of its publication in it, that he put it into the hands of a friend to 1727. It was reprinted at London in 1747, with translate it, who lost it.. It has ever since the addition of a number of treaties and other weighed on his mind, and he has made repeated documents, and the remarkable transfer by the trials to have;t found in England."* London publisher of the dedication from Governor The unpublished Colden Papers,t embracing a Burnet to General Oglethorpe,t a liberty at which large Correspondence and a number of treatises Colden was justly indignant. A third edition, in and notes on historical and philosophical topics, two neat 12ml). volumes, appeared at London in now form part of the valuable manuscript Collec1755 He also) wrote a philosophical treatise, tions of the New York Historical Society. The published in 1751, entitled, The Principles of value of these papers as records of the anteAction in Maftter. He printed in 1742, a tract revolutionary period has been tested by Mr. Banon a fever which had recently ravaged the city croft, who acknowledges his indebtedness to this of New York, in which he showed how greatly source in the preface to the sixth volune of his the deadly effects of disease were enhanced by History. filth, staognation, and foul air, pointing out those portions of the city which most needed purifica- THOMAS PRINCE. tion. The corporation voted him their thanks, and carried out many of his sanitary suggestions THOMAS PRINcE, a grandson of John Prince, of with goal effect. Colden took a great interest Hull, who emigrated to America in 1633, was in the study of botany, and was the first to intro- ducle the Linnaaan system in America, a few r Y v-c q - months afcer its publication in Europe. His months after its publication in Enrope. His born in Sandwich, Massachusetts, May 15, 1687. acquaintance with Kalm, the Swedish traveller, a rn In Sandwich, Massachusetts, May 15, 1687. pup)il of the great naturalist, may have aided him II duated at Ilrvard in 1707, and in 1709 in the prosecution of his inuiries. His essay visited Europe, and preached for several years at in the prosecution of his inquiries. His essay On the Virtues of the Great WVater Dock led to (ob3 in Suffolk. He as urged toremain a corre3pondence with Linnaeus, who included an longer, but returned to Boston in July, 1717, and account of between three and four hundred was ordained pastor of the Old South Church, as American plants, furnished by Colden, and about colleague of his class-mate, Dr. Sewall, October, two hundred of vwhich were described for the 1718, where he remained until his death, October first time in the Acta Upsala, and afterwards 221758. bestowed the name of Coldenia on a plant of the Ie commenced in 1703, and continued during tetrandrous class, in honor of his American his life, to collect documents relating to the disciple. Golden maintained an active corres- history of New England. He left the valuable pondence from the year 1710 to the close of collection of manuscripts thus formed, to the care his life, with the leading scientific mnen of of the Old Soutl Church. They were deposited Europe and America. Franklin was among the in an apartment in the tower, which also conmost constant as well as celebrated of these tamed a valuable library of the ritings of the correspondents, and it was to this friend that ealy Ne England Divines, formed by Mr. Colden communicated one of his most valu- Prince, where they remained until the manuscripts able inventions, that of the art of stereotyp- were destroyed by the British, during their ocing. The letter is dated October, 1743. It is cupation of the city in the revolutionary war. probable that Franklin may have conversed on The books were preserved, and are now deposited the sulject in France, and that thus the hint of in the library of the Massachusetts Historical the process was communicated to the German, Society. Mr. Prince was the author of a Chronological Herhan, who in the commencement of the pre- r -e anthe r of a Chronologic sent century carried it into successful practice istory of Neo England, in theform of annals in Paris, and obtained the credit of being its the firt volue of which was published in a originator. duodecimo form in 1736, and two numbers of the second in 1755. He unfortunately comninenced with an epitome of history from the * The History of the Five Indian Nations of Canada, which ened ith an epitome of history from the are dependent on the Province of New York in America, and creation, on whlch he bestowed much time, which are the Barrier between the English and the French in that might have been better employed on his specific part of the world, with particular accounts of their religion, objet, that of presenting a brief nrr of manners, customs, laws, and forms of government; their object, hat of presenting a brief narrative of several battles and treaties with the European nations; their occurrences in New England, from 1602 to 1730. wars with other Indians; and a true account of the present Hi work unfortunately does not come down later state of our trade with them. In which are shewn the great Advantage of their Trade and Alliance to the British nation, than the year 1633. and the Intrigues and attempts of the French to engage them from us; a subject nearly concerning all our American Plantations, and highly meriting the attention of the British nation History of the Five Nations. You will perceive that Osborne at this juncture. To which arc added, Accounts of the several to puff up the book, has inserted the charters, &c., of this other Nations of Indians in North America, their numbers, province, all under the title of' The History of the Five strength, &c., and the Treaties which have been lately made Nations.' "-Sparks's Franklin, vii. 18. with them. 8rd edit., London, 1755. * Jefferson's Works, i. 392. t Rich. Bibl. Amer. The additions seem also to have been t Biographical Sketches of Co'den by J. W. Francis.-Am. without the author's sanction. "I send you herewith," Frank- Med. & Philos. Reg., Jan. 1811. Redfield's Family Magazine, 1m w'ites to Golden fiom Philadelphia, Oct. I, 1747, "The 1888, v. 884. O'Callaghan's Doc. Hist. N Y., 4to. iii. 495.' WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE. 87 He also prepared, in 1727, an account of the In 1692, a charter was obtained from the English Ministers at Martha's Vineyard, which Governinent in England, through the agency of was annexed to Mayhew's Indian Converts, and the Rev. Jalnei Blair, and the assistance of published a large number of funeral and other Nicholson, the lieut.-governor of the colony.* sermons. He was pronounced by Dr. Chauncy The new institution took its name from the royal the most learned scholar, with the exception of grantors, who appropriated funds, land, and a Cotton Mather, in New England, and maintaine(l revenue duty on tobacco for its support. Builda high reputation as a preacher, and as a devout ings were erected, and Blair became its president. and amiable man. Six of his manuscript sermons The first building erected at Williamnlburgh was were published after his death, by Dr. John burnt in 1705. By the bounty of Queen Anne, Erskine, of Edinburgh. and the assistance of the House of Burgesses, and the exertions of Governor Spot;wood, it was not WILLI}AM AND MARY COLLEGE. lon g after restored. In the square in front of a e p i this building still stands, in a mutilated condition, AT an early period in the settlement of Virginia thouh with evidence of its old elegance, a statue vwere imade to establish an institution of though with evidence of its old elegance, a statue attempts were lde to establish n institution o of Lord Botetourt, ordered by the colony, in learning. In 1619, the treasurer of the Virginia 1771, in gratitude for his admniatration of the company, Sir Edmund Sandys, received from an government unknown hand five hundred pounds, to be applied by the company to the education of a cer- tain number of Indian youths in the English language and in the Christian religion. Other _ sums of money were also procured, and there was _ —a prospect of being able to raise four or five thousand pounds for the endowment of a college. The king favored the design, and recolr gl mended to the bishops to have collections made in their dioceses, and some fifteen hundred pounds fi were gathered on this recommendation. The college waas designed for the instruction of English as well as Indian youths. The Company appro- ^g priated ten thousand acres of land to this purpose t o o at lIenlrico, on the Janres river, a little below the present site of Richmond. The p:lan of the col- William and Mary College. lege was to place tenants at halves on these lands, and to derive its income from the profits. In 1718, a thousand pounds ere granted to One hundred tenants was the numiber fixed upon, a One hundred tenants was the number fixed upon, the college for the support (as the grant runs) of and they calculated the profits of each at five as many ingenious scholars as they should see fit. pounds. George Thorpe was sent out with fifty A part of this was laid out for the Nottoway tenants, to act as deputy for the management of estate, out of the income of which several the college property; and the Rev. Mr. Copeland, scolrs ere suppo who ere designated to be president of the college as soon as it should s i 1 ier o the be organized. Mr. Thorpe w ent out in 1621, but grant supported the Assembly scholaship. had hardly commenced operations when, with Robert Bole, the philosopher, who died in nearly all his tenants, he was slain by the Indins 1691 left his whole estate, after his debts and in hthe A et Moassacre of 1622, and the fproject of legacies should be disposed of by his executors, s college lvas abandon ed.* et o for such pious uses as in their discretion they The early Aerican colleges grew out of the reli- should think fit, but recommended that it should gious feeling; of the country, and the necessity of be expended for the advancelent of the Christian a provision for a body of educated clergy. We eligon The eecutors who were the Earl of have seen this at H:arvard, and it was the preva- Blrinn, Sr Ienry Ashurst, and John Mnrr, lent motive for a lon time at Yale. In the act aid out,400 for the purchase of the property of the Assembly of Virginia, in 1600, previous known as the Brafferton estate, the yearly rent to the foundation of William and BMrary, expresfs allusion is Inade to the supply of the ministry nd pagtin the Gospel ong ifidel" Of this promotion of piety, and the lack of able and faiith- income, ~90 xas appropriated to New Englandful clergy. The attempt at this time to found a college failed firom the royal governor's discou- "23. The same course is taken here, for instructing the ragehnent to the enterpise. It was the state people, as there is in England: Out of towns every man inra~elnent to the enterprise. It was the state structs his own children according to his own ability. We policy. In his Ansxvers to Questions put by the have forty-eight parishes, and our min;isters are well paid, and Lords of Plantnatiomis in 1671, Sir Williammi Berlkeley by my consent should be better, if they wou'd pray oftener, ad preach less. But as of all other commodities, so of this, " thanks God that there are no free schools nor the worst are sent us, and we have few that we can boast of, printing' in the colony, and hopes "there will not since the persecution in Cromwell's tyranny drove divers worthy men hither. Yet. I thank God, there are no free be-these hundred years.'t schools nor printing; and I hope we shall not have these hundred years. For learning has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects, into the world, and printing has divulged * Stith's Hist. of Va. 162. them and libels against the best government; God keep us t Answers of Sir William Berkeley to the inquiries of the from bothI Lords of the Committee of C lolies. From Virg. Pap. 75 B. "WILLIAM BERKELEY. p. 4. Printed in Chalmers's Political Annals, p. 828, par- "'IRnxNTA, 25 June, 16T71" graph 2:3;- * Beverley, Hist. Va 88. 88 CYCLOP1EDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. one half for the support of two missionaries Long has the furious priest assayed in vain, among the Indians, and the other to be given "to With sword and faggot, infidels to gain, the President and Fellows of Harvard College for But now the milder soldier wisely tries the salaries of two ministers to teach the said By gentler methods to unveil their eyes. natives, in or near the said college, the Christian Wn ders art, he k'tel ei te religion." The remainder of the income of the fix'd preventiors of misguided age. r,^~~~~~~~~~. ^^ ^11 With fairer hopes he forms the Indian youth estate was given to the College of William and fairel h opes he forms the Ind uthy Mary, on condition of supporting one Indian ers, probity and tuth. The lion's whelp thus, on the Lybian shore, scholar for every fourteen pounds received. A Is tamed and getle by e atful Moor house was built for this purpose on the grounds Not the grim sire, inured to blood before.* at Willianlsburgh, as a school for Indian boys and their master, which still bears upon it the date The old story of the fading race, and pretty of 1723. It was called, after the estate, Braffer- much the same whether related by South Ameriton-the title of the incumbent was Master of the can Jesuits, Virginia cavaliers, or New England Indian School. The experience with the Indians zealots. Philip Freneau has pointed the moral in of the south does not appear to have varied his poeml of the Indian Student, who, much from that of Eliot and his friends in the d s Viril by north. Indians, however, were taught in it as To wander with his drer bow. late as 1774. Iugh Jones, the chaplain of the Assembly, who was also mathematical professor Though little good may have been effected for the at the college, in his volume entitled, "The Pre- Indiana, the scleme may have brought with it sent State of Virginia," says of this attempt- incidental benefit. The instruction of the Indian "The young Indians, procured froln the tribu- was the romance of educational effort, and acted tary or foreign nations with much difficulty, were in enlisting benefactors much as favorite but imformerly boarded and lodged in the town, where practicable foreign missions have done at a later abundance of them used to die, either through day. It was a plan of a kindred character with sickne s, change of provision and way of life; this in Virginia which first engaged the benevoor, as some will have it, often for want of pro- lent and philosophic Berkeley in his eminent per: necessaries and due care taken with them. services to the American colleges. One of these Those of them that have escaped well, and been institutions, Dartmouth, grew out of such a fountaught to read and write, have, for the most part, dation. returned to their home, some with and some The first organization of the college was under without baptism, where they follow their own a body of Visitors, a President, and six Professavage customs and heathenish rites. A few of sors. The Visitors had power to make laws for them have lived as servants among the Eng- the government of the college, to appoint the lish, or loitered and idled away their time in professors and president, and fix the amount of lazine;s and mischief. But'tis a great pity that their salaries. The Corporation was entitled The more care is not taken about them after they President and Master, or Professors of William and are dismissed from school. They have admirable Mary College. There were two Divinity Professorcapacities when their humors and temperJ are ships-one of Greek and Latin, one of Mathemaperfectly understood."* tics, one of Moral Philosophy, and Boyle's Indian Colonel William Byrd, in 1728, laments the professorship was a sixth. The college had a "bad success Mr. Boyle's charity has hitherto had representative in the General Assembly. In its towards converting any of these poor heathens to early hi.tory it was a subject of complaint that it Christianity. Many children of our neighboring was too much a school for children, the rudiments Indians have been brought up in the college of of Latin and Greek being taught there. The old William and Mary. They have been taught to colonial administration lent its picturesque dignity read and write, and have been carefully instructed to the college. As. a quit-rent for the land in the principles of the Christian religion till they granted by the Crown, two copies of Latin verses o.;le to be men. Yet, after they returned home, were every year presented to the Royal Governor. instead of civilizing and converting the rest, This vas done sometimes with great ceremony, the they have immnediately relapsed into infidelity students and professors marching in procession to and barbarism themselves." Of the etffrts of the palace, and formally delivering the lines. At Colonel Spotsw\vo)d in this behalf, Byrd preserves the Revolution, the endowments of the college unthe following epigramn:- derwent great changes. The war put an end to the colonial revenue taxes for the college support; the * P. 92. The whnle title of this work sufficiently describes Brafferton fund in England disappeared; and its contents:-The Present State of Virginia: giving a partice- after the peace the loss of the old Church and lar and short account of th3 Indim, English, and Negro inha- mar and short accoimult of th3 mdi n, Englmsh, and Negro inha- State feeling was shown in an act of the visitors bitants of that colony. Shawilg their Religion, Manners,g wa shown n an act the isitors Government, Trade, Way of Living, &c., with a description of aboli hing the two Divinity Professor hips, and the Country, from whence is inferred a short Vliw of Mary- substittin ther for the. On the breking substitutin^g otlhers for them. On the breaking land and North Carolina. To which are added, Schemes and Propositions for the better Promotion of Learning, Religion, out of the Revolution, one half of the students, Inventions, Manufactures and Trade in Virginia. and the other amlOlng whom was James Monroe, entered the Plantations. For the Information of the Curious and for the army. Service of such as are Engaged in the Propagatlon of the Gos- ln pel and Advancement of Learning, and for the Use of all Per- The French troops occupied the College buildsons concerned in the Virginia Trade and Plantation. Gen. x. ingo, or a part of them, after the surrender of 27, God shall enlarge Japheth, and he shall dwell in the tents of Shem. and Canaan shall be his Servant. By Hugh Jones, Lord Cornwallis, and while they had possession, A.M., Chaplain to the Honourable Assembly, and lately Minis- the president's house oas burnt. The French ter of James-Town, &c., in Virginia. London: Printed for J. Clarke, at the Bible, under the Royal Exchange. xDCCXXIV. 8vo. pp. 152. * Westover Manuscripts, 86-?, WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE 89 government promptly paid for rebuilding it. The and perseverance. He had to contend with great college building was occupied as a hospital at the discouragements and difficulties during the whole same time, and much damaged and broken up, of his course. He was opposed and thwarted in but the United States government has never made his plans for the establishing and improvement any remuneration. of the college by- the royal governors, by the The following is a complete list of the college council, and even by the clergy at times; but he Presidents, in the order of their succession, with persevered through all discouragements. He the periods of their incumbency:-The Rev. must also have been a man of great purity of James Blair, from the foundation to his death, in character, for in all the contests in awhich he was 1743; the Rev. William Dawson till 1752; Wil- engaged, his adversaries never reproached hil liam Stith till 1755; Thomas Dawson till 1761; with any immorality. At one time a large maWilliam Yates till 1764; James Horrocks till jority of the clergy were arrayed against him. 1771; John Canmm till 1777; James Madison, till They accused him of exercising his office in a his death, in 1812; John Bracken till 1814; John stern and haughty manner, but with nothing Augustine Smith till 1826; the Rev. W. H. Wil- further. The clergy were many of them men of Iuer, till his death, in 1827; the Rev. Adam very questionable character-the very refuse of Empie till 1836; Thomas R. Dew, till his death, the Established Church in England; and these in 1846; Robert Saunders till 1848; Benjamin were not a little offended at the strictness of the S. Ewell till 1849; Bishop John Johns till 1854; discipline he attempted to enforce. and Benjamin S. Ewell, the present occupant. Dr. Blair has left behind him three volumes of Sermons, from texts selected fiom the Sermon on the Mount. They are written in a lucid and simple style, and are remarkable for their good T.'^- sense and practical character. Waterland edited 11"- -'!:~ >the Third Edition of these Sermons, printed in London in 1741, and wrote a preface containing ^lljgi^^-.e.:i 5a brief sketch of the author's life. He highly E. Al.1 r. _ x\\. commends the Sermons as both sound in doctrine l I'^^^*::i's>,','~k~x s^-and felicitous in style. Such a commendation ""........... - -from such an author is no small praise. There is still extant another small work, which Dr.;~'~~...1..Blair took part in compiling. It is entitled The i State of his Majesty's Colony in Virginia; by Hartwell, Blair, and Chilton: and gives an account of the soil, productions, religion, and laws of the colony, with a particular account of the condition of William and Mary- College. It was I~,1 ~ s'c.~'{'~ ~ printed in 1727, but it bears strong internal marks of having been drawn up about the year 1699. Dr. Blair was more than sixty years a clergy-,/G^7^i,^ ^ ^lC^man, fifty-eight of which he spent in Virginia. He was Commissary fifty-four years, and President of the college fifty years. His remains were deposited in the churchyard at Jamestown, and Dr. Blair was a Scotchman by birth, was edu- an inscription, alluding to his life and services, was cated in Scotland, and took orders in the Scottish engraved on his tombstone. But the stone has Episcopal Church. He went to England towards been broken, and the inscription is so damaged the close of the reign of Charles II., and was per- that it cannot now be deciphered. He left suaded by the Bishop of London to emigrate to the whole of his library, consisting mostly of Virginia about the year 1685, and'was probably works on divinity, to the college. These books employed as a miiSion'ary, as there is no record are still in the college library, and many of them of his having been connected with any parish till contain notes in his handwriting. as late as 1711, when he was made Rector of Of the successor of Dr. Blair but little is Bristow parish in Williamsburgh. known, further than that he was educated at In 1689, the Bishop of London appointed him Oxford, and was accounted an able scholar. his Colmmissary in the colonies of Virginia and Stith is only known from the Iistory of Virginia, Maryland, which office he continued to hold till which he began, but carried down no further his death. In virtue of this office, he had a seat than to 1624. Thomas Dawson, the fourth Prein the Council of State, and received ~100 per sident, was also the Commissary of the Bishop annum as Councillor. Through his exertions, a of London. Yates was a clergynman in the subscription of ~2,500 was raised towards the colony when he was called to the Presidency of endowment of a college, and he was sent to Eng- the college. land by the General Assembly in 1692, for the James Horrocks, if we may judge from certain purpose of soliciting a charter. The charter was paers of his, drawn up in consequence of i disobtained, and he appointed President in the pute between the Visitors and the Faculty, in charter itself. This office he held till the day of relation to the extent of their powers respectively, his death, a period of fifty years. He died in was an able and vigorous writer. Mnrch, 1743, in the eighty-eighth year of his age. Several clergymen of the province succeeded H te eappears to e been a man of great energy Stith in the Presidency. Lord Botetourt, who 12 90 CYCLOP.EDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. arrived as the royal governor in 1768, took much tution had never hitherto been properly narrated. interest in its affairs. He instituted prizes of gold It is to his kind assistance that we are indebted medals for the best Latin oration, and for superior- for much of the information here presented. ity in the mathematics, and attended the morning Since the Law Department was added to the and evening prayers.* college, there have been some eminent professors James Malison, in 1788 chosen Bishop of the of law. Wythe, Nelson, St. George, and Beverly Episcopal Church in Virginia, was a Virginian Tucker are among these. by birth, and a graduate of the college. He The secret literary society of the Phi Beta was for several years Professor of Mathematics, Kappa originated at William and Mary, about both before and after his occupation of the Pre- 1775. The affiliated society of Harvarvd derived sidency. He also gave lectures in natural, noral, its charter fromn that source. The original, howand political philosophy-first introducing the ever, was interrupted by the Revolutionary war. study of political ec noy, which has-since been When the college broke up in 1781, the records pursued in the college with much distinction. of the society were sealed up and placed in the Bishop Madison was a man of amiable character. hands of the college steward. Subsequently they His lectures on Natural Philosophy were much came into the possession of the Historical Society thought of. They have not been published. He of Virginia. On examination, it was found that was a contributor to the Philosophical Trans- one of the old members, William Short, of Philaactions. His delivery as a preacher was per- delphia, still survived in 1850. It was also disfectly toned. covered that he was President of the Society During the Presidency of Dr. John Augustine when it had been interrupted. Measures were Smith, an effort was nmale to remove the college immediately taken to revive it in the college, to Richlmondl. The discipline had become some- with Mr. Short as the connecting link with the what relaxed, anal President Smith met with con- original society, and it is now in active operation, si.lerable opposition in his measures to restore it. with the old records restored to the college. Previously to his holtling the office, Dr.. Smith ha l been a lecturer on anatomy in New York, in **As the second oldest collegiate institution the College of Phlysicians anrl Surgeons. In 1809, in the United States, William and Mlary College he edited the New York Medicld and Physical has been well claimed by President Ewell to Journal, in which he published a reply to the hold the same rank to the South as an educator work of Dr. Smnith, of Princeton, on the Unity of our eminent national men, that Ilarvard and of the Ric3. Since his retire:ment from the Pre- Yale do to the North. It instructed Peyton sitlency, he has bec(me a residlent of New York, Randolph, President of the First Continental where he has oce lsiondlly delivered metaphysical Congress; Thomas Jefferson, author of the imand scientific lectures, which are includedl in his mortal Declaration of Independence; and four volune, Prelections onso.ne of the more important more of its signers- Benjamin Iarrison, Carter sabjects connectet wlith Moral and Physical Braxton, Thomas Nelson, and George Wythe. Science. Among others of its alumni were James MladiThomas R. Dew, at the age of twenty-three son, James Monroe, John Tyler, Chief-Justice hal occupie(l tha c'air of mi)al science in the Marshall, Judge Bushrod Johnson, John Rancollege, of which he was a graduate. He pub- dolph, of Roanoke, Winfield Scott, John J. Critlishel a volu'ne on Slavery, in which he held the tenden, and William C. Rives. It gave George views urgl I by Callh:un, and a volume of Lee- Washington his commission as Surveyor, and tures on Ancient and MoIern History. He died made him its Chancellor for the last ten years suldenly at Paris, of an affection of the lungs, on of his life. a secn( visit to Europe, in the suainler of 1816. It has had to buffet with repeated vicissitudes Of the Professors, none was manre distinguished of fortune. Prior to the Revolution, it was the tlhn Willi:umn Sm ill, who wais Mr. Jeffersoi's richest college in America; but that struggle cut tutor in mnathemTnties. He w:as not only an off its best endowments. On the night of the 8th eminent mathlemin tician, but, as Mr. Jefferon of February, 1859, when the alumni were on the informs us, w;as possessed of a philosophic mind, eve of celebrating its 166th anniversary, its and of very extensive and accurate information building was destroyed by an accidental fire, on a great variety oc subjects. He went to Eng- with its library of rare books and manuscripts, land some time before the Revolution, and never and most of its interesting antiquities. A new returned, but becamne a distinguished mathelmati- edifice rose to its completion within a year, and cian in England. was promptly refurnished by ample donations, The Professorship of Moral and Intellectual so that at the start a library was mustered of Philosophy, Belles Lettres, and Rhetoric, was six thousand volumes. Three years later, while held in 1855 by the Rev. Dr. Silas Totten, for- Gen. McClellan's army held the Peninsula durmerly President of Washington College, at ing his advance on Richmond, the new building Hartford, who had long in preparation an His- was wantonly fired by drunken stragglers, and torical Account of the College, an undertaking was consumed with all its apparatus, September rendered difficult by meagre and imperfect rec- 9, 1862.* After an interregnum of five years, ords. This work, now finished, is an important William and Mary resumed its academic deone, from the consideration of the men and times partment and preparatory school in 1865. A1which passed under his view, and from the cir- though seriously crippled by the ravages of war, cumstance,that what could be known of the insti_________________________ *The History of the College of William and Mary, from its Follndation, 1693 to 1870, chiefly conpiled by the late Prof. * Miller's Retrospect, ii. 378. Robert J. Morrison, and Rev. Dr. Silas Totten. ARTHUR BROWNE; YALE COLLEGE. 91 it has since given gratuitous instruction to over first proposed that the objects of the college two hundred scholars. Its main building was should be especially theological. This plan, howsubstantially restored in July, 1869; a full Fa- ever, was modified to the design of "instructing culty was engaged, with President Benjamin S. youth in the arts and. sciences, who may be Ewell at its head, and a revised course of studies fitted for public employments both in Church and inaugurated. The pecuniary needs of this time- Civil State," though the religious instruction for hallowed institution are still great and pressing, a long while practically predominated. The and commend it to the fostering care of those creed of the Saybrook platform was adopted in able and willing to give. 1708 by the agency of the trustees, and made binding upon the officers of the college. ART>HIUR BROWNE.T Abrahain Pierson was made the first rector of the college, and instructed the students in his Among the many excellent men sent forth house at Killingworth. The first Commnenement from England, by the Society for Propagating was held at Saybrook, in 1702, with'advanced the Gospel in Foreign Parts, on their errands of scholars, several of them froll Harvard, of which Christianity and civilization, the name of Arthur college Pierson was also a graduate. He continued lB'owne is here especially worthy of mention. to receive his pupils at Killingworth, till his Of Scotch ancestry, he was born of Irish pa- death in 1707. He prepared a text-book for the rentage, at Drogheda, in 1699, was educated at students in Natural Philosophy. The collegiate Trinity College, Dublin, and, becoming a con- school, as it was called, was now set up at Sayvert to the exalted missionary enthusiasm brook, under the care of tutors, where the cornof Bishop Berkeley, was ordained, and reached mencements continued to be held, though the Rhode Island, on his work of benevolence, in Rev. Samuel Andrew, of Milford, rector pro tem., 1729. He was minister of King's Chapel in instructed the senior class at his home. New Providence for six years, faithfully employed Haven and Hartford, too, had their claims for the in his clerical labors, when he was called to the seat of the college. There was much agitation charge of the Episcopal church in Portsmouth, of the matter, but it was finally carried in favor N. H. For thirty-seven years he ministered at of New Haven, in 1716.* The first Commencethat place, leaving an impression of his services ment in New Haven was held in 1717. which is recorded by his successor, the incurnbent of the parish, the Rev. Charles Burroughs, in 1857, in the comprehensive eulogy, "faithful, revered, and beloved." lie died on a visiti to Cambridge, Massachusetts, June 10, 1773, in the seventy-fourth Y-ear of his age. The mental capacity of Mr. Browne, as ex-; hibited in his sermons and controversial writings,. S.. was of a high order. lie was a good scholar, and of a well-disciplined mind, a sound defender of the doctrines of the church to which he be-' longed. His published writings are a few sermons. YALE COLLEGE. THIS institution dates its formal beginningfrom the year 1700. As early as 1647, the people of New Haven, at the instance of the Rev. John Daven- E!ihu ale. port, who was eminent for his zeal in tIe cause Elihu Yale, a native of the place, who had of education, undertook the enterprise of establish- left it in his boyhood, became possessed of great ing a college in that colony, but postponed it in wealth in the East Indies, and was created deference to the interests of Camlbrdge. In 1700 Governor of Fort St. George, and had married, a meeting of ministers of Connecticut, represent- moreover, an Indian fortune. On his return to ing, by general understanding the churches and London, he contributed books and merchandise people of the colony, took place at New Haven, to the college of his native town. The trustees for the purpose of forming a college association. now took advantag of this prominent opportuThis was arranged to consist of eleven clergymen, nity to nmne the new college house after so living within the colony. The original parties* liberal a benefactor, and Yale College soon beshortly met again at Branford, when each leln- came the name of the institution itself. Yale ber brought a number of books and laid thelm was a gentleman," says President Clap, in his upon a table, with the declaration, "I give these history of the college, "who greatly abounded in books for the founding a college in this colony." good humour and generosity, as well as in About forty folios were thus deposited. An wealth.t The following is a copy of his epitaph application for a charter was made and granted in the church-yard at Wrexhaim, Wales. by the General Court in 1701. It had been at * Wethersfield had its pretensions, and a number of students having been educated there, under the care of Elisha Williams, * They were JTames Noyes, of Stonington; Israel Chauncy, a commencement was held there and degrees conferred, which of Stratford; Thmiuas Buckingham, of Saybrook; Abraham were afterwardsratified at New Haven. To remove the library Pierson, of Kiilingworth; Samuel Mather, of Windsor; from Savbrook to New Haven process was issued and the Samuel Andrew, of Milford; Timothy Woodbidge, of Hart- sheriff resisted. Important papers, and two hundred and flftr ford; James Pierpont, of New Haven; Noadiah Russell, of veiable volumes were lost to the college & the straggle Middletown; Joseph Webb, of Fairfle!d. To these Samuel -(ct,l'lcin' Itist. of Yale, lst Ed. p. 35. Russell, of Branford, was afterwards added. t History of Yale College, 30. 92 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. Under this tomb lyes interr'd Elihu Yale other of the New England clergy, went to Engof Place Gronow, Esq.; born 5th April, 1648, land, where he received the degree of Doctor in and dyed the 8th of July, 1721, aged 73 years. Divinity from Oxford; he returned to America, Born in America, in Europe bred, and was rector, till his death, in 1765, of Christ In Afric travell'd, and in Asia wed, Church, in Boston. He was a loss to Yale, from Where lon;g he liv'd and thriv'd: at London dead. his strength of mind and his acquirements in Much Good, some Ill he did: so hope all's Even, Oriental literature. He was, says Preident And that his soul thro' Aerey's gone to tleav'LI And that hs soule thron Merecy gone to lev. Stiles, in his Diary, "a good logician, geographer, You that survive and read, take caremetaFor this most certain Exit to prepare, an rhetorician In the philosophy and meta For only the Actioils of the Just, physics and ethic3 of his day, he was great. He Smell sweet and blossom in the dust, spoke Latin with great fluency and dignity, and with great propriety of pronunciation. He was Under an engraved picture of Governor Yale, a ian of extensive reading in the academic sent to the college at an early period, was the sciences, divinity, and ecclesiastical history; and following inscription in manuscript:- of a commanding presence and dignity in governEffigies clarissimi viri D. D. Elihu Yale mlent. He was of a lofty and despotic mien, and Londinensis, Armigeri. maale a grand figure at the head of a college."* En vir! cui meritas laudes ob facta, per orbis Mr. Andrew, of Milford, one of the trustees, Extremes fines, inclyta fama dedit. again took the management, as head of the col~Equor arans tumidum, gaz's adduxit ab Indis, lege, pro tempore, till 1726, when the Rev. Elisha Quas Ille sparsit munificante mmanu: Willia:ns, of Wethersfield, became Rector, which Inscitie tenebras, ut noetis luce corusca he continued till 1739. It was during this time that Phcebus, ab occiduis pellit et Ille plagis. Berkeley, afterwards the Bishop of Cloyne, made Dum.mels gr.ata manet, nomen laulesque YALENSES his celebrated donations to the college, which, Cantabunt OEBOLES, unarnimrique PATRES. with great liberality, he took under his particular which the poet Percival has thus imitated. favor. He had become acquainted, at Newport, R. I., with one of the tru- tees, the Rev. Jared Eliot, Behold the man, for generous deeds renown'd, an ith the Rv. Sauel Johnson, of Stratford, Who in remotest regions won his fame: tention to the ants of the colWith wise mu-ificence he scattered round who called his attention to the wants of the colWith wise mu:nifieenlce he scattered round,,leg. On his return to England, in 1732, he gave The wellth that o'er the sea from India came. ". O i in7, he From western relAnis he bidls dalk ignoranlce fly, to the coll ege a deed of his house and farml in NewAs flies the inight before the d(awiir.g rnys: porIt, for the as istance of the three best scholars So lon g as grateful bosonis beat, shall high in Latin and Gresk who should reside at college YALE'S sons and pious fathers sing his praise.* for nine months of each of the three years between the first and second degrees. To deterJeremiah Dummer', of Boston, the agent of Inine the priority in scholarship, a special examinaMassachusetts in England, in 1714, lald been an ion is to be held annually, by the President and earlier generous donor to the lilrary. He gave,;enio Episcopal misionary within the colony. or procured, sole eight hlundreld valuable volumles. If these do not arree, the choice is to be deterThe names of his friends who were associated ine y lt. lhe pelrons selected are to be with him in the gift, illpart to it additionl allld "scholars of the house." Any surplus value. They were among the most distinguished which may i'ellain by vacancies is to be expendmen of that day, and include Sir Isaac Newton, e in Greek and Latin books, to be distributed as Sir Richard Steele, Burnet, Woodward, Ialley-, prize to undergraduiates. Such were the proBentley, Kennet, Calamy, Edwlards, and ^Whis- visions of the settlement. The property does not ton, who gave copies of their writings to the yield any considerable income, having been leased collection. for a longo term at a time when money was of When the college was thus established at New m vae than it is now. The le been a Haven, the Rev. Timothy Cutler, of Stratford, nuberof successful applicants for "the dean's was chosen its Rector, an, a compenation to bounty," who have afterwards become disthe people of the place he was leaving, the trus- tinlished. Of these may be mentioned Dr. tees of Yale bought their minister froml theim, Wheelock, the first President of Dartmouth; the paying for his house and lot, and giving them to v. Aaron B, President of the College of the town. A new difficulty now presented itself. New Jersey; the IIon. Jared Ingersoll, PresiThe orthodox Rector, with a tutor and two dents Dargett and Dwight, the Rev. Joseph neighboring clergymen, announced, in 1722, their Buckrinter, and the Hon. Abraan Baldwin. intention to give up New England theology for The Berkeleian prizes have also reflected honor on Episcopal ordination in England. The discovery the colleget Berkeley also procured a choice was made at the time of Commencement, shortly collection of books for the college-contributing after which occasion, Gov. Saltonstall held a per- in all nearly a thousand volimes, including a set sonal dispute on the subject with the recusant of the Christian Fathers, a large representation Rector and one of his most dijtinguished asso- of the Greek and Lti Clssics, and other ell ciates, the Rev. Samuel Johnson, of New IIaven. chosen works, arong whicl were Ben JonThe trustees met, and voted that they "do excuse son, Drden Pe, Butler an cherley. the Rev. r. Cutler from all further service, as When Rector Clap arranged the general collecRector of Yale College." The connexion was at an ti, in 17 he tells us end. Mr. Cutler, with his friend Johnson, afterwards President of Columbia College, and sever Appendi to HoesStes, * Appendix to Holmes's Stiles, 887. + Prof. Kingsleys Sketch of the History of Yale College. * Kingsley's Sketch of Yale College. Am. Quar. Reg. viii. Am. Quar. Register, viii. 211. List of Scholars of the HouM 19. Sketches of Yale College, with numerous anecdoto, in Yale Lit. Mag. xvii. 190. 1843, p. 28. YALE COLLEGE. 93 Dr. Berkeley for his extraordinary donation, his cially in the Mathematics and Natural Philosophy books stood by themselves, at the south end of -and constructed the first orrery or planetarium the library."* in America. lie published a letter to Jonathan The career of Rector Williams was more varied Edwards, on the Whitefield matter. His other than falls to the lot of most college Presidents. publications were an essay on the Religious ConHe was born in Massachusetts, and was a graduate stitution of Colleges, 1754; a Vindication of the of Harvard. He passed from his parish duties at Doctrines of the New England Churches, in Wethersfield to the Presidency of Yale. Con- 1755; an Essay on the Nature and Foundation pelled to retire from the latter by ill health, he of MIoral Virtue and Obligation, in 1765; and became member of the Connecticut House of Re- a History of Yale College in 1766.* His Conpresentatives and a Judge. In 1745 he revived jectures on the Nature and Motion of Mehis clerical functions to become army chaplain in teors above the Atmosphere, was issued potthuthe Cape Breton expedition. The next year he mously in 1781. He made collections for a Hiswas appointed colonel of a regiment in the expe- tory of Connecticut. His manuscripts, then in dition against Canada. Going to England to the possession of his daughter, the wife of General secure his half-pay, he married there and returned Wooster, were plundered in Tryon's expedition to die at Wethersfield in 1755, at the age of sixty- against New Haven, and thrown overboard into one. President Stiles, in his Literary Diary, Long Island Sound. A few were picked up after speaks of him as " a good classical scholar, well sonie days by boatmen, but most were lost. read in logic, metaphysics and ethics, and in President Stiles has left a minute literary charhetoric and oratory. He presided at commence- racter of hilm, in which he speaks enthusiastically ment with great honor. He spoke Latin freely, of the extent of his attainments; his knowledge of delivered orations gracefully and with animated Newton's Principia; his study of moral philosodignity." phy in Wollaston, and of the ancient and mlodern Williams was succeeded, in the year 1740, by the powers of Europe. Stiles, warming with the Rev. Thomas Clap, who was withdrawn from the recollections of his predecessor, describes his ministry of Windham, the college as before buying habits of reading, by subjects rather than volumes his time from the townspeople. The compensation — and his aspect, " light, placid, serene, and confor loss of services was referred to three members templative," adding, "he was a call, still, judiof the General Assembly, who " were of opinion, cious great man.'t that inasmuch as Mr. Clap had been in the In 1767, Professor Daggett was chosen Presiministry'at Windham fourteen years, which was dent pro tempore, and continued in this position about half the time ministers in general continue until 1777, when Dr. Ezra Stiles was elected Prein their public work; the people ought to have sident, Pres. Daggett continuing in his Chair of half as much as they gave him for a settlement; Divinity. The latter was a man of worth and usewhich, upon computation, was about fifty-three fulness. When the British took possession of pounds sterling."t Clap entered vigorously upon New Haven in 1779, he was taken by the enemy the duties of the college, drew up a body of laws, wounded, with his musket in his hand, resisting the books were catalogued, and a new charter their advance. lie was unhandsonly treated obtained, by which the Rector and Trustees with violence and personal injury by his captors. became entitled President and Fellows. His college Presidency is memorable in our narIn 1747, a part of the means for erecting a new rative for the presence in the college as pupils, of college building, to acconmmodate the increasing Trumbull, Dwight, Humphreys, and Barlow. number of students was raised by a lottery. The Of Stiles and of Dwight, who succeeded with preaching of Whitefield having agitated the popu- so much distinction to the college, something is lar faith, a theological professorship was founded, said on other pages of this book. The Presiwhich took its nalme from its first contributor, the dency of the former extended from 1777 to 1795; Hon. Philip Livingston, of New York. A new of Dwight, from that date till 1817. The college confession was madeof the college faith, according increased greatly in influence and resources at to the Assembly's Catechism, Dr. Ames's Medulla these periods, after the interruption of the Revoand Cases of Conscience, and the Rev. Naphtali lution. The personal influence of these men was Daggett, from Long Island, was appointed Pro- great. Dwight enlarged the scope of studies by fessor of Divinity in 1755. In 1763, the question furthering the claims of general literature, in whether the Legislature of the State had a right which he was himself so accomplished a profito exercise visitatorial power over the college was cient. The Professorships of Kingsley and Sillimuch agitated. President Clap argued that the man were instituted during Dwight's adminislegislature, not being the founders, had no such tration. power, and successfully maintained this position. Jeremiah Dav held the presidency from 1817 Difficulties in the discipline and administration of till his retirement in 1846. He was born in New the college led to the resignation of President Preston, Connecticut, in 1773, and in 1795 had Clap in 1766. His death occurred a few months succeeded Dwight in the conduct of his Echool at after. He was a man of piety, and a diligent head of his college, which greatly increased under head of his college, which greatly increased under * The Annals or History of Yale College, in New Haven, in his administration of twenty-seven years. lie the Colony of Connecticut, from the first founding thereof in had been educated by Dr. M'Sparran, the mission- the year 1700, to the year 1766: with an Appendix, containing ary clergyman of hode Island. His literary the present state of the College, the Method of Instruction and Government, with the Officers, Benefactors, and Graduaccomplishments were large. Ile excelled espe- ates. By Thomas Clap, A.M., President of the said College. New Haven: Printed for John Hotchkiss and B, Mecom, ___________________________________ 1766. 8vo. t Appendix to Life of Stiles, by Holmes, 396. * Clap's History, p. 43. t Ibid., p. 41. $ Baldwin's Hist. Yale Col, 1C3. 94 CYCLOPREDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. Greenfield Hill. He was a graduate of Yale, and continuing for some time to give instruction is in 1801 had received the appointment of Professor Hebrew. He resigned his post in 1851, exactly of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, which half a century after his first appointment from the he held till his election to the government of the college, and was then honored with the title of college. HIe has published several mathematical Emeritus Professor, till his death, shortly after, treatises for students, which have been widely in August, 1852. He was a close and accurate circulated, and in 1838, An Inquiry Respecting scholar, well versed in Greek and Hebrew, and the Self-Determining Power of the Will; or, Con- an adept in Latin. " I doubt," said PresidentWooltingent Volition. 12mo. And in 1841, An Ex. scy ih an address at his funeral, "if any Ameriamination of Pres. Edwards's Inquiry on the can scholar has ever surpassed him in Latin Freedom of the Will. He died August 22, 1867. style." lie first introduced into use in America, Alexander Metcalf Fisher was the successor to about 1805, as a text-book, the two volumes of President Day in his Professorship. He wvas a the Graeca Majora, with which most American young man of high promise, and had already students have been at some timle familiar. His made important contributions to mathematical encouragement of mathematical science was also and physical science. His sudden death, at the of importance. His familiarity with American age of twenty-eight, in the shipwreck of the history, particularly of his own state, was great; Albion on the coast of Ireland, in 1822, when lie andl he had given to the college annals, and the was on his voyage to Europe for the collection large opportunities of biographiical study offered of scientific material, and for self-improvement, by the Triennial Catalogues, in the preparation has lent additional interest to his memory. of which he was concerned, an attention inspired Theodore Dewight Wool-ev succeeded to Presi- by taste and habit. The Historical Discourse, dent Day. He was born in New York in 1801, which he delivered in 1838, On the Two lIunthe son of a merchant, and a nephew on the mno- dredth Anniversary of the First Settlement of ther's side of President Dwight. His education the Town and Colony of New fHaven, and his was at Yale and the Theological Seminary at Sketch of the History of Yale College, published Princeton. After this he passed several years in in 1835, in the American Quarterly Register, Europe, extending his studies of the Greek lan- are proofs of this. He was, besides, the author guage and literature in Germany. On his return of The Life of President Stiles, in Sparks's he was appointed Professor of Greek at Yale in American Biography, of a Eulogy on Professor 1831, and discharged the duties of the position Fisher, and of various critical articles in the for twenty years, giving to the public during this North American Review, the Christian Spectator, period his editions of the Greek tragedians, the the New Englander, the American Journal of Prometheus of ~Eschylus, the Antigone and Elec- Science, the Biblical Repository, and other peritra of Sophocles, and the Alcestis of Euripides. odicals. His successor in the Professorship of He has also edited the Gorgias of Plato. His Latin, Thomas A. Thacher, in a Commnemorative inauguration discourse in 1846, on the subject of Discourse, in October, 1852, speaks of his genuine college education, was a plhilosophical view of the love of his classical studies, of his fondness for subject, asecrting the clainis of a classical education. biogrlaphical anecdote, and of his intimacy with In his Historical Discourse, delivered before the English literature.* graduates of Yale in 1850, on the completion of the Professor Benjamin Silliman was born in 1779, third semi-centennial period, he has sketched the in Trumbull, in Connecticut. He was a graduate development of the college, in its studies, with an of the college, of the year 1796, for a time able pen. In the sphere of philosophical discourse studied the law, in 1799 becamne a colleg3 tutor, he has a thoroughly disciplined mind. and has since been prominent in its faculty,The college has been distinguished by the long his Professorship o' Chemistry, Mineralogy, and periods of service maintained by its officers and Geology dating from 1804. He visited Europe professors. The terms of four of its presidents, the following year, to procure books and apparaClap, Stiles, Dwight, and Day, cover a period of tus for the college, and was abroad fifteen months. nearly a hundred years. Kingsley was tutor and In 1810, he published an account of this tour in professor for more than fifty years. The con- his Journal of Tracels in England, 1Holland, and nexion of Benjamin Sillimnan Awith the instruction Scotland, a id two p stages (n the Atlantic, in the of the college, dates from 1799; of Chauncey years 1895 and 18'06. Nearly fifty years later, Allen Goodrich, from 1812; of Olmsted, from he crossed the Atlantic again, and has contrasted 1815; of President Woolsey, from his tutorship his observations after this interval in the two in 1823. volumes which he published in 1853, with the Professor James L. Kingsley was long a repre- title, A Visit to Europe in 1851. Another record sentative man of the c:llege. He had taught in nearly every one of its departments, and identi- * "He enjoyed a kind of personal acquaintance with Addison fied himself with each step of its deelopnment, and Johnson and Milton and Shakespeare, and many others, whose writinigs he relished the more from his habit of giving Born in Connecticut, lie was a graduate of the a personal existence to the writers. He took an interest in college of the class of 1799, the same year with their history; and when he visited England the streets and corners of the capital seemed to be peopled. almost, with the Moses Stuart. Two years afterwards he was old worthies of his library, from Johnson, with his ghost in appointed tutor, and in 1805, professor of the Cock-lane, to Milton, in St. Giles's, Cripplerate. One could Greek, Hebrewv, and Latin Languages and of Ec- easily have imagined, at times, from observing the heartiness Gree1k., Hebrew, ana.Laun.Languages. n..I of the pleasure he derived from the more elegant writers of clesiastical History, discharging with ability the Past times, both classical and later, that he might even join in various duties- of these offices as required, till Walter Pope's wish, and ask for retirement from the world, to with the improved adjustment of the college in- live in intellectual converse, "With Horace, and Petrarch, and two or three more, struction, he entered in 1831 upon a distinct pro- Of the best wits that reigned in the ages before." fessorship of the Latin Language and Literature, D1siorse, p. 46. YALE COLLEGE. 95 — g...... I ~' ---- ] Yale College. of his travels is his Remarks made in a Short Massachusetts Asylum, and has been found well Tour between Hartford and Quebec in the autumn adapted to the instruction of the deaf and dumb; of 1819. In the course of his college engage- a Life of Mason, the young astronomer, and ment, he has published Elements of Chemistry materials for several volumes of lli-cellanies in in the order of the Lectures in Yale College, in his contributions to the leading reviews, consist1830; and has edited Henry's Chemistry and ing of Moral Essays, Biographical Sketches, Bakewell's Geology. His lectures on Chemistry, one of the earliest being Pres. Dwight, in the to which the public have been admitted, at Yale, Port Folio of 1817, Addresses, and Scientific and which he has delivered in the chief cities of Memoirs. the cointry, have gained him much reputation, Connected with the labors of this chair of Mahich has been extended at home and ahroad by thetmatics and Natural Philosophy, was a young his American Journal of Science, of which he man, a graduate of the College, whose career, soon commenced the publication in 1818. cut short by the fatal malady of consumption, Denison Olilsted succeeded to the chair of Ma- was yet long enough to make a name for himself, thematics and Natural Philosophy in 1825, which and confer lasting honor on the institution. This he held till 1836, when a new distribution of the was Ebenezer Porter Mason, who died in 1840, duties took place, under which he entered upon at the age of twenty-two, the story of whose prehis present Professorship of Natural Philosophy cocious childhood, early mature development, and and Astronomy. He was born at East Hartford, scientific acquirements, has been narrated with the son of a farmer, in 1791, became a graduate many sound reflections by the way, in an interestof the college in 1813, then a tutor, when in 1817 ing volume by Prof: Ollnsted, with whom he was he was appointed to the Professorship of Che- associated.* Mason wats born at Washington, mistry in the University of North Carolina, which Litchfield County, Connecticut, in 1819; he died he held for seven years. At that time he conl- in 1840, at the house of a relative near Richmond, menced, with the support of the legislature, the Virginia. His attention was awakened in his Geological Survey ofithe State, the first survey of childhood to books of science. He studied with inthe kind in the country, and published papers on terest when he was nine years old the treatises in the Gold Mines of North Carolina, and Illumi- the Library of Useful Knowledge. At the age nating Gas from cotton seed, in the American of thirteen he read the ~Eneid, and made excellent Journal of Science, to which he has been a fie- translations from it in heroic verse. His original quent contributor. His chief writings have been verses written shortly after this time, if they disThoughts on the Clerical Profession, a series of play ingenuity rather than poetic conception, Essavs, in 1817; his Introduction to'atural show the general powers of his mind and his Philosophy,. in 1832; an Introduction to Astro- literary tastes. Science, however, was to be his nomy, in 1839, the substance of which he embo- peculiar vocation, and astronomy that branch died in a volume, Letters on Astronomy addressed which he was especially to cultivate. His skill to a Lady, in 1840; Rudiments of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, 1843, a work of suc * Life and Writings of Ebenezer Porter Mason; interspersed clearnedss arnid simnplicity that- it chas been lubllshe with hints to Parents and Instructors on the trniinng and educlearness and simplllicity that it has been p)ublislhe< cation of a Child of Genius, By re-ison Olmsted. New York, in raised letters for the use of the blind, by the Dayton and Newman, 1842. 12mo. pp. 252. 96 CYCLOPIEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. and manual tact in constructing instruments and Sacred Literature, which office he still holds. He recording observations, while a College student, is the author of a valuable Lexicon of the Hewere very remarkable. On the completion of his brew Language, and of very many contributions course in 1839, he became a Resident Graduate; to general philology. and in the short interval which remained before The Law School, which was commenced about his death, found time in narrow circumstances, 1820, was not definitely connected with the colwith rapidly failing health, to pursue and pub- lege until 1830; and the degree of LL.B. wvas lish his Obserrations on Nebulce,* a paper which first conferred here in 1843. The school was congained the admiration of Sir John Herschel, who ducted by two professors-Clark Bissell, late has thus spoken of the composition and its au- Judge of the Supreme Court of Connecticut, and thor;:-' Mr. Mason, a young and ardent astronc- Henry Dutton, Governor of that State. mer, a native of the United States of America, In 1847 was established the department of whose premature death is the more to be regret- Philosophy and the Arts. By this it was intended ted as he was (so far as I am aware) the only to provide means by which some of the collegiate other recent observer who has given himself with studies, such as philosophy, philology, pure miathethe assiduity which the subject requires, to the matics, and the like, might be prosecuted by exact delineation of Nebula, and whose figures I graduates under systematic instruction, and others, find at all satisfactory.'t IIe also prepared a col- not graduates, who should be properly qualified, lege treatise on Practical Astronomy. In the might be trained to fulfil in a creditable manner autumn of 1840, he was engaged in the difficult the office of the civil engineer, of the scientific public service of Prof. Renwick's North Eastern miner and geologist, of the scientific agricultu. Boundary Survey. He returned to his friends to rist, and the like; thus furnishing society with a die before the year closed. body of highly educated men in its various departments, and introducing, in fact, new liberal Oh! what a noble heart was here undone, professions amon(g the learned pursuits. In this When Science' self destroy'd her favourite son. new departmlent are included the professorships The Rev. Chauncey A. Goodrich wnas elected of chemistry applied to agriculture, chemistry applied to the arts, and of civil engineering. professor of Rhetoric and Oratory in 1817, and appied to the art a o iil engineering. discharged the duties of this office until 1839, when The first professor of agricultual chemisty was he was transferred to the Professorship of Pas- John Pitkin Norton, a yong man of high protoral Theology, which he held till his death. ise and thoroughly qualified for the place. He He was for several years editor of the Quarterly discharged the duties of his office with great zeal Christian Spectator, and is extensively and favor- and success, and by lectures at home and abroad, ably known by his works of Greek elementary ard by his essays and treatises, accomplisfed imuch instruction, his Collection of Select British Elo- good durilg his brief life. In the ilmlst of his quence, and his revised and enlarged edition of usefulness he was arrested by fatal illness, and Webster's Dictionary. died Sept. 5th, 1852, at the age of thirty. His In 1841, a Professorship of the Arabic and In 1841, a Professorship of the Arabic and successor was Prof. John A. Porter. Prof. B. Sanskrit languages and literature was established illiman, Jr., was appointed to the chair of in the college, and Prof. Edward E. Salisbury was chemistry applied to the arts, and still continues in the college, and Prof. EdwardE.Salisbrywas in office. Pi-of. Edwi A. Norton was the proappointed to the chair. His Inaugural Discourse o e. P.. A. N on w t p(New Haven, 1843, 8vo. pp. 51) is a learned and fessor of civil engineeing. comprehensive survey of the wide and important 1850 the Sillirnan professorship of natural field of Oriental literature. IIe has for many history was established, and James D. Dana was years been the Secretary of the American Orien- appointed to the office. He is the author o a y comprehensive treatise on Mineralogy, which has tal Society, and the editor of its journal, to which pehese treatise on Mineralogy, wich has he has contributed many valuable papers. This passed through four editions, and also of a work work has reached its fourth volume, and is highly on the Gelgy and Mineral y of the U. S. Ecreditable to American scholarship. In 1854 the ploring Expedition, and of a work on the professorship was divided, Prof: Salisbury re- Zoophyte and Crustacea collected during that cruise. His contributions to the American Jourtaining the Arabic, and resigning the Sanskrit. contributions tohe A can Jour To the latter professorship Mr. William D. Whit- nl of Sence, of which he is one of the editors ey a eiet Sanskrit scholar, was then ap-are numerous and valuable.* In 1872 he pubpointed. einent lished Corals and Coral Islands. tThe Medical establishment.as organized in Yale Coll cg is connected with the history of The Medicatl establishment was organized in religion in the country, as having educated more 1813, and has enjoyed the services of many than t15 country, a as havin g educated re eminent men as instructors from that time to the. ceryead hi n t present. The number of professors is now six. scene of numerous revivals of religion. "In the The Theological department of the college was space of ninety-six years from the great revival The Theological department of the ccllege'ws of 1741, the college," says Prof. Goodrich, "hai organized in 1822, the Rev. Nathaniel W. Taylor of 1741f the college, n say s Prof. Goodrich, fa being associated as Professor of Didactic Theology been favored with twenty distinct efusions of with the Rev. Eleazar T. Fitch, who, in 1817, suc- * During the last ten years no one in America has made so ceeded Dr. Dwight as Professor of Divinity. many important contributions to natural history. His reports These gentlemen have long been well known by the Explori'4 Expedition are, 1. ~Ienorton Zoophytes. 1846. pp 4704to. Atlasof 6plates their lectures and published works. In 1824, fio. 238i new species of Zoophytes fiured. Josiah Willard Gibbs was chosen Professor of 2. Report on Geology. 1819. pp. t56 4to. Atlas of 21 folio pla. s of fossils.. Report on Crustacea. 1854. 2 vols. of 1629 pages in all. At* In the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society las of 96 platesflio: 680 spccis fiured; 658 of them new. for 1840. Of these and the other reports, the government have, in their Sir John F. W. Herschel's Results of A stronomical Obser- folly, published only a hundred copies each. ~ations, 1844-8, at the Cape of Good Hope, p. 7. YALE COLLEGE. 97 the Holy Spirit, of which three were in the artist from whom the building has been named, last century and seventeen in the present."* and beneath which he lies buried, with many The benefactors to the college deserve a pass- other works of interest, portraits of the college ing mention. Dv ight in his letters remarks that presidents, and illustrious men of the state, inthey have been men of moderate fortunes.t eluding the celebrated family group of Dean Among these, the Hon. Oliver Wolcott gave two Berkeley and his friends, painted by Smibert. thousand dollars to the library. Eli Whitney, The Phi Beta Kappa Society of Yale was orthe inventor of the cotton gin, a graduate of the ganized in 1780. Its catalogue shows a list of college, founded a fund of five hundred dollars, honored names, from the poets Trumbull and the interest of which is to be expended in the pur- Barlow to the present day. Its orators and poets chase of books on mechanical and physical science. have included, among others, Edward Everett, Dr. Alfred E. Perkins, also a graduate, bequeathed T. S. Grimke, Gardner Spring, James Kent, ten thousand dollars as a permanent fund to the Albert Barnes, Horace Bushnell Edward Robinlibrary in 1834. Dr. Jedediah Morse and Mr. son, Daniel Lord, J. G. Percival, Elizur Wright, S. F. B. Morse were contributors of a valuable col- Oliver Wendell Holmes, Wm. H. Seward. lection of books to the library in 1823. Among The college societies, the Linonian and the the donors to the philosophical apparatus, the name Brothers in Unity, are supported with spirit. To of Dr. Isaac Watts occurs for a pair of globes. the last, literary men are indebted for the first edition of the Alphabetical Index to subjects....-:-___ treated in Reviews, prepared by William Frederick Poole, its librarian. =_fro mi_ i-The Yale Literary t Magazine, contributed to Ya____ _1Li_____ by undergraduates, was commenced in 1836,* 1 l i i; and has been well sustained since, being by far IT__ i the longest-lived publication of its kind. Its costly E I'Professors are valuable; while it has published originalarticles of merit from the pens of Colton, Bristed, Thompson, Mitchell, Finch, and others. volumes. The_ l y c lCompa ring the catalogues of the two oldest -.:colleges, -Jarvard and Yale, we find, that up to lad the close of 1854, in the former institution there had been, from the year 1642, 6,612 alumni, of whom 2,273 were then survivors; and of Yale, Iaperrfirom 1702 to the close of 1853, there had been Yale Library. 6,212 graduates, of w hom 3,065 were living —so that in point of number of living alumni the The college library, with the collections of the latter institution stands at the head of the colsocieties, deposited in different departnents, in the leges of the country. costly aiid ornamlental library building of Portland sandstone, numbered in 1854 sotie 54,000 The growth of Yale College from 1855 to 1872 volu mes. The library is rich in old New Eng- has been gratifying to all the friends of the instiland theology, and in general history and meta- tution. The number of officers and students has physics. Its American antiquarian treasures include increased; inportant additions have been made a unique newispaper collection of contemporlar to the funds; some new buildings have been papers relating to the Stamp Act, bade by Pre- erected, and others have been provided for; and sident Stiles, and the extensive series of his MS. the library, cabinet, and apparatus have been Journals and commonplace books, of an historical steadily improved. In this period occurred the as well as personal interest. The library has the retirement of President Theodore D. Woolsey collection of papers made by Trumlbull for his from the responsible office whose duties he had History of Connecticut. An addition of much worthily discharged for a quarter of a century, value was made in 18t5, being b the entire library and the succession to the presidency of Professor of the late Prof. Thilo, of Halle, consisting of Noah Porter, of whose life and works a notice above 4000 vollunes, chiefly in ecclesiastical his- is elsewhere given. tory and kindred departments. From the triennial catalogue published in The library possesses four of the original sculp- 1871, it appears that 10,036 persons have been tures of Nineveh, sent to America by the Rev. W. admitted to degrees in Yale College. Of these, F. Williams, American missionary at Mosul. 8,104 have graduated bachelors of arts in the There have been but few specially appointed academical department; 717 have graduated librarians, the duty betore 1805 having been dis- doctors of medicine in the medical school; 157 charged by tutors-Professor Kingsley, Josiah have received the degree of bachelor of laws in Willard Gibbs, and the late incumbent, Ed- the law school; 221 have become bachelors of ward C. Herrick. In the Trumbull Gallery, philosophy in the scientific school; and 837 the College possesses a constant means of at- have received honorary degrees, including a few traction to visitors. There are collected a valI- admitted ad eundem. Thirty degrees have been able series of Revolutionary paiiltngs by the * Three or four college magazines had previously been pub* Narrative of Revivals of Religion in Yale College. Am. lished here, as the. iterary CaUinet in 18711, the Atcsznatum in Quar. Reg. x. 289. 1-14, &c. In 1S31 appeared Ties Student'n d bopanion, by the t Travels in New England and TNew York, i. 20,7.! knights of thle Round a7ble, the two hundred pages of which ~~~~~~~~13 | ~~~were wlritten almost exclusively by David Franci}I Bacon. 98 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. conferred in the theological school. The num- by the artist, Colonel John Trumbull, with the ber of graduates known to have been ordained Jarves collection forms the nucleus of a gallery as ministers of the gospel is 2,001. Of the en- of paintings. It is also hoped that, by means of tire number of graduates, it is supposed that carefully selected models and casts, procured in 4,830 are living, of whom 3,760 are graduates the different cities of Europe, good illustrations of the academical department. will be afforded of Greek and Roman art, as well The annual catalogue for 1872-3 enrolled nine as of inedieval and mnodern taste. The building hundred and four students as present and en- which has been erected appears to be more subgaged in study, of whom 517 were members of stantial and beautiful than any on the college the academical department; 96 were students square. in theology, 26 in law, 24 in medicine, and 200 The funds of the Theological School have been in philosophy and natural science. increased from various sources, including a gift There are now 46 professors in the various of twenty-five thousand dollars from lion. W. A. departments of the college, besides the president Buckingham, since Governor of Connecticut; a and a corps of tutors and instructors. There legacy fiom Mr. Win. Burroughs, of Philadelare also two vacant professorships. In the aca- phia, and generous gifts from David Smith, Esq., demical department there are fifteen professors of Norwich, W. W. DeForest, Esq., of New and fiv.e tutors; in the law department, four York, C. S. Bushnell, Esq., of New Haven, and professors; in the theological department, six others. professorships; in the medical department, eight The Sheffield Scientific School has also been professors; and in the philosophical department, endowed within the period referred to. Joseph seventeen professors, besides those who are E. Sheffield, Esq., of New Haven, has given to connected with the academical faculty. this department of the college a commodious The recent donations to the college have been building, fitted up with laboratories, lecturemunificent beyond any in its history; but they rooms, and recitation-rooms, costing no less than hlave for the most part been directed to specific fifty thousand dollars; he also gave a fund of fifty objects, leaving the general funds of the institu- thousand dollars for the maintenance of the tion still inadequate to the pressing necessities of school. Ite has lately erected a second more the college. Only the more important of these costly building, so as to provide suitable accomgifts can here be enumerated. modations for the increasing number of students, In 1858, lion. Henry L. Ellsworth bequeathed and also a library-room and a tower for astroto the college the chief part of his estate, to be nomical observations. Other gentlemen have lleld in trust for the benefit of indigent students. made generous gifts to the school, among them The property was much of it in unimproved 0. F. Winchester, Esq., of New Haven, a donalands, and its amount has been lessened by liti- tion of five thousand dollars. In 1863 the State gation, so that as yet the college has received no of Connecticut appropriated to the school the income from this source. In 1859, Rev. William income from a fund of one hundred and twentyA. Macy, a missionary in China, made the col- five thousand dollars, derived from land-scrip lege his residuary legatee, and fiom his estate given to the State by Congress, for the encourageseveral thousand dollars were received. In 1864, ment of instruction in applied and theoretical Joseph Battell, Esq., of New York, presented to science. the college thirty thousand dollars, as a subscrip- The college has been able, from its own funds, tion for the erection of a new chapel. S. B. to construct a good gymnasium for physical Chittenden, Esq., gave thirty thousand dollars exercise. The Medical School, by the sale of as a fund for the divinity professorship, the in- the building which it formerly occupied, was cumbent of the chair being the college pastor. enabled to erect a new and more convenient Augustus R. Street, Esq., made up tile sum of structure. Among the more important additions thirty thousand dollars, which he had been for to the library may be mentioned the gift of some time contributing as thie foundation of a!nearly one thousand volumes in Greek literaprofessorship of modern languages; and several ture, from. President Woolsey, the gift of one gentlenen united in a gift of twenty thousand thousand dollars for the purchase of musical dollars for a professorship of botany. Pelatiah works, and valuable collections which were Perit, Esq., also bequeathed to the college the bought from the libraries of Professor Silliman sum of fifteen thousand dollars, as the foundation and lIon. Clhas. W. Bradley. The last-named of another professorship. gentleman, before his death, had made many Mr. Durfee, of Fall River, has erected a new most generous gifts to the library of the Ameridormitory for the use of students, at a cost can Oriental Society (which is kept in the colof about ninety thousand dollars, and Henry lege library), on condition that if the Oriental Farnam, Esq., of New Haven, has given a Society books were removed from New Haven, similar building. For the encouragement his books should become the property of the of a love of the fine arts, Mr. A. R. Street college. has erected at his own cost, upon the college If we turn from the material resources of the green, a costly and ornamental building, in free- college to consider the changes in the corps of stone, to be occupied as a museumn for collec- teachers, we shall find that many of the older tions of paintings, statuary, engravings, casts, officers have been removed by death, and their models, and the like, and as a school for theo- places have been filled by a corps of younger retical and practical instruction in the principles men. President Woolsey kept at the head of and methods of the fine arts. The collection all the affairs of the college, till he had comof historical paintings bequeathed to the college pleted the twenty-fifth year of his presidential YALE COLLEGE 99 office. His predecessor, the venerable Jere- day, of the happiness of his home, of the love miah Day, till his death in 1867, aged ninety-four of his children, and, in strong terms of endearyears, was still a member of the college cor- ment, of his wife. Just as these his last words poration and of the prudential committee, of love were uttered, there was a sudden change having his faculties unimpaired, and his health of countenance, a slightly heavier breath, and adequate to the various calls which were made he was gone.* upon him. His associates for fifty years, Pro- An obituary notice in the London Athenmaum, fessors Kingsley and Silliman, are now both communicated by an English friend in America, gone. Three of the professors whose names are after noticing several incidents of this touching identified with the foundation of the Theological picture of his decease, adds, as the testiSchool, Taylor, Goodrich, and Gibbs, have died; mony of a long and familiar acquaintancethe fourth, Rev. Dr. E. T. Fitch, has retired " le was a noble, generous-hearted Christian from active duties. Four of the medical pro- gentleman; with him science and religion went fessors, Ives, Knight, Beers, and Charles Iooker, hand in hand. Ever cheerful and happy himare also dead. Professors Olmsted and Lamed, self, he tried to make others the same, and died, of the academical department, and Mr. Herrick, as he had lived, one of the best of men." recently librarian and treasurer, have likewise Dr. Eli Ives, one of the founders of the mndibeen taken away. In briefly referring to each cal institution of Yale College, was born in New of these gentlemen we shall follow the order in Haven, February 7th, 1779J, and graduated at which their names have appeared on the college Yale College in 1799. Iis death occurred Octocatalogue-the order of academic age. ber 8th, 1861, at the age of eiglty-two years. The venerable Professor Silliman, who for From 1813 to 1829 lie was the professor of manearly three-quarters of a century had been teria medica and botany, after which he became identified with the history and progress of Yale professor of the theory and practice of ined; College-having entered the institution in 1792, cine, and so continued until he resigned, in 1852. andfrom the time he hadgraduated been employed Dr. Worthington Hooker, the author of several as tutor and professor-died at his residence in medical essays and of a number of school-books New Haven the morning of the day appointed in different branches of natural science, was his for a National Thanksgiving, November 24th, successor. 1864. Since 1853, Professor Silliman had been Rev. Nathaniel W. Taylor, D. D., one of the relieved from the active duties of instruction in originators of the Theological School, was born the college, but lie retained his rank as emeritus in New Milford, Connecticut, June 23d,'1786, professor, and his influence was, as usual, wide- and graduated in Yale College in 1807. From ly and beneficently exerted in behalf of the seat 1812 to 1822 he was pastor of the First Church of learning to which he had been so long at- of Christ in New Haven. He then entered tached. Though far advanced in life, dying at upon the professorship of didactic theology the age of eighty-five, time had laid his hand ift Yale College. The duties of this post he disgently upon him; his form was erect and his charged with distinguished ability for thirty-six faculties were unimpaired to the last, adding a years, during which period about seven hundred new instance to the many recorded of the young mnen came under his instruction. During genial old age of naturalists and men of science, his life he epublished various essays and sermons and the favorable influence on mind and body which attracted marked attention from the theoof their pursuits. Ilis integrity and amiability logians of New England, and since his decease, gained him the universal respect of his friends five volumes, containing his principal lectures, and associates, as his services to the cause of and a selection of his doctrinal and practical science, through his well-known "American sermons, have been given to the public. His Journal" and otherwise, made his name re- death took place in New Haven, March 10th, garded with interest throughout the world. 1858, in the seventy-second year of his age. The number of this journal, which he had The instruction in systematic theology was founded and conducted, succeeding his death, given for the next seven years by his son-in-law, contains an obituary recording his services to Rev. N. Porter, D. D., till that professorship was Yale College, and his many honorable traits of conferred on Rev. Samuel Harris, D.D., LL.D. character, closing with the following notice of The death of Dr. Taylor led to commemorative his decease. I-e had been somewhat unwell for a discourses and notices from the pens of Drs. few days before, suffering apparently fiom a Bacon, Dutton, and Tlhompson, Professor Fisher, cold, when, "on the morning of the 24th, he and others. awoke early, after a night of quiet rest, feeling Dr. Jonathan Kniglt, for over fifty years a stronger, as he said, than he had done for some professor in the Medical School, and also the days. lie spoke with his wife of the many lecturer on anatomy to tlhe senior class in the reasons there were for thankfulness, both public academical department of the college, was born and private, dwelling at length upon the causes in Norwalk, Connecticut, September 4th, 1789. for national gratitude, especially in the recent lie graduated at Yale College in 1808. In 1813 re-election to the Presidency of a man who had he became the professor of anatomy and physiproved himself so true, so honest, so upright in ology, and in 1838 he was transferred to the conducting the affairs of the Government as Mr. chair of surgery. He was president of tile Lincoln. As was his custom, while still in his American Medical Association in 1853. As a bed, he offered up a short prayer, and repeated lecturer and public speaker he was distinguished, a familiar hymn of praise. In resuming his con- and as a skilful operator he acquired great versation, before rising, he sl)oke of the possibility of his attending the 1public services of the * his "Life," by Prof. Fisher, appeared in 1866, 2 vola. 100 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. celebrity. His published writings were very few quent contributors to the "New Englander," in number. Dr. Francis Bacon succeeded him in in the pages of which quarterly there may be office, and published a comlnmemorative sketch of found an appreciative notice of his literary his life in connection witl the fineral discourse career, by President Woolsey. Prof. Larned which was preached by Rev. L. Bacon, D.D. p.rinted (but did not publish) two small volumes, Dr. Timothy P. Beers was professor of obste- one on the "Analysis of the Sentence," and the tries in the Medical College from 1830 to 1856. other an Introduction to the Oration of " DeHe was a graduate of the class of 1808. Dr. mosthenes on the Crown." Prof. Cyrus NorPliny A. Jewett succeeded him in office, and throp was his successor in office. was himself followed in 1864 by Dr. Stephen G. Edward C. Herrick, one of the most versatile Hubbard. and gifted officers of the college, first the libraProfessor Josiah W. Gibbs, LL. D., was a rian, and tlen the treasurer, died in New Iaven lecturer and professor in the Theological School June 11th, 1862, aged fifty-one years. He was from 1824 until his death, which occurred in an enthusiastic observer in astronomy and meNew Iaven, March 25th, 1861. IIe was born teorology, and made important additions to our at Salem, Massachusetts, in 1791. He was a knowledge of shooting stars, especially in reman of varied and minute learning, but his spect to their periodical appearance. lHe was published writings, tlough numerous, are scat- also interested in natural history, particularly in tered through so many periodicals, that they entomology, and lie printed various papers, of are with difficulty accessible. Some of them lie lasting importance, on these and other scientific collected during the closing years of his life anld subjects, in the American Journal of Science. published in three little volumes, which were A full and discriminating review of his life was severally entitled, "Philological Studies," "The given by Prof. Thacher in the New Englander. Latin Analyst," and "Teutonic Etymology" The lrofessors of the academlical department (New Haven, 1857, 1858, and 1860). Biblical are now Messrs. Loomis, Porter, Dana, Thacher, literature was tlhe title of his professorship, but Newton, liadley, Wheeler, Packard, Northrop, his studies and lectures covered a much wider Wright, Coe, and Richards. Pres. Woolsey volfield. Prof. G. P. Fisher published a biographi- untarily resigned his office in 1871. He has pubcal discourse soon after the death of Prof lished, in recent years: an Introduction to the Gibbs, and Rev. Timothy Dwight succeeded to Study of International Law, revised in 1865; the vacant chair, having already, in 1858, been An Address on the Life and Services of Jeremiah. appointed assistant professor. -Day, LL.D., 1867; and Religion of the Present Prof. Chauncey A. Goodrich, whose principal and the Future, a series of sermons preached in publications were mentioned in the earlier portion Yale Chapel, 1871. Prof. Loomis is well known of this article, died in New Haven, February 25, as the author of various matlemaatical class1860 at the age of sixty-nine years. He grad- books. We have already alluded to thle revision uate({ at Yale College in 1810. At the time of of Webster's Dictionary, wlich was perfected his death lie was engaged on a radical revision under the guidance of Prof. N. Porter. In this of Webstel's Dictionary, which was publisled work he was aided by several of his colleagues. in 1864, under the supervision of Prof. N. Por- Prof. Dana, in addition to the treatises before ter. Prof. James M. Iloppin followed Dr. enumerated, hlas printed a Manual of Geology Goodrich as professor of the pastoral charge. and a smaller school-book on the samle subject. President Woolsey delivered a discourse corn- He has also lately prepared a new edition of memnorative of Dr. Goodrich's life. his Mineralogy. Prof. Silliman is the author A sketch of Prof. Ollnsted's career has already of text-books in physics and chemistry. Prof. been given. In addition to the publications be- Hadley has printed a Greek grammar.* Prof. fore enumerated should be mentioned a paper Newton is the author of some original investigaon the Secular Period of the Aurora Borealis, tions respecting the periodicity and nature of which was printed by him in the Smithsonian Ineteoric showers, the results of which have been Contributions to Knowledge. IIe died in New given in the American Journal of Science. taven, May 13th, 1859, aged sixty-eiglht years. The changes in the course of study and in the President Woolsey published an estimate of his methods of administration in the academical life and character, and Prof. Lyman printed in department are for the most part too Ilinute the Amlerican Journal of Science a review of ]his and special to be mentioned here, but there are scientific career. Prof. Olrnsted has been suc- two or three exceptions to this renark. The ceeded by Prof. Elias Loomis. hour for the earliest assembly of the students in Dr. Charles IHooker was professor of anatomy the morning, at college prayers, is now about and physiology fronm 1838 till his death, on the eight o'clock the year round, instead of half-past 19th of March, 1863. IIe was a native of Ber- five in summer and half-past six in winter. lin, Connecticut, and a graduate of Yale College The change has proved acceptable to every in the class of 1820. lie was the author of one. Evening prayers have been given up. several well-known medical dissertations. Is In place of the biennial examinations at the successor in office, Dr. L. J. Sanford, commenced close of the sophomore and senior year, an exhis lectures by delivering a eulogy of Ir. Hook- amination is hereafter to be held at the close of er, which was published. Dr. I-ooker had every year, and no student can go forward unti) reached the age of sixty-four years. he has successfully passed it. Rev. William A. Larned, professor of rhetoric and English literature, was a graduate of Yale o and English literature, was a graduate prof * At the date of his death, November 20th, 1872, Prof. HadCollege in the clas of 1826. He became pro- ley was president ofthe Aerican Oriental Society. A postufessor in 1839. lie was one of the most fre- mous volume of his "Essays" appeared in 1873. YALE COLLEGE. 101 The Theological School of the college is now editor of this journal, and is also a frequent conunder the direction of Profs. G. P. Fisher, J. M. tributor to its pages. "The New Englander," Hoppin, T. Dwight, S. Harris, and George E. a quarterly periodical, of which William L. Day. Kingsley, Esq., is the editor and proprietor, is In the Law School, Hon. Francis Wayland is devoted to literary, theological, and political the Dean of the Faculty. His colleagues are articles, by the officers of Yale ollege, the Wm. C. Robinson, Simeon E. Baldwin, and Congregational ministers of New England, and Johnson T. Platt. other occasional contributors. "The Yale LiterThe Medical School has changed its entire corps ary Magazine," the oldest college magazine in the of instructors since 1852. Drs. White, Ives, country, is still sustained by the undergraduate Silliman, Hubbard, Lindsley, Sanford, and Bacon students. "The University Quarterly," mainae now the professors. The establishment of a taned by the students of all the principal large military hospital in New Haven has greatly Northern colleges, was published for two yer facilitated the study of medicine, and the private at New Haven, and was then given up for the medical school, which is under the direction lack of sufficient pecuniary encouragement. of several of the professors and of other resi- The Connecticut Academy of Arts and Scident physicians, is regarded with increasing ences, established in New Haven, near the close The Department of Plilosophy and the Arts *.of the last century, has published recently two The Department of Philosophy and the Arts octav volumes of memoirs which have been is now constituted in two sections: that of the octavo volumes of memoirs which hale been prepared by its members. - The Yale Natural Sheffield Scientific School, and that of Philology, iory Societys no longer actve. H. History Society" is no longer active. Philosophy, and History. In the latter section Professor Whitney gives instruction in Sanskrit and in Complarative Philology, and everal of **"Some of the recent donations to Yale are the academic professors stand ready to receive noteworthy because of their munifcence, and pupils. The Sheffield Scientific School, within s providing for the erection of additional buildten years, has made most rapid growth. Pro- ings. In 1866 the late Mr. George Peabody fessors Silliman, junior, and John A. Porter gave one hundred and fifty thousand dollars to were then in charge of its raffairs. ^found and maintain a Museum of Natural IisProfessors Norton, Lyman Whitney, Brush, tory, especially of the departments of Zoology, Johnson, Walker, Brewer, Eaton, Trowbridge, Geology, and Minerlogy. Two-thirds of this Lounsbury, Marsh, Allen, and Verrill, now con- sum were to be expended in the erection of a stitute, with President Porter, the governing fire-proof edifice. Important contributions to board of the school. The students, during the its scientific collections have been made, espefirst year of their studies, form one class, and arecially by the three Yale expeditions led by drilled in mathematics and moden languages, Professor Marsh to the Rocky Mountains and and the elements of physics and chemistry. o These ere During the next two years they must select and twenty-five thousand fossil remains~Tertiary, follow one of several prescribed courses, viz.: Cretaceous, and Vertebrate 125 species of Chemistry; Natural History; Engineering and which wee new to science. Mechanics; Agriculture; Mining; or a select Yale Theological Seminary, which celebrated course in various branches of science and litera- he fiftieth anniversary of its establishment as a ture. distinct department in May, 1872, has been The legal interest of the State of Connecticut in aided to the extent of two hunded thousand the school, which arises from the bestowal of the dollars in the five ear ending with 1872. A income of certain public funds, is watched over spacious and comfortable building has been by a board of visitors, consisting of the Gover- erected, which gives accommodation to sixty nor and the Lieutenant-Governor, the three tuents, and another is projected. small senior Senators, and the secretary of the Board Chapel wa built for the Divinity School by of Education of tie State. Frederick Marquand, at an expense exceeding The degree of Ph. Dr. is now given in this twenty-seen thousnd dollars. The h-olines department to students who have previously Professorship of the Hebrew Language and department to students Literature was created by the donation of received a bachelor's degree, and who have eure created by the donaon of received a bachelor's degree, and who have twenty-five thousand dollars by Samuel Holmes. pursued higher courses of study for two years, In 1872 the Lyan Beecher Lectureship" terminating in a successful examination. ii e c p Threeinting in a successful exad inatio New Haen on Preaching, founded by the gift of ten thouThree periodicals published in New Haven deserve mention in this connection, for although sn ors fo enry. Sage of Brooklyn was inaugurated by Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. the college is in no wise responsible for them, This first course of instruction in the practical the college professors, in different departments, work of the pastoral offce has since appeare are frequent contributors to their pages. "The in book-form American Journal of Science," begun in 1818, American Journal of Science," begun in 1818, Nor have other departments of this Univerby Professor Silliman, is still continued by his sity been less prospeous. Joseph E. Sheffield, son-in-law, Professor James D. Dana, and his of New Iaven who ha alreadygiven over two son, Professor B. Silliman, junior; Professors son, Professor B. Silliman, junior; Profssors hundred and forty thousand dollars to establish George J. Brusha, S. WV. Johnson, and II. A. the Sheffield Scientific School, added another Newton are also associated in the management building to that institution in 1872, at a cost of of the journal. "The Journal of the American one hundred thousand dollars; and other late Oriental Society" is also published in New subscriptions to its endowments reach that Haven. Professor W. D. Whitney, the corres-amount. Augustus S. Street, who died in 1866 ponding Secretary of the Society, is the principal founded the School of the Fine Arts on a firm 102 CYCLOPIEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. basis, and left Yale richer by two hundred and narrative of his youthful studies and early deve eighty thousand dollars for his gifts. That in- lopements of intellect and piety, we see an exube, stitution has added largely to its galleries of paintings, statuary, and plaster casts. Three art professorships have been established. John F. "-,I fl Weir, N. A., holds that of "Painting and De-. sign," D. Cidy Eaton that of "Art," and John H. Niemeyer that of "Drawing." The College Library has been enriched by a virtual donation of the libraries possessed by the Linonian and Brother's societies. It now contains nearly one i hundred thousand volumes. In the depart- - ments of Greek literature, Sanskrit and Com- parative Philology, and Political Science, it is peculiarly complete, by the acquisition of the respective libraries of President Woolsey, Prof. Edward E. Salisbury, and Robert von AIohl. The charge for tuition was raised fifty per cent. in 1870 —from sixty to ninety dollars a year —to secure a much needed increase in the professors' salaries to three thousand dollars. In comparison with the advance in the standard of instruction, the change is not excessive. fRu. In y Its president, Noah Porter, is recognized as one of the ablest modern writers on psychology. A notice of his life and writings will be found / a /A CI in the second volume. J n a, / F Cd a Vrc JONATHAN EDWARDS. JONATHAN EDWARDS, one of the first metaphysi- rance in both which indicate a richly endowed cians of his age, and the last and finest product nature. Education, whatever it may be with of the old Puritanism of America, was born such a man, is simply the mould to be filled by in East Windsor, Connecticut, October 5, 1703. his genius. In other places, in other relations, His family and culture were strictly evangelical. he would always be a man of mark. In the field Four generations back, on his father's side, his of the belles lettres, if he had cultivated them, he ancestor was a clergyman of the Established would have shone as an acute critic and poet; Church in London, in the time of Elizabeth. His among men of science, as a profound and original son emigrated to Hartford, in Connecticut, in the observer; among wits, as a subtle philosopher. middle of the seventeenth century. He was a As it was, born in New England, of the ghostly merchant, as was also his son Richard, who super- line of Puritanism, all his powers were confined added to that worldly calling a life of eminent to Christian morals and metaphysics. piety. The next in descent was the Rev. Timothy The religious element was developed in him Edwards, the father of our author. He was a very early. At the age of seven or eight, in a graduate of Harvard, and the first minister of period of religious excitement in his father's conEast Windsor. In the old French war, he accom- gregation, he attained a height of devotional panied an expedition as chaplain on its way to fervor, and built a booth in a retired swanp for Canada. He married the daughter of the Rev. secret prayer, with some of his school companions. Solomon Stoddard, of Northampton, with whom His account of his "early religious life is pure and he lived more than sixty-three years-his widow fervent, recalling the sublime imagination of Sir surviving him twelve years, when she died in her Thomas Browne of those who have understood ninety-ninth year. This lady, the mother of Christian annihilation, gustation of God, and Jonathan Edwards, is spoken of as possessed of ingression into the divine shadow, and have had superior force of understanding and refinement of already an handsome anticipation of heaven." character. The father was a man of learning and Nature at that time was transfigured before him. devotion to his ministry. It was the thorough consecration of a mind of It is impossible to study the portrait of Jona- the strongest powers and finest temper. His love than Edwards without noticing an air of purity, of nature was a trait of his boyhood. Before the a tinge perhaps of feminine character, a look of age of twelve he had written a minute account of thorough earnestness, and an expression of native the habits of a forest spider. When the world delicacy. Energy and reserve seemn to be happily gained a great metaphysician it perhaps lost an blended in his countenance.* On reading the admirable natural historian. _______ Edwards entered Yale College in his thirteenth year, when he fell in with Locke's Essay on the *" In his youth he appeared healthy, and with a good degree of vivacity, but was never robust. In middle life, he appeared very much emaciated, by severe study, and Intense mental application. In his person he was tall of stature-about six spicacity, sincerity, and benevolence-were so strongly imn feet one inch-and of a slender form. He had a high, broad, pressed, that no one could behold it, without at once discover bold forehead, and an eye unusually piercing and luminous; Ing the clearest indications of great ir.tellectsal and ioral and on his whole countenance, the features of his mind-per- elevation."-Life by Sereno E. Dwight, 593. JONATHAN EDWARDS. 103 Understanding, which he read with great zest. say," writes on a blank leaf the pure-minded It was always his habit to think and write as he young iman of twenty, "there is a young lady in read, so that his pen, as his biographer remarks, New Haven who is beloved of that Great Being, was always in his hand. This course adds to who llade and rules the world, and that there are the exactness and labor of study, and begets a'certain seasons in which this Great Being, in some habit which, amidst the infinite riches of humal way or other invisible, comles to her and fills her learning, is not readily expended. It is not sur- mind with exceeding sweet delight, and that she prising, therefore, that Edwards afterwards came hardly cares for anything, except to meditate on to devote nearly two thirds of the day to study. him-that she expects, after a while, to be He was graduated at the college with the highest received up where he is, to be raised up out of honor, and continued to reside in the institution the world and caught up into heaven; being two years, for the study of the ministry. HIis assured that he loves her too well to let her first clerical occupation was in New York, where remain at a distance from him always. There he preached to a congregation of Presbyterians in she is to dwell with him, and to be ravished 1722, in his nineteenth year. His meditations at with his love and delight for ever. Therefore, if this time were full of ardor and humility. " The you present all the world before her, with the soul of a true Christian, as I then wrote my medi- richest of its treasures, she disregards it and tations," says he, " appeared like such a little cares not for it, and is unmindful of any pain or white flower as we see in the spring of the year; affliction. She has a strange sweetness in her low and humble on the ground, opening its bosomn mind, and singular purity in her aflections; is to receive the pleasant beams of the sun's glory; most just and conscientious in all her conduct; rejoicing, as it were, in a calm rapture, diffusing and you could not per.uade her to do anything around a sweet fragrancy; standing peacefully wrong or sinful, if you would give her all the and lovingly, in the midst of other flowers round world, lest she should offend this Great Being. about; all in like manner opening their bosoms, She is of a wonderful sweetness, calmness, and to drink in the light of the sun." He records his universal benevolence of mind; especially after this frequent retirement " into a solitary place on the Great God has manifested himself to her mind. banks of Hudson's river, at some distance from She will sometimes go about froml place to place, the city, for contemplation on divine things and singing sweetly, and seems to be always full of secret converse with God; and had many sweet joy and pleasure, and no one knows for what. hours there." Before he had completed his She loves to be alone, walking in the fields and twentieth year, he had solemnly arranged a groves, and seems to have some one invisible series of seventy resolutions, which were to be always conversing with her."* the guiding principles of his life. These relate to His preaching at Northampton was devoted to the absolute performance of duty without regard an awakening of zeal and restoration of strict to immediate motive or difficulty; to the intensity devotional conduct, which had somewhat declined. of occupation,-" to live with all my might while His course was attended at the outset with success; I do live "-to regard the various moral duties, a revival, a class of religious exercises for whichthe to practise the minor moralities, "in narrations town had been celebrated, in 1735, adding largely never to speak anything but the pure and simple for the time to his congregation. An account of verity." The fifty-first resolution, dated July 8, these scenes was published in " A Narrative of 1723, is a singular expression at once of submis- Surprising Conversions," by Edwards, reissued in sion and of strength of will:-" that I will act so, London, with a preface by Dr. Watts. Other in every respect, as I think I sh'all wish I had solemnities of the kind attended his ministry at done, if I should at last be damnled." A private Northampton. To mark the distinctions of what religious Diary which he wrote, commences Dec. he considered true religion, he wrote the discri18, 1722, and closes June 11, 1726. One entry minating Treatise on.Religious Affections. marks the student, and the comparative isolation Whether the discipline attempted by Edwards of the man from the world:-" I am sometimes was overstrained or impolitic, or the system of in a frame so listless, that there is no other way theology which he pursued was more logical than of profitably improving time but conversation, practicable, serious differences arose with the visiting, or recreation, or some bodily exercise. people, which eventually, after he had preached However, it may be best, iri the first place, before at Northampton for twenty-three years, compelled resorting to either of these, to try the whole his retirement. One point of difficulty was his circle of my mental employments." This was change in the test for the Communion. This rite dangerous theory and practice with his delicate had been regarded as a means to conversion constitution. rather than the end; and persons admitted to From New York, where he resided eight membership under it without a distinct profession. months, he returned to a tutorship ill Yale, where In opposing this view, which had been dehe remained till he became associated, in 1726, liberately established by his grandfather and on his ordination, with his grandfather, the Rev. predecessor, and enforcing his convictions, EdMr. Stoddard, in his ministry at Northampton, wards was governed by the logical morality of In July of this year he married Miss Sarah his early resolutions. I-e issued his work, "An Pierrepont, the daughter of a clergyman of strong Humble Enquiry into the Rules of the Word of clerical connexions, and a young lady of eighteen, God, concerning the Qualifications requisite to of unusual beauty. The spiritual description of a complete standing and full communion in the her gentle habits, written by Edwards, apparently Visible Christian Church." The townspeople on reports of her excellence brought to him when she was but thirteen years of age, is the unconscious admiration of the lover in the saint. " They * Life by Dwight. p. 114. 104 CYCLOPIEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. instigated controversial replies and held meetings York Society Library-records a remark of of disapproval; the re;ult, after a great deal of Hamilton on this book.'The conversation led unhappy agitation, was Edwards's dismission, in to the question whether lie had ever read the 1750, by an Ecclesiastical Council. He was in- work of Edwards on the Will? IHe told me he stalled the next year minister at Stockbridge, had. I then asked him what he thought of it. Mass., and missionary to the Indians then in that He replied, that he presumed nothing ever came vicinity. It was at this post, where he con- from the human mind more in proof that man tinned six years, that he wrote, in the midst of was a reasoning anirmal. It is unrelaxed logical cares and anxieties, in the short tilne of four statement throughout-from the first page to the months and a half, his "Essay on the Freedom of last a consecutive series of arguments, the only the Will."* This work is written with great coin- digression fron the main propositions being qualipactness, never swerving from the line of the argu- fications of the sense, expressed in the same brief, ment. While men will continue to act as if they rigid style. Its chief aim is to maintain a point were free, Edwards will still convince them that of Calvinism against the attacks and tenets of the they are bound by the iron hand of necessity. Arminians." With metaphysicians it has always taken the On the death of Burr, the President of Prince. highest reputation. Its worth has been pronounced ton College, in 1757, Edwards was chosen to by "mouths of wisest censure." succeed him. Burr was the father of the cele"In theNew World," said Dug(ld Stewart, "the brated and unscrupulous Aaron Burr, and the state of society and of manners has not hitherto son-in-law of Edwards; so that the maternal been so favourable to abstract science as to pur- grandfather of the unhappy politician was the suits which come home directly to the business exemplary divine. Burr, with little of his of human life. There is, however, one mIetaphy- morality, may have inherited a great deal of his sician of whom America has to boast, who, in subtlety. logical acuteness rand subtlety, does not yield to Edwards's letter to the Trustees, dated Stockany disputant bred in the Universities of Europe. bridge, Oct. 19th, when he meditated acceptance of I need not say that I allude to Jonathan Edwards. the post, enters curiously into the physiology of But at the tille when he wrote, the state of his condition: — "I have a constitution in many America was more favourable than it now is, or respects peculiarly unhappy, attended with flaccid can for a long period be expected to be, to such solids, vapid, sizy, and scarce fluids, and a low inquiries as those which engaged his attention; tide of spirits, often occasioning a kind of childish inquiries, by the way, to which his thoughts were weakness and contemptibleness of speech, preevidently turned, less by the impulse of specula- sence, and demeanor, with a disagreeable dulness tive curiosity than by his anxiety to defend the and stiffness, much unfitting me for conversation, theological system in which he had been educated, but more especially for the government of a coland to which he was most conscientiously and lege." He had, up to this time, for many years zealously attached. The effect of this anxiety in sp)ent fourteen hours a day in study. Yet, with a sharpening his faculties, and in keeping his feeble fiame from childhood, by templerance and polemical vigilance constantly on the alert, may method, he could endure these lab(rs, and find be traced in every step of his argument.' t himself, at the age of fifty-four, "as well alle to Hazlitt, whose " Principles of Human Action" bear the closest study," he says, " as I was thirty show him to have been a close and original years ago." It is, perhaps, difficult under these student of mental phenomena, and whose know- circumstances to determine whether he was susledge of metaphysical authors entitles him to an tailned or worn out by literature. The occupaauthoritative opinion on the subject, says of the tion in his study, which "swallowed up his mind," " Treatise on the Will" and its'author: "Having was, he tells us in the same sentence, "the chief produced him, the Americans need not despair of entertainment and delight of his life." The their metaphysicians. We do not scruple to say, enjoyments of the scholar, if they e:nsed, also that he is one of the acutest, most powerful, and compensated the unpleasant dyspeptic symptoms of all reasoners the most conscientious and sincere. which the philosopher somewhat pedantically His closeness and candour are alike admirable. recounted. Instead of puzzling or imposing on others, he In January, 1758, Edwards was installed at tries to satisfy his own mind. * * Far from Princetoi,. In the same month his father died, taunting his adversaries, he endeavours with all at the venerable age of eighty-nine. The simallhis might to explain difficulties. * * His pox then prevailing in the vicinity, Edwards was anxiety to clear up the scruples of others is eqnual inoculated, a course for which he took not only to his firmness in maintaining his own opinion." the advice of his physician but the consent of his A manuscript note, by Judge Egbert Benson, at- college corporation. A fever set in, in consetached to the copy of The Freedom of the Will- quence of this act of precaution, which caused the original Boston edition of 1754, with the sub- his death in his fifty-fifth year, March 22, 1758. scribers' names appended, preserved in the New His daughter, Mrs. Burr, died suddenly about a fortnight after, and his wife in October of the same year. * A Careful and Strict Enquiry into the modern prevailing wr lf a il of ten c ren, n f Notions of that Freedom of Will, which is supposed to be wa t a famly f ten hildren, one essential to Moral Agency, Virtue and Vice, Reward and Pun- whom, bearing his father's name, became a Doctor ishment, Praise and Blame. By Jonathan Edwards, A.M., of Divinity and President of Union College. Pastor of the Church in Stockbridge. Rom. ix. 16: It is not of him that willeth. Boston, N. E. Printed and sold by S. Hissecond son, Pierrepont, was Judge of the Kneeland, in Queen-st. 1754. United States Court for the District of Connect Dulgald Stowart's Dissertation on the Progress of Philoso- ticut. He died at Bridgeport in 1826, at the age - hy'Ed, 8. R12 4oe. i e tt. HOe died at Bridgeport in 1826, at the age py, 2(e. 1820. 4tp.. of 76. One of his sons became Governor of ConA E. Eev. L.__T p. 131 CHARLES CHAUNCY. 105 necticut, another is the Hon. Ogden Edwards of CHARLES CHAUNCY. New York. CHARLES CHAUNCY, a great-grandson of Charles Tfie tributes to Edwards's powers of mind and Chauncy, the second president of Harvard College, devout life, in addition to those we have quoted, was born in Boston, on the first day of the year by Chalmers, Robert Hall, Mackintosh, Isaac 1705. At the age of seven he lost his father, a Taylor, and others, leave nothing unsaid, in the merchant of Boston, and son of the Rev. Isaac way of eulogy, of his metaphysical ability.* His Chauncy. He entered Harvard at the early age practical devotional style was, while argumenta- of twelve, and was graduated with high honor in tive, warm and affectionate, dwelling on the ele- 1721. In 1727, he was ordained a colleague with vated poetry of the scriptures. Dr. Alexander the Rev. Mr. Foxcroft, in the pastoral charge of has described his character as a preacher. "He the first church in his native town-a connexion was commanding as a pulpit teacher, not for which continued for forty years, until the death grace of person; he was slender and shy; not for of Mr. Foxcroft, after which he remained in sole elocution; his voice was thin and weak; for any charge of the congregation for ten years. He trick of style; no man more disdained and tram- was then assisted by the Rev. John Chlrke, until pled on it; -but from his immense preparation, his death, on the tenth of February, 1787. Dr. long forethought,sedulous writing of every word, Chauncy enjoyed a great reputation as a scholar touching earnestness and holy life. Ile was not a and theological writer. man of company; he seldom visited his hearers. The straightforward tendency of his mind, and Yet there was no man whose mental power was his great dislike of anything tending to parade greater. Common consent set him at the head or affectation, combined with his aversion to of his profession. Even in a time of raptures and Whitefield and the French school of preaching, fiery excitement he lost no influence. The inci- led him to adopt a studied plainness in the coindent is familiar of his being called on a sudden to position and delivery of his sermons.* He was take the place of Whitefield, the darling: of the wont to say he besought God that he might never people, who failed to appear when a multitude be an orator, on which a wit remarked that his were gathered to hear him. Edwards, unknown prayer had been fully granted.t His strango to most in person, with unfeigned reluctance, such want of appreciation of poetry, sh-wn by his exas a vainer mnnm might feel, rose before a disap- pressed wish that some one would translate Parpointed assembly and proceeded with feeble man- adise Lost into prose, that he might understand ner to read from his manuscript. In a little time it, $ shows that he had little sympathy with imathe audience was hushed; but this was not all. ginative or rhetorical effort. His voice was feeble, Before they were aware, they were attentive and and his delivery quiet. IIe was uncompromising soon enchained. As was then common, one and in his exposure and denunciation of every deparanother in the outskirts would arise and stand; ture from the strict rules of integrity, either by numbers arose and stood; they came forward, public bodies or by private individuals, his own they pressed upon the centre; the whole assembly affairs being regulated with the utmost exactrose; and before he concluded sobs burst from the ness. " During the period," says Otis, "that some convulsed throng. It was the power of fearful great losses were experienced by the fluctuation argument. The sermon is known to be in his of papermoney, he preached the election sermon, works."t in 1747, before the governor and legislature; on Edwards, in most of his writing, beyond exact- which occasion, he spoke in very plain terms of ness, paid little attention to style; and judging by their duty, as honest men and legislators, and the aneclote related by his eldest son, that his said, that if their acts were unjust, they would acquaintance with Richardson's novel of Sir one day be called upon to answer for them. The Charles Grandison, about the time of his leaving discourse gave some dissatisfaction, and a disNorthampton, led hin to.think of its amendment., cussion arose whether it should be printed. To he must have been, in early life, unacquainted with a person who came to tell him of this difficulty, the best English models. he answered,'It shall be printed, whether the The works of President Edwards were collected General Court print it or not; and do you, sir, in ten volumn3s in New York in 1829. The first say from me, that if I wanted to initiate and inis occupied by a Life, written by Sereno E. struct a person into all kinds of iniquity and Dwight, whic' includes the diaries; the Treatises double-dealing, I would send him to our General on the Will and the Affections form portions of Court!'" It was "printed by Order of the Ho separate volumes; there are several series of dis- norable House of Representatives," with a motto courses, doctrinal and practical, and the tenth on the title from Deuteronomy xvi. 20 — That volume istaken up with Edwards's Memoirs of the which is altogether just shalt thou follow." He Missionary Brainerd, which was first published was an active controversialist, publishing in 1742 in 1749. and 1743 sermons On the Varrious Gifts of Mi nisters, On Enthusiasm, and on the Outpourings * They are enumerated by Dr. Samuel Miller in his life of te Holy Ghst, directed a st hitefel Edwards, il Sparks's Biog., vol. viii. of the first series, 171-IS7. These were followed by An Account of the The reference to Chalmers is his Christian and Civic Economy French Prophets, and Seasonable Thoughts on of Large Towns. i. 31S322. To Robert Hall, his Works, iii. 4, te Se i n N Egan. 65, 79. To Mackintosh, his Memoirs, i. 22, and Progress of e Ste f e e.. Ethical Philosophy, 1:;8. Isaac Taylor prefixed an "Essay on the preparation of the last named work, which the application of Abstract Reasoning to the Christian Doctrines," to an edition of the Treatise on the Will. 1I MS. Centennial Discourse at the College of New Jersey, by * "As apreacher, he was plain to a decree which hasbecome the Rev. James W. Alexander. The text of Edwards's sermon unfaslionable in the present age."-Funeral Sermon by thl was Deant. xxxii. 82. It is the fifteenth sermon of the fourth Rev. John Clarke, D.D. vol. of the New York edition of his works of 1844, p. 313. t Tudor's Life of Otis, 19, $ Life by Dwight, 601. t: Ib. 14 106 CYCLOPLEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE forms an octavo volume, he travelled several hun- was their conversation dark and hellish." On dred miles to collect facts,* tending to show the being asked, in the morning," if he was willing dangers of the appeals to excitement practised by to serve his Majesty," he answered, that he was Whitefield and the revival school. In 1762 he willing to serve him in his business, and according published a sermon on The Validity of Presby- to his conscience; " but as for war and fighting, terian Ordination; ill 1765 Twelve Sermons on Christ had forbid it in his excellent Sermon on Seasonable and Important Subjects, the chief the Mount; and for that reason I could not bear of which was justification by faith; in 1767, arms nor be instrumental to destroy or kill men." Remarks on a Sermon of the Bishop of Landaff, "Then," he continues, and in 1771, a complete view of Episcopacy, as The lieutenant looked on me and on the people, exhibited ffom the Fathers of the Christian "The lieutenant looked on me and on the people, exhibited from the Fathers of the Christian exhibited from the Fathers of the Christian anmd said:'Gentlemen, what shall we do with this Church, until the close of the second century, fellow? He swears he will Ilt fight.' Tie comin which he endeavored to piove that that form mander of the vessel made answer:'No, he will of government was not sanctioned by the usage neither swear nor fight.' Upon which they turned of the primitive church. With these views he me on shore. I was thankful that I was delivered was, as might be expected, a participant in the out of their hands; and my tender parents were hotly waged controversy on the proposed intro- glad to see me again." duction of bishops into the colonies by the English At the expiration of his apprenticeship to his government, publishing in answer to Dr. Chan- father of seven years, he " went to his calling, dler's "Appeal to the Public," on the Episcopal and got a little money (a little being enou) side, An Appeal to the Public, answered in be- which I was made willing to spend freely in the half of Ton-Episcopal Churches. Chandler an- work and service of my great Master, Christ swered by "The Appeal Defended," Chauncy Jesus." He was soon after " concerned " to travel responded, and Chandler again in turn replied. and preach about England, and after a few months Dr. Chauncy's printed sermons are in all about passed in this manner, and a brief return to his sixty in nlumlber. His last works were The calling, he "fould himself engaged in the love of Mystery hid from Ages, or the Salvation of all the gospel, to visit friends in America." After a dMen, which he considered the most valuable of long passage, he landed at the mouth of the his writings,t Dissertations upon the Benevolence atuxent river, in Maryland, in January, 1698. of the Deity, both printed in 1784, and a volume Next followed a year of travel, during which he on The Fall of Man, and its Consequences, which visited New England and Virginia., where he appeared in 1785. found an aged friend " who was ninety-two years He took a warm interest in the success of the of age, anl had then a daughter two years old." American cause during the Revolution, and was A note informs us that he saw this vigorous vetewont to say that if the national arns were in- ran some time after, " weeding Indian corn with sufficient, angels would be sent to fight for the hoe, at the age of 106. He died a year after cause of freedom. hhaving seen the child of his fourscore and ten years married." After "several gcod and open THOMAS CHALKLEY. meetings in Virginia," friend Chalkley "found THOMAS CHALKLE Y informs us in the opening line himself clear of America," and returned to of his " Life, Labours, Travels, &c.," that he was England. "born on the third day of the third month, 1675, He soon after married Martha Betterton, he in Southwark," London. He gives a touching being in his twenty-fourth and she in her twentypicture of the persecutions to which his sect of first year. As she "had an excellent gift of the Friends were exposed, even from their tender ministry given her," the step confirmed him the years: more in his vocation of preacher, and after a journey in Ireland, he decided to remove perma"When between eight and ten years of age, my nently to America. Settling his wife in Philafather and tmther sent me near two miles to school, delph on hs rica. Setli his wife inar s, and to Richard Scoryer, in the suburbs of London. I, e visd 3, went mostly by myself to the school; and many and onhis return, enthrough aryland and various were the exercises I went through, by beat- visited friends in Virini and orth Colina to ings and stonings along the streets, being distin- the river Pamlico, where no travelling Friends guished to the people, by the badge of plainness that ever I heard of, ere before. lIe describes which my parents put upon me, of what profession an incident of his journey with great beauty: I was: divers telling me, " it was no more sin to kill I g t " In going to andl comnin1g from this place, we lay me than it vwas to kill a dog." two nights in the woods, and I think I never slept He relates his spiritual experiences at great better in all my life. It was the eighth hour in the length, commencing with his tenth year. At the evening, when I laid down on the ground, one night, age of twenty he was pressed on board a man-of- my saddle being my pillow, at the root cf a tree; nwar. ie passed the night inl the hold, having and it was four o'clock in the mornirg when they nothing to lie upon but casks, and among wicked called me. When I awoke, I thought of good Jacob's nothing to lie upon but casks, and among wicked men;,nd as we were shut up in darkness, lodginlg he had on the way to Padan Aram, when he saw the holy visions of angels, with the ladder, whose top reached to heaven. Very sweet was the love of God to my soul that roemir g, ar.d the dew "I have been a circle of more than three hundred miles, and love of God to my soul that mornirg, anl the dew had, by this means, an opportunity of going through a great of the everlasting hills refreshed re: arl I went on number of towns in this and the neighbonring government of my way praising the Lord, and nagnifying the God Connecticut, and of having personal conversation with most of my salvation." of the ministers, and many other gentlemen in the country." -Preface, xxix. Clarke's Funeral Sermon, After a horseback journey of about a thousand AQUILA ROSE 107 miles, in this manner, he passed a few months at volume of 556 pages, appeared at New York, in home, "following my business in order to the 1808. His works form about one third of its conmaintenance of my family." He next visited tenth. They consist of a series of religious tracts, Rhode Island, which he found in the midst of the chief of which are entitled: God's Great troubles with the Indians, where he exhorted Love unto Mankind through Jesus Christ our Friends to maintain their non-resistance princi- Lord; A Loving Invitation to Young and Old, ples, and says that those who did so were unmo- in Holland and elsewhere, to seek and love Allested by the savages. mighty God, and to prepare in time for their "After thoroughly visiting friends in those Eternal Welfare; Observations on Christ's parts," he returned through Connecticut and Long Sermon on the Mount Christ's Kingdonm Island to Philadelphia, but was soon off again to Exalted; and Youth Persuaded to Obedience, Maryland. He thus continued travelling about, Gratitude, and Honor to God and their Parents. rising early, and laying down late; many days To these are joined a few productions of a conriding forty, fifty, and sixty miles a day, which," troversial nature; but even these, as their titles he naively adds, " was very laborious, and hard show, are pervaded by the usual kindly spirit of for my flesh to endure, being corpulent and heavy their writer.* from the twenty-seventh year of my age;" with He introduced the first named of these in a few occasional intervals of rest at home, until the brief but happily penned sentences: middle of the year 1707, when he again visited "In sincerity and unfeigned love, both to God and Barbadoes, and sailing thence for England, was man, were these lines penned. I desire thee to peshipwrecked on the coast of Ireland, but without ruse them in the same love, and then, peradventure, sustaining personal injury. Upon leaving Ireland, thou mayest find some sweetness in them. Expect he journeyed through Great Britain, and after a not learned phrases, or florid expressions; for many visit to Holland and Germany, returned to Phila- times heavenly matter is hid in mean sentences, or delphia. wrapped up in mean expressions. It sometimes On a subsequent voyage, from the Bermudas, pleases God to reveal the mysteries of his kingdom in consequence of a long continuance of calms, (through the grace of his son our Lord Jesus Christ,) the stock of provisions became scanty. The ves-to babes and sucklings; and he oftentimes ordains sel being consigned to Chalkley, and under his praise out of their mouths; one of which, reader, I care, the crew began to upbraid him for the desire thou mayest be. My intent in writing these 7car, the crew began to upbraid him for the sheets is that they, through the help of God's grace scarcity, and " tell disimal stories about eating one and the good spirit of Christ, may stir up true love another." in thee; first to God and Christ, and then to man; so thou wilt be fit to be espoused to him, who is "To stop their murmuring," he says, "I told them so thou wilt be fit to be espoused to him, who is "To stop their murmuring, he say, "I told them altogether lovely, (that is Christ) which is the desire they should not need to cast lots, which was usual oh y, (that i C i the desire in such cases, which of us should die first, for I f im who thyfrien, more i r t r, would freely offer up my life to do them good. Onle said,' God bless you! I will not eat any of you.' By a bequest in his will, the good Quaker Another said,'He would die before he would eat founded the Library of the Four Monthly Meetany of me;' and so said several. I can truly say, ings of Friends at Philadelphia. on that occasion, at that time, my life was not dear to me, and that I was serious and ingenuous ini my AQUILA ROSE. proposition: and as I was leaning over the side of BENJAMIN FRANKLIN narrates, in his Autobiograthe vessel, thoughtfully considering my proposal to t o h f Kimer the the company, and looking in my mind to Him that, h como an Eley made me, a very large dolphin came up towards printer, he fun him in n legy on the top or surface of the water, and looked me inl Aquila Rose, an ingenious young man, of excelthe face; and I called the people to put a hook into le charcter, much respected in the town, sethe sea, and take him, for here is one come to redeem cretary to the Assembly, and a pretty poet." This me (I said to them). And they put a hook into the brief sentence comprises nearly all that is known sea, and the fish readily took it, and they caught of the person spoken of beyond the few facts to him. He was longer than myself. I think he was be gleaned fromn his own writings, and the comabout six feet long, and the largest that ever I saw. mendatory verses of a few friends, both comThis plainly showed us that we ought not to distrust prised in a pamphlet of 56 pages, entitled, Poems the providence of the Almighty. The people were on several occasions, by Aquila Rose: to which quieted by this act of Providence, and murmured are prefixed, some other pieces writ to him, and to no more. We caught enough to eat plentifully of his memory after his decease. Collected and pubtill we got into the capes of Delaware." lished by his son, JOSEPH ROSE, of Philadelphia.. Philadelphia: printed at the New Printing Chalkley's journal was continued to within a de: printed at the e few days of his death-an event which found him Office near the Maret. 1740. Joseph Rose was probably "the son of Aquila occupied in the work of his itinerant ministry at Rose," whom Franklin took as an appretice as Tortola, one of the Friendly Islands. " Our aRose," whom Franklin took as an apprentice, as Tortola, one of the Friendly Iglands. "Our Autobiography. ancient worthy friend," as Israel Pemberton ten- sted contiin the following derly calls him, in the Testimony of the Monthly Meeting prefixed to his journal, died after a few ADVERTISEMENT. days' illness, of a fever, in the month of October, The good reception the poetical manuscript 1749. writings of my deceased father, Aquila Rose, have The journal, of which we have endeavored to convey a fair idea to our readers, was published * Some Truly Tender Scruples of Conscience, about that with a collection of the author's writings, in Phi- form of prayer called the Common Prayer, and Forcing a Maindtenance not warrantablo from the Holy Scripture for a ladeiphia, in 1747. A reprint, in an octavo Minister of the Gospel. 108 CYCLOPiEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. met with in this province, from men of wit and Nexttaste, with a desire of some of these to see them e counsels with himself what means to use, printed, induced me to collect what I could. But o l with red, what baits rfuse many of his best pieces were lent out after his First, cler toour Provincial Senaterais'd decease, by my mother, to persons who have forgot He found, besides the stiped, e was prais to return them: And perhaps the publishing these And now a greater task he takes in hand, few will put them in mind of sending them to me. Which noe but true proprietors understand. JOSEH Rs What pity'tis they seldom live to taste The fruits of those pure spirits that they waste I This is followed by an introductory poem "to For works so hard and tedious, was it known the Memory of Aquila Rose, Deceas'd," which in- A poet e'er did poetry disown? forms us that, Or for a distant livelihood give o'er Those instant pleasures that lie felt before? Albion his birth, his learning Albion gave; Yet so Aquila did-the rustic toil, To manhood grown, he cross'd the stormy wave; To make firm landings on a muddy soil, More Arts, and Nature's wond'rous ways to find, Erect a ferry over Schuylkil's stream, Illuminate and fortify his mind: A benefit to thousands-death to him! And to divert his eyes from cross affairs: * * * * * * * For love disast'rous fill'd his breast with cares. In Britain, he would say, he once was bless'd, Look on the stream as it pacific flows, And all the joys of love and life possess'd: Which, largely bending, more the prospect shows, But some stral ge power, who envied his repose, A summer sight, none lovelier can be seen, Chang'd his enjoyments to combining woes; And on the shore a varied growth of green: Forc'd him to quit his former peaceful way, The poplars high, erect their stately heads, And prove his fortune o'er a foamy sea. The tawny water-beach more widely spreads; Dear native land, he sadly said, farewell, The linden strong in breadth and height, is there, And those soft shades where love and Silvia dwell: With mulberry-leaves-And trees with golden hair, Blow soft. ye gales, and waft me fiomn the shore, These of a smaller stem, like filberds seem, I fly fiom love, and Silvia see no more. But flatter-leaf'd, and always love the stream. Long, then, the wand'rer sail'd from land to land, Here grows the jagged birch; and elm, whose To servile business of rough seas constrain'd: leaves Yet not the less, where'er their vessel steer'd, With sides ill-pair'd the observilg eye perceives; Strangers admir'd him, as his mates rever'd. Yet nobly tall and great, it yields a shade Rose well some post of eminlence could grace, In which cool arbours might be fitly made: Who, clad in tar, supplies a sailor's place. Such is the lindeln, such the beech above, * * * * * *l *lE * Each ii itself contains a little grove. IIere hickories, and oaks, and ashes rise, He travels till our western tract he trode, All diff'ring, but much more in use than size; Which, as he found a home, here made his last And walnuts, with their yellow bitter dyes. abode. The fragrant sassafras enjoys a place; And crabs, whose thorns their scented blossoms He has a fit of sickness on his arrival, and is, grace: consequently, somewhat dispirited, but cheerful- Parsimmolns vex the ground, so thick they shoot, ness retrnIs with health. But pleasant is their late autum.al fiuit. Tedious to name the shrubby kinds bclohw, Then, lively, from his languid bed lie rose, That mingled for defence, in clusters grow. Free'd of his pangs and melancholy woes; Two plants remain, with flow'rs unlike, both fair. Industrious arts his active hands could use; And both deserve th' ingenious florist's care; He would the bread of slothful means refuse, The wild althca, red, and white, and crenim, Them to his proper livelihood he join'd, And scarlet cardinal, with dazzling gleam: Where leaden speech unloads the lab'ring mind, These tempt the humming bird, whose misty wings And graven words to distant ages tell Support him as he sucks the flow'r and sinlgs; What various things in times foregoie befell: Low is his voice, and simple notes but few; As Mercury cuts through the yieldir:g sky, And oft his little body's lost to view; So thro' the work his inible fingers fly: When he the creeper's blossom tries to drain, His novel skill spectators throngii g drew, The blossom will his beak and tail contain; Who haste the swift compositor to view; But his gay-colored plumage forms a show Not men alone, but maids of softer air As mixt and vivid as the sky's fa:ir bow. And nicer fancies, to the room repair: So great variety no tract can boast, Pleas'd with such nild impediments lie frames, Of like dimensions, as this narrow coast. As they request, their dear enchanting names, The botanist might here find exercise; To grace a book, or feast a lover's eye, Ald every curious man regale his eyes. Or tell companions of their fancied joy. The grass shines glist'ning of a lively green: With complaisance he still dismiss'd the train, And northward hence the Quarry-hill is seen, None ever sought his courtesy in vain: Whose top of late with verd'rous pines is crown'd; Each transient fair one took her nrllre away, With forest trees of various kinds around. But thee, Maria —'Twas thy doom to staly; And often here, the clearness of the stream'Twas soon revers'd, the work of his quick hand, And cover'd gravel-banks, invite to swim: Short did thy name so gaily printed stand; But anglers most their fiequent visits pay, Both hearts consent new letters to compose, To toss old-wives, and chubs, and perch to day; And give to thine the pleasing name of RosE. And sometimes find the tasteful trout their prey Now here the bard by his own choice was ty'd, Others with greater pains their big hooks bait; (Renouncing further rambling) to a bride; Bnt for the nobler bite they seldom wait; Albion for Pennsylvania he resigns, The time to know their good success adjourn, And now no more at Silvia's loss repines; And fail not by next morni-ng to return; SAMUEL KEIMER. 109 Then, hook'd, the weighty rock-fish draw to shore Distributes news to all th' expecting town. By lines to bushes ty'd, or those they moor. How far remov'd is this our western shore, * * * * * * From those dear lands our fathers knew before; He saw his causeways firm above the waves, Yet our bold ships the raging ocean dare, And nigh the deeps unless a storm oatbr; And bring us constant news of actions there. When gusts unusual, strong with wind and rain, Quick to your haids the fresh advices come, Swell'd Schuylkil's waters o'er the humble plain, FIom England, bweden, France, and ancient Rome. Sent hurrying all the moveables afloat, What Spain intends against the barbarous Moors, And drove atar, the needful'st thing, the boat. Or Russian armies oa tle fewedish shores.'Twas then, that wading thro' the chilling flood, What awful hand pestiferous judgments bears, A cold ill hulmoar mingled with his blood. And lays the sad Marseilles in death and tears. * * * * * * From George alone what peace and plenty spring, Physicians try'd their skill, his head relieved, The gretet sttesma d te greatest king And his lost appetite to strength retriev'd: Lo:g may he live, to us a blessing giv'n, But all was flatt'ry-so the lamp decays, Till lie shall change his crown for that of heav'n. Aiid near its exit gives ai ardent lzdeca.ys, The happy day, Dear Sir, appears ag'in, And near its exit gives an ardent blaze. When Ihumlan nature lodg'd a God within. From the title to another poem to the memory The angel now was heard amongst the swains; of the author in the same collection by Elias A God resounds from all the distant plains: Bockett, we learn that Rose died on the twenty- O'erjoyed they haste, and left their fleecy care, secon~d of August,* 1723, at the ae of twenty- Found the blest Child, and knew the God was second of Augst 1723, the age of tnt- there. eighlt. The verses collected by his son occupy Yet hilst, with g'rous breath, hail the day, twenty-six nioderate-sized pages only. They And, like the shepherds, sacred homage pay, display skill and ease in versification:- Let gerlrons thought some kindly grace infuse, To him that brings, with careful speed, your NEws. TO HIS COMPANION AT SEA. Debarr'd, my friend, of all the joysAEL EIE The land, and charming sex can give, Nor wind, nor wave, our peace destroys; WHEN Franklin first arrived in Philadelphia he We'll laugh, and drink, and nobly live. was taken, it will be renmembered, by old Mr. The ge s we i s a William Bradford, to the office of Keimer, then The gen'rouis wine eimparts a heat just coimmencing business, and engaged upon a To raise and quicken every sense. Zn r 7 No thoughts of death our bliss defeat, performance of his own, which lie literally coinNor steal away our innocence. Iposed at the stand, setting up the types as the ideas came to his mind. This was an Elegy on Secure, should earth in ruins lie, the young printer, Aquila Rose, of whom we have Should seas and skies in rage combine; just given some account; and which it was the Unmov'd, all daingers we'll defie, wlot of Benjamin Franklin to print off when its Anid feast our souls with gen'ronus wine. author had finished it. The Elegy has long since For, should a fear each sense possess, become a great literary curiosity, and it cost us Of chilly dea;th and endless fate, some pains to find any reprint of it; but our Our sorrow ne'er can make it less; intention to do justice to the literary associates But wine alone can dissipate. of Franklin was at last assisted by a reference to Then fill the glass; nay, fill a bowl, Hazard's Reister of Pennsylvania, e where we And fill it up with sparkling wire; found the woful ballad reproduced from its oriIt shall the stro:gest grief controul, ginal hand-bill form of the year 1723, after a And make soft wit with pleasure join. sleep of more than a hundred years, in 1828.* As it is curious as a quaint specimen of printing To this we may add a copy of verses, written in the Franklin connexion, besides being a picture in 1720, proving the antiquity of the now preva- of the times, it should be mentioned that it was lent American custom of New Year's Carriers' "ornamented with the usual symbols of deathAddresses:- the head and Lones and hour-glass," and that it PIECE, WROTE BY HIM FOR THE BOYS WHO CARRIED OUT THE as "printed in the High-street," for the price WEEKLY NEWS-PAPERS TO TIEIR MASTER'S CUSTOMERS IN of twopence. The italics and capitals are, it PHIILADELPHIA; TO WHIOM COMMONLY, EVERY NEW YEAR.'S X IIILADELPIIA; TO WIHOM COMMONLY, EVERY NEW YEAR~S strikes us. at this day, somewhat capricious. We DAY, THEY PRESENT VERSES OF THIS KIND.ia y s oe capriciu. hlavse preserved thlemn as they occur. Full fifty times have roul'd their changes on, And all the year's transactions now are done Keiner, coming frol the old world, was a chaFull fifty times I've trod, with eager haste, racter. ie had been, Franklin tells us, "one of To bring you weekly news of all things past. the French prophets, and could act their enthuSome grateful thing is due for such a task, siastic agitations," a stock in trade upon which Tho' modesty itself forbids to ask; he was disposed to set up in America as the A silver thought, express'd in ill-shap'd ore, evangelist of a new religion. Franklin was in Is all I wish; nor would I ask for more. the habit of arguing with him on the Socratic To grace our work, swift Merc'ry stands in view; method, and was so successful that he gained his I've been a Living Merc'ry still to you. respect, and an invitation to join him in the Tho' ships and tiresome posts advices bring, partnership of the new doctrines. What they Till we impress it,'tis no current thing. were, the world has never fully learned. It is C-a may Write, but B-d's art alone only known from the Autobiography that "Keimer __-__~___-~-___-__~_____~__ wore his beard at full length, because somewhere * Ketmer gives another date. Antiquaries must choose between them. * IIazard's Penns. Reg., Nov. 1828, 268. 110 CYCLOP/EDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE in the Mosaic law it is said, Thou shalt not mar AN ELEGY, the corners of thy beard. lie likewise kept the On the much Lamented DEATH of the INGENIOUS seventh day Sabbath; and these two points were and WELL-BELOVED essential with him." His Socratic friend from A Q U I L A R O S E, Massachusetts saw the weakness of his associate, CLER to the Honourable ASEMBLY at Plilade and ingeniously proposed, as an addition, absti- hi who died the 24th of the 4th month 123 nence from animal food, a trial of which, in a Aged 28. short time, broke down both the man and his short time, broke dowa bothtemanadh WHwAT Mournful Accents thus accost mine Ear, system. What doleful ecchoes hourly thus appe-ear Keiner, after awhile, left for the West Indies, What Sighs fom meltch g oearts poclaim aloud, where we hear of him in 1734 as the editor of Th Sole Mourning ofthis numerous Crowd? The Solemn Mourning of this numerous CrowdP the Barbadloes Gazette, in which capacity he In Sable CHARACTERS the News is Read, found himself in the society of a very gentle- Our ROSE is wither'd and our EAGLE'S fled manly company of people, who sometimes for- In that our dear AQUILA ROSE is dead, got to pay the printer,* and, somewhat too Cropt in the Blooming of his precious YouthI recklessly ventilating his opinions, was bound Who can forbear to weep at such a Truth I over to keep the peace for six months for pub- Assist ye Philadelphians with Consent, lishing a libel. A collection of papers from this And join with me to give our Sorrows Vent, journal was, in 1741, printed in London, with That having wept till Tears shall tricklirg glide, the title, Caribbeana, in two quarto volumes, Like Streams to Delaware from Schuylil Side, arranged in a stiff imitation of the Tatler. There My painful Muse being es'd may then rehearse, is now and then a tolerable passage, but the mass Between each Sob, in Elegiac/ Verse, (Anld in soft Numbers warble forth Desire,) is a lamentable series of stale, unimlportant politics, o breath his Worth, warmd with Angelic Fire. slightly alleviated by compliments to reigning Bt why do my ambitious Thoughts presume toasts and beauties, who can no longer by their To span the glorious Sun, or grasp the Moon; presence give zest to the dulness of their admirers. The Task confounds!-But yet I dare begin This is the last we see of Keinler; but his ghost To cast my Mite an humble Off'ring in, still walks the earth in vagrant and unsettled That noble Bards in strains more lofty, may members of his craft, equally ready to print other Colljoin'd, our great and heavy Loss display, people's ideas and their own, quite as capable of To distant Climes where his Great Worth was handling the pen as the composing stick, and known, lucky if their crude tendencies to spiritualism are That they to us may eccho back a Gronn. restrained by as exacting a corporeal system. Fo tee ale bright Youths, who when they hear The dismal Tydings, so his Worth revere, In melting florid Strains will then rehearse * His complaint on one of these occasions has been pre- Praise of Him who costittes our Verse. served by Thomas in the History of Printing (ii. 888). Belov'd he was by most, his very Name, From the Barbadoes Gazette of May 4, 1734. Doth with deep Silence his great Worth proclaim To thwse wou'd-be-thought Gentlemen, who have long taken As if Kind Heaven had Secrets to disclose, this paper, and never paTid Jb it, and sem newer to deign By Royal Terms of Eagle and a Rose, to payjor it. The Arms most near akin to England's Crown The Sorrowful La/mentation of Samuel Keier, Printer of the Each Royal Emblem this sweet Truth does own, Barbadoes Gazette. And lively noble Images affords, What a pity it is that some modern bravadoes, One's Queen of Flowers, the Other King of Birds. Who dub themselves gentlemen here in Barbadoeualities, will net bespeak his Fame, Should time after time, run in debt to their printer, H Qualities, wil next bespeak hs ame, And care not to pay him in Summer or Winter! A Lovely POET, whose sweet fragrant Name, A saint by the hairs of his beard, had he got'em, Will last till circling Years shall cease to be, Might be tempted to swear [instead of P-x rot'em.] And sink in vast profound Eternity. He ne'er foune before, such a parcel of wretches, With their flams, and such shuffles, put offs and odd fetches. His flowing Members and his lofty Rhime, If this is their honesty, that be their honour, Have breath'd, and spoke his Thoughts, thro' every Amendment seize one; for the last,-fie upon her. Line In Penn's wooden country, type feels no disaster,and ot i d my Their printer is rich and is made their Post Master;* wam'd my Soul (and oft inspired my Tongue,) His fathert a printer, is paid for his work, As if a Cherub or a Seraph sung. And wallows in plenty just now at New York, A gen'rous Mind tow'rds all his Friends he bore, Tho' quite past his labour, and old as my grannum, Scrce one he lost, but daily numb'red more. The government pays him pounds sixty per annum. Scarce one he lost, but daly numbed more. In Maryland's province, as well as Virginia, Some say he'd Foes; his Foes I never knew; To ustice and honour, I am, sirs, to win ye, Who spoke ill of him, mostly spoke untrue. Their printcr I'm sure can make it appear, Courteous, and humble, pleasant, just and wise, Each province allows two hundred a year,ple just and wise, By laws they have made for Typograph's use, No Affectation vain did in him rise. He's paid 50 thousand weight country produce. Sincere and plain, (I make not any Doubt) And if you enquire but at South Carolina, He as the same Within Side as Without. [Oh, methinks in that name there is something divine, ah] Without. Like patriots they've done what to honour redounds, He loved plain Truth, but hated formal Cant They gave him (their currency) 50 score pounds. In those who Truth and Honesty did want E'en type at Jamaica, our island's reproach, A curious Artist at his Business he Is able to ride in her chariot or coach. But alas your poor type prints no figures like Nullo, Could Think, and Speak, Compose, Correct so free, Curs'd, cheat'd. abus'd by each pitiful fellow. To make a Dead man speak, or Blind to see. Tho' working like slave, with zeal and true courage, Of different learned Tongues, he somewhat knew He can scarce get as vet ev'n salt to his porridge. The Frenc, the Latin, Gree and Hebrew too. The reason is plain; —those act by just rules — But here knaves have bit him, all Mac-abite fools. Firm to his Vows, a tender Husband prov'd And Father-like, his Princely Babe he lov'd. Antrew rforl, or Phi. Our Wise and Great Vice Roy did him respect, Willianm Br:wddor..New York. Our learned Mayor (I know) DID him affect; Willarm Parks, wtlho printed for both colotie,. r A r ~ DI hm ~ Lewis Timotl.y tlhenl printed for the Government of South Carolina. Our grave Assembly voted hm most fit, GEORGE WEBB. 111 Their wise Debates in Writing to commit, and had written some pieces in prose and verse, By which great Honour they did clearly shew, which were printed in the Gloucester newspapers. To Write, as well as Print, he fully knew, Thence was sent to Oxford; there he continued And what was still more Great, and worthy Note, about a year, but not well satisfied; wishing, of (It's caid) they gave him too a Casting Vote. all things, to see London, and become a player. But stop my Muse, and give thy Sorrows vent, At length, receiving his quarterly allowance of Such Sorrows which in Hearts of Friends are pent, fifteen g eas, instead of discharging is debts, Search deep for Sighs and Groans in N;ature' s. Search deep for Sighs and Groaus in Nature's he went out of town, hid his gown in a furzeStore, Then weep so long, till thou canst weep no more, bush, nd walked to London where, having no Next Summer all thy Strength, and others call, frien to advise him, e fell into bad company To tell his Death, and solemn Funeral. soon spent his guineas, found no means of being While on his Death-Bed, oft, Dear Lord, he cry'd, introduced among the players, grew necessitous, die sang, and sweetly like a Lamb he dy'd. pawned his clothes, and wanted bread. Walking His Corps attended was by Friends so soon the street very hungry, and not knowing what to From Seven at Morn, till One a-clock at Noon, do with himself, a crimp's bill was put into his By Master-Printers carried towards his Grave, hand, offering imnmediate entertainment and enOur City Printer such an Honour gave. couragernent to such as would bind themselves to A Worthy Merchant did the Widow lead, serve in America. He went directly, signed the And then both mounted on a stately steed, indentured, was put into the ship and came over; Next Preachers, Commnoon Council, Aldermen, never writing a line to his friends to acquaint A Judge and Sherlf grac'd the solemn Train, A Judyeg and Sherif grac'd the solemn Train, them what was become of him. He was lively, Nor fail'd oar Treasurer, in respect to comne,. Nor f tt'd oar Treasurer, in respect to come, ~ witty, good-natured, and a pleasant companion; Nor staid the Keeper of the ROLLS at home, v goodatued, and a pleasant companon; Our aged Post Master here now appears, but ile, thoughtless, and ipruent to the last Who had not walked so far for twice Twelve Years, degree. With Merchants, Shopkeepers, the Young and Old, Webb was afterwards enabled to raise himself A numerous Throng not very easy told, out of his apprenticeship into a partnership with The Keeper of the SEAL did on Him wait, Keimer, and he became a member of Franklin's Thus was he carry'd like a King, in State, conversation club, the Junto; and in 1731 perAnd what still adds a further Lustre to't, petrated a copy of verses, entitled Batchelors' Some role well mounted, others walk'd afoot, Hall, descriptive of a place of entertainment in Church-Folks, Dissenters, here with one Accord, the suburbs, which was published with the honorTheir kind Attendance readily afford, able title of " A Poem," with a motto from Cicero To shew their Love, each differing Sect agreetie-pge, ad two coplientary e on the title-page, and two complimentary effuTo grame his Fun'ral with their Company,.. To grae his Funn'ral with their Company, sions in verse by J. Brientnall and J. Taylor, who And what was yet more grateful, People cry'd Belo v'd ho he'd, See how belov'd he dy'd.showed thenlselves hopeful of the American muse When to the crowded Meeting he was bore, on the occaion. I wept so long till I could weep no more, Taylor at the time kept a mathematical school While bearteorus LIGHTFOOT did, like Noah's in the city, and published an almanac,* which Dove, preceded Franklin's. He published in 1728 a Sweetly display God's Universal Love; poetical piece entitled Pennsylvania. He was His Words like Balm (or Drops of Honey) laid, alive in 1736, in an extreme old age. To hell those Wounds Grief in my Heart had made. What further became of Webb we know not. Three other Preachers did their Task fulfil, We are content with this look at him through The Loving Chalkley and the Lowly Hill, the Franklin microscope. The famous Lanqdale did the Sermons end 2or this our highly honour'd, worthy Friend. BATCHELORS' HALL: A POEM. And now with Joy, with holy joy we'll leave, O spring thou flirest season of the year, His Body resting in his peaceful Grave,, hisi Body resting in his. peaceful Grave, How lovely soft; how sweet dost thou appear! His Soul, in the blest Arms of ONE above, What pleasing landskips meet the gazing eye I Whose brightest Character is that of LOVE. How beauteous nature does with natnie vie: A GOD that's slow to mark, what's done amiss! Gay senes around the fancy does invite Who would not serve so dear a God as thisersal beaty prompts to rite. In whose kind, gracious lovely arms we'll leave uiveal beauty proud Dom onDelre's stream him; But chiefly that proud Dome on Delaware's stream, him; ^, 1. -. iOf this mv humble song the nobler theme, For HE who bought him, has most Right to have is m the nobler theme, hirr. Claims all the tribute of these rural lays,.him^^'~~~~. ~And tunes e'en my harsh voice to sing its praise. GEORGE WEBB Say, goddess, tell me, for to thee is known, Is another of Franklin's early literary associates What is, what was, and what shall e'er be done; in Philadelphia, whose characters live in the pages of the Autobiography. Franklin found him, on his return from England, a youth of eighteen, * The first book printed in Pennsylvania was " An Almanac apprenticed to his forlmer master Keiner, who for the Yar of the Christian Account 1687. By Daniel Leeds, Student in Agriculture. Printed and sold by William Bradlhad "bought his time" for four years. Webb ford, near Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, pro anno 1687." was a runaway adventlrer from England, and Leeds left the colony not long after in dudgeon with the this * c t. o h e as F k hs r Quakers, as we may infer from his pamphlet published by gave this account of himnelf, a Franklin has re- Bradford, in New York, in 1699: "A Trumpet sounded out of lated it:-" That he was born in Gloucester, edn- the Wilderness of America, which may serve as a warning to cated at a gramrar-3chool, and had been distin- the government and people of England to beware of Quakerism; wherein is shown how in Pennsylvania and thereaway, gnished among the scholars for some apparent where they have the government in their own hands, they superiority in perforrning his part when they ex- hire and encourage men to fight; and how they persecute, hupeioitey d Pplays e ng tio part wiln there, fine, and imprison, and take away goods for conscience' sake.' htbited plays; belonged to the Wits' Club there, -Fisher's Early Poets, Pa. 112 CYCLOPADIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. Why stands this dome erected on the plain? Let thy attentive fishes all be nigh; For pleasure was it built, or else for gain? For fish were always friends to harmony; For midnight revels was it ever thought, Witness the dolphin which Arion bore, Shall impious doctrines ever here be taught And landed safely on his native shore. Or else for nobler purposes design'd, To cheer and cultivate the mind, Le doting cynics snarl, let noisy zeal With mutual love each glowing breast inspire, Tax this design with act or thought of ill; Or cherish friendship's nowv degenerate fire. Let narrow souls their rigid morals boast, Say, goddess, say, do thou the truth reveal, Till il the shadowy name the virtue's lost; Say, what was the design, if good or ill? Let envy strive their character to blast, And fools despise the sweets they cannot taste; Fired with the business of the noisy town, This certain truth let the inquirer know, The weary Batchelors their cares disown; It did fromn good and generous motives flow. For this loved seat they all at once prepare, And long to breathe the sweets of country air; JOSEPH BRIENTNALL On nobler thoughts their active minds employ, And a select variety enjoy. WAs anothey member of t.e "Junto, whln'Tis not a revel, or lascivious night, Franklin has sketched in a few words:-' A That to this hall the Batchelors invite; copier of deeds for the scriveners,-a good-naMuch less shall impious doctrines here be taught, tured, friendly, middle-aged man, a great lover of Blush ye accusers at the very thought: poetry, reading all he could meet with, and writFor other, O far other ends desigried, ing somle that was tolerable; very ingenious in To mend the heart, and cultivate the mind. making little knick-knacekeries, and of sensible Mysterious nature here unveil'd shall be, conversation.".AiMd kInotty points of deep 1philosophy; 7When Keimer, through the treacherous friendWhlatever wondcers uolr(fiSOtierg izh aire, ship of the Oxford scapegrace TWell, became Deep hid in earth, or flo..ting high in air, acquainted -with Franklin's plan of stalting a Though in the ldarkest womnb of night involv'd, i p Shall by the curious searcher here be solv'd. newspaper, and anticipated tle p ect; Franklin, Close to the doime a garden shall be join'd, whose plalls were not fully ripe, thlrew the weight A fit emnployInlelt for a studious mind: of his talentinto the opposition journal of Bradford, In our vast woods whatever samples grow, The Weeldy 1Meiecurtey, where lie commlllelced pubWhose virtues none, or none but Indians know, lishing the series of Essays, in the nltinner of the Within the confines of this garden brought, Spectator, entitled, The Busy —Body.* The first, To rise with added lustre shall be taugiht; filth, and eighth numbers were Franklin's, and Then cull'd with judgment each shall yield its juice, they were afterwards continued for some months Saliferous balsanl to the sick man's use: by Brientnall. A more practical satisfilction soon A lorger date of life mankind shall boast, followed, when Keimer's paper fell into Fr'anklin's And death shall mourn her ancient empire lost. halls, and became known as the P7i /deacphia But yet sometimes the all-inspiring bowl Gczette, of 1729. As a speciloenlof 1 ientnal To laughter shall provoke and cheer the soul; we tke his lines prefixed to Telbs L tchelols' The jocund tale to humor shall invite, Illl And dedicate to wit a jovial night. The generous Muse concern'd to se Not the false wit the cheated world admires. Detraction bear so great a swv.y, The mirth of sailors, or of country squires; Descends sometimes, as now to flec, Nor the gay punster's, whose quick senlse affords To chase ill fame and spite awcry. Nought but a miserable play on words; Nor the grave quidn.unc's, whose inquiring head Censorous tongues, which nimbly Imoe, With musty scraps of journals must be fed: ach vltuo nae to perecute, But comlidescenldimlg, genuine, apt, 1and fit, Thy nmse has taught the truth to prove, Good nature is the parelt of true wit; And be to base conjectures mute. Though gay, not loose; though learned, yet still Let every deed that merits praise, clear; Be justly crown'd with spritely verse; Though bold, yet modest; human, though severe; And every tongue shall give tle bays Though nobly thirsting after honest fame, To him whose lines they, pleas'd, iehearse. In spite of wit's temptation, keeping friendship's Long stnd the dome, the g e g ^"^'~~~~~name. nAnld may thy song prove always true: 0 friendship, heaverlly flame! by far above I wish no geater good below, The ties of nature, or of dearer love: Than this to hear, and that to view. How beauteous are thy paths, how well designed, To soothe the wretched mortal's restless min d! JAMES RALPII By thee inspir'd we wear a soul sedate, TIE exact birthplace of this writer, who atAnd cheerful tread the thorny paths of fate. tained considerable distinction by his political paLimphlets and histories in Englanld, ald whose Thlen music too shall cheer this fair abode, p nusic, the seetest of the gifts of Gaod;, memory has been embalmed for posterity in the Mu:: ^ sicthelatlgungeofprc~pitiollsl, autobiography of Franklin and the Dunciad of Music, the language of propitious love; Music, that things inanimate can move. t e Music, that things ilanimate can aslove. Pope, hlas never beell precisely ascertarined. We Ye winds be hush'd, let no presumptuous breeze fist hear of im in the company of Fralklin at Now dare to whistle through the rustling trees; Philadelphia, as one of his young literary cronies Thou.Delaware a while forget to roar, whom the sage confesses at that time to have inNor dash thy foaming surge against the shore: Be thy green nymphs upon thy surface found, * It was evidently considered a prominent feature of tho And let thy stagniant waves confess the soundl; small sheet in which it appeared. JAMES RALPHI 113 doctrinated in infidelity. In those days Ralph In ages past, as time revolv'd the year, was " a clerk to a merchant," and much inclined'Twas all a round of innocent delights; to " give himself up entirely to poetry. He The fearless Natives rarely heard of war was," adds Franklin, " ingenious, genteel in his And its destructive ills; Famine, Disease, manners, and extremely eloquent; I think I And all the various plagues of other realms, never knew a prettier talker." He embarked Were there unknown; life was a constant scene with Franklin, as is well known, on his first voy-Of harmless plesures; and, when full of days, v The woodland hunter and the toiling swain age to England, leaving a wife and child.behind The woodland hunter and the toiling swain a.e to England, leaving a wife a.d childbehind.Like ripenr'd fruit that, in the midnight shade, him, as an illustration of his opinions, and the two os from the bough, in peace anden see:k cronIes spent their money in London together, Drops from the bough, in peace and silence sank cronies spent their money in London together, Ito the grave. But when the Spanish troops, " inseparable companions" in Little Britain. Ralph In search of plunder, crowded on the shore, rapidly went through all the phases of the old And claimed, by right divine, the sovereign rule, London school of preparation for a hack political Another scene began; and all the woes, pamphleteer. He tried the playhouse, but Wilkes Mankind can suffer, took their turn to reign. thought he had no qualifications for the stage; A n i b r A he projected a weekly paper on the plan of the A Pndarc ode in blank verse e M's Ap Spectator, but the publisher Roberts did not ap-dress to the King, was anotherofRalph poetical prove of it; and even an attempt at the drudgery attempts. The year 1730 produced a play, The of a scrivener with the Temple lawyers was un- Fashonable ady, or Harlequin's Opera, persuccessful. He managed, however, to assiate f ed at Goodman's Fields, folloed by several with his fortunes a young milliner who lodged i others The l of the Earl of Esse Layer the house with the two adventurers; but he was Fenast, and Astrologer. Pope, not he fairest compelled to leave her, and go into the country witness says that he raised himsef in the jOUlfor the employment of a schoolmaster, and Frank- nals, and that upon being advised to study the lin took advantage of his absence to make some laws of dramatic poetry before he wrote for the proposals to the mistress which were rejected stage, he replied, Shakspearewrit withou rules."* His ability at writing, however, and and which Ralph pleaded afterwards as a receipt m akig himself useul, ga iined h however, and in full for all his obligations, pecuniary and other- making himsf, gained him the support wise, to his fiiend. Whilein the provinces, where Doio, an s eure a in the newpa by the way, he called himself Mr. Franklin, he politician Diary. He wrote in the wap found employment in writing an epic poem which o t d t y he sent by instalnents to his friend at London, Medley, and published TSh demembrancer in the who dissuaded hin from it, and backed his use of his patron His History o England opinions with a copy of Young's satire on the during the reigns of King William, Queen Anne, opinions with a copy of Young's satire on the an G L; wt.an I u R ef folly of authorship, which was then just pub- and George; thanl ro toryReviewof lished. He continued scribbling verses, however, reigns of the Royal Brothers Charles I. and till, as Franklin says, "Pope cured him." His James Il; in which re to befound the seeds of first publication appears to have been Night, a t R w poem, in 1728, which is comlrlnernorated in the 1744-6, and he is said to have had in it Dodingcouplet of the Dunc'iad: ton's assistance. He was also the author of two couplet- of' the Duniadoctavo volumes on The Use and Abuse of ParliaSilence, ye wolves, while Ralph to Cynthia howls, ments from 1660 to 1744, and a Review of the And makes Night hideous-answer him ye owls:* Public Buildings of London, in 1731, has been a compliment which was paid not so much to thtattributed to him. Charles James Fox has spoken poem, whatever its demerits, as to a poetical wellofhishistorical "acuteness" and "diligence," squib which Ralph had published, entitled S - noticed his sometimes falling into the comney, reflecting unpleasently on Pope, Swift, and mon error of judging by the event."t His last Gay. Night was followed in 1729 by the E)ic production in 1758, for which his active experiZeuma, or the Love of Liberty. It is an octavo ences had fully supplied him with material, was volume in three books, a story of love and war entitled The Case of Authors by Professon or of a Peruvian chieftain whose mistress is captured ae Stated, ith regard to Booksellers, the by the Spaniards, and recoverel again, while the nd the Pblic. "It i" ss Dke, hero falls in a grand battle. Of this work the "composed with spirit and feeling; enumerating curious reader of Franklin may be pleased with a all the bitter evils incident to an emplyment so pwe accordingly qute a passage recarious, and so inadequately rewarded; and specimen, and we accordingly quote a, p~ssa~e abounds in anecdote and entertainment."]: Ilarfrom a copy in the Harvard College library, the abounds in anecdote and entertainent. only one we have met with. ing thus recorded what he had learnt of this profession, and obtained a pension too late to Tis hard for man, bewilder'd in a maze enjoy it long, he died of a fit of the gout at Of doubtful reas'nirgs, to assign the cause hiswick Jan. 24 1762. Why heav'n's all-ruling pow'r supremely just And good, shou'd give Iberi:l's cruel sois And good, shou'd give Iberia's cruel son's * Note to the Dunciad, Bk. iii. v. 165. This is Pope's own Unbounded leave to travel o'er the globe, note, not Warburton's, as Chalmers alleges. And search remotest climes;, to stretch their sway t History of James II. 4to. 179. Through all the western world; to exile Peace t One of the anecdotes of Ralph is particularly amusing. We once read it among some manuscript notes by Mrs. Piozzi, to And Liberty, with all their train of joys a copy of Johnson's Lives of the Poets. Garrick wishing to From the afflicted lands; and proudly vex invite Ralph to a dinner party at his house, told his servant to Th' unhappy nations with oppressive rule. carry him a card. The Milesian mistaking the order, went after him with Mr. Garrick's respects, who had sent a cart to bring him to dinner. It is needless to add he was missing at the table. Upon the host making inquiry it was found that * Book lii. 165-6. His name is also mentioned, Book i. Mr. Ralph had expressed his disapproval of the conveyance. 16. ~ Franklin's Autobiography. Chalmers'sBiog. Diet. Drake's 15 114 CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. If plenty in the verdant blade appear, BENJAMIN FPRANKLIN, whose very name, since it What may we not soon hlope for in the ear! wTas cornsecrated bIy the poet Chaucer, is freshly When flowers are beautiful before they're blown, suggestive of freedom, was born in Boston, Janu- Wht ralities will aftelward be shown aly 17, 1706. He was the youngest son of the If te good fuit uloculated bear, youngest -on for five generations, the fifteenth child You may be sure't will aftera ald be rare. ooe fourteen If fiuits are sweet before they've time to yellow. ofti father out oft a family of seventeen, otee Iow luscious will they be when they are niellow I of whom were born in Ameica, and of these ten If first year's shoots such roble clusters send, were the children of his mother, the second wite, What laden boughs, Elgedi-like, may we expect in and all girew up to years of maturity and were, tle end! married. His father was a non-conformist elligrant from England, who camle to Boston about In 1710 he had written this Acrostic to his nephew.:_ —7-? ^ 13;-* _~ JBe to thy parents an obedient son; ~:. d= —.1=..'%-::' —-~- ~~ 5~-~5-__~_ ~Each d.ly let duty constantly be done;.C __ ever give waly to sloth, or lust, or pride,..........- ~-,....~'~ =-~ —-~ If flee you'd be fiom thllousalld ills beside; Above a11l ills be sure avoid the shelf lan's da'.lger lies ill Satan, sin, ard self.:<'~, -'ii',.:'i IIn virtue, learnilig, wisdom, progress maike;'17.... j"B -': - I-: Ne'er shrink at sufferilng for thy taviour's sake. lllllllllllll~~ ~~~~Fraud and all falsehood in thy dealings flee, Il;' i'% I,~:_~_~~:_~I Religious always ini thy station be;!Bi!~.... 1 _s @ j__ Adolre the maker of thy inwai d part, Now's the accepted time, give him thy heart; Keep a good conscience,'tis a constant friend, Like judge and witness this thy acts attend. Ill heart with bended knee, alone, adore Ione but the Three in One for evermore.* Franklin's mother represented a literary name ~'~~,~,.-........ " --......:' of the old province of Malssachusetts. She was thle daughter of Petelr Folger, of w hose little poetiecal volune, "A Looking Glass for the Tines," Bilthplace of Franklin..asserting liberty of conscience, we have already given some account. 1685, a man of strength and prudence of cha- gen s e iccunts r mete descnd rom a fail whc b-The early incidents of Franklin's life are hapricter; descendcede froma faamily w ch,b tlough it pily familiar, through the charmring pages of the could clailn no other nobility than in nature's lle- Autobiography, to every American rader. Tlere raldry of honest labor, had shown considerable is notn ntellent school-boy who oes not know1 persistency in that; holding on to a small freehold thestoryofhisescape fio te noisomesop and estate of thirty acres in Northamptonshire for a candle mnanufactory of his father into the printingperiod of three hundred yeals, the eldest son stea- ofe of hisrother hi commecement of the dily pursuing the business of a smith. Franklin lite life, hen, lie te young Oliver Gowas not averse to these claims of antiquity. In lit. le wrote ballads for the streets on the s.itllh, h.e w~rote balladls for the streets, on tlhe hi-s Autobiography be lmentions having examineo tragedy and c r the pirate the registers at Ecton, and "found an account of a ise from this up table course of poety and desisted firom this unprofitable course of poetry the fahnilv marriages ind burials firom the year the faily mari'es and burials from the year when his father told him that " verse makers were 1555 only." An uncle who died four years before generally beggars;" his borrowing books and sithis illustrious nephew was born, heralded the ngup te nit toreadthem; buyiig others rising instincts of the race by his struggles out of for inself, and finding opportunity to stdy then the smithelry into a legal education, and a position by the savings oftie an money in his pntin by the savings of tilme antl money in his printin-:of considerable influence in the county. There ofce dinne of slice of rea and a glass of was also some taste for literature making its ap- iter; his stealthily slipping his articles under.pearnce from another uncle, Benjamin, our the door of his newspaper office, the ew Englandc Franklin's godfather, who lived to an old age in dourantoat night; his endurance of various slights Boston, and left behind him, in 1728, two quarto an humilities, till natureand intellect grew too I,, X n |.and humilities, tll nature and intellect grew too volumes of manuscript poemln, occasional family stlong in bin for his blother's tyranny when lie verses, acrostics, and the like. One of these corn- c o s I I, T.. I s~broke the connexion of his npprenticeship and t:cpo-itions, sent to the young Benjamin at the age took himself to Philadelphia, where he ate that of seven, on some demonstration of precocity, turned out to be prophetic. * Mr. Sparks supplies these passages from the MS. volumes SENT TO BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 1718. still preserved in Boston. "Thle handwriting," says lie, "i;'Tis time for me to throw aside my pen, |D-Fakl asbeautiful, with occasional specimer.s of shorthand, in whi(li'Tie time for me to throw aside my Ipen, ^Dr. FrankiD n says his uncle was skilled. The poetical merits Wahen hanging sleeves read, write, and rhyme like of the compositions cannot be ranked high, but frequently the men. measure is smooth and the rhymes are well chosen. Ilis This forward spring foretells a plenteous crop; thoughts run chiefly on moral and religious subjects. Mary his orward sprirg fo s a p s c; of the Psalms are paraphrased in metre. The making ofacro"For, if the bud bear grain, what will the top! tics o t the names of his friends was a favorite exercise. There are likewise numelrus proofs of his insenuity in forming alagramns, crosses, ladders, and other devices." Appendix to Life Essays, Biog. Crit. & Hist. 11S9. i. 94. Nichols's Literary of Franklin, Works, i. 54J. Anecdotes, ix. 590. jt See art. JOHN LIIZLOW, Vol. II., - for edition of 1565. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 1 15 memorable "puffy" roll in the streets, observed as union which in important points anticipated the he went along by Miss Read, his future wife; his present Confederation; opposed taxation by parfirst sleep in the city in the Qu;Jer Ineeting; his liament; assisted Braddock's Expedition by his printing-house work and education; his singular energy; was himself for a short time a military association with Governor Keith, and the notice commander on the frontier in 1756; was the which he received from Burnet, the Governor of next year sent to England by the Assembly, a New York, as he journeyed along, marking thus popular representative against the pretensions of early his career and influence with titled person- the Proprietaries, when Massachusetts, Maryland, ages, which carried him to the thrones of kings and Georgia also appointed him their agent; themselves. took part in the Historical Review of PennsylThat " odd volume of the Spectator," too, vania, a trenchant volume on the affairs of the which directed his youthful tastes, how often do Colony, in 1759; wrote a pamphlet, The Interest we meet with its kindly influences in American of Great Britain Considered in the retention of literature. It turns up again and again in the Canada, in 1760; received the degree of Doctor pages of Fre:leau, Dennie, Paulding, Irving; and of Laws from the Universities of Edinburgh and we have had another good look at it lately I Oxford, and returned to America in 1762. Two through the lorgnette of Master Ik Marvel.* years after he returned to England as Colonial Franklin left Boston at seventeen, in 1723; agent; pursued his course industriously and visited England the following year, workeJ at his courteously for the interests of the old Governtrade, and wrote a treatise of infidel metaphysics, ment, but firmly for the right claimed at home; and returned to Philadelphia in 1726. The plan bore a full Examination before Parliament on the for the conduct of life which he wrote on this relations of America to the Stamp Act, which was voyage homewards, has been lost. Its scope may published and read with general interest; was conbe readily gathered from his writings. Industry, fionted by Wedderburn, the Solicitor-General for we may be sure, formed a prominent feature in the crown, as counsel for Hutchinson at the meit, and economy of happiness the next, by which morable privy council examination of January, a man should live on as good terms as possible 1774; returned again to Philadelphia in 1775; with himself and his neighbors. In his early life, signed the Declaration of Independence in ConFranklin had exposed'himself to some danger by gress; went ambassador to France in October of his habit of criticism. More than one passage of the same year, when he was seventy, and dishis writings warns the reader against this ten- played his talents in diplomacy and society; dency. Though he never appears to have wanted returning after signing the treaty of peace,in 1785 firmness on proper occasions, he settled down upon to America, when he was made President tof the the resolution to speak ill of no one whatever, Conmmnonwealth of Pennsylvania for three years; and as much good as possible of everybody, was a delegate to the Federal Convention in 1787, On his return to Philadelphia, he established and retaining his full powers of mind and constithe club, the Junto, which lasted many years, and tutional cheerfulness to the la-t, died April 17, was a means not only of improvement but of po- 1790, in his eighty-fourth year. litical influence, as his opportunities for exercising The famous epitaph which he wrote in his days it increased. The steps of Franklin's progress of youth, at the age of twenty-three, was not were now rapid. He established himself as a placed over his grave in Philadelphia. printer, purchased the Pennsylvania Gazette, then recently started, and which he had virtually pro- eody jected in 1729; published the same year a B a F i pamphlet, A Modest Enquiry into the Nature ri, and Necessity of a Paper Currency; married in (Like the cover of an old book, 1730; assisted in founding the Philadelphia Its contents torn out, Library in 1731; the next year published his Al- And stript of its lettering and gilding,) matlac; was chosen in 1736 clerk of the General Lies here, food for worms. Assmlnbly; became deputy postmaster at Phila- Yet the work itself shall not be lost, delphia in 1737; was all this while a printer, and For it will, as he believed, appear once more, publishing the newspaper, not dividing the duties Il a new of his printing office with a partner until 1748; And more beautiful edition, in 1741 published The General Magazine and Corrected and amended Historical Chronicle for all the British Planta- By tions in America; invented the stove which The Author.* bears his name in 1742; proposed the American Philosophical Society in 1743; established the Philosophical Society in 1743; established * We have already printed, ante, p. 27,Woodbridge's epitaph Academy, out of which the University of Penn- on Cotton, supposed to be the original of this. There is ansylvania finally grew, in 1749; in 1752 demon- other old New England source in the lines written in 1681, by strated his theory of time identity of lightning Joseph Capen, Minister of Topsfield, on the death of John strated his theory of the ide ntity of lihtni Foster, who, Mr. Sparks tells us, set up the first printing-press with electricity by his famous kite experiment in in Boston. a field near Philadelphia; on the anticipation of Thy body, which no activeness did lack, war with France was sent as a delegate to the Now's laid aside like an old lmaacte, But for the present only's out of date, Congress of Commissioners of the Colonies at'Twill have at length a far more active state. Albany in 1754, where he proposed a system of Yea though with dust thy body soiled be, Y et at the resurrection we shall see A fair edition, and of matchless worth. * Franklin did not forget the Spectator, the friend of his Free from Errata, new in Heaven set forth; boyhood, in his last days. In his will he beqneathes to the son'Tis but a word from God, the great Creator, of his friend, Mrs. Ilewson, " a set of Spectators, Tatlers, and It shall be done when he saith Imprimatur. Guardians, handsomely bound." Davis, in his Travels in America finds another source for 116 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE He directed a simpler inscription in his will:- minded African, is not surpassed by the coolness " I wish to be buried by the side of my wife, if it and apathy of the wily New Englander."* may be, and that a marble stone, to be made by A distinguished company was present in the Chambers, six feet long, four feet wide, plain, Council Chamber; among others, Burke, Priestley, with only a small moulding round the upper edge, and Jeremy Bentham. The last has described and this inscription, Franklin's quiet endurance of the scene:' Alone BENJAMIN ) in the recess, on the left hand of the president, AND F FRANKLIN. standing, remaining the whole time like a rock, DEBORAH ) in the same posture, his head resting on his left 178-. hand, and in that attitude abiding the pelting of be placed over us both.'" |the pitiless storm."t Priestley. says that Lord One of the most memorable incidents in Frank- North was the only one o the council who belins life, as his appearance, in 1774, before the haed with decent gravity. To conciliate his fellow Englishmen, Franklin had dressed himself Committee of the Privy Council, on the hearing fellow Englishnen, Frankin had dressed himself of the Petition of the iassachunsetts people, for carefully for the occasion in a costly suit of Manof the Petition of the Massachusetts people, for cs v a Pe y a t s of the recall of Hutchinson and Oliver, whose mnina- hester velvet, and Priestley adds the story of tory letters he had been instrumnental in publish- Franklin's triumph:-" Silas Deane told me that, ing, and thereby lighted the torch of Revolution. when they met at Paris to sign the treaty being, and thereby lighted the torch of Revolution. te F a A h p o p on Franklin had there to meet the assault of Wed- tween Frnce and Aeric purosely put on derburn, the Solicitor-General of the Crown, who that it. Verily Franklin had his revenge in attacked hilm with the sharpest wit and fiercest the swift pursuing decrees of fate. An epigrammatist of the times declared the end.:' insolence. Franklin represented his agency in the matist of the tes declared the end matter of procuring and forwarding the letters to Sarcastic sawney, full of spite and hate, America, as a public act, dealing with the public On modest Franklin poured his venal prate; correspondence of public men. Wedderburn in- The calm philosopher without reply veighed against it as a theft, and betrayal of Withdrew-and gave his country liberty: private confidence. "Into what companies," he and the retributive pen of the historian has exclaimed, "will the fabricator of this iniquity oited to the fial reputation of the two actors Iereafter go ith an unenlbart~ssed or ~it Pointed to the final reputation of the two actors hereafter go with an unembarrassed face, or with in the scene-the usurping tyrant of the hour any semblance of the honest intrepidity of vir- and the generous benefactorof the age. "Franktue? Men will watch him with a jealous eye- li and Wedderburn parted; the one to spread they will hide their papers from him, and lock up th celestial fire of freedom among men; to make their escritoires. Having hitherto aspired after is name a cherished household word in every fame by his writings, he will henceforth esteemr nation of Europe; and in the beautiful language it a libel to be called a man of letters-homo of Washington,'to be venerated for benevolence, trium literarumr;"* and, in allusion to Franklin's to be admired for talents, to be esteemed for paavowal of his share in the transaction-" I can triotisn, to be beloved for philanthropy:' the compare him only to Zanga, in Dr. Young's Re- other, childless though twice wedded, unbeloved, venge- wrangling with the patron who had impeached Know, then,'twas I, his veracity, busy only in'getting everything he I forged the letter-I disposed the picture- could' in the way of titles and riches, as the I hated, I despised-and I destroy. wages of corruption. Franklin, when he died, I ask, my Lorl, whether the revengeful temper had nations for his mourners, and the great and attributed by poetic fiction only to the bloody- the good throughout the world as his eulogists; when Wedderburn died there was no man to mourn; no senate spoke his praise; no poet this, in a Latin Epitaph on the London bookseller, Jacob Ton- embalmed his memory; and his King, hearing son, published with an Engli h translation in the Gentleman's that he was certainly dead, said only, "then he bagazine for Feb. 1786. This is its conclusion- n l i i i When heaven review'd th' original text, When heaven review'd th' origtna~~E~ L~ has not left a greater knave behind him in my Twas with erratas few perplexed: ldominions.''T Pleas'dwith the copy was collated, The finest study of Franklin is in his AutoAnd to a better life translated. But let to life this supplement biography. Simple in style, it is tinged by the Be printed on thy monuient, peculiar habit of the author's mind, and shows Lest theJirrt page of death should be, Great editor a blank to thee his humor of character in perfection. Notice, for And thou who many titles gave, instance, the lurking tone of admiration of the Should want one title for this grave. "Stay passenger and drop a tear; here lies a noted Bookseller: This tl matble in here fons pfc'd * Chief Justice Campbell's Lives of the Lord Chancellors, To tell, that when he found t dcfa'd vi. 13-4. lie introduces this "memorable contest" with the His book of lift, he died with grief: ballad quotation, Yet he by true and genuine belief, l quotation, A new edition may expect, The babe that was unborn might rue Far more enlarg'd and more correct." The speaking of that day. * The old Roman joke on a thief-the word of three letters, t Campbell's Chancellors, vi. ICM. fur. It occurs in Plautus. $ It was in a letter dated Nov. 1(', 18C2, at Northumberland, Anthraa.-Tun' trium litterarum homo Me vituperas? in Pennsylvania, which appeared in the London Monthly MagaCongrio.-Fur, etiam fur trifurcifer. zine for February, 18(8. It is printed in the appendix to the Aulularia, Act ii. sc. iv. v. 46-T. Priestley Memoirs, 448-454. which Riley thus Englishes: ~ Mr. Sparks notices the common error in telling this story Anti.-You, you three-letteredfellow, do you abuse me, you adopted by Lord Brougham in his sketch of Wedderburn, thief? which makes Franklin to have worn the dress the second time Congrio.-To be sure I do, you trebly-distilled thief of at the signing of the peace of Versailles.-Life of Franklin, 488 thieves. 1t Notes and Queries, No. 116. Bohn's Plautus, 1.-891. ~ Bancroft, vi. 499. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 117 crafty old sophister, in the account of the conversa- The Autobiography, continued from time to tion of old Bradford with Keimer, the printer, on time-the latter portions of it were written as Franklin's first introduction; or the adroitness late as the year 1788-concludes with Franklin's with which, when he is about being caught in his arrival in England as agent of the Assembly, own web, when he is recommending modesty in against the Proprietaries in 1757. The thirtyproposing critical opinions, and falls himself to three years of his life then unexpired were to be amending a couplet of Pope-he ventures his filled with momentous interests; his participation emendation, and recovers his position by adding, in which as the manager and negotiator of the "This, however, I should submit to better judg- infant state throws into the shade the literature, ments." which continued, however, to employ him to the There is a simplicity in this book which charms end. It was during his last sojourn at Paris, us in the same way with the humorous touches of nature in the Vicar of Wakefield. Franklin's Boston brother in the printing-office,-irascible, jealous, and mortified on the return of the successful adventurer, who is playing off his prosperity before the workmen, is an artist's picture of life, drawn in a few conclusive touches. So, too, is Keilner as happily hit off as any personage in Gil Blas, particularly in that incident at the break-up!:'!i. of Franklin's system of vegetable diet, which he had adopted; he invites his journeymen and two women friends to dine with him, providing a roast pig for the occasion, which being prematurely served up, is devoured by the enthusiast, before the company arrives; in that effective sketch, in a paragraph of the Philadelphia City Croaker, whose ghost still walks every city in the - world, moctking prosperity of every degree, —" a person of note, an elderly man, with a wise look and a very grave manner of speaking." The. Autobiography was written in several portions.. It was first commienced at Twyford, the country residence of the good bishop of St. Asaph, in 1771, and addressed to his son the Governor of New Jersey, and continued at intervals, till the Revolutionary War occupied the writer's time exclusively. It was again, at the solicitation of his friends James and Vaughan, resuined at Passy, in 1784, and afterwards continued in Amnerica. The history of the several editions of this work is curious. It was first, as was the case with Jefferson's " Notes on Virginia," published amidst the cares of state, that he composed those in French, translated from the author's mnanu- literary essays of such general famle-the Ephescript. This version was re-translated into Eng- mera, Petition of the Cats, the Whistle, a:ld the lish, and published for the first time in that lan- Dialogue with the Gout, written for the amuseguage, in London, in 1793. Oddly enough, in ano- ment of the brilliant friends, including Madame ther French edition, which appeared in Paris, in Helvetius and Madame Brillon, who enlivened his 1798, the autobiography was again translated into age and cares at Passy and Autenil. French, fro: i the English version of the foreign While Franklin was a printer in London, he gave language. The work, as Franklin wrote it, in his ventto his philosophical views bvprinting apamplhnative tongue, was first given to the world in the let entitled A Dissertation on Liber(y and Necescollection of his writings, by his grandson, William sity, Pleasure and Pain, in a Letter to a Friend. Temple Franklin, in 1817. The translation from This was in 1725. Though he expresses a dislike the French is still in circulation in this country, of the publication, he recurs to it with some notwithstanding the publication of Franklin's paternal affection both in the Autobiography and original; though the authoritative edition of in his Correspondence. The essay belonged to Sparks has of late set an example which will the school of Mandeville in obliterating the drive all other copies than the genuine one from distinctions between virtue and vice, and readily the market.* introduced the young printer, who was not nineteen years of age at that time, to that arch-skeptic, the author of " The Fahle of the Bee-," who held * To the old American editions a continuation was added by an entertaining club in Cheapside. The pamphlet Dr. Henry Stuber. He was of German parentage, born in Phi- was started in the busy brain of the compositor lade!phia, about 1T70. He was a pupil of Dr. Kunze, in Greek, by his setting up Wollaston's "Reliion of Latin, and German, when that divine, afterwards established in New York, was connected with the University of Pennsylvania. He studied medicine, which his health hardly allowed him to practise. Obtaining a situation in one of the public Beyond this, the memory of the man had almost perished, offices of the United States government, he was engaged in the when the fo:eroing particulars vere with difflculty collected study of the law, when he died early in life. He wrote for the by Dr. John W. Francis, of this city, who communicated them'ournals of the day; but the only publication by which lie will to Mr. Sparks, by whom they were pub'ished in the tenth remembered, is his continuation of the Life of Franklin. volumle of the Life and Writings of Franklin. 118 CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE Nature," to which it was intended as a reply. into general circulation as a popular tract in newsIts argument was a sublimated optimism arguing papers and broadsheets. Franklin himself attrieverything in the world to be right from the butes the growing plenty of mIoney in Philadelattributes of the Deity of wisdom, goodness, and phia after its appearance; to the practice of its power. The motto was from Dryden: economical precepts. Three translations have blind man been made of it in French, where it passes as La Whateveris, isright. Butpurblindman Sciencedu Bonhomme Richard. It wasprinted in Sees but a part o' the chain, the nearest links; iecd inomRicar. ^twspintli His beyes not carro' hig to that equal beam, modern Greek at Didot's press in Paris in 1823. Tt eoises all above. that eql b, Poor Richard'smatter consists of Mr. Saunders's That poises allabovefacetious annual introductions; a bit of homely One hundred copies only of the work were print- poetry for the month; with the interspaces of the ed; a few were given to friends; the author became Calendar, left after the important weather prodissatisfied with the production, and burnt the phecies sprinkled down the page, filled with senremainder, excepting a copy filled with manuscript tentious maxims. Some of these are coarse and notes, by his acquaintance at the tinme, a surgeon homely for the digestion of ploughmen; others named Lyons, who wrote on the " Infallibility of show the nicer edge of Franklin's wit and expeHuman Judgment." This tract has not been rience. Rhyme lends its aid to reason; and pracprinted in any edition of Franklin's works. tical morality has work to do which renders her When Mr. Sparks published his edition in 1840, not very dainty in the use of words. Temperance it was thought to be entirely lost. That editor and independence have sturdy advocates in Poor expressed his belief that "no copy of this tract is Richard. "It is hard," says he, "for an empty now known to be in existence." Sir James Mack- sack to stand upright." " Drink water, put the intosh searched for it in vain. Since that time a money in your pocket, and leave the dry bellycopy has been found in England. James Cross- ache in the punchbowl." "If you would be ley communicates the fact to the antiquarian pub- reveng'd of your enemy, govern yourself." lication, Notes and Queries.* It is a pamphlet of "If you ride a horse sit close and tight, sixteen closely printed octavo pages. It is ad- If you ride a man, sit easy and light." dressed to Mr. J (amnes) R (alph), and commences dressed to Mr. J (ames) R (aljh), and commences "If you would not be forgotten as soon as you are with the comlprehensive declaration: "I haved nt forgotten as soon as yo re here, according to your request, given you my dead and rotten, either write thin worth reapresent thoughts on the general state of things in in or d tin wth e writing." " ish and the universe;" and concludes with the undeniable visiters sell in three days. "As we must acassertion, "Truth will be truth, though it some- count for every idle word, so we must for everv times proves mortifying a.nd distasteful. idle silence." The poetry is in a few more lines Poor Richard's Almanac was commenced by than the maxims, generally with a home thrust at Franklin in 1733, and continued for twenty-six vanity or vice. years, to 1758. It was put forward as the pro- That all from Adam first begun, duction of Richard Saunders, Philomath, print- Since none but Whiston doubts, ed and sold by B. Franklin. Its quaint humor And that his son, and his son's son and homespun moralities made its successive Were ploughmen, clowns, anId louts; issues great favorites with the people, who to their Here lies the only difference now, credit have always shown an avidity for popular Some shot off late, some soon; publications of humor and sagacity, from Cotton Your sires i' t' morning left the plough Mather's grim moralities down to the felicitous Ad ours i' th' afternoon. Mrs. Partington, who gets the smallest modicum And sometimes a little playful elegance: of wisdom out of the greatest amount of nonsense. About ten thousand copies were sold of it annu- loe uld I fr kisses as cont She would keep stalkes, I was content, ally, a great number for the times. As in the But when I won, she would be paid, case of most very popular works, the early edi- This made me ask her what she meant: tions were literally consumed by its ardent ad- Quoth she, since you are in this wrangling vein, mirers. One of the old copies is now considered Here, take your kisses, give me mine again. a great rarity; and a complete set was found by Mr. Sparks to be unattainable.t M~r. Sp I~rks to be unattainable.t ~When Paul Jones, in Paris, in 178, w as Its greatest popularity was achieved when a making application to the French Government number of Poor Richard's aphorisms were col- for a military vessel to pursue his career at sea, lected and prefixed as an harangue to the people, earied out with the delay of the officials, and The Way to Wealth, to the almanac for 1758. the neglect of his letters from the sea-ports, he In this concentrated form Poor Richar pd hppenede to take up an old number of Franklin's Almanac, and alighted on this sentence of Poor Richard, " If you would have your business done, * No. 114, Jan. 8, 152. go; if not, send." lie took the advice, proceeded t Most of the numbers were, however, got together after himself to the capital, and pushed his application nearly four years' research among public libraries and private so successfully, that in gratitue to the oracle lihe collections, by John Doggctt, Jr., who, in 1349, commenced the republication of the Poor Richard matterin annual instalments obtained permission to call the ship granted to of three years to each number, appended to new astronomical hiln the Bon Hlomme Richard.* Its fortunes calculations for the current year. He proceeded with this work through three numbers, when it was interrupted by his SOOn made the French translation of the name as death. At the sale of his effects, eighteen numbers of Yoor familiar to American ears as the original Poor Richard were purchased at twelve dollars each. John Dog- Richrd. gett was from Dorchester, Mass. He dealt in New York in a virtuoso collection of paintings, engravings, autographs, &c. He commenced a New York Pirectory in 1842, and continued it till his death in the city, in 122i. * Mackenzie's Life of Paur Jones, i. 134. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 119 Franklin's voluminous correspondence would To know that which before us lies in daily life alone have given himl high literary reputation as Is the prime wisdom. a letter writer. His essential philanthropy, good There he was seldom at fault; cool, wary, hunmor, wit, and ready resources, are every- political, never betraying himself, never betraying where apparent in this. It is the best part of his the state: in the language of his American histoconversation, vital for posterity, ani( we ilay Irian, a writer hilself skilled in affairs: "Franklin readily imagine from it how Franklin talked, as diplo tit of the eighteeth vith his fine tact he always offers somethig I i was the greatest diplomatist of the eighteenth with his fine tact he always offers something in- I ^ ^ century. He never spoke a word too soon; he spiing, useful, and entertaining to his frienld. never spoke a word too late; he never spoke a But it is to the perspicuity, method, and ease of wor to speak the Franklin's philosophical writings that his solid right worl at the right eason." reputation wvill remain greatly indebtedl. These We have alluded to Franklin's philosophy as qualities cannot be better described than in the ati of the rliious powers Here it may words of Sir humphrey Datly, the generous en- be said that he rather lived by them than in comiast of his scientific brethren, who himself them. Ie appreciated the devout and transcenpractised every grace which he attributed to dent labors to dent labors of such men as Jonathan Edwards, in others:-" A singular felicity of indlution guided g oundtions, and could edpty his all his researches, and by very small means lhee foud could empty established very grland truths. The style and pockets at the heart-stirring appeals of Whiteestablished very grand truths. The style and manner of his publication on electricitvy are al- field. His friendships, in England and America mst as nne ort of ad p l ition ason ele ctricitar were with bishops and divines. The Bishop of contains ort He has enlelatvo ared to reovine ait St. Asaph, of Sodor and Man, no less than the contains. He has enleavoured to remove all h f b mystery an l obscurity from the subject. He as et st Whitefi were his frien; and h written equally for the uninitiated and for the could cast an eye backwar affection and losopher; and he has rendered his details hamusig reverence, from the glittering salons of Paris, to andl perspi cuoaus, elegnt as well as siln. Sci- the dark shades of Puritan ancestors. There was and perspicuous, elegant as well as simple. Scielice appears in his language, in a dress wonder- a sound vein of piety in his composition, which bet giarewn - bIsore its fruits; nor had French levity, or comfully decorous, beat adapted to display her native it enc, loveliness. He has in no instance exhibited that panionship with the encyclopedists, blunted his false dignity, by which philosophy is kept aloof religious duction. is warning hand, raised to fromn cninion applications; and he has sought Paline on the eve of his ilfidel publication, rather to nlake her a useful iiatlsa e anl sevt eserves to be rememmbered, with his appeal to the in the cotmllon habitations of man, than to pre- igti o f that arch-corrpter himself to reliserve her merely as an object of admiration in gion: "Perhaps you are indebted to leroriginally, temples and palaces."* that is to your religious edlcation, for the habits The uniform industry of Franklin was ili- of virtue upon which you now justly value yourself. You might easily display your excellent menuse; and though writing was but an incidental though writig but incidentl talents of reasoning upon a less hazardous subpursuit to one who was not an author by pro- reaon a s ha ous s fession, tndl derived no revenue front his pen, the stinid heathrey obain a rank w s it or ost aggregate of his distinct literary comlpositions out- dinguished authors for ong it is n distances the labors of many who have worked necessr, as amongt the ott at a youth, directly for reputation miil the booksellers. As to le raised into the comlanly of men, should enumerated by Mr. Sparks.t the list of his writ- prove his mnho y beating his other."t In ings, separate books, articles, or distinct papers, the sae letter, he asserts his belief of apartin. ependentlyaoI ceso tnc lL lar Providence, which lie once so emphatically independlently of his huge c:orrespondence, amounts h to three hundred and four items, thickly sown a uncd in the Convention of 1787. At the along his busy year. —an.l he was always busy lose of his life, President Stiles, of Yale, drew~ fromn 1726 to 1790. Thley exhaust every from him an expression of his religious opinions, -fromd 1726 to 1790. They exhaust every in which he simnply announces his belief in the method of doing goodl practically, which fell whichhe simply announces is belefin the within the range of his powers or experience. unity and moral governmet of the eit and They are upon topics of individual and social im- th paramount " system of morals and religion provement, of the useful arts, which adorn and of "Jesus of Nazareth, as "the best the world ameliorate daily life, of the science which en- evr sa or is liely to see;" ut his ierpretalarges the powers of the mind an l increases the tion of what the latter vas, would prolbably have comfort of the body, of political wisdom, extend- differed much from that of Dr. Stiles. ing from the direction of a village to the control and prosperity of the state. In every form of Bancroft. N. Y. Hist. Soc. Lecture, Dec. 9 1S52. purely human endeavor, the genius of Franklin t Letter. Sparks, x. 2S1. is paralnount. There were principles in philoso- " I have lived," said he, in introducing his motion for daily prayers, "a long time; and the longer I live, the more conphy and( religion beyond his ken, fields of specu- vi:lcig proofs I see of this truth, that God governs in the ktion which his telescope never traversed, mneta- affairs of men. And, if a sparrow cannot fa'l to the ground )hy.sic spaces of the soul to the electric powvers' without his notice, is it probable that an empire can rise withphysic spaces of the soul to the electric powers out hia aid?" —Sparks's Life, t11. of which his lightning rods were no conductors. ~ Letter of Franklin, March 9, 1790. Holmes's Life of Stiles, In the parcel allotment of duties in this worl, 809..In the parcel allotment of duties in this world, LiA single letter in the autobiography betrays Franklin's lis path lay in the region of the practical. In mode of thinking and feeling in reference to the Scriptures. the words of our great sire to the archangel, he He is speaking of a poetic contest between Ralph and some ini(ht have l)rofessed thathers of his companions, and says, of the test proposed: "We 11ight have prof eees t hat excluded all considerations of invention, by agreeing that the task should be a review of the eighteenth Psalm, which describes the descent of a Deity." To no habitually reverent * Quoted in Sparks's Life. 457. mind cou'l the use of the indefinite article occur on mention t WVorks of Frank!i, x. 449. of that sublime composition. Of his early infidel opinions, be 120 CYCLOPzEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE One of his very last acts, on his death-bed, was repeating to the grandchild at the fireside the to recite to his faithful attendant, Mrs. Hewson, apologue of quaint familiar wisdom which he had the daughter of his London landlady, the simple learnt in his primer. and elevated verses of good Doctor Watts.* The genius of Franklin is omnipresent at PhilaThe compliments to Franklin, the sage, philoso- delphia. It points to his Library, his Philosopher, politician, would fill a volume. Perhaps phical Society, his University, his Hospital, the the Latin epigraph, written by the philosopher Institute. At Boston, his benevolence still lives Turgot, has been the mo,t productive ever paid: in the provisions of his will, his silver medal for Eripuit coelo fulmen sceptrumque tyrasnis.t the encouragement of scholarship in the free grammar schools, in gratitude for his own "first His portrait is frequently graced with similar instructions in literature e and in a fund to be instructions in literature," and in a fund to be inscriptions, of which the best is that fomn Horace, loane to young mecnis. At ne time it was placed by Bishop Shipley in the edition of the thought the influence of Poor Richard had proMiscellanies of 1779, Non sordidus auctor Na_urw Verique4 admiredduced a too general thrift and parsimony: but ture V erique.a these were not the vices of Franklin's instructions, He was equally admired by peasants and I He was equally admired by peasants and but the virtues of a young state building up its kings; Louis XV., "the grand monarch," com- fortuiles by economy and endurance. Now these Ilmanded a return of his thanlks to Mr. F~ranklirn maxims are simply the correctives of rapidly in"for his useful discoveries in electricity;"~ the creasing prodigaliy; the mottoes and incentives court of Louis XVI., its philosophers, wits, and to honorable toil and frugality throughout the ladies of fashion, hailed him with enthusiasm; land For Franklin having been born in one Chatham was his eulogist in England, and Wash- contry, and found that development ington in America; he hadt the best inca in both part of the country, and found that development ington in America; hle had the best men in both i another ic would probably have been iin another which would probably have been hemispheres for denied him in his birth-place, and having been towns and counties, and even a state, have been employed abroad in the service of several states, named after him;l his portrait and bust are and afterwards in behalf of them all, is properly familiar as those of Washington; "Every penny the son of the Union an te nation-and his stamp, says Robert C. Winthrop, happily, in his I. address, Ar e ad "is a monu — life, as his fame, belongs to his country. address, Arcnimnedes and Fiflint, es a mieu- For extracts from Franklin's writings, passing nent to Frankliln, earned, if not established by over the scientific portions, as hardly admitting himself, as the fruit of his early labors and his of separation from the context, and leaving his signal success in the organization of our infant o pape for t historian we may properly postoffice." His writings are read with equal political papers for the historian, we may properly post-office." His writings are read with equal give several of those esss hich he chiefly zest, though with different emotions, in childhood romoted his popular literary reputation. Of and age-as the old man goes out of the world the Parable onPersecutions always been these the Parable on Persecution has always been considered one of his most characteristic efforts. It was his habit to call for a Bible and read it as says, that they were encouraged by the statements of the I asis ha to call for a Bible and read it am defenders of Christianity, the Boyle lecturers; but in such a passage of the Old Testament, till it became cases, it is less the argument than the predisposition which public property by its appearance in Lord Kames's fails to convince. fal "^ls to convince..Sketches of the History of Man, in 1774, where * Epes Sargent's Memoir of Franklin, 110; prefixed to a well o t H o M, chosen selection of the writings, agreeably presented. it appears as " communicated by Benjamin Frankt This inscription by Turgot, which has been ascribed to lin." Vaughan then placed it in his edition of Condorcet and Mirabeau, first appears in the correspondence of Grimm and Diderot, April, 1778, and has been traced to a Franklin. The apologue as soon discovered in line of the Anti-Lucretius of Cardinal de Polignac, lib. i., Jeremy Taylor's Liberty of Prophesying, who verse 8, which reads: verse 87, which reads: quotes it from "the Jews' bdoks." It then Eripuitque Jovi fulmen, Pheeboque sagittas: turned up in the dedication of a book published And thence to Manilius, lib. i., verse 1C4, where he says of at Amsterdam, in 1680, a translation from the Epicurus, at Amsterdam, in 1680, a translation from the Eripuitque Jovi fulmen, viresque Tonanti. Hebrew into Latin, by George Gentius, of a work Notes and Queries, vi. 88. on the Jewish Calamities. Gentius carries it Taking the laurel from the brow of Epicurus to place it back to Sadus, who it appears, is Saadi, the Perupon the head of Franklin is not so inappropriate when we. - recall the sketch of the former by Lucretius ilustrans Sian poet, who, as Lord Teignmouth related to commodea itce. Bishop Heber, has the story in the second book hereisanother fromVirgil, of his Bostan; and carrying the antiquity still Hominum rerumque repertor. further, Saadi says the story was told to him.* AEneid xiL To the portrait from which our engraving is taken, a medallion in the possession of Dr. Lettsom, published in his life of A PARABLE AGAINST PERSECUTION. Dr. Fothergill, are added these lines: Dr. Fothergill, are added these lines: 1. And it came to pass after these things, that II a ravi le fen des Cleux II fait fleurir les Arts en des Climats Sauvages, Abraham sat in the door of his tent, about the going L'Amerique le place a la tete des Sages down of the sun. La Grece l'auroit mis an nombre de ses Dieux. 2 And behold a man, bowed with age, came from There is a common French print of Diogenes with a lantern, the way of the wilderness, leaning on a staff. holding a medallion of Franklin, with the inscription,. And Abraham arose and met him, d said to Stupete gentes reperit virum Diogenes. " n, h t f Franklin's Letter to Jared Eliot, Philadelphia, April 12th arry all night, thou shalt arise eay on the 1758. Sparks, vi. 162. tarry all night, and thou shalt arise early on the U To the town of Franklin, Massachusetts, named after him, morrow, and go on thy way." he orders from Paris a gift of books, in preference to the bell which they had solicited, "sense being preferable to sound. — Letter to Richard Price, Passy, March 18, 1785. Sparks, x. 158. The Rev. Nath. Ennlons, clergyman of the town, preached a * Letter from Franklin to Vaughan, Nov. 2, 1789. Appensermon, "The Dignity of Man,' on the receipt of the gift. The dix to Priestley's Memoirs, where the Latin of Gentius is given, proposed new State of Franklin, afterwards called Tennessee, 876. Heber's Life of Jeremy Taylor,notes. Sparks's Frauklin, was named after our philosopher. ii. 118-21. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 121 4. But the man said, "Nay, for I will abide under g ievances to complain of, nor any subject of contenthis tree." tio but the perfections and imperfections of foreign 5. And Abrahaml pressed him greatly; so he music. I turned my head from them to an old greyturned, and they went into the tent, and Abraham headed one, who was single oil another leaf, and baked unleavened bread, and they did eat. talki,d to himself. Being amused with his soliloquy, 6. And when Abraham saw that the man blessed I put it dow in writing, in hopes it will likewise not God, he said unto him, " Wherefore dost thou - amuse her to whom I am so much indebted for the not worship the most high God, Creator of heaven most piensing of all amusements, her delicious comand earth?" pany and heavenly harnmo',-. 7. And the man answered and said, "I do not "It was," said he, "the opinio of learned philosoworship the God thou speakest of, neither do I call phers of our race, who lived and flourished long upon his name; for I have made to myself a god, before my time, that this vast world, the MIlulin Joly, which abideth aLway in mine house, and provideth could not itself subsist more than eigh een hour.; me with all things." and I think there was some found, tion for that 8. And Abraham''s zeal was kindled against the opinion, since, by the apparent motion of the great man, and he arose and fell upon him, and drove him luminary that gives life to all nature, and which in forth with blows into the wilderness. my time has evidently declined considerably towards 9. And at midnight God called unto Abraham, the ocean at the end of our earth, it must then finish saying, " Abraham, where is the stranger " its course, be extinguished in the waters that sur10. And Abraham answered and said, " Lord, he round us, and leave the world in cold and darkness, would not worship thee, neither would he call upon necessarily producing universal death and destructhy name; therefore have I driven him out from tion. I have lived seven of those hours, a gr'eat age, before my face into the wilderness." being no less than four hundred and twenty minutes 11. And God said, " Have I borne with him these of time. How very few of us continue so long! I hundred ninety and eight years, and nourished him, have seen generations born, flourish, and expire. and clothed him, notwithstanding his rebellion My present friends are the children and grandchilagainst me; and couldst not thou, that art thyself a dren of the friends of my youth, who are now, alas, sinner, bear with him one night i" no more! And I must soon follow them; for, by the 12. And Abraham said, "Let not the anger of the course of nature, though still in health, I cannot Lord wax hot against his servant; lo, I have sinned; expect to live above seven or eight minutes longer. lo, I have sinned; forgive me, I pray thee." What now avails all my toil and labor, in amassing 13. And Abraham arose, and went forth into the honey-dew on this leaf, which I cannot live to wilderness, and sought diligently for the man, and enjoy! What the political struggles I have been found him, and returned with him to the tent; and eng.lged in, for the good of my compatriot inhabitwhen he had entreated him kindly, he sent hin ants of this bush, or my philosophical studies for away on the morrow with gifts. the benefit of our race in general! for, in politics, 14. And God spake again unto Abraham, saying, what can laws do without morals? Our present "For this thy sin shall thy seed be afflicted four race of ephemnere will in a course of minutes become hundred years in a strange land; corrupt, like those of other and older bushes, and 15. " But for thy repentance will I deliver them; consequently as wretched. And in philosophy how and they shall come forth with power, and with small our progress! Alas! art'is long, and life is gladness of heart, and with much substance." short! My friends would comfort me with the idea of a name, they say, I shall leave behind me; and they tell me I have lived long enough to nature and T n E PHEMERA; to glory. But what will fame be to an ephemera AN EMBLEM OF HUMAN LIFE. who no longer exists? And what will become of To lIadame B.!illon, of Passy. all history in the eighteenth hour, when the world itself, even the whole Moulin Joly, shall come to its Written in 1778. ^end, and be buried in universal ruin?" You may remember, my'dear friend, that when To me, after all my eager pursuits, no solid pleaw3 lately spent that happy day in the delightful sures now remain, but the reflection of a long life garden and sweet society of the Moulin Joly, I spent in meaning well, the sensible conversation of stopped a little in one of our walks, and stayed some a few good lady epheme-se, and now and then a time behind the company. We had been shown kind smile and a tune from the ever amiable Brilnumberless skeletons of a kind of little fly, called an lante. ephemera, whose successive generations, we were told, were bred and expired within the day. I THE wHISTLE. happened to see a living company of them on a To Madame Briilon. leaf, who appeared to be engaged in conversation. PAssY, 10 Xonember, 1779. You know I understand all the inferior animal I RECEIVED my dear friend's two letters, one for tongues. My too great application to the study of Wednesday and one for Saturday. This is again them is the best excuse I can give for the little pro- Wednesday. I do not deserve one for to-day, begress I have made in your charming language. I cause I have not answered the former. But, indolistened through curiosity to the discourse of these lent as I am, and averse to writing, the fear of little creatures; but as they, in their national having no more of your pleasing epistles, if I do not vivacity, spoke three or four together, I could make contribute to the correspondence, obliges me to take but little of their conversation. I found, however, up my pen; and as Mr. B. has kindly sent me word, by some broken expressions that I heard now and that he sets out to-morrow to see you, instead of then, they were disputing warmly on the merit of spending this Wednesday evening as I have done its two foreign musicians, one a cousin, the other a namesakes, in your delightful company, I sit down moscheto; in which dispute they spent their time, to spend it in thinking of you, in writing to you, and seemingly as regardless of the shortness of life as if in reading over and over again your letters. they had been sure of living a month. Happy I am charmed with your description of Paradise, people! thought I; you are certainly under a wise, and with your plan of living there; and I approve just, and mild government, since you have no public much of your conclusion, that, in the mean time, we 16 122 CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. should draw all the good we can from this world. Adieu, my dear friend, and believe me ever yours IlI my opinion, we might all draw more good from very sincerely and with unalterable affection, it than we do, and suffer less evil, if we would take B. FRANKLIN. care not to give too much for whistles. For to me it seems, that most of the unha.ppy people we meet with, are become so by neglect of that cautio:l. DTALOGUE BETWEEN FRANKT.N AND THE GOUT You ask what I mean? You love stories, and will MIUNIGHT, 22 October., VSO. excuse my telling one of myself. FRANKLIN. Eh! Oh! Eh! What have I done to When I was a child of seven years old, my friends, merit these cruel sufferings? on a holiday, filled my pocket with coppers. I GOUT. Many things; you have ate and drank too went directly to a shop where they sold toys for freely, and too much indulged those legs of yours in childrea; and, being charmed with the sound of a their indolence. whistle, that I met by the way in the hands of FRANKLIN. Who is it that accuses.me? another boy, I volunta: ily offered and gave all my GOUT. It is I, even I, the Gout. mo:ney for one. I the:l came homne, and we.;t FRANKLIN. What! my enemy in person? whistling all over the hous:e, much pleased with my GOUT. No, not youil enemy. whistle, but disturbing all the family. My brothers, FRANKLIN. I repeat t; my enemy; for you would and sisters, and cousins, understanding the barg.;in not only torment my body to death, but ruin my I had made, told me I had given four times as much good name; you reproach me as a glutton and a for it as it was worth; put me in mind what good tippler; -now all the world, that knows me, will allow things I might have bought with the rest of tl:o that I am neither the one i or the other. money; and laughed at me so much for my folly, GOUT. The world may thilk as it pleases; it is that I cried with vexation;l and the reflection gave always very complaisant to itself, and sometimes to ne more chagrin than the whistle gave me pleasure. its friends; but I very well know that the quantity This, however, was afterwards of use to me, the of meat and drink proper for a man, who takes a impression continuing on my mind; so that ofte:J, reasonable degree of exercise, would be too much for when I was termpted to buy some unnecessary thi. g, another, who never takes any. I said to myself, Don't give too much for the whistle; FRANKLIN. I take —Eh! Oh!-as much exerciseand I saved my money. Eh!-as I can, Madam Gout. You kow mv sedenAs I grew up, came into the world, and observed tary state, and on that account, it wouldi seem, the actions of men, I thought I met with many, very Madam Gout, as if you might spare me a little, seeing many, who gave too much for the whistle. it is not altogether my own fault. When I saw one too ambitious of court favor, GOUT. Not a jot; your rhetoric and your politesacrificing lrs time in attendance on levees, his ness are thrown away; your apology avcails nothing. repose, his liberty, his virtue, and perhaps his friends, If your situation in life is a sedentary one, your to attain it, I have said to myself, This man gives too lamnusements, your recreatio.ss, at least, should be much for his whistle. active. You ought to walk or ride; or, if the When I saw another fond of popularity, constantly weather prevents that, play aIt billiards. But let us employing himself in political bustles, neglecti;g his examine your course of life. While the mornings own affairs, and ruining them by that neglect, He are long, and you have leisure to go abroad, what do pays, indeed, said I, too much for his whistle. you do? Why, instead of gaining an appetite for If I knew a miser, who gave up every kind of b beakfast, by salutary exercise, you amuse yourself comfortable living, all the pleasure of doing good to w vith books, pamphlets, or newspapers, which comothers, all the esteem of his fellow-citizens, and the nmonly are not worth the readir g. Yet you eat an joys of benevolent fiiendship, for the sake of accu- it:ordinate breakfast, four dishes of tea, with cream, mulating wealth, Poor man, said I, you pay too much and one or two buttered toasts, with slices of hung for your whistle. beef, which I fal:cy are not things the most easily When I met with a man of pleasure, sacrificing digested. Immediately afterward you sit down to every laudable improvement of the mind, or of his nwrite at your desk, or converse with persons wnho fortune, to mere corporeal sensations, and ruining his apply to you oil business. Thus the time passes till health in their pursuit, Mistaken man, said I, you are one, without any kind of bodily exercise. But all providing pain for yourself, instead of pleasure; you this I could pardon, in regard, as you say, to your give too much for your whistle. sedentary condition. But what is your practice If I see one fo;nd of appearance, or fine clothes, after dinner? Walkil;g in the be ntiful gardens of fine houses, fine furnitrlle, fine equipages, all above those friends, with whom you have dined, would be his fortune, for which he contracts debts, and ends the choice of nen of sense; yours is to be fixed down his career in a prison, Alas! say I, he has paid d&ar, to chess, where you are found ergaged for two or very dear, for his whistle. three hours! This is your perpetual recreation, When I see a beautiful, sweet-tempered girl mar- which is the least eligible of any for a sedentary man, ried to an ill-natured brute of a husband, What because, instead of accelerating the motion of the a pity, say I, that she should pay so much for her fluids, the rigid attention it requires helps to retard whistle! tile circulation and obstruct internal secretions. In short, I conceive that great part of the miseries Wrapt in the speculations of this wretched game, of mankind are brought upon them by the false esti- you destroy your constitution. What can be exmates they have made of the value of things, and by pected from suech a course of living, but a body their giving too much for their whistles. replete with stagt nan t humors, ready to fall a prey Yet I ought to have charity for these unhappy to all kinds of dangerous maladie-, if I, the Gout, did people, when I consider, that, with all this wisdom of not occasionally bring you relief by agitating these uwhich I am boasting, there are certain things in the humors, and so purifying or dissipati.g them? If it world so tempting, for example, the apples of King was in some nook or alley in Paris, deprived of John, which happily are not to be bought; for if walks, that you played awhile at chess after dinner, they were put to sale by auction, I might very this might be excusable; but the same taste prevails easily be led to ruin myself in the purchase, and with you in Passy, Auteuil, Menmartre, or Sanoy, find that I had once more given too much for the places where there are the finlest gardens ald walks, whistle. a pure air. beautiful womenl, and most agreeable and BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 123 instructive conversation; all wlhih you might enjoy list of offences against your own health distinctly by frequentinlg the walks. But these are rejected written, and can justify every stroke inflicted oa for this abominable game of chess. Fie, theJ, Mr. you. Franklin! But amidst my iistructions, I had almost FRANKLIN. Read it, then. forgot to administer my wholesome corrections; so GoUT. It is too long a detail; but I will briefly take that twinge,-and that. mention some particulars. FRANKLIN. Oh! Eh Oh! Ohhh! As much in- FRANKLIN. Proceed. I am all attention. structionl as you please, Madlan Gout, and as many GOUT. Do you remember how often youhave.proreproaches; but pray, Madamn, a truce with your mised'yourself, the following morning, a walk in the corrections! grove of Boulogne, in the garden de la Muette, or iu GoUT. No, Sir, no,-I will rot abate a particle of your own garden, and have violated your promise, what is so much for your good,-therefore- alleging, at one time, it was too cold, at another too FRANKLIN. Oh1!. Elhh i-lt is not fair to say I take warm, too windy, too moist, or what else you no exercise, when I do very often, going out to dine pleased; when in truth it was too nothing, but your and returning in my carriage, insuperable love of ease GoUT. That, of allim:ginable exercises, is the most FRANKLIN. That I confess may have happened slight and ilisignific;lilt, i' you allude to the motion occasionally, probably ten times in a year. of a carriage suspended on springs. By observing GOUT. Your confession is very far short of the the degree of heat obtained by differe.lt kinds of truth; the gross amount is one hundred and ninetymotion, we may form an estimate of the quantity of nine times. exercise given by each. Thus, for example, if you FRANKLIN. Is it possible? turn out to walk in winter with cold feet, in an GouT. So possible, that it is fact; you may rely on hour's time you will be in a glow all over; ride oil the accuracy of my statement. You know Mr. horseback, tile same effect will scarcely be perceived Brillon's gardens, and what fine walks they contain; by four hours' round trotting; but if you loll in a you know the handsorne flight of an hundred steps, carriage, such as you have mentioned, you may which lead from the terrace above to the lawn travel all day, and gladly enter the last inn to warm below. You have been in the practice of visiting your feet by a fire. Flatter yourself then no longer, this amiable family twice a week, after dinner, and that half ail hour's airLig in your carriage deserves it is a maxim of your own, that " a man may take the name of exercise. Providence has appointed few as much exercise in walking a mile, up and down to roll in carriages, while he has given to all a pair stairs, as in te: on level ground." What an opporof legs, which are machines infinitely more commo- tunity was here for you to have had exercise in dious and serviceable. Be grateful then, and make both these ways! Did you embrace it, and how a proper use of yours. Would you know how they often? forward the circulation of your fluids, in the very FRANKLIN. I cannot immediately answer that action of transporting you from plice to place; ob- question. serve when you walk, that all your weight is alter- GosT. I will do it for you; not once. nately throwll from o.ie leg to the other; this FRANKLIN. Not once? occasions a great pressure on the vessels of the foot, GOUT. Even so. During the summer you went arld repels their co.ltelts; when relieved, by the there at six o'clock. You fouid the charming lady, weight being thrown on the other foot, the vessels with her lovely children and friends, eager to walk of the first are allowed to replenish, and, by a return with you, and entertain you with their agreeable of this weight, this repulsion again succeeds; thus conversation; and what has been your choice accelerating the circulation of the blood. The heat Why, to sit on the terrace, satisfyinlg yourself with produced in any given time, depends on the degree the fine prospect, anid passing your eye over the of this acceleration; the fluids are shaken, the beauties of the garden below, without taking one humors atte.luated, the secretions facilitated, and all step to descend and walk about in themn. On the goes well; tlhe cheeks are ruddy, and health is contrary, you call for tea and the chess-board; and established. Behold your fair friend at Auteuil; lo! you are occupied in yolw seat till nine o'clock, a lady who received from bounteous nature more anld thatt besides two hours' play after dinner; and really useful science, than half a dozen such pre- then, instead of wlllking home, which would have tenders to philosophy as you have been able to bestirred you a little, you step into your carriage. extract from all your books. When she honors you How absurd to suppose that all this carelessness with a visit, it is on foot. She walks all hours of can be reconcilable with health, without my interthe day, and leaves indolence, and its concomitant position! maladies, to be e:ldured by her horses. In this see FRANKLIN. I am convinced now of the justness of at once the preservative of her health and personal poor Richard's remark, that " Our debts and our charms. But when you go to Auteuil, you must sins are always greater than we think for." have your calrriage, though it is no further from GOUT. So it is. You philosophers are sages in Passy to Auteuil tlhan from Auteuil to Passy. your Imaxims, and fools in. your conduct. FRANKLIN. Your rea.sonings grow very tiresome. FRANKLIN. But do you charge among my crimes, GOUT. I stand corrected. I will be silent and con- that I return in a carri:ge from Mr. Brilloii's? tinue my office; take that, and that. GOUT. Certainly; for, having been seated all the FRANKLIN. Oh! Ohh! Talk on, I pray you! while, you cannot object the fatigue of the day, and GOUT. No, no; I have a good number of twinges canrnot want therefore the relief of a carriage. for you to-night, and you may be sure of some more FRANKLIN. What then would you have me do with to-morrow. rmy carriage? FRANKLIN. What! with such a fever! I shall GOUT. Burn it if you choose; you would at least go distracted Oh! Elh! Can no one bear it for get heat out of it once in this way; or, if you disme? like that proposal, here's another for you; observe GOUT. Ask that of your horses; they have served the poor peasants, who work in the vineyards and you fitithfully. grounds about the villages of Passy, Auteuil, ChailFRANKLIN. How can you so cruelly sport with my lot, &c.; you may find every day, ramo:lg these de. torments? serving creatures, four or five old men and women, GOUT. Sport! I am very serious. I have here a bent and perhaps crippled by weight of years, and 124 CYCLOPIEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. too long and too great labor. After a most fatiguing Men are as various; and, if right I scan, day, these people have to trudge a mile or two to Each sort of paper represents some man. their smoky huts. Order your coachman to set them down. This is an act that will be good for your Pray note the fophalf powder and half lace, soul; arid, at the same time, after your visit to the Nice as a band-box wele his dwelling-place Brillons, if you return on foot, that will be good for He's the gilt paper, which apart you store, your body. And lock from vulgar hands in the'scrutoire. FRANKLIN. Ali! how tiresome you are! Mecha:lics, servants, farmers, and so forth, GOUT. Well, then, to my office; it should not be Are copy paper of inferior worth: forgotten that I am your physician. There. Less prized, more useful, for your desk decreed, FRANKLIN. Ohh! what a devil of a physician I Free to all pens, and prompt at every need. GouT. How ungrateful you are to say so! Is it not I who, in the character of your physician, have The wretch, whom avarice bids to pinch and saved you from the palsy, dropsy, and apoplexy! spare, one or other of which would have done for you long Starve, cheat, and pilfer, to enrich an heir, ago, but for me. Is coarse brown paper; such as pedlers choose FRANKLIN. I submit, and thank you for the past, To wrap up wares, which better men will use. but entreat the discontinuance of your visits for the Take next the miser's contrast, who destroys future; for, in my milnd, one had better die than be Health fame, and fortune, in a round of joys. cured so dolefully. Permlit ame just to hint, that I Wil ay pper match hi es trougout have also not been unfriendly to you. I never feed a e s ing pa, past al dou He's a true sinking paper, past all doubt. physician or quack of ally kind, to enter the list against you; if then you do not leave me to uy The retail politician's anxious thought repose, it may be said you are ungrateful too. Deems this side always right, and that stark GOUT. I can scarcely acknowledge that as any naught; objection. As to quacks, I despise them; they may He foams with censure; with applause he raves,kill you indeed, but cannot illjure me. And, as to A dupe to rumors, and a tool of knaves; regular physicians, they are at last conlviced, that He'll want no type his weakness to proclaim, the gout, in such a subject as you are, is no disease, Wlile such a thing asfoolscap has a name. but a remedy; and wherefore cure a remedy?-but The hasty gentleman, whose blood runs high, to our business,-there. Who picks a quarrel, if you step awry, FRANKLIN. Oh! Oh!-for Heaven''s sake leave Who can't a jest, or hint, or look endure,me;.and I promise faithfully never more to play at What's he? What? Touch-paper to be sure. chess, but to take exercise daily, and live temper- What are our poets, take them as they fall, ately.. Good, bad, rich, poor, much read, not read at all? GOUT. I know you too well. You promise fair - but, after a few months of good health, you will return to your old habits; your fine promises will They re the ere waste- er of d. be forgotten like the forms of the last year's clouds. Observe the maiden, innocently sweet; Let us then finish the account, and I will go. But She's fair white-paper, an unsullied sheet; I leave you with an assurance of visiting you again On which the happy man, whom fate ordains, at a proper time and place; for my object is your May write his name, and take her for his pains. good, a:.nd you are sensible now that I am your real One instance more, and only one I'll bring; frieend.'Tis the great man who scorns a little thiing, Franklin would hardly have made his title Whose thoughts, whose deeds, whose maxims are good in the old literature of New England, if he his own, had not written verses of some kind. The lines Formed on the feelings of his heart alone; entitled " Paper" have been so often printed as Tue genuile royal paper is his breast; his, and are so appropriate to his tastes, that wee Of all the kinds most precious, purest, best. may give them a place here, though evidence is Of the song of Country Joan, we have the wanting that he wrote them. In the Massachu- history in Prof. McVickar's Life of Bard.* At a setts Magazine for August, 1794, it is given as supper of a convivial club, to which Franklin "written by the late Dr. Franklin," but in the belonged, and of which Dr. Bard, the physician Amnericcan fMuseumt of 1788, it is only "ascribed" of Washington, was then a member, objection to his pen. Mr. Sparks doubts the authorship, was made, in jest, to married men being allowed but prints the linles.* to sing the praises of poets' mistresses. The next morning, at breakfast, Bard received the PAPER; A POEM. following song froun Franklin, with a request Some wit of old, —such wits of old there were,- that he would be ready with it by the next Whose hints showed meaning, whose allusions care, meeting. By ore brave stroke to mark all human kinrd, Called clear blank paper every infant mind; PLIN COUNTRY J Where still, as opening sen.se her dictates wrote, Of their Ciloes anrd'hyllises poets may prate, Fair virtue put a seal, or vice a blot. I sing my plain country Joan, These twelve years my wife, still the joy of my The thought was happy, pertinent, and true; ee ele e ife ill Methia;ks a genius might tie plan pursue. les d n I, (can you pardon my presumption.?) INo wit, no genius,-yet for once will try. Not a word of her face, of her shape, or her air, Or of flames, or of darts, you shall hear; Various the papers various wants produce, I beauty admire, but virtue I prize, The wants of fashion, elegance, arid use. That fdes ot i seventy year. * Works, ii. 161. * Domestic Narrative of the Life of Samuel Bard, p. 18. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 125 Am I loaded with care, she takes off a large share, (CHoRUS)-Happy and free, That the burden ne'er makes me to reel; Happy and free, Does good fortune arrive, the joy of my wife Yet all are united, happy and free. Quite doubles the pleasure 1 feel. Quite doubles the pleasure 1 feel. Ye tailors of ancient and noble renown, She defends my good name, even when I'm to Who clothe all the people in country and town; blame, Remember that Adam (your father and head) Firm fiiend as to man e'er was given; Tho' the lord of the world, was a tailor by trade. Her compassionate breast feels for all the distressed, Happy and free, &c. Which draws down more blessings fi'om heaven. nWhich draws down more blessings fLrom heaven. Masons who work in stone, mortar and brick, In health a companion delightful and dear, And lay the foundation deep, solid and thick; Still easy, engaging, and free; Tho'h^ard be your labour, yet lasting your fame, In sickness no less than the carefulest nurse, Both Egypt and China your wonders proclaim. As tender as tender can be. Happy and free, &c. In peace and good order my household she guides, Ye smiths who forge tools for all trades here below, Right careful to save what I gain; You've nothing to fear while you smite and you Yet cheerfully spends, and smiles on the friends blow; I've the pleasure to entertain. All things you may conquer, so happy your lot, If you are careful to strike while the iroi is hot. Some faults have we all, and so has my Joan, Happy and free &c. But then they're exceedingly small, And, now I'm grown used to theml, so like my own, Ye shoemakers nobly from ages long past, I scarcely can see them at all. Have defended your rights with the awl to your last; Were the finest young princess, with millions in And cobblers all merry not only stop'holes, purse, But work night and day for the good of our souls, To be had in exchange for my Joan, Happy and free, &c. I could not get a better, but might get a worse, So I'll stick to my dearest old Joan. Ye cabinet-makers brave workers of wood, ATs you work for the ladies your work must be good; The verses to the BMother Country have been Ye joiners and carpenters, far off and near, assigned to Franklin's second visit to England. Stick close to your trades and you've nothing to fear. THE MOTHER COUNTRY. Happy and fi'ee, &c. We have an old mother that peevish is grown; Y c m She snubs us like children that scarce walk alone; sh o your coaches and eh us se But ship off your coaches anld fetch us some gold; She forgets we're grown up, and have sense of our e roller of your coach made Copernicus rel, own, And foresee the world to turn round like a wheel. Which nobody can deny, deny, Happy and free, Which nobody can deny. Ye hatters who oft with hands inot very fair, If we don't obey orders, whatever the case, hatts o oft w nds not very fa Fix hats on a block for blockheads to wear; She frowns, and she chides, and she loses all pati- T t e Ence, and sometimes she hits us a slap in the face; ho covers'a sin ow ad th, You cover the heads and the sills of all men. Which nobody can deny, &c.ppy a free, &c Her orders so odd are, we often suspect That age has impaired her sound intellect; Ye carders, and spinners, and weavers attend, But still an old mother should havte de respect; And take the advice of poor Richard, your friend; But still an old mother e Stick close to your looms, to your wheels, and your Which nobody cani deny, &c. card, Let's bear with her humors as well as we can; And you never need fear of times going hard. But why should we bear the abuse of her man? Happy and free, &c. When servants make mischief, they earn the rattan;, Which nobody should deny, &c. Ye printers who give us our learning and news, And impartially print for Turks, Christians, and Know, too, ye bad neighbors, who aim to divide Jews; The sons from the mother, that still she's our pride; Let your favorite toast ever sound thro' the streets, And if ye attack her, we're all of her side; A freedom to press, and a volume in sheets. Which nobody can deny, &c. Happy and fret, &c. We'll join in her law-suits, to baffle all those Who, to get what she has, will be often her foes; Ye coopers who rattle with drver and adze, For we know it must all be our own, when sher e day upon ps ad oncaggs; The famous old ballad of " Love in a tub," goes;Which noboy ca deny, deny, You may sing to the tune of rub-a-dub-dub. Which nobody can deny, deny, W hich nobody can deny, Happy and free, &c. Which nobody can deny. The MecMh-anic's Song we find attributed to Ye ship-builders, riggers, and makers of sails, All read the new Constitution prevails' Franklin, in an old collection of songs, "The Ald o yu my see ontituto prevails; Amid soon you may see on the proud swelling tide, Charms of Melody," in Harvard Library. The ships of Columbia triumphantly ride. THE MECHANIC'S SONG. Happy and free, &e. Ye merry mechanlics come join in my song, Each tradesman turns out with his tools in his hand, And let your brisk chorus come bounding along; To cherish the arts and keep peace thro' the land; Tho' some perhaps poor, and some rich there Each apprentice and journeyman ioin in my song, may be, And let your full chorus come boundirg along. Yet all are united, happy and free. Happy and free, &c. 126 CYCLOPiJDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE: DAVID FRENCII. Take the. glass, and see how years JOHN PARKE, in a work to be hereafter noticed, Have despoii'd thy head of hairs; has "' inserted some poetical translations fromr the See, thy forehead bald appears! Greek and Latin, which were consigned to obli- But whether hair adorns my head, vion, through the obliterating medium of rats and O all my goldel tresses fled, inothe, under the sequestered canopy of an anti- d-o not know, but froa their lore, quated trunk; written between the years of 1720 Resounilg my approaching hour, and 1730, by the learned and facetious David This truth I knowi Iahl igy, French, Esq., late of the Delaware counties (nowe t l State)." xII. Alas! poor Yorick! All that we know of the To a Swallow. career of the "learned and facetious" French is Say now, thou twit'rinlg swallow, say, the record of his death, and for that we are in- How shall I punish thee? which way? debted to the postscript of a letter, dated August Say, shall I rnather clip thy wing, 25, 1742: — David French was buried yesterday Or tongue, that thou no more mayst sing? in Chester church by the side of histather, and As cruel Tereus once is said Mr. Moxon succeeds him as prothonotary" (of the T' have done, while yet thou wert a maid. court at New Castle).* His father is stated, by Why dost thou, ere the morn is nigh, Mr. Fisher, to have been Colonel John French, a Prattliig roulid my window fly? Irominent name in the local history of the lower Why snatch Bathylla from my arms, counties. While I in dreams possess her charms? The translations, printed by Parke, are six in xxvI. number; four are froml the first, fourth, eleventh, Of Himself and twenty-sixth odes of Anacreon, and two from Whel Bacchus revels in my brenst, the elegies of Ovid. The smoothness and ele- All my cares are lull'd to rest; gance of their versification testify to the accorl- Croesus' self I then despise, plished scholarship of the writer, and make us He's not so happy in my eyes. regret some evidence of his " facetiousness," a Then from my lips flow warbling sounds, well as learning, had not turned up in the "anti- Sweetest music then abounds: quated trunk." With laurel wreaths I bind my brow, I look disdainfully below. ODES OF ANACREON. Let fools impetuous rusl to arms, I. Me the gen'rous Lyeus ch:arms. Fain would I Atrides praise, Quickly give me, youth, the bowl, Or Cadmlus sinlg in tuneful lays; In one large draught I'll drown my soul; The strings will sound of love alone, Here, rather let me drunken lie, Nor knows my heart another tone. Than sober, without wine to die. I changed the shell and ev'ry string, And now Alcides' toils I sing; MATHER BYLES. In vain to siing his deeds I strove, My lyre would plaly of nought but love. TTIs witty divine was born in Bosto, 1706. He Ye heroes now a lon!g farewell! wa t he son of an Englishmalll, who died a year A softer theme best suits my shell, after his son's birth. On his mother's side he Love's passion it will only tell. was descended from Richard, the founder of the Mather family, and John Cotton. Leaving Har^~I.T~~~ vard in 1725, he was ordained in 1733 the first Of iMlself: pastor of the Hollis Street Church. Here lie On a bed of myrtles made, remained until the outbreak of the American Or on a greeny clover laid, Revolution, when, in consequence of his adherence Willingly I'd pass away to the English government, this connexion was It carousing-all the day; broken off. In 1777 he was denounced in town C'upid by my side should stand, meeting, and afterwards tried before a special With a brimmer in his hand. ^ court on the charges of having remained in the Lik e a ne1er-sta ig wheel,. -. Like a inever-strandilng swheel, town during the siege, prayed for the king, and Fleeting time is running still; received the visits of British officers. He was We ourgelves will dust become, AWe shalo moulder i the tobem, convicted, and sentenced to imprisonment with On my grave why shoul d you lay his family in a guard-ship and to be sent to EngOil, or gifts that soon dec:l'y land. The first part of the sentence was changed Rather now before I'm dead, to confinement in his own house, and the second With rosy garlands crown my head; was never put in execution. During this impriAll the odors of the spring, sonment he amused the good people of Boston by With a gentle mistress bring, on one occasion very composedly marching to and Ere I go to shades of night, fro before his own door, mounting guard over I'll put all my cares to flight. himself, having persuaded his sentinel to go on an xi.^~~ ~errand for him on condition of supplying his i07s 8 A4ge. place during his absence. The guard was soon t by te m I a t removed, again restored, and not long after disOftr by the maidens I am told, missed-changes which drew from the doctor the Poor Anacreon, thou grow'st old! riremark' that "he had been guarded, reguarded, * Early Poets and Po of and disregarded." Disregarded he remained, as -Pa. Hist. Soc. Mems., vol. ii. part ii. 59. he was henceforth suffered to live in retirement. MATHER BYLES. 127 We have a last glimpse of Dr. Byles in the corres- Dr. Byle,'s reputation as a wit has overpondence of Franklin: shadowed his just claims to regard as a pulpit Mather Byles to B. Franklin. orator. His published sermons, of which several Boston, 14th rMeay, 1i87. re extant, somne of them having reached a SIR, second and third edition, show him to have posIt is long since I had the pleasure of writing to sessed a fine imagination, great skill in amplificayou by Mr. Edward Church, to thank you for your timo, and great command of language combined friendly mention of me in a letter that I iiid was with terseness of expression. Passages in these transmitted to the University of Aberdeen. I doubt discoursens would not do dijscredit to the best old whether you ever received it, but, under greelt English divines. Several were preached on pubweakness by ol age and a palsy, I seize this oppor- lie occasions, but are, like all iiis other discourses, tunity of emnployiag my daughter to repeat the entirely fee from the political allusions in which thanks, which I aimed to express in that letter.!li brother clergymen so frequently indulged. Your Excellency is now the man, that I earl - bein asked wy he avoided this topic, he repected to see you. I congratulate my country upon pliec,' have throwrl lu four breast-works her having produced a Franklin, and can only add, ind ich I hae entrech myself, neither I wish to meat you where complete felicity and we of ehicd ach I ha ce. In t he firse plce, neither shall be for ever inite. I an, my dear and early of thich u rn ie foliced. In the first place, I do shall be for ever united. I am, my dear aLd early friend, your most affectionate and humble servant, not undelstadl politics; in the second place, you I. BYvLES. all do, every man and mother's son of you; in the P.S. I refer you to the bearer, Mr. Pierpo:lt, to third place, you have politics all the week, pray inforr. you how mrly life, and that of my daughters, let one day in seven be devoted to religion; in have been saved by your points. the fourth place, I am engaged in a work of infinitely greater importance: give me any subject v~-<^r.^~^. ~to preach on of more consequence than the truths.., -~:%I bring you, and I will preach on it the next In the early part of his life, before and after his ordination, Dr. Byles wrote and published the following poems:To his Excellency Governor Belcher, on the Death of his Lady, an Epistle. 1736, pp. 4. On the Death of the Queen, a Poem. 1738, An Elegy addressed to Lis Excellency Governor Belcher, ou the Death of his Brother-in-law, the Hon. Daniel Oliver, Esq.; pp. 6. The Comet, 1744, pp. 4. The Conflagration, the God of Tempest, and Earthquake, pp. 8. A portion of these were collected, vithl several others, in a small 18mo. volume of 118 ptges,* in 1736, with the following brief I Preface. The Poems collected in these pages,,/, / f1.4 \ were, for thle most part, written as the amusements.7P/~LM~ ^ w |^ ~ ~ of looser hours, while the author beloinged to the college, and was unbending his mind fiom seveere studies in the entertainment of the classics. Most His death occurred some months after in 1788. the entetainmet of the classics Most TH left tw) -a. -tltlchs, vho iem iied ufli- l la'ing ~ of them have been several times printed here, at; He left twoaghterswho reman London, and elsewhere, either separately or in misloyalists, residing together in their father's house, cellanies: and the author has now drawn them into on the corner of Nassau and Tremont streets, a volume. Thus he gives up at once these lighter w'fich no offer would induce them to part with, productions, and bids adieu to the airy Mlse. taking their tea off a table at which Franklin had partaken of the same beverage, blowing The poems are for the most part devotional or their fire with a bellows two hundred years old, elegiac, including several hymnis, verses written going to church on Sundays in dresses of the last in Milton's Paradise Lost, To the Memory of a century, until 1835, when one of them, as the Young Commander slain in a battle with the story goes, died of grief, as it is supposed, at hav- Indians 1724, To an Ingenious Young Gentleman ing part of the old family mansion pulled down on his dedicating a poem to the author, To Picfor the improvement of the street. The survivor torio on the sight of his pictures, and verses to lived two years longer. Both were unmarried, Watts and others. and must have attained a good old age, as we find He also contributed a number of essays and Dr. Byles's daughters spoken of as a couple of occasional verses to the New England Weekly fine young ladies by the Rev. Jacob Bailey* in - 1778. passed. liis MS. Journal, with a portion of his correspondence, edited by the Rev. WVm. J. Bartlet of Chelsea. Mass., was published by the Protestant Episcopal I-Iistorical Society, in an * Jacob Bailey was born at Rowley, Mass., in 1731. He was octavo volume in 1853. Mr. Bartlet has incorporated the educated at Harvard College, and after visiting England to ob- Journal in a biography of its author, in which he has introtain deacon and priest's orders, became a missionary in Pow- duced a large mass of interesting historical information. nalborough, Maine. Adhering to the crown at the revolution, * Poems on Several Occasions. By Mr. Byles. Boston, he retired to Nova Scotia, where the remainder of his life was 17386. 128 CYCLOPADIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE Journal. In 1744, A Collection of Poems by [So in a pond a kitten cries, Several Hands,* appeared in Boston. It is a I and dabbles for his life; capital miscellany of verses, which seem to have While boys about the border scud, been floating about in periodicals or manuscript with brickbats and with stones; at the period. Byles no doubt contributed some Still dowse him deeper in the mud; of its fifty-five pages, but none of his productions and break his little bones.] are pointed out in a copy now in the possession What came of them we canot tell, of Mr. George Ticknor,t which bears on its title to many thirgs are said: the inscription, "T1Th Byles, Given her by her But this, besure, we know full well, Father, Feb. 14, 1763," and contains several if they were drown'd they're dead. annotations in the handwriting of the original i donor or owner. It is, however, easy to fix upon but fought like any sprites: him the courtly answer to the following comnpli- And this 1 to the honoul speak mentary request, in which the blanks have been of them, the valiant wights! carefllly filled up with the name of Byles. t t O did I not the talent lack, TO D*E**** DESIRING TO BORROW POPE'S HOMER. of'thaniel Whittemore; From a Ladzy. P Up to the stars-i' th' almanack, I'd cause their fame to roar. The Muse now waits from * * *'s hands to press Homer's high page, in Pope's illustrious dress: could I sing like father French, How the pleas'd goddess triumphs to pronounce,so clever ard so high; The name. of * * *, Pope, Homer, all at once! Their names should last like oaken bench., to perpetuity. The Answer. e How many pris'ners in they drew, Soon as your beauteous letter I peruse, say, spirit of Tom Law! Swift as an echo flies the answ'ring muse; Two Frenchmen, and papooses two, Joyful and eager at your soft commands, three sannops, and a squaw. To bring my Pope submissive to your hands.,, The squaw, and the papooses, they Go, my dear Pope, transport th' attentive fair, are to be left alive: And soothe, with winning harmony, her ear. Two French, three Indian men must die:'Twill add new graces to thy heav'nly soing, which makes exactly five. To be repeated by her gentle tongue; Thy bright'ning page in unknown charms shall grow, Ths cyher, Srs, you see I can, Fresh beauties bloom, and fire redoubled glow; and eke make poetry; With sounds improv'd, thy artful numbers roll, Incomonwealth, sure h a man, Soft as her love, and tunefiul as her soul: how usefl must e be!] Old Homer's shade shall smile if she commend, The men were all condemn'd, and try'd, And Pope be proud to write, as * * * * to lend. and one might almost say, They'l or be hang'd, or be irepriev'd, It also contains a long and pleasantly written els e ty' run awa v poem on Conlnencemcnt Day, and a few bur- lesque ballads probably written by Byles or Joseph a maidens, now see-saw, and wail, Green. One of these is as follows. and g in doleful dumps; And eke, ye lusty lubys all, A FULL AND TRUE ACCOUNT OF HOW THE LAMENTABLE WICKED arise and stir your stumps. FRENCH AND INDIAN PIRATES WTERE TAKEN BY TIIE VALIANT This precious po'm shall sure be read, In ev'ry town, I tro: Good people all, pray understand In every chimney corner said, my doleful song of wo: to Portsmouth, Boston fro. It tells a thing done lately, and not ver~y long ago. And little children when they cry, not very long ago. this ditty shall beguile; How Frenchmen, Indians eke, a troop And tho' they pout, and sob, and sigh, (who all had drunk their cogues) shall hear, and hush, and smile. They went to take an English sloop: O the sad pack of rogues! T tt pictu e too lieise, a-top looks well enoughThe English made their party good, Tho' nothing to the purpose'tis, each was a jolly lad:'twill serve to set it off. The Indians run away for blood, The Ind i ans run away for blood, The poet -will be glad, no doubt, when all his verse shall say, Three of the fellows in a fright, Each boy, and girl, and lass, and lout, (that is to say in fears) for ever, and for aye. Leaping into the sea out-right, sows'd over head and ears. The collection also contains a number of eulogies, which show that Byles was'in high favor in Thiey on the waves in wofil wse, Boston. Iis reputation was not, however, conm d m a s fined to his own town or country, as he corresponded with Lansdowne, Watts, and Pope, the A Collection of Poems. By Several Hands. Boston: r o i i. Printed and Sold by B. Green and Company, at their Printing The Doctor was an inveterate punster. The House in Newbury-street; and D. Gookin, in Cornhill. 144. Rev. Jacob Bailey, the Missionary at Pownal4to. pp. 56. borouh, befre the Revolutionys of him after t This, with other rarities of the kind, has been liberally, before the Revolution, says of him, after placed at our disposal by Mr. Ticknor. a visit to his house, in 1778: "The perpetual MATHER.BYLES. 129 reach after puns renders his conversation rather to Byles's toryism. When the British troops, the distasteful to persons of ordinary elegance and lobsters, passed his door, after entering the town: refinement." And Mr. Kettell* quotes some "Ah," said he, "now our grievances will be redcontemporary verses to the same effect: dressed." * His system of practical joking is said to have There's punninlg Byles provokes our smiles, as his verbal, though rather A mani of stately parts. been as felicitous as his verbal, though rather A mail of stately Parts. more expensive to the victims. He visits folks to crack his jokes, e exensive to the victsi Which nlever mend their hearts. Te t however, occasionaly met hi match. A lady whom he had long courted With strutting gait and wig so great, unsuccessfully, married a gentleman by the name He walks:long the streets; of Quincy.'So, madam," said the unsuccessAnd throws out wit, or what's like it, ful suitor, on meeting her afterwards, " it appears To every onle lhe meets. you prefer a Qalincy to Byles." " Yes, for if there The latter part of his parody of Joseph Green's had beel anlthing worse than biles, God would parody on his psall, shows that he was occasion- have afflicted Job with them." ally coarse in his jesting; but we have never He was nit, however, always unsuccessfulwith heard any indelicacy or irreverence alleged against the fair sex, as he was twice married. His first him. "vwife was a nicc3 of Governor Belcher, and her The anat which Zhave been preserved, showv Csuccessor, the dignity apparently diiniishing that lhis reputation as a wit was well deserved. wvith th relationship, a daughter of LieutenantThere was a slotigl opposite his house, in which, Governor lailer. on a certain wet day, a chaise containing two of In pe.soi )1. Byle s tall and well proporthe town council stuck fast. Dr. Byles camre to tione. lis v as powerful and lelodious, his door, and saluted the officials with the remlark, and le was a graceful and impressive speaker. "Gentlemlen, I have often complained to you of FROM A SERMON ON TIIE PRESENT VILENESS OF TIIE BODY, AND this nuisance without any attention being paid to 1T F'U'UiLE;GLolIOUS CHANGE BY CHRIST. it, and I an very glad to see you stirring in this It is a dyi;:g body, and therefore a vile Body. matter now." Here our Bodies now stand, perhaps flourishing in In the year 1780, a very dark day occurred, all the Pride and Bloom of Youth: stro;ig our which wa- long relmembered as "the dark day." Sinews; moist our Bones; active and supple our A lady neighbor sent her son to the Doctor to Joilts; our Pulses beating with Vigor, and our know if lie coull tell her the cause of the Hearts leap)ig with a Profusion of Life and Energy. obscurity. "My dear," wase the ser to the oh! vaiAppearaceandgaudyDream! Surely messenger, giv my codnaliments to your tother every manl at his best Estate, is altogether Vanity. and e hsener that I aiv, as imuintsthey dark r', He walks in a vaiil show, he glitters with delusive and tell her that I anm as much in the dark as and tshe is."' t~ltlt I alll as I11UC2I. ilzs Colors; lie spends his years as an ilic i'1zl. What ^^~~~~she is^~."'' avails it, that hle is now hardy and robust, who must One day a ship arrived at Boston with three quickly pant upon a Death-bed. What avails it, hundred street lamlps. The same day, the Doctor that his lilmbs are sprightly in their easy Motions, happened to receive a call from a lady whose which must quickly stretch in their dying Agony. conversational powers were not of the kind to The Lips now fiusih'd with a Rosy Colour, will anon render a loln interview desirable. He availed quiver and turn pale. The Eyes that rose with a himself of the newly arrived cargo to despftch sparkling Vivacity, will fix in a ghastly Horror. his visitor. "Have you heard the news?" said The most musical Voice will be stopp'd; and the he, with emlphasis. "Oh, no! What news?" tuneful Breath fly away. The Face where Beauty " Why three hundred new lights have comlle over now tiunpl)hs, will appear cold, and wan, and disin the ship this morning froln London, and the mal, rifled by the Hald of leath. A cold sweat selectmen have wisely ordered themn to be put in'ill chill the lody; a hoarse Rattlg wil fill the irons imnediately." The visitor forthwith Throat; the Heart will heave with Pail and Labour, irons immnediately." The visitor forthwith ironspe in searell. of the particulars of h and the Lul.gs catch for Breath, but gasp i1n vain. decamped in selrch of the particulars of this inva- Our F1ields stand il Tears about our Bel. They sion of religious liberty. weep; but they cannot help us. The very water When brought before his judges at the time of with which they would cool ald moistel our parched his trial they requeslel him to sit down and Mouths, we receive with a hollow groan. Anoni we warm hilmself. "Gentlemen," was the reply, give a Gasp, and they shriek out in Distress, "Oh I "when I camne among you, I expected persecu- He's Gone! Ile's Dead!" The Bodly inl that Instant tion; but I could not think you would have stretches on the sheets, an awful Corpse. offered me the fire so suddenly." * * * * * A mot of Byles's is related by the hospitable It is folded in a Winding Sheet, it is n:iled in a wits of Boston, to the visitor, as he passes by black Coffin,:nd it is deposited in a siie,,t Vault, King's Chapel, in Tremlont street. There are two amidst shade and Solitude. The skin breaks and courses of windows by which that building is moulders:way; the Flesh drops in Dust from the lighted on its sides; the lower ones are nearly Bones; the Bo:;es are covered with black Mould, square. In allusion to this architectural pecu- and Worms twist about them. The Coffins break, liarity of the square embrasures of its solid wall, d the Graes si in, and the disoite eton Byles said that he had often heard of ecclesiasti- e ely Vaul cal canons, but never saw the portholes before. Another, a revolutionary witticism, does justice But h! what blesse Change will the Resur* "On my return to Boston," says John Adams. in his Auto* Specimens of Ameriein Poetry, i. 125. biorraphy of thi year 1768, "I found t'ie town fuli of troops, tWe are indebted for a few capital examples, to Tudor's Life ard as Dr. Byles of Dunning memory exonrssed it, our grlevof Otis. ances red-dressed." Adams's Works, ii. 2t3. 17 130 CYCLOP1EDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. rection make upon our dend Bodies. Perhaps the And bid the skies with purer splendour shina Worms have feasted themselves upon our Last Dust; The earth, which the prolific fires consume, but they shall refund it, and give back every Atom; To beauty burns, and withers into bloom; all that really belhnns to our numerical Body. Improving in the fertile flame it lies, The Fishes perhaps have eaten the Carcase, buried Fades into form, and into vigour dies: in the Waves, and Lost in the Depths of the Ocean. Fresh-dawnilng glories blush amidst the blaze, But the sea also shall return it bck,-and give up Ard nature all renews her flowery face. the Dead which are in it. These Bodies may dis- With endless charms the everlasting year solve, and scatter among the Elements. Our Fluids Rolls round the seasons in a full career; may forsake their Vesscls; the ~oiid contract, and Spring, ever-bloomiLg, bids the fields re'oice, fold up in its primitive Miniature. And even after And warblil:g birds try their melodious voice; that the little invisible Bones may moulder to finer Where'er she treads, lilies unbidden blow, Dust, the Dust may refine to Water, wander in a Quick tulips rise, and sudden roses glow: Cloud, float in a River, or be lost in the wide Sea, Her pencil paints a thoutand beauteous scenes, and undistinguished Drop among the Waves. They Where blossoms bud amid immortal greens; may be again sucked up by the Sun, and fall in a Each stream, in mazes, murmurs as it flows, Shower upon the Earth; they may refresh the And floatiig forests gently bend their boughs. Fields with Dew, flourish in a Spire of Grass; look Thou, autumn, too, sitt'st in the firgrant shade, green in a Leaf, or gaudy in a Flower or a Blossom. W hile the ripe fruits blush all around thy head: And lavish nature, with luxuriant hands, THE BUTTERFLY, A TYPE OF THE RESURRECTION; FROM THE All the soft months, in gay confusion blends. MEDITATION OF CASSIM, THE SON OF AIIMED. AN ESSAY. What more entertaining specimen of the Resur- NW ENGLAND HYMN. rection is there, in tile whole Circumference of To Thee the tuneful Anthem soars, Nature? Here are all the wonders of the Day in To Thee, our Fathers' God, and our's; Miniature. It was once a despicable Worm, it is This wilderness we chose our seat: raised a kind of painted little Bird. Formerly it To rights secured by equal laws crawled along with a slow and leisurely Motion: From persecution's iron claws, now it flutters aloft upon its gailded Wings. How We here have sought our calm retreat. much improved is its speckled Coveri!g, when all See! how the Flocks of Jesus rise! the Gaudiness of Colour is scattered about its See! how the face of Paradise Plumage. It is spangled with Gold and Silver, and Blooms through the thickets of the wild has every Gem of the Orient sparkling amonlg its Here Liberty erects her throne; Feathers. Here a brilliant spot, like a clear Dia- Here Plenty pours her treasures down; mond, twinkles with an ulsullied Flame, and trem- Peace smiles, hevely heerubs mild. bles with num'rous Lights, that glitter in a gay Confusion. There a Saphire casts a milder Gleam, Lord, guard thy Favors: Lord, extend and shews like the bhle Expanse of Heaven in a Where falrther Western Suns descend; fair Winter Evening. In this Place an Emerald, like Nor Souter e hern eas the blessigs bound; the calm Ocean, displays its cheerful and vivid Green. Till Freedom lift her cheeful head, And close by a Ruby-flanies with the ripened Till pure Religion onward spre:ld, Blush of the Morning. The Breast and Legs, like And beami;g wrap the world around. Ebony, shone with a glorious Darkness; while its JOSEPH GREEN. expanded Wings are edged with the golden Mag- nificence of the Topaz. Thus the illustrious little JOSEPH GREEN, who, during the greater part of a creature is furnished with the divillest Art, and long lifetime, maintained the reputation of being looks like an animated composition of Jewels, that the foremost wit of his day, was Lorn in Boston, blend their promiscuous Beams about him. Thus, in 1706, and took his degree at Harvard, at the 0 Cassim, shall the Bodies of Good Men be raised; age of twenty. He next engaged in business ai thus shall they shine, and thus fly away. a distiller,* and continued in mercantile pursuits for many years, thereby amassing a large fortune. FROM THE, CONFLAGRATION. Without taking a prominent part in politics, his But O! what sounds are able to convey pen was always ready when any occasion for The wild confusions of the drea;dful day! satire presented, to ilprove it for the columns of Eternal mountains totter on their base, the contemporary press, or the separate venture And strong convulsions work the valley's face; Fierce hurricanes on sounding pinions soar, Rush o'er the land, on the toss'd billows roar, And dreadful in resistless eddies driven, Shake all the crystal battlements of heaven. See the will winids, big blustering in the air, of a pamphlet. These effisions were in smoothly Drive through the forests, down the mountains ter, ritten verse, and are full of huor. One of the Sweep o'er the valleys in their rapid course, st pr inent is, ntertinent or And nature bends beneath the impetuous force. mo prominent is, Entertu nent fr A WnStorms rush at storms, at tempests tempests roar, ter's Evening: being afull and true Account of Dash waves on waves, and thunder to the shore. very strange and wonderful Sight seen in Boston, Columns of smoke on heavy wings ascend, on the twenty-seventh of December, 1749, at noon And dancing sparkles fly before the wind. day, the truth of which can be attested by a great Devouring flames, wide-waving, roar aloud, number of people, who actually saw the same And melted mountains flow a fiery flood: with their own eyes, by me, the Hon. B. B. Esq. Then, all at once, immense the fires arise, This long title is a prelude to a poem of some A bright destruction wraps the crackling skies; dozen loosely printed octavo pages only, in which While all the elements to melt conspire, the celebration of a masonic festival in a chui ch And the world blazes in the final fire.__ Yet shall ye, flames, the wasting globe refine, * "Ambition fired the'stiller's pate."-Byles. JOSEPH GREEN. 131 is satirized: the procession to the place of assem- ment, the councillors of the province were apblage; the serl non heard; the adjournment to a poin'el by the crown, instead of as heretofore tavern, and the junketing which followed, being being chosen by popular election. One of these the subject matter, the writer evidently regarding appointment, was tendered to Green, but immea place of public worship as an incongruous loca- diately declined by him. Ie did not, however, lity for such an assemblage. It is thus summed take any actiye part on the popular side, the quiet, up in the opening lines:- retiring habit of his mind, combining with the 0 MuBse renowln'd for story-telling, infirmities of his advanced years,.as an induceFair Clio, leave thy airy dwellilg ment to repose. In 1775 he sailed for England, Now while the streams like marble stand, where he passed the remainder of his life in a Held fa3t by winter's icy hand; secluded but not inhospitable retirement. He died Now while the hills are cloth'd in snow; in 1780. A humorous epitaphl written on Green Now while the keen north-west winds blow; by one of his friends, in 1743, indicates the popuFrom the bleak fields and chilling air lar appreciation of his talents: Unto the warmer hearth repair: Where frie:ds in cheerful circle met Siste Viator, here lies one, Ia social conversation sit. Whose life was whim, whose soul was pun, Come, goddess, and our ears regale And if you go too near his hearse, Wiih a diverting Christmas tale. He'll joke you, both in prose and verse. O come, and in thy verse declare Who were the men, and what they were, HYMN WRITTEN DURING A VOYAGE. And what their names, and what their fame, ret God thy ks our wonder raise; Anl what the cause for which they cameg notes bel To house of God from house of ale, To thee our swelling notes belong; To house of God from house of ale, ^T * * * s AnTo house of Gopa from house of ale, While skies and winds, anld rocks and seas, nd hv the parsontoldhistalc: Around shall echo to our song. How they return'd, in manner old, To house of ale from house of God Thy power produced this mighty frame, Aloud to thee the tempests roar, Another of his poelns is, A Mournful Lamen- Or softer breezes tune thy name tation for the Death of Mr. Ol Tenor, written Gently along the shelly shore. after a change in the currency. He was also a contributor with Byles, and others, to "A Collec- Round thee the scaly nation roves, tion of Poems, by several hands," published at Thy openinu g lands their joys bestow, Boston, in 1741. An Elegy on the long-expected T all t blusg cal g death of Old Janus (the New England Weekly These silent gay retreats below. Courant) is no doubt fro:n the pen of one of the See the broad sun forsake the skies, two wits, whose productions it is not always easy Glow on the waves and downward glide, to distinguish, and whose talents were combined Anon heaven opens all its eyes, in a wit combat which excited lluch merriment And star-beams tremble o'er the tide. at the tilme. It arose froml the desire of Governor ac io scene or day or night, Belcher to secure the good company of Dr. Byles Lord! points to thee onl nomuish'd soul; in a visit by sea to solme Indian tribes on the Thy glories fix our whole delig't; eastern coast of the province. Byles declined his So the touch'd needle coutei the pole. invitation, and the Governor set sail fronm Boston, alone, on a Saturday, dropping anchor before the I D P castle in the bay, for Sunday. Here he per- I is Psalms an oversight suaded the chaplain to exchange pulpits with the Ayles fut he shoud never w ite Alas' that he should never write eloquent Doctor, whom le invited on board in A poper psal to g at sea the afternoon, to tea. On leaving the cabin at the conclusion of the repast, he found himself, to Thus ruminating on his seat, his surprise, at sea, with a fair wind, the anchor Amb s thoughts at legth pr having been weighed while he was talking over Thbard dete ed to coplete Zni~ ~ ~ n ^ ^ i r~~~The part wherein the prophet fail'd. the cheering cup. Return was out of the ques- e at wheren te roet i tion, and tke Doctor, whose good-natured counte- He sat awhile and stroke l his muse,* nance seemls to indicate that he could take as well The takilg up his tuneful pen, as give a joke, no doubt made hilmself contented Wrote a few stanzas for the use and agreeable. On the following Sunday, in pre- Of his seaf g brethren. paringl for divine service, it was found that there The task perform'd, the bard content, was no hymmn-book on board, and to meet the Well chosen was each flowing word; emergenc(y, Byles com posed a few verses. On On a short voyage himself he went, their return Green wrote an account of this im- To hear it read and sng on board. pronptu, with a parody upon it, to which Byles Most serious Christians do aver, responded, by a poemn and parody in return. The (Their credit sure we may rely on,) whole will be found at the conclusion of this In former times that after prayer, article. They used to sing a song of Zion. Green's satire was universally directed against Our modern parson having pray'd, arbitrary power, and in f;ivor of freedom. He Unless loud fame our faith beguiles, frequently parodied the addresses of Governor Sat down, took out his book and said, Belcher, who, it is supposed, stood in sone awe "Let's sing a psalm of Mather Byles." of his pen. In 1774, after the withdrawal of the charter of Massachusetts by the British Parlia- * Byles's favorite cat, so named by hisfriends. 132 CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. At first, when he began to read, Drink of all smacks, inhabit here, Their heads the assembly downward hung. And throng the dark abode; But he with boldness did proceed, Here's rum, and sugar, and small beer, And thus he read, and thus they sung, In a continual flood. From cruel thoughts and conscience free, W a zTH-w~E PSALM. ~From dram to dram we pass: With vast amazement we survey Our cheeks, like apples, ruddy be; The wonders of the deep, Our eyeballs look like glass. Where mackerel swim, and porpoise play, And crabs and lobsters creep. At once, like furies up we rse, Our raging passions swell; Fish of all kinds inhabit here, We hurl the bottle to the skies, And throng the dark abode. But why, we cannot tell. Here haddock, hake, and flounders are, And eels, and perch, and cod. Our brans a tottring mo feel, And quickly we become From raging winds and tempests free, Sick, as with negro steaks,* and reel So smoothly as we pass, Like Indians drunk with rum. The shining surface seems to be in r A piece of Bristol glass. We sit, supine ndsot, A piece of Bristol glass. Thus lost in deep tranquillity, W e sit, supine and sot, But when the winds and tempests rise. Till we two moons distinctly seeAnd foaming billows swell, Come give us t'other pot. The vessel mounts above the skies, Ana lower sinks than hell. Dr. yBvles's cat, alluded to in the piece just quotOur heads the tottering motion feel, ed, received the compliment of an elegy at her And quickly we become decease, which is stated, in an early manuscript Giddy as new-dropp'd calves, and reel copy in the Philadelphia library, to be written Like Indians drunk with rum. by Joseph Green. The excellence of the lines What praises then are due that we will, plerhaps, embalm grimalkin in a more than Thus far have safely got, Egyptian perpetuity, and give her claim to rank, Amarescoggin tribe to see, at a humble distance, with the great ones of her And tribe of Penobscot. race: Tyb our cat," of Gamnmer Gurton's Needle, the sportive companion of Montaigne in his tower,f PARODY BY MATHER BYLB. and the griinalkin who so demurely graces the In Byles's works an oversight top of the great arm-chair of the famous Dr. SynGreen spy'd, as once he smlok'd his chunk; tax. Our copy is taken from the London MagaAlas! that Byles should never write zine of November, 1733, where it is introduced A song to sing, when folks are drunk. by a request for its insertion by a subscriber, and Thus in the chimney on his block, is accompanied by the psaln and parodies already Ambition fir'd the'stiller's pate; quoted. He summon'd all his little stock, The poet's volume to complete. TE POET'S LAMENTATTON FOR Trl LOSS OF ms CAT, WHICH HE USED TO CALL HIS MUSE. Long paus'd the lout, and scratch'd his skull, Fells quedam delicium erat cujusdam Adolescentis. Then took his chalk [he own'd no pen,] fEsoP. And scrawl'd some doggrel, for the whole Oppress'd with grief in heavy strains I mourn Of his flip-drinking brethren. The partner of my studies from me torn. The task perform'd-not to content — How shall I sing? what numbers shall I ehuse Ill chosen was each Grub-street word For in my fav'rite cat I've lost my muse. Strait to the tavern club he went, No more I feel my mind with raptures fir'd, To hear it bellow'd round the board. I want those airs that Puss so oft inspir'd; nknown delights hs es e e, No crowding thoughts my ready fancy fill, Unknown delights his ears explore, ^ ~Inur'd to midnight caterwaus, Nor words run fluent from my easy quill; To hear his hoarse compamions roar, Yet shall my verse deplore her cruel fate, To hear his coar~se companiolls rortr, And celebrate the virtues of my eat. The horrid thing his dulness scrawls. celebrate the virtues of my cat. In acts obscene she never took delight; The club, if fame we may rely on, No caterwauls disturb'd our sleep by night; Conven'd, to hear the drunken, catch, Chaste as a virgin, free from every stain, At the three-horse-shoes, or red lion- And neighb'ril!g cats mew'd for her love in vain, Tipling began the night's debauch. She never thirsted for the chickens' blood; The little'stiller took the pint Her teeth she only used to chew her food; Full fraught with flip and songs obscene, Harmless as satires which her master writes, And, after a long stutt'ring, meant A foe to scratching, and unused to bites, To sing a song of Josy Green. She in the study was my constant mate; There we together many evenings sat. Soon as with stam'ring tongue, to read Whene'er I felt mv tow'ring fancy fail, The drunken ballad, he began, I stroked her head, her ears, her back, and tail; The club from clam'ring strait recede, _ To hear him roar the thing alone. To hear him roar the thing alone. * This. says an original rote appended to the poem. alludes to what passed at a convivial club to which Mr. Green hesoNR. longed. where steaks cut from the rump of a dead necro were With vast amazement we survey imposed on the company for beef. and when the imposition was The can so broad, so deep, discovered a violent expectoration ensued. Whbere pucscceeds to strong sangree, t As Mortaigne playing with his cat, Where punch succeeds to strong sangree, Complains she thought him but an ass. Both to delightful flip. Hudibras, pt. i. c. i. v. 88-9. JOHN CALLENDER 133 And as I stroked improv'd my dying song Permit us, Lord, to consecrate From the sweet notes of her melodious tongue: Our first ripe fruits of early days, Her purrs and mews so evenly kept time, To thee, whose care to us is great, She purr'd in metre, and she mew'd in rhyme. Whose love demands our constant praise. But when my dulness has too stubborn prov'd, Ty sid Nor could by Puss's music be remov'd, Almighty power, which none control; Nor could by Puss's music be remlov'd, Thy sovereign wisdom form'd the plan, Oft to the well-known volumes have I gone, Th e n raid this noble structure, man, And stole a line from Pope or Addison.s t n Ofttimes when lost amidst poetic heat,d gave him an imortal soul She leaping on my knee has took her seat; All earthly beings here who move, There saw the throes that rock'd my lab'ring brain, Experience thy paternal care, And lick'd and claw'd me to myself again. And feel the influence of thy love, Then, friends, indulge my grief, and let me mourn, Which sweetens life from year to year. My cat is gone, ah! never to return. Now in my study, all the tedious night, Thou hst the keys of life and death, Alone I sit, aInd unal:ssisted write; The springs of future joys and bliss; Look often round (O greatest cause of pain), AId when thou lockst our door of breath, And view the num'rous labors of my brain; Frail life and all its motions cease. Those quires of words array'd in pompous rhyme, Our morn of years which smile in bloom, Which braved the jaws of all-devouring time, And those arriv'd at eve of age, Now undefended and unwatch'd by cats, Must bow beneath thy sovereign doom, Are doom'd a victim to the teeth of rats. And quit this frail, this mortal stage. Green, like Byles, and almost all men of true In all we see thy sovereign sway, humor, could pass fiom gay to grave with grace Thy wisdom guides the ruling sun; and feeling. The Eclogue Sacred to the Memory Submissive, we thy power obey, of the Rev. Jonathan Mayhew,* which is attri- In all we own " thy will is done." buted to him, amply meets the requirements of its thohts superior rise, occasion. It is fully described in the prefatory T thngs of see which here we crave; argumrent. 3May we with care that int'rest prize, Fidelio and Duleins, young men of a liberal Which lies so far beyond the grave. education, who maintained a great esteem and Conduct us safe through each event, affectionate regard for the deceased, were sepa- Conduct us safe through each event, rated fiomn each other for several years. Fidelio, And cha cee of life below; after a long absence, pays an early visit to Du ys are s ~..1 p?, i^'.. In joys which can no changes knoW. leius, his friend and former companion, whom he finds in his bower, employed in study and con- Lord, in thy service us employ, templation. Their meeting begins with mutual And when we've served thee here on earth tokens of love and affection; after which they Receive us hence to realms ofjoy, enter into a discourse expressing the beautiful To join with those of heavenly birth. appearance of the summer season, and their ad- May we from angels learn to sing, miration of the works of Providence; represent- The songs of high seraphic strain; ing, at the same time, the beautiful but short- Then mount aloft on cherubs' wings, lived state of the flowers; fiom whence Fidelio And soar to worlds that cease from pain. takes occasion to draw a similitude typical of the ith angels, seraphs, ints bove, frailty and uncertainty of humanl life; he observes May we thy glorious praise display the stalk of a vine which has been lately struck And sing of thy redeeming love, by thunder. This providential event reminds Through the revolves of endless day. Fidelio of the afflictive dispensation of the law of God in the death of a late useful and worthy pas- JOHN CALLENDEP. tor, whic he reveals to his companion. They, JH CALLENDER, the first historian of Rhode greatly dejected, bewail the loss of so trusty, use- Island was born n Boston in te ear 1706. ful, and worthy a man, but mutually console each en d rar the ae trte a other, by representing the consummate happiness ented iHarvad at te a2 e was i ensed to which saints enjoy upon their admission to the d in1. n 1 h was o mansions of ilmmortal felicity. They conclude with an ode, expressing a due submission to the will of Ieaven." preach by the first Baptist Church in Boston, of We quote this conclusion. which his uncle, Elisha Callender,l; was pastor, having succeeded Ellis Callender, the grandfather ParntoDooreoih!of the subject of this sketch, in the same office. Parent of all! thou source of light! In August, 1728, he accepted a call to the Baptist Whose will seraphic powers obey, church in Swansey, Massachusetts, where he reTne heavenlyt Nine, as one unite, nmained until February, 1730. He was next after And thee their vow'd obeisance pay. And thee their vow'd obeisettled over the first Baptist church at Newport, where he continued until his death, after a linAn cloe acred to the Memory o the-Rev. Dr. Jona- gering illness, January 26, 1748. Soon after his than Mayhew, who departed this life July 9, anno salutis bu- i J 2 mane 17l66, etatis 46. removal to Newport he became a member of a The wise, the just, the pious, and the brave, literary and philosophical society established in Live in thir deaths, and flourish in the rave, the place, at the instigation, it is supposed, of Grain hid in earth repays the peasant's care, And evening suns but rise to set more fair. Dean Berkeley, in 1730, afterwards incorporated Boston: printed by Thomas and John Fleet. in 1747, with the title, in consequence of the dona 134 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE tion of five hundred pounds sterling by Abraham than truth in the world, the interest of truth and the Redwood, of " the Company of the Redwood right of private judgment seem better secured, by a Library." universal toleration that shall suppress all profaneIn 1739 Mr. Callender published An Histo- ness and immorality, and preserve every party in the rical J)iscourse on the civil aud religious a ffairs free and undisturbed liberty of their consciences, of the Colony of Jdhode Iscland and Providewnce t lwhile they continue quiet and dutiful suboects to the PlantationZs, in lVew England, in America, fro Sate the first settlemenlt, 1638, to the end of the first Callender published a sermon in the same year century. It was delivered on tihe twenty-fourth at the ordination of Mr. Jerelmiah Condv, to the of March, 1738, the first centennial anniversary care of the Baptist Church in Boston, in 1741, on of the cession of Aquedneck or Rhode Island by the advantages of early religion, before a society the sachelms Cannonicus and Miantunnomlu, "unto of young men at Newport, and in 1745 on the Mr. Coddington and his friends united unto himl."* death of his fiiend the Rev. Mr. Clap. lie also It occupies one hundred and twenty octavo pages formed a collection of papers relative to the hisin the reprint by the Rhode Island Historical tory of the Baptikts in Amlerica. Society, and contains a concise and temperate Callender was mlarried February 15, 1730, to statement of the dificulties with the Massachu- Elizabeth Ilardin of Swansey, Massachusetts. He setts colonists which led to the formation of the is described as of mlediuml stature, with regular settlement, its early struggles, its part in King features, a fair complexion, and agreeable mlanPhilip's war, and of its social and ecclesiastical ners. affairs. HIe dwells with just satisfaction on the The Centennial Discourse was reprinted in liberal principles of the colony. 1838, a century after its first publication, by the Rhode Island Historical Societvy, with a large I do not know there was ever before, since the R world came into the Church, such an instance, nuber of valuable notes the Vice-President the settlement of this Colony and Island. In other of the association, the Rev. Romeo Elton, D.D. States, the civil magistrate had for ever a public of Brown University. It contains a memoir, driving in the particular schemes of faith, and modes hich has forlme the chief authority ot the of worship; at least, by negative diseouragements, present article. by annexing the rewards of honor and profit to his own opinions; and generally, the subject was bound JANE TURELL. by penal laws, to believe that set of doctrines, and J t o r to worship God inl that manner, the magistrateer of the evBeamin pleased to prescribe. Christian magistrates would Colman, of Boston, was born in that cit, Februunaccountably assume to themselves the same autho- ary 25, 1708. She early displayed precocious rity in religious affairs, which any of the Kings of mental power, as before her second year she Judah, or Israel, exercised, either by usurpation, or could speak distinctly, say her letters, and tell by the immediate will and inspiration of God, and a stories out of the Scriptures, to the satisfaction great deal more too. As if the becoming Christian of Gov. Dudley, and others around the table,* gave the magistrate any new right or authority over anid two years later could repeat the greater part'his subjects, or over the Church of Christ; anld as if of the Assembly's Catechism, many of the psalms, that because they submitted personally to the autho- long passages of poetry, reading with fluency and rity and government of Christ in his word, that commenting in a pertinent manitner on whit she therefore they might clothe themselves with his au- read At te ae of eleven she copose the thority; or rather, take his sceptre out of his hand, follwillg and lord it over God's heritage. It is lamentable that pagans and infidels allow more liberty to Chris- HYM. tiamns, than they were wont to allow to one anoth I fear tgreat Eteral One bove; It is evident, the civil magistrate, as such, can have e Godof Gce, the God of love: no authority to decree articles of faith, and to deter- e o. i ~He to whom Seraphimrs Hiallelujah sii:g, mine modes of worship, and to interpret the laws of AHd Angels do their ap ongs al aise bring Christ for his subjects, but what must belong to all Alld Angels do their Sos ind Pises bringes magistrates; but no magistrate can have more autho- Whae withhisSaviour ie is eavel rest, rity over conscience, than what is necessary to pre- it heavely joys aid rpture is possest, serve the public peace, and that can be only to pre- Pothouhts bt of God ispirellis breast. vent one sect from oppressing another, and to keep Hapy are they that walk il Wisdomi's ways, the peace between them. Nothing can be more evi- That tread her path, and shine in all her rays. dently proved, than " the right of private judgment for every man, in the affairs of his own salvation," Her poetical attempts were encouraged by her and that both from the plainest principles of reason, father who frequently addressed rlylned letters and the plainest declarations of the scripture. This to her and says rew by degrees ito such is the foundation of the Reformation, of the Christian g e b e i su an opinion of her good teste, that when she put religion, of all religion, which necessarily implies me upon trslatig a pslm or two, w was ready choice and judgment. But I need not labor apoint, u n ansla in a sal o o that has been so often demonstrated so many wayys.elf, al if I had Iot fear'd to disIndeed, as every man believes his own opinions the plee her, should have denied her request." ie best, because the truest, and ought charitably to wish "talked into her all he could, in the most free all others of the same opinion, it must seem reason- and endearing manner," and led her to the study able the magistrate should have a public leading in of the best models of composition, advantages of religious affairs, but as he almost for ever exceeds which she availed herself with such avidity that the due bounds, and as error prevails ten times more she spent entire nights in reading, and before the * Deed of Conveyance. * Turell's Memoir. JANE TURELL. 135 age of eighteen had devoured all the English And freely feed upon our country treat. poetry and prose in her father's well furnished No noisy faction here shall dare intrude, library. Or once disturb our peaceful solitude. She married the Rev. Ebenezer Turell, of Med- No stately beds my humble roofs adorn ford, Mass., August 11th, 1726. She continued Of costly puiple, by carved panthers borne; to compose in verse, and wrote, after her mar- Nor can I boast Arabia's rich perfumes, riage, eulogies on Sir Richard Blackmore's Works, Diffusing odors through our stately rooms. and on "the Incomparable Mr. Waller;" An For me no fair Egyptian plies the loom, Invitation into the Country in Imitation of But my fine linen all is made at home. Horace, and some prose pieces. Iler health had Though I lo down or tapestry can spread, been from her infancy extremely delicate, and she A clean soft pillow shall support your heal, LFill'd with the wool from off my tender sheep, died March 26th, 1735, at the early age of twenty- On whic with t ase and safety you may sheep, seve yas ~r pom wr inteae On which with ease and safety you may sleep, seven years. Her poems were in the same year Te ght le shall lull you to your rest arid published by her husband.* The nightingale shall lull you to your rest, collected, and published by Aler husband.* And all be calm and still as is your breast. AN INVITATION INTO THE COUNTRY, tN IMITATION OF HORACE. TO MY MUSE. DEC. 29, 1725. AGED 17 YEAS. From the soft shades, and from the balmy sweets Come, Gentle Muse, and once more lend thine Aid; Of Medford's flowery vales and green retreats, 0 brig thy Succour to a humbr Maid! Your absent Delia to her father sends, IIo often dost thou lerT-.:y dispelse And prays to see him ere the Summer ends. To dull reast thy qu nilg Infuence Now while the earth's with beauteous verdure By thee inspir'd, I'll cheerfui' tune my Voice, dyed, And Love and sacred Friendship make my Choice, And Flora paints the meads in all her pride; In my pleas'd Bosom you can freeiy pour, While laden trees Pomona's bounty own, A greater Treasure than Jove's Golden Shower. And Ceres' treasures do the fields adorn, Come now, fair Muse, and fill my empty mind, From the thick smokes, and noisy town, 0 come, With rich Ideas, gle:it and unconfin'd; And in these plains awhile forget your home. Instruct me in those secret Arts that lie Unseen to all but to a Poet's Eye. Though my small incomes never can afford, n to ll bt to's ^ye. yCelsus to regale a lord; 0 let me burn with Sappho's noble Fire, Like wealthy Celsus to regale a lord;.., L. 1.... ike'- -1ealtlly Celsus t;B 13ut not like her for faithless man expire; No ivory tables groan beneath the weight And let me rival great Orin's Fame, Of sumptuous dishes, served in massy plate: Or like sweet Philorela's be my name. The forest ne'er was search'd for food for me, Go lead the wamy use, normut ou stop Nor from my hounds the timorous hare does flee:'Till e have Parnassus' shdy Top; U.. ^ ^ ^ "i i ^ i ~~.'Tll we have gain'd Parnassus' shady lop' No leaden thunder strikes the Iowl in air, No leadei thunder strikes the fowl in air,'Till I have viewed those fragrant soft Retreats, Nor from my shaft the wiiged death do fear: Those fields of Bliss, the Muse's sacred Seats. With silken nlets I Ie'er tie lakes despoil, I' then devote tee to fair Virtues Fame Nor with iiy bait the larger fish begsuile. Nor withimy bait the largerfish beguile. And so be worthy of a Poet's name. No luscious sweetmeats, by my servants plac'd In curious order, e'er my table grac'd; The Rev. Ebenezer Turell, a member of ths To please the taste, no rich Burgundian wine, class of 1721, of Harvard, was ordained in 1724, In1 chrystal glasses on my sideboard shine; and continued minister of Medford until his death, The luscious sweets of fair Canary's isle December 5, 1778, at the age of seventy-six. He Ne'er filled my casks, nor ii my flagons smile: published the life of Dr. Colnan ill 1749, and No wine, but what does from my apples flow, lett, in manuscript, an account of a supposed case My frugal house on any can bestow: of witchcraft, which he exposes in an inenious Except when Coesar's birthday does return,d sesible I rier. Tlis he accompanies with And joyffl fires throughout the village burn; l *. h Ad jofl fires thro out the villge burn some dics touching superstitious practices in Then moderate each takes his cheerful glass, oe tochng sperstous practce in And our good wishes to Augustus pass. ill But though rich dainties never spread my board, Young people would do wisely now to lay aside Nor my cool vaults Calabriani wines afford; their foolish books, their trifling ballads, and all Yet what is neat and wholesome I can spread, romantic accounts of dreams anld trances, senseless My good fat bacon- anld our h.,mely bread, palmistry and grouldless astrology. Don't so much With which Imy healthful family is fed. as look into these things. Read those that are useMilk from the cow, aind butter newly chilrn'd, ful tc increase you in knowledge, human and divine, And new fresh cheese, with curds and cream just aLd which are more entertaining to an ingenious turll'd. mind. Truth is the food of an immortal soul. Feed For a dessert upon my table's seen not any longer on the fabulous husks of falsehood. The golden apple, aid the melon green; Never use any of the devil's playthings; there are The blushing peach and glossy plum there lies, mch better recreations than legerdemain tricks. And with the mandrake tempt your hands and eyes. Turn not the sieve, &c., to know futurities;'tis one of the greatest mercies of heaven that we are ignoThese I can give, ard if you'11 here repair, rant of them. You only gratify Satan, anld invite To slake your thirst a cask of Autumn beer, hin ilto your company to deceive you. Nothilg Rscerv'd on purpose for your drinking here. ^that appears by this means is to be depended on. Under the spreading elms our limbs we'll lay, The horse-shoe is a vain thing, and has no natural While fragrant Zephyrs round our temples pl:y. tendency to keep off witches or evil spirits from the Retir'd from courts and crowds, secure we'11 set, houses or vessels they are nailed to. If Satan should by such means defend you firom lesser dangers,'tis to make way for greater ones, and get fuller pos* Memoirq of the Life and Death of the Pious and Ineenions session of your helarts.'Tis an evil thing to hang Mrs. Jane Turell, who expired at Medford, March 26, 1735, wih papers o the neck for the cure of te gues, Etat7. 27. chiefly collected from her own manuscripts. Boston,ers e ecor the cue o the aues N.E.. 1:35. to bind up the weapon instead of the wound, and 136 CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. many things of the like nature, whi h some in the his graduation, several geese disappeared at different world are fond of. times from Cambridge Common. r'he loss occasioned great discomfort to the owner. - Some of the " Sirs," JOHN SECCOMB. as well as undeigraduates were arraigned before JOHN S."ccoMn, a descendant of Richard Sec- the college government. At length several of them comb, who settled in the town of Lynn, was a son were fined seven shillings apiece for beir:g privy to of Peter Seccomb, of i Medford, LMass., where he and taking the "third" goose, and one of them was was born in April, 1708. He M was. graduated at fined three shillings more for " lyirg" about it. On Harvard CollegAe, in 1728. In 1733 he was the morning of Nov. 28, 1728, the sentence was anHarvard College, in 1728. In 1733 he was ordained minister of the town of Harvard e nounced. This was done in the college hall, after d e. m s of. t n o.. the reading and before the prayer, and a suitable appears to have discharged the duties of his amount of admonition was givn gainst the - office acceptably up to the period of his resigna- moralities condemned. The rogues were required to tion in 1757. iHe became, about six years after, indemnify the owner, and the one who first proposed the minister of a dissenting congregation in Ches- to steal the first goose, and being concerned in stealter, Nova Scotia, where he remained until his ing and eating the "three geese taken on the Condeath in 1792. mon," was sent from college. How much this had to He published an Ordination Sermon in Nova do with the inspiration of the letter and the "mock Scotia, and a Discourse on the Funeral of the heroic" is not known; but the writer was a" Sir," and Consort of Jonathan Belcher.* father Abbey's without doubt was well acquainted with the facts Will was sent out to England by Governor Bel- in the case. cher, and published both in the Gentleman's Maga- Father Abbey was Matthew Abdy. He was zine and European Magazines in May, 1732. It born about 1650, the son of a fisherman who was reprinted in the Massachusetts Magazine for lived about Boston harbor, ald, according to the November, 1794, with a notice attributing the record in President Leverett's Diary, was'apauthorship to John Seccomb. A correspondent pointed sweeper and bed-maker upon probation," having disputed the statement, and asserted that Feb. 19, 1718. By another College authority the production belonged to the Rev. Joseph Secc- we find that he also held the responsible office of comb, of Kingston, N. H., the editor of the Maga- bottle-washer, as Tutor Flint in his private Diary zinc wrote as follows. and Account-book, writes: From Thaddeus Mason, Esq., of Cambridge, the ay 25, 1725, Paid Abdy 3sh., for washing a. only surviving classmate and very intimate friend of groce of Bottles. the Rev. John Seccombe, the public may be assured A second entry on the subject suggests some the he, the long reputed, was the real author. His doubts of his faithfulness: brother Joseph, though a lively genius, never pre- April 10th, 1727. Abdy washed 10 doz. and 5 tended to write poetry; but Mr. Mason was fur- bottles as he says, tho' w'n he brought them up nished with several poetical effusions of his class- he reckoned but 9 doz. and 1, at 4d. pd down. mate's. They commenced an early correspondence. Total 3sh. 8d. And through this channel flowed many a tuneful In the thir and t, there is no question ditty. One of these letters, dated " Cambridge, raised: Sep. 27, 1728," the editor has before him. It is a A i 1. Pi A y fr whi most humorous narrative of the fate of a goose. Pd by for washing roasted at " Yankee Hastings," and it concludes with a goe of bottles. a poem on the occasion, in the mock heroic. * * *' Ab, and his wife th, were baptized and Mr. Mason wonders there have been any doubts re- admitted to church membership in Cambridge, specting the real author of this witty production. February 25, 1727-8. R-lth, after the death of He is able and ready, were it necessary, to give Matthew, remained a wide;w, unmoved by the more circumstantial, explicit, and positive evidence passionate strains of Seccomb's second poem. than the present writing. The Boston Evening Post of Monday, December The editor of a recent reprint of Father 13, 1762 contains her obituary. Abbey's Will, though unable to trace the "mnock Cambridge, Dec. 10. Yesterday died here in a heroic," gives us a pleasant account of the pos- very advanced age Mrs. Abdy, bweeper for very sible previous history of its savory subject. many years at Harvard College, and well known to all that have had an education here within the We know not what has become of the letter or of t h Mthew the mkecad c otppresent century. She was relict of Matthew Abdy, te " mock heroic " and we cot speak with cer- the "mock heroic," and we cannot spek with ee- Sweeper, well known to the learned world by his tainty of the circumstances to which they owed last ill and Testament. their origin. But the following facts may shed some light thereon. The author resided in Cam- The Cambridge City Records give her age as 93. bridge after he graduated. In common with all Father Abbey's Will and the Letter to his who had received the degree of Bachelor of Arts, Widow have been published in a single sheet and not that of Master of Arts, he was called " Sir," broadside, and have been recently reprinted with and known as " Sir Seccomb." In the autumn after notice of all the persons and places concerned in the matters which partake largely of the wit * Sermon preached at Halifax, Jnlv 3, 1770, at the Ordina- of their subject, by John Langdon Sibley, of tion of the Rev. Bruin Romcas Comingoe, to the Dutch Cal- Harvard, in the CailbrAd e Chroniele of 1854. vinistic Presbyterian Consregation, at Lnnent)nrg, by John Scccomb, of Chester, A.M., being the first preached in the province of Nova Scotia, on such an occasion, to which is FATHER ABBEY'S WILL added an Appendix. Ilalifax: A. Henry. 1770. A Sermon To which is now added, a lette of r(ourtship to Mis virtuos occasioned by the Death of the Honorable Abigail Belcher, and amiable'widcnv. Jate consort of Jonathan Belcher, Esq., late Lt. Gov. and Corn. in Chief. and His Majesty's present Ch. J. of his pro- Canbriqe, December 1730. vince of Nova Scotia, del. at Halifax, in the said province, Oct. se d h, M M 20. 1771. by John Seceomb, of Chester, A.M., with an Epistle Some time since died here, Mr. Matthew Abbey by Mathar Byles, D.D. Boston: T. & J. Fleet. in a very advanced age: He had for a great number JOHN SECCOMB. 137 of years served the College in quality of Bedmaker A leg of pork, and Sweeper: Having no child, his wife inherits his A brokenl fork, whole estate, which he bequeathed to her by his last And half a fitch of bacon. will and testament, as follows, viz: s A spimlning whe(l, Tr my dear wife One peck of meal, IMy joy and life, A knife without a handle, I freely now do give her, A rusty lamp, My whole estate, Two quarts of samp, With all my plate, And half a tallow candle. Being just about to leave her. My pouch and pipes, My tub of soap, Two oxen tripes, A long cart rope, An oaken dish well carved, A frying pan and kettle, My little dog, An ashes pale, And spotted hog, A threshing flail, With two young pigs just starved. An iron wedge and beetle. This is my store, Two painted chairs, I have no more, Nine warden pears, I heartily do give it, A large old dripping platter, My years are spun, T.lis bed of hay, My days are done, On which I lay, And so I think to leave it. An old saucepan for butter. An old saucepn fr b. Thus father Abbey left his spouse, A little mug, As rich as church or college mouse, A two quart jug, Which is sufficie:lt inivitation, A bottle full of brandy, To serve the college in his station. A looking glass To see l ooi face Newhaven, January 2, 1731. You'll find it very handy. Our sweeper having lately buried his spouse, and accidentally hearing of the da^th and will of his A musket true, deceased Cambridge brother, has conceived a violent As ever flew, passion for the relict. As love softens the mind and A pound of shot and wallet, disposes to poetry, he has eas'd himself in the A leather sash, following strains, which he transmits to the charmMy calabash, ing widow, as the first essay of his love and courtMy powder horn and bullet. ship. An old sword blade, ISTRESS Abbey A garden spade, M To you I fly, A hoe, a rake, a ladder, You only can relieve me, A wooden can, To you I turn, A close-stool pan, For you I burn, A clyster-pipe and bladder. If you will but believe me. A greasy hat, Then gentle dame, My old rain cat, Admit my flame, A yard and half of linen, And grant me my petition, A woollen fleece, If you deny, A pot of grease, Alas! I die, In order for your spinning. In pitiful condition. A small tooth comb, Before the news An ashen broom, Of your dear spouse A candlestick and hatchet, Had relch'd us at Newhaven, A coverlid, My dear wife dy'd, Strip'd down with red, Who was my bride, A bag of rags to patch it. In anno eighty-seven. A ranged mat, Thus being free, A tub of fat, Let's both agree A book put out by Bunyan, To join our hands, for I do Another book Boldly aver By Robin Cook, A widower A skein or two of spunyarn. Is fittest for a widow. An old black muff, You may be sure Some ardell stuff,'Tis not your dow'r A quantity of borage, I make this flowing verse on; Some devil's weed, In these smooth lays And burdock seed, I only praise To season well your porridge. The glories of your person. A chafing dish, For the whole that With o:le salt fish, Was left by Mat. If I am not mistaken, Fortune to me has granted 18 138 CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. In equal store, JOHN BEVERIDGE. I've one thing more JOHN BEVERIDGE, the author of a volume of Latin Which Matthew long had wanted verses, was a native of Scotland, lwhere he comN~o teeth'tis true inenced his career as a schoolmaster in Edinburgh.'You have to shew, One of his pupils xv as the blind poet Blacklock, to The young think teeth inviting, whom he afterwards addressed some English But, silly youths! lines, in which he gives the motives which inI love those mouths duced him to attempt poetry, with a Latin transWhere there's no fear of biting. lation of his friend's version of the 104th Psalm. A leaky eye, In 1752 he removed to New England, where he That's never dry, remained five years, and became intimate with These woful times is fitting. Dr. Mayhew and other leading men of that city. A wrinkled face In 1758 he was appointed Professor of Languages Adds solemnl grace in the college and academy of Philadelphia. To folks devout at ineeting. Alexander Graydon,* who was one of his pupils, says "he retained the smack of his vernacular [A furrowed brow, tongue in its primitive purity," and has preserved a Whferte scor might growse, the. imemlory, in his Memoirs, of some schoolboy Such fertile soil is seen in't, A long hiools nose, anecdotes which show that he was a poor disciTllo' sloll'd by foes, plinarian. One of the larger boys once pulled off For spectacles conlvenient]* his wig under pretence of brushing off a fly from it, and a still greater liberty was indulged in one Thus to go on afternoon, by suddenly closing the door and winI would l)ut down dfows andl pelting the master with dictionaries. Your chams ior head to foot, This most intolerable outrage," says Graydon, Set all your glory "had a run of several day,, and was only put a In verse before ye, But I've no mini to d stop to by the vigorous interference of the faculty." Beveridge, " diminutive in his stature, and neither Then haste away, young nor vigorous," being unable to administer And make no stay; corporal punishment efficiently, "after exhausting For soon as you come hither, himself in the vain attempt to denude the delinWe'll eat and sleep, quent, was generally glad to compound for a Make beds and sweep few strokes over his clothes, on any part that was And talk and smoke together, accessible." But if, my dear, Beveridge published, in 1765, a collection of I must move there, Latin poems, Epistolae Famstiliarcs et alia qucedam Tow'rds Camlbridge straight I'll set me miscellanea.t The book is dedicated in Latin to' To touse the hay the provincial dignitaries, Penn, Allan, Hamilton, On which you lay, Smith, and Alison. Next follow lines by A. If age and you will let me. Alexander,T "On Mr. Beveridge's Poetical Perforlnances"-a few of which we quote. A clever imitation of Father Abbey's Will, fo ances entitled "Ned Wealthy's Last Will and Testament," appears in the London Magazine for * Graydon's Memoirs, 85. Graydon also went to school to August, 1734. It copies the incongruous asso- another writer of some note in his day, David James Dove. Dove sadly belied his name, his chief reputation being that of ciations with some coarse additions, but must asavage satirist. Hewas horn in England, and it is said figures yield in humor to the original. in a book mentiored in Boswell's Johnson, "The Life and Adventures of the Chevalier Taylor." Dove was English teacher in the Philadelphia Academy, but, quarrelling with the trustees, Since all men must took charge of the Germantown Academy on its organization Return to dust, in 1762. He soon got into a quarrel here also, and started an From which they first did spring: opposition school in a house which lie built on an adjoining lot. The enterprise shortly fell through. I give Jny gear, Dove applied his humor to the management of his school as From debts quite clear well as to the composition of his satires. "IHis birch," says In mannTer following. Graydon, "was rarely used in canonical method, but was generally stuck into the back part of the collar of the unfortunate culprit, who, with this badge of disgrace towering from his nape But lest1 hot broils, like a broom at the mast-head of a vessel for sale, was comAnd endless toils, pelled to take his stand upon the top of the form, for such a'Bout my effects arise; period of time as his offence was thought to deserve." Boys HalfTod my~ Sue~,' who were late in appearing in the morning were waited upon Half to my aue, by a deputation of scholars and escorted with bell and lighted Half to my Prue, lantern through the streets to school. He was once late himself, I flrankly here de^} vise. and submitted with a good grace to the same attentions, which his pupils did not lose an opportunity of bestowing. Mv thrice, sol'd shoes, Dove's satires have passed away with the incidents and per Mv thrice sol'd sfhoes, sonages which gave them birth. They appeared in the peri My Sunday hose, odicals of the day. A jacket made of leather; F Epistole Familiares et Alia qunedam miseellanea. Familiar An old straw bed, Epistles, and other Miscellaneous Pieces-wrote originally in An old straw bed, Latin verse. By John Beveridge. A M., Professor of LanguaThat serv'd poor Ned, ges in the Academy of Philadelphia. To wnich are added In boisterous stormy weather, &c. several translations into English verse, by different Hands, &c. Philadelphia, printed for the Author by William Bradford, 1765, 88 8vo. pages, 16 of which are closely prin ed. t Alexander, a fine classical scholar, was appointed a tutor in * "We think this stanza mav be an interpolation. It is the college after he was graduated. but, becoming involved in teund in the London Mainzine; but not in the Gentleman's pecuniary embarrassments, quitted the city soon after entering Magazine or on the Broadside." upon his duties.-Fisher's Early Poets of Pa. JOHN BEVERIDGE 139 If music sweet delight your ravish'd ear, Tho' sometimes they may make you smart, No music's sweeter than the numbers here. Take curtain lectures in good part; In former times fam'd Maro smoothly sung, I think philosopher thou art, But still he warbled in his native toague; And know'st how to improve them. His tow'ring thoughts and soft enchanting lays The doctor's pills, altho' they're bitter, Long since have crown'd him with immortal bays; And may at present raise a spl-r, But ne'er did Maro such high glory seek Yet as they te.id the health to better, As to excel Mteo tides in Greek. We take, but do not love them. Here you may view a bard of modern time, Who cla:ims f ir Scotland as his native clime, Now to your fair I this would say: Co:itead with Flaccus o; the Roman Lyre, As's heart you stole away,His humour catch and glow with kindred fire. "Stole! No, dear i,he gave it" When soime gy rurallanldscape proves his theme, -Well, giv'n or stol'n I'll not coltend, Some sweet retirement or some silver stream; Ad hele will let that matter eid; Nature's unfoided in his melting so.g, ut et ontive to save it. The brooks in softer murmurs glide along, mean to save it for yourself The gaies blow gentler thro' the nestling trees, Or ele the cunning, wayward elf, More aromatic fragrance fills the breeze: Perchance may sometimes wander. Tiber, the theme of many a bard's essay, Unjustly all our nymphs complain Is sweetly rivai'd here in Casco Bay. v. v Is sweetly rival'd here in Casco bay. Their enmpire holds too short a reign, The epistles are forty-six in number, two of Yet do not at this wolner. which are in English. The forty-third is ad- If you your empire would maintain, dressed, "Ad precellentiss. Tho. Penn. Pennsyl- Use the same arts that did it gain, vanmireProprietarilm, seu (Latine) Dominum." Of Success will never fail you. the two in English the secon(l is addressed to At ev'ry trifle scorn offence, Thomas Blacklock, "the celebrated blind poet, Which shows great pride or little sense, who wae taught his Latin by the author," as he And never will avail you. informs us in a note. The first is so pleasantly written that it will bear quotation in part. Shn av'rlce, vanity, and pride; High titles, empty toys deride, TO ****** *. Tho' glitt'riiig in the fashions. You're wealthy if you are content, Dear Sir, methinks I see you smile, You're wealthy if you arc content, To fid the muse does you s beguile, For pow'r, its amplest best extent, STo fingd the mupo e you by legle, Is empire o'er the passions. Stealing upon you by a wile, And in a dress unusual;'Tis not on madam's heavenly face, Know then she's fond, in her new cloth, His ever constant love he'll place; To visit you and madam both: Only consult your glasses: Then treat her kindly, she is loath For beauty, like the new blown flow'r, To meet with a refuisal, Lives but the glory of an hour, In the enjoyment of your wife, And then forever passes. She wishes long and happy life, The graces of your mind display, Secure from trouble, care, and strife, When transient beauties fly away, And then a generation Than empty phantoms fleeter; Of boys and girls; a hopeful race, Then as the hours of life decline, Their aged parents' crown and grace; ou lie the setting sun shall shine, Skilful in war, an I when'tis peace With milder rays and sweeter. The glory of their nation. May never want your steps pursue, The translations are thus apologetically introNor watchful care coact your brow: duced: " The Editor begs a little indulgence for The horn of plenty be your due, them, as they are all (except Dr. Mayhew's and With health and skill to use it. Mr. Morton's,) done by students under age; and No narrow views debase your soul; if the Critic will only bear with them, till their May you ne'er want a cheerful bowl, understandings are mature, I apprehend they are To treat a friend, and cares controul; in a fair way of doing better." Several are by But yet do not abuse it. Thomas Coombe, A. Alexander, A. B., and T - Improve the days that are serene II, student in philosophy. WT J-, N. Make hay while yet the sun doth;shibe, Evans, A. M., and Stephen Watts,* colltribute one "Twill not avail you to repiie; or two each. Mayhew furnishes two, the first of Take care lest here you blunder. which trips off pleasantly: You can't recall the by-past hours, The warmest day brings uickest shorsMy first acquaintance in thie sclool; And often, too, with thunder. AIdS often, too, with thunller. With whom I oft have worn away, Andofento, withtIn mirthful jests the loit'ring day. And storms will happen; when'tis so, Treading the dialectic road Low'r ('own the sails and let'em blow: Of major, minor, figure, mood. Or guard yourself at least from woe, By yielding to the billows. Tempests will rend the stubborn oak, * Watts published, at an early are, an " Essay on the AdvanThe tallest pines are soonest broke, tages of a Perpetual Union between Great Britain and her And yield beneath the fulious stroke Colonies," which was received with great favor. He afterwards removed to Louisiana, where he married a daughter of Which never hurts the willows. the Spanish Governor.-Fisher's Early Poets of Pa 140 CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE THOMAS COOMBE. Far, far away the wretched owners roam, THOMAS COOMBE, who first appears in our litera- Exiles like me, the world their only home. ture as a translator of some of his teacher Beve- Here as I trace my melancholy way, ridge's Latin poems, was a native of Philadelphifa, Te prowling Ildian snuffs his wonted prey, and after concluding his course at the College, Ha! should I meet him in his dusky roundstudied theology, and visiting England to take Late in these woods I heard his murderous sound-* orders, was on his return appointed an assistant Still the deep war hoop vibrates on mine ear, minister of Christ Church. He sided with the And still I hear his tread, or seem to hearliberal party at the outbreak of the Revolution, Hark! the leaves rustle! what a shriek was there but disapproving of the separation from England,'Ti he! tis he! his triumphs rend the air. joined after that event the tory party. He was, Hold, coward heart, I'll answer to the yell, in 1777, banished with others, by the legislature, And chase the murderer to his gory cell. to Staunton, Virginia, but was allowed on the Savage -but oh I rave-o'er yoder wild, Score of sickness to remain. He soon after went E'en at this hour he drives my only child; to England The Earl of Carlisle inade him his She, the dear source and soother of my pain, to England. Earl of C sle My tender daugter, drags the captive chain. chaplain, and he finally became a Prebendary of Canterbury, and one of the royal chaplains.* Ah my poor Lucy! in whose face, whose breast, In 1775, he published in London a short narrative My log-lost Emma liv'd again confest, poer, The Peasant of Auburn, or the Emnigrant,t Thus robb'd of thee, and every comfort fled, accompanied by a few smaller pieces. T1he t~ract Soon shall the turf infold this weary head; accompanied by a lew smaller pieces. The tract.is dedicated to Goldsmith and seems designed as Soon shall my spirit reach that peaceful shore, is dedicated to Goldsmith, andnl seems designed as eedng friends unite, to part no oe. _.I~~~ ~Where bleeding friends unite, to part no more. a continuation of the Deserted Village. It pre- When shall I cease to rue the fatal morn sents a lugubrious picture of the fortunes of an When first from Auburn's vale I roam'd forlorn. emigrant. We quote a few of its closing pages. Edwin a wanderer on the banks of the Ohio, He spake-an frantic with the sad review relates his mournful experiences. Prone on the shore his tottering limbs lie threw. relates his mournl experiences. Life's crimson strings were bursting round his heart, Much had I heard from men unus'd to feign, And his torn soul was throbbing to depart; Of this New World, and fieedom's gentle reign. No pitying friend, no meek-ey'd stranger near,'Twas faum'd that here, by no proud master spurn'd; To tend his throes, or calm them with a tear. The poor man ate secure the bread he earned; Angels of grace, your golden pinions spread, That verdant vales were fed by brighter streams Temper the winds, and shield his houseless head. Than my own Medway, or the silver Thames: Let no rude sounds disturb life's awful close, Fields without bounds, spontaneous fruituge bore, And guard his relics from inhuman- foes. And peace and virtue bless'd the favor'd shore. C haste and waft him to those radiant plains, Such were the hopes which once beguil'd my care Where fiends torment no more, and love eternal Hopes form'd in dreams, and baseless as the air. reigns. Is this, O dire reverse, is this the land, Where nature sway'd, and peaceful worthies plann'd? THOMAS HUTCHINSON. Where injured fieedom, through the world imnpell'd, THOMAS HUTCHINSON, the celebrated Governor Her hallow'd seat, her last asylum held! of Massachusetts at the outet cf the revolution, Ye glittering towns that crown th' Atlantic deep, was a descendant of Ann Hutclinson, and a son Witness the change, and as ye witness weep. of Colonel Thoas utchinson, a leading merMourn all ye streams, and all ye fields deplore, t and ber of the cuncil of the colony. Your slaughter'd sons, your verdure stain'd with gore.. I lHe was born in 1711, and was graduated at Har^. gore. ^ ^ yard in 1727. H1e commenced his career as a Time was, blest time, to weeping thousands dear, vard in 1727. lie commenced his career as a When all tlhat poets picture flourished here., merchant, but failing in that pursuit studied law. Then War was not, Religion smil'd and spread, Arts, Manners, Learning, rear'd their polish'd head; Commerce, her sails to every breeze ulfurl'd, Pour'd on these coasts the treasures of the world. Past are those halcyon days. The very land Droops a weak mourner, wither'd and unmann'd. Brothers'gainst brothers rise in vengeful strife; He was chosen a selectman of Boston in 1738, The parent's weapon drinks the children's life, and appointed the agent of the town to visit LonSons, leagued with foes, unsheath their impious don in the discharge of important business, a duty sword, which he performed with great success. After And gore the nurturing breast they had ador'd. his return, he was for ten years a member, and for How vain my search to find some lowly bower, three the speaker of the colonial House of RepreFar from those scenes of death, this rlge for power; sentatives, where he obtained a great reputation Some quiet spot, conceal'd from every eye, as a debater and efficient presiding officer. He In which to pause from woe, and calmly die. was a member of the council from 1749 to 1766, No such retreat the boundless shades embrace, and lieutenant-governor from 1758 to 1771. He But man with beast divides the bloody chase. was also appointed a judge of probate in 1752, What tho' some cottage rise amid the gloom, and chief-justice in 1760. During the agitation In vain its pastures spring, its orchards bloom; which followed the passage of the Stamp-Act, in -* Fishens Early Poets of Pa. 98 consequence of a report that he had expressed an *FisheT's Early Poets of Pa. 98. t The Peasant of Anburn, or the Emigrant. A Poem. By opinion in favor of that unpopular measure, his T. Coombe. D.D. " The short and simple annals of the Poor," house was twice attacked by a mob. On the Gray. Phil. Enoch Story, Jun. (no date.) Coombe was first occasion the windows were broken, and a evidently, from some lines in his poem, a reader of Collins's f A, Eclogues as well as of Goldsmith. few evenings after, on the 26th of August the EARLY CAROLINA LITERATURE 141 doors forced open, the furniture and woodwork and the natural excellencies therof; namely, the destroyed, and the house remained in possession Healthfulness of the Air, Pleasantness of the of the rioters until morning. A great number of Place, Advantages and Usefulness of those rich public and private documents were also destroyed. Commodities there plentifally abounding, which The town passed resolutions condemnatory of the much encrease and flourish by the industry of the act, and some six or eight persons were impri- planters that daily enlarge that colony. It forms soned, who were speedily set at liberty by a conl- twenty-six octavo pages in the reprint in Carroll's pany, who, by threatening the jailor, obtained the Collections.* keys. Hlutchinson was indemnitied for his losses John Archdale, late Governor of the province, by a public grant. printed at London in 1707, A new description of A new subject of controversy arose in 1767 in that fertile and pleasant Province of Carolina; consequence of his taking a seat in the council in with a brief account of its discovery and settling, virtue of his office as lieutenant-governor. He and the government thereof to this time. With abandoned his claim to a seat, and was a few several remarkable passages of Divine Providence days after appointed one of the commissioners for during my time. It forms thirty-six pages of settling the boundary line with New York, a duty Carroll's Collection, and is chiefly occupied with which he discharged greatly to the advantage of the discussions arising under his admlinistration.t the colony. In 1708, John Stevens published in his new colOn the departure of Governor Bernard, in 1769, lection of voyages and travels, a lVew Voyage to the whole duties of the office fell upon his lieu- Carolina, with a journal of a Thousand Miles tenant. Fresh difficulties arose, and he had for- Travelled through several nations of Indians, by warded a request to England to be discharged John Lawson, Surveyor General of North Carofrom office, when he received the announcement lina. It was published in a separate form in of his appointment as governor. I-e accepted the 1709.t Lawson was captured while exploring office. He continued to increase ill unpopularity lands in North Carolina, and sacrificed by the Inwith the council and people in consequence of the dians in the war of 1712.~ publication of the letters written by him to Eng- The earliest literature in South Carolina was land, which were discovered and sent back by scientific, medical, and theological, and came from Franklin. The council and house voted an ad- intelligent foreigners who took up their residence dress for his removal, but his conduct was ap- in the country. The education of the sons of the proved by the king. wealthy classes was carried on in Europe, and He was, however, removed after the destruc- continued to be through the Colonial era. Dr. tion of the tea in Boston harbor, and General John Lining, a native of Scotland, in 1753, pubGage appointed in his place. Although notified lished at Charleston a history of the Yellow by Gage on his arrival, May 13, that tile king in- Fever, the first which had appeared on this contended to reinstate him as soon as Gage's military tinent. He was a correspondent of Franklin, and duties called him elsewhere, he sailed for England pursued scientific studies. He died in 1760, in on the first of June following. He received a his fifty-secold year, having practised medicine pension from the English government, which was in Charleston for nearly thirty years. Dr. Lioinadequate to the liberal support of his falnily, and nel Chalmers, also a Scotchmnan, was long estaafter, according to the account of John Adams, blished in the state, and published an Essay on "being laughed at by the courtiers for his man- Fevers at Charleston in 1767. He was the author, ners at the levee, searching his pockets for letters too, of a work on the Weather and Diseases of to read to the king, and the king's turning away South Carolina, which was issued in London in from him with his nose up," lived in retirement 1776, the year before his death. at Brompton, where he died, June 3, 178). Dr. Alexander Garden was born in Scotland Hutohinon was the author of a History of the about the year 1728, and was the son of the Rev. Colony of Miss shusetts Bay, from its First Set- Alex. Garden, of the parish of Birse, who, during tlement in 1628 to the year 1750, in two volumes, the Rebellior in the years 1745 and 1746, was the first of which was published in 1760, and the distinguished by his exertions in favor of the second in 1767. A third, bringing the narrative family of Hanover, and by his interposition in down to 1774, wals published from a manuscript behalf of the followers of the house of Stuart after left behind him after his decease, by his grandson their defeat at Culloden. the Rev. John Hutchinson, of Trentham, England, Dr. Garden studied philosophy in the Univerin 1828. Ie also published various pamphlets, sity of Aberdeen, and received his first medical and a volume of documents relative to the history education under the celebrated Dr. John Gregory. of the colony in 1769. He arrived in South Carolina about the middle of the eighteenth century, and commenced the practice of physic in Prince William's parish, in EAERLY CAROLINA LITERATURE. connexion with Dr. Rose. Here he began his THERE were comparatively few early produc- botanic studies, but was obliged to take a voyage tions of the historic class in the Carolinal. The northward for his health. population was scant; the wonder of the early In 1754 he went to New York, where a prosettlements had abated, and the settlers were not fessorship in the college, recently formed in that a writing people. Several historic tracts may b3 mentioned. mentio A Gent. (Thom Ashe), cerk on ar his * Historical Collections of South Carolina. By B. R. Carroll. T. A., Gent. (Thomas Ashe), clerk on b)ard his Harpers, New York. 2 vols. 8vo. 18386. Majesty's ship the Richmond, sent out in 1680, t It was separately reprinted by A. E. Miller, Charleston published on his return in 1682, Carolina; or a 1822. ^Descrptiort of the Present state of that country, JUalmes' ann, R 1ich's Bib. Americana. Description of the Present state of that country olmes' Annals, i. Ar7. 142 CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. city, was offered him. On his return, he settled JOHN OSBORN. in Charleston, acquired a fortune by his practice, JOHN OSBORN was born in 1713 at Sandwich, a and a high reputation for literature. During that village on Cape Cod Bay. His father was a period he gave to the public An Account of the schoolmaster, and subsequently a clergyman, but Pink Root (Spigelia nmarilandica), with its Uses varied his scholastic by agricultural labors. The as a VermiJuge; A Description of the Helesia, son received a similarly practical education, enread before the Royal Society; An Account of the tered Harvard college at the age of nineteen, and.-ale and Iemale Cochineal Insects; An Account after being graduated studied theology. At the of the Amphibious Biped (the Mudi Inguana or expiration of two years he read a sermon before Syren of South Carolina): An Account of two the assembled clergy of the neighborhood with a new Species of Tortoises, and another of the view of soliciting ordination, but the decision of Gymnotus Ele(tricus, to different correspondents, his auditors being adverse to the doctrines, though and published. laudatory of the literary merits of the discourse, In compliment to him, Linnaeus gave the name he was refused their recommendation. He then of Gardenia to one of the most beautiful and studied medicine and was admitted to practice. fragrant flowefing shrubs in the world. He was He was offered a tutorship in Harvard college, elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, but declined the appointment as a bachelorship and on his arrival there, in 1783, was appointed was one of the conditions of its tenure, and he one of its council, and subsequently one of its was about to become a married man. He soon vice-presidents. after married Miss Doane, of Chatham, and reDr. Garden's pulmonic disease, which had been moved to Middletown, Conn. In a letter to his suspended during his long residence in South sister in March, 1753, he complains of being conCarolina, now returned upon him. He went for fined to the house, "weak, lame, and uneasy," health to the continent, and received great kind- and of having " lingered almost two years, a life ness and distinguished compliments from the lite- not worth having." He died May 31 of the rati everywhere, but did not improve in health. same year, leaving six children. Two of these, He died in London in the year 1792, aged sixty- John and John C., becamle eminent physicians four years.* and cultivated men. John published before the The Rev. Alexander Garden, who was also revolution a translation of Condamine's Treatise from Scotland, came to Charleston about 1720, on Inoculation, with an Appendix; and Joel Barand died there in 1756, at an advanced age. He low submlitted his manuscript of the Vision of was a clergyman of the Episcopal Church, learned Columbus to his brother and Richard Alsop for and charitable. He published several theological review before its publication. writings, including Letters to Whitefield, and the Two brief poems, The Whaling Song and An Doctrine of Justification Vindicated. The Rev. Elegiac Epistle on the Death of a Sister, are supRichard Clarke, from Englald, was Rector of St. posed to comprise all that Osborn has written. Philip's, in Charleston, a good classical scholar. One of these has enjoyed a very wide popularity He published on the prophecies and universal among the class to whom it wa3 addressed.* redemption. The Rev. Isaac Chanler, and the Rev. Henry Haywood, two Baptist clergymen of A WHALING SONG. the State, also published several theological When spring returns with western gales, writings. And genrtle breezes sweep The distinguished naturalist, Mark Catesby, The ruffiirg seas, we spread our sails passed several years in South Carolina, engaged To plough the wat'ry deep. in the researches for his Natural History. He northern whales prepared was born in England in 1679. l e first visited Our nimble boats on board Virginia, where solme of his relations resided, With craft and rum (our chief regard) in 1712, remaining there seven years collect- And good provisions stored, ing plants, and studying the productions of the country. Returning to England, he was led Ce od, our dearest native land, by his scientific friends, Sir Hans Sloane and We leave astern, and lose by his scientifi. Si.s S loi an' ~ Its sinking cliffs and lessening sands. others, to revisit America, and took up his resi- hile ephyr genly blow. dence in South Carolina in 1722. IHe traversed the coast, and made distant excursions into the Bold, hardy men, with blooming age, interior, and visited the Bahamas, collecting the Our sandy shores produce; materials for his work, the first volume of which t monstrous fish they dare engage was completed in 1732, and the second in 1743. And ngerous callings choose. The plates, then the most costly which had been Nown towards the early dawning east devoted to the Natural History of America, were We speed our course away, completed in 1748. A second edition was pub- With eager minds, and joyful hearts, lished in 1754,t and a third in 1771. Catesby To meet the rising day. died in London in 1749. Then as we turn our wondering eyes, We view one constant show; Above, around, the circling skies, * Ramsay's Biog. Sketches, appended to the second volume The rolling seas below. of his History of South Carolina. t The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, containing the figures of Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Ser- Air, Soil, and Waters: with Remarks upon Agricnlture, Grain, pents, Insects, and Plants: particularly the Forest Trees, Pulse, Roots, &c., by the late Mark Catesby, F.R.S. Revised Shrubs, and other plants not hitherto described, or very incor- by Mr. Edwards, of the Royal College of Physicians, London. rectly figured by authors, together with their Descriptions in 2 vols. folio. Lond. 1754. English and French, to which are added Observations on the * Kettell's Specimens; Thacher's Med. Biog.: Allen: Eliot, JOHN ADAMS. 143 When eastward, clear of Newfoundland, The Rev. John Adams's little volume is seldom We stem the frozen pole, We see the icy islands stand, The northern billows roIl. As to the north we make our way, Surprising scenes we find; thought of or seen, save by the literary student. We lengthen out the tedious day, It does not deserve the neglect into which it has And leave the night behind. fallen. Now see the northern regions, where His life, so far as known, may be narrated in a Eternal winter reigns: sentence. He was the only son of the Hon. John One day andl night fills up the year, Adams, of Nova Scotia, swas born in 1704, graduAnd endless cold maintains. ated from Harvard in 1721, was ordained and setWe view te monsers of te d tled at Newport, Rhode Island, contrary, it is said, reat whales in numerous swrms;, to the wishes of Mr. Clap, the pastor, whose conGrealt whales in numerous swarms; * X s And creatures there, that play and leap, gregation formed a new society, leaving Mr. Of str.llge, unusual forms. Adams, who appears to have been an assistant, to officiate for two years, and then be dismissed. When in our station we are placed, He was in great repute as an eloquent preacher, And whales around us play, and is described by his uncle, Matthew Adams, as We launch our boats into the main, " master of nine languages." He died in 1740, at And swiftly chase our prey. the early age of thirty-six years, at Cambridge, In haste we ply our nimble oars, the fellows of the College appearing as pall-bearFor an assault design'd; ers, and the most distinguished persons of the The sea beneath us foams and roars, state as mourners at his funeral. And leaves a wake behind. His volume contains a poetical paraphrase, A mighty whale we rush upon, chapter by chapter, of the Book of Revelation, And inl our irons throw: and of some detached passages from other parts She sinks her monstrous body down of the Bible. Like most well educated writers Among the waves below. of verse, he has tried his hand on a few of the Odes of Horace, and with success. And when she rises ot again, The original poems consist of tributes to deWe soon reaew the fight; amceased friends, penned with ingenuity and eloThrust our sharp lances in amain, And all her rage excite. quence, a poem in three parts on Society, and a few verses on devotional topics. Enraged, she makes a mighty bound; He was also the author of some verses addressed Thick foams the whiten'd sea; "To a gentleman on the sight of some of his The w:rves in circles rise around, Poems," published in " A Collection of Poems by And widening roll away. Several Hands," Boston, 1744. They were adSe t s with hr tail a nd, dressed to the Rev. Mather Byles, and are stated She thrashes with her tail around, And blows her redd.'ning breath; in a MS. note in a copy of the collection, now in She breaks the air, a deaf'lling sound, the possession of Mr. George Ticknor, to be by While ocean groans beneath. Adams. He was also the author of a poem on the Love of Money. From numerous wounds, with crimson flood, His sermon delivered at his ordination in 1728 She stains the frothy seas, was published. The collection of his poems conAndl gasps, and blws her latest blood, And gasps, and blows her' latest blood, tains an advertisement that "a number of select While quivering life decays. While quivering life,decays. and excellent sermons from his pen are ready for With joyful hearts we see her die, the press, and upon suitable encouragement will And on the surface lay; be shortly published." But the suitable encouWhile all with eager haste apply, ragement seems to have never been received. To save our deathful prey. FROM A POEM ON SOCIETY. THE REV. JOHN ADAMS. By inclination, and by judgment led, TnE pub r of te P s on s l oa- A constant fiiend we choose, for fiiendship made. THE publisher of the Poems on several occa- breast the faithful cabinet to hold sions, Orngmnal and Translated, by the late Reve- More precious secrets, than are gems or gold. rend and Learned John Adams, M. A., * says in His temper sweetly suited to our own, his prefatory address to the candid reader of his Where wit and honesty conspire in one, author, " His own works are the best encomium And perfect breeding, like a beauteous dress, that can be given hin, and as long as learning and Give all his actions a peculiar grace: politeness shall prevail, his sermons will be his Whose lofty mind with high productions teems, monument, and his poetry his epitaph." And fame immortal dazzles with its beams. The epitaph has proved more enduring than the Not avarice, nor odious flattery monument, though even that has hardly escaped Lodge in his breast, nor can ascend so high; being thrust irrecoverably in "Time's Wallet." Or if they dare to tempt, he hurls them down, Like Jove the rebels, from his reason's throne. Nor is his face in anger's scarlet drest, * Poems on Several Occasions, Original and Translated, by Nor black revenge eats up his canker'd breast. the late Reverend and Learned John Adams, M. A. Ho Nor envy's furies in his bosom roll placuit semel, hoc decies repetita placebit. Her. de Art. Poet. Boston. Printed for D. Gookin, in Marlborough street, over lash with steely whips, his hideous soul: against the Old South Meeting House. 1745. Not sour contempt sits on his scornful brow, 144 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. Nor looks on human nature sunk below; And universal darkness has o'er-spread But heavenly candor, like unsullied day, The splendid honours of your aged head; Flames in his thougllts, and drives the clouds Let faith light up its strong and piercing eye, away. And in remoter realms new worlds descry: And all his soul is peaceful, like the deep, Faith, which the mind with fairer glories fills, When all the warriig winds are hush'd asleep. Than human sight to humaln sense reveals. Whose learnirg's pure, without the base alloy See JESUS, sitting on a flainy throne, Of rough ill manners, or worse pedantry. Whose piercing beams the vailiig angels own; Refin'd in taste, in judgment cool and clear, While bowing seraphs, blissful, clap their wings, To others gentle, to himnseif severe. Ting'd with the light that fiom his presence springs But, most of all, whose smooth and heavenly You, who can touch the strii.gs to melting airs, breast, And with melodious trills enchant our ears, Is with a calm of conscience ever blest: May, wing'd by faith, to hea-enlly vocal plains, Whose piercing eyes disp else the flying gloom, In fancy's orlgan, di i.k sublimer strains: Which hides the native light of thil gs to come; The sounds, which love and sacred joys inspire, And can disclose the daik mysterious maze, Which pour the music from the raptur'd choir. Thro' which we wind, in airy pleasure's chace. Tho', now the net is wove before our sight, While after God his paiitii g bosom heaves, The web, unfolding soon, will give the light: For whom the glittelii g goods of life he leaves. The visual rays will thio' the pupil spring, With this blest man, how loigs my soul to dwell! And nature in a failer landskip bring. And all the nobler flights of ti iendship feel, But first your fr'ame must moulder ill the ground, Forever chain'd to Iris enchalltilg tongue, Before the light will kindle worlds around: And with his chamim g stlains in consort strung. Your precious ashes, sow'd within the glebe, Will teem with lighllt, ll.d pu er beams imbibe: It some retirement, spi e. d with shaded greens, S fom al teee scewes of cheerful day, Our feet would waidder thio' surrounding scenes; You nr will see,'till JEses Fours the ray, Cr sitting near the mnm nur of the rills, And all the pomp of Heav'n alounl display. The grass our bed, our cultains echoing hills; So whe a stl eam has wal bled tiro' tle wood, In mazy thought ald coi templation join, Its limpid bosom smooths aild ceals its flood; Or speak of human tlii:igs, or themes divine: The rolling mirrour deep imbibes the stains On nature's work by gei.tle steps to rise, Of heav'nlv saphyr, ald impeidil g gieens; And by this ladder gain th' impending skies;'Till thro' the giouLd, in seelet clannels led, Follow the planets tllro' their iollirg spheres, It hides its gloies i the goomy bed: Shine with the sun, or glow among the stairs:'Till, op'i!g thlo' a wide and flow'y vale, From world to world, us bees from flow'r to flow'r, Far fairer scenes the purer stleams reveal. Thro' nature's amp!e gardenl take our tour. Oh! could I with a sei aph's vigor move! Of his ioratian exercises we may take the first Guided thro' nature's trackless path to rove, ode:I'd gaze, and ask the laws of every Ball, HORACE, BOOK I., ODE i. Which rolls uI.seen within this mighty All, whose enobled ei'Till, reaching to the veige of Nature's heighta, e enoble s stas The blood of aicieie.t nlon.archs stains; In God would lose ti' unweaied length of flight.d, b y a -~~~ ~ My safeguald, beauty al.d delight. * * * * * Some love the chariot's rapid flight, But oh! what joys thro' various bosoms rove, To whirl aloi.g the dusty ground, As silver riv'lets wailble through a grove, Till with Clympic ihonors crown'd: When fix'd on Zion's evel-wid'ning plains, And if their fiery coursers te;nd The force of friendship but increas'd remains: Beyond the goal, they shall ascend When friend to fiiei:d, in robes immortal drest, In mlerit, equal to the gods, With heighten'd graces shall be seen confest; Who people the sublime a:bodes. And with a triumph, all divine, relate Others, if mir:gled shouts proclaim The finish'd labouis of this gloomy state: Of jarring citize.s, their name, How heavenly glory dries their former grief, Exalted to some higher post, All op'ning from the puzzled maze of life; Are in the clouds of rapture lost. How scenes on scenes, and joys on joys arise, This, if his gr:liary col.t.in And fairer visions charim on keener eyes. In crowded heaps the ripel'd grain, Here each will find his f icnd a bubbling source, Re'oiciLg his paterl al field Forever fruitful in divi e discourse: To plough, a future crop to yield; No common themes will gr ace their flowing tongues, In vain his timorous soul you'd mriove No common subjects will inspire their songs: Though endless sums his choice should provg United, ne'er to pait, b,:t still to spend To leave the safety of the laid, A jubilee of rapture witl out end- And trust him to the wind's command. But oh! my Muse, f: om this amazing height The tremblilng sailor, when the blue Descend, and downward trace thy dangerous flight; And boisterous deep his thoutghts pursue, Some angel best becomes such lofty things, Fearful of tempests, dreads his g:in With skill to guide, aid strength to urge his To venture o'er the thre;lt'ni g main: wings: But loves the shades a;d Ieaceful town To lower strains, confine thy humble lays, Where joy and quiet dweil alo e. Till, by experience taught, thou learn to praise. But when, impatient to le poor, I.is flyin;g vessels leave the shore. In handling the following pathetic theme he his flyig preei.ls leave il sheize touches the lyre -withi no treinbliM, ban d. Others the preeit hour will seize, touches the lyre witlh Io trembling hand. A les for busile-s ale thall ease And less for business are than ease: But flowilig cups of wine desire, TO MY IIONOURED FATHIIE ON THE LOSS OF HIS SIGHT. Which scatter grief, a.d joy il.spire; Now Heav'n has quenchl'd the vivid orbs of light, Joyful they quaff, and spincad their limbs By which all nature glitter'd to your sight, Along the banks of nlmulm'riLg streams, JOHN WINTHROP. 145 While trees, which shoot their tow'ring heads, which he reviews the speculations on the subject, Protect them with their cooling shades. and unfolds the theory of Newton, is marked by Some love the camp and furious war, its ease and felicity. As al instance of his manWhere nations, met with nations, jar; ner, we may quote some of his more general The noise of victors, and the cries re rks at the onclusion Of vanquish'd, which assault the skies, While at the trumpet's piercing ring "It is not to be doubted, that the allwise Author Their mounting spirits vigorous spring; of nature designed so remarkable a sort of bodies for When fainting matrons, in a swound, important purposes, both natural anld moral, in His Receive the martial music's sound. creation. The moral purposes seem not very diffiThe morning hunter seeks his prey, cult to be found. Such grand and unusual appearThough chill'd by heaven's inclemency. aiices tend to rouse mankind, who are apt to fall Forgets his house: with dogs pursues asleep, while all things continue as they were; to The flying stag in hefr purlieus. awaken their attention and to direct it to the suOr his entangling net contains preme Governor of the universe, whom they would The foamy boar, in ropy chains. be in danger of totally forgetting, were nature always But me, the ivy wreaths, which spread to glide along with an uniform tenor. These exotic Their blooming honors round the head stars serve to raise in our minds most sublime conOf learned bards, in raptures raise, ceptions of God, and particularly display his exquisite And with the gods unite in praise. skill. The motions of many comets being contrary The coolness of the rural scenes, to those of the planets, shew that neither of them The smiling flowers and ever-greens. proceed from necessity or fate, but from choice and And sportful dances, all inspire design. The same thing is to be seen in the figure My soul, with more than vulgar fire. and situation of their orbits; which, indeed, have If sweet Euterpe give her flute, not the appearance of regularity, as those of the And Polyhym nia lend her lute. planets, and yet are the result of admirable contriIf you the deathless bays bestow, vance. By means of their great eccentricity, they And by applanses make them grow, run so swiftly through the planetary regions, as to Toward the stars, my winged fame have but very little time to disturb their own moShall fly, and strike the heavenly frame. tions or those of the planets. And this end is still more effectually answered in those comets whose JOHN WINTHROP. motion is retrograde or contrary to that of the plaTHE accomplished natural philosopher, Profes- nets. * * sor Winthrop, of Harvard, was a man of eminent sor Winthrop, of Harvard, was a man of eminent "But instead of entering here into a detail, which scientific reputation in hisday, and was universally wBut nsad o ner ng here n a deta, whch would probably answer no valuable end, I choose rather to turn your thoughts to that consummate wisdom which presides over this vast machine of J(/^/v///^ / _^^nature, and has so regulated the several movements ~//1/1/ ~ ~,in it as to obviate the damage that might arise from B~7^ R~/ this quarter. ANone but an eye able to pierce into the remotest futurity, and to foresee, throughout all ages, spoken of with respect. He was a representative ll the situations which this numerous class of bodies of old Governor Winthrop in the fourth genera- would have towards the planets, in consequence of tion inl descent from the fifth son. He was born the laws of their respective motions, could have given in Boston in 1714, studied at Cambridge, and si ust an arra gement to their several orbits, and years after his first degree, was ap nt, in assigned them their places at first in their orbits, 1Hlis Professor of Mathematics and Natu- PwitIt such perfect accuracy, that their motions have 1733, Htllis Protesotr of Mathematics and Natu- ever since continued without interfering, and no disral Philosophly, to succeed Greenwood. His asters of this sort have taken place, unless we except Observations of the Transit of Mercury, in 1740, the case of the deluge. For though so manly comets were communicated to the Royal Society, of have traversed this planetary system, and some of which he subsequently became a Fellow, and their orbits run near to those of the planets; yet the were published in the forty-second volume of planets have never been in the way, but always at their Transactions. In 1755 he published a Lee- a distance from the nearest point, when the comets ture on Earthstuaces, on occasion of the celebrat- have passed by it. The foresight of that great Beed phenomenon of that year, and parried in a ing, which has hitherto prevented such disorders, philosophical manner an attack which followed will continue to prevent them, so long as He sees fit from the Rev. Dr. Prince, of Boston, who thought the preset fame of nature should subsist. Longer the theology of the day might be impaired in than that it is not fit that it should subsist. y Though he d religiht be i ired in "It may not be unseasonable to remark, for a consequence. IThough s religious opinions were conclusion, that as, on the one hand, it argues a firmly held, his election to his Professorship had temerity unworthy a philosophic mind, to explode occasioned some opposition, as has since been the every apprehension of dalger from comets, as if it case with Priestley, Playfair, and an instance of were impossible that ary damage could ever be octhe present day, in New York. A special doc- casioned by any of them, because some idle and trinal examination was waived in his favor.* In superstitious fancies have in times of ignorance pre1759 he published two Lectures on Comets, which vailed concerninng them; so on the other, to be he read in the college chapel in April of that thrown into a paie whenever a comet appears, on year, on occasion of the comet which appeared account of the ill effects which some few of these in that month. His style in these essays, in bodies might possibly produce, if they were not un_ der a proper direction, betrays a weakness equally * Peirce, History of Harvard Univ. 188. We mayubecomig a refsorable being. The wisest course the remarks of Lord Broham, in the case of Priestley, in that is to ai at such a rectitude of intention and firmthreat writer's memof Lord Bro m, i n the case of Priesolutioey, in that great writer's memoir, in "The Lives of Men of Letters." ness of resolution, that, as Horace says: 19 146 CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE "'Si fractus illabatur orbis, And worlds torn piecemeal by the final blast, Inipaviduim ferient ruini."' Subside in chaos and eternal night, On the sixth of June, 1761, Winthrop observed He still shall shine the celebrated Transit of Venus, at St. John's, IIs youth divine, Newfoundland, making the voyage thither in a And soaring on cherubic wing, government vessel, at the charge of the Province, Shall like an ardent seraph blaze, at the especial instance of Governor Bernard. And in unceasing raptures, to his Maker's praise, This incident furnished the topic of the two Eternal hallelujahs sing. poems in the Pietas et Gratulatio of the same r r ir i year, which liave been attributed to his pen. Professor Winthrop left a son, James Winthro p, year, which have been attributed to his pen. Winthrop was followed, after an interval, in this and was wounded at Bnker Hill subject, by one of his college pupils, Andrew Oli- and became Judge of the Common Pleas. ver, the eldest son of the Secretary of the Pro- was also a ma of much literature and science, a vince, and a gentleman of leisure and of scientific good linguist, publishing, in 1794, An Attempt to translate part of the Apocalypse of St. John ilnto anrid literary cultivation, who, in 1772, published translate part of the Apocalypse of St John into ahis Essay on comets, in whoich he m1772, bi ed familiar language, by divesting it of the metahsE-hmaintaied phors in which it is involved, a second edition of the theory that these bodies might be inhabited ich t i o ed, a second edition of worlds," and even comfortable habitations."* Oli- wic nted 9. Hewrotforperiver also wrote papers oil Thunder Storms andi dical, The Literary MIiscellany, Dissertations Water Spouts, which were published in the Trans- on Primitie History and the Geography of the Old World, and several scientific papers. Hle actions of the American Philosophical Society, Old orld, and several scientific paers He of which he was a mermber, as he was also oe ty was librarian at Harvard for fifteen years, dying of which he was a member, as he was also one of the founders of the American Academy of Arts at the age of 70, at Cambridge, i 182. He aof t Sciences. bequeathed his valuable library to the college at In 1765 Professor Winthrop published an ac- eaville, Pennsylvania count of several fiery meteors visible in North SAMUEL CURWEN. America; and in 1766 his paper Cogitata de Cometis, which was communicated to the Royal So- SAMJEL CURPvEN, a descendant from George Curciety by Dr. Franklin, and was separately printed en, ho settle in the town of Slem, ssain London. chusetts, in 1638, was born in that place in 1715. When the struggle of the colonies for freedom Conpleting his course at Harvard in 1735, he commenced he took part in it, and was one of the comened a preparation for the ministry, but Council, with Bowdoin and Dexter, negatived by was obliged to abandon his determination in contle home government. He was re-chosen; and'sequence of ill health. Disappointnent in a love was also made Judge of Probate for the County a r le hi to seek relief in a change of scene eaffair led himi to seek relief in a change of scene wof Midlesex, anu office which f held till his by a visit to England. On his return he engaged of Middlesex, an office which he held till his death, in 1779, at theage of sixty. His eulogy in business, and became a leading merchant. ~~~~~~~death, in 1779, ay In 1744-5 hlie served as a captain ii the attack was pronounced by Professor Wigglesworth and n 1 l as appointed lmothers; and his pupil and friend, Andrew Oliver, upon Luisbr g. In 1759 le oas aTpointedl Itncomnl)osed an elegy, the only specilnen preserved post Officer for the county of Essex, nndl held the composed an eleg thriters p oetic tlpreserved office for fifteen years. In Julle, 1774, on the of this writer's poetic talents. departure of Governor Hutchinson for Europe, Ye sois of Harvard! who, by Winthrop taught, Mr. Curwen, who was then a Judge of Admiralty, Canl travel round each planetary sphere; joined with one hundred and nineteen citizens of And winged with his rapidity of thought, the colony, in signing an address to that officer Trace all the movements of the rolling year, of a comnrmendatory character. Many of these Drop on his urn the tribute of a tear. signers were afterwards stigimatized as " AddressYe, whom the love of Geometry inspired, ers," and compelled to make a public recantation To chase coy science through each winding maze; of the act. Mr. Curwen declined doing this, and Whose breasts were with Newtonian ardor fired, having from the outset sided with Great Britain, Catched by his sparks, and kindled at his blaze, resolved to withdraw from the country until In grateful sighs, ejaculate his praise. public affairs resumed their former tranquillity. Ye philosophic souls! whose thoughts can trace A few months would, he supposel, effect this, The wonders of the architect divine,and he sailed fromm Pliladelphia in May, 1775, Through depths beneath, o'er nature's verdant face, with the expectation of making a correspondingly Where meteors play, where constellations sllllle, brief stay abroad. Mr. Curwen arrived at Dover, Heave the deep groan, and mix your tears with July 3, 1775. He immediately departed for Lonmlne. don, where he passed several months, principally Ye te s of te h y ss aove occupied in sight-seeing. In June, 1776, he Ye tenants of the happy seats above! t. i Welcome this late inhabitant of clay, miwites, "I find my finances so visibly lessening, From hostile factions, to the realms of lov,at I wsh I could re e fro this expensive Where he may bask in everlasting day, tT WVhele ihe may bask in everlasting day, country (being heartily tired of it). To beg is a Ye kindred spirits waft him in his way. Ye kindred spirits waft him in his way. meanness I wish never to be reduced to, and to starve is stupid." With a view to economy, and When in their sockets suns shall blaze their last. probably to gratify his taste for sight-seeing as Their fuel wasted, and extinct their light, well, we find him soon after leaving London to visit the great towns in search of a less costly,* Both these compositions of Winthrop and Oliver were re- place of residence. After a ramble about Engpublished, with biographical notices, in Boston, in 1811, when the re-appearance of one of these heavenly bodies had created a new interest in the subject. * Knapp, Am. Biog. 381. SAMUEL CURWEN. 147 land, which gives us some curious pictures of judgment, convey my kind love to your wife and inns and churches show-places and antiquities, children. fairs and hustings, he settles down in Bristol, but Your friend, in 1780 returns to London, where he remained S CURWEN. until his departure for America after the close September 7 and 14, 1777, we find him attendof the war iri 1784. I-e returned to his native ing town, was entirely un molested on account of his political course, and died in April, 1802, at the JON WESLEYS PREACHMENT. age of eighty-six. In the afternoon, walked to a street adjoining During his sojourn in England, he kept a Kii:g's square to attend John Wcsley's preachment; familiar journal of his movements, occupations, he bei;g seated on a decent scaffold, addressed ab; ut and amnusemnents, which was sent in detached two thousand people, consisting of the middle and pieces to his niece, and some sixty years after- lower raks. The preacher's language was plain wards, in 1842, published* under the editorial and intelligbe, without descending to vulgarisms. care of her grandson. It is of great value in an Sept. 14. In tVe afternoo.l I attended olce more historical point of view, displayilg the condition Jol esley, havig the heavens for his c:nopy; he began with an extempore prayer, followed by a *of the refugees in Englad, their opinion of hy-n of his own composing, and adapted to the subAmerican affairs, and the action of Parliament ject of his discourse. He wears his own gray hair, during the war. It is also interesting for its pic- or a wig so ve:y like that my eye could not distintures of London society and localities three gilish. He is not a graceful speaker, his voice being quarters of a century ago. He'flls in with Hutch- weak and harsh; lie is attended by great numbers inson almost as soon as he arrives, goes to hear of the middling and lower classes; is said to have Dr. Apthorpe preach, walks out wvih Parson humanized the almost savage colliers of Kingswood, Peters, takes tea with facetious Joseph Green, who, before his time, were almost as fierce and unand afterwards pays a visit of condolence to his managealble as the wild beasts of the wilderness. widow. He is an indefatigaLle sight-seer, keeps He wears an Oxford master's gown; his attention the run of the theatres, and does not despise seemiglynot dilectel to manner and behavior,the r)pe-dancern s, foil wvs thle debiates at the I r ot rude, but neg'igeit, dress cleanly, not neat He House of Co:mlnons, andl loos in now and then is alwavys visiting the numerous societies of his own at "the Ladies' Disputilng Club, Cornhill." To forming in Emigla.d, Scotlald, W:les, and Irelaidd; te last, he takes a discouraiu view of Aln- though near eighty years old, he reads without specthe last, he takes a discourarging view of Amneri- smllet pit. He rises at four, preac 3 I ZD~ _~~ ~ tacles the smallest print. He rises at four, preacl es c;nln indlependencs, writing May 11, 1782, to every day at five, and o-ce besides; an uncommon Richard Ward at Salem, as follows:- instance of physical ability. September 17, 1780, he heard Samuel Peters To RICHARD WARD, ESQ., SALEM. preach at Lincoln's Iln Chapel. " He is an inLONDON, Afay 11, IT82. different speaker rald comnloser-how he got DEAR SIR, there is as difficult to conceive as straws in Should your great and good ally obtain the two amber." only very probable ob;ects of her American alliance, We group together a few of Mr. Curwen's nuthe impoverishment of Great Britain and the conse- merous street notes and observations. queirt seizure of the late English coloulies, which she * * * * seems at present in a fair way for, no m*an on this side the Atlantic in his wits would, I think, what- Spt. 23. Walking through Old Bailey, and seeever regard he may feel for his native country will- g a great rowd, leart that two ickockets ere inlgly forego a bare subsiste:ice here for French to be whipped. J:ck Ketch, a short sturdy man, domiLartioni aind woodeni slhoes there. I vwould just' soon appeared with the culprits, one after the other' suggest to you, should America in this hour r-ftise r l t m sa i he h b 4. ~ t-i suggest to you, shollld America in this hour r fulse thle first seemed like an old offendler, and was modethe offers Great Britain may make of a seplalate rately lashed; the mob said he had bought off the peace; or Franlce ref;le to suffer her, (for we well milister ofjustice; he writhed but little. The other know here the power she has acquire l over her,) ws youg, diess pinted stongly on his counand no partitin treaty take place, (being in the pr tenlce; e clied louly; his b seemed uiused seint situation the best to bwe expe ted,) depend upola to stripes; from this time it will carry the marks of it, yoll fathels o the peseirt age will have it eld tl legal vengeance, and proofs of his folly and wickedit, you fathers of the present age will have it in their power, pr maiy evoluto is o the sn, to tell thieir ness. Goi:ig forward, passed through the Strand; chil en the i estim:be civil, religiolls anl political and returlned by way of Covellt Garden to see elecprivileges you of this g:eneation have wantoned tion, which had been eiided and 1)01 closed for two'1 -en f the ~ c, pticl tion, which had been ended and poll closed for two aivay, ileed ih sad ieget recout th hae ppy non- lhours; and the elected members, returninig from the dition of former days; nor will the comparisol with procession, wereiust enterilgJames'-street, mounted on two arm chairs, pla.-ed on a board that was carthiose you will tlhel mournfully experience between's shtwo,ulrs, pccon pane d by th o was English protection a:d French oppression, fil t) ed on eight men's shoulders,accpanied by thoufil sands with tokens of victory: red and blue ribbons enhance yotr misery. You will then find the little finger of French power heavier than the loin of the their hats. English government, with all its apprehended train * * * * * of evils. As a proof of my needless fears or right Sept. 29. As I was walking in Holborn, observed a throng of ordinary people crowding round a chaise filled with young children of about seven years of * Journal and Letters of the late Samuel Curwen, Judge of age; inqturng the reason, was informed they were Admi:a!ty, etc., an American Refugee in England, from 1775 young sinners who were accustomed to go about in to 1784. comprising remarks on the prominent Men and the evening, purloi:ing whatever they could lay Measures of the Period, to which are added Bioeraphical their hands on, and were going to be consigned into Notices of many American Loyalists and other Eminet eat pity tht so many chilPersons. By George Atkinson Ward. New York. C.. justic eatity tht somanyehil Francis & Co. dreni, capable of being trained to useful 0mploymente 148 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE and become blessingsto society, should be thus early his good success would be inviting unto other initiated, by the wicked unthinking parents of the good men to become his neighbours: Behold! the lower classes in this huge overgrown metropolis, in rumour of a war between the English and the those pernicious practices of every species of vice natives, gave check to his projects." Hostilities the human heart can be tainteJ with, which renders soo comlenced. A force was raised, and Church them common pests, and most commonly bringsthe placed in comand of an advanced grd. He to the halter. placed in command of an advanlced guard. He to the halter. t * * t. * * * * * * was at the head of the party which killed King Philip, in August, 1676. He was afterwards, in Sept. 5. In wallking through Parliament-street September, 1689, made commander-in-chief of an and seeing crowds rulning through Scotland-yard, expedition against the French and Indians at joined them, and on inquiry foud they were ac- employed in a similar service in companying Parson Lloyd, a Clergyman, returned Casco, and again employed in a similar service in companying Parson Lloyd, a cle.'gyman, returned 1690 and with Governor Phipps in 1692 After from Bow-street Justices' examillnation to Westmin- 1690 a with Governor Phipps, in 1692. After fter Bridewell, fiom whelce lie was taken this the burning of Deerfield, in 1704, he rode seventy morning on a complaint of highway robbery; and iles to oer his services agaist te Indians, it is said he is ide:itified. He seemed hardened, and whom he harassed greatly at Penobscot and of a rough, bold cast, and begged with a careless Passamaquoddy. boldness money of every weil dressed person that After Philip's war, Colonel Church resided at passed as he was being conducted to prison in irons; Bristol, then at Fall River, and lastly at Seconet, his right hand being also chained to an officer's, or " at each of which places he acquired and left a one of the justice's men. large estate." He maintained throughout his life * * * * * * * * the reputation of an upright and devout, as well April 7. Passed a crowd attending procession in as brave man. He married Mrs. Alice SouthParliament-street, going to take the Westminster worth, by whom he had a daughter and five sons, candidate, Charles J. Fox, from his lodgings to the and died on the seventeenth of January, 1718, in hustings under St. Paul's, Covent Garden, portico. consequence of a fall from his horse, by which a First marched musicians two and two, then four meil blood-vessel was broken. The first edition of supporting two red painted poles having on top the The Entertaining History of King Philip's cap of liberty of a dark blue color; to each was fas- War, which began in the month of June, 1675, as tened a light blue silk standard about nine feet olg also of E'xpeditions more lately made against the and five wide, having inscribed thereon in golden Common Enemy, and Indian Rebels, in the Eastletters these words, "The Man of the People;" fol- England ith some account lowed by the butchers with marrow-bones and cleav-cco ers; then the committee two and two, holding of the Dine Providence towards Col. Benjamin their hands white wands; in the rear the carriages. h: by Thoas Chrch, Esq., hs son, was They stopped at his house in St. James's-street, where published in Boston in 1716. A second edition taking him up, he accompanied them in Mr. Byng's appeared at Newport in 1772, and a third and carriage through Pall Mall and the Strand to the fourth, with notes by Samuel G. Drake, in 1825 hustings, when the election proceeded; made with- and 1829.* out opposition, lno competitor appearing against him. A BCFFLE. Mr. Church was moved with other wounded men, THE HISTORY OF KING PHILIP'S WAR. over to Rhodeisland, where in about three months' time, he was in some good measure recovered of his CAPTAIN BENJAMIN CHURCH, the leader in the wounds, and the fever that attended them; and war against King Philip, dictated, in the latter then went over to the General to take his leave of part of his life, an account of his Indian expe- him, with a design to return home. But the Generiences to his son Thomas, by whom, probably ral's great imlortunity again persuaded him to with little or no change, it was published in a accompany him in a loi g march into the Nipmuck volume. It isa valuable historical authority, and country, tl:ough he had then tents in his wounds, in itself, as a straightforward and spirited narra- aid so lame as not to be able to mount his horse tive of brave and romantic adventure, well worthy witlhot two mel's assistance. of attention. In this march, the first thii.g remarkable was, they came to an Indian town, where there were many A a^, wigwams in sight, but an icy swamp, lyii g between 3f^^_ scv:,1)^b J themi and the wigwams, prevented their runnli g at once upon it as they intended. There was much Benjamin Church was born at Dnxbnry, MasBeT4.4.'nicon Churcwas Tbor +1at Dinry+l M - * Mr. Drake reprinted, in an 18mo. volume, in IS38: sachusetts, in 1639, and was the first settler of M. DPakereent State of Ne an m lm, with rspect to th Seclnet or Little Compton. "Being providentially Indian War. Wherein is an account of the true Reason thereat Plymouth," he informs us, "in 1674, in the of, (as far as can be judged by Men,) together with most of the at Pllymouth, " neS ino in 1, in ith Remarkable Passages that have happened from the 2Cth of tim3 of the court, he fell into acquaintance with June till the 10th of November, 1675. Faithfully composed by Captain John Almy of Rhode Island," by whom a merchant of Boston, and communicated to his fiiends in he ywas invited to visit " that part of Ph-mouth London. London, 1675. he invited to visit "that part of Pmouth A continuation of the foregoing. from the 10th of November, Colony that lay next to Rhode Island, known 1675, to the 8th of February, 1675-6. London. 1676. then by their ITndian names of Pocasset and Sog- A new and further narrative, from March till August. 1676. the S. t r d nog- London, 1676. The Warr in New England visibly ended. konate." He did so, and purchased land, on London, 1677. which he settled. A true account of the most considerable occurrences that The next spring, while Mr. Church was diii- have happened in the war between the English and the Iddians, The next pring, while Mr. Chrch as dill New England, from th- fifth of May, 1676, to the fourth of gently settling his new farm, stocking, leasing, August last. London, 1676. and disposinng of his nffEirs and hald a fine lros- Te considers it highly probable that these five tracts, with aind d posin~ of hIS afflairs, an*d had a nne pros- Church's Narraive, comprise all that can be recovered in relapect of doing no small things; and hoping that tion to King Philip's war. BENJAMIN CHURCHI 149 firing upon each side before they passed the swamp. DEATH OF KING PHILIP. But at length the enemy all fled, and a certain Mo- Captain Church being now at Plymouth again, hegan, that was a friend Ildian, pursued and seized weary and worn, would have gone home to his wife one of the enemy that had a small wound in his leg, and family, but the government being solicitous to and brought him before the General, where he was engage hi ill the service until Philip was slain; and examined. Some were for torturing him to bring promising him satisfaction and redress for some mishim to a more ample confession of what he knew treatment that he had met with, he fixes for another concerning his countrymen. Mr. Church, verily expedition. believing that he had been ingenuous in his confes- He had soon volunteers enough to make up the sion, interceded, and prevailed for his escaping company lie desired, and marched through the torture. But the army being bound forward in their woods until he came to Pocasset. And not seeing march, and the Indian's wound somewhat disen- or hearing of airy of the enemy, they went over abling him for travelling, it was concluded that he the ferry to Rhodeisland, to refresh themselves. The should be knocked on the head. Accordingly he Captain, with about half a dozen in his company, was brought before a great fire, and the Mohlegan took horses and rode about eight miles down the that took him was allowed, as he desired, to be his island, to Mr. Sanford's, where he had left his wife. executioner. Mr. Church taking no delight inl the She no sooner saw him, but fainted with surprise; sport, framed an errand at some distance among the and by that time she was a little revived, they spied baggage horses, and when he had got tel rods, or two horsemen coming a great pace. Captain Church thereabouts, from the fire, the executioner fetching a told his company, that " Those men (by their riding) blow with a hatchet at the head of the prisoner, lie come with tidings." When they came up, they being aware of the blow, dodged his head aside, proved to be Major Sanford, and Captain Goldilig. and the executioner missing his stroke, the hatchet They immediately asked CaIptain Church, what he flew o:lt of his hand, and had like to have done would give to hear some news of Philip? He replied, execution where it was not designed. The prisoner that that was what he wanted. They told him, that upon his narrow escape broke from them that held they had rode hard with some hopes of overtaking him, and notwithstanding his wound, made use of him, and were now come on purpose to inform his legs, and happened to run right upon Mr. Church, him, that there were just now tidings from Mountwho laid hold on him, and a close scuffle they had; hope. An Indian came down from thence (where but the Indian having no clothes on, slipped from Philip's camp now was) to Sandy point, over him and ran again, and Mr. Church pursued him, against Trip's, and hallooed, and made signs to be although being lame there was no great odds in the fetched over. And being fetched over, he reported, race, until the Indian stumbled and fell, and then that he was fled from Philip, "who (said lie) has they closed again-scuffled and fought pretty killed my brother just before I came away, for givsmartly, until the Indian, by the advantage of his ing some advice that displeased him." And said, nakedness, slipped from his hold again, and set out that he was fled for fear of meeting with the same on his third race, with Mr. Church close at his heels, his brother had met with. Told them also, that endeavouring to lay hold on the hair of his head, Philip was now in Mounthope neck. Captail Church which was all the hold could be taken of him. And thanked them for their good news, and said, that running through a swamp that was covered with he hoped by to-morrow morning to have the rogue's hollow ice, it made so loud a noise that Mr. Church head. The horses that he and his company came expectel (but in vain) that some of his English on standing at the door, (for they had not been unfrie;:ds wo'nld follow the noise and come to his saddled) his wife must content herself with a short assistance. But the Indian happened to run athwart visit, when such game was ahead. They immediately a large tree that lay fallen near breast high, where mounted, set spurs to their horses, and away. he stopped and cried out aloud for help. But Mr. The two gentlemen that brought him the tidings, Church being soo'l upon him again, the Indian told him, that they would gladly wait upon him to seized him fast by the hair of his head, and endea- see the event of the expedition. He thanked them, voured by twisting to break his neck. But though and told them, that le should be as fond of their Mr. Church's wounlds lhad somewhat weakened him, company as any men's; and (ini short) they went anid the Indian a stout fellow, yet he held him ill with him. And they were soon at Trip's ferry, (with play and twisted the Irdian's neck as well, and took Captain Church's company) where the deserter was. the advantage of mnly opportunities, while they He was a fellow of good sense, and told his story hung by each other's hair, gave him notorious bunts handsomely. He offered Captain Church, to pilot in the face with his head. But in the heat of the him to Philip, and to help to kill him, that he might scuffle they heard the ice break, with somebody's revenge his brother's death. Told him, that Philip coming apace to them, which when they heard, was now upon a little spot of upland, that was in Church concluded there was help for one or other the south end of the miry swamp, just at the foot of them, but was doubtful which of them must now of the mount, which was a spot of ground that receive the fatal stroke —aon somebody comes up Captain Church.was well acquainted with. to them, who proved to be the Indian that had first By that time they were over the ferry, and came taken the prisoner; and witlout speaking a word, near the ground, half the night was spent. The he felt them out, (for it was so dark he could not Captain commands a halt, and bringing the company distinguish them by sight, the one being clothed together, he asked Major Sanford's and Captain and the other naked) lie felt where Mr. Church's Golding's advice, what method it was best to take in hands were fastened in the Netop's hair and with making the onset; but they declined giving him any one blow settled his hatchet in between them, and advice; telling him, that his great experience and thus ended the strife. He then spoke to Mr. Church success forbid their taking upon them to give advice. and hugged him inl his arms, and thanked him abun- Then Captain Church offered Captain Golding the dantly ior catching his prisoner. He then cut off honour (if lie would please accept of it) to beat up the head of his victim and carried it to the camp, Philip's headquarters. HIe accepted the offer and and alfter giving an account to the rest of the friend had his allotted number drawn out to him, and the Indians in the camp how Mr. Church had seized pilot. Captain Church's instructions to him were, his prisoner, &c., they all joined in a mighty to be very careful in his approach to the enemy, and shout be sure not to show himself, until by daylight they 150 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. might see and discern their own men from the ene- now up, and so the dew gone, that they could not my; told him also, thdt his custoil in like cases, easily track them, the whole company met together was, to creep with his comp;any, on their bellies, at the place where the enemy's night shelter was, until they came as near as they could; and that as and then Captain Church gave them the news of soon as the enemy discovered them, they would cry Philip's death. Upon which the whole army gave out, and tlat was the word for his men to fire and three loud huzzas. fall on. le directed him, tllat when the enemy Captain Church ordered his body to be pulled out slould start and take into the swamp, that they of the mire to the upland. So some of Captain should pursue with speed; every man: shouting and Church's Indians took hold of him by his stockilgs, makii g what n'oise lie could; for he would give and some by his small breeches (beil.g otherwise orders to his ambuscade to fire o.i any that should naked) and drew him through the mud to the upcome silently. land; and a doleful, great, inaked, dirty beast lie Captain Church knowing that it was Philip's cus- looked like. Captain Church then said, that forastorn to be foremost il the fiig;t, welnt down to the much as lie ha l caused many an Erglishman's body swamp, and gave Captain Wiiialms of Scituate the to be unburied, and to rot above ground, tlhat nIot command of the right wii:g of the ambush, and one of his bones should be buried. And calling his placed an Englishmall and al Illdiall together behind old Indian executioner, bid him behead and quarter such shelters of trees, &c., as lie could find, and took him. care to place them at such distance, that lnone might ass undiscovered between them; charged them toVID BAINE be careful of themselves, nird of hurting their DAVID BRAIN D. fiiends, and to fire at any that should come silently DAVID BRAIXERD, the missionary to the Indians, through the swamp. But it beii.gsomewhat farther was born at Hladdam, Conn., April 20, 1718. lie through the swamp than lie was aware of, lie want- lost his father, a member of the council of the ed men to make up his ambuscade. colony, when lie was but nine years old, and his Having placed what men lie had, le took Major mother five years after. He early displayed a Sanford by the hand, and said, "Sir, I have so deep sense of religious obligation, combined with placed them that it is scarce possible Philip should escape them." The same moment a shot whistled over their heads, and then the iioise of a gun towards Philip's camp. Captain Church, at first, thought',Ay that it might be sole gun fired by accident; but before he could speak, a whole volley followed, great dread of future punishment. Hle dates his which was earlier than he expected. One of Philip's partial relief from the terrible fears which torgang going forth to ease himself, when lie haid done, mented his existence, from the iight of July 12, looked around him, and Captain Golding thought that 1739; lt lie was throughout life sulject to fits the Indian looked right at him, (though probably it of eep despondency was but his conceit) so fired at hiln; andl upon his September of the sam year, e entered firi:g, the whole company that were with him fired IYale CollSe, er he d evote him f e entere upoil the enemy's shelter, before the Indians had Y C h e e e so time to rise from their sleep, and so over shot them. nestly to his studies that his feeble frane Lroke But their shelter was open on that side next the down under his labor. Iis life was for some swamp, built so on purpose for the convenience of weeks despaired of, but after a long interval of flight on occasion. They were soon in tIe swamp, rest, he was enabled to resume his studies in the and Philip tle foremost, who startit g at the first autumn. Not content with his bodily sufferings, gun, threw his petunk and powderhorn over his his journal shows that lie reproached himself head, catched up his gun, and ran as fast as he could severely for a sinful ambition to stand high as scamper, without any more clothes than his small a scholar. breeches and stockings; and ran directly on two of About this time, Whitefield visited New England. Captain Church's ambush. They let him come fair An excitable temperament lile Brainerd's was within shot, and the Emglishman's gun missing fire, one liely to b affected y te system llicll e he bid the Indian fire away, and lie did so to the introduced. A powerfil religious excitement purpose; sent one musket bullet through his heart throu te col, hich as isconand another not above two inches fiom it. lie fell e upon his face in the mud and water, with his gun tenanced by its heads. Brainerd was overheard under himn. to say that one of the tutors' had no more grace By this time the enemy perceived that they were than a chair;" and was, for this sliglt offence, waylaid on the east side of tile swamp, and tacked expelled from the college. lie afterwards acknowshort about. One of the enemy, who seemed to be ledged his fault of hasty speech, but always felt a great, surly old fellow, hallooed with a loud voice, the unjust severity with which he had been and often called out, "Iootash, lootash." Captain treated. Church called to his Indian, Peter, and asked him, lie immediately commenced the study of divinwho that was that called so? lle answered, that it ity, and in the summer of the same year received was old Annawon, Philip's great Captain; calling a license to preach from the association of minison his soldiers to stand to it, and figlt stoutly. Now ters at Danbury. His ardent desire was to the enemy finding tlat place of tile swamp which bcome a missionary among the Indials, and he was not ambushed, many of them made their escape commenced his labors among a small and nThe mElihat dshot don Philip ran with all wretched community of that race at Kent, on The man that had shot down Philip, ran with all the borders of Connecticut. In November be speed to Captain Church, and informed him of his te borders of Connecticut. In November he exploit, who commanded him to be silent about it received an invitation from the Correspoldents, and let no man more know it, until they had driven at New York, of the Society for Promoting the swamp clean. But when they had driven the Christian Knowledge-an association formned in swamp through, and found that the enemy had Scotland-to become their missionary to the escaped, or at least, the most of them, and the sun Indians. lie accepted the apDointment, after DAVID BRAINERD. 151 some hesitation, arising from his usual over pressed to become the pastor of the pleasant modest distrust of his own ability, and coln- and flourishing village of East Hamlltol, Long menced his labors at Kanaumneek, an Indian village Island. The people of that place represented to about half way between Stockbridge and Albany. him " that he might be useful to them for many His first act was to devote his small patrimony to years, while lie would soon sink under the hardthe support of a young frield in the ministry, ships of his mission,;L the winter he had passed relying himself entirely upon his missionary at Kannluueek abundantly proved."* allowance to supply his simple walnts. His purpose was not to be changed by promise He arrived amo)ng the Indians April 1, 1743, of ease or prospect of death, and he was soon weak in body fromn the consumption, which, after a wearisome journey at his new post, Crossaggravated by exposure, soon after ended his life. waksung, at the Forks of the Delaware. After He found shelter inl the log hut of a poor Scotch- months of diligent and patient labor, he succeeded man, where he lived ol hasty pudding, boiled in converting so!me of the red men to Christicorn, and bread baked in the ashes. Finding this anity. He persualded themn to remove from the residence too far from the Indians, he built, with immediate neighborhood of the whites to a place his own hands, a log hut among their wigwamls. called Cranberry, fifteen miles distant, and form He not long afterwards made a journey to New an independent settlement. He then, believing it Haven, for the purpose of making a humble apo- his duty to seek a new audience, penetrated still logy to the college authorities for his old offence. further into the wilderness, to the Susquehanna. He craved pardon in these humble and self-accus- Tle journey proved too lmuch for his enfeebled ing terms: constitution. He returned to Cranberry exhausted, and after instructing from his chair, and Whereas, I have sail before several persons con- being carried to the place of mleeting to adminiscerning Mr. Whittlesey, one of the tutors of Yale ter tle sacramne t, felt it his duty to seek rest, or, College, that I did not believe he had any more in is own ors, nsu some time in diver grace thal the chair I then leaned uno.l- I humbly sio. confess, that here'n I have sinned against God, anid son t whe e coapelle to halt at Elninbettoacted contrary to the rules of his word, and haves fr s e te ne to injured Mr. Whittlesey. I had no right to make hi bed. He w gratifie wlile here by the thus free with his character, and had no just reason arrival of his brother, on his way to join or sucto say as I dil concerning him. My fault herein ceed hin in his missionary enterprise. was the more aggravated, il that I said this concern- In April, 1747, he at length reached Northing o:ae who was so much my superior, and one that ampton, Massachusetts, where he was receive( I was obllged to treat with special respect and honor, into the family of the Rev. Jonathan Edwards, by reason of the relatioa I then stood ia to the col- afterwards President of Yale College. He vi4ited lege. Such a behavior, I confess, did not become a this place for the purpose of consulting t'e phyChristial; it was takinig too much upon me, and did sician, ther, who ecidted his case to be hopenot savor of that humble respect that I ought to l1ss, but advised the exercise of riding as the have expressel towards Mr. Whittlesey.... I have best means of alleviating his disorder. often reflected on this act with grief; I hope, His frien reco ended to go to Boston, account of the sin of it; and am willing to lie low nthe da ln e to go to Boston, and to be abased before God and rmar for it. I Jerusha, ter of Ewars, a youn humbly ask te forgivees of t he overrorgie of the the lly of eighteen, accomlpanying him, as her college, and of tlie whole society; bit of Mr. Whit- father simply expresses it, "to be hel)ful to him tlesey i:l particular... And whether the governors in his weak anrl low statc."$ of the college shall see fit to remove the censure I He received iluc!l attention in Boston, where lie under or not, or to al1mit me to the privileges I he was for sonme timlne at the point of death. He desire; yet I am willing to appear, if they think fit, was visited by those who sympathized with his openly to ow:l, a:id to humble myself for those mission, and was instrumlental in the collection things I have herein confessed. of funds for the promnotion of its objects. lHe returned to Northaimpton in July, and after But the only conditions which the college great suffering in the final stages of his disease, authorities would off.l-, were, that if he would died on the nlinth of October, 1747. To the last, return and relnain a year under their jurisdiction, his attached and faithful nurse " chiefly attended they might allow him a degree. These terms he him."~ could not accept without relin:luishing his duties, and he conse-ntently did not receive the honors of the institution. * Life of Brainerd, by W. B. O. Peabody, in Sparks's Am. After some months passed at his station, he Biog viiip 3 L t Peibody's Life, p. 356. became conviniced that it was his duty to remove $ Menis of Brainerd. by Edwards, p. 400. to Indians who were not in constant proximity to The brief and bea:tiful career of this young lady is concisely and feelingly given in the following note by her father. the whites, a circulnstance which ilnmpeded and cselv and feeliln3y given il the fo!owing lone by her tther. cumstance wSince this, it hais pleased a holy and sovereign God to take almost neutralized his efforts. Their position near away this my dear child by death, on the 14th of February, the French frontier was al alof a sourcet illes of dis five days, ill the ighttie. refr n w' a.. s oue o. d c eenth year of her age. 5he was a person of much the same tion. If his present charge could be iniduced to spirit with Brainerd. She had constantly taken care of, and remove to Stockbridge, they would be under the attended him il his sic:ness, for nineteen weeks before his care of a pastor who knew their wants ardl w.ould on/I death; devoting herself to it with great delight, because she care of a pastor who knew their wants and would looked on him as aa eminent servant of Jesus Christ. In this do all that could be done for them. This removal time, he had much conversation with her on the things of Brainerdc pni'opsed, and it is a significant l)roof religion; and in his dying state, often expressed to us, her parents, his great satisfaction concerning her true piety, and his of the influence le e had acquired over them that confidence that he should meet her in heaven, and his high they gave a ready assent. opinion of her, not only as a true Christian, but a very eminent This beingarra, te m y wa u y saint: one whose soul was uncommonly fed and entertained This being arranged, the missionary was urgently with things which appertain to the most spiritual, experimen 152 CYCLOPiEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. The society by whom Brainerd was employed interpreter, as, although he bestowed much labor published, in 1746, Mirabilia Dei inter Itdicos;* on the effort, he never thoroughly mastered their or the Rise and Progress of a remarkable Work language. His journal bears no record of his of Grace among a number of the Indians of New bodily sufferings, but we know that he went to Jersey and Pennsylvania. his task with a frame wasted by consumption, and The volume contains extracts from the journal pursued his painful journeys in all weathers, of his labors, forwarded by him, commencing undisturbed by the unmistakable premonitions of with his residence at Crossweeksung, June 19th, death which accompanied his disease. He rode and extending to November 4th, 1749. A second through the woods, raising blood and parched part, entitled Divine Grace Displayed,t cover- with fever, and his rest in the rude hut or wigwam ing the period from November 24th, 1745, to was accompanied by wasting night-,weats, and June 19th, 1746, was published a few months yet, with all this, he was constantly reproaching after. himself for want of exertion. His friend Edwards preached his funeral ser- The diary is not as full as could be desired in mon, and, in 1749, published his life, chiefly relation to his intercourse with the Indians, but composed of extracts from the minute private is sufficiently so to show that he pursued a wise diary kept by Brainerd, in addition to his pub- and judicious course in his ministry. lished journals, throughout his career, the last The pervading spirit of IBrainerd's Journal is entry in it being dated only seven days before his eloquently described by Edwards:death. It is a curious record of spiritual expe- I have had occasion to read his diar'y over and rience, tinged by a me oly temperament, over, and very particularly and critically to review increased by a life which, although an active one, e of I every passage in it; and I find no oi:e instance of a was passed in a great measure in a virtual soli- strong impression on his imagination, through his tude. whole life; no instance of a st ongly impressed idea That his biographer was aware of the dangers of any external glory and brighti.ess, of nny bodily with which a constant study of self is attended, form or shape, any beautiful majestic counteniance. is evident from his citation of the following There is no ima:ginary sight of Christ hanging on passage by Thomas Shepard:- the cross with his blood streanil g fiom his wounds; or seated in heaven on a bright throne, with angels I have known one very able, wise, and godly, put ard saints bo -ig befole -him; or with a counteupon the rack by him, who, envying God's people's arce smiiir! on him; or alrs open to embrace peace, knows how to change.himself into an algel im: Io sight of henaen, in his imagination, with of light, for it being his usual course, i the time gite of pearl, and golden stleets, i:md vast multiof his health, to make a diary of his hourly life, tudes of gloious inhlbitants, with shililg garmelts. and finding much benefit by it, he was in conscience hee is no sight of the book of life open.ed, with pressed by the power and delusion of Satan, to make is name wlitten in it; no hearing of the sweet and take the same daily survey of his life in the music made by the songs of heavenly hosts; no time of his sickness; by means of which, he spent hearing God or Christ immediately speaking to him; his enfeebled spirits, and cast on fuel to fire his o ay sdde suggestions of wordsorsentences -lor aiiy- sudden suggestion.s of words or sentences, sickness. Had not a friend of his convinced him of iter scipture ol any other, as then in-ediately his erroneous conscience misleading him at that spoken or sent to him; no new ob ective revelatime, he had murdered his body, out of conscience tions; no sudden strong suggestions of secret facts. to save his soul, and to preserve his grace. Nor do I finld ay one ilstance in all the records The diary, however, forms a beautiful memo- which he has left of his own life, fronm beginning to rial of a life of self-sacrifice and devotion, of the end, of joy excited from a supposed itmaudiate witpursuit of missionary enterprise among an unim- ness of the Spirit; or inward ilmmediate suggestion, pressible and savage peop)le, whose minds he that his state was surely good, that God loved him could only approach through the imedium of an with an everlastilng love, th;at Christ died for him in particular, and that heaven was Iis; either with or without a text of scripture. There is io instance tal, and distingihinhlg parts of religion: and one who, by the of comfort from any sudden suggestion to his mind, telmper of her milld, was fitted to deny herself for God, and to as though at that very time directed by God to him do good, beyond any young woman whatsoever, whom he knew. She had nameilsted a heart uncommnonly devoted to in articular, of any such texts as these; "Fear God, in the course of her life, many years before her death; not; I am with thee;"-" It is your Fatlier's good and said on her death-bed, that "she had not seen one minute pleasure to give you the kingdom;"-" You have for several vears. wherein she desired to live one minute ot n b I ha ch n "" hv longer, for the sake of any other good in life, but doing goode, b I e osen ou hae living to God. and doing what might be for his glory." called thee by thy name, thou art mine;"-" Before * Mirabilia Dei inter Indicos: or the Rise and Progress of a thou wast formed in the belly, I knew thee," &c. remarkable Work of Grace, among a number of the Indians, in Thele is no supposed communion and conversatio the Province of New Jersey and Pennsylvania; justly represented in a JOURNAL, kept by order of the Honourable Society with God carried on in this way; nor any such supin Scotland for propagating Christian Knowledge; with some posed tasting of the love of Christ. ullt the way in General Remarks; by DAVID BRAINERD, Minister of the Gos- which he was satisfied of his own good estate, evei to pel and Missionary from the said Society: published by thefeelig within Reverend and Worthy Correspondents of the said Society; the entire abolishing of fear, was by feeling within with a Preface by them. himself the lively actings of a holy temper and t Divine Grace Displayed; or the Continuance and Progress heavenly disposition, the vigorous exercises of that of a remarkable Work of Grace among some of the Indians divie love hich csteth out ea.. belonging to the Provinces of New Jersey and Pennsylvania; e love which casteth t lea justly represented in a JOURNAL kept by order of the Honourable Society in Scotland for propagating Christian Know- Edwards's Life was abridged by John Wesley, ledge: with some General Remarks; to which is subjoined an and published in England. A second and smaller Appendix, containing some account of sundry things, and idg was m e by John Style. I 1822, especially of the Difficulties attending the Work of a Mis- abrgmet was mae by John tyles. In sionary among the Indians; by DAVID BRAINER), Minister of the original work was printed at New Haven, the Gospel, and Missionary from the said Society: published with the addition of the Journals published by the Reverend and Worthy Corresponents ot the saidi Mociety. during Brainerd's lifetime, and which were JAMES McSPARRAN. 153 omitted by Edwards as being already accessible tried to serve him; and loved all men, be they who to the public, under the editorship of Serene they would, so as he never did before. He treated Edwarlds wight.s* me with uncommon courtesy, and seemed to be hearty in it. I was told by the Indians, that he INDIAN BUPEBTITION. opposed their drinking strong liquor with all his Ipower; and that, if at any time lie could not disWhen I was in this regiont in May last, I had an suade them from it by all he could say, he would opportunity of learning many of the notions and leave them, and go crying into the woods. It was customs of the Indians, as well as observing many manifest that he had a set of religious notions which of their practices. I then travelled more than an he had examined for himself, a.id not taken for hundred and thirty miles upon the river, above the granted, upon bare tradition; and he relished or English settlements; and, in that journey, met with disrelished whatever was spoken of a religious individuals of seven or eight distinct tribes, speak- nature, as it either agreed or disagreed with his ing as many different languages. But of all the standard. While I was discoursillg, he would somesights I ever saw among them, or indeed any where times say, " Now that I like; so God has taught else, none appeared so frightful, or so near a kinl to me;" &c., and some of his sentiments seemed very what is usually imagined of infernal powers, none just. Yet he utterly denied the existence of a ever excited such images of terror in Ily iirnd, as devil, and declared there was no such creature the appearance of one who was a devout aid zealous known among the Indians of old times, whose reliReformer, or rather, restorer of wnat he supposed gion he supposed he was attempting to revive. He wa: the ancielt religion of the- Indians. He made likewise told me, that departed souls all went southhis appearance in his pontifical garb, which was a ward, and that the difference between the good and coat of boar skins, dressed with the hair on, and the bad, was this: that the former were admitted hanging down to his toes; a pair of bear skin stock- into a beautiful town with spiritual walls; and that ings; and a great wooden face painted, the one half the latter would for ever hover around these walls, black, the other half tawny, about the colour of an in.ain attempts to get in. He seemed to be sinIndian's skin, with an extravagant mouth, cut very cere, honest, and conscientious in his own way, and much awry; the face fastened- to a bear skin cap, according to his own religious notions; which was which was drawn over his head. He advanced more than I ever saw in any other Pagan. I pertowards me with the instrument in his hand, which ceived that he was looked upon and derided among lie used for music il his idolatrous worship; which most of the Indians, as a precise zealot, who made a was a dry tortoise shell with some corn in it, and the needless noise about religious matters; but I must neck of it drawn on to a piece of wood, which made say that there was something in his temper and disa very conve.lient handle. As he cane forward, he position, which looked more like true religion, than beat his tune with the rattle, and danced with all any thing I ever observed amongst other heathens. his might, but did not suffer any part of his body, But alas! how deplorable is the state of the Innot so muoch as his finlgers, to be seen. No one dians upon this river! The brief representation would have imagined from his appearance or actions, which I have here given of their notiols and manthat he could have been a human creature, if they ner, is sufficient to show that they are " led captive had not had some intimation of it otherwise. by Satan at his will," in the most eminent manner; When he came near me, I could not but shrink away and methinks.might likewise be sufficient to excite from him, although it was then noon day, and I the compassion, and engage the prayers, of pious knew who it was; his appearance and gestures souls for these their fellow-men, who sit " in the were so prodigiously frightful. He had a house regions of the shadow of death." consecrated to religious uses, with divers images cut upon the several parts of it. I went in, and found the ground beat almost as hard as a rock, with tHieir JMES McSPAREAN. frequent dancing upon it. I discoursed with him TIE REV. JAMES MICSARRANT, of the church of about Christianity. Some of my discourse he Narraghansett, was one of the pioneer band of seemed to like, but some of it he disliked extremely. English clergymen whose influence is often to be He told me th:t God had taught him his reigiion, noticed in cementing the foundations of Amneriand that he never would turn from it; but wanted can progress. His family was from the north of to fiand some who would join heartily with him in Ireland, having emigrated from Scotland. He it; for the Indians, he said, were grown very dege- had a good classical education, and came a nisnerate and corrupt. He had thoughts, he said, of sionary to Narrahansett, in Rhode Ilan, fom leaving all his friends, and travelli.g abroad, in t raati o te sl i order to n id some who would join with him; for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in order to fi:id some who would join with him; for Fhe ne t year he married he believed that God had some good people some ForeignParts, in 1721. Thenextyearhemarred where, who felt as he did. He had not always, he Mis Harriet Gardner, a lady of the place. He said, felt as he now did; but had formerly been like was intimate with Berkeley during the residence the rest of the Indians, until about four or five years of the Dean at Newport. In 1736, he visited before that time. Then, he said, his heart was very England, and returned with the title of Doctor of much distressed, so that he could not live among the Divinity, froln Glasgow. His pulpit exercises in Indians, but got away into the woods, and lived the church of St. Paul's were of an eloquent chaalone for some months. At length, he says, God racter, if we may judge from the sermon which comfortel his heart, and showed him what he should he delivered on the 15th March, 1740, when war, do; and since that time he had known God, and pestilence, and an unusually protracted and severe winter oppressed the country.* In 1747, he preached an eloquent serlnoll before the conven* Memoirs of the Rev. David Brainerd: Missionary to the preahed an eloent ser n before the conven Indians on the borders of New York, New Jersey, and Penn- ton of the Episcopal clergy, in Trinity Church, sylvania: chiefly taken from his own Diary. By Rev. Jona- Newport, which was printed. lie asserted the than Edwards, of Northampton. Including his Journal, now for the first time incorporated with the rest of his Diary, in a regular Chronological series. By Sereno Edwards Dwight. New-Haven: Printed and published by S. Converse. 1822. * Large portions of the sermon are printed in Updike's Hist Shaunmokung, on the Susquehauna. Narr. Ch. 191-201. 20 154 CYCLOP1EDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. claims of his Episcopal order in another dis- Orion has shut up, bound in bands, and hardened; course which was printed at Newport, in 1751, or freeze and make fast what the Pleiades have The Sacred Dignity of the Christian Priesthood loosed and softei.ed; the first bei g the constellaVindicated. In 1752, he wrote an historical tion, which in the Omnipotent's hands beget and tract of merit, Anmerica Dissected, which was begin the winter; as the other are the oibs that published at Dublin, in 1753. It is in three letters attend the advanlcig Spring. iving an cout of the English Aerican ow many sad rem7embrances do remain, to glingan beginccounllgt o the erTl ud tl and remiind us of the past winter? Ihe husbandman IDon.indons," beginning with the Itermudas and and the omarinler, the rich and the poor, have already Georgia, and proceeding northerly to Newfound- sensibly felt its bad effects, and though the dissolved land.* It was his intuition to publish anl extended rivers have opened their mouths, returned to their history of the colonies, especially of New Eng- channels, and offer their usual administrations to land; and it was supposed he had completed a navigation, fishing anld cqmmerce; yet alas! are not history of the Narraghansett country, but no the cattle now corrupting in the fields, and that such work has been found among his papers. after they have consumed most of the corn that He died at his house, in South Kingstown, Dec. 1, might have maintained us to that time? 1757, having sustained manfully a career of Imany Famimne of food, which though (blessed be God,) difficulties. we do not yet feel, we have, notwitlstaildirg, some reason to fear. Whatever second causes concur to THE COLD WINTER, 1740-. occasion a scarcity of food, nature becomes the hungry man's executioner and tormenter, racking The elements have been armed with such piercing him with an impatient and importunte appetite cold and sutfocating snows, as if God intended the n ther i nothin t allay o relieve it air that lie gave us to live and breathe il should become the instrument to execute his vengeance on us, for our ingratitude to his goodness, and our JONATHAN MAYHEW. transgression of his law. We nlay contemplate to JONATHAN MAYHEW, a great-grandson of Thomas our comfort the wisdom and power of God in the yhe, the first minister at Marth's Vineard, beautiful structure of the heavens, and his wise M t fir sorting of the seasons, for the benefit and delight of was born that sld, where his father - man. But as ino human skill can count the ber ted the minlistry which had been held in his of the stars, nor call them by their names, so exceeds family since tie time of the progenitor of whom we the utmost art of astronomy, for either extreme heat have spoken, October 8, 1720. He was graduated or extreme cold, otherwise than by the distance of with distinction at Harvard, in 1744, and in 1747 the sun; yet what we see have variations and vicis- was ordained pastor of the west church, in Bossitudes that do not always correspond to that cause. ton, where he remained until his death, on the It is no smlall comfort to conlsider God's care to pro- ninth of July, 1766. vide food for the beasts of the field and the fowls of On the 30th January, 1750, he preached a serthe air, and to supply their starving ilmportunity. mon bearing on the execution of Charles I., which And our gratitude grows, as we are assured all this wrs remarkable for its independent views on the is ultimately intended as a kilndness and bounty for duties of rulers an, the limits of allegiance. the souls of mIen. But how, of late, has the grazier In 1763 the Rev. East Apthorpe,* one of the groaned to see the severity of the season, to hear Mi s f So y o o o his herds and his flocks mlaking moan for their meat ssionaries of tle Society r tlhe Ppagation and after a few fruitless comlplainlts uttered in of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, published "Conaccents peculiar to their kind, drop down and die, siterations on the Ilstitution and Conduct of and disappoint the increase and expectation of thie tht society, in reply to an attack upon it which spring. had appeared in a local journal, after the death Wilh what amazement do we behold and can ill of the society's' missionary at Braintree, charging endure God's sudden and intolerable cold, that pro- the association with a departure from its duties ceeds fiom the breath of his nostrils! The snow in supporting a clergyman of the English Church that looks so white, innlocent, anrd light, as if it in a settlement where other provision for religious would bear down and oppress nothing, yet we see instruction had been made. His pamhllllet was it hides and covers the earth fromn the warmth and taken ul by Dr. Mayhew, who published Oblight of the sunl; and thus does also the ice turn servations on the Charter and Conduct of the rivers into rocks, alid the sea (as it were) into dry controversy ensued in hich an land. We see the fluid element, which yielded to g cery tk p h anthe smallest force, become so hard and rigid, that it of te Nw E c i resists the impression of the traveller's foot, anld the cii)ated introduction of bishops naturally heightweight of beasts and burthenls with a firmness ening the warmth of the discussion on both sides superior to the driest land. of the question. Boreas has so far entered into the chambers of the Dr. Mayhew early embraced the popular side south, that he hathl sealed up the sun and inter- in the revolutionary struggle, and took an active cepted his dissolving influence; and southern snows part in the movements which preceded the conare signs of that planet's impotent efforts to regain his usurped dominions. The great luminary that his usurped domimiions. The great lumimmary that * East Apthorpe, the son of Charles Apthorpe, a merchant rules the day, has now advanced and displayed his of Boston, was born in 1733, and educated at Jesus College, banner on this side of the Line, yet so faint are his Camnbidge, England. He was appointed, in 1761, missionary armies, though imnnumerable, and each atom har- at Cambridge, Mass., by the Society for Propagatilg the Gospel iessed in fi.re, that they cannot force the frost to in Foreign Parts. He returned not long after to England; was ed in fe, tt ty c t fe te ft to made vicar of Croydon, in 1765; rector of Bowchurch, London, give ground, nor dissolve the intrenchment of snow. in 1778; and in 179T0, having become blind, exchanged these No arm that is not almighty can melt or open what livings for a prebendary's stall. He passed the last years of his life at Cambridge, England, where he died, April 16, 1816. In addition to his productions on the Episcopal controversy, he was the author of Discourses on Prophecy, at the Warburton * It is printed at the close of Updike's IIist. Narr. Ch. 483- lecture, Lincoln's Inn, 2 vols., London, and an answer to Gib583. bon's account of the causes of the spread of early Christianity. JONATHAN MAYHEW. 155 test, by his discourses and personal influence. His a season of such universal consternation and anxiety sermon on the Repeal of the Stamlp Act, in 1766, among people of all ranks and ages, in these-colonies, as was occasioned by that parliamentary procedure, which threatened us and our posterity with perpel....^^ ~ tual bondage and slavery. For they, as we gene1'^~^li/^'rally suppose, are really slaves to all intents and purposes, who are obliged to labor and toil only for the benefit of others; or, which comes to the same ~i-.X'^^l~l WEthing, the fruit of whose labor and industry may be. IS'. ~ lawfully taken from them without their conse: t, and they justly punished if they refuse to surrender it on..mMB.5<\>:^- A'. A Ademand, or apply it to other purposes than those, which their masters, of their mere grace and plea- sure, see fit to allow. Nor are there Imany American understandings acute enough to distinguish any material difference between this being done by a single person, under the title of an absolute monarch, and done by a far-distant legislature consisting of many persons, in which they are not represented; and the members whereof, instead of feeling, and sharing equally with them in the burden thus imposed, are:~ 6sv^~~ i-s'~ ~ > eased of their own in proportion to the greatness and weight of it. It may be questionel, whether the ancient Greeks or Romans, or any other nation in which slavery was allowed, carried their idea of it,/)]/ ^^= /7 /]/i 1n ~ ^ much farther than this. So that our late apprehensions, and universal consternation, on account of ourselves and posterity, were far, very far indeed, firom being groundless. For what is there in this world more wretched, than for those who were born free, and have a right to continue so, to be made slaves themselves, and to think of leaving a race of slaves behind them; even though it be to masters, shows that he brought all his energy to the service confessedly the most humane and generous in the of his c)untry, and in common with his numerous world! Or what wonder is it, if after groaning other printed discourses, displays vigor of mind with a low voice for a while to no purpose, we at and elocquence length groaned so loudly, as to be heard more than A "4Memoir of the Life and Writings of Rev. three thousand miles; and to be pitied throughout Jonathan Mayhew, D.D., by Alden Bradford," Europe, wherever it is not hazardous to mention appeared at Boston, in 1838. even the name of liberty, unless it be to reproach it, In his theological views he differed from the as only another name for sedition, faction or rebelIn his tneological views he differed from the lion majority of his Congregational brethren, inclining * i o to those of the Unitarians. The REPEAL, the REPEAL, has at once, in a good FROM "THIE SNARE BROKEN," A THANKSGIVING DISCOURSE measure, restored things to order, and composed our PREACHED AT THE DESIRE OF THE WEST CHURCH IN BOSTON, minds by removing the chief ground of our fears. N. E, FRIDAY, MAY 23, 1766; OCCASIONED BY THE REPEAL The course of justice between man and man is no OF THE STAMP ACT. longer obstructed; commerce lifts up her head, Brethren, ye have been called unto LIBERTY; only use not adorned with golden tresses, pearls, and precious LIBERTY for an occasion to the flesh, but by love serve one- A e i ee e another.-AP. PAUL. stones. All things that went on right before are returning gradually to their former course; those that We have never known so quick and general a did not we have reason to hope will go on better trasition from tle depth of sorow to the height of now; almost every person you meet wears the smiles joy, as on this occasion; nor, indeed, so great and of contentment and joy; and even our slaves rejoice universal a flow of either, on any other occsasion thoughthey hd received theirmanumission. Inwhatev ver. It s havery true deed, we hae loveretofore seen liberty in Europe, in the times of great adversity. We have known seasons world, have reason to rejoice; the cause is, in some of drouglt, dearth and spreading mortal diseases; measure, common to them and us. Blessed revoluthe pestilence walking in darkness, and the destruc- tion! glorious change! How great are our obligation wasting at noonday. We have seen wide de- tions for it to the Supreme Governor of the world! vastations made by fire; anid amazing tempests, the He hath given us beauty for ashes, and the oil of heavens on flame, the winds and the waves roaring. gladness for the spirit of heaviness. He hath turned We have known repeated earthquakes, threatening o groans into songs, our mourning into dancing. us with speedy destruction. We have been under He hath put off our sackcloth, and girded us with great apprehensions by reason of formidable fleets gladness, to the end that our tonges, our glory may of an enemy on our coasts, menacing fire and sword ig praises to him. Let us all, then, rejoice in the to all oar maritime towns. We have known times Lord, and give honor to him; not forgetting to add when the French and Savage armies made terrible the obedience of our lives, as the best sacrifice that havock on our frontiers, carrying all before them for we can offer to Heaven; and which, if neglected, a while; when we were not without fear, that some will prove all our other sacrifices have been but capital towns in the colonies would fall into their ostentation and hypocrisy, which are an abominamerciless hands. Such times as these we have tion to the Lord. knovn; at some of which almost every "face ga- thered paleness," and the knees of all but the good andbrave, waxed feeble. Butverhave we known If I maybe indulged here in saying a feble. B ne ew word 156 CYCLOPzEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. more, respecting my notions of liberty in general, not, however, of formidable bulk, being comprised such as they are, it shall be as follows: in a duodecimo of about five hundred pages. Having been initiated in youth in the doctrines They are principally occupied with The Journal of civil liberty, as they were taught by such men as of his fe and travels in the service of the GosPlato, Demosthenes, Cicero, and other renowned p and as the best introduction of the man, we persons amolg the ancients; and such:s Sidney and ceed to some onsideration of this which may Milton, Locke and Hoadley, among the moderns; I emphatically be called a portion of his works. liked them; they seemed rational. Having earlier emphatially be called a portion of his works. still learned from the Holy Scriptures, that wise, "Havin often felt a motion of love to leave brave, and virtuous men were always friends to some hints in writing of my experience of the liberty; that God gave the Israelites a king [or ab-goodness of God," he in the thirty-sixth year of solute monarch] in his anger, because they had not his age addressed himself to the task. sense and virtue enough to like a free commonwealth, and to have himself for their king; that the v Son of God came down from heaven to make us Zar "free indeed;" and that "where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty;" this made me conclude that freedom was a great blessing. Having, also, Ie was born in Northampton, Burlington county, from my childhood up, by the kind providence of West Jersey, in 1720, and before the age of seven my God, and the tender care of a good parent now " began to be acquainted with the operations of at rest with Him, been educated to the love of Divine love. " He remembered sitting down once liberty, though rot of licentiousness; which chaste his way from school, and reading the descripand virtuous passion was still increased in me, as I tion of the new heavens and new earth in the advanced towards and into manhood; I would not, Book of evelation, and by this and like eercise I cannot now, though past middle.ge, relinquish e was reserved from acuiring the habit of using he fair obect of my youthful tio LET he was preserved from acquiring the habit of using whose charms, instead of decaying with time in my ill langage and other evils. eyes, have daily captivated me more and more. I He records an early case of onscience. was accordingly pelletrated with the most sensible was acordhgly pelletrazted with the most siensible A thing remarkable in my childhood was, that grief, when, about the first of November last, that A thing remarkable ni my childhood was, tha day of darkness, a day hardly to be numbered with going to a neigbou s house, I saw, on the the ofther da ohe ear,HEseemedy abouttotae way a robin sitting on her nest, and as I came he her final d eparture fwm A m ericaf, but having young ones flew ugly her g, l d very, thur e frdefor Amed chilca, and to leave'that in about, and with many cries expressed her concern ugly rng, Slavery, the deformed child of Sataln, in for them; I stood and threw stones at her, till one her room. I am now filled with a proportionable striking her, she fel down dead: at first I was degree of joy in God, on occasion of irER speedy re- ed with he exloi at fev minutes turn, with l ew smiles on her face, with augmented eturn, with new smilen s on her face, with augmented was seized with horror, as having, in a sportive way, beauty and splendor.-Once more, then, hail! cc- killed an innocent creature while she was careful. lestial maid, the daughter of God, and, exceptil g for her young: I beheld her lying dead, and his Son, the firstborn of heaven! Welcome to these hougng ones r l se wa shors' w e to e y..,. thought these young ones for which she was so chores a.gain; welcome to every expalnding he art! shores raest; welome to every expus, the delight of careful, must now perish for want of their dam to Long mayest thou reside amon.g us, the delight of nourish them; and after soe painfl considera. the wise, good, and brave; the protectress of inno-tions on the subject I clibed up the tree took all cence from wro:ngs and opprcs so; the patroness of y b a k t s learning arts, eloquence, virtue, rational loyalty, le young brs, and iled the; suposg that learning, aIrts, eloquence, virtue, rational loyalty, better than to leave them to pilne away and die mireligion! And if any miserable people oil the con- religiom! Ad if any mieal pe.l teco-serablly: and believed, in this case, that scripture tinent or isles of Europe, after being weakened by roverb was fulfilled, "The tender mercies of the luxury, debauchery, venality, intestin;e quarrels, or wicked are cruel" Ithen went onmy errand, but other vices, shoulAl, in the rude collisions, or iow- for some hours could think of little else but the uncertain revolutions of kingdoms, be driven, in cruelties I had committed, and was much troubled. their extremity, to seek a safe retreat from slavery Thus He whose tender mercies are over all hia in some far distant climate; let them find, O let T H T t ec a o l in some far distaAt climale; let tlhem find, 0 let works, hath placed a principle in the human mind them find one in America under thy broodi~:g sacred ht pc a pl in th h them find olne in America under thy brooding sacred which incites to exercise goodness towards every wirgs, where our oppressed fathers oiee found it, living creature; and this being singly attended to, and we now enjoy it, by the favor of Him, whose people become tender-herrted and sympatlizing; service is the most glorious freedom! Never, 0 but being frequently and totally rejected, the mind never may Ile permit them to forsake us, for our becomes shut up in a contrary isposition. unworthiness to enjoy thy elivenilg presence! By His high permission attend us through life AND DEATH As he advanced to the age of sixteen, he found to the regions of the blessed, thy original abode, himself losing his childish purity. In his own there to en oy forever the " glorious liberty of the words, " I perceived a plant in me which prosons of God!"-But I forget myself; whither have duced much wild grapes." A fit of sickness, I been hurrieil by this enthusiasm, or whatever else from which I doubted of recovering," brought you will please to call it? I hope your candor will serious thoughts to his mind, and with advancing forgive this odd excursion, for which I hardly know years he became more and more weaned frol the how to account myself world. He remained with his parents, " and wrought JOHN WOOLMAN. on the plantation" until his twenty-first year, u GET," says Charles Lamb, in one of the Essays when " a man in much business at shop-keeping of Elia, " the writings of John Woolman by heart, and baking asked me, if I would hire with him to and love the early Quakers." tend shop and keep books." Accepting this proThe result is not unlikely to follow, even if the posal, his employer furnished a shop in Mount reader stop short of the thoroughness of study Holly, a few miles distant, where Woolman lived recommended. John Woohnan's writings are alone. He was troubled at first by the visits of JOHN WOOLMAN. 157 " Several young people, my former acquaintance, about for a quieter occupation, and settled upon who knew not but varieties would be as agreeable the sedentary calling of a tailor. to me now as ever;" but these gay companions soon " gave over expecting him as one of their I believed the hand of Providence pointed out company." this business for me; and was taught to be content He not long after made his first essay as a with it, though I felt at times a disposition that speaker. would have sought for something greater; but through the revelation of Jesus Christ, I had seen I went to meetings in an awful frame of mind, and the happiness of humility, and there was an earnest endeavoured to be inwardly acquainted with the desire in me to enter deep into it; and, at times, language of the true Shepherd; and one day, being this desire arose to a degree of fervent supplication, under a strong exercise of spirit, I stood up, and wherein my soul was so environed with heavenly said some words in a meeting; but not keeping light and consolation, that things were made easy close to the divine opening, I said more than was to me which had been otherwise. required of me; and being soon sensible of my error, I was afflicted in mind some weeks, without any After"carefully attending meetings for worship light or comfort, even to that degree that I could and discipline," he "found an enlargement of gosnot take satisfaction in any thing: I remembered pel love in his mind," and " therein a concern to God, and was troubled; and, in the depth of my visit Friends in some of the back settlements of distress, he had pity upon me, and sent the Corn- Virginia," and finding that Isaac Andrews had forter: I then felt forgiveness for my offence, and "drawings" of a similar character, the pair started my mind became calm and quiet, being truly thank- on a tour on the twelfth day of the third month, ful to my gracious Redeemer for his mercies; and in the year 1746. He found this journey so satisafter this, feeling the spring of divine love opened, factory, that he seems to have henceforward and a concern to speak, I said a few words in a adopt itineracy as a relar pursuit. meeting, in which I found peace; this, I believe, I 1 h arr a well-inclined damsel," was about six weeks from the first time: and, I was 1 1, he marlied damsel, thus humbled and disciplined under the cross, my Sarah llis I he submitted a tract understanding became more strengthened to distil- against slavery, which he had prepared some guish the pure spirit which inwardly moves upon years before, to the revisal of Friends, who the heart and taught me to wait in silence some- having examined and made some small alterations times many weeks together, until I felt that rise in it, directed a number of copies thereof to be which prepares the creature to stand like a trum- published and dispersed amongst Friends." This pet, through which the Lord speaks to his flock. was a subject on which he spoke and wrote frequently. Anticipating the removal of the sysWe next find him a protester against holiday tem from his own neighborhood, he was equally junketing. desirous of its extinction in all parts of the About the time called Christmas, I observed many country. people from the country, and dwellers in town, At a drafting of militia in 1757, during the who, resorting to public-houses, spent their time in French War, he, with others whom he influenced, drinking and vain sports, tendiig to corrupt one declined to bear armls or hire substitutes. They another; on which account I was much troubled. were told they might return home for the preAt one house in particular there was much disorder; sent, and to be in readiness when called upon. and I believed it was a duty incumbent on me to go The emergency never occurred. Woolman carand speak to the master of that house. I considered ried his scruples still further. I was young, and that several elderly Friends in town had opportunity to see these things; hut On the fourth day of the fourth month, in the though I would gladly have been excused, yet I year 1758, orders came to some officers in Mountcould not fe, my mind clear. Holly, to prepare quarters, a short time, for about The exercise was heavy: and as I was reading one hundred soldiers: and an officer and two other what the Almng'hty said to Ezekiel, respecting his men, all inhabitants of our town, camne to my house; duty as a watchman, the matter was set home and the officer told me, that he came to speak with more clearly; and then, with prayers and tears, I be- me, to provide lodging and entertainment for two sought the Lord for his assistance, who, in loving soldiers, there being six shilling, a week per man kindness, gave me a resigned heart: then, at a suit- allowed as pay for it. The case being new and unable opportunity, I went to the public-house; and expected, I made no answer suddenly, but sat a time seeing the man amongst much company, I went to silent, my mind being inward; I was fully convinced, him, and told him, I wanted to speak with him; that th proceedings in wars are inconsistent with that the proceedings in wars are inconsistent with so we went aside, and there, in the fear and dread the purity of the Christian religion; and to be hired of the Almighty, I exprest to him what reste on my to entertain men who were then under pay as solmind, which he took kindly, and afterwards showed diers, was a difficulty with me. I expected they more regard to me than before. In a few years had legal authority for what they did; and after a afterwards he died, middle-aged; and I often short time, I said to the officer, if the men are sent thought, that had I neglected my duty in that case, here for entertainment, I believe I shall not refuse it would have given me great trouble; and I was to admit them into my house; but the nature of the humbly thankful to my gracious Father, who had c is such, tha I expect I cannot keep them on supported me herein. case is such, that I expect I cannot keep them on supported me herein. hire: one of the men intimated that he thought I On the fifth day of the ninth month he set out might do it consistet with my religious principles; to which I made no reply, as believing silence, at on his first journey, in company with an ancient that time, best for me. Though they spake of two friend, Abrhamll Farrington, and was absent there came only one, who tarried at my house about above two weeks. On his return, "perceiving two weeks, and behaved himself civilly; and when merchandise to be attended with much cumber, the officer came to pay me, I told him I could not in the way of trading in these parts," he looked take pay for it, having admitted him into my house 158 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. in a passive obedience to authority. I was on horse- disgrace arising on my returning without performback when he spake to me; and as I turnel from ing the visit, might have some place in me: thus I )im, he said he was obliged to me: to which I said lay, full of thoulglts, great part of the night, while nothing; but thinking on the expression, I grew my beloved conrpalioai lay and slept by me; till the uneasy; and afterwards being near where he lived, Lord, my gracious Father, who saw the conflicts of I went and told him on wlhat grounds I refused my soul, was pleased to give quietness: then I was taking pay for keeping the soldier.:Igain strengthened to commit my life, and all things l.elating thereto, into his heavenly hands; and getIn 1763 he determined to visit the Indians on ting a little sleep toward day, when mornlilng came the east branch of the Sus(uehanlah, sonle of we arose. whoml he had met at Philadelphia. Some Friends On the fourteenth day of the sixth month, we who had heard of his intention came from that sought out all visited:ll the Indians hereabouts city to him, " so late, that friends were generally t we could meet with; they being chiefly in one gone to bed," to warn him that the Inrdians "had place, about a mile from where we lodged, in all taken a fort frolll the Elglish westward, aid slain perhaps twenty. Here I expressed the care I had on an a rf people ih divers laes, sl my mind for their good; I told them, that true love and scal ped English people in diverslaces, some had made me willing thus to leave my family to near Pittsburg," and of the consequent dangers come and see the Indians, and speak with them in of the journey; but he was not to be deterred, their houses. Some of them appeared kind and and on the following morning set out with two fiiendly. So we took our leave of these Indians, companions and a guide. The journey occupied and went up the river Susquehannah, about three the greater portion of the month of June; and its miles, to the house of an Indian called Jacob Janurecord forms some of the pleasantest portions of ary, who had killed his hog; and the women were our Friend's Journal. We extract some pas- making store of bread, and preparing to move up sages: the river. Here our pilots left their canoe when they came down in the Spring, which, lying dry, We reached the Indian settlement at Wioming: was leaky; so that we, being detained some hours, and here we were told that an Indian runner had had a good deal of friendly conversation with the been at that place a day or two before us, and family; and, eating dinner with them, we made brought news of the India is taking an English fort, them some small presents. Then, putting our bagwestward, and destroying the people, and that they gage in the canoe, some of them pushed slowly up were endeavouring to take another; and also, that the stream, and the rest of us rode our horses: and another Indian runner came there about the middle swimmiilg them over a creek called Lahawahamunk, of the night before we got there, who came from a we pitched our tent a little above it, being a shower town about ten miles above Weh:lloosing, and in the evening; and in a sense of God's goodiess in brought news, that some Indian warriors, from dis- helping me in my distress, sustaining me under tritant parts, came to that town with two English als, and inclining my heart to trust in him, I lay scalps; and told the people that it was war with down in an humble bowed frame of mind, and had the English. a comfortable night's lodging. Our guides took us to the house of a very ancient manll arLi soonI after we had put inl our baggage In 1772, after a long and debilitating sickness, there caine a man from another Indian house sonie having been some time under a religious condistance off; and I, perceiving there was a man cern to prepare for crossing the seas," he made nearthe door, went out; ald he having a tomahawk, preparations to visit England. In consequence of wrapped under his matchcoat out of sight, as I ap- singular religious scruples he'ook passage in the proached him, he took it in his hand; I, however, steerage. went forward, and, speaking to him in a friendly way, perceived he understood some English: my 1 told the owner, that on the outside of that part companion thenl coming out we had some talk with of the ship where the cabbin was, I observed sundry him conlcerning the nature of our visit in these sorts of carved work and imagery: and that in the parts; and then he, going into the house with us, cabbin I observed some superfluity of workmanship and talking with our guides, soon appeared friendly, of several sorts; and that according to the ways of and silt down and smoaked his pipe. Though his men's reckoning, the sum of money to be paid for a taking the hatchet in his hand at the instant I drew passage in that apartment, hath some relation to the near to him, had a disalgreeable appearance, I be- expence of furnishing it to please the minds of such lieve he had no other intent than to be in readiness who give way to a conformity to this world; and in case any violence was offered to him. that in this case, as in other cases, the money reIearing the news brought by these Indian run- ceived from the passengers, are calculated to answer ners, and beig told by the Indians where we every expence relating to their passage, and amongst lodged, thlt what Indians were about Wioming ex- the rest, of these superfluities: and that in this case, pected, in a few days, to move to some larger towns, I felt a scruple with regard to payilg my money to I thought that, to all outward appearance, it was defray such expences. dangerous travelling at this time; and was, after a As my mind was now opened, I told the owner, hard day's journey, brought into a painful exercise that I had, at several times in my travels, seen great at night, in which I had to trace back, and view oppressions on this continent, at which my. heart over the steps I had taken from my first moving in had been much affected, and brought into a feeling the visit; and though I had to bewail some weak- of the state of th3 sufferers. Aid havii g many ness, which, at times, had attended me, yet I could times been engaged, in the fear:ard love of God, to not find that I had ever given way to a wilful dis- labour with tnose under whom the oppressed have obedience: and then, as I believed I had, under a been borne down and afflicted, I have often persense of duty, come thus far, I was now earnest in ceived, that a view to get riches, and provide spirit, beseeching the Lord to show me what I ought estates for children to live conformable to customs, to do. In this great distress I grew jealous of my- which stand in that spirit wherein men have regard self, lest the desire of reputation, as a man firmly to the honours of this world-that in the pursuit of settled to persevere through dangers, or the tear of these things, I had seen many entangled in the spl) JOHN WOOLMAN. 159 rit of oppression; and the exercise of my soul had The natural man loveth eloquence, and many love been such, that I could not find peace in joining in to hear eloquent orations; and if there is not a careany such thing which I saw was against that wis- ful attention to the gift, men who have once ladom which is pure. boured in the pure gospel ministry, growing weary of suffering, and ashamed of appearing weak, may His account of the voyage contains many kindle a fire, compass themselves-about with sparks, humane and sensible suggestions for the better and walk in the light, not of Christ who is under care of sailors, and abounds in devout and well suffering; but of that fire, which they, going from penned reflections. On his arrival in England he the gift, have kindled: And that in hearers, which visited a few meetings of his sect. He refused to are gone from the meek, suffering state, into the travel by stage-coach or receive letters by post, worldly wisdom, may be warmed with this fire, and on humanitarian grounds. speak highly of these labours. That which is of God gathers to God; and that which is of the world As my journey hath been without a horse, I have is owned by the world. had several offers of being assisted on my way in In this journey a labour hath attended my mind, the stage coaches; but have not been in them: nor that the ministers amongst us may be preserved in have I had freedom to send letters by the posts, in the meek feeling life of Truth, where we may have the present way of their riding; the stages being no desire, but to follow Christ and be with him; so fixed, and one boy dependent on another as to that when he is under suffering we may suffer with time, that they commonly go upwards of one hun- him; and never desire to raise up in dominion, dred miles in twenty-four hours; and in the cold but as he by the virtue of his own spirit may raise long winter nights, the poor boys suffer much. us. I heard in America of the way of these posts; and cautioned friends in the general meeting of mi- A few days after writing these considerations, nisters and elders at Philadelphia, and in the yearly- "our dear friend," says the kind hand who conmeeting of ministers and elders at London, not to tinues the record, " came to the city of York," send letters to me on any common occasion by post. where before the sittings of the quarterly meeting And though, on this account, I may be likely to were over, he was taken ill of the sllill-pox. An hear seldomer from my family left behind: yet, for account of his sickness from day to day follows. righteousness' sake, I am, through Divine favour, made content. His disorder appeared to be the small-pox: being He was also troubled about dye-stuffs. asked to have a doctor's advice, he signified he had not freedom or liberty in his mind so to do, standing Having of late travelled often in wet wether wholly resigned to his will, who gave him life, and through narrow streets in towns and villages, where whose power he had witnessed to raise and heal dirtiness under foot, and the scent arising from that him in sickness before, when he seemed nigh unto filth, which more or less infects the air of all thick death; and if he was to wind up now, he was persettled towns; and I, being but weakly, have felt fectly resigned, having no will either to live or die, distress both in body and mind with that which is and did not choose any should be sent for to him: impure. but a young man, an apothecary, coming of his own In these journies I have been where much cloth accord the next day, and desiring to do something hath been dyed; and sundry times walked over for him, he said he found a freedom to confer with ground, where much of their dye stuffs have drained him and the other fiiends about him, and if any away. thing should be proposeIl, as to medicine, that did Here I have felt a longing in my mind, that peo- not come through defiled channels or oppressive pie might come into cleanness3 of spirit, cleanness hands, he should be willing to consider and take, so of person, cleanness about their houses and gar- far as he found freedom. ments. Some, who are great, carry delicacy to a great The disease made rapid and fatal progress. height themselves, and yet the re.ll cleanliness is His last act, " about the second hour on fourth-day not generally promotel Dyes being invented not generally promoted. Dyes being imvented morning," was to call for pen anid inlk, and, being partly to please the eye, and partly to hide dirt, I mrn was to cl fi In a ik, an, being have felt in this weak state, travelling in dirtiness ale to speak write, I believe my being here and affected with unwholesome scents, a strong de- in the wsom of Christ, I know not as to life sire that the nature of dying cloth, to hide dirt, may or deth." be more fully considered. Four hours after, he expired "without sigh, To hide dirt in our garments, appears opposite to groan, or struggle." the real cleanliness. Woolmlan's chief productions, in addition to his To wash garments, and keep them sweet, this ap- Journal, are-Some Considerations on the Keeppears cleanly. ing of Negroes, the tract alleady referred to; Through giving way to hiding dirt in our gar- Considerations on Pure Wisdom and Human ments, a spirit which would cover that which is dis- Policy, on Labour, on Schools, and on the Right agreeable, is strengthened. Use of the Lord's Outward Gifts, 1768; ConsideRell cleanness becometh a holy people: but hid- rations on the True Harmony of Mnnkind, and ing that which is not clean by colouring our gar-how it is to be 1Maintained 1770; Remarks on ments a!pears contrary to the sweetness of sincerity. z to the uar Through some sorts of dyes, cloth is less useful; ry nd onthly Meetings of Fiies, 17 2; and if the value of dye-stuffs, the expence of dying, and A Wo eeb e nd aon to and the damage done to cloth, were all-added to- and A Word of Remembrance and Caution to the and the dmage done to cloth, were all-added to-froi the Remarks on gether, and that expence applied to keep all sweetur etract is taken fro the rks o and clean, how much more cleanly would people be. Sundry Subjects. The journal closes abruptly, a few pages after, Worship in silence bath often been refreshing to with some remarks on eloquence, which have my mind, and a care attends me that a young genemuch of the quality of which they treat, ration may feel the nature of this worsh ip. 160 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. Great expence ariseth in relation to that which is Tennent, and Jonathan Edwards. The missioncalled Divine worship. ary Brainerd was then in the college, and influA considerable part of this expence is applied enced Hopkins. On leaving Yale, he bent his toward outward greatness, and many poor people, way to Edwards, at Northampton, with whom in raising of tithes, labour in supporting customs I he continued his stud'es for some time. He then, contrary to the simplicity that there is in Christ, towardwhom my mindhath often been moved in 1743, was ordained at Sheffield (now Great with pity. Barrington), where he remained for twenty-five In pure, silent worship, we dwell under the holy years-being soon joined by Edwards, in his anointing, and feel Christ to be our shepherd. neighborhood, at Stockbridge. In 1770, he was Here the best of teachers ministers to the several ordained minister of a congregation at Newport, conditions of his flock, and the soul receives imme- which he was compelled to leave when the Bridiately from the Divine fountain that with which it tish took possession of the island. In 1780 he is nourished. returned, and remained there till his death, As I have travelled, at times, where those of December 20, 1803.' He died calmly," says other societies have attended our meetings, and have Whittier, in a tribute to the memory of the man, perceived how little some of them knew of the na- "in the steady faith of one who had long trusted ture of silent worship, I have felt tender desires, in all things in the hand of God.'The language of my heart, that we, who often sit silent in our meetings, may live answerable to the nature of an inward my heart is,' said he,'let God be oined by all things, and the best interest of His kingdom profellowship with God, that no stumbling-block, m intrso through us, may be laid in their way. moted, whatever becomes of me or my interest.' Such is the load of unnecessary expence which To a young friend, who visited him three days lieth on that which is called Divine service, in many before his death, he said,'I am feeble, and canplaces, and so much are the minds of many people not say much. I have said all I can say. With employed in outward forms and ceremonies, that my last words, I tell you, religion is the one the opening of an inward silent worship in this na- thing needful. And now I am going to die, and tion, to me, hath appeared to be a precious opening. I am glad of it. Many years before, an agreement Within the last four hundred years many pious had been made between Dr. Hopkins and his old people have been deeply exercised in soul on account and tried friend, Dr. Hart, of Connecticut, that of the superstition which prevailed amongst the when either was called home, the survivor should professed followers of Christ, and, in support of preach the funeral sermon of the deceased. The their testimony against oppressive idolatry, some, venerable Dr. Hart accordingly came, true to his in several ages, have finished their course in the romise preaching at the funeral from the words flameF. ^ ^^ promise, preachliln at the funeral frolll the words It appears by the history of the Reformation, of Elisha,' My father, my father; the chariots of that, through the faithfulness of the martyrs, tnd the horsemen thereof.' In the burialunderstandings of many have been opened, and the ground adjoining his meeting-house, lies all that minds of people from age to age, been more and was mortal of Samuel Hopkins.'* more prepared for a real, spiritual worship. Dr. Channing, though widely differing from My mind is often affected with a sense of the con- Hopkins in theology, has celebrated the moral dition of those people who, in different ages, have grandeur of the man. Their lpoints of sympathy been meek and patient, following Christ through were a common ardor of independence, shown great afflictions; and while I behold the several by Hopkins in his modification of Calvinism and steps of reformation, and that clearness to which, theory of benevolence. " His system," says through Divine goodness, it hath been brought by Channing, "however fearful, was yet built on a our ancestors, I feel tender desires that we, who generous foundation. He maintained that all sometimes meet in silence, may never, by our con- holiness, all moral excellence, consists in benevoduct, lay stumbling-blocks in the way of others, lence, or disinterested devotion to the greatest and hinder the progress of the reformation in the good. le tauht that sin was introduced into,^ ^ ~ ~ good. He taught that sin was introduced into world. It was a complaint against some who were called the creation, and is to be everlastingly punished, the Lord's people, that they brought polluted bread because evil is necessary to the highest good. to his altar, and said, the table of the Lord was con- True virtue, as he taught, was an entire surrender temr tible. of personal interest to the benevolent purposes of In real, silent worship the soul feeds on that God. Self-love lie spared in none of its movewhich is Divine; but we cannot partake of the t.- ments. The system of Dr. Hopkins was an effort ble of the Lord, and that table which is prepared of reason to reconcile Calvinism with its essential by the god of this world. truths.'t Allen, who has pointed out his modiIf Christ is our shepherd, and feedeth us, and we fications of the Calvinistic theology, with less are faithful in following him, our lives will have an sympathy for his free spirit of inquiry, proinviting language, and the table of the Lord will nounces him " a very humble, pious, and benevonot be polluted. lent man. Humility pervaded his whole conduct. It preserved him from that overb:earing zeal, SAMUEL HOPKINS, which is the offspring of self-confidence and THE author of a System of Divinity, was born pride."' September 17, 1721, in Waterbury, Connecticut. Hopkins early took part in the abolition of the He was educated at Yale College. While at New slave trade, announcing his views on the subject to his congregation at Newpo:t, who were interested in the traffic, and giving to the cause, not Haven, he took part in the religious excitement * whittler's Old Portraits and Modern Sketches, p. 161. ut Discourse at Newsport, 1S36. Works, iv. 342. caused by the preaching of Whitefield, Gilbert $ Dr. Allen's Blog. Dict., Art. Hopkins. WILLIAM LIVINGSTON. 161 merely his arguments, but a liberal contribution wrote an account of the manners and customs of from his limited resources. His Dialogue Con- the Montauk Indians, which has been published cerning the Slavery of the Africans; showing it to be the Duty and Interest of the American States to Emancipate all their Slaves, was pub- lished in 1776, with a dedication to the Continental Congress. /y In literary industry he was of the school of Edwards, having been engaged at times eighteen in the Collections of the Massachusetts Historical hours a day in his studies. His publications are Society.* "H is discourses," says Dr. Dwight, three sermons-Sin through Divine Interposition "though not proofs of superior talents, were an Advantage to the Universe, and yet this no decent, and his utterance in some degree eloExcuse for Sin or Encouragement to it, 1759; quent." He now and then succumbed to strong An Inquiry concerning the Promises of the Gos- drink, but maintained in other respects a good pel, whether any of them are made to. the Ever- character. cises arn Doings of Persons in an Unregenerate WILLIAM LIVINGSTON. State, containing remarks on two sermons by Dr. Mayhe\v, 1765; on the Divinity of Christ,THE Livingston family was founded in America 1768, and several other discourses, embracing by Robert Livingston, the son of a clergyman of points of his peculiar views, which he set forth Teviot, in Roxburgh-hire, Scotland. IIe emisystematically in the System of Doctrines, con- grated about the year 1672, and appears to have tained in Divine Revelation, in 1793. ie wrote soon after filled the office of Secretary to the Comnalso the Life of Susannah Anthony, 1796, and missioners of Albany and parts adjacent. He of lrs. Osborn, 1798, and left sketches of his purchased an extensive tract of land from the life, written by himself, and several theological Indians, which was incorporated into the Manor tracts, published by Dr. West, of Stockbridge, in 1805. SAMSON OCCOM.. SAMSON OccoM, a Mohegan Indian, was born at Mohegan, on the Thames river, Connecticut, about the year 1723. He wandered through the vicinity with his parents, who lived after the' vagrant manner of their tribe, until during a visit to his neighborhood by several clergymen of.. the adljoining settlements, he became subject to religious impressions, and wai induced to devote his future career to the spiritual education of his people. He was at the age of nineteen an inmlate of Mr. Wheelock's school at Lebanon, for the edii- 1 cation of Indians, an institution which led to the foundation of Dartmouth College, whoee he remained four years. In 1748, he taught a school for a short time in New London, and then re- moving to Long Island, again taught a school, and a^r preached a)nrag the Montauk Indians, residing at East Hamlpton, where he eked out a livingr by hunting and fishing, binding books, making _- ^^/ wooden spoons, stocking guns, and working as a cooper. He was regularly ordained, Aug. 29, 1759. In 1766 he was sent by Wheelock with of Livingston, by patent dated July 22, 1686. He Mr. Whittaker, the minister of Norwich, to Eng- cloial a a die land, in behalf of the Indian Charity School, en- sceede to the dowed by Moor. FIrorm February 16, 1766, to f estate anl married Catherine, daughter of Peter July 22, 1767, he preached in various parts of the Val B of Albany, in which city their fifth country, from thrze to four hundred sermons, to child, Willila, was born in November, 1723. A crowded audiences, and received much attention. year of his boyhood was passed with a missionary On his return he remained for some time at ai ong the Molock Indians, during which he acMohegan, and in 1786 removed with a number ired a knowledge of the language andl anners of Indians of that neighborhood to Brotherton of he tribe which was of Mlch service to him near Utica, New York, where a tract of landl had subsequently. In 1737 he entered Yale College, been granted by the Oneidas. He afterwards and aigraluated at the head of hi class in 1741, resided among the Stockbridge Indians, who had stuie i te Cit of New York with Mr s tudems Alexawndtr. Two essw York with re pubbeen previously instructed in Christianity by lJie Alexander. Two essays, whicl he pubEdwards, and received a tract near the lands of is er the signature yro Philole, in the Mobegans, where he died in July, 1792. His - -- ~~ * Wheelock's Brief Narrative of the Indian Charity School. funeral was attended by over six hundred Indi:ns. A letter from the Rev. John Devotion, of Saybrook, to Rev. Occoln published a sermon on the execution Dr. Styles,in closing Mr. Occo's account of the Montank Indians. A.D. 1791. Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., First Series, x. of Moses Paul, at New Hiaven, Sept. 2, 1772, and In0a. 21 162 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. Parker's New York Weekly Post Boy, August 19, 1745, probably his fir.st published colnlio si - tions, on the illode of studying law, lwhich tlheln a -- and now prevails, offended lis instnructor, rand led 1 h w to his withdlrawal to the office of Mcr. Willialn m - Smith, with whom hne clO llpleted his course.;o I i While agstudent he married usai nna daulnllter of Philip French. In 1747 he issued his Poem H s t entitled Philosop]ghic Solitude. IIi 1752, in i- e.. suance of an act of the legislature, lie published I, with Williamf Smith, Jr., the first digest of the Colony Laws; and in the samte year colinaenced I a weekly political and itiscellanieous jour nal of four pages folio, containing essays anRd c,,,' ures- iI: i Lbl- rt Ha ponldence on the model of the Spectatorl, Te o dfe- - endelt Roeflector. It was conducte, s ith spi rit,h aried made a stlr, being on one occasion denounced h firom the pulpit. It entered wnninily into the discussion relative to the religious formetion of the Board of Trustees of King's, afterwards Columbia Liberty Hall. College, seven of whom were, by the act of November, 1751, vesting the funds raise d by lotte- se y. The progress of the Revolution did not, howries for the future institution, to be of the Epis- ever, permit the fulfilment of his long cherished decopal, two of the Dutch, and one (Livingston sire fr rural retirement. In 1774 wselectede a himself) of the Presbyterian denomination s. The delegate to the continental congress. Ice was republication closed in consequence of the outcry elected the following ye:r', but rccldled on the 5th made against it, with the fifty-second number. of June to take commiand as brig:adier-general of In 1754 he published several of a series of the militia of his native state, at Elizzabethtown communications entitled The TWatch Tower, in Point. In 1776 he was elected governor of the Iugh Gaine's Mercury, on the still agitated state. During his administration lie published topic of King's College. In 1757 he is:ued a work, several essays under the signlaturo of Ilortensius, first published in London, entitled, A weview of' in the New Jersey Gazette, a ptaper established to the Military Operations in Xorth Americ, from oppose Rivington's Royal G:azette, whichl was the commencement of Freaich hostilities on the especially virulent against the "Don Quixote of frontiers of Virginia in 1753, to the surrender of the Jer-eys," as it unceremoniously styles the Oswcego on the 14th April, 1756, in a Letter to a Governor. lIe also wrote under' the same signatnobleman. It wanu -.v:- ften in defence of Go- ture, in 1779, in the United States Magazine, lubvernor Shirley. In the same year lie published a lished in Philadelphia, but soon after ascertaining funeral eulogium on the Rev. Aaron Burr, Pre- that several mnembers of the Legislature had exsident of the College of New Jersey. In 1758, pre-se "their dissatisfaction, that the chief Livingston was elected fron his brother's Illanor magistrate of the state should contribute to the a mnember of the Assembly, as a representative of periodicals, he discontinued his omlnunications the oppodtion to the De Lancey or church party, altogetheGl." which the King's College controversy Iead con- Governor Livingston's correspondence shows the tributed to form. In 1765 lie publlishled l series hi-gh estilation in which his services to the nation of E-says entitled The Sentinel, in Iolt's New throughout tle war were appreciated by WAash York Weekly Post Boy. One of the most striling ington and his fellow patriots, and the repeated of these is entitled, A Niew Serzoon to r n Old attempts made by the enemy to surround his house Text. Touch not mi:;e anointed; in which Iris andl capture Iris person, bear a l:lke honorable design is to sshow that the "anointed" are not the testinllony to his efficiency. Ile siupported not monarchs but the people. These extenlded to only tl-le military, but what was perhaps inore twenty-eight numbers. His next publication was i are, the financial measures of Congress, declining, a pamphlet on the proposed Allerican Episcopate, on one occasion, to appoint an individiual to the in answer to sonle strictures on the colonies by office of postllaster on the ground( that lie had the Bishop of Llandlaff. He also wrote some of refused to take continental illoney. In 1785 he the arrticles on the soame subject whic'h Ippeared was elected Minister to the Court of Ilolland, but under' the title of The American WIiig, in the declined tile appointment. In the next year lihe New York Gazette. This sutject was one fiercely resumed his ca!ntributions to the press Illller contested in New York and Philadelphia, as well tile title of The Primitive Whig, in Collins's as New England. The opposition to tile leasurlle New Jersev Gazette. In 1787 he exerted!lilllwas bsrsed on political jealousy of a union of self in obtaining materials for Morse's (eochurch and state, which it was feared would follow graphy, and in correcting the sheets of tle work, the introduction of bishops, i-lore than on sectal- which appeared at Elizabethltown, 178'9, withl rian grounds, a fact proved by the unopposed a dedication to the governor. In 1787 lie was.establishment of tlhe Amnerican Episcopate after ailso appointed a delegate to the Federal Conthe revolution. In 1770, Mr. Livingston pub- vention. -le was an active nmember, thouglh not lished A Soliloquy, a pamlphlet reflecting se- a prol ninentdebater, of that body. InJunle, 1790, verely on Governor Colden. In 1772 lie retired lie was attacked by a dropsy, wlliclh put an end to a country-seat, to which lhe gave tle genial to his life, while still governor of thle state, oa nalme of Liberty Hall, at Elizabethtown, New Jer- Sunday, July 25, 1790. WILLIAM LIVINGSTON. 163 In his private, Livingston maintained the high Ye meads, that aromatic sweets exhale! tone of his public life. His intercourse with his Ye birds, and all ye sylvan beauties, hail I numlrous familv, and with those about hil, was Oh how I long with you to spend my days, kindly and simple. He retained his love of rural Invoke the muse, ard try the rural lays I pursuits throughout his official career, and in the o trumpets tre with martial clangor sound, words of Brissot, who mentions him in his travels No prostrate heroes strew the crimson ground; in 1788, was " at once a writer, a governor, and No groves of lances glitter in the air, a ploughlman." Nor thund'ring drums provoke the sanguine war: In person Governor Livingston was tall, and so But white-rob'd Peace, and universal Love thin as to have been called by "some felnale Smile in the field, and brighten ev'ry grove: wit," the "whipping post." A Memoir by There all the beauties of the circling year, The )dore Sedgwick,* was pul)lished in 1833. It In native ornamental pride appear. c:ntains numerous extracts from his correspond- Gay, rosy-bosom'd Spring, a:d April show'rs, elice, and is adllmirably executed. Wake, from the womb of earth, the rising.flow'rs; In deeper verdure, Summer clothes the plain, And Autumn bends benieath the golden grain; TIE RETREAT.' The trees weep amber; a.d the whispering gales FROM TIE POEM, PIIILOSOPHIC SOLITUDE Breeze o'er the lawn, or murmur through the vales: Let ardent heroes seek renown in arms, Tlhe flow'ry tribes in gay confusion bloom, Pant n:fer fame, and rush to war's alarms; Profuse with sweets, and fragrant with perfume; To shining pal:aces let fools resort, On blossoms blossoms, fruits on fruits arise, And dunices cringe, to be estee n'd at court; Ard variel prospects glad the wa:;d'rir;g eyes. Mine be the pleasure of a rural life, In these fair seats, I'd pass thle joyous day, From noise remote, and ig lorant o' strife; Whe:e meadows flourish, and wlhe;'e fields look gay; Far from the painted belie, and white-glov'd beau, From bliss to bliss with e.ldless pleasure rove, The lawless masquerade, and midniigit show: Seek crystal streams, or haunt the vernal grove, Fom liadies, lap-dogi, co-lrtiers, g:llters, stars, Woods, fouatai;ns, lakes, the fertile fields, or shades, Fops, fiddlers, tyraits, emperors, and czars. Aerial mountains, or stubacent glades. There from tlhe polish'd fetters of the great, Full in the centre of some shady g-ove, Triumplhal piles, aid gilded rooms of stateBy nature forn'd for solitude and love: Prime ministers, and sycophantic knaves, On b'lnks array'd with ever-bloonmig flowers, Illustrious villains, and illustrious slaves, Ne.ar beauteous la,.dscapes, or by ioseate bowers, From all tile vain formality of fools, My nent, but-simple manisio l I wolild raise, And odious talk of arbitrary rules: Unlike the s:umptuous domes of modern days; The ruffli:ig cares, which the vex'd soul annoy, Devoid of pomp, witl ru:ral pl:iniless fo:nm'd, The wealth the rich possess, but not enjoy, With savage gnme, anrd g.ossy slhells adorn'd. The visionary bliss tlhe world c:.a lend, Th' insidious foe, aid flse, desigiiiig friend, No costly furniture should g-ace my hall; Tie seve-f-l fy of Xltippe' soll But curling vines astend ag-ti ist,he wall, I Bult curling vinies a eind gistirewallAnd S-'s rage, t;lat buri's without controul; Whose pliant branches sllolld luxuriant twine, l r ete ad serene Wile purple clusters swelld witli future wine:, To slake my thirst a liqiid la,,se distilogot, ukow ue d useen. From craggy rocks, and spread a limpid rill. FAVORITE nOOKs. Along my mansion, spiry firs should grow, Bt to impoe the iltelletllal mild, Arid gloomy yews exteinrl tie shadly row: Reading should be to cortemplatioal joid, -t' Y Readig shotild be to conteml)latio- join'd. Tlhe ccdars flor rsh, adid the popla':s rise, TSle cmdarls flourish, aid tie otit rise, First I'd collect froln tile'Parrassian spring, Sublimely tall, and shoot inrte the skies: ASublirrelyn taell, avide shoot into tire skies: pWhat muses dictalte, and what poets si; g.Auriritg the leaves, reflreshilnlg zephyrs plal~y,' Virgil, as priiice, shiou'd wear the laarel'd crown, And crowding trees exelude the noo i-tide ray; Aid other blrds pay horlage to his throne; Wlereo-l the birds their d,,w.y nests should form, e blood of he. oes o eir^ s log Securely shelter'd fro nl the baittering storm; Will rum foeve' purple th io' his song And to melodious notes their choir apply, ee! ow le mounts toward tie blest abodes, Soon a, Aurora blush'd alo g the sky: Sooll as Aullolra bllnsh'd alo g tlre sky: Onl pla;iets rides, alid talks with demigods! Whlile nll arouri.l th' encliariti.ig music riings, HIow do our ravisll'd spirits rrlelt awvly, And ev'ry vocal grove responsive sings. wherl ill ris so g icliln sllephcds play! Me to sequester'd seC!lee ye muses guide, Burt wlat a spleldor strikes tlhe dazzled eye, Where natrtire wa toiis ili her virgi i pride; Wilen Dido shines in awful majesty! To m)ssv b inks, edg'd rorid wit!l op'nilng flowers, Emlb.oidered purple clad the Ty;ian queen, Elysian fields;and amarallthi;ie bowers, Her ilmotion g-acefal, arnd a'igust hert mien; To ambrosial founlts, aild sleep-inlspiring rills, A gollen zo.ne her royal linibs embrac'd, To lerbag'd vales, gay law.is, land su:ily hills. A gollea quiver rattled by her waist. See her proud steed majestically prance, Welcome, ye shades! a'l hail, ye vernal blooms! Co;temn the trunlpet, anld deride the launce! Ye bow'ry thickets, and prophetic glooms! Ii crimson trappings, glorious to behold, Ye forests, hail! ye solitary woods! Confus'dly g.ay with irterwoven gold! Love-whispering groves, and silver-streaming floods: He champs the bit, and throws thte foam around, Impatient paws, anrd te:lrs the solid ground. How stern LEneas thunders thlro' the field! * A Memoir of the Life of William Livingqton, Member of With tow'rliig helmet, ald refulgenlt shield! Congress in 1774. 175. and 1776: De!ezate to the Federal Con- Coursers o'erturn'd, anld mighty warriors slain, vention in 1787, and Governor of the State of New Tersey from Defo:'rr'd with gore, lie welt'ril:g on the plain 1776 to 179;), with extracts from his correspondeince, and no- Struck thg' with wounds, ill-fted c ieftans ie, tices of various rnehersofhisfamily. By Theodore Sedgwick, Struck thro'g i with w(nds, ill-fted chieftans lie, lun. New York. 133. Frown e'en in death, and threarte3.as they die. 164 CYCLOPA:DIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. Thro' the thick squadrons see the hero bound! Who scorns th' applause of the licentious stage (His helmet flashes, and his arms resound!) And -mounts yol sparkling worlds with hallow'd All grim with rage, he frowns o'er Turnus' head, rage, (Re-kindled ire! for blooming Pallas dead) Compels my thoughts to wing th' heav'nly road. Then in his bosom plung'd the shining blade- And wafts my soul, exultirg, to my God: The soul indignant sought the Stygian shade! No fabled nine, harmonious bard! inspire Thy raptur'd breast with such seraphic fire; The far-fam'd bards that grac'd Britannia's isle, But prompting angels warm thy boundless rage, Should rext compose the ve::ernble pile, Direct thy thoughts, and animate thy page. Great Milton first, for tow'ring thought renown'd, Blest mal! for spotless sanctity rever'd, Parent of song, and fam'd the world around! Lov'd by the good, and by the guilty fear'd; His glowirg breast divine Urania fir'd, Blest man! from gay, delusive scenes reinov'd, Or God himself th' immortal bard inspir'd, Thy Maker loving, by thy Maker lov'd, Borne on triumphant wings he tnkes his flight, To God thou tun'st thy consecrated lays, Explores all heaven, and treads the realms of light; Nor meanly blush to sing Jehovah's pr:ise. In martial pomp he clothes th' a:gelic train, Oh! did, like thee, each laurel'd bard delight While warir:g myriads shake the etherial plain. To paint Religion in her native light, First Michael stalks, high tow'rirg o'er the rest, Not then with plays the lab'ring press would groan, With heav'nly plumage noddi; g on his crest: Nor Vice defy the pulpit and the throne; Impenetrable arms his limbs i.16old, No impious ihymers charm a vicious age, Eternal adnmant, anrd buriring gold! Nor prostrate Virtue groan beneath their rage; Sparkli: g in fiery mail, with dire delight, But themes divine in lofty numbers rise, Rebellious Satan animates the fight: Fill the wide earth, and echo thro' the skies. Armipotent they sink in rolling smoke, All heav'n resounding, to its centre shook. These for delight. For profit I would read To crush his foes, and quell the dire alarms, The labour'd volumes of the learned dead. Messiah sparkled in refulgent arms: Sagacious Locke, by Providence design'd, In radiant panoply divinely bright, To exalt, instruct, and rectify the mind. His limbs incas'd, he flash'd devourirg light: The unconquerable sage* whom virtue fir'd, On burnii:g wheels, o'er heav'n's crystallile road And fiom the tyrant's lawless rage retir'd, Thunder'd the chariot of the filial God; When victor Caesar fieed unhappy Rome The burnii:g wheels on golden axles turn'd, From Pompey's chains, to substitute his own. With flamii g gems the golden axles burn'd. Lolnginus, Livy, fam'd Thucydides, Lo! the apostate hosu, with terror struck, Quintili:an, Plato, and Demost!,heles, Roll back by millions! Th' empyrean shook! Persuasive Tully, and Corduba's sage,j Sceptres, and orbed shields, and crowi.s of gold, Who fell by Nero's unrelentir.g rage; Cherubs and seraphs in confusion roll'd; Him:n whom ui grateful Athens doom'd to bleed, Till from his hand the triple thunder hurl'd, Despis'd when living, and deplor'd when dead. Compell'd them, head-lo.g, to th' ilfernal world. Raleigh I'd read with ever fresh delight, Wlhile ages past rise present to my sight: Then tuneful Pope, whom all the nine inspire, All man unblest! he foreign realms explor'd, With sapphic sweetness, and pid.ldaric fire, Then fell a victim to his country's sword! Father of verse! melodious and divie.e! Nor should great Delrham pass neglected by, Next peerless Milton should distil gnitl'd shine. Observant sage! to whose deep-piercil:g eye, Smooth flow his numbers, when lie paints the grove, Nature's stupendous works expanded lie. T1l' enraptur'd vilgins list'nil.g into love. Nor he, Britannia, thy unmatch'd renown I But when the night, and hoarse-resounding storm (Adjudg'd to wear the philosophic crown) Rush on the deep, and Neptune's face deform, Who on the solar orb uplifted rode, Rough runs the verse, the son'rons numbers roar, And scann'd the unfathomable works of God! Like the hoarse surge that thunders on the shore Who bound the silver planets to their spheres, But when he sings th' exhilarated swain;s, And trac'd the elliptic curve of blazing stars! Th' embow'ri. g groves, and Wildsor's blissful plains, Immort.ll Newto.n; whose illustrious name Our eyes are ravish'd with the sylvan scene, Will shine on records of eternal fame. Embroider'd fields, and groves in livil g green: His lays the verdure of the meadls pro.o. g, A WIFE. And wither'd forests blossom in Iis so g. By love directed, I would choose a wife, Thames' silver streams his flowi. g verse admire, To improve my bliss, and ease tlhe load of life. And cease to murnur while he tunles his lyre. Hail, wedlock! hail, inviolable tye! Perpetual fountain of domestic joy I Next should appear great Dryden's lofty muse, P f f j exFort should Dapper great Dpoidens lofty muse, Love, friendship, honour, truth, and pure delight For whol would Drydell's polishll'd *velse refuse? Harmonious milgle in the nuptill rite His lips were moisten'd in Parnassus' spring, H nio mie te nuptial r And Phoebus taught his laureat son to sig In Eden first the holy state began, t Y u t t ]s ]t sn t ~sing -*VWhlen perfect innocence distigt lish'd man; How loing did Virgil unltranslate l moan, The human pair, the Almighty pontiff led, His beauties fadiig, and his flights unknown; Gay as tle morniIg the blAlal bed, Till Dryden rose, and. in exalted strain, Gay as the mornig, to the bridal bed; Ti11 D~ryden I^ose, and. mn exalted st~~~zin, A dread solemnity the espousals grac'd, Re-sang the fortune of the god-like mian! Angels the witnesses. and God the priest I Again the Trojan prince, with dire delight, All earth exulted on the nuptial hour, Dreadful in arnms, demands thie hiig'i i-.g fight: And voluntary roses deek'd the bow'r; Again Camilla glows with martial fire, The joyous birds on every blossom'd spray, Drives armies back, and makes all Troy retire. Suig hymeneans to the important day, With more than native lustre, irgil shines, ile Philomela swell'd the spousal song And gains sublimer heights in Dryderi's lines. And Paradise with gratulatioin rung. The gentle Watts, who strings his silver lyre To sacred odes, anld heav'n's all-ruling Sire; * Cato. t Seneca. Socratesa JAMES OTIS. 16 Relate, inspiring muse! where shall I find The flatt'ring coxcomb, and fantastic beau, A blooming virgin with an angel mind? The fop's impertinlence she should despise, Unblemislh'l as the whlte-rob'd virgin quire Tho' sorely wounded by her radiant eyes; That fed, O Rome! thy consecrated fire? But pay due rev're ice to the exalted mind, By reason aw'd, ambitious to be good, By learning polish'd, and by wit refin'd, Averse to vice, and zealous for her God? Who all her virtues, without guile, commends, Relate, in what blest region can I find And all her faults as freely repiehends. Such bright perfections in a female mind? Soft Hymen's rites her passion should approve, What. plhenix-woonan breathes the vital air And in her bosom glow the flames of love: So greatly good, and so divinely fair? To me her soul, by sacred friendship, turn, Sure not the gay and fashionable train, And I, for her, with equal friendship burn: Licentious, proud, immoral, and profane; In ev'ry stage of life afford relief, Who spend their golden hours in antic dress, Partake my joys, and sympathize my grief; Malicious whispers, and inglorious ease. Unshaken, walk in Virtue's peaceful road, Nor bribe her Reason to pursue the mode; Lo! round the board a shining train appearsd a e sant os rs ae forgiv n osybeatyan inprie oyers Mild as the saint whose errors are forgiv'n, In rosy beauty, and in prime of year! Calm as a vest:ll, and compos'd as heaven. This hates a flounce, and this a flounce approves, This be the p:rtler this the lovely wife This shows the trophies of her former loves; Th should embellish and prolog my life, that Sylvia drest in g.een, That should embellish and prolong my life, Polly avers, that Sylvia drest in green, Polly avers, that Sylvia drest in green, A nymph! who might a second fall inspire, When last at church the gaudy nymph was seen; And fill a glowing cherub with desire! Chloe condemns her optics; and will lay With her'd spend the pleasurable day'Twas azure sattin, interstreak'd with grey; While fleeting minutes gayly danc' aay: Lucy, invested with judicial power, With her I'd walk, delighted, o'er the green, Awards'twas neither,-and the strife is o'er blooming mead, and ru ene Thro' ev'ry blooming mead, and rur,',l scene~ Then parrots, lap dogs, monkeys, squirrels, beaux, O sit in open fields damask'd with flow'rs, Fans, ribands, tuckers, patches, furbeloes, Or where cool shades imbrown the noon-tide bow'rs In quick succession, thro' their fancies run, Imparadis'd within my eager:rms, And dance incessant, on the flippant tongue. I'd reign the happy monarch of hercharms; And when, fLatigu'd with ev'ry other sport, Oft on her panting bosom would I lay, The belles prepare to grace the sacred court, And in dissving aptures melt away; Thy marshal all their forces in arraly, Then lull'd, by nightingales, to balmy rest, To kill with gl:nces, and destroy in play. My blooming fair should slumber at my breast. two skilful imaids with revereltial fear, In wanton wreaths collect their silken hair; CONCLUSION. Two paint their cheeks, and round their temples And when decrepid age (fail mortals' doom) pour.Should bend my wither'd body to the tomb, The fragrant unguent, and the ambrosial shower; No warbling syrens should retard my flight One pulls the shape-creating stays; and one To heavenly maisions of unclouded light. Encircles round her waist the golden zone; Tho' Death, with his imperial horrors crown'd, Not with more toil to improve immortal charms, Terrific grinr'd, and formidably frown'd, Strove Juno, Venus, and tle queen of arms, Offences pardon'd and remitted sin, Whel Priam's son adjudg'd the golden prize, Should fom a calm serenity within: To the resistless beauty of the skis. Blessing my natal and my mortal hour, At length, equip'd in Love's enticing arms, (My soul committed to the eternal pow'r) With all that glitters, and with all that charms, Inexorable Death should smile, for I The ideal goddesses to churlch repair. Who knew to live, would never fear to die. Peep thro' the fan, and mutter o'er a pray'r, Or listen to the organ's pompous sound, JAMES OTIS, Or eye the gilded images around; Or, deeply studied in coquettish rules, TnE first writer of the Revolution, was born in Aim wily glances at unthinking fools; Barnstable, Feb. 5, 1724. He was prepared for Or show the lily hand with graceful air, Harvard College by the Rev. Jonathan Russell, Or wound the fopling with a lock of hair: and graduated in 1743. Eighteen months after And when the hated discipline is o'er, lie commenced the study of law in the office of And misses tortur'd with repenlt, no more, Jeremiah Gridley, and was admitted in 1748, at They mount the pictur'd coach; and, to the play, Plymouth, where he resided. Two years after he The celebrated idols hie away. removed to Boston. His practice soon became Not so the lass that should my joys improve, extensive. In 1755, he married Miss Ruth CunWith solid friendship, and connubial love: ninghain, the daughter of a merchant of Boston. A native bloom, with intermingled white, In 1760, he was engaged in the famous case of Should set her features in a pleasing light; the Writs of Assistance-a new regulation introLike Helen flushing with unrival'd charms, duced by the English government, by which the When raptur'd Paris darted in her arms. courts were called upon to protect the officers But what, alas! avails a ruby cheek, of the customs in forcibly entering and searching A downy bosom, or a snowy neck! the premises of merhants in quest of dutiable Charms ill supply the want of innocence, Charms ll supply the want of innocence, goods. Pending the application to the Superior B ut in her breast let morinsic excellence: Court for these writs, Sewell, the chief justice, But in her breast let moral beauties shine, Supernal grace and purity divine: died, and Lt. Gov. Hutclinson was appointed his Sublime her reason, and her native wit successor. The elder Otis condemned this multiUnstrain'd with pedantry, and low conceit: plication of offices in the hands of one person, and Ier fancy lively, and her judgment free this opposition and the future proceedings of From female prejudice and bigotry: himself and son have been charged against lthem Averse to idol pomp, and outward show, as instigated by revenge, he having expected the 166 CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. office himself. The charge is branded as an originally the whole people; that they might have " execrable lie" I)y John Adams. Otis defended devolved it on wlhom they pleased: that this devothe merchants ill this case, a:d with success. lution is fiduciary, for the good of the whole: that "Americaln Inldependence was then and there by the Biitish constitution, this devolutionl is on the born."* Iis sI)eec!l was widely circulated, and kilg, lords, ald coorlos, the supreme, sacred, and its author was electcd to the S:ate Legislature il uicoiitdlllble legislative power, not only iil the Ritsa 1a o. w 1 17 t2 he uutlishile a L illtlet, I. realm, but throrugh the dominions: that by the May, 1761. In 1762, he published a lamplhlet, tbdication, the originl compact was broken to entitled A Virldication ofj M]e Covdc'e of the a. LI entitled A Vindication o he Codc f pie! es; that by the revxolution it was renewed, and House of' Reprcsentatives. It was a (lefence of more firlily establisled, and the riglts aid liberties an address to the governor ill answer to Iris of the subeet in all parts of the dominions more message announcing an addition to the arm:mnelt fuilly explail;ed anld coifirmed: that in conse:juence of the Massachusetts sloop (i small matter in of this establishment aid the acts of succession and itself, but involving the principle of the expendi- union, his lMa!esty George III. is lighitfuil kinig and ture of the public money without the action of sovereign, anld with his parlialment, the snul)eme the legislature). This address, drawn up by Otis, legislative of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, contained the following passage: "It would be of alld the dominions tliereunto belongirg: that this little cosqenet hepolwehrhyco nstitution is the most fiee ore, anl by far the were subject to George or Loni, the king of etig eath: tat by ts co tGreat Britain or the French kinr, if both were tn, every a i the oiios is a free mal: that arbitrary, as both would be, if both colll levy no prLt of his Majesty's domirilorls cal be txlsed arbitrary,~ as -otL -.-tA i.woithout tlheir co isent: that every part has a right taxes without Parliament." A member cried out w t tei c that eey t a "' treason." awhen it +was renald, but tire addiress to be represented ill the supi eme or sotme suborditreasons when it a was r ead, but tlle address n ate legislature, that thle refusal of this would seem was passed by a large majority. IIow many to be a coatradietion in practice to the theory of the volumles," says John Adams, "are concentrated constitutio,,: that tie colonies are subordilnate in this little fugitive pamlphlet! Look over the dominions, and are now in such a state, as to make Declarations of Rights and Wrongs, issued by it best for the good of the whole that they should Congress in 1774. Look into the Declaration of not only be contilue(l in the enjoyment of subordiIndependence in 1776. Look into the writings nate legislation, but be also represented in some proof Dr. Price and Dr. Priestley. Look into all tie portion to their number and estates in tile grand ~French constitutions of govetrnment, and, to cap legislation of the ination:: that this would firmly the climax, look into Mr. Thomas Paine's Corn- ulite all pamts of tile Biitisi empire, il the greatest mnon Sense, Crisis, and Rights of Man; what peace arid plosperity; ald render it invulnerable can you find thlnt is not to be found in solid sub- d pepetual. stance in this Vindication of the House of Repre- Otis was elected to the first or Stamp Act Consentatives2" gress, but after tlhe publication of his last work ^^~....^^ ~ took a less prominent part in public debate. Sept. 4, 1769, lie published al advertisement __lS _ r X.in the Boston Gazette, denounciong the comlimis-..... - -: sioners of the customs lwho had sent over to England false and libellous charges against him. The.next evening he met Robinson, one of these persons, in a coffee-hlouse. An alter otion ensued, 1 yv / R obinson struck himi with a cane, Oti returned the blow, was attacked l)y a nlumnber of Robinson's adherents, and received a severe wound in "'"'~ I.the head —which is generally supposed to have led to the insanity which soon after imade its appearance, and inclpaccitated him for future public or I)rofessional exertilo. He brought an action against Robinson, and recovered ~2000 danages, which he refused to accept. He retired firoma the leoislature in 1770, and was re-elected in 1771, but (liI not take any important part in ia. \''' /' tthe debates. He withdrew the samile year, and passed the remainder of his life at Barnlstable and Andover, where he was struck by lightning, May 0I 7 ^ 23, 1783, alnd (lied inlstalntaneously. His life has y97F'&'~~ 6^<^^ + ibeen written by William Tudor.* ADVANTAGES OF REPRESENTATION. In 1764, Otis's Rights of the British Colonies A representation in Parliament from the several Asserted and. Proved, a pamphlet of 120 pages colonies, since they are become so large and unime8vo., appeared. Its argument is given with'OUs, as to be caled o Ilot olly to maintain admirable concision in the sumrmlary near its provincial government, civil and military, anloing close. themselves, for this they have cheerfuily done, but to contribute towards the support of a nlational The sum of my argument is, that civil govern- standing army, by reason of the heavy national'ment is of God, that the administrators of it were debt, when they themselves owe a large olne, con* John Adams. * Life of James Otis, of Massachusetts. Boston, 1823. JAMES BOWDOIN. 167 tracted in the common cause, cannot be thought an to be " both ingeniolu and solid,"-adding, " when'nreasonable thing, nor if asked, could it be called we can account as satisfactorily for the electrificaan imlmodest request. Qui sentit cominoduim sentire tion of clouds, I think that branch of natural philodebet et onus, has been thought a maxim of equity. sophy will be nearly complete." But that a man should bear a burthen for other In a subsequelit letter,Bowdoin suggested a theory people, as well as himself, without a return, never in regard to the luiniaousness of water under certain long found a place in any law-book or decrees, but circumstances, ascribing it to the presence of minute those of the most despotic princes. Besides the phosphorescent animals, of which Franklin said, in equity of an American representation in parliamenlt, his reply, (13th Dec. 1753,)-" The observations you a thousand advantages would result from it. It made of the sea water emitting more or less light in would be the most effectual means of giving those different tracts passed through by your boat, is new, of both countries a thorough knowledge of each and your mode of accounting for it ingenious. It is, other's interests, as well as that of the whole, which indeed, very possible, that an extremely small aniare inseparable. malcule, too small to be visible even by our best Were this representation allowed, instead of the glasses, may yet give a visible light." This theory scandalous meniorials and depositions that lhave been has since been very generally received. sometimes, in days of old, privately cooked up in an Franklin soon alter paid our young philosopher inquisitorial manner, by persons of bad mninds anld the more substantial and unequivocal compliment of wicked views, and sent froam America to the several sending his letters to London, where they were read boards, persons of the first reputation among their at the Royal Society, and published in a volume with countrymen mnig'lt be on the spot, from the several his own. The Royal Society, at a later day, made colonies, truly to represent them. Future ministers Bowdoin one of their fellows; and Franklin writing need not, like so:ne of their prelecesso:s, have to Bowdoin from London, Jan. 13, 1772, says: "It recourse for ilft.r nation in American a.ail's, to gives me great pleasure that my book afforded any every vagabond stroller, that has run or rid post to my friends. I esteem those letters of yours among throughl America, from his creditors, or to people of its brightest ornaments, and have the satisfaction to no kind of credit fiom the colonies. find that they add greatly to the reputation of American philosophy." JAMES BOWDOIN S bor in oton JAMES BOWDOIN7 12 Ie bore a leading part in the political agitaWAS born in Boston, August 7, 1726. Hie was tions of the te, in opposition to theparliamenof I-Igrneno decntl b~;nl P:,- Ttions of the tilmes, in oppositioin to the ):Lrlialmenof Huguenot descent; hs grandiather Pierre ban- tary and local government tyranny; arld was an douin having been a refugee from France on the avocte of te unin of te oloies He revoatiootthedic ofNateswhearly advocate of the union of the Colonies. He revocation of the edict of Nantes, who, living tor mber of tle Colonal Council where his was a minember of the Colonial Council, where his a short time in Ireland, in 1687 was an applicant patriotism rendered him an object of dread to to Governor Andros, in New England, for a grant Governor Bernard and utchinson, while he was of land in Maine. Iis son, Jlames Bowdoin, be- specially set aside by the English home governcame a wealthy merchant of Boston; and his son et e elcte to the Old Continental James, of whom we are writing, inherited a hand- Congress and prevented attendance only by family some paternal fortune. He was educated under. i, ad his Master Lovell at the South Grammnar School of illness. His OWll hlalth WaS weak, and his life Master Loyvell at the South faGrammar School of became a long consumptive disease; but he was the city, and was a graduate of Harvard of 1740. always vmiorous it public affairs. Iii 1785, he At twenty-foumr years of age he had visited Frank- became Governor of the Coml onwealth in the became Governor of the Commonwealth, in the lin in Philadellphia, and disclosed a taste for ciel- discharge of the duties of which he applied all tific pursuits which induced the philos operg the suppression of Shay's Rebeltwenty years hlns senior, to conlltmniaca1te to hin lion against law and order. He lived to see his his Ipapers on Electricity. Tlis was the begin- fortsf nin fully established in the formation ning of a correspondence by which thle friends of the Federal Constitution; received Washinghave beoelme united in reputation. A riesuin6 of this scientific connexion is given by the Hlon. R.C. tor, with whof D he lte conferred o1 the is erilous heights of Dorchester, in 1776, at his house in Winthrop, a descendant of Bowdoin, in his ad- h t o D er i 1 a h ]iooimber Wintlhrop, a dlescendlant of lwloin, in hi adl- Boston in 1789; andl on the 6th of November, dress on the Life and Services of Bowdoin.* 1790, followel, after an interval of a few rnonth3, At the outset of this correspondence, Bowdoin his old friend Franklin to the grave. appears to have availed hlmself of the invitation to Besides his participation in Franklin's dismake observatiolns on Franklin's theories and specu- coveries, he has a claim upon our attention here lations, with somewhat more of indepen;dence of as a contributor to the Pietas et Gratulaio, the opinion tha mnight have beea expected from the volule of Carrbridge poels on the accession of disparity of their ages. One of his earliest letters tre (21st Dec. 1751) sugested such forcible obectuo Gs eorgc III., to which hlie contributed three articles,* (21st Dee. 1751) suggested such forcible objections ulished and the author ot a volume of verses published to the hypothesis, that the sea was the grand source of electricity, that Fra:.klln was led to say In his re- nonymously in Boston, in 1759. Iis Paraply, (24th January, 1752,)-" I grow more doubtful phrae of the Economy of uman Life fnishes of my former supposition, anld morle ready to allow at least a pleasing study of the tastes of tle man weight to that ob;ection, (drawn from the activity and the period. He was a fellow of the Corpoof the electric fluid and the readiness of water to ration of Harvard College, subscribed liberally to conduct,) which you have indeed stateI with great its funds, and left the institution a handsome strength and clearness." In thle followinlg year legacy to be applied to the encouragement of Franklin retracted this hypothesis altogether. Tlie literature in premliums among the students. He same letter of Bowdoin's containcd a:i elaborate ex- was one of the founders and first Presidents of the plication of the cause of the crooked direction of American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Boslightning, which Franklin pronounced, in his reply, ton, and published a philosophical discourse on * Winthrop's Maine Historical Soc. Address, 1849, pp. 10-12. * Ante, p. 18. 168 CYCLOPADIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. his induction in 1780. The poem of Bowdoin, to Than roses far more grateful is her smile; which we have alluded, is called a Paraphlrase And more than roses can the sense beguile. of Dodsley's collection of aphloris;is under that title,* but, though it originated in a simple ver- Tesc are her charms-her charms as bright apsion of the Economly, it is rl.ther an amplification per or extension of that little work, with new illus- As yoiler stars that deck heav'l's sparkling trations. It follows the original in its general And let b.,,z.n~~~~ And like to hler's, whichl bro't down fabled Jove classification of personal duties and emotions, and Conquer the breast least capable of love the relation of the sexes, without taking up) each of the topics. Bowdoin's is good mlloral sense, in The reader may like to compare Bowdoin with a good declamlatory tone, without much origi- his original Dodsley. We add a few sentences nality. As an exanI)le of its Ilore pleasing dc- froml the latter's brief parallel chapter. scriptions, we may take a passage on the Virtuous Woman, in the section oaI Desire and Love. The madness of desire shall defeat its own pursuits; from the blindness of its riage thou shalt Now view the maid, the love inspiring maid, rush upon destruction. With virtue and with modesty array'd: Therefore give not up thy heart to her sweet enSurvey her matchless form; her mind survey; ticements; neither suffer thy soul to be enslaved by And all their beauty in full light display. her enchanting delusions. Her matchless form, display'd in opea light, When virtue and modesty enlighten her charms, Attracts the eye, and charms the ravish'd sight. the lustre of a beautiful woman is blighter than the Survey'd, aind re-survey'd from feet to head, stars of heaven; and the influence of her power it A thousand nameless Leauties round lier spread: is in vain to resist. See down her neck the ci1arni.,.g locks descend; The innocence of her eye is like that of the Anld, black as jet, in waving riirgets end: turtle; simplicity and truth dwell in her heart. As down her beauteous neck they careless flow, The kisses of her mouth are sweeter than honey: The lovely white to great advantage show: the perfumes of Arabia breathe from her lips. Her comely neck with symmetry and grace, Rises majestic on its noble base: Dodsley's sentiments have a strong flavor of And, like a column of superior art, common-place to readers of the present dla, but Does to the eye a fine effect impart: they were once very )olpullar. James Bowdoin Her piercing eyes their harmless lightning play: the son of the preceding, was a gentleman of And dart around a joy-diffusing ray: many accomplishments. He was born Sept. 22, Her cheeks, adorn'd with lovely white and red, 1752, and died Oct. 11, 1811. He gave much May vie withl roses in their flow'ly bed: attention to literaly pursuits, and on the incorpoHer coral lips, whene'er she speaks, disclose ration of Bowdoim College, at Bruswick, in The finest iv'ry in concentric rows: College, at B Her tempting breasts in whiteness far outgo Maline, made it a donation of one thousand acres The oIp'ning lily, anld the new fal'n snow: of land, and mlore than eleven hundred pounds. Her tempting breasts the eyes ot all command, He was sent by Jefferson as minister to Spain in And gently risilg court the nal'lrous hand: 1805, and subsequently to France, and remained Their beauty and proportion strike the eye, abroad till 1808, passing two years in Paris, And art's best skill to equal them defy. where lie made a collection of books and minerals which lie subsequently presented to Bowdoin These matchless charms, which now in bloom ap- Collec e sulived qently esented to Bowdoin e.^ ~ ~ ~ P C ollege. le lived (luring the sullmmer months on pe ir, Naushlaun Island, near Ma'rtha's Vineyar d He Are far exalted by the dress they wear: Naushaun Island, near Martha's Vineyard. He With virtue rob'd, with modestyattir'd, ewas interested in the cultivation of sheep, and With virtue rob'd, with modesty attir'd, They're more and more by all manmkilnd admir'd translated Daubenton's Advice to Shepherds. Ile With virtue rob'd, with modesty array'd, published anonymously, Opinions respecting the They're inl the fairest light to all display'd: Commercial Intercourse between the United True virtue and true modesty inspire States and Great Britain. A short time before Witl love sincere, unmix'd with base desire; his death he gave a valuable grant of land to Set off the beauties of lier lovely face; Bowloin College, and by his last will bequeathed And give eaich feature a leculiar grace: a philosophical apparatus, and a costly collection Each feature sheds a joy-inspiriLig ray; of paintings to that institution. Alnd all around are innocently gay: Each feature speaks the goodness of her mind; EZRA STILES By pride unxtainted, gin'rous, fiank and kind. How full of innocence her sprightly eye! TTTE grandfather of Ezra Stiles was brought an Which with the dove's in innocence may vie: infant to New England, in 1634. The family setFrom falsehood and from guile how free her heart! tied in Windsor, Connecticut, in 1635. The Rev. How free from cunning and intriguing art! Isaac Stiles was his son, and settled, as minister, How sweet her kiss! than honey far more sweet; at North HIaven. HIe married a daughllter of the And like her lips exempt from all deceit: Rev. Edward Taylor, of Westfield, Mass., who Her lips far sweeter odors breathe around, died a few days after giving birth to their only Than e'er exhal'd from India's od'rous d; chil, Ez Deceber 10 1727. He was reared More sweet than e'er l)erfum'd the spicy coast; * Cl Z- l 1,72. Hwav rpared More sweet than fe'er erfum'd the spicy coast; for Yale College by his father, at the early age More sweet than fam'd Arabia cani boast. of twelve, but his entrance was wisely deferred ~~______________ _- ~until three years later. He was graduated with * A Paraphrase on Part of the Economy of Human Life, in- distinguished honors in 1746, and remained a scribed to his Excellency Thomas Pownall, Esq.. Governor of resident at the college, where he was chosen a the Province of the Massachusetts Bay. Boston, New England: tr in M 17. e w lene n Printed and Sold by Green and Russell, at their Printing- ws lcensed and Office, in Queen st. 1759. preached his first sermon, in June of the same EZRA STILES. 169 year, and in the following September received lege, lie accepted the office, and commenced its the Master's degree, being regarded as one of the duties, June 23, 1778. ablest scholars the institution had produced. In In the spring vacation of 1780, the British hav1752, finding the exertion of preaching prejudicial ing evacuated Newport, the President paid a visit to his health, and influenced to some extent by to his old congregation. The church had been religious doubts, by which his mind was theh dis- desecrated by the enemy, who "had put up a turbed, he commenced the study of the law, with chimney in the middle of it, and demolished all a view to a change in his career. In 1754, he the pews and seats below, and in the galleries, made a tour to Boston, New York, and Philadel- but had left the pulpit standing. My little zealous phia, with great benefit to his health. In April flock," says the President, "took down the chilmof the following year, he accepted an invitation to ney, and cleansed the meeting house, and then preach during the college vacation, at Newport, procured some benches, made for the king's troops' r. I., and soon after received a call to retain the entertainment and left behind: so that we attendposition permanently. After much deliberation, ed divine service very c.nveniently, though with he determined to abandon the law and accept the a pleasure intermixed with tender grief." He appointment. He had previously, by laborious retained his Presidency with high honor to himstudy and earnest thought, dispelled the theologi- self and usefulness to the institution, until his cal difficulties which had disturbed his mind, and death, May 12, 1795. was ready to devote hlimself with earnestness and Dr. Stiles was an indefatigable student throughzeal to his sacred calling. His clerical duties did out his life. By the aid of a Jewish acquaintance not, however, prevent his attention to the scien- in Newport, he instructed himself in Iebrew, and tific and philological studies in which he also de- afterwards acquired an acquaintance with the lighted. other oriental languages. He corresponded with In 1757, he married Elizabeth, daughter of the Jesuits on the geography of California, with Col. John Hubbard, of New Haven. Greek bishops on the physical formation of PalesA discourse delivered on the public thanksgiv- tine and the adjacent countries, and addressed ing for the capture of Montreal, September 8, queries of a scientific and philological nature to 1760, shows him to have been among the first to travellers from the interior of Africa, Behring's foresee American Independence. He says: "It is Straits, and other remnote regions. The late probable that, in tille, there will be formed a Chancellor Kent, who was one of Stiles's pupils Provincial Confederacy, and a Common Council, in the college, has paid a handsome tribute to the standing on free provincial suffrage: and this may, warmth and character of his political principles in time, terminate in an imperial diet, when the and personal virtues: "President Stilis's zeal for imperial dominion will subsist, as it ought, in elc- civil and religious liberty was kindled at the altar tion." In July, 1766, he was urged to allow him- of the English and New England Puritans, and self to be proposed as a candidate for the presi- it was animating and vivid. A more constant dency of Yale College, but declined. The proposal and devoted friend to the Revolution and( independence of this country never existed. He had -~:r —~-~.~^^.' anticipated it as early as the year 1760, and his whole soul was enlisted in favor of every measure ~g'> ~^ ^ which led on gradually to the formation and establishment of the Aillerican Union. The frequent appeals which he was accustollled to make';i5B -\to the heads and hearts of his pupils, concerning the slippery paths of youth, the grave duties of:-\~; amp -.,.5:lite, the responsibilities of man, and the perils,..- - -'. and hopes, and honors, and destiny of our coun-try, will never be forgotten by those who heard -~?-~ sbeen peopled, as English, Scotch, Irish, Dutch, GerThe Philadelphia Library. man, &c., each in a shield. On one side of them, In 1789 the long contemplated intention of Liberty with her pileus, on the other a lifler in his erecting a suitable building for the library was uniform, with his rifle gun in one lhand, and his carried into effect, and the corner-stone of the ~~ ~ edifice on Fifth Street, facing thle state-house * Ante, p. 83. GEORGE WASHINGTON. 189 tomahawk in the other. This dress and these troops ceeded in 1851 by his son and assistant, Lloyd with this kind of armor being peculiar to America, Pearsall Smith, Esq., who had been familiar nnless the dress was known to the Romans. Dr. with the library from early childhood. This Franklin showed me yesterday a book, containing competent scholar, to whom the literary public an account of the dresses of all the Roman soldiers, are indebted for untiring favors, was born Febone of which appeared exactly like it. This M. duaverford ColSimitiere is a very curious man. He has begun a ruary 6, 1822, and graduated at Simitire i a verycurious man. He has begn a lege in his sixteenth year. He has added athird collection of materials for a history of this revolution. He begins with the first advices of the tea volume to the catalogue published in 1835, was ships. He cuts out of the newspapers every scrap editor of Lippincott's Magazine for two years of intelligence, and every piece of speculation, and (1868 to 1870), and is the author of various arpastes it upon clean paper, arranging them under tides enumerated in Allibone's Dictionary.* the head of that State to which they belong, and intends to bind them up in volumes. He has a list of GEORGE WASHINGTON. every speculation and pamphlet concerning indepen-TE name of Washington may be introduced in a dence, and another of those concerning forms of go- collection of American literature, rather to grace vernment. it than do honor to him. In any strict sense of These scraps and pamphlets form a valuable, the word, Washington was not a literary man; though by no means complete, collection of the he never exercised his mind in composition on any fugitive literature of the period. of those topics abstracted from commnon life, or its A collection of "Thirteen portraits of Ameri- affairs, which demanded either art or invention. can legislators, patriots, and soldiers, who dis- He prepared no book of elaborate industry.tinguished themselves in rendering their country independent, viz. General Washington, Gen. Baron de Steuben, Silas Deane, Gen. Reed, Gov. Morris, Gen. Gates, John Jay, W. II. Drayton, Henry Laurens, Charles Thomson, S. IHuntingdon, J. Dickenson, Gen. Arnold. Drawn from the life by Du Simiitiere, painter and member of the Philosophical So- Yet he was always scrupulously attentive to the ciety in Philadelphia, and engraved by Mr. B. claims of literature; elegant and punctilious inthe Reading," was published in London in 1783. acknowledgment of comlliments from authors The engravings are good, and that of Washing- and learned institutions; and had formed a style ton (a profile) is quite different from any others which is so peculiar that it may be recognised by in circulation. its own ear-mark. He was for nearly the whole In 1793, the price of shares was changed to of his life actively employed, a considerable part their present value, $40. of the time in the field, where the pen was oftener In 1799, a valuable collection of manuscripts in his hand than the sword. Though he producrelating to the history of Ireland, and including ed no compositions which may be dignified with the original Correspondence of James I. with the the title of " works," the collection of his "writPrivy Council of that country, from 1603 to 1615 ings," in the selection of Mr. Sparks, fills twelve inclusive, was presented by William Cox, and in large octavo volumes. As embraced in the folio 1804 the institution was still further enriched by series of Mr. Force, the number will be greatly the bequest of one thousand pounds fromn John increased. In the chronicle of American literaBleakly, and of a very valuable collection of rare ture, if it were only for their historical material, and curious books, including many richly illus- some mention of these papers would be necessary. trated volumes, fron the Rev. Samuel Preston, a In 1754, Washington appeared as an author in friend of Benjamin West, to whose suggestion the publication at Williamsburg, Virginia, and in the library is indebted for the gift. London, of his Journal of his proceeding " to and Another bequest was received in 1828, by the from the French of the Ohio," a brief tract, which will of William Mackenzie, of five hundred rare he hastily wrote from the rough minutes taken on and valuable volume;.* his expedition. ** The Library in 1872 numbered 95,000 vol- The Letters of Washington early attracted at** The ibraryp in 18712 numbered 95,000 vol- tention, and several publications of them were umes. To its late librarian, John Jay Smith, tention, and several publications of them were the public are indebted for the publication of made in 1777, in 1795 and'6, in the perusal of valuable fac-siniles of manuscript documents which the reader should be on his guard to note and Revolutionaly curiositiest He was scue the authenticity, a number of these compositions being spurious. Washington's respect for his character led him to prepare a careful list of the * Notes for a History of the Library Company of Philadel- fabrications, which he transmitted in a letter to phia, by J. Jay Smith.I t Mr. Smith was for many years the editor of Waldie's Cir- Timothy Pickering, then Secretary of State.t The culating Library. lie is the author of: 1. A Summer's launt publication by Mr. Sparks of Washington's writacross the Water. By J. Jay Smith, Philadelphia. 2vols. 12mo.in-3 a Selection from the correspondence, ad1846. 2. Miclaux's Sylva of North American Trees. Edited, s, fither ppers s with notes, by J. Jay Smith. 3vols.8vo. Philadelphia, 1851' dresses, messages, and other papers, was con3. American Historical and Literary Curiosilies. By J. F. Watson and J. Jay Smith. 2 vols. 4to. Philadelphia, 1847, and New York, 185i. 4. Celebrated Trials of all Countries. 1 vol. Newvo. Pila18elpia 18:5. Ce Letterils of Dr. Richard illl and * For details of a late munificent bequest, not yet accepted, 8vo. Philadelphia. 1835. 5. Letters of Dr. Richard llill and. J R, M his descendants. Edited by J. Jay Smith. Privately printed. see article on JAMES RU, M.3, 8vo. Philadelphia, 154. t To Timothy Pickering, Philadelphia, March 3, 1797.Sparks's Washington, xi. 192. 190 CYCLOP.ADIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE pleted by him in 1837; and i3 the most accessible The first was charged by the President in 1792, work in which the iiiind of Washington can be on the approaching conclusion of his term of ofproperly studied, as he himself placed its decisions fice, to assist him il the preparation of a farewell upon record. paper, for which lie furnished the chief points. As a question not long since arose with respect Madison put them Lriefly into shape; but Wta-hto Mr. Silarks's editorship, which enlisted several ington accepting a second term of office, the addistinguished combatants, it may not be amiss to dress was not called for at that time. On his subpresent a brief account of it. sequent retirement, his intimacy wvith Mad(ison, in The chief lublications on the matter consist of, the course of political affairs, had somewhat aL:atfirst, a paper by "Friar Lubin," in the Evening ed, and II.lmilton was consulted in the preplaraPost, Feb. 12, 1851, then the notic3 in the ap- tion of the required paper. Washington wrote pendix of Lord Mahon's sixth volulle of his His- his views, and committed them to Hamilton, who, tory of England,* which drew forth from Mr. instead of making amlendments on the copy, wrote Sparks, A IReply to the Strictures of Lord Mahon out a new paper, including Washington's original and others, on the mode of Editing the Writings of draft, which he sent to the President, -who then Washington, 1852; next a letter of Lord Mahon appears to have re-written it and submitted it again in 1852, addressed to Mr. Sparks, being A Pe- for revision to Hamilton and Jay. The copy enjoinder to his Reply to the Strictures, &c., to tirely in Washington's own handwriting, marked which Mr. Sparks replied in his Letter to Lord with corrections and erasures, which -was sent to Mahon, being an Answer to his Letter addressed the printer, Claypoole, and from whlich the adto the Editor of Washington's Writings, dated dress was first published, is now in the possession Camb. Oct. 25, 1852. Here the matter rested, of Mr. James Lenox of New York, by whom it till Mr. William B. Reed published a.Reprint of has been printed with a careful marking of all the the Orignal Le'ters from WT8as,'ington to J)- erasures.* It is considered by Mr. Lenox that se.l ALce, du,-i.zy the American L.ecoluion, re- this is Washington's second draft of the paper, Jferred to in lte Pa.,phets of Lord aholion and altered by him after he had received the IlamilMr. Spar:s. Phil. Nov. 16, 1852. To meet this ton and Jay revision. Mr. Sparks published a third pamnphlet, Re- It is impossible to determine accurately the marks on a " eprint," &c., lated April 20, 1853. respective shares of IInmilton and Washington in The controversy may thus be summled up. Mr. the language. The idea of the whole was proSparks was charged, on the evidences of discre- jected by Washington, and so far as can be learnt, pancies seen in a comparison of his reprint of the parts were mostly contrived and put into Washington's Letters to Joseph Reed, with tile shape by him. The deliberation and intelligent Letters a; published in the Reel Memoirs by W. counsel bestowed upon the work, proved by the B. Reed, with onissions and alterations affect- lMalison, IHamilton, and Jay letters on the sutject, ing the integrity of the correspondence. The so far from detracting from Washinglton's own alterations were charged to be for the purpose of ]~abors, add further value to them. IIe had a Iubputting a better appearance on the war, and lie duty to l)eform, and lie took pains to discharge alnending the style of the writer. To the it in the mn)-t efiective manner. The pride of omissions, Mr. Sparks replied that he never in- literary au. horship sinks before such consideratended to publish the whole, as he had declared tions. Yet the temper of this paper is eminently in his prefic3; and to this it was answered that Washingtonian. It is unlike any composition of if so, the omissions should have been noted where Mladison or Iamnilton, in a certain considerate they occur by asterisks and foot-notes. Mr. moral tore which distinguished all Waashington's Sparks justified himself from the imputation of a writings. It is stamped by the position, the prejudiced or local purpose in the omissions. character, and the very turns of phrase of the Several of the alleged alterations turned out to be great Ilmn who gave it to his country. defects, not in Mr. Sparks's edition, but in Mr. A pi.blication repreenting a large part of Reed's; and others arose from discrepancies be- Washington's cares and pleasures, was published in tween the letters sent by Washington, and his London in 1800, and "dedicated to tle American copy of them in the letter books. A few cases People," the Letters from his Excellency George of alteration of Washington's phraseology Mr. Washington, President of the Unitel States of Sparks acknowledged, but stated his sense of their America, to Sir John Sinclair, Bart., MI.P., on slight importance, and his good intentions in the Agricultural and other Interesting Topics. Enmatter. It- many be said that all parties were graved fronm the original letters, so as to be an taught something by the discussion; for errors exact fac-simile of the hand-writing of that celeof party judgmnent and of fact were corrected on brated charctcer.t all sides. A folio volume of "Monuments of Wa-hingThere have been several distinct publications ton's Patriotism," was published in 18-11, in a of parts of Washington's Writings, which afford third edition, containing among other things a facmatter of literary interest. Of these, the most simile of Washington's Account of his expenses important is in reference to the Farewell Address during the RIevolutionary War in, his own handto the People of the United States of America. writing —the only payment he would consent to Tlie history of this composition would seem to refer its authorship in various proportions to NMadison, IIamilton, and Washington himself. * Claypoole prescerved the manuscript with care, and it passed into the hands of his administrators, by wllom it was so'd at _ auction in Philadelphia, in 1U5), Mr. Lenox becoming tl:e purchaser for the sum of $23'0. Mr.Lenox's repri;:t was limited to 229 copies in-folio and quarto, for private circulation. * History of England from the Peace of Utrecht. Vol. vi. 1 These letters have been reprinted in fac-simile by Franklin Appendix. 1s51. Knight, Washington, 1844. JOHN DICKINSON. 191 receive from the country. There are sixty-six the colonies. In this he borrows an illustration pages of the accounts.* since grown familiar in Congressional speaking. The hand writing of Washington, large, liberal, Let any person," says he, " consider the speeches and flowing, might be accepted as proof of the lately made in parliament, and the resolutions honesty of the tigures.t Indeed this same handwriting is a c:apital index of the style of all the letters, and may help us to what we would say of its characteristics. It is open, Ianly, and uniform, with nothing minced, affected, or con- tracted. It has neither the precise nor the slovenly style which scholLrs variously fall into; but a certain grandeur of the countenance of the man ^: l1,, seems to look tlrough it. Second to its main L quality of truthfillne;s, saying no more than the.. writer was ready to abide by, is its amenity and considerate courtesy. Washington had, t dif- ferent timel, many unpleasant truths to tell; but he could always convey theml in the language of a gentlelmn:. Hle wrote like a man of large and clear view;. Iis position, which was on an eminence, obliterated minor niceties and shades which might have given a charm to his writings in other walks of life. This should always be rememlbered, that Washington lived in the eye of the public, -, and thought, spoke, and wrote under the respon- / sibility of the empire. Let his writings be compared: with thoie of other rulers and colmmandern, he will be f)und to hold his r:nk nobly, as well / / intelletuatlly as p;)litic:lly. There will be found, too, a variety in his treatment of different topics and occiions. Ile can coplllilnent a friend in playful happy termns on his marriage, as well as thunder his demlands for a proper attention to the interests of the country at the doors of Congress. sai(l to be made there, notwithstanding the conNever vulglr, he frequently uses colloquial l)hra- vulsions occasioned through the British Empire, ses with ellfct, and, unsuspected of being a poet, by the opposition of their colonies to the stamp isfond oft ig:iraltive exiression3. Infine, acritical act, and he may easily judge what would have examination of the writings of Washington will been their situation, in case they had bent down show that the man here, as in other lights, will and humbly taken up the burden prepared for suffer nothing by a,ninute inspection, them. When the Exclusion bill was depending in the House of Commons, Col. Titus made this JOHN DICKINSON, short speech-' Mr. Speaker, I hear a lion roaring TnE author of The Ftrmer's Letters, the spirited in the lobby. Shall we secure the door, and keep and accurate vindication of the rightof the Colo- him there: or shall we let him in, to try if we nies against tlhe pretensions of the British Parlia- can turn him out again?'" * ment, and tle writer of several of the most The Farmer's Letters to the Inhabitants of the important appeals of the Old Continental Con- British Colonies were printed at Philadelphia in gress, was a native of Maryland, where he was 1767. Dr. Franklin caused them to be reprinted born in 1732. His parents shortly removed.to in London the next year, with a Preface, which Delaware. lie studied law at Philadelphia and he wrote, inviting the attention of Great Britain prosecuted his studies at the temple in London. to the dispassionate consideration of American On his return to Philadelphia he Ipractised at the " prejudices and errors," if these were such, and bar. In 176 l he was on' of the mlembers for the hoping the publication of the Letters would county in the House of Assembly of the Province, draw forth a satisfactory answer, if they can be when lie defended in a speech the privileges of answered." In 1769, the book was published at the state ag:.inst the meditated inno)vations of the Paris in French. It consists of twelve letters, Government. It is chara'-terized by the force of argullent, weig'ht and m deration of expression _ = blargum ent, weight and m lnoderation of exprression Pictorial Hist. of England. Bk. viii. ch. 1, p. 733. Notes nby whicll hi style w;as always afterwards recog- and Queries, vii. 818. The last application of this convenient nised. Ilis Address to the Committee of Corre- parliamentary proverb, was in the Nebraska question in the spondence ia BaRrbadoes who had censured the debate of 1854. The versification of the story by the Rev. Mr. Sponaence of the northern colonies to the tt ] Bramston, in his adaptation of Ilorace's Art of Poetry, supplies opposition of the northern colonies to the BtamI) the usual form of quotation. Act, published at Philadelphia, in 1766, is an elo- With art and modesty your part maintain; quent and ditnified defence of the proceedings of And talk like Colnel Titus, not like Lane. The trading knight with rants his speech begins, Sun, moon, and stars, and dragons, saints, and kings: But Titus said, with his uncommon sense, It was published at Washington, "by the Trustees of Wash- When the Exclusion bill was in suspense, Ington's Manual Labour School and Male Orphan Asylum, for I hear a lion in the lobby roar; the benefit of that institution." Say, Mr. Speaker, shall we shut the door 1 It is endorsed, by the same hand, "Accounts, G. Washington And keep him there, or shall we let him in with the United States, commencing June, 1775, and ending To try if we can turn him out again? June, 1763. Comprehending a space of eight years." Dodley's ColZection ofPoemn,. 265. 192 CYCLOP2EDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE, written in the character of " a farmer, settled, would not permit us to be called into this severe after a variety of fortunes, near the banks of the controversy, until we were grown up to our pruriver Delaware, in the province of Pennsylvania," sent strength, had been previously exercised i who claims for himself a liberal education and warlike operations, and possessed the means of experience of " the busy scenes of life," but who defending ourselves. With hearts fortified by has become convinced "that a man may be as these animating reflections, we most solemnly. happy without bustle as with it." He spends his before God and the world, declare, that exerting time mostly in his library, and has the fiiendship the utmost energy of those powers, which our of " two or three gentlemen of abilities and beneficent Creator hath graciously bestowed upon learning," and having been "taught by his us, the arms we have been compelled by our honored parents to love humanity and liberty," enemies to assume, we will. in defiance of every proposes to try the political abuses of the tilme hazard, with unabating firmness and perseverance, by these sacred tests. There is very little of the employ for the preservation of our liberties: farmer about the work, unless the cool tempered being with one mind resolved to die freemen style and honest patriotic purpose is a charac- rather than to live slaves." Its concluding apteristic of the fields. The skill and force of the peal was: —" In our own native land, and in argument betray the trained constitutional lawyer. defence of the freedom that is our birthright, and The immediate topics handled are the act for which we ever enjoyed till the late violation of suspending the legi lation of New York, the act it-for the protection of our property, acquired for granting the duties on paper, &c., the pro- solely by the honest industry of our forefathers priety of peaceful but effective resistance to the and ourselves, against violence actually offered, oppression of Parliament, the established preroga- we have taken up arms. We shall lay them tive of the colonies invaded by Grenville, the down when hostilities shall cease on the part of grievance of an additional tax for the support of the aggressors, and all danger of their being the conquests in America from the French, the renewed shall be removed, and not before. With necessity in free states of " perpetual jealousy an humble confidence in the mercies of the respecting liberty" and guardianship of the con- supreme and impartial Judge and Ruler of the stitutional rights of the British subject and colo- universe, we most devoutly implore his divine nist. There is little ornament or decoration in goodness to protect us happily through this great these writings; the style is simple, and, above all, conflict, to dispose our adversaries to reconciliasincere. You feel, as you read, that you are pay- tion on reasonable terms, and thereby to relieve ing attention. to the language of an honest gentle- the empire from the callamities of civil war." man. England should have taken Franklin's When these sentences were read in camp to warning of the circulation of these letters, and General Putnam's division, the soldiers " shouted should not have neglected the force of their in three huzzas, a loud Amen!"* They express mingled courtesy and opposition. With the Dickinson's feeling on the commencement of hosfirmest they breathe the fondest mind.* The tilities, and the principles which governed him attachment to England is constantly expressed, when of all the members of the Congress of 1776 and was the feeling of the high-minded race of he only did not sign the Declaration of IndependAmerican gentlemen who became the Whigs of ence. Hie was ready fcr war as a means of the Revolution. "We have," he writes, "a redress, but he would not, at that time, shut the generous, sensible, and humane nation, to whom door against reconciliation. His course was apwe may apply. Let us behave like dutiful chil- preciated by his noble compatriots in Congress, dren, who have received unmerited blows from a who knew the man and his services: with the beloved parent. Let us complain to our parent; people it cost him two years of retirement from but let our complaints speak at the same time the the pullic service. Though claiming the privilanguage of affliction and veneration." lege of thinking for himself, hie was not one of Thus early in the field in defence of American those impracticable statesmen who refuse to act constitutional liberty was John Dickinson. In with a constitutional majority. lie proved his 1774, he published his Essay on the Constitu- devotion to the cau.e of liberty by immediately tional Power of Great Britain orer the Colonies taking arms in an advance to Elizabethtown. in America, prepared as a portion of the Instruc- Retiring to Delaware, he was employed in 1777 tions of the Committee for the Province of in the military defence of that State, whose Pennsylvania to their Representatives in Assem- Assemlly returned him to Congress in 1799, when bly. Elected to the Congre s of 1774, he wrote the he wrote the Address to the States of the 26th Address to the Inh bitants of Quebec, the First Pe- May. He succeeded Caesar Rodney as President tition to the Kiig, the Declaration to the Arv ies, the cf Delaware in 1781. The next year he filled the Seeond Petition to the King, and the Address to he same office in Pennsylvania, which he held till Several States. These are papers of strcng and in- Franklin succeeded him in 1785. His Letters of nate eloquence. The 1)eclarat on of Congress of Fabius on the Federal Constitution, in 1788, July 6, 1775, read to the soldiery, contains the me- were an appeal to the people in support of the mlorable sentences, adopted from the draft by Tho- provrions of that proposed instrument, marked mas Jefferson, "Our cause isjust. Our Union is pr- by his habitual energy and precision. In the feet. Ourinternal resources are great, and, ifneces- reprint of this work he compares passages of it sary, foreign assistance is undoubtedly attainale, with the views and expressions of Paine's Rights We gratefully acknowledge, as signa:l instances of of Man, as published three years after his origithe Divine favor towards us, that his providence nal. Another series of letters, with the same signature, in 1797, On the Present Sztuation o/ * The poet Crabbe's noble peasant, Isaac Ashford, who, With the firmest had the fondest mind. * Humphrey's Life of Putnam, PELEG FOLGERI 193 Public Aff'irs, present a review of the relations 0 Lord, I pray, my feeble muse inspire, of the country with France, in which there is a That, while I touch upon a tender string, spirit cf cahn historioil investigation, with much I may be fillec, as with celestial fire, statesmanlike philosophical discussion, as in his And of thy g eat deliverances sing. remarks on the connexion of self-love and virtue, My soul is lost, as in a wond'rous maze, applied to the imputed interested motives of When I contemplate thine o:nnipotence, the French government in its American alliances. That did the hllls create, and mountains raise, At this time he was living at Wilmington, in And spread the stars over the wide expanse. Delaware, where lie superintended the collection Almighty God, thou didst create the light, of hi3 political writings in 1801.* He passed his That swiftly through th' etherial regions flies; remaining years in retirement, in the enjoyment The sun to rule the day, the moon the night, of his literary acquisitions, and the society of his With stars adorning all the spangled skies. friends, who were attracted by his conversation Thou mad'st the world and all that is therein, and manners, dying Feb. 14, 1808, at the age of Mel, beasts, and birds, and fishes of the sea: seventy-six. Men still against thy holy law do sin, He had married in 1770 Mary Norris, of Fair Whilst all the rest thy holy voice obey. Hill, Philadelphia county. John Adams, in 1774, Monsters that in the briny ocean dwell, dined with him at this seat, and notices " the And winged troops that every way disperse, beautiful prospect of the city, the river, and the They all thy wonders speak, thy praises tell, country, fine gardens, and a very grand library. O thou great ruler of the universe. The most of his books were collected by Mr. Ye sailors, speak, that plough the wat'ry main, Norris, once speaker of the House here, father of Where ragi. g seas and foaming billows roar, Mrs. Dickinson. Mr. Dickinson (he adds) is a Praise ye the Lord, and in a lofty strain, very modest man, and very ingenious as well as Sing of his wonder-working love and power. agreeable." Again he describes him in committee Thoudid'st, Lord,createthe migtywhale duty of Congres3' very modest, delicate, and That wondrous morsterof a mig ty length; timid," though he forfeited the character with Vast is his head and body, vast his tail, Adams by what the latter thought an attempt to Beyond conception his unmeasured strength. bully him out of his ardent pursuit of indepen- r r ence. Pers1,nttlly,.dstlla.......... t t^ TVhen he the surface of the sea hath broke, dence. Pers)nally, Adams describes him at that time as subject to hectic complaints. " Ie is a Aisig fiom the dark abyss below,.'i~ r. 1 ~~~~His breath appears a lofty stre Im of smoke, shadow; tall, but slender a~ a reed; pale as ashes; Thecircling waves like glittring anksofsnow. one would think at first sight that he could not live a month; yet, upon a lmore attentive inspec- But, everlasting God, thou dost ordain, tion, he looks as if th3 springs of life were strong Thte feeble mortals sholl e e enough to lat many years."t (Ourselves, our wives and children to maintain,) enough to last many years."t This dreadful monster with a martial rage. And, thoigh he furiously doth us assail, PELEG FOLGER. Thou do3t preserve us from all dangers free; PELEG FOLGER, a Quaker, was born at Nantucket Ho cuts oar bo:Lt ii pieces with his tail, in the year 1734. His boyhood was passed on a And spills us all at once into the sea. farm, where lie remained until twenty-one, when * * * * * he changed from land to sea, and for several years I twice into the dark abyss was cast, was engaged in the cod and whale fisheries. Ie Straining an:l struggling to retain my breath, kept a journal of his voyages, which is written in Thy waves a d billows over me were past, Thou didst, 0 Lord, deliver me from death. a much more scholarly imanner than could be ex-, d r me f pected from hlis limited education. He introlduced Expecting every moment still to die, into it a number of poetical cl)mpositions, one of Methoug'it I never more should see the light: which is quoted in Macy's History of Nantucket. Well nigh the g: tes of vas eternity Environed me with everlasting night. DOMINUM COLLAUDAMUS. Great was my anguish, earnest were my cries, Above the power of humal tongue to tell, Praise ye the Lord, O celebrate his fame, Thou heardt, 0 Lord, my groans l^d bitter sighs, Praise the eternl:l Go.l, that dwells above; Whil I was lab'rin i the womb of hell His power will forever be the samne, The same for ever his eternal love. Thou saved'stme from the dangers of the sea, ThLt I might bless thy name for ever more. Long as that glitt'ring lamp of heaven, the sun, Thy love and power the same will ever be, Lo;lg as the moonl or twinkling stars appear, Thy mercy is an inexhausted store. Long as they all their annual c, Oh, m in thy boures ruoer confie, And make the circle of the sliding year; And I- thy glorios love for ever fiust, ~ ^ * And in thy glorious love for ever trust, So long our graciou3 Gol will have the care Whilst I in thy inferior world reside, To save his tender children from all harms; Till earth return to earth and dust to dust. Wherever danger is, he will be near, And when I am unbound from earthly clay, And, underneath, his everlasting arms. Oh, may my soul then take her joyful flight Into the realms of everlasting day, To dwell ia endless pleasure an(l delight, ~ The Political Writinas of John Dickinson. Esq.. late Presi- At Gol's rio-ht hand, in undiminished jy, dent of the State of De'aware. and of tilo Commonwealth of 11 the blest tabernacles made above, Poennsylvania. 2 voll. 6vo. Wilmington: Bonsal and Niles, taei es mae a e, s801., Glory and peace without the least alloy,' &dams's Diary. Works, ii. 860, 879, 401. Umninterrupted, never dying love. 25 194 CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE. There angels and archangels still remain, His legal development as a student in the office of The saints in their superior regions dwell, Samuel Putnain follows: stiff, formall, constrained They praise their God, and in a heavenly strain, reading in the days before Blackstone, with many The wond'rous works of great Jehovah tell. soul alid body conflicts, between flesh and spirit, And when I shall this earthly ball forsake, all set down in the Diary:-menorials of idleAnd leave behind me frail mortality, ness, pipe-smoking, gallanting ladies, reading Then may my soul her inimble journey take Ovid's Art of Love to Dr. Savil's wife, and forllInto the regions of eternity. ing resolutions against all of them, in favor of essed sl a d a e, Wood and Justinian, Locke and Bolingbroke. ~~~~Then man~~y my b~e~sHis self-knowledge appears to have been accurate To dwell with that angelic, heavenly choir, is seuflnowledge appea s to m at e s een accury te And in eternal soi;gs of praise and love and unflinching. It is sometimes diplaved with Bless thee, my God, my King, for evermore. considerable naretl Welmaylr nileathi modelling a professional manner upon that of his preFolger was a man of pure and exemplary life, ceptor, where he says, " I learned with design to and on his retirellent froml the sea, much sought imitate Putnam's sneer, his sly look, and his lock after for counsel by his neighbors. lie died in of contempt. This lock may serve gcod ends in 1789. life, may procure respect;" and at his deliberate studies to ingratiate himself with the deacons by JOIN ADAMS. small conver-atio:nal hypocrisies, and his intenTImE Adams family had been thoroughly Ameri- tions as a thing " of no small importance, to set canized by a residence of three generations in the tongues of old and young men and women a Massachusetts, when one of the llost ardent prating in one's favor." His analysis of his vanity heralds and active patriots of the Revolution, is frequent; a vanity which was the constant John Adams, was born at Braintree, the original spur to action, allied to constitutional boldness settlement of his great-great-granldflther, the 19th and courage, balanced by ready su-picicn of his October, 1735. His father, who was a plain motives and bearing. In his youth Adams was farmer and mechanic, was encouraged by his apt- at once self-reliant and self-denying: a conmbinaness for books to give himl a liberal education. tion which guaranteed him success in the world. lie was instructed by Mr. Marsh, for Camlbridge, This training and formation of the nlan, as Ihis at which institution he took his degree in the own pen set it down from day to day, is a cheeryear 1755. At this period, his Diary, published ful, healthy picture of conscientious exertion. by his grandson, Charles Francis Adams, coin- In 1765, he printed in the Boston Gazette the nences. It is a curious picture of an active and papers which form his Dissertation on the Canon politic struggle with the world, full of manly and and Feudal Lawo-a spirited Iprotest against the ingenuous traits. I-e kept this diary for thirty ecclesiastical and political systems of Europe, years. At its conmmnencemlent* he is at Worcester, with a general incitement to cultivate earnestly at the age of twenty, freh from his college eluca- civil and religious liberty, and the i:rincil les of tion, thinking of preaching, and, in the lmean time, American fieedeom independently of England. teaching school after the good American fashion, It is not necessary here to pursue his political as a means of livelihood. He records his visits career, which began in 1770 with his election to to the best houses of the place, while he studies the legislature, after lie had secured a position at character closely, and picks up knowledge where the bar. In 1774, he travelled to Philadelphia a it is alwvays most forcibly taught —il the oral, member of the first Continental Ccngress, and conversational lessons of men of weight and expe- has left us some spirited notices of its eminent rience. He questioned points of the Calvinistic characters. He found time to write in the same creed, discussed freelv the Puritan theology:-in year his Novavglus; a History of the D)ispute later life referred his Unitarian views to this with America, from its Origin in 1754 to the period,-and the result was an abandonment of Present Time. This was a series of pap1ers in the his proposed ministerial study for the law. iis Boston Gazette, written in reply to the articles independent chopping of logic with the country of "Massachusettensis," the procuctions of gentlemen and clergy was good discipline for a Daniel Leonard, which were much thought of on revolutionist, who was to cope in the c.)urt room the RoyaliBt side, and were reprinted by Rivingand the senate with British political authority.t ton. Adams's language is direct and energetic, and meets Tory assumptions with at least equal vehemnence.* * It might be taken as an omen of the future undaunted revolutioist. that the first entry in this Diary, of the date of Nov. 1S, 1755, relates to an earthquake in America: "We had a very severe shock of an earthquake. It continued near four penetration. It had no doubt contributed materially to minutes. I then was at my- father's in Braintree, and awoke sharpen the public mind and stiergthen the existing predispoout of my sleep in the midst of it. The house seemed to rock, sition of the people to canvass with acuteness, alike for the and reel, and crack, as if it would fall in ruins about us. purposes of defence and opposition, important propositions on Chimnies were shattered by it, within one mile of ny father's which they were called upon to make up their miids. Neither house." This was a vibration of the great shock which of the parties, arrayed against each other mainly under the destroyed the city of Lisbon. Other "shocks" of the political influence of the preaching of Whitefield, allied itself with the and social world were to be entered upon Mr. Adams's Diary government in the political struggle; and the entire fo ce of and Correspondence. the excitement of intellect and controversial skill, produced t This is a marked trait of the Diary, and is commented by these controversies, was, between the years 1761 and 1775, upon by a writer in the North American Review (Oct. 185f), turned upon the discussion of the right of Parliamnent to tax as " an important feature in the intellectual character of the America." times. Burke, in his admirable sketch of the love of freedom * These were republished at Boston in 1819, under the di-heciii the American Co;onies, alluides to their religious character, tion of Adams, as a reply to the claims of Wirt for the early and especially to the prevalence in the northern colonies of Virginia movement, in his Life of Patrick Henry,-with the dissent from the Established Church of the mother country. title, "Novanglus and Massachusettensis, or Political Essays, The religious discussion and controversy between different published in the years 1774 and 1775, on the principal points parties among the dissidents from the Church, had escaped his of Controversy between Great Britain and her Colonies. The JOHN ADAMS 195 which comments are made on the Constitutions of the States, the imitation of English usages objected to, afnd the preference given to' single authority of the nation or assembly, over a. ~l bh. balanced system of powers. The reading which Adamns brings to bear in the di-cussioll of this sulbject is very great, as he describes the conduct of ancient and modern repullics, and scrutinizes the opinions of historians and political philosophers. The Italian republics, in particular, occupy a large share of his attention. The work was prepared in great haste, and with solme defects of form, which the editor of the Collected Works has endeavored to amend by changing the original I^ <~~