LA TIN COMPOSITION AN ELEMENTARY GUIDE TO WRITING IN LATIN PART I. - CONSTRUCTIONS BY J. H. ALLEN AND J. B. GREENOUGH BO STON GINN BROTHERS 1875 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year I875, by J. H. ALLEN AND J. B. GREENOUGH, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Cambridge: Press of 7ohn Wilson and Son. PREFACE. THIS book completes the series of preparatory text-books announced by the present editors. It has been prepared with a view to furnish a sufficient amount of study and practice in Latin composition, during the last year of preparation for college, or the first of a college course. It supposes in the learner a fair acquaintance with the language, gained by the reading of the usual authors and the careful study of grammar and notes, with some elementary practice in writing, at least as much as that given in the " Method," to which this is intended as a sequel. "Latin Composition," so called, has often been taught solely by the use of detached sentences illustrating the various constructions of syntax, translated out of Roman authors, to be re-translated into the original form. We are persuaded that, however serviceable this may be to give a certain mechanical familiarity with.the formal rules of Grammar, it is not a good preparation for "composition," in the sense that properly belongs to that word. The best way to learn intelligently the usages of the language is to put real English into real Latin. While we seek, therefore, to cover the entire ground of syntactical constructions, the suggestions given in this book are throughout from the English point of view. The question we have attempted to answer is not "How closely may this or that phrase in Cicero be imitated by the learner?" iv Preface. but, "How may good common English be best represented in Latin forms?" We would thus suggest a comparison not merely of the words or the constructions, but (so to speak) of the genius and spirit of the two tongues, which, we are convinced, is the true way of appreciating what is most characteristic and best worth knowing in the ancient authors. With this view, the passages to be rendered into Latin are freely selected from the sources which seemed suitable to our purpose.* It will be observed that we have very early introduced continuous paragraphs or narratives; which, we believe, are not only more interesting in themselves, but will be found easier in practice than detached sentences, besides the advantage of exhibiting the rarer constructions in situ, and not as mere isolated puzzles. The extracts have been very carefully selected, with a view not to anticipate constructions not already given; or, where this is inevitable, it is hoped they are sufficiently helped by notes and vocabulary, while they are accompanied in every case by full preliminary instruction.t The earlier of these extracts are chiefly anecdotes from Roman history, or other matter within a range already familiar to the pupil. In the later ones we have been obliged to introduce, here and there, modern material and ideas. These, it is likely, will tax more severely the pupil's knowledge and capacity; but it seems evident that the more intricate constructions of Latin prose can be best understood when we meet them from our own point of view, and find the need of them to express our own forms of thought. It should be understood that the difficulties they include are those of the language itself; and it is best to meet them fairly at the start, rather than evade or disguise them. There is no such thing * Of these we may specify Smith's " Smaller History of Rome," and Sargent's " Easy Passages for Translation into Latin.-" t It may be worth while to suggest that the teacher may at his pleasure select single passages or phrases for elementary practice. Precface. v as making a Ciceronian period or an indirect discourse in Cmesar or Livy an easy thing to boys; and the student is not fairly master of them until he can to some extent follow and reproduce them in his own work. The difficulties may, however, be lightened to any extent, at the discretion of the teacher, even to the extent of going over in detail the whole ground of each exercise in advance. CAMBRIDGE, July Io, I875. ERRATA. LATIN COMPOSITION. Page 12, line 5 from bottom, read azudis.,,1, 14, ~ 21.,, 26,,, 12.,,, Lesson 17.,, 56,,, 4,,,,,, with pres. ind. (or subj.).,, 93,,, 2I for conjurator,, conjuratus, i. CONTENTS. PART. I. - CONSTRUCTIONS. PAGE LESSON I. The Order of Words. I 2. Rules of Agreement.- I. Apposition.... 3 3.,,,, 2. The Verb. 4 4.,,,, 3. Adjectives. 6 5. Adjectives: Special Uses........ 8 6. Pronouns. - I. Personal and Reflexive.. Io 7.,, 2. Demonstrative... 12 8.,, 3. Relative....... 14 9.,, 4. Interrogative and Indefinite.. I7 io. Cases.- I. As Objects of Verbs...... 20 II.,, 2. As Modifying Adjectives.... 23 I2.,, 3. Indirect Relations....... 25 13.,, 4. Cause, Means, and Quality. 28 14.,, 5. Separation and Comparison... 32 I5.,, 6. Special Uses of the Genitive... 34 i6.,, 7. Use of Two Cases...... 37 17.,, 8. Time and Place....... 39 8.,, 9. Prepositions....... 42 I9. Verbs. — I. Narrative Tenses...... 45 20.,, 2. The Passive Voice...... 48 21.,, 3. Infinitive Constructions..... 53 22.,, 4. Participial Constructions 57 23.,, 5. Gerundive Constructions. 60 24.,, 6. Subjunctive Constructions... 62 25. Relations of Time........ 66 26. Purpose and Result.......... 69 27. Conditional Sentences.......... 72 28. Substantive Clauses.......... 74 29. Intermediate Clauses.. 77 30. Indirect Discourse........... 80 3I. Certain Special Constructions..... 83 COMPOSITION. PART FIRST. CONSTRUCTIONS. Lesson I. The Order of Words. READ carefully the whole of ~ 76. Learn subsection I, with c, d; and 2. NOTE. - Though the order of words in a Latin sentence seems very arbitrary, yet it will be observed that almost every arrangement produces some effect such as must usually be given in English by emphasis or stress of voice. In the Exercises to follow, the pupil should observe the reason of any change he may make from the normal order, and the effect it has in making prominent some particular word or words. He.should also acquire, as early as possible, the habit of regarding his composition as a Latin sentence, and not as an EzrIish sentence turned into Latin words. And he will be aided in this by habitually reading over the sentence as Latin after he has written it, to be sure that it has a Latin sound. I. The normal or regular form of words in a Latin sentence is the following: (a) The Subject, followed by its modifiers; (b) the modifiers of the Predicate, the direct object being usually put last; (c) the Verb, preceded by any word or phrase which directly qualifies its action. This is the order usually to be followed, where no emphasis is thrown on any particular word, as in simple narrative of fact: thus, Hlannibal imperator factus I proximo triennio omnes gentes lHispaniae I bello subegit. —NEPOS, Hann. 3. 2 Latin Conmositwzon. REMARK. - In actual practice, the normal order of words is rarely found. It is continually altered, either for the sake of emphasis, - to throw stress on the more important words; or for the sake of euphony, - to make the sentence more agreeable to the ear. 2. Modifiers of Nouns- as adjectives (not predicate), appositives, and oblique cases used as attributes - usually follow the noun; modifiers of Verbs - including adverbs and adverbial phrases - precede the verb. Genitives may come indifferently before or after the noun which they limit. 3. In the arrangement of Clauses, the relative clause regularly comes first in Latin, and usually contains the antecedent noun; while, in English, the demoinstrative clause almost always precedes: as, Qtuos amisirnis cives, eos Iiartis vis perculit.-CIc. Marc. 6. (" Those citizens whom," &c. See examples in ~ 48, 3. b.) 4. In contrasted phrases or clauses, either (i) the same order of words is repeated (anaphora), or (2) the order is reversed (chiasmus): as, i. Bellumt genere necessarium nagnitutdine periculosuc. - id. Manil. Io. 2. VNon terrore bell, sed consilii celeritate. —(id. ii.) 5. Almost universally the MAIN WORD of the sentence is put first. This main word may be (I) simply the emphatic word, containing the idea most prominent in the writer's mind (emp~hasis); or it may be (2) contrasted with some other word preceding or following (antithesis). Compare, for example, the following: — i. Mh. Brututs Ciceronis anzicuts Caesarern inte-fecit. 2. ~Am,)icus Ciceronis 31. Briutus Caesaret interfecit. 3. Caesarem interfecit M. Brututs Ciceronis amnicus. That is, "It was Caesar," &c. Appositlon. 3 4. Interfecit Caesarem Mi. Brutus Ciceronis amincus. Here the emphasis is thrown on thefacZ of killing: compare5. Interfecttus est propter quasdam seditiontnu suspitiones C. Gracchus.-Cic. Cat. I. 2 (see the passage). 6. Bomae summurn otiutm est. Here Rome is contrasted with Syria, which Cicero had just spoken of. Lesson 2. Rules of Agreement. —1. Apposition. REVIEW ~ 46, I, 2; Learn a, b, c. Observe that in Latin simple apposition is often used where in English we use as, of, when, or even a separate clause: thus, i. To act as a mother, nnatrerm se gerere. 2. To treat Cicero as a friend, Cicerone amnico uti. 3. To regard the gods as immortal, deos aeternos habere. 4. The city of Rome, Bonea uirbs. 5. I remember seeing when a boy, pue2r mnemnini videre. 6. Publius and Lucius Scipio, P. et L. Scipiones. 7. Cato used to tell in his old age, Cato seanex narrabat. 8. Fabius in his second consulship (when he was second time consul), Fabius consul itermur. N.B. In the following Exercises, words in brackets are to be omitted in the Latin. Proper Names of the first or second declension are not given in the Vocabulary, except where the spelling is different in English. Exercise 1. I. The consul Caius Flaminius defeated the Insubrians.1 The next consuls, Scipio and Marcellus, con1 Praenomens (as Caius) are always to be abbreviated (see ~ 15, 4). The name must here precede the title (see Note on page I). 4 Latin Composition. tinued the war. Marcellus slew Viridomarus, chief of the Insubrians, and Scipio his colleague took Milan, their chief town. 2. Give this message I to Tarquinius, your king. 3. 0 father Tiber, take me [into thy charge] and bear me up. 4. We have sworn together, three hundred noble youths, against Porsena. 5. Bocchus was gained over to the Roman cause by Sulla, the quaestor of Marius. 6. The consul Publius Rupilius brought the,Servile War to an end by the capture of Tauromenium and Enna, the two strongholds of the insurgents. 7. Sempronia, the only sister of Tiberius Gracchus, was married to the younger Scipio Africanus. 8. The next year, Lucius Cornelius Scipio, brother of the great Africanus, and Caius Lelius, the intimate-friend of the latter,2 were consuls. 9. The Illyrians were a nation of pirates. Io The she-wolf acted [as a] mother. Ii. The Academy introduced a new [branch of] knowledge [viz.] to know nothing. I2. Demetrius, an unprincipled Greek, surrendered to the Romans the important island [of] Corcyra. 13. Marius and Cicero were born at Arpinum, a free-town of Latium. Literally, " Report these [things]." 2 idem. Lesson 3. Rules of Agreement. - 2. The Verb. I. REVIEW ~ 49 (the general rule of agreement). Learn the sub-sections I with a, b; 2. a, b. NOTE.- The correspondence of the verb with its subject (called agreement) is nearly the same in most languages, though obscured in English by the loss of the inflectional, endings. The peculiarities The Verb. 5 of Latin use are given in the sub-sections cited above. The most important of these is the regular omission of the personal pronoun of the first or second person as subject (the pronoun being contained in the verb-ending 1), also of the third person whenever it is plain from the context. Hence the rule2. The personal pronoun is never to be expressed in Latin, except when required for emphasis or precision. 3. A single idea is very often expressed in Latin by two nouns connected by a conjunction (hendiadys). In this case the singular verb is the usual form: as, There is a continued series of events, est continuatio et series rerum. 4. The following examples show the most frequent Latin usages: -- I. Fannius and Mucius came to their father-in-law, Fannius et Mlucius ad socerum venerunt. 2. Neither 2Elius nor Coruncanius thought so, nec Aelius nec Coruncanius ita putabat. 3. Balbus and I held up our hands, ego et Balbus sustulimus nanUs. 4. If you and Tullia are well, Cicero and I are well, si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus. 5. Water and earth remained, aqua restabat et terra (more rarely: aqua et terra restabat). 6. I say, aio; they say (people say), aiunt. 7. I strongly approve of Epicurus, for he says, &c., Epicurum vralde probo, dicit enimn etc. 8. Rational instruction prescribes, ratio et doctrina praescribit. N.B. The periphrastic forms of the verb come properly under the treatment of Adjectives, and are included in the next Lesson. I So sometimes in old English or in poetry: as, Did'st ever see the like? (Taming of the Shrew, iv. i). So the phrases, thankyou, pray come, &c. 6 Latin Composition. Exercise 2. I. Catulus in the Senate, and Cato in the forum, hailed Cicero [as] the father of his country. 2. Cicero calls Athens the inventress of arts. 3. The army of Hannibal lived luxuriously at Capua, a beautiful city of Campania.1 4. We avoid death as-if a dissolution of nature. 5. Many ancient peoples worshipped the dog and cat [as] gods. 6. The swallow, harbinger of Spring, had now appeared. 7. Marcus Manlius, the preserver of the capitol, came forward [as] the patron of the poor. 8. The censors, Crassus and Mxenius, created two new tribes, the Ufentine and Falerian. 9. Q~uintus and I 2 shall set sail to-morrow; you and Tiro will wait [for] us in the harbor.:o. Honor and shame from no condition rise. II. To you, [my] son Marcus, belongs the inheritance of my glory and the imitation. of my deeds. I2. Never is danger overcome without danger, as they say. I3. The exigency3 of the occasion3 demands severity. 14. The mad-scheme of Saturninus and the discredit of Marius gave-new-strength 4 to the Senate. See ~ 46, 2. b 2 In Latin, "I and Quintus." 3 Two words with et. 4 Confirnzo. Lesson 4. Rules of Agreement.-3. Adjectives. I. LEARN ~ 47 (the general rule of agreement); also sub-sections I and 2, with a, b. NOTE. —As adjectives are not inflected at all in English, the beginner is required to pay constant attention to the rule. The only special difficulties likely to arise are when the same adjective belongs to two nouns, especially when these are of different genders. As to these, the principles stated in 2, with a and b, will in general be a sufficient guide. Adfctives. 7 2. The participial forms in the compound tenses, as well as other participles, are treated in construction as adjectives: as, I. Caesar and Bibulus were elected consuls, Caesar et Bibulus consules creati sunt. 2. Tullia is dead (or died), Tullia mortua est. 3. Both consuls were slain, uterque consul occisus est. 4. Virginius and his daughter were left alone before the judgment-seat, Jirginius et filia ejus soli ante tribunal relicti sunt. 5. The wife and little son of Regulus embraced him as he departed, Regulurn, discedentem uxor et parvus filius amplexi sunt. Exercise 3. I. Brutus, the deliverer of his country, and Collatinus the husband of Lucretia, were chosen first consuls at Rome. 2. Disunion and distrust were created among the allies by the Julian law. 3. Herculaneum and Pompeii 1 have been preserved to our times. 4. The entire Senate and Roman people went out to meet2 Cicero on his return from exile. 5. All sensible [people] had become alarmed at the mad-conduct of Saturninus. 6. Valerius commanding the foot, and Brutus being appointed to head the cavalry, went out to meet Tarquin on the Roman borders. 7. My uncle and myself, having returned to Misenum, passed an anxious and doubtful night. 8. Manlius during-hisabsence3 had been elected consul a second time. 9. Pompey, having marched into Syria, deposed Antiochus, and made the country a Roman province. Io. The conspiracy against Caesar's life was set-onfoot by Caius Cassius Longinus, an enemy [of] his. Supply urbes in apposition. 2 Obviam with dative, following egredi. 3 absens. 2~ ~~~~~~ abes 8 Latin Composition. ii. Mantua, alas! too near unhappy Cremona.l I2. You have before your eyes Catiline, the most audacious of men. 13. Aurora opens the purple doors and the courts full of roses. 14. A boar is often held by a small 2 dog. I5. The wall was common to3 both houses, and was cleft by4 a narrow chink. i6. Lepidus was defeated near the Mulvian bridge by Catulus, and sailed with the remainder of his forces to Sardinia. 1 Dative. 2 non magnus. 3 Genitive. 4 Ablative. Lesson 5. Adjectives: Special Uses. I. REVIEW ~ 47. Learn 3, 4 (adjectives used as nouns), with 6, 8, 9. Under these heads occur many common phrases, in which the Latin usage must be carefully distinguished from the English: as, I. I saw Scipio in his lifetime, Scipionem vivum vidi. 2. He came against his will, invitus venit. 3. Every thing was safe, omnia tuta erant. 4. All of us are here, omnes adsumus. 5. He was the first to see (he saw first), primus vidit. 6. On the top of a tree, in summa arbore. 7. The inner part of the house, interish domus. 8. The rest of the crowd remained, reliquca muzltitudo manebat. NOTE.- The use of adjectives as nouns is most common in the masculine plural, just as in English the wise, the brave, &c. In the singular this use is rare, except with a few words which have become practically nouns, such as familiaris, an intimate friend; sapiens, a wise man; avarus, a miser, and with neuters as in 4. a. In other cases the noun is generally expressed;- and almost always when a feminine or neuter would be used. Hence Adjectives: Special Uses. 9 2. When any ambiguity would arise from the use of the adjective alone, a noun must be added: as, I. Boni, the good; omnia, every thing. 2. All [men] must die, omnibus moriendumrn est. But - 3. A good man, vir bonus. 4. Power over every thing, potentia omnium rerum. 3. When any other case is used than the nominative or accusative, the noun is more commonly expressed, even when not required for distinctness. 4. An abstract notion is very often expressed in Latin by an adjective in the neuter plural: thus, i. All men praise bravery, omnes fortia laudant. 2. The past at least is secure, praeterita sattem tuta sunt. 3. Choose the better part, elige meliora. 4. Fleeting good, bona caduca. 5. Pleasing ill, mala blanda. 5. Adjectives are often used in Latin where in English we use the possessive, or a noun and preposition: as, i. The fight at Cannae, pugna Cannensis. 2. Caius Blossius of Cumae, C. Blossius Curnanus. 3. Another man's house, aliena domus. NOTE. - These adjectives most commonly represent the genitive, and will be treated in Lesson I5, b. Exercise 4. I. Duillius was-the-first 1 of the Romans to 1 conquer in a naval battle; Curius Dentatus first led elephants in a triumph. 2. Right and wrong are by nature opposed to-each-other.2 3. After [his] exile Scipio passed the-rest-of his life at Liternum, a small town of Latium. 4. Demosthenes, the Athenian orator, being banished from his country on3 a false charge 1 Simple adjective. 2 Inter se. 8 Ob. o0 Latin Comp5osition. of having received moneyl from Harpalus, was-inexile at Megara.2 He [was] afterwards recalled [and] returned [to] Athens in a ship sent for that [purpose]. 5. Octavia and Livia, the one the sister of Augustus, the other [his] wife, had lost [their] sons, the8 [famous] young Marcellus and Drusus Germanicus. 6. The aged senators who-had-been-consuls4 or censors4 sat in the Forum on [their] curule chairs, awaiting death. The Gauls found the city deserted; but marching on they came to the Forum, where they beheld the old men sitting immovable like beings 5 of 6 another 6 world.6 For some time they stood7 in-awe-at 8 the strange sight, till one of the Gauls ventured to go up to Marcus Papirius and stroke his white beard. The old man smote him on the head with 9 [his] ivory staff; then the barbarian slew him, and all the rest were massacred. I Lit. "of money received." 2 Abl. plural. 3 fZle. 4 Adjectives. 6 forma ac natura. 6 de caelo delapsus. 7 Obstizpesco. 8 admirans followed by acc. 9 Ablative. Lesson 6. Pronouns. —1. Personal and Reflexive. I. REVIEW ~ 19 (Personal and Reflexive Pronouns); with 3. a (Possessive adjectives), d, e. Observe that the pronouns have almost precisely the same syntax as nouns. 2. The Latin never uses the plural of the second person (vos) for the singular you; but often the plural of the first person (nos) for the singular Z. 3. Of the double forms in the genitive plural, the form in urn is partitive, while thatin i is objective: thus, I. The elder of us, nmajor nostrum. 2. Mindful of us, mremor nostri. Pronouns. II 4. The Reflexive pronoun (se), with its corresponding Possessive (suus), is used in some part of the predicate, always referring to the subject of the sentence or clause. NOTE. - In such cases we generally (not always) use self, selves, and own. These accordingly are not necessary in Latin, - except when they are emphatic, - being expressed by the reflexive or the personal pronoun (me, te, &c.) - I. Virtue knows itself, Virtus se novit. 2. Brutus slew his friend, Brutus amnicumn [suum] occidit (his own friend, suurn amiceun). 3. Philosophy has much pleasure in it, Philosophia multurn habet in se delectationis. 5. The Possessives (like other adjectives) take the gender, number, and case of the.noun they are used with, not of the one they refer to. They are regularly omitted when they are plainly implied in the context. Exercise 5. I. Bulls defend themselves by [their] horns, boars by their tusks,' [and] lions by their teeth and claws. 2. Horatius slew his sister with his own hand. 3. "Young man," said Sulla, "you have strengthened your rival against yourself." 4. "Varus, Varus," cried Augustus, " give me 2 back my legions." 5. Crassus, indeed, has defeated the enemy; but I have exterminated them root-and-branch. 6. W" ho art thou," said Brutus, " and for what purpose art-thou-come? "3 "I am thy evil genius,4 Brutus," replied the spectre; " thou shalt see me to-morrow at Philippi." 7. Cicero was accustomed to write down his orations. 8. Few men know their own faults-and vices. 9. How long a letter I have written to you with my own hand! icdus dentium. 2 Dative. 3 Perfect active. 4 Furia. I2 Latin Conp5osition. IO. Ancus Martius instituted the college of Heralds; he also founded a colony at Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, and built a fortress on the Janiculum. Ii. Very agreeable to me is your remembrance of me (plur.). Lesson 7. Pronouns. - 2. Demonstrative. I. REVIEW ~ 20, and learn carefully the sub-sections 2. a to e (use of the Demonstratives). NOTE. -These Demonstratives are used much like the corresponding words in English, this, that, &c. Observe, however, that though they run into one another in meaning, yet regularly hic, ille, iste, are true demonstratives, and actually point to something; while is (the pronoun of reference). only refers without pointing out. Thus a, a man, the man, one (who), &c., are often rendered by is with qui following. 2. The Possessives his, hers, its, theirs, are expressed by the genitive of a demonstrative, and have no difference of gender in the singular. 3. When the word that is used instead of repeating a word before expressed, it is regularly omitted in Latin. But when a distinct object is referred to, it may be expressed by ille, hic, or even is; or the noun itself may be repeated. Thus, — I. I prefer the art of memory to that of forgetfulness, mnemoriae artem quarn obtivionis malo. 2. Virtue seeks no other reward except this [of which I have just spoken] of glory, nullam virtus aliam mercedeem desiderat praeter hane.audis. - Cic. Arch. II. NOTE. - In such cases, the Latin often prefers some possessive adjective or other construction (see hereafter, Lesson I 5): as, The army of Caesar defeated that of Pompey at Pharsalus, Caesaris exercitus IPompeianos ad Pharsaluzn vicit. Pronouns. 13 4. Contrary to the English usage, hic is generally used to refer to a preceding statement or example; ille to a following one: as, That [which I have just mentioned] is a great argument, but this is a greater: [namely] that, etc., hoc mnaguntun est argumnenturnm, sed illud majus, quod, etc. 5. Hic often corresponds with our here, the present; ille to our there; and iste, yonder (byyou): as, i. Caius Caesar here, hie C. Caesar. 2. Those benches yonder (by you), ista subsellia. 3. The present (now living) Mucius Scaevola, hic Miucitus Scaevola. 6. The demonstrative pronoun regularly agrees in gender and number with a predicate appositive if there is one: as, This is the toil, this the task, hic labor hoc opus est. 7. The intensive ipse is usually put in the case of the subject, even where the real emphasis appears to be on the object: as, I. You praise yourself over much, ipse te nimium laudas. 2. This thing is sufficient in itself, haec res per se ipsa satis est. N.B. -The distinction between the intensive ipse and the-reflexive se - both rendered in English by " self" - requires to be carefully observed (see ~ 20, 2. e, N.). Ipse often expresses even, very, or just: as, I. This very thing, hoc ipsum. 2. It is just three years, tres ani ipsi sunt. Exercise 6. I. _Aneas carried with him into Italy his son Ascanius and the sacred Penates of-Troy.l He was kindly received by Latinus, king of the country, and married 1 Adjective. 14 Latin Composition. his daughter Lavinia. 2. All philosophers, and among them Epictetus, were banished from Rome by Domitian. 3. The ancients regard this [as] true riches, this [as] a good reputation and great renown. 4. While 1 all arrogance is hateful, at-the-same-time 1 that of genius and eloquence is by-far the most offensive. 5. Diseases of the mind are more dangerous than those of the body. 6. The self-same Cato, the Censor, thus discourses in that very book of Cicero on Old Age. 7. When I listen-to Cicero, I desire to write down his orations, so greatly they delight me. 8. Romulus killed with his own hand Acron, king of Carnina, and dedicated his arms to Jupiter. 9. Upon2 the death of Numa an interregnum again followed; but soon after Tullus Hostilius was elected king. His reign was as warlike as that of Numa had been peaceful. io. Servius, the sixth king of Rome, gave his two daughters in marriage to the two sons of Tarquinius Priscus, Lucius and Aruns. The former was proud and haughty; the latter, unambitious and quiet. ii. This was the third and last attempt [on the part] of the Tarquinii; for by this victory the Latins were completely humbled, and Tarquinius Superbus could apply to no other state for assistance. He had already survived all his family,3 and he now fled to-Cumx,4 where he died a wretched and childless old man. 1 cu.. tur. 2 Ablative. 3 Dative. 4 Accusative. Lesson 8. Pronouns. - 3. Relative. I. REVIEW ~ 48 (rule of Agreement), reading carefully the Note; together with sub-sections, I, 2, 4. Relatives. I5 NOTE.- A relative word used as in English, merely to introduce a descriptive fact, is as simple in construction as a demonstrative, and requires no special rule. Several classes of relative clauses in which the mood of the verb is affected (see ~ 69, 2) will be treated hereafter. N.B. - Relative words include relative Pronouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs; with the indefinites quisquis and quicumque, whoever. 2. The relative is never to be omitted in Latin, though it often is in English. Thus,I. The book you gave me, liber quem mihi dedisti. 2. I am the man I always was, is sum qui semper fui. 3. He is in the place I told you of, eo in loco est de quo tibi locutus sum. 3. The relative is often used in Latin where other constructions are used in English; particularly where we should use a participle, appositive, or noun of agency: as, I. The book entitled Brutus, liber qui dicitur Brutus. 2. The existing laws, leges quae nunc sunt. 3. The men of our day, homines qui nunc sunt. 4. Caesar the conqueror of Gaul, Caesar qui Galliam vicit. 5. True glory the fruit of virtue,justa gloria qui est fructus virtutis. 4. In formal or emphatic discourse, it is often better to place the relative clause first; and in such cases it usually contains the antecedent noun: as, Those evils which we suffer with many seem to us lighter, quae mala cum netdltis patimur ea nobis leviora videntur. 5. When the antecedent noun is in apposition with the main clause or some word in it, it-is to be put in the relative clause: as, Steadfast friends, a class of which there is great lack, firmi amici, cujus generis est naagna penluria. I6 Latin Composition. 6. A relative is constantly used in Latin when English uses a demonstrative with and or but: as, I. And since these things are so, qutae cuia ita sint. 2. But if they hesitate or are unwilling, qui si dubitabunt ant gravabuntur. 7. When the word AS is used in English as a relative, it must be rendered in Latin by the relative pronoun, adjective, or adverb which corresponds to its demonstrative antecedent: as, i. The same thing as, eademn res quae. 2. Such (men) as, ei qui. 3. Such a leader as we know Hannibal to have been, talis dux qualem Hctannibalem novimUs. 4. There were as many opinions as men, quot homines tot erant sententiae. Exercise 7. I. Tiberius Gracchus was by birth 1 and marriage 2 connected with the noblest families in the Republic: grandson of the conqueror of Hannibal, son-in-law of the chief of the Senate, and brother-in-law of the destroyer3 of Carthage. 2. QGuintus Silo, a Marsian, and Caius Papius Mutilus, a Samnite, who cherished an hereditary hatred against the Romans, were chosen consuls. 3. Sulla with his army was then besieging Nola, a town which was still held by the Samnites. 4. Rome was now exposed to great danger; for those who had been her most faithful friends now rose against her. 5. A day shall come when 4 sacred Troy shall perish. 6. The terms which the general proposed seemed intolerable to the Carthaginians. 7. Tiberius and Caius Gracchus were the sons of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, whose measures gave tranquillity 1 Profiinquitas (plur.). 2 Adfdinitas (plur.). 3 Lit. "of him who destroyed." 4 Repeat the noun. Interrogatives. 17 to Spain for 1 so many years. They lost their father at 2 an early 3 age. But they were educated with the utmost care by their mother Cornelia, the daughter of Scipio Africanus the elder, who had inherited from [her] father a love r of literature, and united5in herperson6 the severe virtue of the Roman matron with a superior knowledge' and refinement, which 8 then prevailed 9 in 10 the higher-classes 11 at-Rome.'2 She engaged for [her] sons the most eminent Greek teachers; and from the pains she tooka13 with 14 their education they surpassed all the Roman youths of their age. I _per. 2 Ablative. 3 firimus. 4 studium. 5 habeo conjunctam. ~ se. 7 doctrina. 8 Neuter plural. 9 floreo. 10 afud. n nobiles. 12 Adjective. 13 " Take pains," operamn dare. 14 Dative. Lesson 9. Pronouns: Interrogative and Indefinite. REVIEW ~ 22, I. with a (forms of the Interrogative Pronoun). These forms, including quisnam, who? (emphatic), and uter (see ~ 16, I. b), which of two? are used much as in English. Thus, — I. Who is the man? Quis est homoio? 2. What a man he was! Quti homo erat! 3. What do you find fault with? Quid reprehendis? 4. What plan of his do you find fault with? Quod consilium ejus reprehendis? 5. Which eye aches? Uter ocutuls dolet? 6. Which finger hurts? Qui digitus dolet? 7. Who is it? (emph.) I 8. Who in the world Qtisnanm est? Quis tandem est? (pray who) is it? j (The latter a little stronger.) 2 3-8 Latin Comp2osition. 2. REVIEW ~ 21, 2. c, d, e, Ih (forms and use of the Indefinites). a. The pronouns which correspond to the English A or SOME, ONE, or ANY (indefinite, not emphatic) are quis, quispiam, aliquis, quidam. Of these quis is the least definite, and quidam the most. When SOME is used of objects defined in thought though not named, it is regularly quidam. The expressions nonnullus, nonnemo, nonnihil are somewhat less definite than quidam. Quis is the regular word after si, nisi, ne, num, to signify if any, &c. With these particles aliquis is more definite, like our ifsome one, &c. A FEW or SEVERAL may be expressed by aliquot, nonnulli, plures; pauci (restrictive) means only afew. The English ANY ONE WHO is often best rendered by si quis (See Note, Gr. p. I66). I. Some one may say, aliquis dicat (dixerit quispiam). 2. Some philosophers think so, aliqui (or, if definite persons are thought of, quidamn) philosophi ita putant. 3. Some poor women live here, habitant hic quaedam utlieres paupercutae. [That is, some women he knows; some women or other would be aliquae or nescio quae.] 4. Up runs a man, accurrit quidam. 5. I will call in a few friends, aliquot amicos adhibebo. 6. In the very senate-house there is more than one enemy, in ipsa curia nonnemo hostis est. 7. Banished not on some other charge but this very one, expulsus non alio aliquo sed eo ipso criinine. 8. He neither denies nor asserts a thing, neque negat aliquicd neque ait (any thing whatever would be quidqttuan). b. The pronouns which correspond most nearly with the English ANY (emphatic) are quisquam (substantive), ullus (adjective), quivis, and quilibet. The first two are used chiefly with negatives (but see ~ 21, 2. ih); the other two are universal (any yozt like). When only two are spoken of, EITHER is uter (corresponding to quisquam), utervis, uterlibet (corresponding to quivis and quilibet). For the negatives non quisquam, non ullus, non quidquam, non uter, use nemo, nullus, nihil, neuter. I. What can happen to any (one) man can happen to any man (whatever), cuivis potest accidere quod cuiquam potest. Indefnites. I9 2. I never did any thing worse, numquam quidquazn feci pejus. 3. Why did I send to anybody before you? cur cuiquam,misi prius? 4. I have less strength than either one of you, minus habeo virium quamn vestrumr utervis. 5. No one thinking of any thing but flight, nemo ullius rei nisi fugae memor. c. The Distributives EACH, EVERY, are expressed by quisque (uterque, if there are only two). Unusquisque is more emphatic (every single one). Omnis is sometimes used in the singular in nearly the same sense as quisque, but more indefinitely, and is almost equivalent to a plural. I. Every good book is better the larger it is, bonus liber metlior est quisque, quo mnqjor. 2. Both armies go away every man to his home, ambo exercitus suas quisque abeunt domos. 3. Each army was in sight of the other, uterque utrique erat exercitus in conspectu. 4. Every system of instruction (= all systems of instruction), omnis ratio et doctrina. Exercise 8. I. Which do you consider the greatest general, Caesar, Scipio, or Hannibal? Which the better orator, Cicero or Demosthenes? 2. " We here bring you war and peace," said the Roman ambassadors in the Senate of the Carthaginians; " which pleases you best?" 3. Pompey obtained the highest dignity in the State - that of the consulship -without any recommendation of ancestors. 4. The vices of Alcibiades were redeemed by some brilliant qualities. 5. Most men's vices are redeemed by some better qualities. 6. Nol great man was ever without some divine inspiration. 7. Horace did not read his poetry to any one except friends; and then 2 under compulsion, not everywhere, 1 nemo. 2 Lit.", and that." 20 Latzi Conmposition. nor before' everybody [indiscriminately]. 8. Some skill2 as an orators is necessary to a commander. 9. Several of the allies of Sparta were dissatisfied with the peace she had concluded; and soon after some of them determined to 4 restore the ancient power of Argos. Io. Some slight battles occurred, in which the side 5 of-the-Syracusans 6 had the advantage.7 iI. Since Agamemnon, no Grecian king had led an army into Asia. I2. It is contrary-to nature to take 8 any thing from any other9 [person]. Does any one deny this? I3. Whoever had killed a tyrant was praised by the Greeks and Romans. Thus Harmodius, who expelled the sons of Pisistratus, was honored at Athens; Timoleon, who consented-to 10 the death of his brother Timophanes, at Corinth; and Brutus, the slayer of Julius Caesar, at Rome. I Corarn with abl. 2 Lit. " Something of skill." 3 Adjective. 4 Infinitive. 5 res. 6 Adjective. 7 Lit. "was superior." 8 detraho. 9 Dative. 10 _Probo. Lesson I o. Cases. -1. As Objects of Verbs. I. REVIEW ~ ~ 52, I. with a, b (Accusative as Direct Object); 51, I, 2. with a, 1, d (Dative as Indirect Object); 50, 4. a, b, c (Genitive as the object of verbs of Memory and Feeling); 54, 6. d (Ablative of means, with utor, &c.). 2. All of the above cases are used in Latin with different classes of verbs to represent the English Objective case. Thus: — I. I see the man, homsinern video (ACCUSATIVE). 2. I help the man, hornini subvenio (DATIVE). 3. I pity the man, hosminis rniser-eor (GENITIVE). 4. I treat the man as a friend, homine canico utor (ABLATIVE). Object-Cases. 2I REMARK. - In all the above examples the verb is transitive in English, but not really so in Latin. In deciding on the case to be used as the object of any given verb, the following points are to be observed: — a. The Accusative, as the case of Direct Object, is far more general in its use than either of the others; and may be assumed to represent the English Objective, except as limited by the special rules which follow. b. The Dative is to be used, along with the Accusative, wherever in English two object-cases follow, with one of which we may use the preposition TO or FOR (except after verbs of Asking and Teaching, which take two accusatives): as, I. He gave me the book (=he gave the book to me), mihi librutn dedit. 2. I promise you a fig, tibi ficum promnitto. But - 3. He asked me for money, pecutntiam mAe rogavit. 4. Plato taught his scholars geometry, Plato discipulos suos geometriamr docuit. The Dative is also to be used after the verbs (apparently transitive) given in the lists in ~ 51, 2. a, b, d, e. These sub-sections, with the accompanying examples and remarks, must be attentively studied; as an accurate knowledge of these classes of verbs is absolutely essential to the correct use of the language in one of the commonest constructions in Latin. c. Verbs governing the Genitive in Latin are few, and belong to the strictly limited classes given in the sub-sections under ~ 50, 4. They are chiefly verbs of Memory and Feeling (with egeo, indigeo, need). The genitive of Charge and Penalty corresponds with the English use of the preposition OF. d. The only verbs governing the Ablative in Latin, corresponding to transitives in English, are the few deponents given in ~ 54, 6. d. Either of them may easily be represented in English by a phrase with a preposition: as, i. I use (make use of) a sword, gladcio tutor. 2. He eats (feeds on) flesh, canine vescittur. 3. They abuse (take advantage of) my friendship, amicitia mtea abutuntutr. 22 Latin Comntosition. Exercise 9. I. In our own calamity, we remember the calamities of others. 2. I shall never forget that day: it reminds me at-once 1 of the greatest delight and 1 greatest perilof2 my life. 3. Pity the sorrows of a poor old man. 4. Bocchus, king of Mauretania, had-pity-on the condition of his son-in-law, Jugurtha, king of Numidia, and promised him aid; but afterwards, callingto-mind3 the greater power of the Romans, betrayed him to Sulla, the quvestor of Caius Marius. 5. The Italians loudly demanded the rights which had been promised them by Drusus. 6. Caesar forgave all those who had fought on the side of Pompey in the civil war. 7. Marius commanded a separate army in the neighborhood. 8. If a patrician man married a plebeian wife, or a patrician woman a plebeian husband, the State did not recognize the marriage. 9. Dentatus had accompanied the triumphs of nine generals. As tribune of the people, he most bitterly opposed the patricians. io. The Knights abused the judicial power, as the Senate had done before. II. He who commands the sea is lord of affairs. I2. After the Mithridatic war, Pompey, [though] only a private-citizen, performed the part of a commander, levied three legions, and having gained4 a brilliant victory4 was received by Sulla with the greatest distinction. I3. Marcus Livius Drusus, like his father, favored the side of the nobles. But he had promised the Latins and allies the Roman franchise, a measure which had always displeased the Roman people, and which they violently resisted. Drusus, therefore, had recourse to sedition and conspiracy. A secret-society'cur... turn. 2 in. 3 memor, with gen. 4 Abl. abs. Passive. Cases with Adjectives. 23 was formed, which was bound by oath to obey 1 his commands. The ferment increased, and threatened the safety of the State; but at last Drusus was assassinated in his own house.2 1 utpjareret. 2 domi suae. Lesson I I. Cases.- 2. As Modifying Adjectives. I. REVIEW ~ 50, 3. b, c, d (Genitive with Adjectives); 51, 6 (Dative of Fitness, &c.); 54, I. c, 2. a, 3. a, 6. c, 9. Io. with a (various uses of the Ablative). N. B. These rules include many participles, which are used like adjectives. 2. Adjectives in English almost always require phrases with prepositions when their meaning is to be limited or explained. In Latin this is generally done by using after the adjective the Genitive, Dative, or Ablative case without a preposition. NOTE.- Some particular adjectives - rather than classes - take a preposition, as in English. These will be treated hereafter, in the Lesson on Prepositions (see ~ 51, 6. a, b). a. Relative Adjectives - that is, adjectives whose quality naturally relates to some object, especially one which corresponds to the object of a transitive verb - regularly take the Genitive. This relation is often expressed in English by the preposition OF: as, I. Mindful of others, forgetful of himself, memor aliorum oblitus sui. 2. Disdaining letters, fastidiosus literatrtm. 3. Possessed of reason and judgment, conpos rationis et.jttdicii. 4. Sharing in the booty, particeps praedae. See also examples under ~ 50, 3. b, c. 24 Latin Composition. b. Where the relation between the adjective and noun would be expressed in English by the preposition TO or FOR, it is commonly expressed in Latin by the Dative. The chief exceptions are given in ~ 51, 6. a, b, c, d. (See constructions given in the Vocabulary under each word.) I. A battle very like a flight, putgna sinillirna fugae. 2. A man hateful to many, hono odiostus rnultis. 3. Times hostile to virtue, temapora infests virtuti. 4. Adjoining the Belgians, flnitimi Belgis. 5. A law advantageous to the state, lex utilis rei publicae. c. When the modifying phrase denotes that in resject to which the meaning of the adjective is taken —where the English uses IN, IN REGARD TO, or the like; sometimes OF- the Ablative is generally used in Latin: as, i. Lame of one foot, claudus altero pede. 2. A man distinguished in war, vir' bello egregius. 3. Worthy of praise, dignus ltade. NOTE. - In this use the Ablative and Genitive approach each other in meaning; but the Ablative generally expresses a remoter and the Genitive a closer relation. The same relation is often expressed by the Accusative with ad. Exercise 10. I. Oil rubbed-upon 1 the body makes it more capable of enduring heat, cold, or hardship. 2. Numa instituted a college of priests, four in number. 3. The fifth king of Rome was an Etruscan by birth, but a Greek by descent. 4. The reign of Servius Tullius is almost as barren of military exploits as that of Numa. - 5. Wild beasts are not only devoid of reason and speech, but ungovernable 2 in fury, and impatient of control. 6. A Roman patrician had a-number-of3 clients attached to him, to whom he acted as patron. inunctus, with the dative. 2 iimpotens, with genitive. 3 quidain. Cases: Indirect. 25 7. Mucius, ignorant of the person 1 of Porsena, killed his secretary instead-of the king himself. 8. Veil was closely allied with Fidenae. 9. The Pentri inhabited the Apennines. But, not content with their mountain homes,2 they overran the rich lands of Campania. Io. The season of the year was favorable to Hasdrubal, and the Gauls were-friendly-to his cause. ii. The Roman ambassadors, forgetting their sacred character,3 fought in the ranks 4 of Clusium. I2. At the beginning of the first Punic war, the Romans had no fleet worthy of the name.5 I3. Porsena, alarmed for his life, offered terms of peace to the Romans. I4. Cneius Pompey was extremely ambitious of power and glory, and jealous of the superior merit and fame of other men. I5. The Romans were like the Spartans in 6 [their] passion for 7 military glory and empire. i6. The poet Archias, a man endowed with genius and virtue, was regarded by Cicero [as] equal to the most learned of the Greeks, and worthy of the highest praise.8 1 facies. 2 sedes. 3 ofciUm. 4 acres Clusina (sing.). s id nromen. 6 Ablative. 7 Genitive. 8 Plural. Lesson I12. Cases. - 3. Indirect Relations. REVIEW ~ 51, I. 2. with a, b, d; 3. 5. 7 (Dative of Indirect Object, of Possession, of Service, of Reference); also ~ 50, 4. d (refert and interest). a. The most common use of TO or FOR in English is represented in Latin by the Dative of Indirect Object: as, I. The province fell by lot to Cicero, provincia Cicerond obtigit. 26 Latin Comjposition. 2. I consult for the safety of the state, civitatis saluti consttlo. 3. Medicine is sometimes bad for the health, medicina valetudini nonnumnquamn nocet. NOTE. —. These should be distinguished from the cases where the direct efect of an action is spoken of: as, The dust hurts my eye, pulvis ocubtun meunm laedit. 2. The dative of indirect object must also be carefully distinguished from the cases - apparently the same in English - where TO or FOR expresses the limit of motoion. In Latin all relations of place, where, whence, or whither, are regularly expressed by means of prepositions (see hereafter, Lesson 15). b. This construction (dative of indirect object) is used in many cases to express WITH, OVER, UPON, IN, BEFORE, AGAINST, where in the Latin expression a verb compounded with a preposition is used (see list in ~ 51, 2. d: ad, ante, con, &c.): I. A rock hung over his head, saxurn, capiti impendebat. 2. I agree with Zeno, Zenoni ardsentior. 3. I set myself against all his plans, omnibus ejus consiIils obstiti. N. B. - Particular attention must be given to the meaning and construction of each of these compounds in the vocabulary, as many of them are transitive and take the accusative: as, He besieged the city of Alesia, urben, Alesiam obsidebat. c. The English verb TO HAVE is often, by a Latin idiom, expressed by the Dative with esse (compare Note under ~ 51, 3): as, i. I have a father at home, est mihi pater dorni. 2. The boy's name is Marcus, puero nomen est Marcus (or Mlarco). d. The phrases it belongs to, it is the jart of; and the like, are most commonly expressed in Latin by the Genitive with esse: as, It is the part of wisdom (of a wise man), or, it is wise, est sapientis (compare d, with Remark). e. To or FOR is also expressed by the Dative when the object is still more remotely connected with the action, so that the sentence is complete without it (dative of reference): as, Cases: Indirect. 27 The good husbandman plants trees for his posterity, posteris suis serit arbores bonus agricola (compare the examples in ~ 51, 7. and a). jf. When FOR or OF expresses the purpose or end of an action, the- Latin idiom has the dative, often with the dative of indirect object also: as, I. Caesar sent three cohorts for a guard, Caesar tres cohortes praesidio misit. 2. It was of great service to our men, magno usui nostris futit. NOTE. - In English the same relation is often expressed by simple apposition or by the conjunction AS. In Latin this construction is limited to a few words, which must be learned by practice (see examples and Remark under ~ 51, 5). g. For the cases in which TO or FOR is expressed by the genitive with refert and interest, see ~ 50, 4. d. The phrase for my sake and the repfublic's is expressed by mea et reipublicae causa. Exercise 11. I. The troops of Sulla did no injury to the towns or fields of the Italians. 2. Tiberius Gracchus relied chiefly on the country-people. 3. Both Quintus Catulus and Hortensius were-opponents-of l the Gabinian Law. 4. On 2 the arrival of Pompey, Tigranes was obliged to look-to-the-safety-of3 his own power. 5. The great-numbers 4 of the enemy were a hindrance rather than a help to them. 6. Caesar's death was undoubtedly a loss not only to the Roman people, but to the whole world. 7. To the modern reader the elegies of Propertius are not so attractive as those of Tibullus. 8. The greatest danger Rome had experienced since the time of Hannibal was now impending Over the State. 9. The consulship fell to Cneius Octavius, who belonged to the aristocratic-party,5 and Lucius Cinna, a professed champion of the people. I obsisto. 2 Ablative. 3 j5ros5icio. 4 mulituztdo. 5 optimates. 28 Latzn Comnposilion. To their 1 election 2 Sulla made-no-opposition,3 for it was his own interest to quit Italy immediately. Io. The Gauls once attacked the camp of 4 Quintus Cicero, brother of the orator, [as he was] wintering in Gaul; but Caesar came to his assistance with two legions, and rescued him. I. A servant of the consul Opimius, pushing against Gracchus, insolently cried out, " Make way for honest men, you rascals! " i2. "Stand aside young man," said Caesar to the tribune Metellus, who vainly attempted to defend the treasury; "it is easier for me to do than say." I3. Damophilus, a wealthy man-of-Enna, had treated his slaves withexcessive-barbarity.5 They consulted a Syrian slave, whose name was Ennus, who belonged-to 6 another master. This Ennus pretended-to7 the gift-of-prophecy,8 and appeared to breathe flames-of-fire. He not only promised them success, but joined in the enterprise himself. I4. " Mother," exclaimed Coriolanus, " thine is the victory, a happy victory for thee, but shame and ruin to thy son." 1 Relative. 2 fe/ifio. 3 non obsislere. 4 Dative. 5 Adverb in superlative. 6 servio. 7 sibi adrogare. 8 vis divina. Lesson 13. Cases. -4. Cause, Means, and Quality. REVIEW ~ 54, 4. 6 (ablative of Agent and Means); 7. with ~ 50, I. g (ablative and genitive of Quality); ~ 54, 8 with a (Price and Value: compare ~ 50, I. i); also 3 (ablative of Cause), with a, b, c. a. The means, instrument, or agent by which any thing is done we commonly express in English by the preposition BY or WITH. In Latin a distinction is made between the voznltary agent (expressed by the ablative with ab); a person considered as an Cases: Cause, &c. 29 instrument or means (expressed by per with the accusative); and the mzeans or instrument (expressed by the ablative alone, or in special cases by per with the accusative). Thus - I. Caesar was informed by the ambassadors, Caesar certior factius est a legqatis. 2. Caesar was informed by ambassadors (i. e. by means of ambassadors), Caesar certior factus est per legatos. 3. Caesar was informed by letter, Caesar certior facttus est literis (or per literas if the letters were official documents used expressly as means of information). b. The English ON ACCOUNT OF,'FOR, FROM, FOR THE SAKE OF, THROUGH, denoting cause, occasion, or motive, though oftenest expressed by the ablative alone, are frequently also rendered by prepositions: as, I. It happened through my fault, mea culpa accidit. 2. On account of the pleasure from conversation I delight in entertainments, propter sermonis delectcationenm conviviis detector. 3. We love the good for their virtues, bonos diligirnz s propter virtutes (so pro meritis). 4. He could not speak.for grief, loqui prae naerore non, potuit. So the phrases: — ex quo, on which accounzt; ex eo quod, for the reason that; per aetatem, by reason of age; quam ob rem, wherefore. See also Lesson I8. c. A Quality is very often expressed in English by a noun with the preposition OF: as, a man of worth, a tale of horror. In Latin an adjective must be used in such cases, except when the noun of quality has an adjective connected with it, when it may be put either in the genitive or ablative: generally the latter when the noun describes a physical trait. Thus - I. A man of valor, vir forttis (or fortissimts). 2. A man of eminent valor, vir egtegiae virtutis. 3. A man of bodily strength and beauty, homo vaidtus et putcher. 4. Achilles was a man of very great strength and remarkable beauty, _Achilles vir erat sun~mis viributs et exitmia pulchritudine. 30 Latin Conmposz'ton. d. Manner - in English WITH or IN - is in Latin usually expressed by an Adverb when there is one; otherwise by the ablative, often with cum (see ~ 54, 7. b): as, I. With care, accurate (or, curn cura). 2. In silence, tacite (or, silentio). 3. In the most friendly manner, arnicissime. 4. With the greatest zeal, surmmno studio. e. The Price of a thing, - usually given in English with the preposition FOR or AT, — when a definite sum is stated, is expressed in Latin by the Ablative; but indeSnite price or value is expressed by the Genitives of Quantity (magni, parvi, &c.), given in ~ 54, 8. a. These Genitives often answer to the use of an adverb in English, such as highly, slightly, not-at-all, used with expressions of value or esteem. Thus - I. How much does this house sell for? ten thousand sesterces. Quanti hae aedes veneunt? decies nille nuvnmis. 2. I esteem Plato very highly, but the truth more, Platonern permagni sed veritatem pluris aestimo. Exercise 12. I. The Veneti had much confidence in their fortified positions. Their coasts were fringed with promontories and peninsulas, and, relying on their strong ships, fully armed and supplied 1 with leathern sails, they were not alarmed even by the greatest tempests of the ocean. 2. A liar 2 hath need of a good memory, but truth is always consistent with itself. 3. I offer myself to thee, O Hercules! because thou art descended from the gods, and givest proofs of that descent by thy love of virtue. 4. Great things are achieved by great exertions, and glory was never the reward of sloth. 5. The Sabines, like most other mountaineers, were brave, hardy, and frugal; and even the Romans looked-up3 to them [with admiration] on account of their honesty and temperance. 6. Remus leaped in4 1 ornatus. 2 Dative. 5 admiror. 4 per. Cases: Cause, &dc. 3I scorn over his brother's wall. 7. Romulus appeared after [his] death to Proculus in more-than-mortal1 beauty. 8. Augustus lived with republican simplicity 2 in a plain 3 house on the Palatine [hill], and educated his family with great strictness I and frugality.4 9. Vitellius was remarkable for his gluttony 5 and his coarse 6 vices. Io. Demosthenes listened awhile to the bland professions of Archias, the actor, but at length replied, " Archias, you never won me by your acting, nor will you now by your promises." ii. Columbus entered -the hall surrounded by a brilliant.crowd of cavaliers, among whom he was conspicuous for his stately and commanding person.7 I2. To the English it was a night of8 hope, fear, suspense, [and] anxiety. They had been wasted by disease, broken with fatigue, and weakened by the many privations which are wont to attend 9 an army marching through a hostile country. But they were supported by the spirit and confidence of their gallant leader, and by the recollection of victories won by their fathers. 13. The forests have given place to cultivated fields, the morass is dried up, the land has become solid, and is covered with habitations. A countless multitude, living in 10 peace and abundance upon the fruits of their labors, has succeeded to the tribes of hunters who were always contending with war and famine. What has produced these wonders? What has renovated the surface of the earth? The name of this beneficent genius 11 is Security. 1 divinus. 2 cultus moderatus (abl.). 8 minime sumzftuosus. 4 Adverbs. 5 intemperantia gulae. 6 turf5is. 7 habitus cory5oris. 8 plena. 9 esse 10 in, ablative. 11 dea. 32 Latin Coomposition. Lessoi 14. Cases. —5. Separation and Comparison. LEARN ~ 54, I. with a, b, c, d (ablative of Separation); ~ 51, 2. e (dative with Compounds); ~ 54, 5. with a; 6. e (ablative of Comparison and Degree of Difference). a., The relations denoted in English by FROM or OF — in such phrases as to deprive of; to be firee from, in want of, and the like -are in Latin expressed by the ablative: as, I. He is free from terror, caret formidine. 2. To retire from office, abire nmagistratu.. 3. A city stripped of defence, t.rbs nTutda praesidio. 4. A man without a country, honeo qui caret patria. 5. You will relieve me of great fear, mtagno mne metue liberabis. N. B. Motion from a place is regularly expressed by means of prepositions (see Lesson I7). b. When a thing is said to be taken away from a person, the dative is almost always used instead of the ablative: as, I. Hie took a ring from the woman, nnlieri anutlzn detraxit. 2. You have robbed me of my property, bona mnihi abstulisti. c. The uses of the ablative with the Comparative may be seen in the following: - I. Nothing is dearer to a man than life, nihil hoiini vita est carius. 2. Quicker than one would think, opinZone celerius. 3. Much more rich than wise, mutto divitior qzcuami sap'ientlior. 4. The more dangerous the disease the more praised the physician, quo periculosior. norbus eo laudatior medicus. 5. The more virtuously one lives, the less he will injure others, quanto quis vivit honest ins tanto It