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A MANUAL OF
LATIN WORD FORMATION
FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
BY
PAUL R. JENKS
FLUSHING HIGH SCHOOL, NEW YORK CITY


D. C. HEATH & CO.,
BOSTON NEW YORK
1912


PUBLISHERS
CHICAGO




COPYRIGHT, 1911,
BY D. C. HEATH & CO.




PREFACE


No attempt has ever been made, apparently, to treat
Latin Word Formation from the standpoint of the secondary
school.  The subject is important, but has been neglected
by both teacher and pupil, largely because there have been
no data for teaching it easily and well. A great deal of
energy has been wasted in unproductive work; e.g. by the
study of suffixes that seldom occur in High School Latin,
and by the use of unfamiliar examples to illustrate others.
It is not believed that the pupil should be expected to
assimilate all the material presented in this manual, but
it has seemed well to furnish all that any secondary school
teacher might desire.  The lists of examples under each
affix include all those occurring in Bellum Gallicum I-V;
In Catilinam I-IV, Pro Lege Manilia, and Pro Archia; and
Aeneid I-VI. From the number of words in these lists
the teacher can see what affixes are the most common in
the different years' work, and thus determine when they
can most profitably be studied.
A tentative assignment of the suffixes to the different
years might be as follows: —
SECOND YEAR. tor (~ 9); io, tib, tus (~ 29); ia, tia, tis,
taid5 (~ 77), also ia, tas, tus (~ 53); and the prefixes ab, ad,
ante, circum, con, de, dis-, ex, in, in-, inter, ob, per, prae, pro,
re(d)-, sub and trans (~ 156, etc.).
THIRD YEAR. or (~ 23); tirga, (t)ium (~~ 39, 53); men,
mentum, bulum, (c)ulum, crum, trum (~ 46); ills, bills, tilis
y    ^'.'>1 




iv


PREFACE


(~ 87); 5sus (~ 97); the group meaning pertaining to or
belonging to (~ 108); the three classes of verbs (~~ 115, 129,
134); the prefix se(d)- (~ 199).
FOURTH YEAR. trix (~ 17); diminutives (~ 69); patronymics (~ 73); ax (~ 90); idus (~ 94); (a)tus (~ 101); eus
(~ 105).
It is believed that this assignment includes all that
a pupil should be expected to cover in the secondary school,
but provision is made for teachers and pupils who may
desire to study others.
In beginning the study of word formation it will be best
for the pupil to follow the models closely, as being perhaps
the most concise form for indicating all that he should
understand about a word.    After some general idea of
word formation has been gained, the class should go over
the lists of examples orally in class, giving the meaning
of the words according to their formation, e.g. ~ 99, the
examples from the Aeneid, "full of spots," i.e. spotted;
"full of clouds," i.e. clouded or cloudy; "full of mud," i.e.
muddy. This exercise serves as the direct application of
the study of word formation to the acquirement of vocabulary, which should be the principal object of all such study
in the secondary school.




CONTENTS
PAGE
THE ELEMENTS OF WORDS.......  1
NOUNS.....3...... 
A. Nouns derived from Verbs.....  3
B. Nouns derived from Nouns...... 16
C. Nouns derived from Adjectives....  20
ADJECTIVES..........      24
A. Adjectives derived from Verbs....  24
B. Adjectives derived from Nouns....  27
VERBS...........      35
A. Verbs derived from Nounrs or Adjectives..  35
B. Verbs derived from Other Verbs....  40
ADVERBS..........      44
COMPOUNDS.........  46
PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION......  50
GENERAL DERIVATIVES.....  77


v








LATIN WORD FORMATION
THE ELEMENTS OF WORDS
1. A ROOT may be defined as the simplest element common
to all words of a related group. For example, we say that
sta is the root of sto, sisto, statuo, and their compounds, of
stator, stati6, stabulum, stamen, statiira, stabilis, statim, etc.
By all these words there is expressed some idea connected
with that of standing.
2. A STEM may be defined as that part of a word which
contains the fundamental meaning, and is to be distinguished from the complete word, which contains the additional idea of case, number, voice, mood, tense, and the like.
For example, the stem of stati5 is station, which would signify standing as a general idea, while statiS, stationis, station!,
etc., mean standing as a nominative, genitive, or dative idea
in a sentence.
3. A stem may have the same form as a root; for example, sta, which is considered a root, is also the stem of
the verb sto. But most stems are formed by additions to
roots as in all the other words given above.
4. The term BASE is used for convenience to designate the
part of a word that remains unchanged in inflection. For
example, the base of lingua is lingu.
5. It is easiest to learn declensions and conjugations by
dividing forms into two parts, base and ending. But it




2


LATIN WORD FORMATION


should be remembered that the forms were really developed
from the stem.  Thus though in the declension of animus
only four of the endings contain the letter o, yet we know
that the stein was animo, and that all the various endings
originally had an o sound.
6. Suffixes should always be considered as added to a
stem. But when a suffix is added to a stem that ends in a
vowel, this final vowel is often weakened, or disappears
altogether, so that the first element of the word may appear
to be the base; in all such cases we should speak of this,
however, as the weakened stem.
7. It is particularly necessary to consider verb stems.
We generally say that a verb has three sterns and bases,
the present, the perfect, and the supine (or participial).
For example, frango, frangere, fregi, fractum, present base
frang, perfect base freg, supine base fract.  Upon one of
these three bases (which we may call the conjugation bases)
every form of the verb is made, and they must be known in
order to conjugate it. But the general stem of this verb,
found by comparing it with other words formed from the
same root, is frag, which is not the same as any one of the
conjugation stems or bases.  So gnosco, general stem gno;
pell, general stem pel; rump6, general stem rup; etc. The
general stem may often be the same as the present stem, as
in cado.
8. When suffixes are used with verbs, they are not added
to any conjugation stem or base, though this may apparently be the case, but to the general stem. For example,
fracti6 is to be considered as formed from frag plus ti6, not
from fract (supine base) plus io.




NOUNS


A.   NoUNs    DERIVED FROM VERBS
tor, trix
9. The suffix tor is added to verb stems to designate the
agent or doer of an action.
10. From the meaning of the words given in the list of examples
below it will be seen that the English equivalents of this suffix are
-er, -or, and -tor.
11. MODELS. mercator= merca (stem of mercor, trade) +
tor (denoting the agent) = one who trades, i.e. a trader.
victor = vie (stem  of vinco, conquer: see
~~ 7, 8) + tor (denoting the agent) = one who conquers,
i.e. a conqueror, victor.
12. In adding the suffix tor the same euphonic changes
are usually found as appear in the fourth principal part of
the verb, since the supine was formed by adding tum to
the general sten.
13. MODEL. defensor (changed for euphony from defendtor) = defend (stem of defendo, defend) + tor (denoting the
agent)= one who defends, i.e. a defender.
14. In some words this suffix was added either to the
stems of verbs that have not come down to us (hypothetical
verbs) or directly to forms taken from nouns.
15. MODEL. funditor = fundi (from funda, sling) + tor (denoting the user) = one who uses a sling, i.e. a slinger. So
viator, gladiator, etc.
3




4


LATIN WORD FORMATION


NOTE. In the list of examples given in this book, those printed in
heavy type belong to the two thousand words (most of them occurring
five times or more in the Latin usually read) which have become the
standard vocabulary for secondary schools. ("The Vocabulary of
High School Latin," Gonzalez Lodge. Published by Teachers College, Columbia University, New York.) The asterisk denotes words
which recur later, or have occurred before, in different type.


16.  B. G. I.
mercator, 1.
deprecator, 9.
explorator, 12.
praetor,1 21.
victor, 31.
imperator,* 40.
quaestor,2 52.
B. G. II.
defensor, 6.
funditor, 7.
speculator, 11.
senator,3 28.
B. G. III.
gubernator, 9.
auctor,* 17.
B. G. IV.
viator, 5.
Orator, 27.


B.G. V.
pabulator, 17.
lignator, 26.
adiator, 38.
antecursor, 47.
Cat. I.
praetor,* 4.
imperator,* 5.
Stator, 11.
competitor, 11.
auctor,* 27.
evocator, 27.
gladiator, 29.
Cat. II.
decoctor, 5.
subiector, 7.
circumscriptor, 7.
corruptor, 7.
dictator, 19.
praedator, 20.
direptor, 20.


Infitiator, 21.
aleator, 23.
insidiator, 27.
Cat. III.
machinator, 6.
pastor,* 14.
Cat. IV.
cognitor, 9.
contionator, 9.
quaesitor, 10.
lator, 10.
largitor, 10.
Arch.
censor, 11.
scriptor, 14.
Aen. I.
genitor, 155.
ductor, 189.
sator, 254.
dator, 734.


1 For prae-itor.       2 For quaesitor.
8 Probably from verb stem signifying to grow old.




NOUNS


5


Aen. II.         agitator, 476.             Aen. VI.
pastor, 58.           regtor,   577.        portitor, 298.
ultor, 96.            genertor, 704.         anitor, 400.
inventor, 164.             Aen. V.          hortator, 529.
fabricator, 264.      rector, 161.
raptor, 356.          domitor, 799.
17. The suffix trix is added to verb stems to designate the
feminine agent or doer of an action.
18. The English equivalents are -tress, or -ess added to a noun already denoting agency (e.g. shepherdess, authoress); and note executrix
and administratrix, of legal Latin and English.
19. MODEL.     venatrix = vena (stem  of venor, hunt) + trix
(denoting the feminine agent) = a woman who hunts, i.e. a
huntress.
20. Aen. I.             Aen. III.             Aen. VI.
nutrix,l 275.         victrix, 54.          ultrix, 274.
venatrix, 319.        cultrix, 111.
bellatrix, 493.       altrix, 273.
genetrix, 590.        creatrix, 367.
21. Like the above form nouns denoting the agent from curo, dono,
libero, nominb, agito, amo, audio, cano (masc. and fer.), capio, creo,
moneo, seco, testor (masc. and fer.), detraho, vehb.
22. The following less common suffixes have about the same general
force.
a. ter (gen. tris or t(e)ri). pater, B. G. I. 3, frater, I. 3, mater,
I. 18, these three denoting relation; arbiter, V. 1; adulter, Cat. II. 7;
magister, Aen. I. 115; minister, I. 705.
b. es (gen. itis). This contains with the idea of agency the stem i
of eS, go. miles, B. G. I. 7; eques, 1. 15; pedes, 1. 42; comes, Cat.
I. 12; dles, Aen. 1. 394; perhaps also fomes, Aen. I. 176, and trames,
1 For nutri-trix.




6


LATIN WORD FORMATION


V. 610. Similarly obses, B. G., I. 9, and reses, Aen. I. 894, from the
stem of sedeo.
c. a (gen. ae). perfuga, B. G. I. 28; parricida, Cat. I. 29; collega,
Cat. III. 14; scriba, Cat. IV. 15; persona, Arch. 3. For nauta and
poeta, cf. Greek rTs, stem ra.
d. o (gen. onis). praeco, B. G. V. 41; latro, (B. G. III. 17) Cat.
I. 33; praedo, P. 31.
or
23. The suffix or is added to verb stems to form nouns
denoting activity, condition, or state.
24. The English equivalents of such nouns are generally the verbal
nouns corresponding to the meaning of the verb stem used in forming
the Latin word, and are often the same in form as the verb itself.
-E.g., grief (from grieve), love, fear, shame, rage, etc. Many of these
Latin nouns have been taken into English as loan words.
25. MODEL, timor = tim (stem of timeS, fear) + or (denoting state or condition)= the state or condition of fearing,
i.e. fear.


26. B. G. I.
dolor,* 2.
amor,* 20.
timor, 22.
pudor,* 39.
furor,* 40.
labor, 44.
B. G. II.
clamor, 11.
terror,* 12.
B.G. V.
languor, 3I.


Cat. I.
furor,* 1.
pudor,* 22.
dolor,* 25.
Cat. II.
rmaeror, 2.
amor,* 8.
Cat. III.
ardor, 18.
Pomp.
terror,* 15.
splendor, 41.


Aen. I.
stridor, 87.
fragor, 154.
error, 755.
Aen. II.
tremor, 121.
sudor, 174.
pavor, 229.
sopor, 253.
horror, 301.
clangor, 313.
plangor, 487.




NOUNS


7


Aen. III.               Aen. V.            Aen. VI.
calor, 308.           fulgor, 88.          squalor, 299.
candor, 538.          favor, 343.          vigor, 730.
Aen. IV.           decor, 647.
pallor, 499.
27. Like the above form   nouns denoting activity, condition or
state from torpeo, be dull, rigeo, be rigid, tumeo, be swollen, stupeo,
be amazed, and ferveo, boil.
28. The suffix idb has about the same general force as or: libido,
Cat. I. 13; formido, Cat. IV. 8; cupido, Aen. I. 658. So origo,
Aen. I. 286.
io, tio, tus
29. The suffixes io, tio, tus (gen. tus) are added to verb
stems to form verbal nouns which denote an act or the result
of an act.
30. The commonest English equivalents of these suffixes are -ion,
-tion, and -ing, which also may show the force of either act or result.
For example, " the collection of coins is an interesting pursuit," i.e.
the act of collecting is interesting; " this collection of coins is interesting to see," i.e. the result of the collecting. Notice the same two
uses of the words invention, direction, binding, crossing, shaving,
casting, etc.
The endings -cy and -ure may also be the equivalents of these suffixes; and any English verbal noun, even if formed without suffix,
may translate these Latin words. Translate about twenty of the
nouns'below and note the formation of the English words.
31. Both the endings tio and tus, and occasionally others having
about the same force, may be added to the same stem, forming nouns
with little or no difference in meaning. E.g. occasus, occasib; reditus, reditio; status, statiS, statira (see ~ 39).
32. The euphonic changes occurring in formation are the same as
those found in the supine (cf. ~ 13).




8


LATIN WORD FORMATION


33. MODELrS. coni~iWr6ti coni-dra (stem of conifir6, conspire)
+ ti6 (denoting result) = the result of conspiring, i.e. a conspiracy.          profecti6 = profec (from  the stem   of pro-fici —
scor, start out, depart) ~ ti6 (denoting act) = the act of starting out or departing, i.e. departure.
cursus (changed for eupho-ny from currtus)
= curr (stem of curr5, run) ~ tus (denoting act). running,
then course, passage, etc.
34. Many of those ending in us pass over into concrete nouns.
For example, exercitus, originally training, comes to mean the result
of training, i.e. a trained army. So vestitus and its English equivalent clothing. Also equititus, pedit~tus, comitiitus.


35. B. a. I.
conifirati6,* 2.
profecti6, 3.
lggati62 3.
6rmitij 3.
dict'), 4.
rediti6, 5.
legi6, 7.
mtiiuti~l 8.
largfiti, 9.
possessi6,* 11.
interneci6, 13.
dubitati6, 14.
commflttiW6, 14.
populati6, 15.
offensia, 19.


d~diti~, 27.
ratio, 28.
condici6, 28.
facti6, 31.
diciol 31.
percontaiti6, 39.
simu1ati6y 40.
satisfactiO5, 41.
contentiQ,* 44.
regi6, 44.
uati6, 53.
gratulati6, 53.
B. &. iii.
opfini6, 3.
opptdgnati6, 6.
def6Dsi6, 7.
stati6) 1 8.


cohortatiia, 25.
excnrsio, 30.
machinatibi, 30.
signi-ficatid5, 33.
sectio, 33.
supplicatiQ5, 34.
B. a. III.
rebelli6, 10.
defectit, 10.
contempti6, 17.
pollicitatic), 18.
cunctati35, 18.
c~nfirnidtit~ 18.
defatigdti6, 19.
continuittiCO, 29.




NOUNS9


9


B. G. IV.
venati6, 1.
auditiQ, 5.
oecupati6, 16.
obsidi6, 19.
pDerturbatid, 29.
B.qG. V.
subclucti6, 1.
iucursn'5, 1.
religi6, 6.
expedfti63, 10.
disputati6, 30.
dissensi6, 31.
desperati6, 33.
lignatio 39.
contio, 51.
laetati6, 52.
Cat. I.
coniflrati62,* 1.
declindti6, 15.
vexati6, 18.
direpti6i, 18.
qiuaesti6, 18.
coinumendatio), 28.
c~risensi6, 32.


Ca6%t. II.
comrnissdti,' 10.
possessi6,* 18.
prC~scripti3), 20.
fraudatic&, 25.
Cat. III.
reciisati6, 5.
absolfitic&, 9.
incensio, 9.
c~nfessi6, 13.
prictlrath5, 14.
so11icitaqti6, 1-4.
supphic~ti6,* 1-5.
religion,* 15.
guberndti6, 18.
dimicati6, 23.
dissensi6,* 24.
dimnin-Rit, 24.
reconciliati6i, 25.
Cat. IV.
pfiblic5ti&, 10.
vit-uperati6, 11.
lamenet:ti5, 12.
contenti6, * 13.
reinissi6, 13.
animadversiQ, 13.
coniunctid5, 15.


exspectkati 15.
conspiratio5, 22.
diAtio, 2.
oblivi,5, 9.
compardti6, 9.
expfignati6, 13.
pasti6, 14.
solftti6Q 19.
collecti6, 22.
praocss~i,5 24.
dehberati6, 27.
adlmur~uarati6, 37.
dehectatiQl 40.
cbgniti6, 40.
moclerati6, 47.
intercessi6, 58.
Arch.
c~gnlti6, 2.
admrirati6, 4.
professi6, 9.
danmnati6, 9.
c~nfdrmtniffi, 15.
adversi6, 16.
praeclicdti6, 26.
comimemoratiC), 29.
Aen. II.
pr~ditiC3, 83.


36. Like the above form nouns denoting act or result from - 
adiiidic6, invit, mittW, liberb, d~i5 c~d&. *    *' 




10


10    ~LATIN WORD FORMATION


37. B. G. I.
cultus, 1.
occasus, 1.
passus, 2.
exercitus, 3.
adventus, 7.
coucursus, 8.
C(dn5tUS,* 8.
cliuspectus, 11.
OSaUS, 12.
equito'tus, 15.
conveutus, 18.
stainiptus, l&,
circuius, 21.
iig~6nsiis, 21.
impetus, 22.
letus, * 25.
census, 29.
-daus, 30.
edrisensus, 30.
crnciatus, 31.
vIotUs, 31.
utfitus, 31.
flatus,* 32.
spirittis, 33.
commeatus, 34.
aditus., 43.
cursus, 48.
B.GC. II.
d~eiectus, 8.
strepitus, 11.


disc~ssus, 14.
successus, 20.
(incursuts, 20.)
prdspectus, 22.
eventus, 22.
fremitus, 24.
(d~espectiis, 29.)
obitus, 29.
contemptus, 30.
B. C. Ill.
exitus, 8.
Situs, 12.
decessus, 13.
flfdotus, 13.
cougressus, 13.
pulsus, 13.
interventus, 15.
B. G. IV.
vestitus, 1.
captus, 3.
tr~aectus, 21.
m~itus, 23.
ieditus, 30.
receptus, 33.
peditatus, 34.
B.CG. V.
6gressus, 8.
introitus, 9.
trainsinissus, 13.
dspectus,* 14.
1For coitus.


imipulsus, 25.
mnissus, 27.
coactus, 27.
ululatus, 37.
recessus, 43.
interitus, 47.
tranlsitus, 55.
Cat. I.
it-issus, 2.
'Statuls, 3.
coetus,l 6.
interitus, 9.
c~natus,* 11.
spiritus, 15.
Flspectus,* 1 7.
sOusus, 17.
Cat. II.
friictus, 8.
complexus, 2
Cat. II
comitatus, 6.
adinonitus, 8.
iactus, 18.
ortus, 20.
luctus,* 24.
Cat. IV,
exitus, 2.
quaestus, 17.




NOUNS                1


11


POMP.
ex~rsus, 11.
ducts, 61.
rogaitus, 7O.
Arch.
hortatus, 1.
habitus, 15.
versus, 18.
cantus, 19.
Aen. I.
vlsus, 111.
secessus, 159.
obiectus, 160.
niforsus, 169.
partus, 274.
gressus, 401.
inc,~ssus, 405.
amictus, 41 2.
gemitus, 485.
obtcttus, 495.


ornatus, 650.          Aen. IV.
accitus, 6717.     monitus, 282.
aniplexus, 687.   aff atus, 284.
plausus, 747.     fiatus, 442.
Aen. IL   questus, 553.
Aen. II.  halitus, 684.


luctus,* 12.
sonitus, 209.
niftigitus, 223.
lapsus, 225.
flftus,* 271.
lctus,* 544.
saltus, 565.
tactus, 683.
Aen. III.
nisus, 37.
tractus, 138.
contactus, 227.
sortitus, 332.
digressus, 482.
accdssus, 570.


Aenz. V.
caestus, 69.
anhelitus, 199.
latratus, 257.
tortus, 276.
concessus, 290.
assultus, 442.
recursus, 583.
Aen. VI.
descensus, 126.
hiatus, 237.
vagitus, 426.
sifispectus, 579.
nieatus, 849.


38. Like the above formn nouns denoting act or result frolm abi~tor,
ag6, appar6, negleg6, repel16.
39. The suffixes 6s (gen. is), tMmr and (t~ium are generally added to stems connected with verbs to form nouns
which denote the act or something connected with the act.
Their signification is therefore much less definite than that
of the suffixes mentioned in ~ 29.




12


12    ~LATIN WORD FORMATION


Thus s&d~s, literally sitting, also means seat, as does also the English word, e.g. "1the church has five hundred sittings."I  Aedificium
denotes result, as may also the word building.


40. MODELS.      caedbs = caed (stem  of caed6, kill) + ~s
(denoting act) ==the aot of killing, i.e. murder, slaughter.
imperium = imper   (weakened    stemn  of
imper6, command; see ~ 7) ~ ium (denoting act or result)=
the act or result of commanding, i.e. command, authority,
control.


41. Clat. I.
caed~s, 2.
Catt. IIl.
sgd~s, 26.


MPom.
labes, 33..Aen. I.
niabgs, 42.


compag,~s, 122.
ambi~ges, 342.
Aen. VI.
tables, 442.
StragES,2 504.


42. B. C. I.
n5Wtiira, 2.
sepultfira, 26.
B. C. II.
arimatfira, 10.
statflra, 30.
B. C. III.
cultura, 17.
sectara, 21.


B. C. IV.         praet-Gra, 14.
iunet-dra, 17.        coniectfira, 18.


B.CG. V.
mnuns-ftra, 13.
cat. I.
iitsfira, 29.
Cat. III.
praefecttira, 5.


POMP.
scriptfira, 15.
iactflra, 67.
Ar-ch.
litfira~
Aen. I.
pietfira, 464.


NOTE. The suffix tiira is sometimes said to denote office, as in
praefectfira and praetira above (ef. praefectus and praetor).




NOUJNS                 1


13


43. B. G. I.
i-nitium, 1.imperiuna, 2.
indiciuin,* 4.
aedificium, 5.
o~nsilium, 5.
maleficium, 7.
praesidiui-n, 8.
beneficium, 9.
auxilium, 11.
conoilium, 18.
studium, 19.
suppliciumj* 19.
dornicilium, 30.
colloquium, 34.
stoedium, 36.
officium, 40.
praemium, 43.
subsidium, 52.
B. G. III.
-navigiurin, 1-4.
B. G. IV.
v~stigium, 2.
perfugi4i'.


CLalt. I.
incendium, 3.
suppliciumn,* 3.
exitium, 9.
cornitllurn, IL
exsilium, 13.
iflagitiunin, 13.
odium, 16.
parricidlium, 17.
silentinin, 20.
latr~cinium, 23.
gaudium,* 26.
Cat. IL.
pr,5digiuni, 1.
desideriumn, 6.
convivium, 10.
Cat. III.
domicilium, 1.
indicium, * 11.
ingenium, 11.
Pomp.
suffragiuni, 58.


Arch.
convicium, 12.
s(olaciurn, 16.
A en. I.
excidiurn, 22.
c~n-abium, 73.
rernigium, 301.
gaudium,* 502.
Aen. IL.
effugium, 140.
coniugium, 579.
Aen. III.
di   udium, 453.
ex6, 284.
peritirium, 542.
Aen. V.
somnium, 840.
Aen. VI.
oblivium, 715o.


44. The suffix mna is sometimes found used like the above. E.g.
11a1pIna, B. G. I. 15, and rui-na, (Cat. 1. 14) Aen. 1. 129.
45. The suffix i~s (and rarely ia) is also added to verb stems to
denote result. speci~s, B. G. I. 51; pernici~s, Cat. L. 5; progent~s,
Aen. I. 19; furiae, I. 41; rabi~s, I. 200; faci~s, I. 058; effigies, IL.
167; pr~3luvi~s, III. 217; macids, III. 590; illuvi~s, 1II. 593.




14


LATIN WORD FORMATION


men, mentum; bulum, (c)ulum; brum,
crum, trum
46. The suffixes men, mentum, bulum, (c)ulum, brum, crum,
trum, are added to verb stems to denote means or instrument.
The idea of place is often closely associated with that of
means, as in sepulcrum, tomb. Men may less often denote the
involuntary agent of an act, or even the act itself.
47. MODELS. nomen = no (stem of nosco, know) + men
(denoting means) = a means of knowing, i.e. name.
iumentum (for iugmentum) = iug (stem  of
iungo, join) + mentum (denoting instrument) = an instrument for joining, i.e. yoke; then yoke-animal.
vinculum = vine (stem  of vincio, bind) +
(c)ulum (denoting means)= the means of binding, i.e. bond,
chain.
strum    (changed for euphony from   rodtrum) =          of rodo, gnaw) + trum (denoting instrument) ==     rument for gnawing, i.e. beak.
flmen = flf (stem  of flnu, flow) + men
(denoting the involuntary agent) = that which flows, i.e.
river.


48. B.G. I.
flamen, 1.
nomen, 13.
agmen, 15.
B. G. III.
certamen, 14.
Cat. I.
semen, 30.


Cat. IV.
discrimen, 4.
Aen. I.
numen, 8.
lamen, 226.
fulmen, 230.
tegimen, 275.
velalnen, 649.


Aen. II.
crimen, 65.
volQmen, 208.
Aen. III.
gestamen, 286.
carmen, 287.
subtemen, 483.
solamen, 709.
levamen, 709.




NOUNS               1


15


Aeni. IV.
flamen, 241.


Aen. V.
tutalinen, 262.


Aen. VI.
libamien, 246.


49u. B.CG. L.
ifirnentumn, 3.
friimentum, 3.
imnped-imentum, 24.
mchrnentum, 34.
testilmentum, 39.
ornamentuai,* 44.
d~trinentum, 44.
B. C. IL.
tormentuin, 8.
minfnnimentum, 17.
tegirnenturn, 21.
50. B. C. I.
vinculum,* 4.
periculum, 5.
pabulum, 16.
B.CG. IV.
perpendiculurn, 17.
Cat. II1.
vinculum,* 19.
Pomp.
pr~p-agnaculum,
32.


B.CG. III.
armaSmenitum, 14.
instrurnenturn, 31.
B.CG. V.
ferrAmrieturn, 42.
strdinentuin, 43.
Cat. II.
6rnamentum, * 24.
Cat. IM.
argumentum, 13.
monumentum, 26.
Arch.
curriculum, 28.
Aen. I.
cingulurn, 492.
p6culum, 706.
Aen. IL.
fraculum, 1-14.
vestibuluim, 469.
stabulum, 499.


Cat-11. IV.
fundainentum, 13.
Pomp.
firmamnentuin, 10.
adifirnentunm, 70.
Arch.
incitanienturn, 23.
Aen. I.
nfitr~irnentuni, 176.
185.
c-inai   105.
Aen. IV.
venabuluin, 580.
retinaculumn, 850.
piaculum, 636.
Aen. V.
gubernasculumn,
1-76.
Aem. VI.
spectaculum, 37.




16


LATIN WORD FORMATION


51. B.G. I.
castrum,' 12.
B. G. III.
transtrm,2 13.
rostrum, 13.
Cat. II.
monstrum,* 1.


Cat. III.
delfbrum, 2.
simulacrum, 19.
Aen. I.
claustrum, 56.
lfstrum, 283.


Aen. II.
monstrum,* 171.
sepulcrum, 542.
aratrum, 755.
Aen. VI.
feretrum, 222.
fulcrum, 604.


52. Less common suffixes with the same force are ulus and ula.
copula, for co-apula, B. G. III. 13; fibula, for figula, IV. 17; stimulus, Arch. 29; nebula, Aen. I. 412; capulus, II. 553; specula, III. 239.
B. NouNS DERIVED FROM NOUNS
(t)ium, monium, tas, tus, (t)ia, ina
53. The s         (t)ium, monium, tas, tis, (t)ia, and ma are
added to nou        s to denote act, office, condition, or characteristic.
54. MODELS. iaUdicium = iadic (stem of iudex, judge) + ium
(denoting act or office) = the act of a judge, i.e. judgment.
civitas = civi (stem of civis, citizen) + tas
(denoting characteristic)= the characteristic of a citizen,
i.e. citizenship.


virtts = vir (weakened
+ tis (denoting characteristic) = the
man, i.e. manliness, bravery, etc.


stem of vir, man)
characteristic of a


55. B. G. I.
hospitium, 31.
arbitrium, 36.


Cat. I.
iudicium, 16.
auspicium, 33.


Cat. II.
municipium, 24.


1From root meaning cover.


2 For trdnsitrum.




NOUNS


17


Cat. III.
principium, 3.
Cat. IV.
servitium, 4.


Arch.
praecnium, 20.
Aen. I.
augurium, 392.


Aen. VI.
ministerium, 223.


56. B. G. I.
Inatrirn-nium, 3.
57. B. G. I.
Civitas, 2.
auctftit~w, 3.
B. G. III.
tempestas, 12.
58. B. C. I..virtas, 1.
servitdas, 11.
59. B. G. I.
vict6ria, 14.
60.    Cat. I.
disciplina, 12.


Cat. II.
vadimncium, 5.
patrim6niun, 10.
Cat. I.
societas, 33.
Cat. II.
aetgs, 20.
Arch.
senectils, 3.
Cat. I.
cfstadia, 8.
ignoninia, 14.
Cat. IL.
mnedicina, 17.


Arch.
tgstim~ninm) S.
Arch.
hereditas, 11..
venustaqs, 16.
1 Aen. I.
iuventfis, 467.
Pomp.
pueritia, 28.
militia, 28.
adolescentia, 28.
Arch.
doctrina, 12.


61. The suffixes ium and ia may also have a collective
force, and some of the nouns ending in tas and t-as may
have the collective force besides another meaning. Thus




is


18    ~LATIN WORD FORMATION


civit~t, besides citizenship, means a collection of citizens; i.e.
a stdte. So iuventfls, as also the English word youth.


62. B. G. L.
biennium, 3.
B. G. IV.
triennium, 4.
aequinoctium, 36.
63.  Ca t. I.
col~nia, 8.

B._C. V.
canfiniumi, 24.
Cat. I.
subsellium, 16.


Ar-ch.
Colbegium, 9.
Aen. II.
praecordiumn, 367.


XC at. IL.
familia, 18.
atus


Po mp.
centuria, 2.


64.
office.


The suffix atus is sometimes added to nouns to denote


65. B. G. I.
senatus, 3.
principatus, 3.
magistrdtus, 4-k'
potentatus, 31.
c~nsulatus, 35.


Pomp.
centuriatus, 37.


arimm
68. The suffix arium, and less often lie, denotes place.


67.     Cat. I.
sacrarium, 24.
Cat. II.
seminariuml 23.


Arch.
tabularium, 8.
Aen. I.
laquearia, 726.


68. Ini cubi-le, Cat. IV. 17, and sedile, Aen. I. 167, the suffix is
added to verb stems.




NOUNS


19


Diminutives
69. Diminutives, either nouns or adjectives, are formed
from nouns or adjectives with the endings lus, ulus, culus,
ellus, in any or all genders. Diminutives may denote endearment, pity, or contempt. The gender of the primitive
word is generally retained in the diminutive.
70. The diminutive suffixes in English are -let, -ling, -ock,
-kin, etc.
71. MODEL.   navicula = nvi (stem  of navis, ship) + cula
(suffix of diminutive) = a little ship or boat; skiff.


72. B. G. I.
castellum, 8.
tabernaculum, 39.
navicula, 53.
B. G. II.
parvulus, 30.
tantulus, 30.
hibernaculum, 34.
B. G. III.
lingula, 12.
adulescentulus, 21.


Cat. I.
lectulus, 9.
malleolus, 31.
Cat. II.
muliercula, 23.
Cat. III.
iugulum, 2.
tabella, 10.
Arch.
alveolus, 13.
libellus, 24.
longiusculus, 24.


Aen. I.
osculum, 256.
Aen. II.
puella, 238.
catulus, 357.
Aen. V.
palmula, 163.
spiculum, 307.
circulus, 559.
flagellum, 579.


Patronymics
73. Patronymics, proper names denoting son or daughter,
or less accurately a descendant, are Greek nouns ending in
ades, ides, ides, iades, masculine, and is, as, feminine.




20


20    ~LATIN WORD FORMATION


74. MODEL. Tydid~s    Tyd (stein of Tydeus) +!des (ending
of patronymic)   son of Tydeus (i.e. Diomedes).


75. Aen. I.
Tydides, 97.
Aeacides, 99.
Aeneadae, 157.
Atrides, 458.
A4en. IL.
Dardanides, 59.
Belides, 82.
P61ides, 263.
Othryades, 319.
Mygdonides, 342.
76. Aen. I.
Ilias, 480.


Aen. III.
Laqoinedontiades,
248.
Aen. V.
Anchisiades, 407.
Alcide~s, 414.
Hyrtacides, 492.
Rpytides, 547.
Tasides, 843.
Aen. II.
Tyndaris, 569.
Dardanis, 787.


Aen. VI.
Cecropides, 21.
Aeolid1es, 164.
Antenorides, 484.
Priamides, 494.
A16deds, 582.
Scipiades, 843.
Aen. V.
Tr~as, 613.


C. NOUNS DERIVED FROM ADJECTIVES
77. The suffixes ia, tia, tas, and tt'td6 are added to the stems
of adjectives (often weakened) to form abstract nouns denoting qnadity or condition.
78. The English equivalents, i.e. the endings of abstract nouns in
English, include the following: -ship, -(t)y, -ness, -tude.
79. MODE-LS. amicitia     amici (weakened stem   of amicus,
friendly) + tia (ending of abstract noun) = friendship, friendliness.
potentia = potent (stem of pot~ns, able, pres,




NOUNS


') I.4.


ent participle of possum, to be able) + ia (ending of abstract
noun) = ability, power.
n6bilitas ==n~bili (stem of n~bilis, noble) ~
tM (ending of abstract nouLn) =nobleness, nobility.
latitfid6 lati (weakened stern of litus,
wide) + taftd (ending of abstract noun) =wideness, wvidth,
breadth.


80. B. G~. I.
multitfifdt 2.
fortit-kbi, 2.
longit-tid6, 2.
latitfd,4 2.
cOnsu~fi~d~l' 31.
-necessit-ad6, 43.
81. B.G. I.
c~pia, 2.
amicitia, 3.
memoria, 7.
inifiria, 7.
angustiae, 9.
gr~tia, 9.
vigilia, 12.
auddcia,* 18.
potentia, 18.
ifiititia, 19.
temperantia, 19.
inopia, 27.


B. G. II.
miansnet'ti61d, 14.
lassitiid6, 23.
turpittld(, 27.
B. G. III.
erassit-adQ5 13.
firmit-tidC, 13.


B. G. TV.
ainplitftd6, 3.
sblittidd, 18.
B.CG. V.
sollicitfid6, 53.


tristitia, 32.
arrogantia, 33.
Amnentia,* 40.
diligentia,* 40.
c~nstantia, 40.
avaritia,* 40.
innocentia, 40.
pertinacia, 42.
sententia, 45.
scientia,* 47.
B. C. II.
prtidentia, 4.


clementia, 14.
lIaxuria,2 1-5.
misericordia, 28.
B.CG. III.
Inscientia, 9.
B. C. IV.
dementia, 13.
perfidia, 13.
imprfidentia, 27.


I From perfect participle as adjective.
2 Asif from lfixurus, an adjective from MtXUB.




22


LATIN WORD FORMATION


B. G. V.
berievolentia, 25.
contriversia,* 26.
Iaetitia,* 48.
cinscientia,* 56.
cat. I.
patientia, 1.
audacia, * 1.
seientia,* 1.
inertia, 4.
nequi~tia, 4.
dlligentia,* 7.
5mentia,* 8.
frequentia, 16.
canscientia,* 17.
invidia, 22.
laetitia,* 26.
82.   B. G. I.
hjii-nnitas,* 1.
cupiditas,* 2.
nbbilitas, 2.
voluntas, 7.
facultis, 7.
lenitas,* 12.
imppanitas, 14.
potestas, 16.
1itertiis, 17.
liberalitas, 18.
affinitas, 18.
bonitas, 28.
cr-ddelitas,* 32.


(flat. II.
contriversia,* 1.
stultitia, 3.
abundantia, 10.
inimieitia, 11.
concordia, 19.
petulantia, 25.
pudieitia, 25.
coutinentia, 25.
pradentia,* 25.
Ignavia, 25.
cat. III.
impudentia, 11.
providentia, 14.
Cat. IV.
miseria, 7.
aequitas, 40.
diflturnitas, 40.
felleitas,* 40.
alacritas, 41.
sdnitas, 42.
dignitas,* 43.
oeleritag, 48.
voluptas, 53.
B.CG. II.
mibilitas, 1.
levitas, 1.
fertilitas, 4.


Poninp.
sapientia, 17.
aviiritia,* 37.
divitiae, 55.
perseverarntia, C9.
Aen. I.
reliquiae, 30.
superbia, 529.
Aen. IT.
insania, 42.
inclementia, 602.
Aen. VI.
tiscordia, 280.
propinquitas, 4.
necessitas, 11.
indignitaes, 14.
acclivitas, 18.
brevitas, 20.
difficultas, 20.
exiguitas, 21.
iniquitas, 22.
B. C. III.
paueitas, 2.
opportunitas, 12.
trauquilitas, 15.




N —IOUNS                2


23


B. G. IV.
gravitas,* 3.
iinfirmnitas, 5.
rapiditas, 17.
fatilitas,* 19q.
stabilitas, 33.
novitas, 34.
siccitfis, 38.
B. G. V.
humnilitas, 1.
pietas,* 27.
simultas, 44.
temeritas, 51.
Cat. I.
vastitas, 12
severitis 12.
immaqnitaqs, 14.
taciturnitas, 16.
posteritas, 22.
cupidit-as,* 25.
volupt~s, 25.
mat-dritas, 31.


Clat. IL.
irn probitAs, 3.
MRF61 6.
egestas, 24.
Cat. I111.
varietas, 13.
tarditAs, 20.
crfid~1itas,* 24.
diignitMs,* 27.
Cat. IV.
ace-rbitas, 1.
mendieitas, 10.
atr6cita~s, 11.
benignitas, 19.
POMP.
ffihcitmi,~* 10.
sxtbertas, 14.
assiduitas, 20.


longinquitas, 23.
antiquitas, 27.
facilitas, 36.
amoenitaqs, 40.
gravitas,* 41.
vilitas, 44.
caritas, 44.
'veritas, 61.
integritas, 59.
Arch.
celebritas, 5.
vetustaqs, 14.
sedulitas, 24.
ilen. I.
pietiis,* 10.
Aen. IL.
consanguinitas, 86.
Aen. V.
iuventas, 398.


83. The suffix ies, ti~s, is sometimes found as an equivalent of ia,
tia, some nouns even having both first and fifth declension forms.
E~g. aci~s, B.G. I. 22; pliniti~s, I. 43; s~gniti~s, Aen. IL. 374;
cdniti&, VI. 300; pauperi~s, VI. 437.




ADJECTIVES
A. DERIVED FROM VERBS
bundus, (c)undus
84. Adjectives ending in bundus and cundus have nearly
the same force as present participles, describing a state or
condition as continuing. These endings are added to verb
stems. English loan words are often found nearly or quite
the same as the Latin bases, e.g. moribund, fecund, jocund,
second.
85. MODEL. moribundus = mori (stem   of morior, die) +
bundus (describing a condition as continuing) = in a dying
condition, i.e. dying.
86.   B.G. I.                       Aen. IV.
secundus, 14.                moribundus, 323.
iracundus, 31.               furibundus, 646.
Cat. I.                       Aen. VI.
iucundus, 15.                fecundus, 598.
ilis, bilis, tills
87. Adjectives ending in ills, bilis, and tilis denote a capability, generally passive. These endings are added to verb
stems. The euphonic changes occurring when tills is added
are the same as those found in the supine (cf. ~~ 12, 13).
The English equivalent is -ble, -able, -ible.
88. MODELS. facilis = fac (stem of faci6, do) + ilis (denoting passive capability) = capable of being done, " do-able,"
i.e. easy.
24




ADJECTIVES           2


25


ffisilis (changed for euphony from fudtilis =
fud (stem of fund6, pour) -F tifis (denoting passive capability)
"pourable," i.e. melted, fased.
fertilis = fer (stem of fero, bear) ~ tilis (de.


noting ACTIVE capability) = capable
ing, i.e. fertile, productive.


of bearing or produc

89. B. G. L.
n~bilis, 2.
facilis, 2.
(in-)cr~dibilis, 12.
B. G. III.
B. G. IV.
B.CG. V.
f-asilis, 43.
Cat. I.
horribilis, 11.
Cat. IV.
tolerabilis, 16.
Pomp.
fertilis, 14.
(in-)numerabilis,
33.


Aen. I.
stabilis, 73.
miserabilis, 111.
habilis, 318.
Aen. IL.
violabilis, 154.
(in-)eluctdbilis,
324.
memorabilis, 583.
Aen. III.
textilis, 485.
spirabilis, 600.
affabilis, 621.
(il-)laetabilis, 707.


terribilis, 465.
mnitabilis,2 569.
Aen. V.
flexilis, 559.
(ir-)remeabilis,
591.
(ex-)saturabilis,
781.
Aen. VI.
(in-)extricabilis,
27.
fissilis, 181.
venerabilis, 408.
siitilis, 414.
(in-)amabilis, 438.
imitabilis, 590.


Aen. IV.
(In-)superabilis,
40.
trActabilis, 53.
volatilis, 71.




26


LATIN WORD FORMATION


90. The suffix ax is added to verb stems to describe a
tendency, usually excessive. The English equivalent is the
loan suffix -acious.
91. MODEL. audax = and (stem of audeo, dare) + ax (denoting tendency) = having a tendency to dare, i.e. daring,
bold, audacious.


92. B. G. I.
audax, 15.
B. G. II.
ferax, 4.
Cat. I.
sagax, 19.


Aen. I.
procax, 536.
Aen. II.
mendax, 80.
edax, 758.


Aen. IV.
tenax, 188.
Aen. V.
sequax, 193.
fallax, 850.


93. So (c)ulus in ridiculhs, Arch. 8, and bibulus, Aen. VI.
227.
idus
94. The suffix idus is added to verb stems to denote a state
or settled condition. Very many of these adjectives have
English loan words from their bases, and corresponding
verbal nouns ending in or (see ~ 23).
95. MODEL. timidus = tim (stem of timeo, fear) + idus
(denoting a settled condition-here, of mind) = being in
a continual condition of fearing, i.e. timid.


96. B. G. I.
cupidus, 2.
timidus, 39.


B.G. III.
languidus, 5.


B.G. IV.
frigidus,* 1.
anrdus, 24.




ADJECTIVES           2


27


B.CG. V.
hiorridlus,* 14.
Cat. I.
gelidus,* 31.
Cat. IL.
nitidus, 22.
Pomp.P
avidus, 7.
Aen. I.
rapidus, 42.
validus, 120.
placidus, 127.


tumidus, 142.
liorridus,* 296.
pallidus, 354.
splendidus, 637.
Aen. IIL
fibidus, 8.
gelid-as,* 120.
trepidus, 380.
frigidus,* 472.
pavidus, 489.
Aen. III.
tabidiis, 137.
Ihicidus, 585.
fluidus, 663.


Aen. IV.
gravidus, 229.
turbidus, 245.
liquaidus, 526.
Aen. V.
imadidus, 179.
canclidus, 571
vividus, 754.
Aen. VI.
rabidus, 80.
calidus, 218.
sordidus, 301.
lividus, 320.


B. DERIVED FROM NoUNS
5sus
97. The suffix 6sus is added to the stems of nouns (often
with weakened vowel) to denote fullness.        The English
equivalents are the loan suffixes -ose and -ous, or the AngloSaxon -ful.
98. MODEL. per-icul~sug = per-ioul (weakened stem of per!culum, danger, peril) + 6sus (full of) = full of danger or peril,
i.e. dangerous, perilous.
99. B. G. I.         pericul,5sus,* 33.         Cat. I I.
bellia~sus 1 10.           Cat. I.        flagitic~sus, 8.
s~editi~sus, 17.     perniei~sus, 3.      ebrii~sus, 10.
c~picOsus, 23.       furidsus, 25.        invidi~sus, 15.
fructuasus, 30.      56tisus, 26.          sflmptuosus, 20.
1 Formed from bellicus, warlike, not bellum.




28


LATIN WORD FORMATION


facinorosus, 22.
insidiosus, 28.
Cat. III.
studiosus, 10.
periculosus,* 16.
Cat. IV.
exitiosus, 6.
Pomp.
ininriosus, 11.
religiosus, 23.
laboriosus, 70.


Aen. I.
maculosus, 323.
nimbosus, 535.
Aen. II.
l  ^ l   Krscrl a 1 2


piscosus, 255.
harenosus, 257.
annosus, 441.
Aen. V.


11111.


J~LiUb, _L0^.  latebrosus, 214.
Aen. III.      frondosus, 252.
onerosus, 352.
Lorosus, 270.  tenebrdsus, 839.


neir


lapidosus,!4A3.
undosus, 693.
palmdsus, 705.
Aen. IV.
aquosus, 52.


Aen. VI.
spumosus, 174.
ventosus, 335.
rilmsus, 414.


100. Similarly, (u)lentus.
Cat. II.
turbulentus, 21
Aen. I.
opulentus, 447.
tus


Aen. IV.
pulverulentus, 155.
Aen. VI.
violentus, 356.


101. Tus and atus are added to the stems of nouns and
mean " provided with."
102. It will be noted that this suffix is the same as that of the perfect passive participle, but is added to noun instead of verb stems.
The same is often true of the corresponding English suffix -ed; e.g.
honored, weighted, winged, etc.




ADJECTIVES


29


103. MODEL. barbatus = barba (stem of barba, beard) +
tus (provided with) = provided with a beard, i.e. bearded.


104. B. G. I.
iastus,* 43.
honestus,* 53.
B. G. II
molestus, 1.
B. G. IV.
ephippiatus, 2.
Cat. I.
iustus,* 17.
honestus,* 21.
fanestus, 24.
Cat. II.
r6bustus, 20.
barbatus, 22.


manicatus, 22.
togatus, 28.
Cat. IV.
purpuratus, 12.
Arch.
litteratus, 3.
praetextatus, 5.
foederatus, 7.
modestus, 9
Aen. I.
onustus, 289.
cristatus, 468.
lunatus, 490.
bacatus, 655.


crinltus, 740.
auratus, 741.
Aen. II.
aeratus, 481.
vetustus, 713.
Aen. III.
pictfratus, 483.
turritus, 536.
Aen. IV.
alatus, 259.
stellatus, 261.
Aen. V.
ferratus, 208.


eus
105. The suffix eus, when added to the names of materials,
may signify " made of "; otherwise it means " characteristic
of," or "becoming."  The English suffix -y is often its equivalent, e.g. silvery, rosy, grassy, etc.
106. MODELS.    ferreus = ferr (weakened stem of ferrum,
iron) + eus (made of) = made of iron, i.e. iron, adj.
virgineus = virgin (stein of virgo, maiden)
+ eus (characteristic of, becoming) = characteristic of, or
becoming, a maiden, i.e. maiden, adj., maidenly.


107. B. G. I.          B. G. III.
oonsanguineus, 11.   ferreus, 13.


Cat. I.
argenteus, 24.




30


LATIN WORD FORMATION


Aen. I.
arboreus, 190.
frondeus, 191.
purpureus, 337.
roseus, 402.
floreus, 430.
aereus, 448.
niveus, 469.
aureus, 492.
croceus, 649.
Aen. II.
virgineus, 168.
sanguineus, 207.
squimeus, 218.
stuppeus, 236.


plieus, 258.
spumneus, 419.
femineus, 488.
Aen. III.
corneus, 22.
litoreus, 390.
piceus, 573.
sidereus, 586.
Aen. IV.
igneus, 352.
marmoreus, 392.
fanereus, 507.
fulmineus, 580.


Aen. V.
populeus, 134.
puniceus, 269.
grainineus, 287.
lineus, 510.
Aen. VI.
fraxineus, 181.
scrfpeus, 238.
vnpereus, 281.
ferragineus, 303.
myrteus, 443.
fameus, 593.
corporeus, 737.
pampineus, 804.
corneus, 894.


Pertaining to or Belonging to
108. The following    suffixes, signifying pertaiining to or
belonging to, are added to the stems of nouns or other adjectives: nus, anus, aneus, enus, inus; aris, alis, lis, ilis, ilis, ulis;
ius, arius, (i)cius; ter, tris, ester, estris, estis; ensis; (i)cus;
(i)timus; (t)ivus; and to the stems of proper nouns, besides
many of the above: aens, eus, eius, ous, (i)acus, issus.
109. MODEL.      patrius = patr (stem  of pater,.father) + ins
(pertaining to or belonging to) = pertaining or belonging to
a father; i.e. fatherly, father's, ancestral, etc.
110. The feminine of adjectives ending in ins is often
used for the name of a country; e.g. Gallia, Italia; the word
terra being understood.    So patria, fatherland, and perhaps
barbaria, foreign country.




ADJECTIVES            3


31


111. Anus, inus, aeus, and ~nsis are often attached to names
of places.


11 2. B. G. I.
Gallia, 1.
Aquitania, 1.
Hispania, 1.
finitim-us, 2.
IRomdnus, 3.
cibarius, 5.
frtament~rius, 10.
Italia, 10.
necess~rius, 11.
piablicus, 12.
Cassianus, 13.
equester, 18.
fri~ternus, 20.
mi~ita-ri's, 21.
Gallicus, 22.
veteranus, 24.
stipendiarius, 30.
er-adelis, 31.
temerdrius, 31.
servilis, 40.
praet6rivis, 40.
legiwnirius, 42.
terrenus, 43.
Mlarius, 51.


B. G. IL.
Brittania, 4.
liberalis, 5.
sagittariuis, 7.
oppidanius, 7.
doniesticus,~ *10.
patrius,* 15.
pedester, 17.
aequdlis, 18.
contrdring, 18.
silvestris, 18.
singularis,* 24.
aestuarius, 28.
divinus,* 31.
mafitimus, 33.
B. G. III.
Nervicus, 5.
nauticus, 8.
pedalis, 13
mfirAlis, 14.
Yeneticus, 18.
n5avalis,* 19.
aerarius,* 21.
auxiliaris, 25.
B. U. WV.
hftmanus,* 3.
humilis, 3.


Gerrnania, 4.
Germianicus, 16.
sesquipedahis, 17.
fidelis, 21.
oneltrius, 22.
esseddrius, 23.
speculat~rius, 26.
B. G. V.
Actuarius, 1.
vect~rius, 8.
meridiAnus, 8.
mediterraneus, 12.
voluntarius,.56.
Cat. I.
o~s1ri, 4.
nefarius, 6.
falcarius, 8.
ManLiatnus, 10.
domnesticus,* 13.
lanuarius, 15.
patrius,* 17.
regius, 30.
urb~.uw, 32.
Cat. IL
capitoalis, 3.
Gallicanus, 5.
agrestis, 5.




32


32    ~LATIN WORD FORMATION


rftsticus, 5.
siearius, 7.
gladiatdrius, 9.
1hftmnmnus,* 10.
Faesulanus, 14.
Massiliensis, 16.
auctionarius, 18.
talaris, 22.
aerarius,* 25.
patricius, 26.
Cat. III.
Sibyllinus, 9.
f~tdls, 9.
hbertiuus, 14.
singul-ans,* 15.
castrensis, 17.
lupinus, 19.
cavflis, 19.
Cat. IV.
curfilis, 2.
agrarius, 4.
popularis, 9.
Vestalis, 12.
provincialis, 23.
Pomp.
forensis, 2.
Mithridaticus, 7.
Bosporanuis, 9.
SertoriAnus, 10.
Hispaniensis, 10.


dlvlnus,* 10.
ua-vwcularius, 11.
Graecius, 11.
hostilis, 13.
pecuarius, 15.
piiblicanus, 16.
Asiaiticus, 19.
Cyzice-nus, 20.
avitus, 21.
regalis, 24.
Africanus, 28.
n~valis,* 28.
imuperaterius, 29.
Ostiensis, 33.
Tiberlnus, 33.
tempestivus, 34.
Cri-etensis, 35.
transmarinus, 53.
Atheniensis, 54.
Karthaginiensis,
54.
Pianicus,2 60.
Senatorius, 61.
Arch.
legitirnus, 3.
puerilis, 4.
Tarentinus, 5.
Reginus, 5.
NeapolitAnus, 5.
Heracliensis, 8.
bocrensis, 10.


scae-nicus, 10.
Colophenius, 19.
Salamrninis, 19.
Smyrnaeus, 19.
Cimnbricus, 19.
Rudinus, 22.
Mytilenaeus, 24.
alternus, 24.
imlicialis, 32.
Aen. I.
Lavinius, 2.
Latinus, 6.
caelestis, 11.
Tyrius, 12.
Treianus, 19.
S~atrnius, 23.
Aeolius, 52.
Iliacus, 97.
Tr~ius, 119.
Cerealis, 177.
Scyllaeus, 200.
Cyclopius, 201.
aenus,7 213.
ferinus, 215.
lectoreus, 273.
Mavortius, 276.
hastile, 313.
Spartaiiius, 316.
Threissa, 316.
mortifis, 328.
Lybicus, 339.




ADJECTIVES             3


33


taurinus, 368.
aimalis, 373.
vitalis, 388.
aetlerius, 394.
Sabaeus, 416.
Sid~nius, 446.
Dardanius, 494.
Parius, 593.
Phrygiuis, 618.
Argivus, 650.
Typhiius, 665.
Phoenissus, 670.
fiinalis, 727.
Aen. II.
Teucrius, 26.
D1ricus, 27.
exitialis, 31.
acernus, 112.
Tritdnius, 171.
Larissaeus, 197.
montanus, 305.
Priam~ius, 403.
Achaicus, 462.
barbaricus, 504.
iuvenalis, 518.
Neptilnius, 625.
Idaeus, 696.
Hesperius, 781.
Aen. III.
Diinaeus, 19.
Geticus, 35.


Agamemnonius, 54. letqlis, 73.


Pergaineus, 110.
Corybantius, 111.
Gn6sius, 115.
Crktaeus, 117.
paternus, 121.
Dictaeus, 171.
Phineius, 212.
Stygius, 215.
Laertius, 272.
glacialis, 285.
aerius, 291.
Achillus, 326.
Ledaeus, 328.
Chaonius, 334.
virilis, 342.
Ausonius, 385.
Aeaeus, 386.
Narvycius, 399.
Lyctius, 401.
CGmaeus, 441.
D~d6naeus, 466.
Eurdus, 533.
nivalis, 538.
Herculeus, 551.
lPhoebeus, 637.
Gelsus, 701.
Lilybaeus, 706.
Aen. IV.
iugalis, 16.
Cresius, 70.


dotalis, 104.
maternus, 144.
ffrtivuss, 171.
Mfaeonius, 216.
Cyllenius, 258.
uxorius, 266.
Gryneus, 345.
fluviilis, 635.
anilis, 641.
Alen. V.
Tegeaeus, 299.
Bebrycius, 373.
Thracius, 536.
Tinarius, 620.
Rhoeteius, 646.
Erycinus, 759.
Anchiseus, 761.
Lethaeus, 854.
Aen. VI.
Eubiicus, 2.
Delius, 12.
Min5ius, 14.
Chalcidicus, 17.
Threicius, 120.
brtnmalis, 205.
Tartareus, 295.
Marpcsius, 471.
Titanius, 580.
genialis, 603.
eburnus, 647.




34              LATIN WORD FORMATION
noxius, 731.           Berecyntius, 784.     Alpinus, 830.
Albanus, 763.          Mae6tius, 799.        Eous, 831.
113. The suffixes (t)ernus, (t)urnus, and (t)inus are added to
words denoting time or place. E.g. repentinus, B G. I. 13; pristinus, I. 13; diuturnuzs, I. 14; diurnus, I. 38; annotinus, V. 8; perendinus, V. 30; diiitinus, V. 62; nocturnus, Cat. I. 1; intestinus, I. 5;
aeternus, I. 33; hesternus, II. 6; externus, II. 11; hodiernus, III. 1;
iafernus, Aen. III. 386; crdstinus, IV. 118.
114. The suffixes ivus and icius are sometimes added to perfect
passive participles used substantively. E.g. captivus, B. G. I. 22;
fugitivus, I. 23; dediticius, I. 27; adventicius, Pomp. 24.




VERBS


A. VERBS DERIVED FROM NOUNS OR ADJECTIVES
115. Verbs derived from nouns or adjectives are called
denominative verbs.
I. Denominative Verbs of the First Conjugation
116. Denominative verbs of the first conjugation are
apparently formed by adding the endings of verbs of the
first conjugation to the bases of nouns or adjectives.
"L Denominatives were formed from noun stems by means of a suffix
-yo- and -ye-. The y disappeared between vowels, and, in most forms,
the vowels then contracted." -HALE AND BUCK.
117. English denominative verbs are very often the same in form
as nouns and adjectives; e.g. to war, to winter, to bare, to open, etc.
118. MODEL. bello = bell (base of bellum, war), + o, are
(ending of a verb of the first conjugation) = to war, to make
war.


119. B..I.
vagor, 2.
bello, 2.
arbitror,* 2.
probo, 3.
concilio, 3.
iuro, 3.
spero, 3.
damnSo, 4.
privo, 5.
porto, 5.


paci, 6.
nintio, 7.
matfur, 7.
temper6, 7.
hiemo. 9.
vastb, 11.
iidios, 12.
curo, 13.
glorior, 14.
dubito, 17.
supero, 17.
voco,? 19.
35


aequo,* 25.
pugno, 25.
vulnero, 26.
mororor, 26.
occulto, 27.
ignor6,* 27.
gratulor, 30.
laboro, 31.
compare, 31.
miror,* 32.
invito, 35.
gravo, 35.




36


36    ~LATIN WORD FORMATION


exercit6, 36.
iniseror,* 39.
arm6, 40.
silnuuhj* 44.
(re-)mfineror, 44.
d~n6,* 47.
spec ulor, 47.
(de-)c1ar6, 50.
ne~  53.
B. G. IL.


B. G. V.
oner6, * 1.
spolio,* 6.
remigO, 8.
examnin6, 12.
ptqbulor, 17.
regllo,* 25.
1evc)j* 27.
trepid6, 33.
pfiblic6, 56.


solli
nuid
per!
praei
intr,
m16m
pro(
laxc
tard
dom


Lcit~,* 1.            Cat. I.
0, 6.
elitor, 8.       gr,*1
io, 7         arbitror,* 1.
5,* 17.          not6, 2.
ifO*18.      miehinor, 2.
lior, 23.       obclr,6
y~25.          vigilo, 8.
o,* 25.    ~~1-ber6j 9.
ior* 31       firmO, 10.
salfitt, 10.
B. a. III.      insidior, 11.
VOe0,* 12.
[ieti,* 16.      curnul6, 14.
B. G. IV.   vindic6,* 14.
B. 6. iv.   initi6, 16.
rientor, 9.      sceler6, 23.,cipitco,* iS.  veneror, 24.
r65, 19.         bacehor, 26.
Lijor, 29.       n~min6,* 27.
lic6, 36.       mlldt(0,* 27.


multO,28.
honestP5, 29.
Cat. II.
anh~10, 1.
laetor, 2.
triumphO, 3.
coinitor,* 4.
fortfinln 7.
lev6,* 7.
debilitO, 10.
precor,* 29.
Cat. III.
1oco,* 20.
celebr6, 23.
termind6, 26.
Cat. IV.
lamentor, 4.
damn6,* 5.
(dis-)s~emiin0, 6.
rogn6,* 12.
frequento, 15.
f und6, 19.
Pomp.
simul0,* 9.
-nego6tior, 18.
tard0,* 22.
minror,* 39.


viIC

prac
libe.
auxi
dup'.




VERBS


37


hibern6, 39.
mninor,  58
1ocuplMt, 67'.
testor,* 70.
d~n~,* 5.
hifiriu5, 8.
cnlliilinor, 1
pernoet,5, 16.
peregrinor, 16.
rfisticor, 16.
vall&, 21.
decor6, 22.
penetr6, 23.
sonb,* 26.
Aern. I.
memor6, 8.
iaculor, 42.
flaninm, 50.
Iicltor, 53.
fren6, 54.
indignor, 55.
fugb, 143.
miuor,* 162.
aequ6,* 193.
Oner6~ 195.
SOn6,* 200.
dflr3, 207.
1oc51* 213.


sere-no- 255.
dominor,* 285.
cav6, 310.
comitor,* 31-2.
cr!sp6, 313.
m~nstr6, 321.
spiim6, 324.
digrior, 335.
iug6, 345.
celer6, 357.
mercor, 367'.
turbo, 395.
laltr6, 453.
volg,5, 457.
lacrim6, 459.
glomer6, 500.
apt6, 0552.
miseror,* 597
Soc6,5 600.
cael6, 640.
sacr6, 681.
cor~n6, 724.
Aen. II.
praecipit6,* 9.
terebrc&, 38.
fabric6, 46.
foed6, 55.
pili, 140.
t~stor,* 155.
indct6 202.
v616, 249.


lax6, 259.
f~stlni6, 373.
slgn6, 423.
Ulid5, 488.
sati5), 587.
culp6, 602.
hebet6, 605.
c lg, 606.
irndC5, 609.
fID6)3 698.
propinquc6, 730.
Aen. fILri
maculQ5 29.
secu-ndc5, 36.
lacerO, 41.
operor, 1-36.
precor,* 144.
iutT6,* 219.
epulor, 224.
asper6, 285.
lentO, 384.
verber6, 423.
unibr6, 508.
cvirv6, 533.
r6r6, 567.
stagn63, 698.
Aen. IV.
spatior, 62.
nigro-, 120.
n~d6, 138.




38


LATIN WORD FORMATION


aggero, 197.
novo, 260.
alterno, 287.
stilmul, 302.
fraud6, 355.
grator, 478.
sicco, 687.
Aen. V.
obliquo, 16.
honoro, 50.


genero, 61.
sulco, 158.
levo, 306.
viridor, 388.
libro, 479.
saturo, 608.
corusco, 642.
anhelo, 739.
furor, 845.
soporo, 855.


Aen. VI.
incesto, 150.
huin6, 161.
opaco, 195.
semino, 206.
stabulo, 28Q.
mcdico, 420.
frfstror, 493.
rimor, 599.
od6or, 658.
temero, 840.


II. Denominative Verbs of the Second Conjugation
120. Denominative verbs of the second conjugation are
formed by adding the endings of the second conjugation to
the stems of nouns or adjectives.  Thlese verbs are regularly
intransitive.
121. MODEL. floreo =flr (base of flos, floris, flower) + eo,
ere (ending of verb of the second conjugation, intransitive)
= to flower, to be in flower, bloom, flourish.


122. B.G. I.
floreo, 30.
Aen. II.
misereo(r), 143.
Aen. III.
fronde6, 25.


Aen. IV.
flave6, 590.
Aen. V.
salveo, 80.
hebeo, 396.


frigeo, 396.
caneo, 416.
lulce6, 554.
Aen. VI.
vireo, 206.


III. Denominative Verbs of the Third Conjugation
123. Denominative verbs of the tlilrd conjugation are
regularly those derived from nouns of the fourth declension,




VERBS


39


whose stems end in u, whence these verbs regularly end in
un, uere. Minuo is formed by analogy from minus.
124. MODEL. metuo = metu (stem of metus, fear) + o, ere
(ending of verb of the third conjugation) = to fear.
125. B. G. I.            Pomp.             Aen. IV.


statun, 11.
minuo, 20.
Cat. I.
metnu, 13.


tribuo, 2.
Aen. I.
acuo, 45.
Aen. II.
sinud, 208.


fiuctuo, 532.


Aen. VI.
aestuo, 297.


IV. Denominative Verbs of the Fourth Contjugation
126. Denominative verbs of the fourth conjugation are
derived largely from nouns and adjectives of the third declension, usually those having i stems; but there are also
many from nouns and adjectives of other declensions.
127. MODEL. finio = fin(i) (stem of finis, end) + io, ire
(ending of a verb of the fourth conjugation) = to end, limit,
bound.


128.
potic
larg
mini
part
saev:


B. G. I.             B. G. V.
r, 2.            vestio, 14.
ior, 18.                Cat. I.
io, 24.           molior, 5.
custodio, 6.
B. G. III.        servio, 23.;ior, 10.              Cat. III.
io, 13.           pupnio, 15.
Cat. IV.
B. G. IV.        stabilio, 12.
o, 16.            saepi6, 23


Arch.
polio, 30.
Aen. I.
molli6, 57.
gradior, 312.
ordior, 325.
lenio, 451.
Aen. II.
sortior, 18.


fini<




40


LA    ORD ORATIN WRD FORMATION


B. VERBS DERIVED FROM OTHER VERBS
I. Inceptive Verbs
129. Inceptive verbs are formed by adding sco to the
stems of other verbs, and denote the act or state as beginning.
130. MODEL. timesco = time (stem of timeS, be afraid of)
+ sco (ending of an inceptive verb) = begin to be afraid of,
become afraid of.
131. Many such verbs, however, do not have such a force, or at least
do not show it clearly. In the following, the suffix was used to form
the present stem before any such distinctive meaning had become attached to it: cresco, disco, pasco, posco. Some, like ulciscor, have no
kindred simpler form in use. In others, the exact inceptive force is
hard to explain, e.g. scisco and its compounds.
132. Since (for example) from clarus, clear, there was formed the
denominative verb clareo, to be clear (~ 120), and from this the inceptive verb claresco, to become clear, the endings asco, esco and isco
came to be added directly to noun and adjective bases, apparently
without regard to the stem vowel of the word itself. E.g. crebresco,
from creber (stem crebro/a).
133. B. G. I.        ad-olesco, 47.           B. G. IV.
proficiscor, 3.      nanciscor, 53.       re-mollesc6, 2.
con-scisco, 4.            B.. II.        de-litsc, 32.
a-sclsc6, 5.
ulciscor, 12.        in-veterasco, 1.          B. G. V.
re-miniscor, 13.     nascor, 13.          ex-ardesc6, 4.
ob-liviscor, 14.     re-languesc6, 15.    ad-haeresco, 48.
con-suesco, 14.
re-scisco, 28.           B. G   II.
in-nascor, 41.       ex-timesco, 13.




VERBS                4


41


ICa -t. I.
hebesc6, 4.
ob-liviscor, 6.
paciscor, 17.
per-tim~sc6, 14.
qui~sc6, 21.
con-cupisec6, 25.
in-gravesc6, 31.
tabesc6, 6.
ad-ipis cor, 1 9.
Cat. Ili.
ad-vesper~qsc6, 5.
di-lficC~sca, 6.
con-ticesc6, 10.
ob-stipesc6,* 13.
per-horresc5, 12.
con-quiesc6, 15.


Arch.
1rascor, 37.
Aen. I.
de-hisc6, 106.
fatisc6, 123.
mitesc6, 291.
ob-stip~sco,* 513.
drdlesc5, 713.
Aen. IL.
mniseresco, 145.
horresco, 204.
de-claresc6, 301.
pat~escO, 309.
Aen. III.
de-rigesc6, 260.
hisc6, 314.


rartiscti, 411.
ptabesc6, 491.
rubesco, 521.
crebresc6, 530.
suesc6, 541.
trem~esc6, 648.
con-trimescO, 67-3.
Aen. IV.
i;-van-sct3,"  278.
ob-m-fitesc6, 279.
nigrescG, 454.
albesc6, 586.
Aen. V.
nitescC5, 135.
mnadesc6, 697.
Aen. VI.
frondescQ, 144.


ILI. ntensive and Frequentative Verbs
134. Many verbs have formed from them a secondary
verb of the first conjugation, called an intensive verb,
which primarily denoted repeated or energetic action.
Such verbs, however, in many cases came to be used simply
as stronger forms of the simple verbs, with little or no
difference in meaning.
135. These verbs are formed by adding t6, tare to the
stem, thus showing the same euphonic changes as the supine
stem (cf. ~ 12); but the final 1% of the stem of a verb of the




42


LATIN WORD FORMATION


first conjugation is weakened to i, so that these verbs end in
ito (not ato). Similarly agito and its compound cogito, and
fluiti.
136. MODELS. iacto=iac (stem of iacio, throw)-+to, tare (ending of an intensive verb) = toss.
curso, changed for euphony from currto, 
curr (stem of curro, run) +-t, tare (ending of intensive verb)
- run about.
volit = voli (weakened stem of volo, volare,
fly) + t, tare (ending of intensive verb) =flit.
137. In many cases where the original frequentative
force had been lost through common use, a double frequentative was formed. E.g. cano, sing, canto, sing, cantito, sing over
and over, keep singing.


138. B. G. I.
specto, 1.
tempto (tento), 14.
vexo, 14.
iacto, 18.
cogito,* 33.
verBo(r), 48.
(pr6-)puls6, 49.
B.G. II.
sustento, 6.
increpito, 15.
B. G. IV.
ventito, 3.
cito, 10.


B. G. V.
territo, 7.
clamitO, 7.
cOnfltcto, 35.
ostento,* 41.
consulto, 53.,  at. I.
iacto,* 1.
cogito,* 8.
habito,* 19.
Cat. II.
ininitor, 1.
vllit3, 5.


certO, 11.
haesito, 13.
dictito, 16.
salto, 22.
canto, 22.
tracto, 29.
Cat. IV.
pr6lato, 6.
Pomp.
tutor, 14.
pensito, 16.
agito,* 26.




VERBS


43


Aen. I.
voldtal 50.
inttentis, 90.
gest6, 336.
rapt6, 483.
quassi, 551.
cessO, 672.
rogitO, 750.
Aen. IL
scitor, 105.


pavit6, 107.
agit6,* 421.
prens6, 444.
laps6, 551.
m'itl, 629.


naWt, 6205.
press5, 642.
ostentW,* 703.
Aen. V.


nixor, 279.
Aen. III.       (ad-)ventQ 328.
6. 106.         fluit6, 867.


habit


volit6,* 450.
captd5, 514.
pu1s0, 555.


Aen. VI.
vect6, 391.


139. Note as being of the same nature c6nspicor, Ari, B. G. I. 25;
siispicor, rii, I. 44; and cbnsector, FirI, IIL 15; quaes5, ere, Cat.
1. 27; and vis5, ere, Ponzp. 40.




ADVERBS


140. Adverbs are regularly formed from adjectives by
the following rules.
141. Most adjectives of the first and second declension
(thus including superlatives) form a corresponding adverb
by adding e to their bases; e.g. latus, a, um, adverb late;
latissimus, a, um, adverb latissime.
142. Most adjectives of the third declension having two
or three endings in the nominative singular form a correponding adverb by adding iter to their bases; e.g. fortis, e,
adverb fortiter; acer, acris, acre, adverb acriter.
143. Most adjectives of the third declension having one
ending in the nominative singular form a corresponding adverb by adding ter to their bases, a final t of the base being
dropped; e.g. potens, potentis, adverb potenter.
144. Comparative adjectives (and some others) use the
neuter singular accusative as the corresponding adverb, this
being really the adverbial accusative; e.g. longior, longius, adverb longius; facilis, adverb  facile; multus, plus, plurimus,
adverb multum, plus, plurimum.
145. In addition to these, the following adverbial suffixes
are found.
Tim is added to verb stems, presenting the same fortn as
if im were added to the supine stem (cf. ~ 12). Similarly
(a)tim is added to the bases of nouns or adjectives, where it
may have the distributive force; e.g. paulatim, little by little;
44




ADVERBS


45


singilatim, one by one, etc. Tus is added to the bases or
weakened stems of adjectives or nouns, and to particles.
146. MODEL. fartim = fr (base of fur, thief) + tim (suffix
for forming adverb) = like a thief, thievishly, furtively.


147.   B.G. I.
praesertim, 16.
separatim, 19.
nominatim, 29.
paulatim, 33.
generatim, 51.
statim, 53.
B. G. III.
singillatim, 2.


148.   B. G. II.
antiquitus, 4.
introrsus, 18.
Cat. I.
penitus, 27.
Cat. II.
intus, 11.
Cat. III.
divinitus, 22.
Aen. VI.
funditus, 736.


Aen. II.
furtim, 18.
cert&tim, 628.




COMPOUNDS


149. Compounds are formed by combining elements from
two words. In the combination various changes of the final
vowel or the stem of the first word may occur, and a vowel
may be added to consonant stems.
150. Compound nouns may consist of a particle and a
noun, e.g. neg-otium; or a noun and a verb stem, e.g. signi-fer.
151. Compound adjectives may consist of a particle and
an adjective, e.g. per-pauci; a particle and a noun, e.g. demen-'; an adjective and a noun, e.g. miseri-cors; or a noun
and a verb stem, e.g. honori-ficus.
152. Of compound verbs the second part is always a verb.
The first part may be (a) a noun, e.g. signi-fico; (b) a verb,
e.g. pate-faci6; (c) an adjective, e.g. ampli-fico; (d) an adverb,
e.g. malo (for magis-volo); (e) a preposition, forming the socalled compound verbs, e.g. de-mitto.
153. Conjunctions and adverbs are compounded in various
ways.
154. Compounds are formed in such various ways that no rules or
models for describing the process of formation can be given. It is
sufficient to state the two words, stems, or roots used, with their
meanings.
NOTE. -It is not believed that it is profitable for all pupils to learn
the formation of all the words given in the following list. The material has been provided however for all who desire to make a full
study of the subject.
46




COMPOUNDS              4


47


155. "1Prelim."
Onugenti.
septendecim.
tr~decim.
findecim.
B.CG. L.
proptered, 1.
atque, 1.
quoque, 1
etiam, 1.
septentri6, 1.
irndiquae, 2.
possum, 2.
ducentT, 2.
duodecim, 5.
quadringenti, 5.
quisque, 5.
intered, 8.
se6deim, 8.
itaquae, 9.
interdum, 14.
satisfaci,5, 14.
quingenti, 15.
n66 16.
antea,* 17.
priusquam, 19.
quisquam, 19.
interpres, 19.
commonefaci6, 19.
posted, 21.
nisi, 22.
intervilum, 22.


postridiA, 23.
biduum, 23.
duodeviginti, 23.
pr-idi~, 23.
postquam, 24.
deinde, 25.
triduum, 26.
quattuordecim, 29.
trecenti, 29.
tamaetsi, 30.
quidam, 30.
posteaquain, 31.
qu~minus, 31.
quoinumque, 31.
velut, 32.
saepenuiuer6, 33.
uterque, 34.
praetered, 34.
neg~tium, 34.
quoniam, 35.
niegleg6, 35.
quotanlnis, 36.
namque, 38.
8scsentiI, 38.
aliquamdiid, 40.
plerusque, 40.
hon~rificus, 43.
etsi, 46.
totidem, 48.
desuper, 52.
B. C. IL.
significo, 7.


neuter, 9.
protinus,* 9.
ainplific6, 14.
qiiisquis, 174.
identidem, 18.
findecimus, 22.
duodecimus, 23.
signifer, 25.
quinam, 30.
quivis, 31.
patefaci,5,* 32.
iitniversus,* 33.
B. C. JIll.
aliquot, 1.
navigb, 8.
rnal6, * 8.
aedific6, 9.
remex, 9.
aliquant6, 13.
adniodum, 13.
ubiq-ue, 16.
pr~ic~nsul, 20.
adhfjdc,* 22.
deinceps, 29.
B. C. IV.
quamvis, 2.
quamquam, 3.
quoad, 11.
octingent-1, 12.
insuper, 17.
bipeddlis, 1-7.
insudfactus, 24.




48


48    ~LATIN WORD FORMATION


B.CG. V.
ideirc6, 3.
tripertitd, 10.
dhraidills, 13.
septingenti, 13.
ade65,* 27.
quantusvis, 28.
proinde, 34.
quispiam, 35'.
aquilifer, 37.
fervefaci,5, 43.
Cat. I.
partticeps, 2.
pon~tifex, 3.
labefact6, 3.
adhuiac,* 6.
iiniversrns;* 12.
vacuefacib5, 14.
nesoi6, 15.
mal6,* 17.
quisquis, 18.
vid~licet, 19.
utinam, 22.
tametsi, 22.
numquam, 25.
naufragus, 30.
patefaci6, 32.
Cat. II.
mnagnificus, 1.


profect6, 2.
veneficus, 7.
pradcens, 10.
obstupefacili, 14.
misericors, 16.
anted,* 16.
iooCupl6S, 18.
sacr6sanctus, 18.
scilicet, 1 9.
ami66, 2
anteliftcdnus, 22.
municeps, 26.
Cat. III.
liquefacid, 19.
sempiterrtus, 26.
posthae, 28.
Cat IV.
flstirp63, 7.
Dfidius, 10.
nefandus,* 13.
antequam, 20.
alienigrena, 22.
MPom.
r~fert, 18.
-andequinqudgesimnus, 35.
v~ne~, 37.
ifidex; 38.
hodi6, 53.


expers, 57.
quasi, 67.
Ar-ch.
opitulor, 1.
artifex, 10.
ide6, 13.
quantusdumque,
13.
proavus, 22.
peregrinus, 26.
simplex, 32.
Aen. I.
omnipotns, 60.
ibidem, 116.
grandaevus, 121.
dehiric, 131.
trid~us, 138.
biremis, 182.
velivolus, 224.
miignanimus, 260.
c~gn~men, 267.
nescius, 299.
obvius, 314.
reclux, 390.
praesaepe, 435.
exanimus, 484.
nefandus,* 543.
bilinguis, 661.
aliger, 663.
qu6eired, 673.
ineque6, 713.




COMPOUNDS


49


Aen. IL.
nefas, 184.
peritirus, 195.
sollemnis, 202.
exsanguis, 212.
tremiiefaci6, 228.
bigae, 272.
Rmens, 314.
bipatcris, 330.
discors, 423.
ilicet, 424.
armipotens, 425.
prntinus,* 437.
nusquam, 438.
trisculus, 475.
armiger, 477.
bipennis, 479.
longaevus, 525.
aequaevus, 561.
caelicola, 592.
agricola, 628.
vociferor, 679.
hecifer, 801.
Aen. III.
auspex, 20.
letifer, 139.
caprigenus, 221.
horrificus, 225.
praepes, 361.
prlsperus, 362.
quadrupes, 542.


concors, 542.
armisonus, 544.
nImirum, 558.
laniger, 642.
c~nifer, 681.
Aen. IV.
unanimus, 8.
insomnium, 9.
bidens, 57.
1egifer, 58.
sonipes, 135.
pronuba, 136.
multiplex, 189.
terrifies, 210.
pinifer, 249.
trietericus, 302.
perfilus, 305.
labefaciCo, 395.
castig6, 407.
turricremus, 453.
horrific6, 465.
soporifer, 486.
tergeninus, 511.
advena, 591.
triviumn, 609.
extorris, 616.
Aen. V.
biiugus, 144.
madefacicO, 330.


terrificus, 524.
exsors, 534.
bicolor, 566.
stupefaci6, 643.
malignus, 654.
sicubi, 677.
mitigb, 783.
Aem. VI.
biformis, 25.
auricomus, 141.
discolor, 204.
profanus, 258.
malesuidus, 276.
mortifer, 279.
centumgeuiinus,
287.
tricorpor, 289.
parumper, 382.
trifaux, 417.
umbrifer, 473.
quadrigae, 535.
horrisonus, 573.
corlipes, 591.
omniparens, 595.
regificus, 605.
exinde, 743.
caelifer, 796.
septemgeminus,
800.
aeripes, 802.
utcumque, 822.




PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION


156. Nothing is of greater importance in learning to
read Latin than to understand the force of prepositions (or
particles) used in composition; for the number of compound verbs is very large.
157. Prepositions used in composition may have such
definite meanings that the thought of the clause as a whole
may depend upon them, as usually ab, ante, circum, post, prae,
super, and trans; because these prepositions are almost always used literally, not figuratively (see below).
158. Prepositions may, however, merely emphasize an
idea already contained (a) in the verb itself; e.g. de-cedo,
gofrom; con-texS, weave together; or (b) in the rest of the
sentence, particularly when a particle is used twice, once as
a preposition with an object, and in composition; e.g.
e (de) suis finibus exire, in flumen nfluere, ex hibernis educere,
ad sispiciones accedere, per omn6s partes perequitare, de parte
decedere.
159. One use which should be observed very carefully is
the intensive force. This may be acquired by almost any of
the prepositions when they are used figuratively instead of
literally (see above), and may be understood by comparison
with such English phrases as burn up, burn down, save up,
help out in the sense of help completely.
160. Such uses are very common in Latin, particularly
with con and per, often with  de and ex; and almost any
particle may in connection with the meaning of a particular
60




PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION


51


verb, or in a particular phrase, be considered as merely intensive in its force. E.g. tendo, strain, con-tendo, strain hard,
hence either fight or hasten; uro, burn, com-(b)uro and ex-uro,
burn conmpletely, burn up.  So ad-amo, ad-iuvo, etc.
161. In many cases the force of a prefix can be expressed
in a roundabout way, but practically in translation the
compound is rendered like the simple verb.      E.g. ad-aequo,
ag-grego, con-cludo, dB-pBsco, ef-fugio, con-stituo, etc.
162. Finally, some simple verbs were apparently never
used, but one compound only, e.g. re-cordor, ob-liviscor, in-coho,
etc.; or many compounds, e.g. of the hypothetical verb specio,
a-spici6, de-spicio, e-spicio, etc.
These examples make evident the importance of knowing
and considering the different forces that a particular prefix
may have.
163. In some cases the connection of a simple verb and some of
its compounds was largely lost either in form or in meaning. e.g.
pario, parere, peperi, paritum, partum, bring forth, give birth to;
a-perib, a-perire, a-perui, d-pertum, open;
ex-perior, ex-periri, ex-pertus sum, try, experience;
com-perio, com-perire, com-peri, com-pertum, find out;
re-perio, re-perire, rep-peri, re-pertum, find out.
a, ab, abs
164. Nearly always used literally, (away) from, but sometimes conveying a (to us) special thought, e.g. ab-do,put away,
i.e. hide; a-mitto, let go away, i.e. allow to get away, i.e. lose.
165. B. G. I.        a-verto, 16.             B. G. III.
ab-sum, 1.           abs-tineo, 22.       abs-traho, 2.
ab-diuc, 11.         a-perio, 25.         ab-similis, 14.
ab-do, 12.           a-mitto, 28.         abs-cido, 14.




52


LATIN WORD FORMATION


B. C. IV.
ab-icib,* 15.
B.CG. V.
ab-sist6, 17.
Cat. I.
ab-aitor, 1.
ab-horre6, 18.
Cat. II.
ab-ici6,* 2.
Cat. IIT.
abs-condO, 3.
ab-dic6, 14.


Arch.
a-voco, 12.
Aen. I.
ab-eO, 196.
&-veh6, 512.
ab-s6mO, 555.
ab-ole6, 720.


Aen. III.
ab-rump6 55.
au-fer6, 199.
ab-scind6, 418.
Aen. IV.
ab-nu6, 108.
Aen. VI.


Aen. II.       abs-trildo, 7.
a-vell6, 165.      a-moveo, 524.
ab-neg6, 637.
ab-luO, 720.
a-vius, 736.


ad


166. Literally to, toward; also at,
very often merely intensive.


against, in addition to;


167. B. C. I.
ap-pell6, are, 1.
at-ting6, 1.
af-ficiO,* 2.
ad-dfic6, 3.
ac-cipi6i, 3.
aq-sclsc6, 5.
ag-gredior, 12.
ad-orior, 13.
ac-cid6, 14.
ad-miror, 14.
ad-sum,* 16.


ac-cfise, 16.
ad-verts, 18.
ac-c6d3, 19.
ad-hibei, 20.
d-scend6, 21.
ad-mitt6, 22.
ac-eurr3, 22.
ad-am6, 31.
ap-pet6, 40.
ar-roganter, 40.
af-fer6, 43.
ad-equito, 46.


ad-oleso, 47.
ad-aequ6, 48.
B.C. IL.
ad-e0, 7.
ap-propinqu6, 10.
ad-iuv6, 17.
ad-ministr6, 20.
ad-ig6, 21.
ac-commod6, 21.
ac-clivis, 29.




PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION    5


53


B. G. III.
ad-ieici, 1.
adl-iunag6, 2.
af-fieti, 12.
ap-pe116, ere, 12.
af-fig6, 14.
B. G. IV.
ag-greg6, 26.
af-flig6,* 31.
B. G. V.
ap-port6, 1.
ad-im6, 6.
ad-vol6, are, 17
ar-ripiO, 33.
ad-hortor, 35.
ac1-ipiscor,* 39.
at-tex6, 40.
ad-d6,* 41.
ad-haereseQ, 48.
acI-none6, 49.
al-liei6, 55.
Cat. I.
ad-minister, 7.
as-aequor, 15.
as-sldO, 16.
5a-gn~isc6,* 17.
as-serv6, 19.
at-tenda, 20.


%Ca -t. IIL
af-flIg6,* 2.
af-fioi6,* 3.
at-tribu6, 6.
ac-celer6, 6.
ac-cub6, 10.
A-spici6,* 12.
ad-quir6, 18.
ad-sum,* 19.
ad-ipiscor,* 19.
ap-para, 20.
Cat. III.
ad-iung6, 4.
ad-vesperasc6, 5.
an-nu6, 10.
Cat. IV.
ELst~,* 3.
af-finis, 6.
Pomp.
af-fingb, 10.
at-tenu6, 30.
aci-ornb, 35.
ad-moneb,* 45.
ad-senti3, 48.
ac-cftrb, 49.
A-scrib~, 58.
Ar-ch.
af-flub, 4.
ap-probc), 24.


Aen. I.
ac-cend6, 29.
aci-6r6, 48.
ac-curuib6, 7 9.
ap-pareo, 118.
aii-nitor, 144.
ar-rig5, 152.
a-st61*452.
ad-ligc5, a-re, 169.
ac-cing6, 210.
ad-loquor, 229.
ad-d6,* 268.
ad-veni6, 388.
a-spici6,* 393.
4-gu~sc6,* 406.
a-spects, 420.
as-surgd, 535.
an-n.6, 538.
aci-veh6, 558.
af-flOl 591.
ap-plic6, 616.
af-for, 663.
a-splr6, 694.
ad-ole6, 704.
Aen. I I.
ag-glomero, 341.
ac-citO, 62 7.
at-tr~et, 719.
Aen. III.
ag-gerO), 63.




54


LATIN WORD FORMATION


ad-labor, 131.
at-tono, 172.
ad-operio, 405.
ad-moveo, 410.
(a-spergo, 625.)
ad-dic6, 653.
af-fecto, 670.


Aen. IV.
ad-versor, 127.
Aen. V.
ad-voco, 44.
ad-velo, 246.


as-suesco, 301.
ad-vento, 328.
Aen. VI.
ad-volvo, 182.
ad-similis, 603.
ac-culnulo, 885.


ambi168. Ambi- is an inseparable prefix, meaning around or
about, or roundabout.
169. amb-iguus, Aen. I. 661.
am-plector (Cat. IV. 3), Aen. II. 214.
anb-edo, Aen. III. 257.
amb-io, Aen. IV. 283.
ante
170. Ante means before, in front of, ahead of, both literally
and figuratively.
171. ante-cedo, B. G. III. 8.
ante-pono, B. G. IV. 22.
ante-fero, B. G. V. 44.
ante-cello, Pomp. 14.
circum
172. Cireum means around, usually quite literally.


173. B. G.I.
circum-venio, 25.
circum-dico, 38.


circum-do, 38.
circum-sisto, 48.


B.. II.
circum-icio, 6.
circum-munia, 30.




PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION


55


B. G. III.
circum-e6, 25.
B.aG. V.
circum-spici5, 31.
cireum-cidb, 42.
circum-mittO, 51.
Cat. I.
circum-clidi, 7.
circum-st6, 21.


Cat. IV.
cireum-sede6, 3.
Arch.
circum-scrib5, 29.
Aen. I.
circum-fund6, 586.
circum-tex6, 649.
Aen. II.
cireum-volI, 360.


Aen. III.
cirdum-volv6, 284.
circum-fiet6, 430.
Aen. V.
circum-plector,
312.
Aen. VI.
circumn-fer6, 229.


con


174. Oon is perhaps the commonest prefix, and is used in
all the ways mentioned above (see ~~157-161). Its general
meaning is together (with); but it is very often intensive,
meaning completely, thoroughly. E.g. col-loquor, talk together
with; oon-veni-6, come together, assemble; com-mtani6, fortify
strongly; com-ple, fill completely.


175. B. G. I.
com-meo, 1.
con-tineai, 1.
con-tend6, 1.
con-stitti, 3.
com-par6, 3.
co-emi, 3.
cbn-firm=, 3.
ccin-W6ii~  3.
c'gij 4.
con-lhica, 4.


cou-scisc6, 4.
com-b-wrO, 5.
con-veni, 6.
con-oadU, 7.
com-muni6, 8.
cSn-scrib6,* 10.
con-c!idA, 12.
c'u-sequor, 13.
com-moveO, 13.
com-iitto, 13.


cn-sist6, 13.
com-mlemor6, 14.
c~n-su6sca, 14.
c~n-fer6, 16.
com-port6, 16.
con-vocO, 16.
co-erces, 17.
C01-100~ 18.
o-gndscO, 19.
col-loquor, 19.
com-Mon e-faci6, 19.




56


LATIN WORD FORMATION


com-plector, 20.
c6n-s6lor, 20.
con-dono, 20.
O~n-sid6, 21.
com-peri6, 22.
c~n-fild6, 23.
coin-mrnt6td 23.
con-vert6, 23.
com-ple6, 24.
cOu-fertus, 24.
co-liortor, 25.
col-lig6, 25.
o~n-spicor, 25.
c~u-ici6, 26.
con-qulr6, 27.
coli-trah6, 34.


B. C. III.
col-lig6, ere, 6.
co-orior, 7.
cou-clid,5, 9.
c~n-splr6, 10.
c~n-flg6, 13.
com-prehendQ, 14.
conacd5, 14.
con-vallis, 20.
B. C. IV.
c~n-fiu6, 15.
coii-tex6, 17.
c~n-stern6, 17.
c~ri-sceud6, 23.
corn-mendO5, 27.


c6na-scrib6,* 4.
con-demn6, 4.
comiprehends, 5.
c~n-serv6, 7.
con-ting6, 16.
cor-rig6i, 22.
c6n-fl6, 23.
con-cupiscez, 25.
con-tamaino, 29.
cor-rabor6, 30.
col-lig6, 30.
con-greg6, 32.
Cat. II.
con-temn6, 5.
con-6id * 5.
conl-ciplO, 7.
cor-rump 6, 7.
com-memor6, 9.
cdn-seeleri5, 19.
cor-ru6, 21.
c~n-fl~g63,* 25.
c6-niive6, 27.
Cat. III.
con-d6, 2.
con-tic~sc6, 10.
c~n-fiteor, 10.
Cat. IV.
c~n-secr6, 1.


Coo-g
0011-il
con-I
con-,
06n-s
0011-c
con-C
Con-iv
c~in-s
cnn-s
ct~n-I
c~n-~
Comn-]
co-a(


Tredlor,  6t0.       B.  C.  V.
ango, 37.       col-laudI6 2.
-;ing6, 38.
vinICO  40.     conu citoro* 7
oniW 27.
pici6, 47.      c~n-fiteor, 27.
1=r6, 47.       con-surg6,* 31.
urr~,  48.con-curs6, 33.
B. C. II.       coli-tabulti, 40.
1.           con-flagr(o, 43.
t6 2.      ~c~n-stip6, 43.
tO 2           con-temnin, 51.
entiO, 3.       coin-prob6, 58.
i1Th't 5.
servO, 12.            Cat. I.
pell6, 23.      conl-striingo, 1.
-,ervb, 27.     co-eroe6, 3.




PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION


57


com-mend6, 18.
con-fring6, 22.
POmP.
can-sIderl, 6.
con-quiescd, 15.
co-haere6, 19.
con-ger6, 22.
con-certO, 28.
con-celebr6, 61.
com-prob6, 63.
co-hibe6, 66.
Arch.
c6n-fPrm6, 1.
con-teg6, 24.
Aen. I.
cor-ripi6, 45.


oom-pini, 135.
con-tund6, 264.
com-pel1M, 581.
con-fugi6, 666.
Aen. II.
con-torque6, 52.
con-cr~sc6, 277.
cdn-serO, 398.
con-vell6, 446.
con-volvb, 474.
con-cuti~, 629.
con-gem., 631.
c~n-fund6i, 736.
Aen. III.
co-e6, 30.
con-cie6, 127.
ca-gnascor, 501.


con-terre6, 597.
com-misce6, 633.
col —tistrO, 651.
con-tremlsc6, 673.
Aen. IV.
can-fiO, 116.
col-l5bor, 391.
con-vecto, 405.
col-ldce6, 567.
Aen. V.
c~n-surgP,* 20.
cdn-son6, 149.
co-nitor, 264.
Aen. VI.
ctmO, 48.


176. Oon is also used intensively with adjectives (as in
the participle c~nfertus, B. G. I. 24, above). Note also the
noun cipia, from co-ops.


177. B. G. I.
com-plfires, 8.
com-modus, 25.
com-mtnis, 30.


B. G. II.
c~n-simnilis, 11.


Aen. II.
con-densus, 517.


Aen. V.
con-cavus, 677.


178. Besides its regular meaning (down) from, d; in composition also may denote the cessation or removal of the




58


LATIN WORD FORMATION


usual idea of the verb, e.g. d&sum, be lacking, d&sin6, cease;
action to the uttermost, through, out, e.g. dg-cert., fight it out;


and it may give
d&cipi6, deceive.
B.UG. I.
dg-ligzi, 3.
de-liber6, 7.
d&-ici~ 8.
d&sistO 8.
d~be6, 11.
de-populor, 11
dg-spici'5, 13.
d&-oipii3, 14.
d&p~n5, 14.
de-stitu6, 16.
de-terred, 17.
dc-signcO, 18.
dC —minu6, 18.
de-sperc),* 18.
de-string6, 25.
d&-fessus, 25.
d&c6d4 31.
de-mitto,* 32.
de-nfintia, 36.
de-fatig,5, 40.
d6-sum, 40.
de-iiegb, 42.
d&trahi, 42.
de-perd6, 43.


a bad or sinister sense to the verb, e.g.


d&certW, 44.
d&ser6, 45.
d&-cicd3, 48.
de —cl~r6, 50.
dC,-ligo5, are, 53.
B. a. II.
do-fer6, 4.
d&fici6, 10.
&d6-d 15.
dea-clivis, 18.
d&curr6, 19.
d&veni6, 21.
(de-tr-ad6, 21.)
de-precor, 31.
de-spoli6, 31.
d&-cernO/* 35.
B. a. III.
de-moror, 6.
de-porto, 12.
de-tine6, 12.
de-stincd, 14.
de-voveti, 22.
dc —pellhi, 25.
de-vehO, 26.


B. a. IV.
de-siderti,* 2.
de-1ectb,* 2.
de-f(5rmis, 2.
d~-siBi, 2.
d&-figi5, 17.
d~e-rigo5, 17.
de-decus, 25.
de-met6, 32.
de-litesc6, 32.
B.aG. V.
d~e-pere6, 23.
de-scendts, 29.
de-turb6, 43.
de-prehendO, 45.
d&-veh6, 47.
deim65 48.
Cat. I.d6-cern6j 4.
d6-sider6,* 10.
d6-leot6,* 13.
de-relinqub, 25.
de-tstor, 27.




PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION   5


59


(Cat. IL.
de-sp~r6,* 5.
de-serib6, 13.
d~-pehend6, 27.
Cat. III.
debilis, 3.
Cat IV.
de-p1O~r6, 4.
de-pendO, 10.
d,-flagrO, 12.
de-pravo), 22.
Pomp.
d&nota, 7.
de-prixm5, 21.
de-pr~m6, 37.


de-voc6, 40.
de-labor,* 41.
Arch.
de-vinei6, 6.
dI-dieO, 19.
de-finio, 23.
-4 mn. I.
de-hise6, 106.
de-ripi6, 211.
d;-mitt6,* 288.
de-spectO, 396.
de-suescO, 722.
de-pendeCo, 726.
Aen. IIL
de-paseO, 215.
de-labor,* 377.
de-volvO,~ 449.
d&-gener, 549.
dis

Aen. III.
&,-rigese6, 260.
de-sidC6, 565.;len. IV.
de-saevi6, 52.
declhn6, 185".
d~etorque,5, 196.
de-struo, 326.
d~e-dignor, 536.
degQl 5551.
de-volo, 702.
Aen. V.
de-be1O, 731.
Aen. VI.
d-f ungor, 86.
d~ecerp6, 141.
de-fle6, 220.
d~s-hid3,5 443.


179. Dik is an inseparable prefix, meaning apart, at intervals; sometimes among, between, e.g. di-itadic6; rarely negative in its effect, e.g. dis-similis.


180. B. G. I.
dif-fer6, 1.
dif-ficilis, 6.
dis-p~n6, 8.
dis-W~6, 14.
di-mitt6, 18.


dis-icic6, 25.
di-spergp, 40.
dir-im(5, 46.
B. G. IIL
di-lig6, 5.


dis-tine65, 5.
di-ripi63, 17.
di-mnetior, 19.
di-mic6, 21.
di-versus,* 22.
dis-sipdC, 24.




60


LATIN WORD FORMATION


B. G. III.
dis-tribu6, 10.
di-dfcti, 23.
B. G. IV.
dis-simul., 6.
di-st6, 17.
dis-clad3, 17.
B. G. V.
dis-par, 16.
dis-senti6,* 29.
dif-ficl, 41.
di-iadicc, 44.
Cat. I.
dis-solv6, 4.
di-scrib6, 9.
dis-simu=1, 30.
dis-cernO, 32.
Cat. II.
di-versus, * 9.


dis-similis, 9.
di-ripi6, 20.
di-velh3, 22.
Cat. III.
dif-ficilis, 4.
di-l1fcesc6, 6.
dis-senti6,* 24.
Cat. IV.
dis-snmin6, 6.
dis-perti6, 7.
Pomp.
dis-iungo, 9.
di-stringo, 9.
dis-puti, 66.
Aen. I.
dif-fundO, 319.
dI-rig6, 401.
dis-tendd, 433.


dis-pell1Q 512.
dis-cunibo, 700.
Aen. II.
di-ger6, 182.
dif-fugi6, 212.
di-gredior, 718.
Aen. IIT.
dis-silid, 416.
Aen. IV.
di-move6, 589.
di-labor, 705.
Aen. V.
di-verber6, 503.
dis-currO, 580.
Aen. VI.
di-numer6, 691.
di-spici3, 734.


ex
181. Ex in composition means out from, out of, out, and
is intensive, meaning, thoroughly, utter-ly, completely.


182. B. G. I.
ef-ftmini), 1.
ex-e6, 2.
6-Rtmfi6), 4.


e-ripi5,* 4.
ex-sequor,* 4.
ef-fer6, 5.
ex-fir6,* 5.
ex-pedi6, 6.


ex-istiM68 6.
e-d~w, 10.
ex-pidgU6, 11.
ex-specO, 11.
e-vell6, 25




PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION    6


61


6-gredior, 27.
6-6 31.
6-mingr6, 31.
ex-perior, 31.
ex-priirn6, 32.
ef-fioi6, 38.
ex-quir6, 41.
ex-erce6, 48.
ex-cipi6, 52.
B. G. IL
ex-pell6, 4.
ex-plhra, 4.
6-lig6, 4.
ex-audi6, 11.
P,-nascor, 17.
ex-anim6, 23.
ex-Obd, 25.
ex-agit, 29.
ex-stru6, 30.
B. G. III.
6-rump6,* 5.
ex-uo,- 6.
ex-cit6, 10.
ex-timesc6, 13.
&edoce6, 18.
&vd6 19.


E-voo6, 20.
ex-ig63,* 28.
e-vo16, 28.
B. U. IV.
e-co~7.
ex-ports, 18.
ex-efts6, 22.
ex-p6&n6,* 23.
9-veni~y 255.
ef-fugib, 35.
B. G. V.
ex-drcIesc6, 4.
ex-stt5, 18.
ex-trah6, 22.
ex-citid6, 23.
ex-stingu6,* 29.
ex-c~git6, 31.
e-Iabor,* 37.
ex-hauri6, 42.
le-1iciO 50.
ex-pi6, 52.
Cat. I.
rs1iad61 1.
ef-frenatus, 1.
~-r-UMP6,* 6.
ex-hauri6, 12.
ex-sist6,* 14.
ex-torque65, 16.
ex-cid6, 16.


9-vert6, 18.
e-morior, 20.
ex-auiid6, 21.
ex-SU1t0, 23.
~46y 23.
ex-erce6, 205.
6-mitta,* 27.
ef-fer6, 28.
ex-stinguW,* 30.
Cat. IL.
e-vorn6, 2.
e-diccO, 5.
ex-p~n6,* 17.
e-mergo, 21.
ex-pr6m6, 22.
Cat. 1111.
ex-termin6, 3.
ex-cell6, 20.
Cat. IV.
ex-aggerO, 19.
Pomp.
e-labara, 1.
ex-pet6, 5.
ex-cruci6, 11.




62


62    ~LATIN WORD FORMATION


6-rudi6, 28.
ex-plicQ 30.
e-sceido, 55
ex-p!16, 57.
Arch.
ex-coO,6 12.
ex-6rnO, 27.
Aen. L.
ex-fir6,* 39.
ex-spirQ, 44.
ex-ig6,* 75.
ef-fuxid6, 98.
ex-outi6, 115.
ex-cfld6, 174.
ex-imo, 216.
~-ldbor,* 242.
ex-ple6, 270.
ef-fodi6, 427.
ex-c~d3, 429.
ex-ser6, 492.
ex-u6, 690.
Aen. II.
&-TU 6, 5.


ex-opt6, 138.
i&dis-ser6, 149.
e-uilcc5, 175.
ex-scind5, 176.
ex-pendd5, 229.
ex-orior, 313.
e-nioveO, 493.
e-vinacd, 497.
ef-for, 524.
ex-cldnmi, 535.
e3-rubesc6, 542.
ex-halO, 562.
ef-fulge6, 6116.
ex-superd, 759.
Aen. III.
e-loquor, 39.
ex-p%3scO, 261.
ex-seer6, 273.
ex-terre6, 307.
e-nitor, 327.
ex-6r6, 370.
~-rig6,* 423.
ex-sert6, 425.
6-lido,5 567.
ex-aestuO, 577.


x-sperg6, 625.
ex-ciO, 676.
Aen. IV.
6-nite6, 150.
e-v~qn~sc6, 278.
P-numer6, 334.
ex-sequor,* 396.
ef-ferus, 642.
Aen. V.
6-vinciC), 269.
ex-tends5, 374.
e-iect6, 4 70.
ef-fringQ 480.
6-metior, 628.
ex-6su-s, 687.
ex-saturabilis, 781.
ex-edI6, 785.
6-VOlV6, 807
Aen. VI.
ie-6 16.
ef-flng%5, 32.,e-veh5, 130.
ex-soninis, 556.
ex-surg6, 6071.


in


183. The preposition in in composition generally means
in with a verb of rest or existence, and ieto, on, or toward
with a verb of motion.




PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION   6


63


184. B. G. I
in-CO16, 1.
in-stita~, 1.
im-ports, 1.
in-dflco, 2.
in-fer6, 2.
in-cito, 4.
in-cend6, 5.
irn-pende6, 6.
im-per 6, 7.
in-fiu6, 8.
im-pedi6, 12.
in-sequor, 15.
in-stO, 16.
in-stru6, 22.
in-flect6, 25.
(In-fl11g6, 25.)
in-dic6,* 30.
imu-plWr, 31.
in-tueor, 32.
in-c's6, 40.
im-pe116, 40.
in-dulge 6, 40.
in-nascor, 41.
im-p~n6, 42.
in-ici6, 46.
Dn-siliC6, 52.
in-veni6,* 53.
in-cicto, 53.
B. G. IIL
in-vetera-sco-, 1.


in-e6, 2.
in-gredior, 4.
in-cicI6, 17.
in-du,5,* 21.
in-nitor, 27.
in-sist~, 27.
ir-ride3, 30.
in-videa,* 31.
in-texo), 33.
-D f-Y TTT


im-minu~, 30.
in-gravesco, 31.
in-fiamm43, 32.
in-scribb, 32.
Cat. IL.
in-veni6,* 7.
in-gredior, 14.
in-dica,* 14.
Cat. III.


inl-si
in-t(


lolr6, 14.          in-dic6, 8.
~'nd6   22.          in-simul6, 12.
B. C. IV.           iin-perti6, 14.
in-auro~tus, 19.


ir-rump6, 14.
im-mitt6, 17.
il-lig6, 17.
B.CG. V.
in-ficit3, 14.
in-stlg6, 56.
Cat. L.
in-cltid(,* 4.
il-1tistr6, 6.
in-tir6, 13.
ir-reti6, 13.
im-pende6, 14.
in-crep,5, 18.


in-hi6, 19.


Cat. IV.
in-eumnb6,* 4.
in-clin6, 6.
Pomap.
in-sidei, 7.
im-inuln, 11.
im~phco,* 19.
in-sum, 28.
in-spect5, 33.
Arch.
ir-repo5, 10.




644


4LATIN WORD FORMATION


in-coh., 28.
in-sid6, 29.
Aen. I.
in-vide6,* 28.
in-flg6, 45.
in-cad8, 46.
in-cutio, 69.
in-cumb6,* 84.
in-cubd, 89.
in-tonO, 90.
in-tent6, 91.
in-gem6, 93.
il-lidO, 112.
in-vehK, 155.
im-ple6, 215.
im-plicO,* 660.
in-du6,* 684.
in-spIr6, 688.
ir-rig6, 692.
in-gemin6, 747.
Aen. II.
in-tend, 1.
in-dad6, * 19.


in-spici6, 47.
in-son6, 53.
il4-1fd~, 64.
In-f~nsus, 72.
in-clutus, 82.
in-torque6, 231.
il-labor, 240.
in-volv6, 251.
in-vad6, 265.
in-gru6, 301.
in-sult6, 330.
ir-ruo, 383.
ir-inisce6, 396.
in-curr6, 409.
in-staur6, 451.
in-stern6, 722.
in-sertd, 722.
Aen. III.
in-cresci, 46.
in-hiorre6, 195.
In-surg6, 207.
in-trem6, 581.
im-merg6, 605.


in-frend6, 664.
im-miigi6, 674.
Aen. IV.
in-neeto, 51.
in-fund6, 122.
in-viso, 144.
ir-ritO, 178.
im-precor, 629.
im-prim6, 659.
Aen. V.
In-find.6, 142.
In-su6, 405.
in-curv6, 500.
in-fit, 708.
in-fring6, 784.
Im-ping6, 805.
Aen. VI.
in-n6, 135.
in-verg6, 244.
in-olesc6, 738.
in-eanus, 809.


in185. The inseparable particle in- has a negative or privative force, like the English un- or in-, and is used with
adjectives and adverbs, and a few nouns, derived from
adjectives thus negatived.
186. B. G. I.       in-vitus, 8.        in-opinans, 12.
in-unicus, 7.       in-credibihsx, 12.  im-mortalis, 12.




PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION   6


65


in-commoclus, 13.
im-pr~visus, 13.
imi-p-ahe, 14.
im-probuis, 17.
in-Piassus, 19.
in-opia, 27.
in-victus, 36.
in-gens,* 39.
in-ermis, 40.
inm-peritus, 40.
ir-ridicul1e, 42.
in-iquus, 44.
in-columis, 53.


in-certus, 5.
in-c~gnitus, 20.
in-stabilis, 23.
B.&G. V.
iu-suetus, 6.
in-finitus, 12.!-gn6bilis, 28.
in-dignus, 35.
Cat. I.
im-probuas, 5.
una-pu-nitus, 18.
irm-pius, 23.


in —Il
in —u,
in-di


B. G. IL  ~   Cat. IL.
B. G. II.  in-famnis, 7.
fflis, 16.     im-pudieus, 10.
3ititus, 31.   in-demnatus, 14.
B. G. III. im-pudens, 18.
B. 4.I.      in-speratus, 20.,ger,* 4.      i-berbis, 22.
Lolatus, 9.       -
im-purus, 23.


Pomp.
in-solitus, 3.
in-uLltus, 11.
in-auditus, 29.
in-numerabilis, 33.
iii-gratus, 4 7.
Aen. I.
im-mitis, 30.
in-gVns,* 99.
im-manms,* 110.
in-fandus, 251.
im-m6tus, 257.
in-cultus, 308.
in-troctabilis, 339.
in-tactus, 345.
in-cautus, 350.
in-humatus, 353.
1-gndvus, 435.
in-felix, 475.
irn-par, 475.
in-vims, 537.
in-coneessus, 651.
im-piger, 738.
Aen. IL.
in-nilptus, 31.
in-sOns, 84.
in-temeratus, 143.
im-mellnsus 185.
im-pr~vidus, 200.


in-tc
lfl-v]


in-firmus, '24.
in-tritus, 26.
im-prildens, 29.
B. G. IV.
im-manis, * 1.
im-peusus, 2.
in-ers, 2.
in-scius, 4.


CaUt. I II.
in~teger,* 6.
Cat. IV.
im-mftt-frus, 3.
in-sepultus, 11.in-h-amanus, 12.
im-p-abes, 13.




66


LATIN WORD FORMATION


im-memor, 244.
in-el-actabilis, 324.
in-sanus, 343.
in-domitus, 440.
in-comitAtus, 456.
ir-ritus, 459.
im-bellis, 544.
in-noxius, 683.
Aen. III.
im-meritus, 2.
ini-mundus, 228.
irn-placatus, 420.


in-farmis, 431.
in-cinsultus, 452.
in-tempestus, 587.
Aen. IV.
in-superabilis, 40.
in-frenus, 41.
in-hospitus, 41.
In-fectus, 190.
in-ops, 300.
in-fabricatus, 400.
in-expertus, 415.
in-territus, 427.
inter


in-diprensus, 591.
ir-remeabilis, 591.
in-faustus, 635.
in-valilus, 716.
in-opinus, 857.
Aen. VI.
in-extricabilis, 27.
in-debitus, 66.
in-ifssus, 375.
in-fans, 427.
in-amabilis, 438.
in-honestus, 497.
in-numerus. 760.


187. Inter in composition may mean among, between, at
intervals, sometimes under, down, to the bottom, e.g. inter-fidi6.


188. B. G. I.
inlter-ced6, 7.
intel-leg6i, 10.
inter-flci6, 12.
inter-sum,* 15.
inter-61hd0, 23.
inter-mitta, 26.
inter-p~n6, 42.
inter-pell6, 44.
inter-die6, 46.
B. G. II.
inter-scind1o, 9.


inter-ici6, 17.
inter-cipi6, 27.
B. G. V.
inter-e,5,) 30.
Cat. I.
inter-sum,* 10.
inter-rog6, 13.
Cat. II.
inter-e0,* 28.


6ilat.  I II.
inter-ims, 24.
Aen. I.
inter-for, 386.
Aen. III.
inter-lu6, 419.
Aen. IV.
inter-rumpd,5 88.
inter-fundA5, 644.




PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION


67


intr6 -189. Intr6-, an inseparable prefix, ixeans within, inside.
190.   B. G. II.         B. G. V.            Oat. III.
intr6-dac5,* 5.     intro-e6, 43.       intr6-dfci, 8.
intr6-mittW, 33.    intr6-rumpb, 51.          Aen. 1.




intrc-gredior, 520.


ob


191. Ob in composition means toward or against. It is
sometimes little more than intensive, e.g. ob-tine6, to hold
against some one, i.e. hold, maintain, occupy, etc. It is often
difficult to show its exact force both simply and clearly.


192. B. G. I.
ob-tine6, 1.
oc-cup6, 3.
op-pttgn6, 5.
oc-cidM, 7.
os-tend6, 8.
ob-string6, 9.
ob-liviscor,* 14.
of-fendb, 19.
ob-secr6, 20.
ob-ici6, 26.
oc-cul, 32.
oc-curr=, 33.
ob-signo, 39.
op-primb, 44.
ob-serv6, 45.
B. G~. II.
ob-dfica, 8.
o-mittO, 17.


of-feri, 21.


Oat. II.


V Li- V I
ob-si


U1.11L9 4iO. ob-lig6, 10.
Ae6, 23.       ob-lin6, 10.
B. G. IV.      ob-stupefacio, 14.
oD-Dn1ni3. 24.


ob-tempero, 21.
ob-testor, 25.
B. G. V.
oe-cidc), 13.
ob-e6,* 33.
ob-struC, 50.
Oat. I.
ob-liviscor,* 6.
ob-sist6, 11.
0-mitts, 15.
ob-sideo, 26.
ob-oe,* 26.


-.Vjw -;,   - 


Oat. III.
of-fern, 4.
ob-stipesc6,* 13.
ob-sum, 27.
Oat. IV.
ob-ting6, 3.
op-peto, 7.
oc-cIMd6, 17.
PoMP.
ob-trctP5, 21.
ob-oedi6, 48.




68


LATIN WORD FORMATION


ob-secund6, 48.
obs-olesc6, 52.
Arch.
ob-lecto, 16.
ob-ru6,* 24.
Aen. I
ob-rui,* 69.
oc-cumb6, 97.
op-perio, 454.
ob-stipesco, 513.


oc-cubo, 547.
ob-tund6, 567.
ob-sto, 746.
Aen. II.
ob-teg6, 300.
ob-trunco, 663.
ob-iecto, 751.
Aen. III.
ob-luctor, 38.
ob-orior, 492.
ob-verto, 549.


Aen. IV.
ob-mitesco, 279.
ob-nitor, 332.
o-perio, 352.
Aen. V.
ob-torqueo, 559.
Aen. VI.
ob-uncus, 597.
ob-loquor, 646.


per
193. The regular meaning of per is through. In English
through and thorough were originally the same word, and
from this fact it is easy to see how per comes to have the
intensive force of thoroughly, completely, or with adjectives
and adverbs, very.


194. B. G. I.
per-tineo, 1.
per-suadeo, 2.
per-move6, 3.
per-venio, 7.
per-duco, 8.
per-rumpo, 8.
per-solv6, 12.
per-sequor,* 13.
per-severo, 13.
per-fern, 17.
per-terreo, 18.


per-fring6, 25.
per-fugio, 27.
per-mitto, 30.
per-mane6o, 32.
per-turbs, 39.
per-spici6, 40.
per-e6,* 53.


B. G. IV.
per-mulceo, 6.
per-equito, 33.
per-curro, 33.
B.G. V.


per-ago, 1.
per-cipio,* 1.
B.. III.    per-cutio, 44.
per-do6, 17.          per-scribo, 47.
pergo, 18.            per-leg6, 48.




PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION


69


Cat. I.
per-do,* 5.
per-timesco, 17.
per-fruor, 26.
per-cipio,* 27.
Cat. II.
per-cello, 2.
per-sequor,* 4.
per-maneO,* 5.
per-eo,* 21.
Cat. IV.
per-horresco, 12.
B.G. I.
per-facilis, 2.
per-paucn, 6.
B.G. V.
per-exiguus, 15.


Pomp.
per-vado, 23.


Aen. III.
per-metior, 157.:k.J L              Aen. IV.
per-fli, 84..
per'-i 8~ Br-taedet, 18.
per-labor, 147s  aac.
per-misceb, 488.      er-senti6, 90.
per-tempt6, 502.     per-hibeo, 179.
per-tepto,  502.           Aen. 
per-sono, 741.            Aen   V


Aen. II.
per-fundo, 221.
per-err6, 295.
per-vius, 453.
per-sto, 650.
Cat. I.
per-saepe, 16.
Cat. II.
per-modestus, 12.
per-multus, 21.


per-imo, 787.
Aen. VI.
per-odi, 435.
per-ed6, 442.
Cat. IV.
per-magnus, 20.
Pomp.
per-brevis, 16.
per-adulescens, 61.
per-iniquus, 63.


post
behind, is used figuratively in the two


195. Post, after,
examples below.


196. post-pbon, B. G. V. 7.
post-habeo, Aen. I. 16.
prae
197. Prae in composition means before in various senses,
as in advance, in front of, at the end, headforemost, headlong,




70


LATIN WORD FORMATION


and in advance of others, i.e. preiminently; from the last
sense sometimes intensive.
198. B. Gr. I.         B. G. V.            Aen. I.


prae-eid&, 1.
prae-st6, 2.
prae-fici6, 10.
prae-mitt6, 15.
prae-sum, 16.
prae-cipi6, 22.
prae-opt6, 25.
prae-scrIb6, 36.
prae-caveO, 38.
prae-die5,* 39.
prae-pdn6, 54.
B. G. II.
praebeW, 17.
prae-fer6, 27.
prae-aetitus, 29.
B. G. III.
prae-parO, 14.
prae-ruinlpo, 14.


prae-cl-ada, 9.
prae-fig6, 18.
prae-firi, 40.
prae-senti6, 54.
Cat. I.
prae-dwc~, 10.
prae-dic,* 23.
prae-stdlor, 24.
prae-clarus, 26.
Cat. II.
prae-tex6, 4.
Cat. IV.
prae-side6, 3.
prae-eurr6, 19.
POmP.
prae-ditus, 51.


prae-vert6, 317
prae-metu6, 573.
-Aen. III.
prae-eelsus, 245.
prae-tend6, 692.
prae-pinguis, 698.
Aen. IV.
prae-ripiO, 516.
Aen. V.
prae-e6, 186.
prae-vide6, 445.
Aen. VW.
prae-seius, 66.
prae-natW, 704.


praeter
199. Praeter in composition means past, beyond.
praeter-eb (B. G. I. 20), Cat. I. 3.
praeter-mittb (13. G. IV. 13), Cat. I. 14.
praeter-l1abor, Aen. III. 478.
praeter-vehor, Aen. III. 688.




PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION    7


71


pro
200. In composition pr6 signifies forth, forward, in. front
of, for.


201. B. G. I.
pro-hibe6, 1.
pr6-db,* 13.
pro-pell6, 15.
pr6-pWnD, 16.
prO5-spici6,* 23.
pro-ici6, 27.
pro-fugi6, 31.
pr&cad6, 38.
pr6O-move6, 48.
pr6-daoc, 48.
pr~d-e0, 48.
pr6-puls6, 49.
pr6-gredior, 50.
pr6-curr6, 52.
B. G. IL.
pr&sequor, 5.
pr6-pflgn6, 7.
por-rig6, 19.
pr6-volo, 19.
pr6-turb6, 19.
pr6-video, 22.
prO-fig6, 23.
pr6-cumb6, 27.
pr6-gnAtus, 29.


B. G. III.
pr~mo, 19.
pr6-fici 6, 21.
prO-ru6, 26.
(prb-rump6, 26.)
B. G. IV.
pr6-finO), 10.
pr6-vehO5, 28.
B. G. V.
pr6-mitt6,* 14.
pro-vemiO, 24.
pro-fiteor,* 38.
pr6-teg6, 44.
pr6-terre6, 58.
Cat. IL.
prO-sterno, 2.
pro-fundO, 10.
pr6-p:!g6, 11.
pr~-er6, 18.
pr6-spici6,* 26.
pro-snm, 27.


-Pomp.
pr6-vocO, 14.
pr6-d6,* 41.
pr6-m~ulg6, 52.
pro~fiteor,* 58.
Aen. I.
prO5-rurnpO, 246.
pr6-mitt6,* 25-8.
pro-for, 561'.
pr6-luO, 739.
Aen. IIL
pr6-trah6, 123.
pro-labor, 555.
Aen. III.
pol-iu6, 61.
por-tendo5, 184.
Aen. IV.
prO-glgnO, 180.
prO-mereor, 335.
Aen. V.
prO-siliO, 140.
pro-icio or




LATIN WORD FORMATION


porrieiO5, 238.
pr6-clamd5, 345.


pr3-tend6, 377.
pro-ripicO, 741.
re-, red

pro-curvnS, 765.


202. Re- is an inseparable prefix meaning back or again.


20. B. G. II.
re-seiid6, 7.
re-spondeo, 7.
re-vertor, 7.
re-pell6, 8.
re-linqu6, 9.
re-miniscor, 13.
re-tine6, 18.
re-peri6, 18.
red-im6, 18.
re-StitU6, 18.
re-p-agn6, 19.
re-move6, 19.
re-prehend6, 20.
re-idi6, 24.
re-fer6, 25.
rfirsus, 25.
red-integr6, 25.
re-sists, 255.
re-scisca, 28.
re-dfic6, 28.
red-ed, 29.
re-pet6,* 30.
re-oftso, 31.


red-do, 35.
re-mane5, 39.
re-pudi6,* 40.
re-praesent6, 40.
re-spu6, 42.
re-scribd, 42.
re-mfineror, 44.
red-ig6, 45.
re-vellO,* 52.
re-serv6, 53.
B. G. II.
re-languesc6, 15.
re-voe6, * 20.
re-spici6, 24.
re-fring6, 33.
B. G. JIII
re-nov6, 2.
re-cuper6, 8.
re-vinei6, 13.
re-prim6, 14.
B. G. IV.
re-mollesc6, 2.


re-migr6, 4.
re-portO, 29.
B. G. V.
re-trahO, 7.
re-p~sc6, 30.
re-1eg6, 30.
re-fugii,* 35.
re-Ucid6,* 43.
re-gredior, 44.
re-citCi, 48.
Cat. I.
re-moror, 4.
re-condi5, 4.
re-c~gn~sc6, 6.
re-prim6, 7.
re-side6, 12.
re-pudi6,* 19.
red-undo, 29.
re-levO, 31.
Cat. II.
re-torque6, 2.
re-cre6, 7.
re-secO, 11.




PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION


73


re-tice6, 13.
re-voco,* 22.
Cat. III.
re-stiuncr, 2.
re-tund6, 2.
re-stW, 3.
m-cordor, 24.
Pomp.
re-qfir6, 6.
re-tards, 13.
re-ferci6, 21.
re-f-atb 52.
re-clarni, 63.
Arch.
re-petW,* 1.
re-signm, 9.
re-vinc6, 11.
re-lax5, 12.
re-colO, 13.
Aen. I.
re-pfnt, 26.
re-f und), 126.


re-surg6, 206.
re-pendO, 239.
re-norde6, 261.
re-teg6, 356.
re-cladO5, 358.
re-fulgeo, 402.
re-vIs-, 415.
red-oleO, 436.
re-supinus, 476.
re-s!d4, 506.
re-specto, 603.
re-curs6, 662.
Aen. II.
re-fugi6,* 12.
re-cutio, 52.
re-meO, 95.
re-quiesc6, 100.
re-volv6, 105.
re-solv6, 157.
re-inntior, 181.
re-cedo,* 300.
re-liice6, 312.
re-ple, 679.
re-flectW, 741.


Aen. III.
re-cubO, 392.
re-sonb, 432.
re-legO, 690.
retrSrsus, 690.
re-ndrr6, 717.
Aen. IV.
re-fell, 380.
re-vellM,* 427.
re-cing6, 518.
Aen. V.
re-sultO, 150.
re-vom6, 182.
re-tent6, 278.
re-figo, 360.
Aen. VI.
re-miltgid, 99.
re-ndiscor, 600.
re-cense6, 682.
re-bellis, 858.


se.-, sed204. S6- is an inseparable prefix meaning aside, apart, by
one's self, rarely without, e.g. s0-cairus, without care; sometimes negative, e.g. s5-iung6, dis-join, separate.  Note the
words secede, secession, segregate, secluded, as examples of
words with this prefix taken into English.




74


LATIN WORD FORMATION


205.
se-c4
se-p


B. G. I.            Cat. I.
3rnel 18.      se-iung6, 22.
aratim, 19.     Sel6oern,* 23.
se-cede, 32.
B. G   IV.      ~    Cat. II.
aro, 1.         sebrius, 10.


Aen. I.
sed-itie, 149.
se-cessus, 159.
sg-aarus, 290.
se-ciade, 562.
Aen. IV.


se-p


B.C. V.


Arch.


S(l


3-voce, 6.        se-grege, 4.        se-dfic6, 385.
seami206. S9mi- is an inseparable prefix meaning half.
[17. Aen. Ill.         Aen IV.            Aen. V.


21


sern-esus, 244.
sem-tistus, 578.


semi-vir, 215.
semi-animis, 686.


semi-nex, 275.


sub
208. In composition sub means under, from under, hence
up; closely, in_ place of, to the aid of; somewhat, slightly.


209. B. C. I.
sup-pete, 3.
sus-cipi6, 3.
sub-e0, 5.
sflma, 7.
sub-siste, 15.
sub-leve, 16.
sub-d&iic, 22.
sus-tine6, 24.
su"c-d6, 24.


sub-sum, 25.
sub-movee, 25.
sub-ici6, 26.
sup-porte, 39.
sub-ministre, 40.
sub-trahe, 44.
B.CG. H.
sus-tente, 6.
sub-ru6, 6.


sub-mittO, 6.
sub-sequor, 11.
B. C. IV,
suf-fodie, 12.
sue-cidCe, 19.
B.CG. V.
sub-venie, 35.
suc-cende, 43.




PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION


75


suc-curra,* 44.
sa-S1MeiO1,* 54.
Cat. II.
sip-peditO, 25.
suf-ferd, 28.
Cat. III.
surg3,* 11.
sub-igQ,* 27.
Arch.
sus-cense6, 13.
Aen. I.
sub-mergd, 40.
suf-fund6, 228.


sur-ride6, 254.
sub-ig*, 266.
sus-pendl, 318.
suc-cing6, 323.
surg6,* 366.
sfi-spir6, 371.
sub-volv5, 424.
sii-spiciV'* 438.
sub-neetQ 492.
sub-nitor, 506.
suc-curro * 630.
Aev. IIL
sub-labor, 169.
suf-fici6, 210.
sus-cit6  618.


Aer. III.
sup-ple6, 471.
sub-tex6, 582.
Aen. IV.
suc-cumba, 19.
sur-rig5, 183.
Aen. V.
sub-urge6, 202.
sub-sid6, 498.
Aen. VI.
sup-pin6, 24.
sub-vecto, 303.!


super
210. Super in composition means over, above.
211.
super-sum, B. G. I. 23.
super-sedeQ, B. G. II. 8.
super-e-mine6, Aen. I. 501.
super-ih-pbnm, Aen. IV. 497.
trans
212. Trains in composition means through or across; it is
rarely intensive.


213. B. C. I.
tr~Lns-0, 5.
tr5,-d-d, 11.


triins-flg6, 25.
trii-d6, 27.


trans-port8, 37.
tr —n6, 53.




76


LATIN WORD FORMATION


B. G. H.
trans-versus, 8.
tranis-gredior, 19.


Ca-t. I.
trAns-f ero, 24.
Cat. III. 
trans-igco, 15.
Pomnp.
trz~ns-mitt~l 1.


Aen. I.


B. G. III.
trdn-scendc5, 15.


Aen. V.
trans-curr6,.528.
trans-scrib6, 750.




GENERAL DERIVATIVES


214. Very many words are formed from others either
by no recognized rules, or by suffixes so uncommon or
obscure that they would best not be studied in a secondary
school. But it is of importance to know the word, stem, or
root from which a derivative word comes, so that the two
may be associated for their meaning.
The following list contains all the derivative and compound words occurring in High School Latin not elsewhere
treated in this work, whose etymology it might perhaps be
a help to the pupil to know.


215. B. (. I
divido, 1.
tertius, 1.
noster, 1.
reliquus, 1.
suns, 1.
exterus,* 1.
consul,* 2.
regnum, 2.
angustus, 2.
quadraginta, 2.
ootoginta, 2.
sementis, 3.
iter, 3.
amicus, 3.
dubius, 3.
quin, 3.
obaeratus, 4.


neque, 4.
nallus, 6.
quintus, 6.
Kalendae, 6.
princeps, 7.
maleficium, 7.
fossa, 8.
nego,* 8.
exemplum, 8.
numquam, 8.
interdiu, 8.
superus, 10.
septimus, 10.
extra,* 10.
primus, 10.
fortfna, 11.
quartus, 12.
mando, 12.
insignis, 12.
77


aliquis, 14.
posterus, 15.
circiter, 15.
quini, 15.
seni, 15.
interim, 16.
propinquus, 16.
portoria, 18.
nem6, 18.
antiquus,* 18.
animadvert6, 19.
egregius, 19.
pernicies, 20.
decurio, 23.
triplex, 24.
bipertit6, 25.
anceps, 26.
triginta, 26.
nintius, 26.




78


LATIN WORD FORMATION


supplex, 27.
pfirg6, 28.
sexaginta, 29.
n~naginta, 29.
terra, 30.
opportid.nus, 30.
mnerces, 31.
perpetuus, 31.
superbus, 31.
ceterus,* 32.
intr,%, 32.
posside6, 34.
d~terior, 36.
vehem~ns,* 37.
circinus, 38.
mediocris, 39.
tribuanus, 39.
fMum,* 39.
centuri6, 39.
faciuus,* 40
decimus, 40.
praecipuuls, 40.
quinquaginta, 41.
Ultr6, 42.
citr6, 42.
d~ani, 43.
quotiens,* 43.
longinquus, 47.
contirnuus, 48.
genus, 48.
meridies, 50.
RI' 50.


comminus, 52.
trinil, 53.
aestas, 54.
B. G. ~I.
supra, 1.
moeuia,* 6.
eximius, 8.
vacuuis, 12.
agger, 12.
instar, 17.
11011118 23.
octrivus, 23.
decumanus, 24.
praeceps, 24.
manipulus, 25.
oni im hrci   97


aestima6, 20.
caespes, 25.
caed6, 29.
B. G. IV.
ephippium, 2.
septu~gint~t, 12.
quadrageni, 17.
exiguus,* 20.
nequaquam, 23.
fe1ix, 25.
meus,* 25.
murrus,* 33.
infra, 36.
B. G. V.


*c  faber, 11.
n~qulquam,* 27.    ineir,     2
cflnctus,* 29.     itro,     2
duplex, 29.        triquetrus, 13.
procul, 30.        briima, 13.
cr~d3,*  33.caeruleus, *   14.
cr~ed6,* 33porr6, 27.
v~nd~,  33.   fam a,*   39.
epistula, 48.
memifi,* 6.        praec&5, 51.
nauta, 9.          pecunia,,* 55.
promunturium, 12. exsul,2* 55.
longurius, 14.
bini 1.5.
latra, 17.




GENERAL DERIVATIVES       7


79


06nsu1,* 2
mediocris, 3.
antilquus,* 3.
acerbus, 3.
veliem~ns,* 3.
moenia,* 5.
cr~d6,* 5.
meus,* 63.
meminil,* 7.
atr6x, 7.
optimas, 7.
o~terus,* 7.
neg6,* 8.
vester, 10.
aliquand6, 10.
nimius, 10.
quotienscumque,
11.
extra,* 13.
f~ima,* 13.
facinus,* 13.
corrupt~ela, 13.
illecebra, 13.
quoti~ns,* 15.
mehercule, 17.
ecquis, 20.
import-anus, 23.
exsul,* 27.
Cflhctus,* 27.


gradus, 28.
parricicala 29.
fortasse, 31.
latr6,* 33.
foed-us, 33.
vIVus, 33.
Cat. II.
unguentuin, 5.
interior, * 9.
scaena, 9.
fatum,* 11.
tyrannus, 14.
latr~cinor, 16.
col6nus, 20.
pecflna,* 20.
exterus,* 25.
valdIe, 25.
mnanif~stus, 27.
sedl,5 28.
Cat. III.
c~nifinx, 1.
illflstris, 2.
assiduus, 5.
har-uspex, 9.
finicus, 10.
fartum, 13.
collega, 14.
cervix,* 17.
statua, 19.
lactens, 19.
praeoipuus, 20.


findex, 21.
pulvinar, 23.
inviclus, 29.
Cat. IV.
punctume, 7.
scriba, 15.
eximius, 21.
clientela, 23.
fanum, 24.
MPo.
Iatebra,* 7.
oplmus,* 14.
po~ta, 25.
exemplum, 26.
praedb, 31.
68tium, 33.
gubern6, 40.
ann~na, 44.
querim~nia, 66.
Arch.
exiguns,* 1.
reus, 3.
perscna, 3.
requies, 13.
d~nulm,* 18.
acrodma, 20.
tropaeurni, 1.
epigramima, 24.
philosophus, 26.
inanubiae, 27.




80


LATIN WORD FORMATION


Aen. I.
profugus, 1.
r~gina, 9.
currus,* 17.
progenies, 19.
aequor, 29.
turb6, 45.
scopulus, 45.
divus, 46.
auster, 51t
son6rus, 53.
profundus, 58.
fas,* 77.
extempl1, 92.
quater, 94.
anima,* 98.
fidus, 113.
vertex, 114.
stdgnurn, 126.
fidficia, 132.
Tr-iacrius, 196.
ignirus, 198.
maestus, 202.
arvun, 246.
arcaiius, 262.
fer~x, 263.
sacerdis, 273.
dominus, 282.
astrum, 287.
gIgn6, 297.
benignus, 304.
almus, 306.


convexus, 310.
volucer, 317.
pharetra, 323.
cothurnus, 337.
thesaurus, 359.
avarus, 363.
cyeius, 393.
cervix,* 402.
thedtrum, 427.
thymum, 436.
d6num,* 447.
fimectW, 465.
peplum, 480.
pelta, 490.
chorus, 499.
dec~rus, 589.
iuventa, 590.
egenus, 599.
grotls, 600.
cllscius, 604.
fluvius, 607.
opimus,* 621.
series, 641.
hymenaeus, 651.
s(opi6, 680.
aulaeum, 697.
canistrurn, 701.
crAter, 724.
cithara, 740.
Alen. II.
caverna, 19.


latebra,* 38.
machina, 46.
alvus, St.
n~quIquam,* 101.
adyttim, 115.
salsus, 133.
ulalicae, 146.
draco, 225.
sist6, 245.
penetraiis, 297.
caeruleus,* 381.
conians, 391.
tabulatum, 464.
porticus, 528.
asylum, 761.
Aen. III.
virgultum, 25.
viridis, 24.
animal, 147.
foedus, 216.
taeter, 228.
iuvencus, 247.
palaestra, 281.
avunculus, 343.
barathrum, 421.
delphin, 428.
elephantus, 464.
trilix, 467.
chlamys, 484.
asparg6, 534.
aethra, 585.




GENERAL DERIVATIVES       81


81


nilbilus, 586.
lampas, 637.
linteumn, 686.
subter, 695.
Aen. IV.
medulla, 66.
tonitrus, 122.
odrus, 132.
fluentuin, 143.
virga, 242.
tela, 264.
orgia, 303.
recidivus, 344
augur, 376.
wagicus, 493.
pyra, 494.
chaos, 510.
pfiibns, 514.
cuhitumn, 690.
r6scidus, 700.
Aen. V.
Libystis, 30.


pompa, 53.
crfidus, 69.
carchcsium, 'i i.
gyrus, 85.
septciiY, 85.
circus, 109.
talentum, 112.
apricus, 128.
mergus, 128.
trudis, 208.
contus, 208.
taenia, 269.
phalerae, 310.
teres, 313.
cavea, 340.
senecta, 395.
effetus, 396.
priscus, 598.
acta, 613.
stuppa, 682.
amoenus, 734.      4
cetus, 822.
Aen. VI.
Ifidibrium, 75.
VNIV. OF MICHIOANt,anorus, 120.
ruetallum, 144.:oncha, 171.
1idcc, 203.
p)roperus, 236.
vorag'5, 296.
3yrnba, 303.
autunmus, 309.
sopdrus, 390.
[atr6, 401.
patruus, 402.
alveus, 412.
noviGns, 439.
sentus, 462.
eadficus, 481.
euhaqns, 517.
adamas, 552.
hydra, 576.
alumnus, 595.
virectum, 638.
3horea, 644.
paean, 657.
superna, 658.
rtrca, 865.
ralcar, 881.


AUJ G 22 1912




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