RELIANCE WORKS, MIL WA UKEE, WIS., EDWARD P, ALLIS & CO,, Proprietors, MACHINISTS AND FOUNDRYMEN. CAST IRON WATER AND GAS PIPE. STEAM ENCINES, &c., &c. MI!SIL:L BTXJISjDE eS. t 3 U'T3EL 3:M3IX-S13ELS. VWM. WRIGHT & CO., BUILDERS OF THE WRIGHT STEAM ENGINE With Patent Variable Cut-Off regulated by the Governor, The most Economica. in the Use of Fuel, the Simplest in Construction, and altogether the Best Cut-off Engine in Market. MACHINERY GENERALLY! A large stock of Patterns on hand, comprising BEAM AND POPELLEn ENGINES "',,,I" H,".. ORZOT" 6OF ALL SIZES, Sales= —~ Aec,0 SHORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL """ ~3 Lu IS W 30 1 TC: HXT 30 J, ^ f5- - ~ MILL GEARING, &c. WM. WRICHT & CO,, Newburgh, N. Y. Sales Agency, 60'Vesey Street, N0ew TYorik City. New York Belting and Packing Co,, THE OLDEST AND LARGEST MANUFACTURERS IN THE UNITED STATES OF VULCANIZED RUBBER FABRICS, ADAPTED TO MECHANICAL PURPOSES, Invite the attention of all who are interested in the sale or use of such articles to the high standard quality and low prices of their various manufactures, comprising Machine Belting, Steam Packing, Leading Hose, Suction Hose, Car Springs, Wagon Springs, Billiard Cushions, Grain Drill Tubes, Etc., Etc., Etc. "TEST" HOSE made expressly for the use of Steam Fire Engines, and will stand a pressure of 400 pounds per square inch. Officers of Fire Departments, requiring New Hose, will find this much superior in strength and quality to any other. PATENT SOLID EMERY VULCANITE WHEELS, A composition of rubber and emery, making a very hard uniform substance of the nature of stone throughout. These Wheels for grinding and polishing metals, "gumming" saws, etc., are the most economical and effective tools that can be used. Warehouse, 37 and 38 Park Row, New York. JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treasurer. Price-lists and further information may be obtained by mail or otherwise on application. PRACTICAL SCIENTIFIC WORKS AND TEXT-BOOKS, PUBLISHED BY JOHN WILEY & SON, ASTOR PLACE, NEW YORK, AGRICULTURE. Mahan's Fortification and Stone Cutting. 8vo.......... $ 50 " Industrial Drawing. 8vo..................... 3 00 Downing's Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. 2 vols. Field Fortifications. 8vo.................... 3 0 Svo............................................ 00 Permanent Fortifications. 8vo............... 6 50 Downing's Selected Frnlits. 1 vol. 12mo...........m..... 2 50 M ioselcy's Principles of Engineering. etc. 8vo.. 5 00 IKemp's Landscape Gardening. 1 vol. 12mo........... 2 50 " Bresse's Hydraulic Motors. 8vo............... 2 50 Liebig's Agricultural Chemistry. 1 vol. 12mo........... 1 00 Wood's Resistance of Materials, etc. 8vo.............. 2 50 o- " Treatise on Bridges and Ioofs.................. 3 50 ARCHITECTURE. oDowning's Cottage Residences. 1 vol. 4to, profusely IRON, METALLURGY, &c. illustrated.................................... 6 00 0 Hatfiel's American House Carpenter. 8vo............. 50 Bodemnn &erl'sAssayingI... 2mo. 50 Holly's Carpenters' and Joiners' Hand Book. 1mo s G S.................. 75 Holly's Art of Saw-Filing Scientifically Treated and Ex- " Copper aued Iron.8v. 10 00 plained. 1Smo, cloth,5 plained. 18mo, cloth.............................. 75 Steel, Fuel, etc. 8vo...................10 00 --— o o ASSAYING. MECHANICS, &c. Bodemann & Kerl's Assaying. 1 vol. 12mo............ 2 50 The Lathe and ItsUFses; or, Instruction in Art of Turning 7 00 Mitchell's Assaying by Crooker. 8vo.............. 10 00 Willis' Principles of Mechanism. 8vo................. 7 50 0- — oASTRONOMY. MEDICAL. Norton's Treatise on Astronomy, Spherical and Physical, Green's Favorite Prescriptions. 8vo.................. 2 50 8vo...................................... 3 50 Von Duben's Microscopic Diagnosis.................... 1 00 Parker's Quadrature of the Circle, etc. 8vo............ 2 50 oCHEMISTRY. MINERALOGY. CHEMISTRY. Craft's Short Course in Qualitative Analysis. lSmo.,,,, o Danals Descriptive Mineralogy. 8vo................... 10 00 Craft's Short orse in Qualitative 1" Determinative Mineralogy. 8vo................ Fresenius' Qualitative Analysis. By Johnson. 8vo..... 4 Text-BookofMineralogy. 8vo Fresenius' Quantitative Aalysis. By Johnson. 8vo... 6 00 Brush's Blowpipe and Determinative Minalogy. vol. 2 50 4 Brush's Blowpipe and Determinative Mineralogy. Ivol. 2 50 Miller's Chemical Physics. 8vo.......... 00............................4 00 Inorganic Chemistry. vo........................6 00 Organic Chemistry. 8vo......... 0 00 " Magnetism and Electricity. 8vo................ 2 50 Thorpe's Quantitative Chemical Analysis.,,,,,,............ 1 S P BUILDIN. __o - Wilson's Ship Building. Theoretical and Practical. 8vo, 7 50 DRAWING AND PAINTING. -o Bouvier's Hand Book of Oil Painting. 12mo........... 2 00 STEAM ENGINE. Coe's Drawing Books, 15 parts, separately, each........ 20 Coe's Drawing Boolks. 1 pr, o ely, ea.......... 3 20 Trowbridge on Non-condensing Stationary Engine...... 2 50's D raw i lg 8o................ 3 00 Trowbridge on Heat as a Source of Power. 8vo...... 3 50 Mahan's Industrial Drawing. 8vo.................... 3 00 R~luskin's Elements of Drawing. 12rno................. 1 00 -o'" " Perspective. 12mo............... 1 00 Smith's Topographical Drawing. 8vo.................. 2 00 VENTILATION.' Linear Perspective. 8vo...................... 2 00 Leeds' Treatise on Ventilation. 8vo.................... 2 50 Warren's Elementary Free Hand Drawing. 12mo....... 75' Drafting Instruments and Operations, 12mo.. 1 25 o Elementary Projection Drawing. 12mo....... 1 50 WEIGHTS AND ME SURES.'; Linear Perspective. 12mo......1 00 " Shades and Shadows. 8vo................... 3 50 Egleston's Tables of Weights and Measures.............. 75' Higher Perspective. Svo..................... 4 00 6 Machine Construction and Drawing. 2 vols... 7 50 o- J. W. & SON are Importers of ENGINEERING. EG: 2 WEALE'S SERIES OF RUDIMENTARY Colburn's Engineering and Mechanism of Railways. 2 vols., folio, cloth.............................. 16 00 SCIENTIFIC WORKS. Mahan's Elementary Course of Civil Engineering. 8vo, new edition, edited by DeVolson Wood.............. 5 00 *** Full Catalogues gratis. \* Full Descriptive Catalogue of J. WILEY & SON'S Publications, gratis. J. W. & SON import to order BOOKS, PERIODICALS, &c., from ENGLAND, FRANCE, and GERMANY. JOHN WILEY & SON'S Complete Classified Catalogue- of the most valuable and latest scientific publications, 114 pages, 8vo, supplied gratis to order. ESTABLISHED 1848. WM. SELLERS &CO., PHILADELPHIA, BRANCH OFFICE, 93 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK, MACHINISTS' TOOLS, Railway Shop Equipments, LOCOMOTIVE TURNING &TRANSFER TABLES, PIVOT BRIDG1ES,:Etc. MOST IMPROVED FORMS OF INJECTOR BOILER FEEDERS, NEW PATTERNS-SIMPLE-EFFECTIVE. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. No. 7. No. 8, io H.P. 25 H. P. 45 H. P. 70 H.P. ioo. P. I40 H. P. 9go H. P. $18. $25. $35. $45. $55. $65. $75. SHAFTING A SPbECIALTY We have been engaged in perfecting a system for the TRANSMISSION OF POWER for 28 years, and have been enabled to determine proportions that are as light as is consistent with the strength needed. All work to standard sizes, and interchangeable in all parts. Estimates furnished, with detailed priced Schedules, including the erection of the work ready for the belts. PAMPHLETS, ESTIMA TES, SPECIFICA TIONS AND fPIO TO GRAPHS, WITHf PRICES, SENT ON APPLICA TION. BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS. Burnham, Parry, Williams & Co., P HI LADELPH IA, MANUFACTURERS OF LOCOM OT VE E NGINES, Especially adapted to every variety of railroad service, and to the economical use of Wood, Coke, Bituminous and Anthracite Coa', as fuel. CLASSIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL PATTERNS. CLASS. SERVICE. CYLINDER. DRIVERS. TRUCK. REMARKS. ~____ ________ _ - -No. Diameter. Inches. Inches. 4-12 C Switching.............. 9 x 16 4 36 4-16 C Do............. 11 x 16 4 36 4-18 Do............... 1 x 22 4 44 4-22 C Do.............. 14 x 22 4 48 - 4-2.4 G Do... —......... 15 x 22 4 48 4-24 C Do..15 x 22 4 48 4-12 Do............. x 21 364 Built with tank on boiler 6-16 C Do 1............. 14 36 Two-W with separate tender. 6)16 C Do.............. 11 x16 4 3(6 Do. 6-2. C Do............. 14 x 22 4 48 Do. 6-24 0 Do.............. 15 x 22 4 48 Do. 6-24 D Do,............. 15x 2 6 44 6-26 D Do............. 16 x 22 or 24 6 48 6-28 D Do.............. 17 x 22 or 24 6 48 8-18 C Passenger or Freight.... 12 x 22 4 54 to 60 Four-Wheeled. Road Engine. 8-20 Do. Do.... 13 x 22 or 24 4 56 to 66 Do. Do. 8-22 C Do. Do.... 14 x 22 or 24 4 56 to 66 Do. Do. 8-24 Do. Do.. 15 x 22 or 24 4 56 to 66 Do. Do. 8-26 Do. Do... 16 x 22 or 24 4 56 to 66 Do. Do. 8-28 C Do. Do... 17 x 2 or 24 4 56 to 66 Do. Do. 8-26 D Freight........... 16 x 22 or 24 6 48 to 54 Two-Wheeled. "Mogul" Pattern. 8-28 D Do................ 17 x 22 or 24 6 48 to 54 Do. Do. 8-30 D Do............. 18 x 22 or 24 6 48 to 54 Do. Do. 8-32 D Do................ 19 x 22 or 24 6 48 to 54 Do. Do. 10-26 D Do................. 16 x 22 or 24 6 48 to 54 Four-Wheeled. Ten-Wheeled Pattern. 10-28 D Do............... 17 x 22 or 24 6 48 to 54 Do. Do. 10-30 D Do................. 18 x 22 or 24 6 48 to 54 Do. Do. 10-32 Do................ 19 x 22 or 24 6 48 to 54 Do. Do. 10-34 E Do................. 20 x 24 8 48 Two-Weeled. "Consolidation" Pattern. Narrow Gauge Loco tiveMe motives ne L ocomotiv es for Iron Furnaces, Rolling Mills, Contractors' Use, etc., etc. All work accurately fitted to gauges, and thoroughly interchangeable. Plan, Materials, Workmanship, Finish, and Efficiency fully guaranteed. For full particulars address Burnham, Parry, Williams & Co., GEO. BURNHAM, WM. P. HENSZEY, CHAS. T. PARRY, EDW, LONGSTRETH, PHILADELPHIA, PA. EDW. H. WILLIAMS, JOHN H. CONVERSE. }.... AMERICAN MANUFACTURER AND IRON W ORLD This Journal, now in its twelfth year, has received a very general endorsement of the trade of this country and England as the representative exponent of the Iron and Heavy Hardware Interests, being extensively quoted by the press of both countries' Its full Iron, Steel, and Metal Market Reports, Its Artices on Political EconoIy, Its Able Foreign Correspondence, Its columns of Condeised Manzfacturing, Mzz ing and Railr/oad News, Its Reliable Statstzical Tables, Its Moznt/hly Reportfro m Blast Furnaces, Its Tables of Iroonworkers' Wages, Its afardware Price Lists of the prinzczial Eastern and Wlestern Mlarkets, withi our.zew arrangement, showing quotations in parallel columns. are invaluable for reference to all parties engaged in the manufacture or sale of Iron, Steel, Hardware, Glass, White Lead, etc. By the purchase of two of the Class Journals of the country, absorbing their circulation, the American Manufacturer now reaches a much larger list of the Iron and Hardware Trade than any other Journal. Published Weekly. Price, Four Dollars per Year, In Advance. Send for Sample Copies. F. WOODS, Manager, AMERICAN MANUFACTURER, Office, 97 Wood St. PITTSBURGH. WOOD CUTTING MACHINERY FOR RAILWAY-CAR BUILDING, SHIP-BUILDING, & BAND SAWING. THE CELEBRATED French "M. PERIN & Co." Band Saw Blade, ANY LENGTH AND WIDTH. RICHARDS, LONDOND &KELLE Y, Richards, London & Kel- ATLANTIC WOR KS, ley's Patent Band Saw Machines. Twenty-Second Street, above Arch, SEND FOR C0lOULAR. PHILADEILPHIIA, PA. PEIRCE & WHALING, DEALERS IN IRON, STEEL, HEAVY AND WAGON HARDWARE, Stool Sorews, Superior in every way to Iron Screws, and sold on same list and same discount. Railway and Contractors' Supplies, Chrome Steel, Plow Material, &c, ORNAMENTAL IRON WORK, INCLUDING STABLE FIXTURES, VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c. The trade of dealers and large consumers solicited. Illustrated Catalogues furnished to the trade upon application. West Water and Sycamore Streets, MILWAUKEE, WIS. Crane Bros. Manufacturing Co. j ^.... ~- ~" I ALSO, PASSENGER & FREIGHT ELEVATORS. General Offices, lo. I 0 North Jefferson St., Chicago. These Machines are in Use by the following Parties: Spearman Iron Co., Sharpsville, Pa. Vulcan Iron Works, St. Louis, Mo. Morgan Iron Co., Champion, Mich. Pierce, Kelley & Co., a " Garrison, Choteau & Hart, St. Louis, Mo. Chas. Ambos & Co., Columbus, Ohio. Ormsby Furnace Co., " " Winthrop Iron Co., Ishpeming, Mich. Columbus Coal Co.,.. Neshannock Iron Co., New Castle, Pa. Jackson Iron Co., Negaunce, Mich. Milton Furnace and Coal Co., Jackson Wheeler Iron Co., W. Middlesex, Pa. Lake Superior Iron Company, Marquette, C. H., Ohio. Atna Iron Works, Ironton, Ohio. Mich. Chicago, Wilmington & Vermillion Coal Columbus Iron Co., Columbus, Ohio. Frankfort Iron Co., Detroit, Mich. Co., Streator, Ill. Franklin Iron Co., " A Bangor Furnace Co., Bangor, Mich. Duncomb & Richards Coal Co., Ft. Dodge, Glasgow-Port-Washington Iron and Coal Joliet Iron and Steel Co., Joliet, Ill. Iowa. Co., Port Washington, 0. Vigo Iron Co., Terre Haute, Ind. A. PARDEE, Pres. GUILFORD R WILSON Vice Pres. GEO. BEALS, Treas. JAMES JENKINS, Supt. T. GUILFORD SMITH, SEC'Y. THE.UNIoN ]fON COMPANY MANUFACTURERS OF 1ig Irorn, lar lton, tAIl $haftingg & $1 "UNION" WROUGHT-IRON BEAMS FOR BUILDINGS AND BRIDGES. DECK BEAMS FOR BOATS, ANGLE IRON, CHANNEL & T IRON, PLATE iRON, &c., &c. Works, Foot of Hamburg Street, ml!a~Jq —lql. T. A v oa ~ sP -' ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. _ _ _ ~ ~ ~ ~~I RAILROAD AND HIGHWAY BRIDGE ACROSS THE MISSOURI RIVER AT ATCHISON, KANSAS, IN PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION (1874) BY THE AMERICAN BRIDGE COMPANY, A, B. STONE, President. C a i - [ I C! A O, XV V. G. COOLIDGE, Engineers. H. A. RUST, Vice-President. \ M'A N U F A C T U RE R S A N D B U I L D E R O 0 F lJ. W.vGouODWIN, Agt. HoustonTex. Roofs, Turning-Tables, Pivot Bridges, Iron Trestles, Wrought Iron Columns, Heavy Castings, and General Iron and Foundry Work. Descriptive Lithographs furnished upon application. Plans, Specifications, and Estimates, together with Proposals, will be made and submitted when desired. Bridges and Roofs upon the lines of nearly all the Railroads in the Western, Northwestern, and Southwestern States illustrate designs and attest the character and extent of products of Works. WORKS: Corner Eagan and Stewart Avenues. I OFFICE: 210 La Salle Street, Corner Adams. Address, THE AMERICAN BRIDGE COMPANY, CHICAGO. *,,,..__ 5;c t0ftW j a!W 0,,,, 1111111 II11 ~CLLL( —i~i i~.~ii~llJ(JJJIIIII(illillllllllll~!!lllllllllnll~lllllllilllllll11!1111111\11111 ~~Cl 10 ~~~ ------— s _69"~ "~~iii. ALddress, THE AMERICAN B RIDGE COMPANY, CHIC.&GO. Of Buffalo, N. Y. Bridge Builders and Contractors. /IF0I IRON DRAW SPAN AT LOUISIANA, MO., 444 FEET LONG. Engaged in the Manufacturing and Construction of all kinds of Wrought Iron Railway, and Highway Bridges, Viaducts, Trestle Work, Turn Tables, Roofs, etc. Also, Combination Bridges, of wood and iron, And all kinds of IRON STRUCTURES. Make Railway Work a specialty. Iron used of shapes to allow of being seen and painted on all surfaces. Due attention paid to true proportion of strains. Are prepared to receive orders for CHARLES H. KELLOGG'S PATENT WROUGHT IRON COLUMNS. Bridge Builders, Contractors and others furnished with finished Iron materials. Lithographs of Bridges and Trestle Work, Specifications, Estimates, and all necessary information furnished promptly upon application. CHARLES KELLOGG, Pres. S. D. BARLOW, Jr., Sec. and Treas. GEORGE BEALS, Vice-Pres. FREEMAN REDNER, Supt, ESTABLI SIIEID 1853. IINCOIPOIEATTEID 1873. Bass Foundry & lachineWorks. MANUFACTURERS OF STEAM ENGINES BOILERS, CAR WEHEEL, S, Railroad Castings, MILL AND HEAVY MACHINERY. FERORT W/V.A_~N,, IND. J;. VWIIT7, Sec. J. &ASS, ieraes. Q2. FJ EIS II-, [Trecas. NORTH CHICAGO ROLLING MILL CO. MANUFACTURERS OF PIG METAL, IRON AND STEEL RAILS. OFFICE: N. W. COR. RANDOLPH AND LA SALLE STREETS, (17 Metropolitan Block). WORKS ON NORTH BRANCH, Foot of Waubansia Ave., 0. W. POTTER, E. B. WARD, PRESIDENT. TREASURER. R. C. HANN A-H, SECRETARY. MANUFACTURERS OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF CAST STEELI "GRANITE" BRAND OF SIEEL FOR EDGED TOOLS, Particular attention paid to thp Manufacture of STEEL FOR RAILROAD SUPPLIES. Homogeneous Plates, for Locomotive Boilers and Fire-Boxes, SMOKE STACK STEEL, CAST STEEL FORGINGS, FOR CRANK PINS, CAR AXLES, ETC, Also, Manufacturers of the Celebrated Brand, "Hussey, Wells & Co. Spring Cast Steel," FOR ELLIPTIC SPRINGS FOR RAILWAY CARS AND LOCOMOTIVES. Office and Works - - - Pittsburgh, Pa. BRANCH WAREHOUSES: 146 E. Lake St., Chicago. 13 & 15 Custom House St., Boston. 30 Gold St., New York. W I LE Y' S AMERICAN IRON TRADE MANUAL OF THE LEADING IRON INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE IRON ORE REGIONS, BLAST FURNACES, ROLLING MILLS. BESSEMER STEEL WORKS, CRUCIBLE STEEL WORKS, CAR WHEEL AND CAR WORKS, LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, STEAM ENGINE AND MACHINE WORKS, IRON BRIDGE WORKS, IRON SHIP YARDS, PIPE AND TUBE WORKS, AND STOVE FOUNDRIES OF THE COUNTRY, GIVING THEIR LOCATION AND CAPACI~ITY O PR rDUCT. COMPILED AND EDITED BY THOMAS DUNLAP. E W - YOR I K: JOHN WILEY AND SON, 15 ASTOR PLACE. 1874. Entered. according to act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, BY JOHN WILEY AND SON, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Maclauchlan, Printer and Stereotyper, 145 & 147 Mulberry St., near Grand, N. Y. LOBDELL WILMIN1GTON, DEL. Lobdell's Patent Combination Wheel Wheel with Hollow Spoke and Rim. Lobdell's Improved Single Plate Wheel. LOBDELL'S PATENT. Wheels for City and Steam Roads, with or without axles, Driving Wheels and Chilled Tires, Brass and Iron Castings for Cars, Engines, Bridges, Roads, etc. Iron Trucks and Wrought-Iron Work for Cars, Frogs, Switches, Boring Mills, Hydraulic Wheel Presses, Axle-Lathes, and Railroad Machinery executed in the best manner and on reasonable terms. This is the oldest manufactory of chilled wheels in the country. The stock used is selected with great care, and is of such kind as the experience of Mr. LOBDELL (thirty-five years, during which time he has made the subject his constant study) has found to be the best. All parts of the manufacture receive his personal attention. His recently patented COMBINATION WHEEL will meet the wants of the age; it is stronger, admits of a better chill, and is better adapted to heavy engines and cars and high speed than any other wheel. The recently patented Hollow Spoke Wheel is free from the defects heretofore existing in this form of wheel. Manufacturers of Chilled Rolls for Paper, Brass, Copper, and Rolling Mills. GEO. G. LOBDELL, Pres't. WM. W. LOBDELL, Sec'y. P. N. BRENNAN, Treas. CHAS, AGt EO. Q.DOW, S=ECY.v 98 * $ W-YORK Hydraulic Miing WheelPresses /M/i// M gachines. ATl TH" oascns Machines. ^SHORTEST NOTICE, ^^o~.,~~ l ~ 1 ~ u Work warranted perfectly accurate. Send for cuar veing price, nd direc- Box Boring Rff /~ *^^^ 98 Chambera St., r Z ~ Machines. Machines. We have the best and most complete assortment of MACHINISTS' TOO LS In the country, comprising all those used in Machine, Locomotive and I. I. Repair Shops. Bolt Cutters, Engiae Shaping Lathes, jJdMacUhineq sJ, Planers, Car Wheel Upright and Borers, pigt d Hlorizontal Slotting Drills, Machinres, Etc., Etc. 1~.Y, STo.' For Photographs, prices and description, etc., please M I I I address ---— ~-. N.Y. STEM ENGINE CO., 98 CHAI5BERS ST., N. Y. Phonixville. Br dge Workds of PaM OFFICE, 40 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA( CLA1t~I~, i~EEVES3 & CO., DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT ALL KINDS OF Iron Railway Bridges, Viaducts, Tulrn-Tables, Roofs, AND SIMILAR STRUCTURES, The attention of the officers of Railway Companies is called to our "Album of Designs," showing the various styles of Iron Railway Bridges, Viaducts, etc., that we have constructed and are prepared to construct, which we will send by mail to any person requiring such structures. We are prepared to furnish first-class iron bridges in as short a time as any other bridge-builders can do, and at very reasonable rates. We refer to the officers of the following Railway Companies, for whom we have constructed since October, 1870, and are now constructing over loo spans, amounting to 17,600 lineal feet of first-class IRON BRIDGES. Chicago, Burlington and Quincy-Illinois Central-Chicago and North-Western-Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore-Connecticut Air Line-Portland and Kennebec-Northern Pennsylvania -Philadelphia and Reading-Portland and Ogdensburgh-New-York Central and Hudson River Bridge Co.-Cambria Iron. Co. -Catawissa R. R. Co. -Chesapeake and Ohio-Camden and Amboy-Philadelphia and Westchester-Ohio and Mississippi-G-rand Trunk of Canada-Inter-Colonial of Canada. Address, CLARKE, REEVES & CO., 410 Walnut Street} Philadelphia. A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF THR HARD WARE AD METAL TRADES. It is the aim of the conductors of The Iron Age to make it from week to week a full, complete, and trustworthy review of the industries it represents, in both their technical and commercial aspects. It is much the oldest, most widely circulated, and best journal of the kind in the country, and is the largest newspaper of any kind published in the world. It is handsomely printed on good paper, fully illustrated, well and carefully edited. Subscription, - - $4.00 a Year. ADVERTISING-. Per vertical inch of space in single column. One Insertion, - $2 50 One Month, - - - - - 7 50 Three Months, - 15 00 Six Months, - - - - - - 25 oo One Year, - - - - ---- - - - 40 oo DAVID WILLIAMS, Publisher, io Warren Street, New York. IND1X.D PAGE PAGE PAGE Abbottsbnrg; Car Works at.............. 261 American Bridge Company...........389, 391 Anna Furnace........................ 62 Abert G. A. (Stoves)..................... 348 American Charcoal Iron, tensile strength of 16 Annealing Pits.......................... 303 Ada Furnace............................ 63 American Crucible Steel, equal to any in Anniston, Furnace at.................... 103 Addison Co. Vt., Ores of................. 549 the world............................. 113 Anshultz & Co. (Stoves).34............ 342 Adirondack region...................... 504 American Exports of Iron and Steel...... 408 Anthracite Furnace..................... 524 Adirondack Steel Manufacturing Co...... 199 American Foundry...................... 304 Anthracite Furnace at Baldwin Station... 37 Adrian Car Works....................... 258 American Iron Works................... 143 Anthracite Furnace at Boonton.......... 129 Adrian, Emperor....................... 367 American Manufacturer.... 439, 477 546, 548 Anthracite Furnace at Chulasky........ 40 Agnew, David........................... 462 American Paper Car Wheel Works........ 300 Anthracite Furnace at Cold Spring....... 121 Airdrie Furnace......................... 77 American Pig' and Bar Iron.............. 407 Anthracite Furnace at Cornwall.......... 35 Akron Furnace......................64, 65 American Sheet and Boiler Plate Works.. 163 Anthracite Furnace at Dauphin.......... 38 Akron Iron Works...................... 167 American Silver Steel Works............ 199 Anthracite Furnace at Duncannon....... 38 Akron, Stove Works at.................. 344 American Steamship Co..............430, 431 Anthracite Furnace at Fort Edward...120, 121 Alabama, Blast Furnaces of..........101, 104 American Steel, demand of by Russia..... 13 Anthracite Furnace at Greenwood Iron Alabama, Brown Hematite Ore of....442, 444 American Steel, former prejudice against Works................................ 121 Alabama, Census Returns of............. 180 the................................... 13 Anthracite Furnace at Hudson........... 121 Alabama, Charcoal Furnaces of......102, 104 American Steel, Money value of.......13, 14 Anthracite Furnace at Ithaca............ 123 Alabama, Coal and Iron of the Red Moun- American Stove and Hollow Ware Co..... 340 Anthracite Furnace at Kirtland.......... 123 ain Region of......................446, 448 American Stove Works.................. 338 Anthracite Furnace at Manchester....... 123 Alabama, Coal Regions of............448, 450 American Works........................ 256 Anthracite Furnace at Marquette........ 88 Alabama Coal, Superiority of............ 450 Amherst Furnace....................... 107 Anthracite Furnace at Minersville........ 35 Alabama, Cost of making Pig Metal...... 102 Amherst, Stove Works at............... 334 Anthracite Furnace at Napanoch......... 122 Alabama, Geology of.................... 449 Amoskeag Fire Engine.................. 263 Anthracite Furnace at North Cornwall... 36 Alabama, Iron Ore Regions of........440, 448 Analyses made of the Pilot Knob Ores by Anthracite Furnace at Northumberland.. 40 Alabama Iron Works.................... 104 Andrew A.. Blair...................485, 487 Anthracite Furnace at Ontario.......... 122 Alabama Manual and Statistical Register 440 Analyses of Bessemer Pig metal.......... 513 Anthracite Furnace at Oxford.......... 128 Alabama, Recapitulation of Furnaces in.. 104 Analyses of Iron Ores of Virginia, found Anthracite Furnace at Peekskill......... 123 Alabama, Rec.pitulation of Rolling Millsof 181 near to the line of the Chesapeake and Anthracite Furnace at Pine Grove....... 5 Alabama, Red or Fossiliferous Ore o..440, 441 Ohio Railroad, in the State of Virginia 529 Anthracite Furnace at Port Carbon...... 85 Alabama, Report of the Coal and Iron Analyses of Limonite Ore of Bumpass Anthracite Furnace at Ringgold.......... 35 Resources of......................... 440 Cove, by Prof. Fisher.................. 543 Anthracite Furnace at Shamokin......... 40 Alabama, Rolling Mills of........... 180, 181 Analyses of Ore from Buford Mountain Anthracite Furnace at St. Clair........ 835 Alabama, Tuomey's Geology............. 440 488, 489 Anthracite Furnace at Union Deposit.... 38 Albany Bridge.......................... 376 Analyses of Ores found in Phelps County Anthracite Furnace at Wayawanoa....... 129 Albany Car Wheel Works................ 301 492, 496 Anthracite Furnace at Williamsburg.. 40 Albany Furnaces..................... 122, 123 Analyses of the Craigharbor Ore.......... 504 Anthracite Furnace at Winfield.......... 40 Albany Iron Works...................... 140 Analyses of the Ores of Sheppard Moun- Anthracite Furnace at Wrightsville......37 Albany, Stove Works at..............389, 340 tain..............................487, 488 Anthracite Furnaces at Albany....... 22 123 Albion Mine............................ 470 Analyses of Titaniferous Magnetic Ores... 549 Anthracite Furnaces at Bloomsburg...... 39 Alburtis. Furnaces at.................... 28 Analysis of Bituminous Coals found along Anthracite Furnaces at Buffalo........ 122 Alexander, J. F....................... 509 the line of the Cheasapeake and Ohio Anthracite Furnaces at Chickies......... 36 Alexandria, Rolling Mill near............ 151 Railroad, in the State of Virginia....... 529 Anthracite Furnaces at Columbia........ 6 Allbright Bros. Tube Works............. 316 Analysis of Brown Hematite Ores, made Anthracite Furnaces at Elmira.. 123, 124 Alleghany Co., W. Va..................537 by Mr. Whittlesey..................... 539 Anthracite Furnaces at Franklin Iron Allegheny Car Works.................. 251 Analysis of Coal Ores of Virginia, by Prof. Works................................ 121 Allegheny City, Car Wheel Works at.... 302 Rodgers.1..................... 536 Anthracite Furnaces at Geddes....... 122 Allegheny City, Iron Works at........... 144 Analysis of Limestone................... 544 Anthracite Furnaces at Hudson.......... 121 Allegheny City, Pipe and Tube works at.. 316 Alnalysis of Limestones of Virginia, near Anthracite Furnaces at Ironton.......... 122 Allegheny City, Rolling Mill at Lower.... 143 to the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Anthracite Furnaces at Lebanon......... 5 Allegheny, Crucible Steel Works at....... 1 Railroad.............................. 50 Anthracite Furnces at Lewistown..... 3 Allegheny Furnace...................... 55 Analysis of Magnetic Oxides............ 550 Anthracite Furnaces at Manhattanville 122 Allen, Frank............................ 463 Analysis of Ore from Cedar Mountain... 487 Anthracite Furnaces at iM'Iarietta........6 37 Allen Furnace........................... 58 Analysis of Ore of Cumberland Iron Moun- Anthracite Furnaces at Middlletown...... Allentown, Furnaces at................ 28 tain.................................. 522 Anthracite Furnaces at Newport......... 38 Allentown, Pips and Tube Works at...... 316 Analysis of Ores of Indiana, by Prof. Anthracite Furnaces at Phillipsburg 128 Allentown Rolling M,[ill.................. 15R Owen................................ 456 Anthracite Furnaces at Port Henry....... 120 Allentown, Rolling Mills at.............. 153 Analysis of Ore of Michigamme Mine, by Anthracite Furnaces at Poughkeepsie..... 121 Alliance Rolling Mill.................... 167 Britton.................474, 475 Anthracite Furnaces at Ringood........ 12 Allison, WV. C. & Sons................241, 326 Analysis of Ore of Spun Mountain Mine.. 475 Anthracite Furnaces at Scranton........ S9 Alpena Furnace........................ 124 Analysis of Refractory Sandstone, by Prof. Anthracite Furnaces at Sheridan 6 Altoona, Car Works at.................. 246 Frazer..................... 544 Anthracite Furnaces at Stanhope........ 129 Altoona, Description of Pennsylvania Rail- Analysis of Spadra Coal............... 452 Anthracite Furnaces at Troy........ 120 road Car Shops at..................260, 261 Analysis of Surface Ore................. 508 Anthracite Furnace in Connecticut....... 127 Altoona, Furnace near................... 55 Analysis of the Magnetic Ores of East Anthracite Furnace in Indiana County... 40 Altoona Iron Works................... 148 Tennessee............................. 542 Anthracite Furnace in Lancaster County 36, 37 Altoona Manufacturing Co............... 246 Anchor Nail and Tack Works........... 146 Anthracite Furnace in Morris County.... 129 Altoona, Rolling Mill at.................. 148 Anderson. Genl. James R................ 160 Anthracite Furnace in Philadelphia Amenia Ores Analyzed................... 503 Andover Furnaces................... 128 County............................2, 4 Arterican Bridge Co., Bridges built by.... 390 A.ndover Mine, Ore of analyzed....:.... 502 Anthracite Furnace in Union County... 40 IV INDEX. PAGE PAGE'PAGE Anthracite Furnace in Virginia......1.... 110 nace Bank, and of Merchant Bar in Mill, Bay State Rolling Mill, Condensing EnAnthracite Furnace in Wayne Township. 89 in Pennsylvania, from 1850-1874........ 407 gine of............................... 135 Anthracite Furnace in York County...... ~7 Backus, Button & Co., Stove Works...... 339 Bay State Rolling Mill, Description of.... 185 Anthracite Furnaces in Berks County....80, 31 Bacon, Asahel........................... 453 Bay View Furnaces..................... 82 Anthracite 1Iurnaces in Blair County.... 40 Baird, Matthew......................... 9223 Bay View, Rolling Mill at.......... 178, 179 Anthracite Furnaces in Bucks County.... ~0 Baird, M1. & Co..................... 28, 231 Beams, Manufactured at Union Iron Anthracite Furnaces in Chester County... 31 Baird, M................................ 26 Works.............................. 139b Anthracite Furnaces in Columbia County. 39 Bain, A. N. & Co. (Stoves)............. 346 Beaver Creek, Furnace at................ 110 Anthracite Furnaces in Danville......... 39 akewell, 1-I. & Son, (Stoves)............ 348 Beaver Falls. Stove Works at............ 341 Anthracite Furnaces in Dauphin County 87,:8 Baker & Smith Heater.................. 265 Beaver Mines......................... 491 Anthracite Furnaces in H-Iarrisburg...... 37 Baker Mine, worked by Allentown Iron Bedford, Rolling Mill at................. 168 Anthracite Furnaces in Lebanon County 35, b6 Co.,................................ 502 Belfont Furnace........................ 67 Anthracite Furnaces in Lehigh County. 27, 28 Baker Mine, worked by Crane Iron Co.... 502 Belfont Iron Works................ 149, 165 Anthracite Furnaces in Luzerne County.. 39 Baker, W. E. S.......................94, 547 Belmont, August....................... 217 Anthracite Furnaces in Maryland........ 114 Bald Eagle Furnace..................... 45 Belmont, August-Order from for LocoAnthracite Furnaces in Mifflin County.... 38 Baldwin and Livezey Steel Works........ 198 motive................2........... 217 Anthracite Furnaces in Montgomery Baldwin and Vail........................ 215 Belmont Furnace.................... 76, 111 County............................... 31 Baldwin and Whitney................... 219 Belmont Furnaces...................... 68 Anthracite Furnaces in Montour County. 39 Baldwin Compound Wood and Iron Wheels 211 Belmont Nail Wors...................... 161 Anthracite Furnaces in Northampton Baldwin Eight Wheels Connected Engine 221 Bellaire Bridge.................. 3...... 382 County............................28, 29 Baldwin Engines, Pump and Stirrup of 212 Bellair Furnace.............(........... 6S Anthracite Furnaces in Northumberland Balwin Fast Passenger Engine........... 223 Bellaire Nail Works..................... 162 County..............................9, 40 Baldwin Flexible Beam Truck............ 218 Bellaire, Rolling Mill at................ 1 62 Anthracite Furnaces in Pennsylvania....27, 41 Baldwin Furnace....................... 37 Bellefonte Car Works.................... 216 Anthracite Furnaces in Perry County..... 38 Baldwin Locomotive Works..15, 205, 232, 234 Bellefonte Furnace...................... 75 Anthracite Furnaces in Schuylkill Coun- Baldwin Locomotive Works, Consumption Bellefonte, Furnace at................... 45 ty..................................34, 35 of Materials in........................ 231 Belleville Nail Works, Rolling Mill at..... 173 Anthracite Furnace of -Massachusetts.... 117 Baldwin Locomotive Works, description of Bell, J. & Co. (Stoves)................. 342 Anthracite Furnaces of Connecticut...... 127 Mach-nes used at.................2.21, 232 Bement I-Iydraulic Press................ 300 Anthracite Furnaces of Crown Point..... 120 Baldwin Locomotive Works, history of 205, 232 Bement, Mr............................. 192 Anthracite Furnaces of Franklin...... 128, 129 Baldwin Locomotive Works, Number of Bement Steam Hammer................. 159 Anthracite Furnace of Ilichigan........ 88 men employed....................... B30 Bement Wheel Borer.................... 252 Anthracite Furnaces of New Jersey...127, 129 Baldwin Locomotive Works, number of Lo- Bennington Co., Vt., Ores of............ 549 Anthracite Furnaces of New York....120, 124 comnotives turned out................. 230 Bennington Furnace................. 55, 56 Anthracite Furnaces of Wisconsin........ 82 Baldwin Locomotive Works, number of Benson & Co. (Pipes and Tubes)......... 316 Anthracite Pig Iron in the United States, Shops of............................. 230 Benton Creek Mines..................... 492 by States, production of............... 397 Baldwin Locomotive Works, Shops, pur- Benwood Furnace................... 68, 111 Anthracite Pig Iron in the United States, poses for which they are used.......... 230 Benwood Iron Works.................... 161 production of..................... 6, 398 Baldwin Locomotive Works, Shops, number Berks County, Furnaces in........., 31, 41 Anthracite Spadra Coal of Arkansas..451, 452 of Machines in each.................... 230 Berlin Cross Roeads, Furnaces at.......... 72 Antietam Furnace....................... 115 Baldwin, Matthias W.................... 205 Berlin, Locomotive Works at............. 230 Antwerp Furnace........................ 73 Baldwin, Mr.........................25, 226 Berwick, Car Works at............. 248 Anvil Furnace.......................... 32 Baldwin, Mr., death of.................. 228 Berwick Rolling Mill.................... 150 Apollodorus............................ 3867 Baldwin, Al. W. & Co.................... 223 Bessemer, Cumberland.................. 104 Appalachian Coal Measures.............. 526 Baldwin Station, Bessemer Steel Works at 188 Bessemer, Furnace for Melting the SpieAppleton Furnaces...................... 81 Baldwin Station. Rolling Mill at......... 151. geleisen..............................186 Apolo, Rolling Mill at.................. 146( Baldwin, Vail & Hufty.................. 215 Bessemer, Henry....................... 185 Appomattox Co., Va., Ores of............ 523 Ball, R. L. (Stoves).................... 346 Bessemer Iron........................ 466 Archbold & Co.......................... 426 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad —MIount Clare Bessemer Metal........................ 473 Archer, It. S............................ 160 Shops, description of.............. 264, 266 Beossemer Ore.......................... 475 Arches, ]Modes of Erecting Bridge........ 8.$ Baltimore Bridge Co..................... 388 Bessemer Ores......................... 508 Argilaceous Ores....................459, 505 Baltimore Car Wheel Co.............302, 303 Bessemer or Pneumatic Process, descripArkansas, Anthracite Spadra Coal of 451, 452 Baltimore, Furnaces at.................. 11 tion of.......................... 185, 187 A.rkanseas Branch, Ores at................ 491 Baltimore, Furnace in................... 114 Bessemer Pig Metal. 60, 90, 104, 505, 506, Arkansas, Mineral Resources of.......... 450 Baltimore Rolling Mill.............. 158, 159 507, 542 Arkansas, Ore Regions of............450, 452 Baltimore, Rolling 2Mill at.......... 158, 159 Bessemer Pig Metal, Making of.......... 37 Arlington Car Manufacturing Co......... 244 Baltimore, Stove Works at............... 342 Bessemer Plant......................... 173 Armor, Means of Connecting to the Ship Barney & Smith AManufacturing Co....... 303 Bessemer Plant, Blowing Engine to Furthe................................418, 419 Bumpass Cove, Brown Hematite Ore of... 543 nish the Blast........................ 186 Armor Plates, Experiments made at Shoe- Bancroft Furnace...................... 84 Bessemer Plant, Converters in which the buryness..........................416, 417 Bangor Furnace........................ 86 Molten Pig Iron is treated.............. 186 Armor Plates, History of..............415, 419 Bangor, Stove Works at................. 3384 Bessemer Plant, Cupola Furnaces for MeltArmstrong & Co. (Stoves)................ 342 Barrden's Rolling Mill.................... 134 ing the Pig Iron...................... 186 Arsenic in the Ores...................... 497 Bar Iron-Prices at Philadelphia for 1872 Bessemer Plant, Hydraulic Machinery of. 186 Ashbremer, C. II..................... 509 and 1G73.............................. 411 Bessemer Plant — oulding Pit........... 186 Ashland, Charcoal Furnaces at........... 75 DaPrkla, Wm........................... 273 Bessemer Plant-Of What it Consists.....186 Ashland Furnace.....................74, 114 Barnesville, Stove Works at.............. 345 Bessemer Process...............488, 512, 514 Ashland Furnaces...................... 6'1 Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co....... 251 Bessemer Process, Conversion Pig Metal Athens, Bridge Works at................. 87 Barnum lMine............................ 470 by the................................ 13 Atkinus Brothers......................... 34 Barnum-Richardson Co................. 453 Bessemer Process, Opinion of Prof. FesAtlanta, Rollin 1 at.................. 180 Barnum-Richardson Co.'s Works (Car quet................................. 512 Atlantic and Great etern ailway, de- Wheels).............................. 01 Bessemer process, where patented........ 185 s-ription of the Car Shops of.......268, 270 Barnum-Riichardson Manufacturing Co.. ~04 Bessemer Rail, its value over Iron Rails.. 13 Atlantic Car Works...................... 242 Barre Forge, Furnace at................ 44 Bessemer rails........................... 16 Atlantic Iron and Nail Works........... 153 Parre Furnace.......................... 44 Bessemer Steel........14, 79, 80, 459, 497, 524 Atl.ntlc Iron Works.................... ~03 Barren Spring Furnace.................. 108 Bessemer Steel, Money Value of......... 13 Atlantic Steel Works................... 199 Barrett D. & Co. (Gas Pipe)............. 328 Bessemer Steel, Ore for in Alabama...... 447 Atlas Iron uWorks (Locomotive).......... 25 Barstow Stove Co................... 33:5, 386 Bessemer Steel, Pig Iron by the PneuAuburn, Furnac- at..................... 42 Bartlett, General................... 110, 524 matic Process into.................... 390 Auchincloss, William S.................. 25 Bartow Furnaces....................... 100 Bessemer Steel Plant.................... 140 Augnusa, Car Works at...............241, 258 Bates, Jos. L. (Stoves).................. 235 Bessemer Steel Plant, where first one in Augu, t.t Furnace........................ 43 Bath, Car Works at..................... 241 the United States was builtt............ 187 Aurora Furnace........................ ~5 Bass Car Wheel Works.................. i01 Bessemer Steel produced in 1873......... 13 Au S?.ble Iron Works..................... 18 Bath Furnace........................... 77 Bessemer Steel, production of............ 188 Au Si:ble Nail, 8........................ P1S Baxter, Kyle & Co. (Stoves)............. 347 Bessemer Steel Rails......1.......... 151 Au Sable, Rolling Mill at................ o18 Bay City, Pipe & Tube Works at........ 329 Bessemer Steel Works................... 13 Austin, N. L. & 0 ). (Stoves)............ 335 Bay Furnaces......................... 85, 87 Bessemer Steel Works at Baldwin Station. 188 Average Cost per ton of Pig Iron on Fur- Bay State Rolling Mill.....1...3....... 135 Bessemer Steel Works at Bethlehem...... 188 r. DEXv PAGE PAGE PAGE Bessemer Steel Works at Bridgeport...... 189 Boiler, Dome Form...................... 223 Blast Furnaces of Virginia...........112, 106 Bessemer Steel Works at Chicago......... 189 Boiler, Wagon-top Form............. 223 Blast Furnaces of-West Virginia......111, 112 Bessemer Steel Works at Johnstown...... 188 Bollman'sPatent Suspension Truss Bridge 388 Blast Furnaces of Wisconsin............80, 82 Bessemer Steel Works at Joliet.......189, 192 Boomer, Mr.......................... 56 Blast, Heating the air of the............. 370 Bessemer Steel Works at Newburg........ 189 Bonnett & Duffy (Stoves)................ 847 Block Coal in Indiana.................. 78 Bessemer Steel Works at Troy........... 188 Bonney & Bush......................... 07 Block Coal of Indiana................... 456 Bessemer Steel Works of Illinois......... 189 Bonney, Jonathan & Co................. 307 Block Coal, use of by Furnaces of LawBessemer Steel Works of Ohio........... 189 Boone Furnace.......................... 75 rence Co., Pa......................... 58 Bessemer Steel Works of the United Boonton Furnaces....................... 129 Block-IHoling........................ 467 States............................ 185, 192 Boonton Iron Works.................... 141 Bloomfield Furnace.................... 44 Bessemer Works............149, 163, 173, 174 Boonton, Rolling Mill at................. 141 Bloom Forge Iron Works................ 166 Bessemer Works at Bethlehem.......... 13 Booth & Garrett........................ 324 Bloom Furnace........................39, 71 Bessemer- Works at Joliet................ 13 Booth Patent, Steel-headed Rail Mill..... 163 Bloomington, Car Wheel Works at....... 805 Bessemer Works of New York............ 188 Bordentown, Car Wheel Works at........ 308 Bloomington Stove Manufacturing Co.... 347 Bethlehem, Bessemer Steel Works at..... 188 Boston and Maine Foundry Co........... 335 Blooming train.......................... 192 Bethlehem Iron Co...................... 187 Boston Car Wheel Co.................... 301 Bloomsburg, Furnaces at................ 39 Bethlehem Iron Works.................. 29 Boston, Locomotive Works at............ 233 Blowing Engine at Union Iron Works.... l se Bethlehem oilling Mill.................. 155 Boston Rolling Mill..................... 135 Blowing Engine, largest in the United Bethlehem Steel Works.................. 188 Boston, Stove Works at............. 334, 335 States.......................... 90 Beverly, Stove Works at................. 345 Bowers, Dure & Co...................... 251 Blowing Engines of Corning Furnaces.... 123 Beyer & McMaster (Stoves).............. 345 Bowers, Mr............................. 251 Blowing Engine of Elmira Furnaces...... 124 Bibb Furnace........................... 102 Bowers' Station, Furnace at............. 41 Blue Block Ore of Kentucky............. 458 Bierwith, L. C......................451, 452 Bowery Furnace........................ 115 Blue Ridge Belt of Brown Hematites..... 531 Big Island, Furnace at.................. 107 Bowman Bros. & Co...................... 29 Braddock's Fields, Car Works at......... 249 Big Muddy Furnace..................... 80 Bowron, Wm. M........................ 505 Bradley, A. & Co. (Stoves).............. 342 Big Pond Furnace....................... 43 Boyd, C. R.............................. 533 Bradley, Osgood........................ 268 Billmyer & Smalls, Car Works........... 246 Blackband Ore......................459, 521 Brady's Bend Furnaces.................. 55 Bingen, Furnace at...................... 29 Blackband Ore of Indiana............'456 Brady's Bend Iron Works................ 147 Bird, E. J.............................. 47 Blackband Ore of Kentucky............. 458 Brady's Bend, Rolling Mill at............ 147 Birdiboro', Furnaces at.................. 30 Black Diamond Steel Works............. 197 Braintree............................... 117 Birdsborough Nail Works................ 148 Black Magnetic Ore..................... 502 Brakes, Westinghouse................... 274 Birdsborough, Rolling Mill at............ 148 Black Magnetic Oxide Ore............... 504 Brand & Corsen (Stoves)................ 348 Birmingham Iron and Steel Works...137, 145 Black Oxide of Manganese............... 542 Brandon Co., Vt., Ores of............... 548 Birmingham, Rolling Mill at.........137, 145 Black River Falls, projected Rail Mill Brandt, John........................... 224 Birmingham, Rolling Mills at.......146, 147 at................................... 179 Brandywine Rolling Mill................. 150 Bissel & Co. (Stoves)................... 342 Black River Falls, Wis., Ores of.......... 550 Brauneisenstein......................... 498 Bissell Pony Truck...................... 28 Blackwell & Burr (Stoves)............... 8338 Brayer, N. (Co-operative Foundry Co.) Bitner, Geo. W., Car Works............. 247 Blair, Andrew A., Analyses made of the (Stoves)............................ 338 Bituminous Coal....................... 534 Pilot Knob Ores, by................485, 487 Brazil Furnace........................ 78 Bituminous CoaZl and Coke Furnaces of Blair & Siemens.................. 475 Briarfield Iron Works.................... 180 Maryland.....115, 116 Blair County, Furnaces in............... 40 Briarfield Iron Works, brief sketch of..... 180 Bituminous Coal and Coke Furnaces of Blair Furnaces........................... 56 Briarfield, Rolling Mill at................ 180 Michigan............................. 87 Blake Crusher.......................... 191 Briar Hill Furnace...................... 63 Bituminous Coal and Coke Furnaces of Blake, Prof............................. 552 Brick, R. A. & Co....................... 315 Missouri.............................9, 91 Blanchard & Arnold, Car Wheels........ 305 Bridge across the Danube................ 367 Bituminons Coal and Coke Furnaces of Blandon Iron Works.................... 148 Bridge, Albany.......................... 376 Pennsylvania, raw...................46, 60 Blast Furnace, Dumping Ore and Coal Bridge and Car Works at Cleveland...388, 389 Bituminous Coal and Coke Furnaces of into..............................369, 370 Bridge at Augusta..................... 377 Tennessee.......................... 96 Blast Furnace Economy................. 57 Bridge at Keokuk....................... 385 Bituminous Coal Furnaces of North Caro- Blast Furnace, Melting of Ore........... 369 Bridge at Middletown................384, 385 lina............................... 106 Blast Furnace, Signs of a good working Bridge at Saco.......................... 77 Bituminous Coal of Alabama............ 446 condition of........................... 500 Bridge, Beach & Co., (Stoves)........... 348 Bituminous Coal of Tennessee........... 540 Blast Furnace, where first used.......... 370 Bridge, Bellaire......................... 382 Bituminous Furnace at Akron..........64, 65 Blast Furnaces at Phcenixville........... 368 Bridge, Beollman's Patent Suspension Truss 385 Bituminous Furnace ato Bellair........... 68 Blast Furnaces, Introduction to.......... 19 Bridge, Box Girder System.............. 356 Bituminous Furnace at Canal Dover...... 65 Blast Furnaces in Missouri.............89, 93 Bridge Companies, Consolidation of...... 357 Bituminous Furnace at Cleveland........ 65 Blast Furnaces in New York..........119, 126 Bridge Companies, Controversy between Bituminous Furnace at Columbus.......65, 66 Blast Furnaces in Pennsylvania.......... 60 rival................................ 356 Bituminous Furnace at Irondale......... 66 Blast Furnaces in Pennsylvania, Capital Bridge Company, Keystone.......... 379, 387 Bituminous Furnace at Jackson.......... 66 invested in........................... 60 Bridge, "deck.r....................... 876 Bituminous Furnace at Lowellville....... 63 Blast Furnaces in the United States...37, 130 Bridge, Girard Avenue..............364, 365 Bituminous Furnace at Struthers........ 62 Blast Furnaces in the United States, re- Bridge, Green River..................... ~8 Bituminous Furnace at Vinton Station... 67 capitulation of........................ 1 0 Bridge, Illinois and St. Louis............. 3896 Bituminous Furnace at Warren.......... 64 Blast Furnaces of Alabama..........101, 104 Bridge, International................... }55 Bituminous Furnace at Girard........... 64 Blast Furnaces of California............. 130 Bridge Iron, Advantage of...........67, 68 Bituminous Furnaces at Ha-zelton........ 63 Blast Furnaces of Connecticut........126, 127 Bridge (Iron) of the St. Louis, Kansas Bituminous Furnaces ct I-ubbard........ 63 1 last Furnaces of Georgia............. 99, 101 City and Northern Railway, over the Bituminous Furnaces at Ironton......... 67 Blast Furnaces of Illinois...............9, 80 Missouri river, at St. Charles.......36, 363 Bituminous Furnaces at Leetonia........ 64 Blast Furnaces of Indiana..............78, 71) Bridge,' King" Iron 389 Bituminous Furnaces at Mlartn's Ferry... 68 Blast Furnaces of Kentucky............74, 78 Bridge, Largest Truss Bridge in the United Bituminous Furnaces at -Martinsville..... 68 Blast Furnaces of Maine............... 116 States:............................... 883 Bituminous Furnaces at Mineral Ridge... 64 Blast Furnaces of Maryland..........112, 116 Bridge, Louisville....................... 382 Bituminous Furnaces at Mingo........... 6 Blast Furnaces of Massachusetts......117, 118 Bridge, Monongahela.................... S82 Bituminous Furnaces at Newburg........ 65 Blast Furnaces of Michigan............8, 89 Bridge of the St. Louis, I(ansas City and Bituminous Furnaces at Niles............ 64 Blast Furnaces of Minnesota............. 1'0 Northern Railway, description of...-62, 363 Bituminous Furnaces at Port Washington. 65 Blast Furnaces of New Hampshire....... 116 Bridge of the St. Louis, Kansas City Bituminous Furnaces at Steubenville.... 66 Blast Furnaces of New Jersey........127, 129 and Northern Railway, Statistics of the Bituminous Furnaces at Youngstown..... 63 Blast Furnaces of North Carolina..... 104, 106 work on.............................. S363 Bituminous Furnaces at Zanesville....6.67, 68 Blast Furnaces of Ohio.................60, 74 Bridge over Menai Straits............... 3~82 Bituminous Furnaces of Kentucky.....74, 75 Blast Furnaces of Tennessee............. 93 Bridge over Missouri River, description Bituminous Furnaces of Ohio..........62, 08 Blast Furnaces of Texas................ 0 of..............................591, 992 Bog Ore, rich........................... 550 Blast Furnaces of the United States, capa- Bridge, Parkersburg.................... 382 B3g Ores.......... 508, 523, 549 city of................., 12 Bridge, Parobolic Truss at Saltash....... Bog Ores, Analysis of................... 454 Blast Furnaces of the United States, num- Bridge, Rivctted Lattice................. S75 Bog Ores of California.................. 453 ber of................................2, 12 Bridge, St. Louis Steel..............355, 362 Bog Ores of Indiana.................... 457 Blast Furnaces of the United States, rec- Bridge, Steubenville..................... ~82 Bog Ores of Maryland.................. 460 ord of...............................2, 12 Bridge, Suspension System.............. 856 Bog Ores of Virginia.................... 523 Blast Furnaces of Vermont...........116, 117 Bridge, I through "...................... 376 'PAGE PAGE PAGE Bridge Work, the Arch as a method of Brown, Sir John & Co.................. 416 Campbell, F............................ 315 construction.......3............. 366, 367 Brunel, Mr.... 382 Campbell Furnace..................... 92 Bridge Works at Athens............... 387 Brunswick Car Works.............. 258 Campbell, Henry R.............215, 220, 222 Bridge Works at Buffalo............63, 364 Buck & Wright (Stoves).............. 34~8 Campbell Co., Tenn., Ores of............ 541 Bridge Works at Canton.............388, 389 Buck Creek Ore......................... 447 Campbell Co., Va., Ores of............... 523 Bridge Works at Chicago.............390, 391 Buckeye Bridge Works................. 389 Canaan Furnaces...................... 126 Bridge Works at Cincinnati.............. 389 Buckeye Furnace....................... 72 Canada & United States, Railroad throughBridge Works at Dayton................ 389 Buckhorn Furnaces...................69, 105 out...............................277, 292 Bridge Works at Detroit........... 391,:392 Buckingham Co., Va., Ores of.......... 523 Canada Car Company................... 259 Bridge Works at Paterson.............. 388 Buckland Mines......................... 492 Canada, Car Works of.................. 259 Bridge Works at Phillipsburg........ 387, 388 Buckley Furnace....................... 96 Canada Steam Engine Company......... 259 Bridge Works at Phenixville......... 364, 379 Buckley, H. G...3..................... 339 Canal Dover, Furnace at................ 65 Bridge Works (Iron) of New Jersey....387, 388 Bucks County, Furnaces in............... 30 Canal Dover, Rolling Mills at............ 168 Bridge Works (Iron) of New York.....363, 364 Buena Vista Furnace................75, 110 Canda, F. E. & Co., Bridge Builders..... 391 Bridge Works of Hammond & Reeves..... 389 Buffalo and Washington Railroad........ 268 Canda, F. E. & Co., Car Works.......... 255 Bridge Works of Illinois..............389, 391 Buffalo, Car Wheel Works of............. 301 Carmel Coal.........................528, 534 Bridge Works (Iron) of the United States Buffalo, Car Works at........ 4.... 244 245 Canton, Bridge Works at............. 388 355, 392 Buffalo Furnace........ 75.........5, 98, 122 Canton Rolling Mill.............. 158 Bridges, American, Lightness of......... 374 Buffalo Gap......................... 531 Canton, Rolling Mill at.................. 134 Bridges, Application of Iron and Steel to.. 382 Buffalo Gap Furnace................... 107 Canton Wrought Iron Bridge Co......... 389 Bridges at Montreal..................... 382 Baffalo Ironand Nail Works.....138, 363, 364 Cape Fear Building Co.................259 Bridges, Henszeys' Patent Wrought Iron Buffalo, Iron Ship Building at............ 432 Capon Furnace........................ 112 Arch..............................387Buffalo, Lake Shore and Michigan South- Carbonate Ores on the K(anawha, Analysis Bridges, Howe Truss.................... Railroad Shos at266 268........................ 56 Bridges, Long Span of America......382, 386 Buffalo, New York and Philadelphia Car Carbonates......452, 458, 459, 508, 521, 526 Bridges, Lowthorp's Patent Iron......... 388 hops268 Carbonates of Iron of Kentucky.....457, 458 Bridges, Pleuro-Pneumatic Process.....357, 358 Buffalo, Rolling Mills at;.' 138 Carbon Iron Company.........29 Bridges'Post's Patent "................ 388 Buffalo, Stove Works at Carbon Stove Co....................... 340 rBuffatlo, Stove Wmorks at3............. 338 Bridges, Pratt Truss System............. 391 Buford ountain, Analyses of Ore from CarBuilders, Qualifications of.......239, 240 Bridgeford & Co. (Stoves)................ 347 the.............................. Car Builders, (master) throughout the Bridgeport, Bessemer Steel Works at..... 189 tuhrd 8, 49 U....... United States and Canada.......... 277, 292 Bridgeport Car Works................... 247 Bullford Mounain, Ore of.......481, 483, 485 Carlisle Furnace........................ 42 Bridgeport, Crucible Steel Works at..... 199 Bull, G. B. (StoFrac....................38 Bridgeport, Rolling Mill at............. 162 B.....u.....n.6 Carlisle Furnce, when built............379 Bridgeport, Stove Workls at.............. 345 Burchn"~~"~ " Carondelet Furnace,....................89, 90 Bridgeton, Pipe and Tube Works at......327 Burden Carondelet,........................ 490 Brideton, Rolling Mill at............... 141 Burden, Henry.140 Carondelet, RollingMill at.............. 178 Bridgewater Iron Manufacturing Co... 3.. 314 Burden otary Sqeezer............iSa, 140 Carp Furnace........................... 84 Bridgewater Iron Works................ 134 BurdenSqueezers...... 19 Carrick Furnace....................... 43 Bridgewater, Pipe and Tube Works at.... 314 ess Steel and Iron Works.. 1 Car Shops at Englewood..............274 Bridgewater, Rolling Mill at. Bur............ 134 leih Drills............. 469....... 273 Bur 0aroneet, Rollington, Car Works at............... S58............... Briggs Furnace........................... 118 B gonarWorksat.2 Car Shops, description of Mount Clare.264, 266 Brighton, Stove Works at................ 335 Burlington, Stove Works at......340 Car Shops of the Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Brightwood, CarWorks at............ 243, 244 B am2nham...................2.... 228, 1266, 268 Brill, I. G-. & Co., Car Works...............49 Burnum Vein.....50.......... 504 r Shops, New York Central R. R... 277, 278 Bristol, Furnace at..................rtis & Graff (Stoves).................38Car Shops of Philadelphia and Reading Bristol Rolling Mill.....................148 Burt Manufacturing Co............,..305 Railroad........................261, 263 British Metals, Exports in 1872-1873... 410 Burton, G. B. (Stoves).............. 343 Car Shop of Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and Britton, Analysis of Ore of Michigamme Bush & Lobdell Wheel.............. 298, 99 St Louis Railroad................270, 272 Mine by.........................474, 45 Buong& Co.......................... 30 Car Shops of the Atlantic and Great Britton, J. Blodgett..................... 548 Bushong Furnace............. 97 Western Railway................... 2.. 268 Broad Top Coal Region................ 518 Bushong Furnace, Furnace at....... 97 Car Shops of the Central Pacific Railroad Brooke, E. & G........................ 30 Bissey, McLeod & Co. (Stoves).......... 336 of California................ 274, 276 Brooklyn, Crucible Steel Works of........ 199 Butcher William, Steel Works...........197 Car Shops of the Indianapolis and St. Brooks Locomotive Works............... 233 Byers, McCullough & Co. s Mill.......... 146 Louis Railroad....................272, 274 Brooks, Major B.........462, 464, 45, 480 Cab on Locomotive Engines.............221 Car Trade, Statistics of...............39, 240 Brown Hematites.7..............57, 508, 549 Cab on Locomotive Engine, Origin of.... 221 Car Wheel-Bush & Lobdell Wheel...298, 299 Brown Hematite of Maryland............ 460 Cahawba Coal Field..............101, 449 Car Wheel Foundries, money value of the. 16 Brown Hematite Ore, 452, 453, 509, 517, Caisson, Novel Features in Design of...... 360 Car Wheel Foundries, number of in the 519, 493, 495, 541, 543 Calais, Car Works at...................241 United States...................297 Brown HIematite Ore, Analyses of.... 538, 539 Calcareous Ores.................,.. 459 Car Wheel Foundries of Connecticut..... 301 Brown Hematite Ore, Commercial value of 442 Caledonia Furnace..................... 44 Car Wheel Foundries of Delaware....306, 307 Brown Hematite Ore of Alabama.....442, 444 Calhoun Iron Works, Commercial Value Car Wheel Foundries of Georgia.....308, 309 Brown Hematite Ore of Bumpass Cove... 543 of Ores at.............. 443, 444 Car Wheel Foundries of Indiana........ 304 Brown Hematite Ore, Report by Cyrus California, Blast Furnaces of............. 130 Car Wheel Foundries of Maryland...302, 303 Mendelhal of.................. 9, 540 Cliforn, Car Wheel Works of......... 309 Car WheelFoundries of Massachusetts... 300 Brown Hematite Ores 449,460,461, 523, 524, 534 California, Car Works in.............. 59 Car Wheel Foundries of Minnesota...... 308 Brown Hematite Ore of East Tennesnsee, California, Furnaces to be Constructed for 552 Car Wheel Foundries of Missouri........ 308 Remarks by Troost........... 541 California, Iron Ore..................... 552 Car Wheel Foundries of New York....... 301 Brown Hematite Ores of Kentucky..457, 458 California, Locomotive Works in.......... 235 ar heel Fondris of Pennsylvania... 302 Brown Hematite Ores of Missouri.....482, 491 California, Railroad Car Shops of.... 274, 276 Car WheelFoundries of the United States Brownri-Hematite Ores of Putnam County, California, Rolling Mill in................ 180 16, 300, 309 Analysis of......................... 5 Caliie Furnace...................... 107 Car Wheel Foundries of the Uinited States, Brown Hematite Ores of Tennessee...540, 541 Cambria Furnace....................... 72 introduction to................... 297, 299 Brown emaite Ores of Vermont....... 549 Cambria Iron Co........................ 187 Car Wheel Foundries of Vermont........ 300 Brown & Irwin (Stoves)..............., 34 Cambria Iron Works............56, 149, 188 Car Wheel Foundries of Virginia........ 303 Brown Co., Wis., OrMs of................ 550 Cambria Iron Works, Description of the. 1419 Car Wheel Foundries of Wisconsin...... 305 Brownellcr. Grayville & Co. (Stoves)..... 34; Cambridge City, Car Worlks at........... 2-"5 Car Wheel Works at Albany............ 301 Bron ill Furnace................... 108 Cambridge, Rolling Mill at........... 135 Car Wheel Works at Allegheny City... 302 Brownish Red Ore.................. 493, 496 Cambridgeport, Car Wheel Works at..... 301 Car Wheel Works at Baltimore...3....302, 303 Brown, John........................... 522 Cambridgepoit, Pipe and Tube Works at. 314 Car Works at Berwic..................... 248 Brown, J. S. & Com...................... 46 Camden Iron Works (Tube Works)....... 316 Car Wheel Works at Bloomington....... 305 Bron Ochreous Ores................... 525 Cameron Furnace..................... 38 CarWheel Works at Bordentown...... 830 Brown Ores............................. 537 ameron Pump.......................2, 54 Car Wheel Works at Brightwood......300 Brown Oxide...................... 33....537 Camden, Iron Ship Yard at.............. 430 Car Wheel Works at Cambricgeport t... 301 Brown Oxides................... 26, 527, 530 Camden Rolling Mill............. 141 Car Wheel Works at Catasauqua.......... 302 Brownsport Furnace................... 97 Camden Tool and Tube Works........... 316 Car Wheel Works at Chicago....... 304, 305 Brown, Sir. John.... 416 Camimell& Co.......................... 416 Car Wheel Works at Cincinnati...303, 304 INDEX. vii PAGE PAGE PAGE Car Wheel Works at Cleveland.......303, 3804 Car Works at Middletown................ 248 Catasauqua, Furnaces at................ 27 Car Wheel Works at Columbus.......... 303 Car Works at Michigan City............. 253 Catasauqua Iron Works................. 152 Car Wheel Works at Cottage Furnace.... 309 Car Works in Minnesota................. 258 Catasauqua, Rolling Mills at............. 152 Car Wheel Works at Dawson.808 C...... 308 Car Works at New Haven................ 244 Catoctin Furnace, No. 3................. 115 Car Wheel Works at Dayton........... 303 Car Works at New York City............ 246 Cedar Hill, Ore of....................481, 485 Car Wheel Works at Detroit............. 305 Car Works at Northumberland........... 249 Cedar Mountain Ore, Analysis of the..... 487 Car Wheel Works at Duluth............. 308 Car Works at Oswego.................... 245 Cedar Point Furnace............113, 114, 120 Car Wheel Works at East Cambridge..... 301 Car Works at Oxford.................... 249 Cedartown, Furnace at.................. 100 Car Wheel Works at Fort Wayne......... 304 Car Works at Paris...................... 256 Cementation, Steel by................... 199 Car Wheel Works at Hannibal............ 308 Car Works at Petersburg................ 251 Census of 1870, Details of Iron Industry.. 25 Car Wheel Works at Harrisburg.......... 302 Car Works at Philadelphia............... 247 Census Return for 1870.................. 60 Car Wheel Works at High Bridge........ 308 Car Works at Pittsburgh............ 247, 249 Census Returns of West Virginia......... 161 Car Wheel Works at Hudson............. 300 Car Works at Piqua..................... 253 Central Alabama, Ores of............... 547 Car Wheel Works at Jeffersonville........ 304 Car Works at Portland................. 241 Central Car. Works...................... 256 Car Wheel Works at Jersey City.......... 308 Car Works at Quincy.................... 255 Central Falls Steam and Gas Pipe Co.... 314 Car Wheel Works at Litchfield.......... 305 Car Works at Pottstown................. 249 Central Iron Works................. 150, 180 Car Wheel Works at Louisville.......... 309 Car Works at Reading................... 249 Central Pacific Railroad Shops, DescripCar Wheel Works at Michigan City....... 304 Car Works at Richmond................. 251 tion of the........................ 274, 276 Car Wheel Works at Milwaukee.......... 305 Car Works at St. Charles................ 257 Centre and Grant Furnaces.............. 60 Car Wheel Works at New Albany......... 304 Car Works at St. Louis.................. 257 Chalfant, J W......................... 49 Car Wheel Works at Oswego............. 301 Car Works at Salem..................... 242 Chamberlain & Co. (Stoves).............. 344 Car Wheel Works at Philadelphia........ 302 Car Works at San Francisco............. 259 Chambers, Dr........................... 43 Car Wheel Works at Pittsburgh.......... 302 Car Works at Schoharie................. 246 Champion and Morgan Furnaces, Iron Car Wheel Works at Pittsford............ 300 Car Works at Scranton.................. 247 Ores used by.......................... 84 Car Wheel Works at Rampago........... 301 Car Works at Steinton................... 248 Champion Mine.....................473, 474 Car Wheel Works at Richmond........... 303 Car Works at Taunton................... 242 Champion Mine, Character of Ores at the. Car Wheel Works at Rome.............. 809 Car Works at Terre Haute............... 255 473, 474 Car Wheel Works at Rutland............ 300 Car Works at Tiffin..................... 253 Chandler, Prof....119, 120, 475, 509, 511, 552 Car Wheel Works at San Francisco....... 309 Car Works at Toledo.................... 253 Chapinsville Furnace.................... 126 Car Wheel Works at St. Albans.......... 300 Car Works at Tremont.................. 252 Character of Ore Beds of Lake Superior Car Wheel Works at St. Paul........... 308 Car Works at Troy..................... 245 Region............................ 464 Car Wheel Works at Troy............. 301 Car Works at Watsontown............... 249 Character of Ores of Mines of Michigamme Car Wheel Works at Waterford.......... 301 Car Works at West Troy................. 246 Co............................. 474, 475 Car Wheel Works at Watertown.......... 301 Car Works at West Sandwich............ 242 Charcoal Fuel.......................... 552 Car Wheel Works at Wilkesbarre......... 302 Car Works at Wilkesbarre................ 249 Charcoal Furnace at Airdrie............. 77 Car Wheel Works at Wilmington.... 306, 307 Car Works at Worcester................. 242 Charcoal Furnace at Amherst Furnace... 107 Car Wheel Works at Worcester.......300, 301 Car Works at York.................. 246, 249 Charcoal Furnace at Anniston.........-.. 103 Car Wheel Works of California.......... 809 Car Works, Barney & Smith Manufactur- Charcoal Furnace at Antwerp............ 73 Car Wheel Works of Kentucky......... 309 ing Co........................... 51, 252 Charcoal Furnace at Auburn............. 42 Car Wheel Works of Portsmouth......... 303 Car Works in Adrian.................... 256 Charcoal Furnace at Bangor.............. 86 Car Wheels, History of.............. 298, 299 Car Works in California................ 259 Charcoal Furnace at Barre Forge........ 44 Car Works at Albany....................245 Car Works in Connecticut................ 244 Charcoal Furnace at Beaver Creek....... 110 Car Works at Altoona................... 246 Car Works in Illinois................255, 256 Charcoal Furnace at Bellefont........... 45 Car Works at Arlington.................. 242 Car Works in Indiana.............. 253, 255 Charcoal Furnace at Belmont Furnace... 76 Car Works at Augusta...............241, 258 Car Works in Iowa................ 258 Charcoal Furnace at Bloomfield.......... 44 Car Works at Bath...................... 241 Car Works in Louisiana.................. 258 Charcoal Furnace at Bloom Station...... 71 Car Works at Bellefonte................. 246 Car Works in Michigan...........257, 258 Charcoal Furnace at Boone Furnace.... 75 Car Works at Braddock's Field........... 249 Car Works in Missouri................... 257 Charcoal Furnace at Bower's Station..... 41 Car Works at Bridgeport................. 247 Car Works in Tennessee................ 258 Charcoal Furnace at Bristol............. 97 Car Works at Brightwood........... 243, 244 Car Works in the United States,Product of 15 Charcoal Furnace at Brownsport......... 97 Car Works at Brunswick................. 260 Car Works in Vermont.................. 242 Charcoal Furnace at Buena Vista........ 110 Car Works at Buffalo............... 246, 247 Car Works in Wisconsin................ 258 Charcoal Furnace at Bushong's Furnace.. 97 Car Works at Burlington................ 260 Car Works of Abbottsburg.............. 259 Charcoal Furnace at Capon Iron Works.. 112 Car Works at Calais..................... 243 Car Works of Canada.................. 259 Charcoal Furnace at Carlisle............. 42 Car Works at Cambridge................ 255 Car Works of Delaware..............250, 253 Charcoal Furnace at Cartersville......... 100 Car Works at Carlisle................... 250 Car Works of Georgia................. 258 Charcoal Furnace at Carthage........... 124 Car Works at Cartersville................ 260 Car Works of Maine..................... 241 Charcoal Furnace at Cedartown......... 100 Car Works at Cassopolis................. 259 Car Works of Massachusetts......... 242, 244 Charcoal Furnace at Cincinnati Furnace.. 73 Car Works at Catasauqua................ 249 Car Works of Naugatuck Railroad Co.... 244 Charcoal Furnace at Clarion............. 46 Car Works at Chattanooga............... 260 Car Works of N. Y., N. H. & Hartford Charcoal Furnace at Clarksville.......... 98 Car Works at Chicago.............. 257, 258 Railroad Co........................... 244 Charcoal Furnace at Clay............... 72 Car Works at Cincinnati................. 255 Car Works of New Jersey................ 246 Charcoal Furnace at Clermont Mills...... 114 Car Works at Cleveland................. 254 Car Works of New York.............244, 246 Charcoal Furnace at Clifton............. 125 Car Works at Connellsville............... 249 Car Works of North Carolina........... 259 Charcoal Furnace at Clifton Forge....... 107 Car Works at Corunna.................. 258 Car Works of Ohio......................251 Charcoal Furnace at Columbia.......109, 110 Car Works at Conshocken............... 250 Car Works of Pennsylvania..........246, 249 Charcoal Furnace at Columbiana......... 104 Car Works at Dawson................... 260 Car Works of Texas..................... 261 Charcoal Furnace at Cooper.............103 Car Works at Dayton............... 253, 254 Car Works of the United States. 15,16, 241, 292 Charcoal Furnace at Cornwall............ 42 Car Works at De Pere................... 260 Car Works of the United States, Introduc- Charcoal Furnace at Cornwall Bridge.... 127 Car Works at Detroit................ 258, 259 tion to............................239, 240 Charcoal Furnace at Cornwall Iron Works 102 Car Works at Duluth.................... 260 Car Works in the United States, Number Charcoal Furnace at Costigan.......... 77 Car Works at Elmira.................... 247 of................................... 15 Charcoal Furnace at Cumberland Furnace 98 Car Works at Erie....................... 249 Car Works of Virginia.................. 251 Charcoal Furnace at Cumberland Gap.... 97 Car Works at Glen Rock................. 248 Car Works of Wilmington............250, 251 Charcoal Furnace at Detroit............ 87 Car Works at Hannibal.................. 257 Carter Furnace......................... 97 Charcoal Furnace at Dickinson.......... 43 Car Works at Houston................... 259 Cartersville Car Works.................. 258 Charcoal Furnace at Douglasville........ 41 Car Works at Huntingdon............... 248 Cartersville, Furnace at................. 10J Charcoal Furnace at Dover.............. 125 Car Works at Indianapolis............... 53 Carthage Furnace....................... 124 Charcoal Furnace at Eddyville.......... 77 Car Works at Jackson......i............256 Cascade Furnace....................... 85 Charcoal Furnace at ElkRapids.......... 86 Car Works at Jacksonville............... 256 Cascade. Mich.......................... 465 Charcoal Furnace at Enow.............. 105 Car Works at Jeffersonville.......... 253, 255 Cassopolis Car Works................257, 259 Charcoal Furnace at Fannettsburg....... 43 Car Works at Jersey City................ 246 Cast and Wrought Iron Pipe and Tube Charcoal Furnace at Farm Iron Works... 99 Car Works at Laconia............... 241, 242 Works of the United States........313, 329 Charcoal Furnace at Fishkill............. 125 Car Works at Latrobe................... 246 Cast Iron Pipe Works of the United States, Charcoal Furnace Five Mile Creek....... 73 Car Works at Lebanon............. 248, 249 Consumption of Iron by the............ 19 Charcoal Furnace at Fletcherville........ 126 Car Works at Litchfield.................. 255 Cast Steel, Pittsburg noted for the finest. 14 Charcoal Furnace at Franklin Furnace... 71 CarWorks at McKeesport.............. 249 Catasauqua, Car Wheel Works at...... 302 Charcoal Furnace at Gallia.............. 71 Car Works at Mansfield.................. 252 Catasauqua, Car Works at.......2........ 47 Charcoal Furnace at Jennel's Creek...... lT viii INDEX. PAGE PAGE PAGE Charcoal Furnace at Gladeville.......... 11 Charcoal Furnace at Southampton. 4..... 43 Chatham County, Furnaces in.......... 306 Ch.,rcoal Furnace at Graham's Forge.... 108 Charcoal Furnace at Springfield Furnace. 46 Chatham Furnaces..................... 124 Charcoal Furnace at Greensville.......... 96 Charcoal Furnace at Spruce Creek....... 44 Chattanooga........................... 540 Charcoal Furnace at Greenupsburg....... 75 Charcoal Furnace at Stemmer's Run..... 113 Chattanooga, Car Works at.............. 260 Charcoal Furnace at Greenwood Iron Charcoal Furnace at Sterlingbush... 1... 124 Chattanooga Rolling Mill................ 171 Works........................... 125 Charcoal Furnace at Sterlingville........ 124 Chauvenet Regis, Analysis of Ore from Charcoal Furnace at HangingRock....... 70 Charcoal Furnace at Stonewall Furnace.. 102 Buford Mountain................. 488, 489 Charcoal Furnace at Haysville........... 96 Charcoal Furnace at Stoney Creek........ 97 Cheeve Ore Beds........................ 504 Charcoal Furnace at Hocking Valley..... 71 Charcoal Furnace at Swatara Station..... 42 Cherokee County, Furnace in............ lt(3 Charcoal Furnace at Hope Iron.......... 73 Charcoal Furnace at Tallico Furnace...... 98 Cherokee Furnace...................... 11() Charcoal Furnace at Hopewell.......... 44 Charcoal Furnace at Tecumseh Furnace 101,102 Cherry Valley Furnaces................. 64 Charcoal Furnace at Howard............ 45 Charcoal Furnace at Temple............. 41 Cherry Valley Iron Co.................. 162 Charcoal Furnace at Idaville............. 43 Charcoal Furnace at Folensville.......... 109 Cherry Valley Mines.................... 492 Charcoal Furnace at Indian Mound...... 98 Charcoal Furnace at Trenton........... 100 Chesapeake Furnace................... 113 Charcoal Furnace at Irondale..........91, 103 Charcoal Furnace at Tyrone............. 45 Cheqsapeake Nail Works................. 151 Charcoal Furnace at Iron Furnace........ 71 Charcoal Furnace at Unaka............. 96 Cheshire Furnace....................... 118 Charcoal Furnace at Ishpennig.......... 84 Charcoal Furnace at Washington......... 71 Chester............................. 423 Charcoal Furnace at Joanna............. 41 Charcoal Furnace at Wassaic............ 125 Chester County, Furnaces in............. 31 Charcoal Furnace at Kent.............. 127 Charcoal Furnaces at Waynesborough.... 98 Chester, Iron Ship Yards at......... 425, 430 Charcoal Furnace at Kenton Furnace..... 76 Charcoal Furnace at Wheelersburg....... 71 Chester, Rolling Mill near............... 151 Charcoal Furnace at Keystone Furnace... 72 Charcoal Furnace at Wolcott Village... 125 Chestnut Grove Furnace............ 43 Charcoal Furnace at Kingston............ 100 Charcoal Furnace at Worley Furnace..... 98 Chestnut 1Hill Furnaces.................. 36 Charcoal Furnace at La Grange Furnace.. 97 Charcoal Furnace at Yellow Springs...... 45 Chestnut Hill Ore Mines................ 517 Charcoal Furnace at Lambert Ore Banks. 97 Charcoal Furnace at York............... 42 Chicago, Bessemer Steel Works at........ 189 Charcoal Furnace at Laurel Furnace..... 77 Charcoal Furnace in Bath County........ 77 Chicago, Bridge Works at........... 390, 391 Charcoal Furnace at Lawton........... 86 Charcoal Furnace in Boyd County........ 75 Chicago Car Wheel Co................... 305 Charcoal Furnace at Leland............86, 87 Charcoal Furnace in Cherokee County.... 103 Chicago, Car Wheel Works at...... 304, 3805 Charcoal Furnace at Lenhartsville........ 41 Charcoal Furnace in Franklin County..... 44 Chicago, Car Works at.............. 257, 258 Charcoal Furnace at Lewis Furnace...... 98 Charcoal Furnace in Jackson County..... 72 Chicago Furnaces....................... 79 Charcoal Furnace at Lewiston.......... 45 CharcoalFurnace in Lincoln County..... 106 Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific RailCharcoal Furnace at Lexington.......... 110 Charcoal Furnace in Litchfield County... 126 road, Car Shops of.................... 274 Charcoal Furnace at Liberty Furnace.... 109 Charcoal Furnace in Morgan County.... 92 Chicago, Rolling Mills at............... 173 Charcoal Furnace at Lime Rock........ 127 Charcoal Furnace near Newcastle........ 46 Chicago Stove Works................... 347 Charcoal Furnace at Logan............ 73 Charcoal Furnace near Rome............ 99 Chicago, Stove Works at................. 347 Charcoal Furnace at Long Creek......... 105 Charcoal Furnace near Sullivan.......... 92 Chickies Furnaces.................... 36 Charcoal Furnace at Long-dale.......... 107 Charcoal Furnace on Etowah River...... 100 Chickies Rolling Mill................... 152 Charcoal Furnace at Lynn Creek......... 92 Charcoal Furnaces at Ashland........... 75 Chilton, Dr............................ 522 Charcoal Furnace at Maramec Spring.... 92 Charcoal Furnaces at Berlin Cross Roads. 72 Chisholm Henry................. 187, 189 Charcoal Furnace at Mayaretta........... 42 Charcoal Furnaces at Bibb Furnace...... 10 Chittenden Co., Vt., Ores of............. 49 Charcoal Furnace at Maumee River...... 73 Charcoal Furnaces at Buffalo Gap. 107 Chocolay, Furnace at.................... 84 Charcoal Furnace at Max Meadows....... 108 Charcoal Furnaces at Catoctin........... 113 Chromiferouns Ores...................... 516 Charcoal Furnace at Menominee......... 87 Charcoal Furnaces at Copake............ 124 Chrome Iron.......................... 548 Charcoal Furnace at Milesburg........... 45 Charcoal Furnaces at Craig's Creek....... 109 Chrome Steel Co........................ 199 Charcoal Furnace at Mill Creek.......... 44 Charcoal Furnaces at Dublin............. 110 Chromic Iron Ore....................... 552 Charcoal Furnace at Monroe............. 71 Charcoal Furnaces at Frankfort.......... 86 Chubb's Chilled Iron Doors and Locks.... 427 Charcoal Furnace at Mont Alto........... 44 Charcoal Furnaces at Harford Furnaces.. 113 Chubbuck, L. (Stoves)................... 335 Charcoal Furnace at Moselle............. 91 Charcoal Furnaces at Heckton........... 105 Chulasky Furnace....................39, 40 Charcoal Furnace at Mt. Hope........... 42 Charcoal Furnaces at Ironton..... 69, 70, 105 Church, H. & H. S. (Stoves)............. 337 Charcoal Furnace at Mount Pleasant..... 44 Charcoal Furnaces at Irvine............. 76 Cincinnati, Bridge Works at............. 889 Charcoal Furnace at Mount Savage.... 75 Charcoal Furnaces at Lewistown........ 44 Cincinnati, Car Wheel Works at......803, 304 Charcoal Furnace at Mount Torrey Iron Charcoal Furnaces at Lime Rock........ 126 Cincinnati, Car Works at.............. 253 Works........................... 107 Charcoal Furnaces at Lincolnton.... 105, 106 Cincinnati Expositions................... 167 Charcoal Furnace at Munissing.......... 87 Charcoal Furnaces at Miller-ton.......... 125 Cincinnati, Pipe and Tube Works at...... 328 Charcoal Furnace at Muirkirk......... 114 Charcoal Furnaces at Nequanee.......... 84 Cincinnati Railway Iron Works........... 164 Charcoal Furnace at Nelson Furnace...... 76 Charcoal Furnaces at Onato........... 85, 87 Cincinnati, Rolling Mills at..........164, 165 Charcoal Furnace at Newmarket......... 109 CharcoalFurnaces at Riverton........ 75, 76 Cincinnati, Stove Works at.............. 344 Charcoal Furnace at Norwich......... 125, 126 Charcoal Furnaces at Rome.............100 "City of Peking," description of the..426, 430 Charcoal Furnace at Ore Hill............ 105 Charcoal Furnaces at Trigg Furnace..... 77 " City of Peking" Iron Ship............. 426 Charcoal Furnace at Oxbon.............. 124 Charcoal Furnaces atWyandotte......... 87 " City of Peking," Tons of Coal consumed Charcoal Furnace at Oxford Furnace.... 103 Charcoal Furnaces at Wytheville......... 108 by day................................ 429 Charcoal Furnace at Ozark.............. 92 Charcoal Furnaces in Baltimore......... 113 Civilization of People, Indicated by the Charcoal Furnace at Paulding Furnace... 73 Charcoal Furnaces in Berks County...... 41 Consumption of Iron.................. 1 Charcoal Furnace at Philadelphia...... 124 Charcoal Furnaces in Carter County...... 76 Claiborne Co., Tenn., Ores of............ 541 Charcoal Furnaceat Pilot Knob........... 91 Charcoal Furnaces in Maryland.......... 113 Clancy,. J...................267 Charcoal Furnace at Pine Grove.......42, 70 Charcoal Furnaces in Michigan....... 84, 87 Clara Furnace........................... 57 Charcoal Furnace at Poplar Springss...... 99 Charcoal Furnaces in Virginia....... 107, 110 Clarion, Furnace at..................... 46 Charcoal Furnace at Port Leyden........ 125 Charcoal Furnaces of Alabama...... 102,104 Clarke, Reeves & Co................ 364, 365 Charcoal Furnace at Powers' Station...... 101 Charcoal Furnaces of Connecticut... 126, 127 Clark Furnaces.......................... 0 Charcoal Furnace at Principio.......... 114Chrcoal Furnaces of Georgia...... 99. 101 Clarksville Furnace..................... 98 Charcoal Furnace at Reading. 41 Charcoal Furnaces of Kentucky....... 75,78 Clay, Furnace at.................... Charcoal Furnace at Redwood............ 124 Charcoal Furnaces of Marquette........ 84 Clear Creek Furnace..................... Charcoal Furnace at Reed's Mills...... 72, 73 Charcoal Furnaces of Massachusetts.... 118 Clendenning, W. W., Car Works......... 261 Charcoal Furnace at Richmond Furnace.. 44 Charcoal Furnaces of Missouri........... 91 Clermont Mills, Furnace at............. 114 Charcoal Furnace at Richpath Mount..... 107 Charcoal Furnaces of New York..... 124, 126 Cleveland Boiler Plate Mill.............. 163 Charcoal Furnace at Iock Spring........ 45 Charcoal Furnaces of North Carolina 105, 106 Cleveland Brass and Pipe Works.......... 328 Charcoal Furnace at Rose Point.......... 46 Charcoal Furnaces of Ohio.......... 68, 74 Cleveland Bridge and Car Works, 254, 388, 389 Charcoal Furnace at Iossie............. 125 Charcoal Furnaces of Pennsylvania... 41, 46 Cleveland Car Wheel Works at......303, 304 Charcoal Furnace at Roup's Valley....... 103 Charcoal Furnaces of Tennessee...... 96, 99 Cleveland City Iron Works...........304, 823 Charcoal Furnace at Sb. Thomas........ 43 Charcoal Furnacesof Western Tennessee97, 99 Cleveland Co-operative Stove Co.......... 343 Charcoal Furnace at Salt Creek.......... 104 Charcoal Furnaces of West Virginia..... 112 Cleveland Foundry.................... 303 Charcoal Furnace at Salt Petre Cave..... 109 Charcoal Furnaces of Wisconsin....... 80, 81 Cleveland, Furnace at................... 65 Charcoal Furnace at Sampsonville.. 72 Charcoal Iron in Virginia, Cost of Making 533 Cleveland Iron Mining Co............ 467, 468 Charcoal Furnace at Sarat............... 46 Charcoal Pig Iron in the United States, Cleveland Iron Mining Co., Machinery of Charcoal Furnace at Sharon Village...... 127 Production of.................... 396, 398 the.........468................ 468 Charcoal Furnace at Shenandoah Iron Charcoal, Spiegel made With............ 489 Cleveland Iron Works.................164 Works 108 Charleton, Stove Works at.......343 Cleveland Worinesat.............. 4...... 468 Charcoal Furnace at Shippensburg....... 43 Charlotte Furnace.................. 59, 123 Cleveland, Rolling Mills at...........163, 164 Charcoal Furnace at Speedwell............ 108 Chatfield's Ore Bed...........453 leveland, Rolling Mill Co.............. 187 INDEX. ix PAGE PAGE PAGE Cleveland, Stove Works at................ 34: Comstock, Bros. & Co. (Stoves).......... 348 Cramp Winm. & Sons' Ship Yard-Number Clifton Forge........................... 531 Comstock Foundry..................... 336 of Men Employed at................... 43 Clifton Forge, Furnace at............... 107 Conant Furnace...... 117 Creamer's Exhaust Ventilators......... 267 Clifton Furnace....................107, 125 Concord, Stove Works at................ 334 Crescent Brand Steel...1......... 197 Clifton Iron and Nail Works.............. 160 -Condensing Engine of Bay State Rolling Crescent Iron and Nail Works............ 153 Clifton, Rolling Mill at................... 160 Mill................................. 135 Crescent Iron Works.................... 161 Clinton and Mill Vale Rolling Mills, des- Condition of Oxidation, etc.*........496, 497 Crescent Steel Works.................... 197 cription of......................... 144 Conemaugh Station, Furnaces at......... 56 Crop Ends of Bessemer Rails............ 164 Clinton Co., N. Y., Ores of.............. 506 Conestoaga Furnace..................... 36 Crown Point Furnaces................... 120 Clinton Furnace......................46, 71 Connecticut, Anthracite Furnaces of..... 127 Crown Point, N. Y., Ores of.............. 506 Clinton Furnaces.................. 1..... 123 Connecticut, Blast Furnaces of....... 126, 127 Crown Point, Ore at.................... 504 Clinton Mill, Rolling Mill at.............. 144 Connecticut, Car Wheel Foundries of..... 301 Crucible Steel..........................13, 14 Clove Furnace...................... 121 Connecticut, Car Works in............... 244 Crucible Steel in the United States, Brief Clove Mine............................. 507 Connecticut, Census of.................. 127 History of........................195, 196 Coal, Amount used at Unioir Iron Works. 138a Connecticut, Charcoal Furnaces of...126, 127 Crucible Steel Works of Pompton........ 199 Coal, Analyses of........................ 449 Connecticut, Crucible Steel Works of..,. 199 Crucible Steel Works.................... 198 Coal and Iron of the Red Mountain Region Connecticut, Iron Ores of............452, 454 Crucible Steel Works at Allegheny........ 196 of Alabama, description of..........446, 448 Connecticut, Pipe and Tube Works of.... 314 Crucible Steel Works at Bridgeport....... 199 Coal Area of Virginia.................... 534 Connecticut, Recapitulation of Rolling Crucible Steel Works at Jersey City...198, 199 Coal Burners for Locomotives............ 215 Mills in............................. 137 Crucible Steel Works at Lewistown....... 198 Coal, Burning of on Locomotives......... 222 Connecticut River Bridge...........384, 385 Crucible Steel Works at Midvale, PhiladelCoal Field, Catawba................101, 449 Connecticut, Rolling Mills of............. 137 phia...1......................... 197 Coal Field, Items that affect the value Connecticut, Stove Works of............. 335 Clucibie Steel Works at Philadelphia.197, 198 of a.................................. 534 Connecticut, Total Number of Charcoal Crucible Steel Works at Rhinebeck....... 199 Coal Fields of Virginia.............. 534, 535 Furnaces in........................... 127 Crucible Steel Works of Brooklyn........ 199 Coal Fields, Tennessee................... 449 Connellsville Car Works................ 247 Crucible Steel Works of Connecticut...... 199 Coal Field, Warrior...................... 101 Connellsville, Locomotive Works at....... 234 Crucible Steel Works of Newark......198, 199 Coal Measures, Iron Ores from........... 445 Conshohocken and Pennsylvania Iron W'ks 155 Cru'cible Steel Works of New Jersey -. 198, 199 Coal Measures Ores of Illinois........... 455 Conshohocken, Car Works at............. 248 Crucible Steel Works of New York........ 19!) Coal of Pennsylvania.................... 516 Conshohocken, Furnaces in.............. 32 Crucible Steel Works of Pennsylvania.... 196 Coal of Virginia, Analyses of the Coal Conshocken, Pipe and Tube Works at..... 317 Crucible Steel Works of Pittsburg....196, 197 of.................................... 536 Conshohocken, Rolling Mills at.......... 155 Crucible Steel Works of Syracuse......... 199 Coal, Raymond Leamrn................... 538 Consolidation Engines.................. 228 Crucible Steel Works of tile United Coal Regions of Alabama............448, 450 Continental Bridge Co................... 387 States............................195, 199 Coal, Superiority of Alabama.......... 450 Continental Stove and Variety Works.... 341 Culbertson & Fisher'...'.............. 342 Coal, Use of on Locomotives............. 226 Converse, A. W. & Co., Pipe Works...... 314 Cumberland Bessemer.................. 104 Coal, Value of for Generating Steam...... 450 Converse, John H....................... 231 CumberiLnd Estate...................... 43 Coals Available for the Reduction of the Conversion of Pig Metal by the Bessemer'Cumberland Furnace.............43, 97, 98 Iron Ores of Pennsylvania.......520, 521 Process..................1............ 13 Cumberland Furnace. when Built........ 43 Coals of the Great Kanawha............. 537 Co-operative Foundry, (Stoves).......... 336 Cumberland Gap.'.5.............. 541 Coatesville, Rolling Mill at............... 150 Co-operative Iron and Steel Works....... 154 Cumberland Gap Furnace................ 541 Cobb's Elliptic Spring Seats.........264, 265 Co-operative Stove Works................ 341 Cumberland Gap, Furnace at............ 97 Cochran, Bozeman & Co. (Stoves)....... 345 Cooper, Edward......................... 502 Cumberland Gap Iron Works............ 110 Cochran, William...................... 303 Cooper, Furnace at..................... 103 Cumberland Iron Mountain.............. 522 Cogan Station, Rolling Mill at........... 153 Cooper, James M........................ 195 Cumberland Iron Works.............. 97 Cohoes Rolling Mill..................137, 138 Cooper, Peter.......................... 502 Cumberland Nail and Iron Works........ 141 Coke and Raw Bituminous Coal Furnaces Copake, Furnaces at............. 124 Cumberland Regions of Maryland........ 520 of Pennsylvania.....................46, 60 Copeland, James....................... 272 Cumberland Tube Works.............. 326 Coke Furnaces of West Virginia......111, 112 Coplay Furnaces........................ 28 Cumberlnd olling Mill................ 159 Coke Works belonging to Isabella Fur- Copper Ore Found at Cornwall Mine..... 516 Cummings Car Works...... 248 naces............................53, 54 Corlies, Joseph D......................315 Cupolas, Mcenzie................... 45 Colbath, J. & Co. (Pipe Works).......... 314 Corliss Engine..................... 175, 242 Cuis Stove M nufcturing Co......... 34 Cold Blast Charcoal Iron................ 533 Corliss, Mr.......................... Cut-off Valvein Locomotives............. 192 220 Cold Blast Charcoal Iron of United States, Corning, Erastus........................ 187 Cut-off Valvein Locomotives............. 167 Character of.......................... 16 Corning Furnaces....................... 122 " Cold Fix," description of the........... 490 Corning Furnaces, Blowing Engines of... 123 Cylindrical Pedestal, Patent I-sued to Mr. Cold Rolled Shafting.................... 143 Cort, Henry........................... 370 Badwinfor214 Cold Spring Furnace.................... 121 Cornwall and Burd Coleman Furnaces.... 5 Danbury urnace................... 106 Danforth Locomotive tand Machine Works 2.34 Cole, B. J. & Co. (Stoves)................ 334 Cornwall and Stonewall Furnaces........ 100 Cole, Bugbee & Co. (Stoves)............. 334'Cornwall B ink," the........... 0 Danks' Rotary Puddling Machine.....44, 448 Coleman's, R. W., Heirs..............35, 42 Cornwall Bridge, Furnaces at........126, 127 Danks, Samuel...................... 159 Coleraine Iron Works................... 2) Cornwall Charcoal Furnace.............. 42 Danks' System of Rotary Puddling...... 159 Colliers Iron Works..................... 142 Cornwall Furnace..............102, 126, 127 anver's ollin ill.............. Collins & Burgie (Stoves)................ 347 Cornwall, Furnaces at.................. 42 Danville, Furnaces in.................... 39 Collins Furnace......................... 4 Cornwall Iron Works, Furnaces at........ 102 nville Work Colwell Furnace......................... 86 Cornwall Mine, Analysis of the Ore of.... 516 Danville Mine. Workedby Cane Iron Co. 50 Colwell, Stephen......................... 32 Corunna Car Works............. 256 Danville, Pa., Fossil Ore of.............. 531 Columbia and Fort Edward Furnaces.120, 121 Coshocton Iron and Steel Works.........162 Danvi Rolling Mills at.............. 154 Columbia Co., Ores of................... 508 oshocton, Rolling Mill at............ 1.. 162 Dauphin County, FuWnaces in......... r, 38 Columbia unty, Furnacesin........... 8 Costigan, Fos mace at.............. 77 Dauphin Furnace................ 38 Colmbia Furnace..................109, 110 Cost of aising the Ores in the Lake S- Davenpot, Fairai &........., 30 Columbia Furnaces...................... 39 perior Begion...........4..... 477 Davenport, W. R........................ 4 Columbia, Furnacesin................. 36 Cost of Stone-Coal Iron (Hot Blast) in Davis, Geo. & Co. (Stoves).............. 44 Columbia, Rolling AMNills at............... 151 Tennessee............................ 546 Danvis, John C................... 4, 266 Columbia Steel and Iron Works......... 151 Cottage Furnace....................... 76 Davis, W. E. & Co. (Stoves)......... 44 Columbiana, Furnaces at................ 104 Cottage Furnace, Car Wheel Works at.... 30 Dason Car orks..58 Columbus Car and Car Wheel Works..... 03 Coulter & Proctor, (Stoves).............. 346 Dawson Manufacturing Co............... 308 Columbus Iron Co.'s Furnace. 66 Cove CreekFurnace.................. Dayton, Bridge Wors at............... 89 " Columbus." Iron Steamer.............. 431 Covington, Stove Woriks at............. 347 Dayton, Car Wheel Works at............ 303 Columbus Iron Works................... 163 Covington Rolling Mill.................. 170 Dayton, Car Wors at...............21, 52 Columbus lail Mill..................... 163 Coxe, Prof........................ 3.... 5532 Dayton Stove and Hollot Ware Co........ 345 Columbus, Rolling Miils at............... 163 Cox, E. T., Prof....................... 456 Dayton, Stove Works at.................3'5 Columbus, Stove Works at............... 349 Cox, Whiteman & Cox Stove Works...... 340 Decatur DRolling Mill.................3. 873 Commercial Value of New York Ores.1504, 509 Craig Co., W. Va................ 537 "Deck" Bridge......................... 376 Commercial Value of Ores in Chambers Craig's Creek, Furnace at................ 109 Deem Bed, Coal of....................... 534 County....................... 445 Crane Iron Company..................... 27 Deer Lake Furnace...................... 4 Coimpound Wood and Iron Wheels, Bald- Cramp, Wm. & Sons, Description of the Defiance Stove Co........... 844 win................................. 211 Ship Works of...... 430, 432 DeHaven & Son........................ 342 X INDEX. PAGE PAGE PAGE Delano Iron Works..................... 140 Dunbar Furnace....................... 57 English Hydraulic Crane............... 390 Delaware, Analysis of Bog Ores of....... 454 Duncannon Furnace.................... 38 English Pressure Pump................. 192 Delaware, Car Wheel Foundries of... 306, 307 Duncannon Rolling Mill................. 155 Enterprise Iron Works.................. 166 Delaware Car Works.................... 250 DuncansvilleNail Works.................. 148 Erie, Car Wheel Works at............... 302 Delaware, Car Works of........... 250, 251 Duncansville, Rolling Mill at............ 148 Erie Car Works, Description of.......... 247 Delaware, Census Returns of............. 158 Dunkirk, Locom: tive Works at.......... 233 Erie City Foundry, (Pipe Works)......... 317 Delaware, Iron Ores of.................. 454 Durfee, W. S............................ 179 Erie Furnace........................ 59 Delaware, Recapitulation of Rolling Mills Durham Iron Works..................... 30 Erie Rolling Mill........................ 151 in................................... 158 Dutcher, Vose & Adams, (Stoves)........ 348 Erie, Stove Works at................340, 341 Delaware River................... 422, 425 Dutchess Co., Ores of.................. 508 Escanaba, Furnaces at.................. 85 Delaware River Iron Ship Building and "Dwarf,' Locomotive called the......... 149 Escanaba Furnace, Stack of............. 85 Engine Works....................425, 430 Eads, James B., Captain...355, 361, 384, 386 Escanaba, Shipments of Iron Ore from 477, 478 Delaware Rolling Mill........... 142, 156, 158 Eagle Car Works....................... 261 Escanaba, Shipments of Pig Iron from 477, 478 Delaware, Rolling Mill of.............157, 158 Eagle Furnace...........45, 63, 72, 73, 108 Essex County,.......................... 119 Delaware, Stove Works of................ 343 Eagle Rolling Mill...................146, 149 Estill Furnace.......................... 76 Delos, Root & Co. (Stoves).......... 346 Eagle Steam Pipe Works................ 329 Etna Furnace.................45, 57, 69, 101 Dennis, Long & Co. (Pipes)............ 328 Early Blast Furnaces of Ohio, location Etna Iron and Nail Works............... 162 De Pere, Car Works at................... 258 of.................................... 61 Etna Iron Works....................... 67 De Pere, Furnaces at.................... 81 Early History of Blast Furnace Interest in Etna Iron Works Co., Account of........ 99 De Pere Iron Works................. 258, 260 Ohio................................60, 61 Etna Rolling Mill,....................... 144 Description of Cambria Iron Works..... 149 East Bridgewater Iron Works............ 134 Etna Station, Furnaces at............... 49 Description of Escanaba Furnace........ 85 East Boston, Pipe and Tube Works Etowah River, Furnace on............... 100 Description of Illinois and St. Louis at................................304. 313 Eureka Furnace......................... 87 Bridge.........................84, 387 East Cambridge, Car Wheel Works at.... 351 Evans, Clifton & Evans, Pipes and Tubes 328 Description of Milwaukee Iron Works.... 179 East Dorset............................. 117 Evansdale, Furnace at.................. 109 Description of Ores of North Caroli- East Pennsylvania Furnace............ 29 Evans, Dalzell & Co............3....... 327 na................................104, 105 East St. Louis Rolling Mill.......... 174, 178 Evans Rolling Mill..................... 165 Description of Philadelphia Furnace..33, 34 East Wareham, Rolling Mill at.......... 134 Evansville Rolling Mill..................' 172 Description of Phoenix Iron Works..... 149 East Weymouth, Rolling Mill at......... 134 Evansville, Stove Works at.............. 346 Description of the Iron Ore Regions of Easton Rolling Mill.................... 155 Everest Mine........................... 504 North Carolina.................... 509, 515 Eastwick & Harrison...............216, 220 Everhart, H. & Co...................... 346 Description of the Iron Ores of Pennsyl- Eaton & Cole........................... 315 Excelsior Manufacturnmg Co., (Stoves).... 348 vania............................516, 521 Eaton & Gilbert........................ 245 Excelsior Stove Works..........340, 346, 347 Despard, C. S. & Co., Stove Works...... 343 Eaton, Daniel.......................... 60 Exports of Iron and Metals, compiled from Detmold, E. C.......................... 370 Economy Stove Works.................. 341 Returns of Collectors of Customs...... 405 Detroit Bridge and Iron Works, descrip- Eddy, (. W.......................... 298, S37 Fairbairn, Sir James..................... 355 tion of...........................391, 392 Eddy, Geo. W., (Car Wheels)........... 301 Fairfield Furnace....................... 65 Detroit Car Manufacturing Company.... 257 Eddyville, Furnace at............... 77 Fair Hill Forge and Rolling Mill......... 156 Detroit Car Wheel Works................ 305 Eddyville, Rolling Mill at.............. 170 Fairlie Double Truck Locomotive........ 233 Detroit Car Works........ 5......256, 257, 305 Edgar Thomson Bessemer Steel Works.... 187 Fairmount Steel Works................. 198 Detroit, Furnaces at................... 87 Edge Hill Iron Works................... 32 Falcon Furnace.......................63, 64 Detroit, Rolling Mill at.................. 176 Edge Moor Iron Works.............1..... 351 Falcon Iron and Nail Works............. 167 Detroit Stove Works.................... 343 Edwards Mine.......................... 471 Fallkill Furnaces........................ 121 Detroit, Stove Works at.............. 343 Ego, Michael........................... 43 Fall River Iron Works................... 13 Devlin & McCulla....................... 547 Eight Wheeled " CC" Engine............ 221 Fall River, Rolling Mill at............... 132 Devlin, Mr.............................. 547 Eight Wheeled Engine, Patent for........ 21(i Fannettsburg, Furnace at................ 43 Dialogue & Wood, Iron Ship Yard....... 430 Eight Wheeled Tenders, Adoption of..... 215 Farist Steel Co.......................... 199 Diamond State Rolling Mill............. 157 Elba Works............................. 504 Fawn Iron Works....................... 99 Dickerson Mine, worked by Allentown Elevated Railroad Cars................. 250 Fayette Furnaces........................ 86 Iron Company............... 502 Elizabeth Furnace...............56, 107, 109 Fayette Furnaces, Excellent Working of.. 86 Dickey, Neill & Co., Car Works.......... 259 Elizabeth Rolling Mill................... 142 Fergerson, Thomas..................... 272 Dickinson, Furnace at.................. 43 Elizabethport, Rolling Mill at............ 142 Ferndale Mill.......................... 152 Dickson Manufacturing Company.... 235, 247 Eliza Furnaces......................... 46 Ferric Oxide........................... 496 Die, Forging.......................... 374 Elmira Car Works....................... 245 Ferro-Manganese....................... 549 Dighton Furnace Co..................... 335 Elmira Furnaces........... 123, 124 Fesquet, Prof..................509, 512, 515 Dighton Rolling Mill.................... 134 Elmira Furnaces, Blowing Engines of.... 124 Fesquet, Prof., Opinion of, on Bessemer Dighton, Stove Works at................ 335 Elmira, Pipe Works at.................. 315 Process............................... 512 Dilworth, Porter & Co................ 147 Elmira Rolling Mills.................... 139 Feuchter, Mr............................453 Dimensions of the Stacks of the Musen Elk Creek, Analysis of Ore of............ 526 Fibrous Brown Hematite Ore from McStahlberg Works...................... 489 Elk Rapids Furnace.................... 86 Clanahan's Furnace, Commercial Value Dinsmore Springs................... 265 Elk Ridge Furnace..................... 115 of................................... 442 Disston, Henry & Sons............. 197, 198 Ellet, Bissell & Roebing.................. 356 Fibrous Brown Hematites................ 453 Dockstader, D. S........................ 269 Ellet, Charles........................... 225 Filcor, John H......................... 2 Dodge County, Wisconsin, Ores of....... 550 Elliott, Edward......................... 272 Filley & Lyman, (Stoves)............... 38 Dolly Ann Furnace...................... 531 Ely & Ramsay, (Stoves)................. 338 Finished Iron.......................... 15 Donaghmore Furnace................... 35 Emaus Furnace......................... 28 Fink, Mr.............................. 382 Donegal Furnace...................... 37 Embreeville Furnace.................... 96 Finley's Patent Iron Tubing............ 824 Dorset Furnace........................ 117 Embreeville Iron Property, Dimensions of Fire Boxes, Steel....................... 27 Douglas, E. A......................... 228 the Furnace on....................... 544 Firmstone, William...................... 28 Douglas Furnaces.................... 53 Emerson, C. P., Wrought Iron Pipes..... 314 Fischer, Leaf & Co., (Stoves)............ 347 Douglasville, Furnace at............... 41 Emma Furnace........................ 45. 65 Fisher, Howell.....................530, 533 Douglasville, Rolling Mill at............. 148 Emmcn%, Dr............................ 509 Fisher, Morgan & Co................... Dover and Bear Spring Furnaces......... 97 Empire Car Works...................... 249 Fisher, Prof.......................... 543 Dover Furnace.......................... 124 Endor Furnace.......................... 105 Fishkill, Furnace at.................... 125 Dover Rolling Mill...................... 168 Engine at "New York Central" Car Five Mile Creek, Furnace at............. 73 Doyle, William, (Stoves)............... 339 Shops............................... 269 Flad & Pfeiffer....................... Dupp's Patent Heater.................. 271 Engine, Baldwin Eight Wheel Connected. 221 Flad, Baron............................61 Drivers Connected..................... 219 Engine, Baldwin Fast Passenger......... 223 Flad, Col.................. 59, 385, 886 Droge, J. & Co., (Stoves)............... 347 Engine Built at Cumming's Works........ 244 Fleet Foundry......................... 253 Duane Ore............................ 506 Engines called "Moguls"........... 228 Fletcher Furnace....................... 122 Dublin, Furnace at..................... 110 Engine, Geared....................... 216 Fletcherville Furnace.................. 126 Dudley, Lord.......................... 869 Engines, Consolidation.................. 228 Florence and Millville Foundries........ 316 Dufour, M. Faber....................... 370 Engines, Equalizing Beams on.......... 216 Florence, Pipe and Tube Works at....... 316 Duglas Thompson. Car Wheels.......... 308 Engines named'"Crabs"................ 217 Fond du Lac Furnace.................. 81 Duluth, Car Wheel Works at............. 308 Engines, Ten-Wheeled...............223, 224 Ford, W. P. & Co., (Stoves)............. 334 Duluth, Car Works at............... 258 Engines to Pump the Blast.............. 370 Forest City Pipe Works.............. 823 Duluth Furnace......................... 130 England, Scotland, and Wales, Production Forestdale, Furnace at.............. 11.... Duluth Iron Works...................... 308 of Pig Iron in......................... 403 " Forest of Dean "......................128 INDEX. xi PAGE PAGE PAGE Fort Ann............................ 505 Furnace at Clermont Mills.............. 114 Furnace at Lime Rock.................. 127 Fort Edtward and Columbia Furnaces. 120, 121 Furnace at Clifton............ 125 Furnace at Long Creek............ 105 Fort Edward, Furnaces at........... 120, 121 Furnace at Clifton Furnace.............. 107 Furnace at Longdale............107 Fort Wayne, Car Wheel Works at........ 304 Furnace at Cold Spring................. 121 Furnace at Long Swamp............... 41 Fosdick, J. T....................... 268 Furnace at Columbia...............109, 110 Furnace at Lowellville...................63 Fossiliferous Ores.. 541, 549 Furnace at Columbus................... 66 Furnace at Lynn Creek........... 92... 92 Fossil or Dye Stone Ores of Tennessee... 541 Furnace at Cooper...................... 103 Furnace at MlcKees...................... 56 Fossil Ore, Analysis of, by Prof. Troost.. 541 Furnace at Cornwall.................. 42 Furnace at Manchester.................. 123 Fossil Ores.....................508, 517, 518 Furnace at Cornwall Bridge......... 126, 127 Furnace at Margaretta.................. 42 Fossil Ores of Maryland................. 460 Furnace at Cornwall Iron Works......... 102 Furnace at Marquette................ 87, 88 Fossil Ores of Tennes-ee................ 546 Furnace at Costigan.................... 77 Furnace atMartinsville................ 68 Fossil Ores of Wisconsin................ 550 Furnace at Craig's Creek............... 109 Furnace at Masillon..................... 65 Foster Mine........................... 466 Furnace at Cumberland Furnace......... 98 Furnace at Maumee River............... 7 Fountain Mills, Furnaces at.............'59 Furnace at Cumberland Gap............. 97 Furnace at Max Meadows........... 1(18, 109 Fountain Mills, Rolling Mill at.......... 145 Furnace at Danbury.................... 106 Furnace at Mayville..................... 81 Fonts & Monroe Car Wheels............. 305 Furnace at Dauphin..................... 88 Furnace at Menominee.................. 86 Foxell & Jones, (Stoves)................ 337 Furnace at Dickinson................... 43 Furnace at Milesburg.................... 45 Fox River Furnaces..................... 81 Furnace at Douglasville................. 41 Furnace at Mill Creek................... 44 Forges and Bloomaries of the United Furnace at Dover....................... 124 Furnace at Mineville.................. 1..26 States, Production of................. 402 Furnace at Dublin...................... 110 Furnace at Minersville.................. 35 France, Production of Pig Iron in....... 403 Furnace at Duluth...................... 130 Furnace at Monocacy Station............ 31 Franconia Furnace..................... 116 Furnace at Dunbar...................... 57 Furnace at Monroe...................... 71 Franconia Iron and Steel Works......... 135 Furnace at Duncannon................. 38 Furnace at Mont Alto................... 44 Frankford Creek, Steel Works at......... 198 Furnace at East Dorset.................. 117 Furnace at Monticello................... 55 Frankfort Furnace...................... 86 Furnace atEddyville................... 77 Furnace at Moselle..................... 91 Franklin Co., N. Y., Ores of............. 506 Furnace at Elk Rapids.................. 86 Furnace at Modern................. 3.... 30 Franklin Co., Va., Ores of.............. 523 Furnace at Elk Ridge Landing.......... 11 Furnace at Mount Hope................ 42 Franklin Furnace.........43, 66, 71, 128, 129 Furnace at Emaus..................... 28 Furnace at Mt. Savage............... 75 Franklin Furnaces....................... 121 Furnace at Erie........................ Furnace at Mt. Torrey Iron Works....... 107 Franklin Institute, Geared Engine, Re- Furnace at Evansdale.................. 109 Furnace at Muirkirk..................... 114 port of.............................. 217 Furnace at Fannettsburg................ 43 Furnace at Munissing................. ~5, 87 Franklin Iron Company, Brief Historical Furnace at Farm Iron Works............ 99 Furnace at Napanoch...................12 Account of Old Furnace of the........ 129 Furnace at Fishkill..................... 125 Furnace at Nelson Furnace............. 76 Franklin Iron Company, Old Furnace of.. 129 Furnace at Five Mile Creek............. 73 Furnace at New London................ 127 Franklin Iron Works, Furnaces at....... 121 Furnace at Fond du Lac................. 81 Furnace at Newmarket.............. 109 Franklin Ore....... 502 Furnace at Forestdale................... 117 Furnace at North Coinwall............ 836 Franklinite Magnetic Ore................ 502 Furnace at Franklin Furnace............ 71 FPu nace at Northumberland............. 40 Frankstown Furnace................... 56 Furnace at Frankstown................. 56 Furnace at Norwich............. 125, 126 Frazer, P., Jr., Prof..................... 544 Furnace at Frostburg................... 115 Furnace at Oakdale.................. Freas Brothers & Thornton, Car Works.. 248 Furnace at Gallia................ 7.... r1 Furnace at Oak Hill..................... 72 Frederick & Co., Car Works.............. 247 Furnace at Gennell's Creek.............. 71 Furnace at Ontario..................... 122 Freemansburg, Furnace at............... 29 Furnace at Girard...................... 64 Furnace at Ore Hill.................... 105 French, A. & Co's "Springs".......... 269 Furnace at Gladeville.................. 112 Furnace at Orrsville.................... 55 Fritz, John.............. 155, 188 Furnace at Graham's Forge.............. 108 Furnace at Otter Creek..................78 Fritz's Feeding Tables................... 175 Furnace at Green Bay.................. 81 Furnace at Oxbow...................... 124 Fritz's Power Feeding Tables............ 192 Furnace at Greeneville.................. 96 Furnace at Oxford Furnace............. 103 Frostburg, Furnace at................... 115 Furnace at Greenspring Furnace......... 114 Furnace at Ozark........................ 92 Fuller, Warren & Co., (Stoves).......... 336 Furnace at Greenupsburg................ 75 Furnace at Philadelphia...........32, 34, 124 Fulton Foundry, Car Wheels............. 304 Furnace at Greenwood Iron Works... 121, 125 Furnace at Pilot's Knob................. 91 Fulton Furnace......................... 66 Furnace at Hanging Rock............... 70 Fmunace at Pine Grove..................35, 4 Fulton, Mr............................. 520 Furnace at Harford Furnace............ 113 Furnace at Pittsfoid................ 116, 117 Fulton, S. & Co...................... 32 Furnace at Harmony................... 78 Furnace atPlymouth................. 117 Fulton, S. & Co., (Pipe Works).......... 317 Furnace at Haysville................... 96 Furnace at Poplar Springs............ 99 Fulton's Mill........................154, 155 Furnace at Hocking Valley............. 71 Furnace at Port Carbon.................. 35 Furnace and Hydraulic Die.............. 375 Furnace at Homewood.................. 59 Furnace at Port Leyden................. 15 Furnace at Airdrie..................... 77 Furnace at Hopewell.................... 44 Furnace at Principio................... 114 Furnace at Akron.....................64, 65 Furnace at Howard................... 45, 56 Furnace at Prior's Station.............. 101 Furnace at Ant-werp..................... 73 Furnace at Hudson................. 120, 121 Furnace at Reading................... 41 Furnace at Ashland.................... 114 Furnace at Huntsville.................. 127 Furnace at Red Bank.................... 6 Furnace at Auburn...................... 42 Furnace at Idaville..................... 43 Furnace at Redwood.....................24 Furnace at Baldwin Station............. 37 Furnace at Indian Mound............... 98 Furnace at Reiced's Mill.... 2............, 73 Furnace at Bangor...................... 86 Furnace at Irondale................. 91, 103 Furnace at Richmond................110, 118 Furnace at Beaver'Creek................ 110 Furnace at Iron Furnace................ 71 Furnace at Rtichmond Furnace........... 44 Furnace at Bellefort..................... 45 Furnace at Iron Ridge.................. 81 Furnace at ichpath Mount............. 107 Furnace at Belmont Furnace.......... 76 Furnace at Ironton.................. 81,111 Furnace at Ringgold................... 3. 5 Furnace at Bennington Furnace......... 56 Furnace at Ishpenning................ 84, 85 Furnace at Rock Spring................45 Furnace at Berlin Cross Roads........ 72 Furnace at Ithaca....................... 123 Furnace atRose Point...................46 Furnace at Big Island.................. 107 Furnace at Jackson..................... 66 Furnace at Sabbnth Rest................ 56 Furnace at Bloomfield................... 44 Furnace at Joanna...................... 41 Furnace at Safe IHarnor.................. Furnace at Bloom Station............... 71 Furnace............................... 96 Furnace at Salt Creek................... 104 Furnace at Boone Furnace.............. 75 Furnace at Kent........................ 127 Furnace at Salt Petre Cave.............. 109 Furnace at Bristol....................... 97 Furnace at Kenton Furnace............. 78 Furnace at Sampsonville................ 72 Furnace at Buena Vista................. 110 Furnace at Keystone Furnace............ 72 Furnace at Sarah..........4............ 46 Furnaces at Buffalo Gap................ 107 Furnace at Kingston................... 100 Furnace at Shamokin.................. 40 Furnace at Bushon-'s Furnace........... 97 Furnace at Kittaning................... 55 Fmnace at Sharon Village............... 127 Furnace at Canal Dover................. 65 Furnace at Knoxville................ 96, 115 Furnace at Sharpsbrgh................ 115 Furnace at Capon Iron Works........... 112 Furnace at Kutztown................... 31 Furnace at Shenandoah Iron Works...... 1(18 Furnace at Carlisle...................... 42 Furnace at Lambert Ore Banks.......... 97 Furnace at Shippensburg................ 43 Furnace at Cartersville................. 100 Furnace at Lanesboro................... 18 Furnace at Shoals....................... 78 Furnace at Carthage.................... 124 Furnace at Laura Furnace............... 77 Furnace at Southampton................ 4 Furnace at Catoctin..................... 115 Furnace at Lebanon Valley............. 35 Furnace at South Pittsburg.............. 46 Furnace at Cedartown................... 100 Furnace at Leesport................... 31 Furnace at South Shaftsbury............ 11 Furnace at Cheshire.................... 118 Furnace at Leland..................86.., 87 Furnace at Speedwell................... 108 Furnace at Chocolay.................... 84 Furnace at Lenhartsville................ 41 Furnaceat Springfield Furnace.......... 46 Furnace at Cincinnati Furnace........... Furnace at Lenox Furnace.............. 118 Furnace at Spruce Creek............ 4... 44 Furnace at Clarion..................... 46 Furnace at Lewis Furnace............... 98 Furnace at St.Clair..................... 3 Furnace at Clarksville................. 98 Furnace at Lewistown................... 45 Furnace at St. Thomas.................. 43 Furnace at Clay........................ 72 Furnace at Lexington.................. 110 Furnace at Stemmer's Run............ 113 xii INDEX. PAGE PAGE; PAGE Furnaceat Sterlingbush................ 124 Furnaces at Cumberland Iron Works..... 97 Furnaces in Dauphin County..........37, 88 Fu:nace at Sterlingville................. 124 Furnaces at De Pere........8.......... 81 Furnaces in Harrisburg.................. 37 Furnace at Stonewall Furnace.......... 102 Furnaces at Detroit...................... 87 Furnaces in Lancaster County.........36, 37 Furnace at Stoney Creek................ 97 Furnaces at Easton..................... 28 Furnaces in Lebanon County.......3...5, 38 Furnace at Struthers.................... 62 Furnaces at Elmira..................123, 124 Furnaces in Lehigh County..........27, 28 Furnace at Swatara Station............. 42 Furnaces at Escanaba................... 85 Furnaces in Lewistown.................. 28 Furnace at Tallico Plains............... 98 Furnaces at Etna Station................ 49 Furnaces in Luzerne County............. I9 Furnace at Tecumnseh Furnace....... 101, 102 Furnaces at Fayette..................... 86 Furnaces in Montgomery County......... 31 Furnace at Temple....................81, 41 Furnaces at Fort Edward...........1.. 20. 121 Furnaces in Norristown.................. S1 Furnace at Three Fork Creek............ 111 Furnaces at Fountain Mills.............. 5) Furnaces in Northampton County......28, 29 Furnace at Tolersville............... 109 Furnaces at Frankfort................... 86 Furnaces in Northumberland County..89, 40 Furnace at Trenton................... 100 Furnaces at Franklin Iron Works........ 121 Furnaces in Pennsylvania.............27, 60 Furnace at Tyrone............... 45 Furnaces at Geodes..................... 122 Furnaces in Perry County............... 88 Furnace at Unaka...................... 96 Furnaces at Grand Tower............... 80 Furnaces in Philadelphia County........ 32 Furnace at Union Deposit............... 38 Furnaces at Havre do Grace............. 114 Furnaces in Pottstown.................. 32 Furnace at Vinton Station............... 67 Furnaces at Heckton................... 105 Furnaces in Pottsville..34, 85 Furnace at Wampum..................57, 58 Furnaces at Hellertown.................. 29 Furnaces in Schuylkill County.........4, 85 Furnace at Warren...................... 64 Furnaces at Hollidaysburgh......... 56 Furnaces of Bay View................ 82 Furnace at Washington.................. 71 Furnaces at Hubbard................... 63 Furnaces of Missouri, Charcoal.......... 91 Furnace at Wassail.....................125 Furnaces at Hudson.................... 121 Furnaces, Siemens....1.................17 Furnace at Wayawanda................ 129 Furnaces at Irondale................... 66 Furnaces to be constructed-for California, 552 Furnace at Waynesborough.............. 98 Furnaces at Iron Mountain.............. 91 Gadsden, Col.......................... 220 Furnace at West Middlesex............... 58 Furnaces at Ironton..............67, 103, 122 Gage, Chas. & Co., (Stoves)............. 348 Furnace at West Stockbridge............ 117 Furnaces at Irvine................... 7... 6 Gallatin, Albert, Report on the Condition Furnce at Wheatland.......5.......... 59 Furnaces at Johnstown.................. 56 of the Iron Manufacturing Industry of Furnace at Wheelersburg............... 71 Furnaces at Joliet..................... 79, 80 the Country......................... 23, 24 Furnace at Williamsburg................ 40 Furnaces at Knightsville................ 78 Gallia Furnace.......................... Il Furnace at Winfield.............. 40 Furnaces at Lebanon................... 35 Galusha, Norman H., Stove Works...... 338 Furnace at Wolcott Village................ 125 Furnaces at Leetonia.................... 64 Galway. Semple & Co., (Stoves).......... 344 Furnace at Worley Furnace.............. 98 Furnaces at Lewistown................. 44 Gardner, Chilson, (Stoves).............. 3S5 Furnace at Wrightsville................. 37 Furnaces at Lime Rock................. 126 Gardner, F. & Co., Car Works........... 248 Furnace at Yellow Springs............... 45 Furnaces at Lincolnton..............105, 106 Garey, Mr............................. 263 Furnace at York........................ 42 Furnaces at Manhattanville.............. 122 Garhart & Co., Stove Works........... 341 Furnace, First, with Blast, Driven by Furnaces at Marietta.................6, 37 Garrett, John W.................... 265, 267 Steam in the United States............ 68 Furnaces at Marquette.................. 84 Gas-Pipe and Wrought Iron Tube, M.nuFurnace in Baltimore.................. 114 Furnaces at Martin's Ferry.............. 68 facturing of....................318, 124 Furnace in Bath County................. 77 Furnaces at Middlesex................58, 59 Gauges, Standard and Templets......... 227 Furnace in Cherokee County............. 103 Furnaces at Middletown................. 38 Gautier, D. G. & Co., Steel Works....... 198 Furnace in Franklin County............. 44 Furnaces at Miller-ton................... 125 Gaylord Iron and Pipe Co...8............ 8 Furnace in Indiana County.............. 40 Furnaces at Milwaukee.................. 82 Gazette of the National Association of Furnace in Jackson County.............. 72 Furnaces at Mineral Ridge............... 64 Iron Manufacturers................... 512 Furnace in Jenkintown................. 32 Furnaces at Mingo.................... 66 Geared Engine.........................216 Furnace in Lincoln County............... 103 Furnaces at Montour County............. 39 G-eared Engine, Description of........... 216 Furnace in Litchfield County............. 126 Furnaces at Mount Savage............... 115 Geared Engine, Report of Franklin InstiFurnace in Marshall County............111 Furnaces at Negaunee................... 84 tute on............................... 217 Furnace in Morgan County............... 92 Furnaces at Newburg......... 65 G-eanga, Stove Works of................. 843 Furnace in Morris County................ 129 Furnaces at New Castle.................. 57 Geddes, Furnaces at.................... 122 Furnace in Shenandoah County.......... 110 Furnaces at Newport...............38, 74, 75 Geisenhainer, Frederick W.............. 370 Furnace in Union County................ 40 Furnaces at Niles........................ 64 General Introduction................... I Furnace near Altoona................... 55 Furnaces at Onoto....................... 87 Gennell's Creek, Furnace at.............. 71 Furnace near Great Barrington......... 118 Furnaces at Orbisonia................... 59 Genth, Prof...............509, 511, 512 Furnace near Hamden................... 71 Furnaces at Oxford...................... 128 Georgia, Blast Furnaces of............ 99, 101 Furnace near Leesburg.................. 92 Furnaces at Phmenixville............... 81 Georgia, Car Wheel Foundries of.....808, 809 Furnace near Newcastle................. 46 Furnaces at Pittsburgh.......... 46, 54 Georgia, Car Works of................. 258 Furnace near Rome..................... 99 Furnaces at Port Henry................. 120 Georgia, Census of...................... 101 Furnace near Sullivan................... 92 Furnaces at Port Washington...68..... 68 Georgia, Charcoal Furnaces of......... 99, 101 Furnace orf Embreeville Property, Dimen- Furnaces at Poughkrcepsie............... 121 Georgia, -Iematite Ores of............454, 455 sions of............................... 544 Furnaces at Red River Iron Works....... 77 Georgia, Maignetic Ores of............... 454 Furnace on Embreeville Property, How Furnaces at Itiddlesburg................. 55 Georgia, Manganese Ores of.............. 455 the Blast is Furnished................ 544 Furnaces at Ringwood................... 129 Georgia, Ore Regions of.............454, 455 Furnace on Embreeville Property, Work- Furnaces at Rivcrton..................75, 76 Georgia, Primitive Ores of............... 454 ings of................................ 545 Furnaces at Roaring Springs............. 56 Georgia, Recapitulation of Furnaces for. 101 Furnace on Etowah River.............. 100 Furnaces at Robesonia................... 80 Georgia, Recapitulation of Rolling Mills Furnace on Piscataquis and Bangor Rail- Furnaces at Rockwood................... 96 in................................. 180 road................................. 116 Furnaces at Roup's Valley.............. 103 Georgia, Rolling Mills of............. 179, 180 Furnaces at Albany...1.22..3...... 122, 123 Furnaces at Scranton.................... 39 Georgia, Specular Ores of................454 Furnaces at Allentown................... 28 Furnaces at Sharon..................... 58 Georgia, Stove Works of................. 349 Furnaces at Anniston.....103....... 103 Furnaces at Sharpsville................58, 60 Gibbs, Burke & Co. (Stoves)............. 38 Furnaces at Appleton............. 81 Furnaces-at Sheridan..................... 836 Gbbs, S. W. & Co..................... 839 Furnaces at Baltimore.................. 113 Furnaces at Stanhope.................... 129 Gilbert, Bush & Co., Car Works.......... 245 Furnaces at Bethlehem.................. 29 Furnaces at Steubenville................. 66 Giles Co., West Va., Ores of........... 537 Furnaces at B'bb Furnace............... 102 Furnaces at Tannahill................... 103 Giles Furnace........................... 03 Furnaces at Bloomsburg................. 39 Furnaces at Terre Haute................ 79 Gill & Bidwell, Car Wheels.............. 302 Furnaces at Boonton.................... 129 Furnaces at Trigg Furnace............... 77 Gill, G-. W, (Stoves).................... 344 Furnaces at Brady's Bend............... 55 Furnaces at Troy........................ 120 Gill, John L., Car Works....... 252, 802 Furnaces at Brazil....................... 78 Furnaces at Turkey Creek............... 103 Girard A venue Bridge............17, 364, 3(15 Furnaces at Buffalo..................... 122 Furnaces at Wheeling.................... 111 Girard Avenue Bridge, Description of.3864, 365 Furnaces at Catoctin.................... 113 Furnaces at Wood's Run................ 54 Girard Furn-ce........................i. 64 Furnaces at Champion.................. 84 Furnaces at Wyandotte.................. 87 Girard, Rolling Mill at............. 168 Furnaces at Chicago.................... 79 Furnaces at Wytheville.................. 108 Girard Tube Works and Iron Co......... 326 Furnaces at Chickies.................... 86 Furnaces at Zanesville................67, 68 Gladevil e Furnace...................... 112 Furnaces at Columbia.................... 36 Furnaces in Berks County...........3..0, 41 Glamorgan Furnaces.................... 18 Furnaces at Columbiana................. 104 Furnaces in Blair County................ 40 Glasgow Furnaces...................... 65 Furnaces at Conemaugh Station.......... 56 Furnaces in Bucks County............... 30 Glendon Iron Works..................... 28 Furnaces at Copake..................... 124 Furnaces in Carbon County.............. 29 Glen Rock Cuir Works.................. -. 218 Furnaces at Coplay..................... 28 Furnaces in Columbia County............ 39 Glen Rolling Mill........................ 153 Furnaces at Cornwall.................... 35 Furnaces in Conshohocken............... 32 Glenwood Furnace............ 110 Furnaces at Crown Point................120 Furnaces in Danville.................... 39 Globe Furnace......................... 66 INDEX. xiii PAGE PAGE PAGE Globe Rolling Mill..... 164, 1(5- Hanging Rock, Stove Works at.......... 346 Holley, Alexander L.................. 187 Gloucester Iron and Machine Co......... 316 Hannibal, Car Wheel Works at.......... 808 Hoilidaysburgh, Furnaces at............. 56 Gloucester Iron Works.................. 326 Hannibal Car Works.................... 59 Hollidaysburgh Iron and Nail Works..... 148 Gloucester, Pipe and Tube Works at.. 316, 326 Harford Furnace........................ 113 Hollidaysburgh, Rolling Mill at......... 148 Goewey, John A., (Stoves)............265, 340 Hard Fossil Ore......................... 518 Holmes, J. W.................. 269 Goodrich & Hill, Car Wheels............. 305 Harlan & Hollingsworth Co.............. 18S Homer, Mr............................. 356 Goodrich Car Co........................ 258 Harlan & Hollingsworth Co., Car Works.. 250 Homewood Furnace.................... 59 Goodrich Mine.......................... 470 Harlan & Hollingsworth, Description of Hope Furnace.........................46, 73 Goold, James & Co., Car Works.......... 245 Car Works of......................... 250 Hope Rolling Mill..................... 152 Gosnold Rolling Mill.................... 133 Harlan & Hollingsworth Co., Iron Ship Hopewell Furnace..............41, 44, 125 Goss, W.............................272, 274 Yard.............................423, 425 Horse Shoe Machine.................... 157 Gouverneur Mine...................... 507 Harmar, Stove Works at................ 346 Hot B!ast Charcoal Iron............... 533 Grace Furnace...................63, 88, 109 Harmony, Furnaces at.................. 78 Hot Blast Stove, Whitwell...............!)9 Grace Furnace, Description of........... 88 Harris, Brown & Co's Mill............... 170 Hot Blast with Anthracite Coal......... 370 Graff, Hergus & Co., (Stoves)...... 3... 342 Harris, D., (Stoves).......3........... 349 Houston, Car Works of.................. 259 Graff Tube Works...................... 327 Harrisburg Car Manufacturing Co.......:02 Houston, Samuel.................... 264, 266 Grafton Furnaces...................... 64 Harrisburg, Car Wheel Works at......... 302 Howard Furnace...................45, 56, 70 Graham, C., Bridge Builder............ 389 Harrisburg Car Works................. 248 Howard, Furnace at...................... 56 Graham's Forge......................... 108 Harrisburg Furnace..................... 37 Howard, Rolling Mill at................. 149 Grand Tower Furnaces................ 80 Harrisburg, Furnaces in................. 37 Howatd, Mr.........................265, 267 Grant Locomotive Works................ 234 Harrisburg Nail Works................. 151 Howell, Lewis 0....................... 229 Gray, J. W. & Co., (Stoves).............. 345 Harrison Eaton, Stove Works of......... 334 Howe Truss Bridge..................389, 590 Gray's Ferry Plate Iron Works........... 156 Harrison, Joseph, Jr................... 216 Hubball Bros., (Stoves)................. 3S8 Gray's Ferry, Rolling Mill at............ 156 Hart, Thomas, Tubes................... 326 Hubbard Furnaces..................... 63 Great Barrington, Furnace near......... 118 Haskell & Barker Car Co............. 253, 304 Hubbard Bolling Mill................... 166 Great Britain, Exportation of Railroad Haskell, N. C. Iron Bridge Works........ 364 Hubbard, Wis., Ores of.................. 550 Iron to all Countries from............. 403 Haupt, Gen............................. 527 Hudson, Car Wheel Works at............ 300 Great Britain, Export of Metals of Home Haverstraw, Rolling Mill at.............. 140 Hudson, Furnace at.'.................120, 121 Manufacture from..................... 411 Havre-de-Grace, furnaces at............. 114 Hudson Furnaces...................... 121 Great Britain to the United States, Pig Havre Furnaces......................... 114 Hudson River Bridge........ 17 Iron Exported from.................. 401 Hayes, Dr.............................. 459 Hudson River Bridge at Poughkeepsie.... 384 Great Britain to the United States, Quan- Haysville, Furnace at................... 96 Hudson, Stove Works at...........338, 339 tity of Iron of all kinds Exported from. 402 Hazelton Furnaces.................... 63 Huff Mine............................. 502 Great Falls, Stove Works at.............. 334 Healey, Mr............................. 57 Hunnewell and Pennsylvania Furnaces..75, 76 Great Western Manufacturing Co......... 349 Hearth. Jonas S. & Co., Car Wheels... 301 Hunt & Miller, (Stoves)............. 338 Green Bay Furnace...................... 81 Heater, Baker & Smith................. 265 Hunt Canfield Iron Works............... 137 Green Bay, Wis., Ores of................. 550 Heath, Mr..................... 195, 196 Hunter, Keller & Co............... 315 Green Castle'Iron and Nail Works........ 172 Heaton, James.......................... 60 Huntingdon Car Works.................. 50 Green, D. P. & Co., Car Wheel Works... 308 Heaton, Mr....................... 196 Huntingdon Furnace.................... 44 Green, F. G........................... 315 Heckton, Furnaces at.................. 105 Hunt Lyman Furnace................... 127 Green Island Car Works................ 245 Heela Furnaces....................45, 69, 70 Huntsman, Mr.......................... 195 Green Mine...........5......... 504 Helena, Rolling Mill at.................. 180 HIuntsville, Furnace at.................. 127 Green River Bridge..................... 382 Hellertown, Furnaces at................ 29 Huntsville, Rolling Mill at............... 1S7 Greene Furnace......................... 96 Helmbacher Forge and Rolling Mill...... 177 Huronian System....................... 464 Green Spring Furnace.................. 114 Hematite Hard and Soft Ores............ 465 Hussey, Wells & Co..................... 1096 Greenupsburg, Furnace at............... 75 Hematite Mines.....................466, 467 Hussey, Wells & Co., Cast Spring Steel... 196 Greenville Rolling Mill................. 154 Hematite Ore..468, 470, 471, 509, 517, 521, Hydrated Brown Oxide.................. 550 Greenwood and Michigan Furnaces....... 84 522, 550 Hydrated Oxide of Iron................. 456 Greenwood Furnace..................... 125 Hematite Ore of Kentucky.............. 458 Hydrated Oxide of Iron, Analysis of...... 456 Greenwood Furnaces.................... 44 Hematite Ore of Missouri........ 482 Hydrated Peroxides..................... 5,0 Greenwood Iron Works, Furnace at..1'21, 125 Hematite Ore of Vermont............... 549 Hydrated Sesquioxide of Iron........... 542 Greenwood Pipe Co..................... 328 Hematite Ores, Analysis by Prof. Chand- HIydraulic Machinery................... 359 Greenwood Stove Co..................... 344 ler............ I.................... 506 Idaville, Furnace at............... 43 Greer & King, (Stoves).................. 345 Hematite Ores of Tennessee............. 546 Illinois and St. Louis Bridge............. 386 Greer's Rolling Mill..................... 168 Hematites, Fibrous Brown........... 453 Illinois and St. Louis Bridge, Description Gregg, Chas., Manufacturing Co......... 315 Hematites, found at Irondale Works..... 491 of................................ 384, 387 Griffe, John............................ 373 Henderson, David........................04 Illinois, Bessemer Steel Works of........ 189 Griffith, Isaac J. & Bro., Tubes.......... 326 Henderson's New Process................ 539 Illinois, Blast Furnaces of..............79, 80 Griffith, Jas. A., Tubes and Pipes........ 326 Henry Clay Furnace..................... 57 Illinois, Bridge Works of............. 389, 891 Griffiths, Wm........................... 317 Henry Clay Furnaces.................... 30 Illinois, Car Wheel Foundries of......304, 305 Griswold, J. A. & Co................... 187 Henszey, Mr................. 228, 231 Illinois, Car Works il................55, 256 Griswold, John A.................... 187 Hen~zey's Patent Wrought Iron Arch Illinois, Census Returns of........... 175 Gulf Furnace........................ 106 Bridges................................ 387 Illinois, Coal Measure Ores of............ 455 Habershaw, Wm. M..................... 99 Herrick Car Works..................... 247 Illinois, Ore Regions of..............455, 456 Hackett Manufacturing Co., (Stoves)..... 347 Herron, J. B. & Co., (Stoves)............ 342 Illinois, Railroad Car Shops of.......272, 274 Hagerman, Mr. James J................. 179 Herron, Mr........................... 365 Illinois, Recapitulation of Furnaces in.... 80 Haggard, W. G......................... 269 Hewitt, Abram S.....................14, 502 Illinois, Recapitulation of Rolling Mills of 176 Haight, Ogden......................... 464 Hibernia Mine.... 501 Illinois, Rolling Mills of..............173, 176 Half Stroke Cut-off in Locomotives...... 220 Hibernia Rolling Mill............. 150 Illinois, Stove Works of.................. 346 Hall.Mine.............................. 504 Hicks & Wolfe, (Stoves)............ 337 Importation of Railroad Iron into the Hamburg Iron Works................... 148 High Bridge, Car Wheel Works at........ 3C8 United States......................... 399 HIamburg Iron Works, Product of........ 148 Highgate, Stove Works at........... 334 Importations of Pig Metal............... 3 Hamburg, Rolling Mill at............... 148 Himrod & Vincent...................... 62 Imports of Irons and Metals, Compiled by Hamden Furnace....................... 71 Himrod, David....................... 62 the Treasury D)epartment............. 404 Hamilton Foundry...................... 304 HIimrod Furnaces....................... 63 Indiana, Blast Furnaces of.............78, 79 Hamilton Furnace...................... 92 Hinkley & Rollins, Stove Works......... 334 Indiana, Block Coal of................... 456 Hamilton, Wm. & Son. Car Works....... 261 Hinkley Locomotive Works.............. 233 Indiana, Bog Ore of................... 457 Hammer at Ferndale Mill............... 152 Hirsch Screw, A........................ 429 Indiana Car Co......................... 253 Hammond & Reeves, Bridge Works...... 389 History of Cumberland Iron Mountain... 522 Indiana, Car Wheel Foundries of........ 304 Hampton Furnace....................... 30 Hitchcock & Carter, (Stoves)............ 343 Indiana, Car Works in...............253, 255 HIamtramck Car Wheel Works........... 305 Hocking Valley, Furnace at........ 71 Iowa Car Works.................. 260 Hamtramck Furnace.................... 87 Hodgman, S. A...... 251 Iowa, Stove Works of................... 348 Hamtramck Iron Works................. 176 Hodgson, Joseph....................... 440 Indiana, Census Returns of.............. 172 Hancock Mines......................... 492 Hoff, Fontaine & Abbot................ 321 Indiana, Commercial Value of the Iron Hanging Rock, Furnace at............... 70 Hoffman, Billings & Co.................. 329 Ores of............................... 456 Hanging Rock Region, Early History of Hoisting Apparatus of Grace Furnace.... 88 Indiana Furnace......40......... 40 Iron making................... 68, 69 Hokendauqua, Furnaces at.............. 27 Indiana, Ore Regions of..............456, 457 Hanging Rock 4egion, Ores of.......... 459 Holland Furnace....................98 Indiana,lecapitulation of Furnaces in... 79 xiv INDEX. PAGE PAGE PAGE Indiana, Recapitulation of Iron Mills in.. 172 Iron Ore Regions of North Carolina..509, 515 Iron Ores used by Buckeye Furnace...... 7i Indiana, Rolling Mills of.............171, 173 Iron Ore Regions of Ohio................ 459 Iron Ores used by Buckhorn Furnace..... 69 Indiana, Stove Works of................. 346 Iron Ore Regions of Pennsylvania....516, 521 Iron Ores used by Buckley Furnace..... 96 Indianapolis and St. Louis Railroad Shops Iron Ore Regions of Tennessee.......540, 548 Iron Ores used by Buena Vista Furnace 75, 110 at Mattoon, Ills........22........... 72, 274 Iron Ore Regions of Tennessee, Descrip- Iron Ores used by Buffalo Furnace....... 75 Indianapolis Car Works.................. 253 tion of the.......................540, 548 Iron Ores used by Buffalo Gap. Furnaces.. 107 Indianapolis, Penn., and Chicago Rail- Iron Ore Regions of the UnitedStates, In- Iron Ores used by Burden Furnace....... 120 road, Car Shops of.................... 273 troduction to.......................... 435 Iron Ores used by Busb.ong Furnace...... 97 Indianapolis Rolling Mill................ 172 Iron Ore Regions of the United States 440, 452 Iron Ores used by Caledonia Furnace..... 44 Indianapolis, Stove Works at............ 244 Iron Ore Regions of Vermont.......... 548 Iron Ores used by Callie Furnace......... 107 Indian Mound, Furnace at............... 98 Iron Ore. Shipments from Escanaba of 477,478 Iron Ores used by Cambria Furnace...... 72 Inexhaustible Ore of Rocky Mountains... 551 Iron Ore Shipments of Michigan........ 463 Iron Ores used by Cambria Iron Works... 56 International Bridge.................... 355 Iron Ores, Classification of.............. 439 Iron Ores used by Cameron Furnace...... S8 Introduction, General................... 1 Iron Ores, Cost of Raising in Lake Supe- Iron Ores used by Campbell Furnace..... 92 Introduction to Blast Furnaces........... 19 rior Region................. 479 Iron Ores used by Canaan Furnaces...... 126 Introduction to the Car Works of the Iron Ores, Description of Ohio........... 459 Iron Ores used by Capon Furnace........ 112 United States.....................239, 240 Iron Ore of California................. 552 Iron Ores used by Carbon Iron Co......... 29 Introduction to the Iron Ore Regions of Iron Ores of Connecticut............ 452, 454 Iron Ores used by Carlisle Furnace....... 42 the United States..................... 437 Iron Ores of Delaware.................. 454 Iron Ores used by Carondelet Furnace. S9, 90 Introduction to the Iron Ship Yards of the Iron Ores of Illinois................ 455, 456 Iron Ores used by Carp Furnace.......... 84 United States....................415, 421 Iron Ores of Indiana.................456, 457 Iron Ores used by Carrick Furnace....... 43 "Iron Age".......................... 538 Iron Ores of Kentucky...............457, 458 Iron Ores used by Carthage Furnace...... 124 Iron and Coal of the Red Mountain Re- Iron Ores of Missouri, Condensation of the Iron Ores used by Catoctin Furnace..... 115 gions of Alabama.................. 446, 448 481, 498 Iron Ores used by Cedar Point FurIron and Metals, Exports of.............. 405 Iron Ores of Missouri, Description of.481, 498 nace......................... 113, 114, 120 Iron and Metals, Imports of.............. 404 Iron Ores of New York State.........119, 120 Iron Ores used by Centre and Grant FurIron and Steel, American Exports of..... 408 Iron Ores of New Jersey................ 127 naces................................. 69 Iron Bar, Average Cost of................ 407 Iron Ores of New Jersey, Description of Iron Ores used by Chapinsville Furnace.. 126 Iron Belt of Virginia, Report on the..... 536 the...............................501, 503 Iron Ores used by Charcoal Furnace...... 46 Iron Bridge, Advantage of...........367, 368 Iron Ores of North Carolina, Description Iron Ores used by CharlotteFurnace.. 59, 123 Iron Bridge Building................. 355 of............................. 104, 105 Iron Ores used by Chatham Furnaces.... 124 Iron Bridge of the St. Louis, Kansas City, Iron Ores of Oregon..................... 552 Iron Ores used by Chattanooga Furnace.. 100 and Northern Railway, over the Mis- Iron Ores of Pennsylvania, Coals Avail- Iron Ores used by Cherokee Furnace...... 100 souri River at St. Charles..........362, 363 able.for the Reduction of the.....:520, 521 Iron Ores used by Cherry Valley Furnaces. 64 Iron Bridge Works at Albany............ 364 Iron Ores of Putnam County, Report of.. 539 Iron Ores used by Chesapeake Furnace... 113 Iron Bridge Works at Buffalo.........363, 364 Iron Ores of Rhode Island............521, 523 Iron Ores used by ineshire Furnace...... 118 Iron Bridge Works of Maryland.......... 388 Iron Ores of Utah.................. 551 Iron Ores used by Chestnut Grove Furnace 43 Iron Bridge Works of Michigan.......391, 392 Iron Ores of Virginia, Analysis of the.... 529 Iron Ores used by Chicago Furnaces. 79 Iron Bridge Bridge Works of New Jer- Iron Ores of Virginia and West Virginia 523, 540 Iron Ores used by Chickies Furnaces..... 36 sey....3....7............3...... 387, 388 Iron Ores of West Virginia...........537, 540 Iron Ores used by Chulasky Furnace..... 40 Iron Bridge Works of New York......363, 364 Iron Ores used by Ada Furnace.......... 63 Iron Ores used by Cincinnati Furnace.... 73 Iron Bridge Works of Ohio........... 388, 389 Iron Ores used by Akron Furnace........ 65 Iron Ores used by Clara Furnace......... 57 Iron Bridge Works of Pennsylvania...364, 387 Iron Ores used by Albany Furnaces...... 123 Iron Ores used by Clark Furnace......... 97 Iron Bridge Works of the United States, Iron Ores used by Allegheny Furnace..... 55 Iron Ores used by Clay Furnace.......... 72 16, 17, 355, 392 Iron Ores used by Allen Furnace......... 58 Iron Ores used by Clear Creek Furnace... 77 Iron City Iron Works and Apollo Sheet Iron Ores used by Allentown Furnaces... 28 Iron Ores used by Clifton Furnace... 107, 125 Mill................................. 146 Iron Ores used by Alpena Furnace........ 124 Iron Ores used by Clinton Furnace..... 46, 71 Iron Clad Ship La Glorie................ 416 Iron Ores used by Amherst Furnace...... 107 Iron Ores used by Clinton Furnaces...... 123 Iron Clad Ship Warrior.................. 416 Iron Ores used by Andover Furnaces..... 128 Iron Ores used by Clove Furnace......... 121 Iron Clad Ships, Description of..... 416, 421 Iron Ores used by Anna Furnace......... 62 Iron Ores used by Cold Spring Furnace... 121 Iron Cliff Co............................ 466 Iron Ores used by Antietam Furnace..... 115 Iron Ores used by Coleraine Iron Works.. 29 Iron Company, Lake Superior.........468, 470 Iron Ores used by Antwerp Furnace...... 73 Iron Ores used by Collins Furnace........ 84 Iron, Early History of the Manufacture in Iron Ores used by Anvil Furnace......... 32 Iron Ores used by Columbia Furnace.. 39, 40 the United States of..................23, 24 Iron Ores used by Appleton Furnaces.... 81 Iron Ores used by Columbus Iron Co.'s Iron Flues on Locomotive Engines....... 219 Iron Ores used by Ashland Furnace...... 74 Furnaces............................ 66 Iron, Hydrated Oxide of................. 456 Iron Ores used by Ashland Furnaces...... 64 Iron Ores used by Colwell Furnace....... 86 Iron Industry of the Country, Growth of 25, 26 Iron Ores used by Aurora Furnace...... 37 Iron Ores used by Conestoga Furnace..... 36 Iron Industry of the United States..... 1 Iron Ores used by Bald Eagle Furnace.... 45 Iron Ores used by Coplay Furnaces....... 28 Iron Industry of the United States, Attrac- Iron Ores used by Baldwin Furnace...... 37 Iron Ores used by Cornwall & Burd Coletion of Capital to the................. 1 Iron Ores used by Bancroft Furnaces..... 84 man Furnaces......................... 35 Iron Industry of the United States, In- Iron Ores used by Bangor Furnace....... 86 Iron Ores used by Cornwall & Stonewall ducements offered to the Skilled Labor Iron Ores used by Barre Furnace......... 44 Furnaces............................. 100 of Europe........................... 1 Iron Ores used by Barren Spring Furnace. 108 Iron Ores used by Cornwall Furnace... 42, 102 Iron in Great Britain, Monthly Quotations Iron Ores used by Barton Furnaces...... 100 Iron Ores used by Cottage Furnace....... 76 for 1873............................ 406 Iron Ores used by Bath Furnace......... 77 Iron Ores used by Cove Creek Furnace... 96 Iron InternationalBridge................ 17 Iron Ores used by Bay Furnaces........ 85, 87 Iron Ores used by Crown Point Furnaces. 120 Iron Manufacturing Industry of the Coun- Iron Ores used by Bay State Furnaces... 85 Iron Ores used by Cumberland Furnace 97, 98 try as Reported by Albert Gallatin.... 23, 24 Iron Ores used by Bay View Furnaces.... 82 Iron Ores used by Cumberland Gap Iron Iron Mountain Furnace.................. 91 Iron Ores used by Belfont Furnace........ 67 Works................................ 110 Iron Mountain Mine................... 471 Iron Ores used by Bellair Furnace........ 68 Iron Ores used by Dauphin Furnace...... 38 Iron Mountain, Ore of......186, 481, 490, 538 Iron Ores used by Bellefont Furnace... 45, 75 Iron Ores used by Deer Lake Furnace.... 84 Iron Ore, Carbonate..................... 452 Iron Ores used by Belmont Furnace... 76, 111 Iron Ores used by Donaghmore Furnace.. 35 Iron Ore Extracted from Michigan Mines, Iron Ores used by Belmont Furnaces..... 68 Iron Ores used by Donegal Furnace....... 37 Approximate Cost per ton of........... 480 Iron Ores used by Bennington Furnace... 56 Iron Ores used by Douglas Furnaces...... 58 Iron Ore from Jefferson County.......... 445 Iron Ores used by Benwood Furnace... 68, 111 Iron Ores used by Dover & Bear Spring Iron Ore Lands of Virginia, what they can Iron Ores used by Bibb Furnace.......... 102 Furnaces.......................... 97 be Bought for........................ 537 Iron Ores used by Big Pond Furnace...... 43 Iron Ores used by Dover Furnace........ 125 Iron Ore Regions of Alabama.........440, 448 Iron Ores used by Blair Furnaces......... 56 Iron Ores used by Duluth Furnace....... 130 Iron Ore Regions of Georgia..........454, 455 Iron Ores used by Bloom Furnace...... 39, 71 Iron Ores used by Dunbar Furnace....... 57 Iron Ore Regions of Lake Supe ior...464, 468 Iron Ores used by Boone Furnace........ 75 Iron Ores used by Duncannon Furnace... 38 Iron Ore Regions of Maine............... 460 Iron Ores used by Boonton Furnaces...... 129 Iron Ores used by Durham Iron Works... 30 Iron Ore Regionsof Maryland............ 460 Iron Ores used by Bowery Furnaces..... 115 Iron Ores used by Eagle Furnace.. 45, 63, 108 Iron Ore Regions of Massachusetts...460, 461 Iron Ores used by Brady's Bend Furnaces. 55 Iron Ores used by East Pennsylvania FurIron Ore Regions of Michigan........462, 480 Iron Ores used by Brazil Furnace........ 78 nace................................. 29 Iron Ore Regions of Missouri........481, 498 Iron Ores used by Briar Hill Furnace..... 63 Iron Ores used by Elizabeth Furnace 56, 107, Iron Ore Regions of New Hampshire..461, 462 Iron Ores used by Briggs Furnace....... 118 109 Iron Ore Regions of New Jersey......501, 503 Iron Ores used by Brown Hill Furnace.... 108 Iron Ores used by Eliza Furnaces........ 47 Iron Ore Regions of New York.......503, 509 Iron Ores used by Brownsport Furnace... 97 Iron Ores used by Elk Rapids Furnace..., 86 INDEX. XV PAGE PAGE PAGE Iron Ores used by Elk Ridge Furnace.... 115 Iron Ores used by Kenton Furnace....... 76 Iron Ores used by Musselman Furnace.... 37 Iron Ores used by Elmira Furnaces. 123, 124 Iron Ores used by Keystone Furnaces... 30 Iron Ores used by National Furnaces..... 81 Iron Ores used by Emaus Furnace........ 28 Iron Ores used by Keystone Furnaces of Iron Ores used by National Iron Co. FurIron Ores used by Emma Furnace........ 45 Reading............................30, naces..........3.................... 39 Iron Ores used by Embreeville Furnace... 96 Iron Ores used by Kitty Furnace......... 64 Iron Ores used by Nelson Furnace...... 76 Iron Ores used by Endor Furnace........ 105 Iron Ores used at Knoxville Furnace..... 115 Iron Ores used by Neshannock Furnace... 57 Iron Ores used by Erie Furnace.......... 59 Iron Ores used by Kutztown Furnace..... 31 Iron Ores used by Newburg Furnaces..... 65 Iron Ores used by Escanaba Furnaces-.. 85, 86 Iron Ores used by Lackawanna Iron Iron Ores used by Newport Furnace...... 74 Iron Ores used by Estill Furnace......'... 716 Works............................... 39 Iron Ores used by Norristown Iron Works 31 Iron Ores used by Etna Furnace 45, 57, 69, 101 Iron Ores used by Lafayette Furnace..... 78 Iron Ores used by Northampton Iron Works' 29 Iron Ores used by Etna Iron Works...... 67 Iron Ores used by La Grange and Eclipse Iron Ores used by North Chicago Furnaces 79 Iron Ores used by Eureka Furnace....... 87 Furnaces.........................97, 98 Iron Ores used by North Pennsylvania Iron Ores used by Fairfield Furnace...... 65 Iron Ores used by La Grange Furnace.... 114 Furnaces............................ 29 Iron Ores used by Falcon Furnace..... 63, 64 Iron Ores used by Lambert Furnace..... 97 Iron Ores used by Norwich Furnace...... 126 Iron Ores used by Fallkill Furnaces...... 121 Iron Ores used by Lancaster Furnace..... 111 Iron Ores used by Oakdale Furnace..... 96 Iron Ores used by Fawn Iron Works...... 99 Iron Ores used by Latrobe Furnace....... 72 Iron Ores used by Ohio Furnace........70, 71 Iron Ores used by Fayette Furnaces....... 86 Iron Ores used by Laura Furnace........ 77 Iron Ores used by Oley Furnace......... 41 Iron Ores used by Fletcher Furnace..... 122 Iron Ores used by Laurel Furnace.....75, 113 Iron Ores used by Olive Furnace......... 70 Iron Ores used by Fletcherville Furnace.. 126 Iron Ores used by Lawton Furnace...... 86 Iron Ores used by Onondago Furnace..57, 122 Iron Ores used by Fond du Lac Furnace.. 81 Iron Ores used by Lebanon Furnaces..... 35 Iron Ores used by Ontario Furnace....... 122 Iron Ores used by Fort Edward and Colum- Iron Ores used by Lebanon Valley Furnace. 35 Iron Ores used by Orange Furnace....... 167 bia Furnaces.......................... 121 Iron Ores used by Leesport Furnace...... 31 Iron Ores used by Ore Hill Furnace....... 105 Iron Ores used by Fox River Furnaces.... 81 Iron Ores used by Lehigh Crane Iron Co.. 27 Iron Ores used by Ormsby Furnace...... 58 Iron Ores used by Frankfort Furnace..... 86 Iron Ores used by Lehigh Iron Works.... 28 Iron Ores used by Osage Furnace........ 92 Iron Ores used by Franklin Furnace 43 55, 71, Iron Ores used by Leland Furnace......86, 87 Iron Ores used by Otter Creek Furnace... 78 129 Iron Ores used by Lenox Furnace....... 118 Iron Ores used by Oxford Furnace.... 110, 128 Iron Ores used by Franklin Furnaces..... 121 Iron Ores used by Leyden Furnace....... 100 Iron Ores used by Ozark Furnace......... 92 Iron Ores used by Frankstown Furnace... 56 Iron Ores used by Liberty Furnace....... 109 Iron Ores used by Page County Furnace.. 108 Iron Ores used by Fulton Furnace........ 66 Iron Ores used by Lime Rock Furnace.... 127 Iron Ores used by Paulding Furnace...... 73 Iron Ores used by Gallia Furnace....... 71 Iron Ores used by Lincoln Furnace....... 72 Iron Ores used by Paxton Furnaces....3.. S7 Iron Ores used by Giles Furnace......... 10(3 Iron Ores used by Lochiel Co. Furnace... 38 Iron Ores used by Peat Furnace.......... 85 Iron Ores used by Girard Furnace........ 64 Iron Ores used by Lockbridge Iron Works. 28 Iron Ores used by Peninsular Furnace... 87 Iron Ores used by Gladeville Furnace.... 112 Iron Ores used by Locust Grove Furnace. 113 Iron Ores used by Pennsylvania Furnace 45 Iron Ores used by Glanmorgan Furnace.. 38 Iron Ores used by Logan Furnace......47, 73 Iron Ores used by Pennsylvania Iron Works 39 Iron Ores used by Glasgow Furnaces..... 65 Iron Ores used by Levy Creek Furnace... 105 Iron Ores used by Pequest Furnace....... 128 Iron Ores used by Glendon Iron Works.. 28 Iron Ores used by Lucinda Furnace...... 31 Iron Ores used by Philadelphia Furnace.. 33 Iron Ores used by Glenwood Furnace..... 110 Iron Ores used by Lucy Salina Furnace... 107 Iron Ores used by Phoenix Furnace....... 63 Iron Ores used by Globe Furnace........ 66 Iron Ores used by Madison Furnace.... 97, 1(05 Iron Ores used by Phocnmxville Furnaces.. 31 Iron Ores used by Grace Furnace.. 63, 92, 109 Iron Ores used by Mahoning Furnaces.... 55 Iron Ores used by Pilot Knob Furnace.... 91 Iron Ores used by Grafton Furnaces...... 64 Iron Ores used by Maiden Creek Furnaces. 41 Iron Ores used by Pine Creek Furnace.... 55 Iron Ores used by Grand Tower Furnaces. 80 Iron Ores used by Mammoth Furnace... 77 Iron Ores used by Pine Grove Furnace.42, 70 Iron Ores used by Green Bay Furnace.... 81 Iron Ores used by Manana Furnace...... 42 Iron Ores used by Pioneer and Cliffs FurIron Ores used by Greene Furnace........ 96 Iron Ores used by Manhattan Furnace.73, 122 naces................................. 84 Iron Ores used by Greenspring Furna-ce... 114 Iron Ores used by Maramec Furnace..... 92 Iron Ores used by Pitts Fort Furnace..... 117 Iron Ores used by Greenwood and Michi- Iron Ores used by Margaretta Furnace.... 42 Iron Ores used by Planet Furnace........ 78S gan Furnaces......8.................4, 85 Iron Ores used by Marquette and Pacific Iron Ores used by Plymouth Furnaces.... 32 Iron Ores used by Greenwood Furnace.... 125 Furnace................... 87 Iron Ores used by Pomeroy Furnace...... 117 Iron Ores used by Greenwood Furnaces... 44 Iron Ores used by Marshall Furnace...... 38 Iron Oresused by Poplar Springs Furnace. 99 Iron Ores used by Hamden Furnace...... 71 Iron Ores used by Marsh Furnace........ 40 Iron Ores used by Port Carbon Furnaces.. 35 Iron Ores used by Hamilton Furnace..... 92 Iron Ores used by Martha Furnace....... 56 Iron Ores used by Port Henry Furnaces.. 120 Iron Ores used by Harford Furnace..... 113 Iron Ores used by Martin Iron Works.... 111 Iron Ores used by Port Leyden Furnace.. 125 Iron Ores used by Harrisburg Furnace.... 37 Iron Ores used by Mary Ann Furnace.... 41 Iron Ores used by Port Oram Furnace.... 129 Iron Ores used by Havre Furnace....... 114 Iron Ores used by Maryland Furnaces.... 113 Iron Ores used by Poughkeepsie Furnaces 121 Iron Ores used by Hazelton Furnaces..... 63 Iron Ores used by Massillon Furnace..... 65 Iron Ores used by Principio Furnace..... 114 Iron Ores used by I-Hecla Furnace........45, 70 Iron Ores used by Matilda Furnace....... 39 Iron Ores used by Proton Furnace........ 65 Iron Ores used by Henry Clay Furnace..30, 71 Iron Ores used by Max Meadow Furnace. Iron Ores used by Providence Furnace.... 108 Iron Ores used by Himrod Furnaces...... 63 108, 109 Iron Ores used by Raccoon Furnace...... 76i Iron Ores used by Hocking Furnace...... 71 Iron Ores used by Mayville Furnace...... 81 Iron Ores used by Radford Furnace...... 11 Iron Ores used by Hope Furnace.......46, 73 Iron Ores used by Merion Furnaces..... 32 Iron Ores used by Raven's Cliff Furnace.. 103 Iron Ores used by Hopewell Furnace....41, 44 Iron Ores used by Middlesex Furnace..... 58 Iron Ores used by Reading Furnace...... 30 Iron Ores used by Hopewell Furnaces..... 125 Iron Ores used by Middletown Furnace.. 38 Iron Ores used by Rebecca Furnace...... 40 Iron Ores used by Howard Furnace...... 70 Iron Ores used by Mill Creek Furnace.... 45 Iron Ores used by Red Bank Furnace..... 56 Iron Ores used by Hubbard Furnaces..... 63 Iron Ores used by Millerton Furnace..... 125 Iron Ores used by Red Mountain Furnaces 103 Iron Ores used by Hudson Furnaces...... 121 Iron Ores used by Milton Furnace........ 67 Iron Ores used by Red River Furnaces.... 77 Iron Ores used by Hunnewell & Penn- Iron Ores used by Mine Furnace......... 110 Iron Ores used by Redwood Furnace...... 124 sylvania Furnaces...................75, 76 Iron Ores used by Minersville Furnace.... 35 Iron Ores used by Reed Island Furnace... 109 Iron Ores used by Huntingdon Furnace... 44 Iron Ores used by Minerva Furnace...... 82 Iron Ores used by Reed's Mills.........72, 73 Iron Ores used by Hunt Lyman Furnace.. 127 Iron Ores used by Mingo Furnaces....... 66 Iron Ores used by Rehoboth Furnace..... 106 Iron Ores used by Irondale Furnace.....39, 91 Iron Ores used by Monocacy Furnace..... 31 Iron Ores used by Richland Furnace...... 73 Iron Ores used by Iron Mountain Furnaces 91 Iron Ores used by Monitor Furnace.. 7..' 0 Iron Ores used by Richmond Furnace..44, 118 Iron Ores used by Iron Ridge Furnace.... 81 Iron Ores used by Monroe and Washington Iron Ores used by Ridge Valley Furnace... 99 Iron Ores used by Ironton Furnace....... 81 Furnaces.........7................... 71 Iron Ores used by Ringwood Furnaces.... 129 Iron Ores used by Ironton Mill Furnace... 67 Iron Ores used by Mont Alto Furnace.... 44 Iron Ores used by Riverside Furnace..... 111 Iron Ores used by Ironton Rail Mill Fur- Iron Ores used by Montgomery Furnace.. 31 Iron Ores used by Roberts' Iron Works.... 28 nace.................................. 67 Iron Ores used by Monticella Furnace..... 55 Iron Ores used by Robesonia Furnace..... 30 Iron Ores used by Isabella Furnaces...... 49 Iron Ores used by Morgan Furnace....... 66 Iron Ores used by Rock Hill Furnaces.... 59 Iron Ores used by Ithaca Furnace........ 123 Iron Ores used by Moselle Furnace.....91, 92 Iron Ores used by Rock Iron Works...... 103 Iron Ores used by Jackson Furnace....... 71 Iron Ores used by Moslem Furnace....... 30 Iron Ores used by Rockwood Furnaces.... 96 Iron Ores used by Jefferson Furnace....42, 72 Iron Ores used by Mount Hope Furnace.. 42 Iron Ores used by Rodman Furnaces...... 56 Iron Ores used by Jefferson Iron Works.. 66 Iron Ores used by Mount Penn Furnace.. 41 Iron Ores used by Rogers Furnace........ 100 Iron Ores used by Joanna Furnace....... 41 Iron Ores used by Mount Pleasant Furnace 44 Iron Ores used by Rosena Furnaces....... 57 Iron Ores used by Joliet Furnaces........ 80 Iron Ores used by Mount Savage Furnace. 75 Iron Ores used by Rossie Furnace........ 125 Iron Ores used by Juniata Furnace....... 40 Iron Ores used by Mount Torrey Furnace. 107 Iron Ores used by Rough and Ready FurIron Ores used by Jupiter Furnaces....... 91 Iron Ores used by Mt. Hickory Furnace... 58 nace................................. 98 Iron Ores used by Kaufman Furnace..... 36 Iron Ores used by Mt. Laurel Furnace.... 31 Iron Ores used by Round Moulntain FurIron Ores used by Keel Ridge Furnace.... 58 Iron Ores used by Mt. Vernon Furnace... 70 nace..............................100, 103 Iron Ores used by Kemble Furnaces...... 55 Iron Ores used by Muirkirk Furnace..... 114 Iron Ores used by Safe Harbor Furnace... 36 Iron Ores used by Kent Furnace........ 127 Iron Ores used by Musconetcong Furnaces 129 Iron Ores used by Salisbury Furnace...... 109 C Xvi INDEX. PAGE PAGE- PAGH Iron Ores used by Sally Ann Furnace..... 41 Iron Ship Building..........14, 252, 415, 421 Joliet Steel Works, Description of New Iron Ores used by Sapona Furnace...... 106 Iron Ship Building at Buffalo........... 452 Steel Rail Mill.................... 191, 19 Iron Ores used by Sarah Furnace......... 46 Iron Ship "City of Peking," Description Joliet Steel Works, Engine House of...... 18) Iron Ores used by Saucon Iron Works.... 29 of the "City of Peking"..........426, 430 Joliet Steel Works, Melting House of..... 189 Iron Ores used by Schoolcraft Furnace 85, 87 Iron Ship Yard at Camden............... 430 Joliet Steel Works, New Steel Rail Mill of Iron Ores used by Scotia Furnace........ 92 Iron Ship Yard of Penn Iron Works..... 432 191, 191 Irqn Ores used by Shaftsbury Furnace... 117 Iron Ship Yard of Wmin. Cramp & Joliet, Stove Works at................... 847 Iron Ores used by Shamokin Furnace.... 40 Sons.............................. 4?0, 432 Jones & Abbott, (Stoves)................ 345 Iron Ores used by Sharon Furnace.....58, 127 Iron Ship Yards at Chester.........18, 425, 430 Jones & Laughlins...................... 143 Iron Ores used by Sharpsville Furnace.... 58 Iron Ship Yards at Wilmington......423, 426 Jonesboro, Furnace at................... 96 Iron Ores used by Shelly Iron Works...... 104 Iron Ship Yards of Philadelphia.....430, 433 Jones, J. M. & Co., Car Works........... 246 Iron Ores used by Shenandoah Furnace.. 108 Iron Ship Yards of the United States..17, 19, Junction Car and Flue Works............ 326 Iron Ores used by Shenango Furnace.....59 415, 421, 422, 433 Junction Car Works..................... 246 Iron Ores used by Sheridan Furnaces..... 36 Iron Ship Yards, Proper locality for their Juneau Co., Wis., Ores of................ 550 Iron Ores used by Shoenberger Furnaces.. 47 Construction..................18, 422, 425 Juniata Furnace........................ 40 Iron Ores used by Sligo Furnace.......... 46 Iron Ship Yards, the value of the....... 18 Juniata Iron Works..................... 146 Iron Ores used by Southern Indiana Fur- Iron Ships, Description of how they are Juniata Rolling Mill..................... 151 nace.................................. 78 Modelled..........................419, 420 Juniata Wire Mill....................... 147 Iron Ores used by South St. Louis Fur- Iron Ships of the American Steamship Jupiter Furnaces........................ 91 naces..............................89, 90 Company, Description of.............. 431 Jurdon, Henry, & Co.................... 128 Iron Ores used by Spearman Furnace.... 59 Iron Tank Steamers.................. 432 Kanawha Canal......................... 106 Iron Ores used by Springfield Furnace.... 46 Iron Trade of the United States, Money Kanawha Coal Fields................538, 540 Iron Ores used by Spring Mill and Wm. Value of.........................12 Kanawha Valley........................ 112 Penn Furnaces........................ 32 Iron Trade, Review of few portions of Kansas, Stove Works of..............,. 349 Iron Ores used by Stanhope Furnace..... 35 the...................................2, 26 Kaolin................... 549 Iron Ores used by Star Furnace.,......67, 4 Iron Tubing.......................... 34 Kasson Car Works, The Old............. 267 Iron Ores used by St. Charles Furnace... 36 Iron Vessels, Superiority of for Ocean and Katahdin Furnace...................... 116 Iron Ores used by St. Clair Furnaces... 35 Coastwise Navigation................. 18 Katte, Walter.......................... 3L'6 Iron Ores used by Sterling and Southfield Iron Works at Blandon............... 148 Kauffman Furnace...................... 36 Furnaces............................. 121 Irondale Furnace.............39, 66, 91. 103 Keel Ridge Furnace..................... 58 Iron Ores used by Sterlingbush and Ster- Irondale Works........................ 41 Keesville, Nail Factories at.............. 518 lingville Furnaces..................... 124 Ironton Furnace.................... 81 Keith, H. T. & J. N., Car Works........ 2313 Iron Ores used by Sterling Furnace....... 124 Ironton, Furnaces at........67, 103, 111, 122 Kellinger & Co., (Stoves)................ 345 Iron Ores used by Stewardson Furnace... 55 Ironton Rail Mill Furnace............... 67 Kellogg & Maurice's Bridge Works...... 387 Iron Ores used by Stickney Furnace...... 113 Ironton Rolling Mill.................... 165 Kellogg Bridge Co...................... 063 Iron Ores used by Stone Furnace......... 87 Irvine, Furnaces at.................... 76 Kellogg, Charles........................ 391 Iron Ores used by StonewallFurnace. 102. 106 Isabella Furnaces...................... 49 Kemble Furnaces...................... 55 Iron Ores used by Stump Creek Furnace.. 100 Isabella Furnaces, Coke Works belonging Kensington Iron and Steel Works........ 156 Iron Ores used by Superior Furnaces..... 54 to.................................53, 54 Kensington Iron Foundry and Pipe Works 3327 Iron Ores used by Swede Furnace......... 32 Isabella Furnaces, Description of.......49. 54 Kensington Iron Works.................. 145 Iron Ores used by Swift Furnace........ 7' Ishpeming, Furnace at.............. 84, 85 Kent Furnace.......................... 127 Iron Ores used by Tallico Furnace........ 98 Ishpeming, Mines in Vicinity of......4C05, 468 Kenton Furnace......................74, 76 Iron Ores used by Tecumseh Furnace. 101, 102 Ithaca Furnace......................... 123 Kentucky, Analysis of Ores of........... 458 Iron Ores used by Temple Furnace..... 31 Jackson and Sharp Car Company........ 250 Kentucky, Bituminous Furnaces of.....74,'5 Iron Ores used by Thomas Iron Works... 27 Jackson & Sharp Co.................... 425 Kentucky, Blast Furnaces of............74, 78 Iron Ores used by Towanda Furnaces.... 122 Jackson & Woodin Manufacturing Co.... 248 Kentucky, Car Wheel-Works of.......... 309 Iron Ores used by Trigg & Centre Furna- Jackson, Car Works at.................. 256 Kentucky, Census of.................77, 170 ces.................................. 77 Jackson Furnace........................ 71 Kentucky, Charcoal Furnces of........75, 78 Iron Ores used by Tropic Furnace........ 67 Jackson, Furnace at..................... 66 Kentucky, Ore Regions of..........457, 4158 Iron Ores used by Unaka Furnace........ 96 Jackson Ore......................... 463, 465 Kentucky, Pipe and Tube Works in... 25, 3291) Iron Ores used by Union Furnace..40, 87, 122 Jackson Rolling Mill.................... 176 Kentucky, Recapitulation of Furnaces in. 7 Iron Ores used by Ulster Furnace........ 122 Jacksonville Car Works.................. 256 Kentucky, Recapitulation of Rolling Mills Iron Ores used by Valley Furnaces....... 59 James, Jacobs & Co..................... 315 of.................................... 10 Iron Ores used by Van Buren Furnace.... 109 James, William T....................... 225 Kentucky Rolling Mill.............)...... 16 Iron Ores used by Vandusenville Furnace, 118 Jefferson County, Iron Ore from......... 445 Kentucky, Rolling Mills of...........:16:), 1]0 Iron Ores used by Vernon Furnace....... 98 Jefferson Furnace......................42, 72 Kentucky, Stove Works in............... 347 Iron Ores used by Vesuvius Furnace. 70, 106 Jefferson Iron Works.................66, 163 Keokuk, Bridge at......................,85 Iron Ores used by Victoria Furnace...... 109 Jeffersonville, Car Wheel Works at...... 304 Keokuk, Stove Works at................ 34S Iron Ores used by Vigo Furnaces......... 79 Jenkins Rolling Mill..................... 149 Kerr, Prof........................509, 511 Iron Ores used by Vinton Furnace....... 67 Jeffersonville, Car Works at.......... 253, 255 Keyser, J. H. & Co., (Stoves)............ S7 Iron Ores used by Volcano Furnace...... 65 Jenkintown, Furnace at................. 32 Keystone Bridge Co................ 379, 387 Iron Ores used by Vulcan Furnaces..... 90 Jersey City, Car Wheel Works at......... 3 8 Keystone Bridge Co., Annual Capacity of Iron Ores used by Walton Furnace...... 109 Jersey City, Car Works at............... 246 the Works of.........................79 Iron Ores used by Wampum Furnace..... 58 Jersey City, Locomotive -Works at........ 234 Keystone Bridge Co., Description of Works Iron Ores used by Warren Furnace....., 64 Jersey City Steel Works................. 199 of...............................379, Iron Ores used by Wassaic Furnace....... 125 Jewett & Root, (Stoves)................. 338 Keystone Bridge Co.'s Works at Pittsburg. I79 Iron Ores used by Wayawanda Furnace... 129 Joanna Furnace........................ 41 Keystone Furnace...................... "2 Iron Ores used by Wayne Furnace........ 98 Johnson, Black & Co., (Stoves).......... 341 Keystone Furnaces...................... 3G Iron Ores used by Westerman Furnaces.. 59 Johnson, Walter R., Prof.........-........ 450 Keystone Furnaces of Reading........... 20 Iron Ores used by Western Furnaces..... 78 Johnson, William....................... 268 Keystone Iron Works................... 146 Iron Ores used by Wheatland Furnace..... 59 Johnstown, Bessemer Steel Works at..... 188 Keystone Rouling Mill................... 148 iron Ores used by Wheeler Furnace...... 59 Johnstown, Furnaces at................. 56 Keystone Steel Works............... 197 Iron Ores used by Wheeling Furnace..... 111 Johnstown, Rolling Mill at.............. 149 Kidd, W. & Co.......................... 269 Iron Ores used by Wister Furnace........ 37 Joliet, Description of Bessemer Steel Kidney Ore............................. 5! Iron Ores used by Wolcott Furnace....... 125 Works at....................189. 192 Kidney Ore, Analysis of................. 5-9 Iron Ores used by Woodstock Furnace.... 103 Joliet Furnaces.......................79, 80 Kidney Ore of Indiana..............456, 457 Iron Ores used by York Furnace......... 42 Joliet Iron and Steel Co.................. 187 Kidney Ore of Kentucky............457, 458 Iron Ores used by Zanesville Furnace.... 68 Joliet Iron and Steel Works......... 174, 175 Kidney Ores of Ohio.................... 459 Iron Pipe and Tube Manufacturers of Joliet Iron and Steel Works, Description Kimball AMNlnufacturing Co.............. 259 Philadelphia...................... 317, 327 of...............................174, 175 King Iron Bridge...................... 8S9 Iron Pipe and Tube Works of the United Joliet Iron and Steel Works, Heating Fur- King Iron Bridge and Manufacturing Co.. 315() States............................... 19 naces of............................. 175 Kingsford Foundry and Machine Works.. 201 Iron Product.........................4, 25 Joliet, Rolling Mill at...............174, 175 Kingsley Iron and Machine Works.......:14 Iron Region of Putnam County, Infornma- Joliet Steel Works,.................. 189, 192 Kingston, Furnace at.................. 100 tion in regard to................. 538, 540 Joliet Steel Works, Blowing Engine of... 189 Kirtland Furnace....................... 12'1 Iron Ridge Furnace..................... 81 Joliet Steel Works, Boiler House of...... 189 Kittanning, Furnace at.................. 55 Iron Ridge Ores....................549, 550 Joliet Steel Works, Converting Building Kittanning Rolling Mill................. 147 Iron Ridge Ores, Analysis of............ 550 of.................................... 189 Kitty Furnace.......................... 64 INDEX. Xvii'PAGE PAGE PAGE Kloman & Carnegie Bros................ 47 Lee County, Furnace in................. 110 Locomotive called "Miller," Description Klloman, Andrew........................ 48 Leeds Mountain, Ores at............... 491 of...........;...................209, 210 Kloman Property....................... 473 Leeper Iron Car Co..57 Locomotive called the Blair ".......... 223 Kloman Property, Character of Ores at... 473 Leesburg, Furnace near.............. 92 Locomotive called the "Brandywine "... 213 Knightsville, Furnaces at................ 78 Leesport Furnace....................... 31 Locomotive called the'Indiana "....... 223 Knightsville, Rolling Mill at............ 171 Leetonia, Furnaces at................. 64 Locomotive called the "MIifflin "......... 223 Knox, M. G. & Co., (Stoves)............. 346 Leetonia, Rolling Mill at............... 162 Locomotive called the "Susquehanna".. 223 Knoxville Furnace...................... 115 Lehigh Car Wheel and Axle Works...... 302 Locomotive called the'"We: tchester "... 14 Knoxville, Furnace at........... 96 Lehigh Car Manufacturing Co.......... 248 Locomotive Construction, Introduction of Knoxville Rolling Mill.................. 171 Lehigh County, Furnaces in............ 27, 28 Steel. 227 Krehbell's Torsion Spring Power Hammers 267 Lehigh Crane Iron Co................... 27 Locomotive Engine called " Champlain". 220 Krupp Wheel.......................... 299 Lehigh Crane Iron Co., Blowing Engine of 27 Locomotive Engines, Cab on............. 221 Kutztown Furnace..................... 31 Lehigh Iron Works...................... 28 Locomotive Engines, Iron Flues IntroLa Belle Nail Works.................... 161 Lehigh Stove Co........3.......... 41 duced................................219 La Belle Steel Works................... 196 Lehighton, Stove Works at......... 341 Locomotive Engines, Opinions of Railroad Lackawanna Iron Works............ 39, 153 Leibrandt & McDowell Stove Co........ 340 Managers in regard to early........... 214 La Clede Rolling Mill................... 177 Leland Furnace......................86, 87 Locomotive Engines, Speed of........... 223 Laconia, Car Works at............ 241, 242 Lenhartsville, Furnace at............. 41 Locomotive for Philadelphia, GermanLafayette Furnace................... 78 Lenox Furnace......................... 118 town and Norristown Railroad Co..... 206 La Grange and Eclipse Furnaces...... 97, 98 Leonard, L. M., (Stoves)................ 335 Locomotive Link Motion Introduced..... 217 La Grange Furnace..................... 114 Lesley, Prof................439, 45!), 509, 521 Locomotive, "M. G. Bright" for OpeiatLa Grange Rolling Mill.................. 177 Lesley, Prof. J. P.................. 504, 543 ing on the Inclined Plane............. 222 Lake Angeline, Mines at................. 471 Lesquereux, D....................451, 452 Locomotive, Miniature Exhibited at PhilLake Champlain District, Ore Production Levant Iron Ore............... 519 adelphia..................... 206 of................................... 119 Lewis Furnace.......................... 98 Locomotive Works at Berlin............. 230 Lake Champlain Region................. 119 Lewis, Geo. T................ 93, 94, 546, 548 Locomotive Works at Boston........... 3 Lake Erie Iron Works. 164 Lewis Mountain.................. 491 Locomotive Works at Connellsville....... 234 Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Rail- Lewistown, Crucible Steel Works at...... 198 Locomotive Works at Dunkirk........... 233 road Shops at Buffalo, Description of.. Lewistown, Furnace at................ 44, 45 Locomotive Works at Jersey City 2....... 234 268, 270 Lewistown, Furnaces in................. 38 Locomotive Works at Manchester........ 232 Lake Shore Iron Works.................. 163 Lexington, Furnace at................. 110 Locomotive Works at Paterson........... 234 Lake Superior Iron Co.............468, 470 Leyden Furnace......................... 100 Locomotive Works at Philadelphia....... 234 Luke Superior Iron Co., Total Production Liberty Furnace....................... 109 Locomotive Works at Pittsburg.......... 2'5 of.....4...7.................. 470 Liberty Stove Works.................. 340 Locomotive Works at Portland........... 232 Lake Superior Iron Ore Region.........82, 83 Licking Iron Works............... 164 Locomotive Works at Providence........ 2:33 Lake Superior Iron Ore Regions, Produc- Liebig, I. A.......................451, 452 Locomotive Works at San Francisco...... 235 of Pig Iron from the................. 83 Light Brothers' Rolling Mill........... 152 Locomotive Works at Schenectady....... 233 Lake Superior Iron Regions..........464, 468 Light Locomotive Works................ 235 Locomotive Works at Taunton........... 2~J3 Lake Superior Mines, Character of the Lignite................................. 549 Locomotive Works, (Atlas Iron Works)... 235 Machinery used at............... 469, 470 Limerick Bridge, Stove Works at........ 341 Locomotive Works, Baldwin.........205, 62 Lake Superior Mines, Description of the Lime Rock, Car Wheel Works at... 3.... 01 Locomotive Works, (Dickson ManufacturWorkings of......................... 468 Lime Rock Furnace..................... 127 ing Co........................... 2.. 225 Lake Superior Ore...................... 538 Lime Rock, Furnaces at................ 126 Locomotive Works in California.......... 2, 5 Lake Superior Ore Regions, Analyses of Limestone, Analysis of.................. 544 Locomotive Works in Maine............. 212 the Ores of......................... 466 Limestones of Virginia near to the Line of Locomotive Works in Massachusetts...... 2833 Lake Superior Ores, Cost of Rais ng the.. 477 the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, An- Locomotive Works in New Hampshire.... 232 Lake Superior Ores, Description of the.462, 464 alysis of.............................. 530 Locomotive Works in New Jersey....... 224 Lake Superior Region................... 478 Limonetic Ores........................ 508 Locomotive Works in New York.......... 233 Lake Superior Region, Cost of Raising the Limonite...........................523, 524 Locomotive Works in Pennsylvania...234, 285 Ores in.............................. 477 Limonite Ore.......................... 543 Locomotive Works in Rhode Island...... 233 Lake Suparior Region, Ores of........... 186 Limonite Ore of Bumpass Cove, Analysis Locomotive Works of Central Pacific Lakeville. Stove Works at.............. 334 of, by Prof. Fisher.................... 543 Railroad Co......................... 2'5 Lambert Fur:ace....................... 97 Limonite Ore of Maryland.............. 460 Locomotive Works of New York, New Lambert Ore Banks, Furnace at......... 97 Limonite Ore of Missouri............482, 484 Haven and Boston Railroad Co........ 2,5 Lamborn's, R. H., Letter Descriptive of Limonite O'es.......................541, 550 Locomotive Works of the United States,.. 15 the Coal Fields of Colorado........... 551 Lincoln County, Furnace in.............. 106 205, 235 Lambocn, Robert H.................... 551 Lincoln Co., Vermont, Ores of............ 548 Locomotives, Baldwin's Six Wheels ConLancastei County, Furnaces in........36. 17 Lincoln Furnace....................... 72 nected............................217, 218 Lancaster Furnace...................... 111 Link Motion Introduced on Locomotives. 217 Locomotives, Burning Coal on........... 222 Lancaster Manufacturing Co.'s Works.... 112 Link Motion on Locomotives.....220, 225, 226 Locomotives, Coal Burners for.... 2...... 215 Lancaster, Rolling Mill at.............. 152 Linville and Piper.................... 884 Locomotives, Cut-Off Valve of........... 220 Lanesboro, Furnace at................... 118 Linville, J. II.......................382, 385 Locomotives for the Royal Railroad ComLanigan, James...................32, 14 Litchfield Car Works........2...... 57, 305 mittee of Wurtemberg................. 219 L'Anse................... 475, 476 Litchfield County....................... 126 Locomotives for Western Railroad of L'Anse, Shipment of Ore from Port of... 478 Lithgrow, J. S. & Co.. (Stoves).......... 347 Massachusetts......................... 217 Larkin, C.......................... 419 Littlefield Stove Manufacturing Co....... 339 Locomotives, Freight, to burn Bituminous Latrobe, Benj. II....................... 388 Little North Mountain................. 531 Coal................................. 224 Latrobe, Car Works at................ 246 Lobdell Car Wheel Co.................. 299 Locomotives, Half-Stroke Cut-Off in...... 220 Latrobe Furnace........................ 72 Lobdell Car Wheel Company, of Wilming- Locomotives, Link Motion on.....220, 225, 226 Laurel Furnace...................75, 77, 113 ton, Del.............................. 105 Locomotives, Number made annually in Laurel Iron Works.....59........... 150 Lobdell Car Wheel Works............306, 307 the United States..................... 15 Laurentian System..................... 464 Lobdell Car Wheel Works, Description Locomotives, Slot'or Cavity in Driving Lauth Patent........................... 328 of................................306, 307 Boxes.............................224, 225 Lauth, Three High...................... 144 Lobdell, George B3...................306, 307 Locomotives, use of Coal on............. 226 Lawrence Furnace...7.............. 70 Lobdell, George G.................. 297, 298 Locomotives, Variable Cut-Off on......... 225 Lawrence Iron Works................... 165 Location of Iron Ship Yards............. 18 Lombard Car Works..................... 241 Lawson, A............................. 68 Lochiel Company Furnace............... 38 Long CreekFurnace.....................105 Lawton Furnace........................ 86 Lochiel Rolling Mill.................... 150 Longdale, Furnace at................... 107 Leavenworth, Stove Works at............ 349 Lockport Manufacturing Co.'s Works..... 189 Long Span Bridges of America.......3882, 886 Lebanon, Car Works at.............. 24,, 249 Lockridge Iron Works................... 28 Longstretb, Edward................ 228, 231 Lebanon County, Furnaces in.........35, 36 Locust Grove Furnace.................. 113 Long Swamp, Furnace at............... 41 Lebanon Furnaces................. 35 Locust Point Rolling Mill................ 159 Louisa Court House, Va., Ores of........ 523 Lebanon, Furnaces at................ 15 L.gan Furnace.......................45, 73 Louisiana, Car Works in................ 258 Lebanon Manufacturing Co...... 248, 249, 251 Logan Iron and Steel Co................. 198 Louisville Bridge........................ 882 Lebanon Rolling Mill................... 152 Locomotive, Account of Locomotive called Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Lebanon, Stove Works at... 33.........34, 341 the " Lancaster ".................... 210 Co....3....................... 309 Lebanon Valley Furnace................ 35 Locomotive called I"Best Friend"........ 209 Louisville, Pipe and Tube Works at...... S28 Leechburg, Rolling Mill at.............. 146 Locomotive called "'Black Hawk". 213 Louisville Rail Mill...................... 170 xviii INDEX. PAGE PAGE PAGDI louniville Lolling Mill................... 170 Manchester Locomotive Works........... 232 Master Mechanics and Master Car BuildLouisville, Stove Works at............... 347 Manganese............................. 5 19 ers throughout the United States and Low, CGrowl & Co., (Stoves).............. 343 Manganiferous Deposits................. 549 Canada.........................., 294 Lowellville, Furnace at.................. 63 Manganiferous Ores of Missouri.......... 489 Master Mechanics throughout the United Lowell Works.......................... 220 Manhattan Furnace................. 73, 122 States and Canada........ 277, 2, 202, 2, 29 Lowthorp, F. C., Bridge Builder......... 388 Manhattanville, Furnaces at............ 122 Mateer, Dr. Wm....................... 43 Lucinda Furnace........................ 31 Mansel Wheel................. 299 Matilda Furnace........................ 39 Lucy Furnace.......................... 47 Mansfield Machine Works, Car Works.... 253 Matt, Ellis & Co., (Stoves)............... ~55 Lucy Furnace, description of..........47, 49 Manufacture of Spiegeleisen with Coke Mattoon, Rail Road Car Shops at.....2-72, 274 Lucy Furnace, How Cleared...........48, 49 Fuel..............................498, 501 Maumee River.......................... 73 Lucy Salina Furnace................... 107 Manufacture of Spiegeleisen with Coke Maumee River, Furnace at.............. 73 Luckens Rolling Mill................... 150 Fuel in Prussia....................498, 501 Maury, M. F., Jr...................526, 536 Lumb, E................................ 315 Maramec Furnace....................... 92 IMax Meadow Furnace..............108, 09 Luzerne County, Furnaces in............ 39 Maramec Mines....................... 491 May, C. L.............................. 274 Lyell, Sir Chas......................... 450 Maramee Ore........................... 491 Maynard, Prof.......................... 543 Lyman Viaduct........................ 367 March, Sisler & Co., (Stoves)............ 341 Means. T. W........................... 69 Lynchburg Rolling Mill................. 160 Margaretta Furnace..................... 42 Meeres, Oldhaber & Co., (Stoves)........ 844 Lynchburg, Rolling Mill at.............. 160 Marietta Furnaces..............36, 37 Memphis Rolling Mill.................... 171 Lynn................................... 117 Marietta Iron Works.................... 168 Mendelhal, Cyrus.................. 5: 9 Lynn Creek, Furnace at................. 92 Marietta, Rolling Mill at....... 1..... 168 Mendocino County...................... 0SO Lynn, D. & Co., (Stoves)................ 342 Marietta, Stove Worksat............... M345 Mendocino Co., Cal., Ores of............. 552 Lyon, Shorb & Co.............. 45 Marion County, Rolling Mill in........ 172 Menominee, Furnace at.................. McBeth, Stewart....7.................... 27 Marquette and Pacific Furnace.......... 87 Mercer Co., W. Va..................... 5;7 McComber Mines...................... 466 Marquet' e and Pacific Rolling Mill....... 176 Mercer, Nash & Co., Car Wheels........ 3(4 McConnellsville, Stove Works at.......... 345 Marquette, Furnace at.............84, 87, 88 Merion Furnaces........................ McCoy, B., (Stoves)..................... 33) MIarshall County, Furnace in............. 111 Metal, Exports in 1872 and 1873 in Brit sh 410 McCullough Iron Co's. Mill............... 158 Marshall Furnace............. 35... 38 Metallic Iron, percentage of.............. 4)96 McDavidson, J. B. & Co., Stove Works... 33!) Marsh Furnace......................... 40 Metals, Export of Home Manufacture McDonald, Donald...................... 272 Marsh, N...................... 268 from Great Britain of.................. 411 McGee, James.......................... 271 Martha Furnace........................ 56 Miami Stove Works................. 344 Mcllvaine's Rolling Mill............147, 148 Martin, Henderson & Co., (Stoves)....... 346 Micacious or Talcose States.............. 55 Mcllvain, T. & Co., (Stoves)............ 341 Martin Iron Works..........1.......... 11 Micacious Oxide........................ 5 McKay Iron and Locomotive Works...... 214 Martin, Mr........................ 196 Michigamme Company, Mines of...... 474, 475 McKee's, Furnace at................... 56 Martin Process.......................14, 513 Michigamme Mine, Analysis of Ore by McKeesport, Car Works at.............. 249 Martin Process-French invention....... 14 Britton...........................474, 475 McIKeesport, Pipe and T'ube Works at.... 317 Martin Steel........................... 197 Michigan, Anthracite Furnace of......... 88 McKeespoimt Rolling Mill................. 147 Martin's Ferry..........5............. 68 Michigan, Bituminous Coal and Coke McKenna, John........................ 273 Martin's Ferry, Rolling Mill at.......... 16i2 Furnaces of........................... 87 McKenzie Cupolas.................. 243, 300 Martin's Ferry, Stove Works at.......... 345 Michigan, Blitst Furnaces of........... 82, 89 McMann & tRussell...................... 315 Martinsville, Furnace at................. 68 Michigan, Bridge Works of.........'91, 392 McNab & IIarlan Manufacturing Co...... 315 ]Mary Ann Furnace.................... 41 Michigan, Car Wheel Foundries of....... 3( 5 McNeal, J. & Sons...................... 315 Maryland, Anthracite Furnaces in...... 114 Michigan Car Works.................... 257 McVay, Walker & Co., Car Works...... 248 Maryland, Blast Furnaces of.........11 11 16 Michigan, Car Works in............256, 57 Madison Furnace..................7, 97, 105 Maryland, Bituminous Coal and Coke Fir- Michigan, Census of..................... 88 Magee Furnace Co...................... 35 naces of...........................115, 116 Michigan, Census Return. of............ 176 - Magnetic Ore...............464, 465, 516, 521 Maryland, Car Wheel Works of......302, 303 Michigan, Charcoal Furnaces in........84, 87 Magnetic Ore at Humboldt.............. 471 Maryland, Census of..................... 115 ]Michigan City, Car Wheel Works at...... 304 Magnetic Ore of California.............. 552 Maryland, Census Returns of............. 159 Michigan City, Car Works at............ 253 3Magnetic Ore of Cranberry Ore Bank, Ana- Maryland, Charcoal Furnaces in.......... 113 Michigan Mines, production of Ore for lysis of............................510, 511 "Maryland,"-Description of the Car 1872 of............................... 476 Magnetic Ore of New York.............. 503 c.alled the......................... 25, 266 Michigan Mines. Shipments of 1873 of Magnetic Ore, Presence of Titanic Acid.. 505 Maryland Furnaces...................... 113 Iron Ore of...................... 477, 478 Magnetic Ore Veins of Maine........... 460 Maryland, Iron Bridge Works of......... 88 Michigan, Ore Regions of............ 462, 480 Magnetic Ores 465, 505, 506, 507, 508, 523, Maryland, Oldest Blast Furnace in....... 112 Michigan, Pipe and Tube Works of....... 329 527, 530, 540 Maryland, Ore Regions of............... 460 Michigan, Recapitulation of Furnaces in. 89 Magnetic Ores of East Tennessee........ 542 Maryland, Railroad Car Shops of.....264, 266 Michigan, Recapitulation of Rolling Mills Magnetic Ores of East Tennessee, Analysis Maryland, Recapitulation of Furnaces in. 116 of................................... 177 of.................................... 542 Maryland, Recapitulation of Rolling Mills Michigan, Rolling Mills of........... 176 Magnetic Ores of East Tennessee, Opinion in.................................. 159 Michigan, Shipments, of 1873, of Pig Iron of them by Dr. Wuth................. 542 Maryland, Rolling Mills of...........158, 159 from........................... 477, 478 Magnetic Ores of Fort Ann, Analysis of.. 119 Maryland, Stove Works of............... 342 Michigan Stove Co.'s Works, Annual CaMagnetlc Ores of New Hampshire........ 461 Mason, David.......................... 205 pacity of............................ 343 Magnetic Ores of Southern New York..... 507 Mason, B. D., Col........................ 392 Michigan, Stove Works of............... 343 Magnetic Ores of Tennessee.............. 540 Mason, Joseph & Co................... 315 Middleburg Co., Vt., Ores of............. 548 Magnetic Ores of Vermont............... 548 Mason Machine Works................... 883 Middlesex Furnace..................... 58 Magnetic Oxide......................... 525 Mason Machine Works, (Locomotive W'ks) 233 Middlesex, Furnaces at............... 58, 59 Magnetic Oxide Ore................... 504 Massachusetts........................... 118 Middletown, Bridge at............. 384, 385 Magnetic Oxides................... 501, 549 Massachusetts, Anthracite Furnace of.... 117 Middletown Car and Manufacturing Co.. 248 Magnetic Oxides, Analysis of............ 550 Massachusetts, Blast Furnaces of.....117, 118 Middletown Furnace.................... 38 Magnetic Oxides of Northern Wisconsin, Massachusetts, Car Wheel Foundries of... 300 Middletown, Stove Works at............ 341 described by Charles Whittlesey....... 550 Massachusetts, Car Works of......... 242, 244 Midvale, Philadelphia, Crucible Steel Magnetic Oxides (Ores) of Massachusetts.. 461 Massachusetts, Census of................ 136 Works at............................. 19 Magnetites..................509, 513, 516, 521 Massachusetts, Locomotive Works in..... 233 Midvale Steel Works................ 148, 197 Mahoning Furnaces..................... 55 Massachusetts, Ore Regions of......460, 461 Mifflin County, Furnaces in,............. 38 Mahoning Iron Works.................. 165 Massachusetts, Pipe and Tube Works of. Milesburg, Furnace at................... 45 Maiden Creek Furnace.................. 41 313, 8314 Milesburg Rolling Mill................... 149 Maine, Blast Furnaces of................ 116 Massachusetis, Recapitulation of Furnaces Milesburg, Rolling Mills at............. 1419 Maine, Car Works of.................... 241 in................................... 118 Miles, Pratt & Co., Stove Works........ 334 Maine, Locomotive Works in............. 22 Massachusetts, Recapitulation of Rolling Miller, E. L............... 0............. 09 Maine, Ore Regions of................... 460 Mills in............................... 1 Miller, General......................... 43 Maine, Rolling Mills of.................. 133 Massachusetts, Rolling Mills of.......133, 1.(1 Miller, J. D., (Stoves)................... 1943 Maine, Stove Works of..................'4 Massachusetts, Stove Works of.......334, 335 Miller, J. O., Stove Works...............343 Maallet, Prof............................ 449 Massillon Furnace...................... 65 Miller Platforms........................ 274 Mammoth Furnace...................... 77 Massillon Rolling Mill................... 167 Millerton Furnace....................... 125 Mammoth Vein.......................... 519 Massillon, Stove Works at............... 345 Mill Creek Furnace...................... 44 Mananda Furnace...................... 42 Massive Ore............................ 465 Millvale, Rolling Mill at................. 144 Manayunk, Rolling Mill nearly opposite.. 1r6 Master Car Builders throughout the Millville, Pipe & Tube Works at......... 316 Manchester, F irnace at................. 123 United States and Canada.........277, 292 Milton Furnace........................ 67 INDEX. - vIX PAGE PAGE PAGC Milton Rolling Mill..................... 155 Moselle Furnace......................... 91 New Hampshire, Ore Regions of......461, 42 ]Milwaukee, Car Wheel Works at.......... 305 Moslem Furnace......................... 30 New Hampshire, Pipe and Tube Works of 314 Milwaukee, Furnaces at................. 82 Motherhead & Morris (Stoves)........... 346 New Hampshire, Stove Works of..........Q34 Milwaukee Iron Works.............. 178, 179 Mott Haven Steel Works................ 199 New Haven Car Works................. 244 Milwaukee Iron Works, description of.... 179 Mott, J. L., Iron Works..............315, 337 New Haven Rolling Mill................ 137 Milwaukee, Pipe and Tube Works at..... 320 Mount Clare Shops of the Baltimore and New Ironsides Frigate.................. 430 Milwaukee, Stove Works at.............. 348 Ohio Railroad, Description of...... 264, 266 New Jersey, Anthracite Furnaces of 127, 129 Mineral Coal, in Iron Making, History of Mt. Hickory Furnace.................... 58 New Jersey, Blash Furnaces of.......127, 129 Adoption of, in Ohio................ 61, 62 Mount Hope Furnace.................42, 108 New Jersey, Car Wheel Foundries of...... 308 Mineral Resources of Alabama........... 440 Mount Hope Furnace, When Built........ 42 New Jersey, Car Works of.............. 246 Mineral Resources of Arkansas.......... 450 Mount Hope Mine....................... 502 New Jersey, Census of................ 129, 142 Mineral Ridge, Furnaces at.............. 64 Mount Hope Mine, Worked by the Lacka- New Jersey, Crucible Steel Works of 198, 199 Mineral Ridge Rolling Mill.............. 168 wanna Iron Co........................ 502 New Jersey, Iron Bridge Works of... 387, 388 Mineral Product of the United Kingdom. 411 Mt. Laurel Furnace..................... 31 New Jersey, Iron Ore Regions of..... 501, 503 Minersville Furnace................... 85 Mount Penn Furnace.................... 41 New Jersey, Locomotive Works in....... 234 Mine Run Furnace...................... 110 Mount Pleasant Furnace................. 44 New Jersey, Pipe and Tube Works of..... 316 Minerva Furnace........................ 82 Mount Savage Furnace.................. 75 New Jersey, Recapitulation of Furnaces Mineville, Furnace at.................... 126 Mount Savage Furnaces................. 115 in.......................... 129 Mine Worked by Andover Iron Co........ 502 Mount Savage Rolling Mill............... 159 New Jersey, Recapitulation of Rolling Mine Worked by Bethlehem Iron Co...... 502 Mount Torrey Furnace................... 107 Mills of........................ 142, 143 Mine Worked by Glendon Iron Co........ 502 Mount Torrey Iron Works, Furnace at... 107 New Jersey, Rolling Mills of..........141, 143 Mines at Dover......................... 501 Mount Vernon Furnace.................. 70 New Jersey, Stove Works of.............. 338 Mines at Rockaway..................... 501 Muck Bar, Iron called.................. 373 New Jersey Zinc Co..................... 502 Mines of Marquette and Escanaba Regions 462 Muirkirk Furnaces..................114, 370 New London Furnace.................... 127 Mines of Michigamme Company..... 474, 475 Munissing, Furnace at................ 85, 87 New Market, Furnace at.-............... 109 Mines of the Jackson Mining Co......... 465 Mnnsell & Thompson................... 337 New Market, Pipe Works at............. 314 Mines Operated by Pittsburg- & Lake An- Murray, Dougal & Co.'s Car Works....... 248 Newport and Cincinnati Bridge.......... 383 geline Co......................... 471, 480 Murrish, Prof........................... 550 Newport, Furnaces at..............38, 74, 75 Mingo Furnace......................... 66 Munzinger, P........................... 323 Newport, Pipe and Tube Works at....... 832 Minnesota, Blast Furnaces of............ 130 Musen-Stahlberg Iron Works..........488, 489 Newport, Rolling Mill at... 157, 158, 164, 109 Minnesota, Car Wheel Foundries of...... 308 Musconetcong Furnaces................ 129 New River, Ores of..................5:7, 538 Minnesota, Car Works in................ 258 Mushet, Robert.......................... 186 New Steel Rail Mill of Joliet Steel Works Mississippi River, Survey of, at St. Louis. 356 Mashet's Alloy of Iron and Manganese... 549 191, 1)2 Mlissouri, Bituminous and Coke Furnaces Musseln Furnace..................... 6 New Superior Ore..................... 4 0 of................................. 89, 91 Mowry Car and Wheel Works.........253, 303 Newton Upper Falls, Rolling Mill at...... 34 M\issouri, Blast Furnaces in............ 89, 93 Myers, H. S. & Co., Car Worls.......... 255 New York and New Jersey, Rolling Mills of Missouri Oar and Foundry Co....... 259, 308 Myers, Rouse & Co. (Stoves).......... 343 137, 143 Missouri, Car Wheel Foundries of........ 308 Nail Works............................. 160 New York, Anthracite Furnaces of...120, 1:24 Missouri, Car Works in.................. 257 Napanoct, Furnace at................... 122 New York, Bessemer Works of........... 188 Missouri, Census of..................... 92 Napier Reversible Gear................. 144 New York, Blast Furnaces in........119, 1~6 Missouri, Census Returns of.............. 178 Narrow Gauge' Cars.................. 249, 251 Neow York, Car Wheel Foundries of...... ~01 Missouri, description of the Iron Ores of Narrow Gauge Engines..........229, 232, 233 New York, Car Works of............244, 246 481, 498 Narrow Gauge Railroad................ 255 New York, Census of................126, 141 Missouri Furnaces....................... 89 Nash, John & Co., Car Wheels.......... 304 New York Central Railroad, Description Missouri, Iron Ore Regions of........ 481, 498 Nashua, Pipe Works at.................. 314 of Car Shops of........... 267, 268. 269, 270 Missouri, Pipe and Tube Works of....... 329 Nashville & Decatur Railroad............ 447 New York Central Shops, Buffalo Division Missouri, Recapitulation of Furnaces in.. 93 Nathan Washburne, Steel Tire Works.... 301' 267, 268 Missouri, Recapitulation of Rolling Mills of 178 National Foundry and Pipe Works....... ~27 New York, Charcoal Furnaces of.....124, 126 Missouri River, Bridge over.............. 1)97 National Furnaces....................... 81 New York City, Car Works at........... 246 Missouri, Rolling Mills of............ 77, 178 National Iron Co. Furnaces............. 39 New York City, Pipe and Tube Works of Missouri, Stove Works of................ 348 National Iron Works.................... 154 315, 316 Mitchell, Alexander.................... 228 National Locomotive Works............. 234 New York City, Stove Works of......337, 338 Mitchell, Stevenson & Co. (Stoves)....... 342 National Stove and Hollow Ware Foundry, New York, Crucible Steel Works of...... 199 Mocassin Bend Mines................... 492 Annual Capacity of.................... 346 New York. Description of the Iron Ore Re"lMoguls,' Engines called............... 228 National Tube Works................313, 317 gions of.........................503, 509 Mohawk and Hudson Iron Foundry and Neafie & Levy................... 432 New York, Iron Bridge Works of...363, 304 Machine Shop........................ 301 Neenah Stove Works................ 348, 349 New York, Locomotive Works in.......... 283 Monitor Furnace........................ 70 Negaunee, Furnaces at.................. 84 New York Mine......................... 468 Monocacy Furnace...................... 31 Negaunee, Mich...................... 465 New York, Ore Regions of...........503, 509 Monongahela and Alleghany Works...... 143 Neilson................................. 370 New York, Southern, Ores of............. 507 Monongahela Bridge.................. 382 Nellis, A. J., Steel Works.............. 197 New York, Pipe and Tube Works of...... 315 Monroe and Washington Furnaces........ 71 Nelson Furnace........................ 76 New York, Recapitulation of Furnaces for 126 Monroe Co., W. Va...................... 537 Nelson, Wm............................ 358 New York, Recapitulation of Rolling Mills Monroe, Furnace at..................... 71 Nes, Dr.................1.............. 14. of................................. 141 Mont Alto Furnace...................... 44 Neshannock Furnace.5................. 57 New York State, Iron Ores of........119, 120 Montauk............................... 415 Nes Silicon Steel Process............... 139 New York, Stove Works of...........3360, 340 Montgomery Daily Mail................. 440 New Albany, Car Wheel Works at........ 304 Niblo, James M., Car Works........... 248 Montgomery Furnace.................... 31 New Albany, Rolling Mills at........171, 172 Niles, Furnaces at...................... 64 Monticello Furnace..................... 55 New Albany, Stove Works at........... 346 Niles Iron Works....................... iS Montour County, Furnaces in............ 39 Newark, Crucible Steel Works of...... 198, 199 Niles, Rolling Mills at..............167, 368 Montreal, Tubular Bridges at............ 382 Newark Rolling Mill.................... 165 Nobles, Brothers & Co................. 09 Montrose, Lent & Co. (Stoves)........... 338 New Bedford, Rolling Mill at............ 133 Norris, Mr.............................. 215 Moore Car Wheel Co.................... 308 Newburg Bessemer Works............... 189 Norris, Septimus...................... 224 Moore, Wm. N. (Stoves)................. 347 Newburg Furnaces...................... 65 Norristown, Furnaces in................ 31 Moore's Elastic Car Wheel.............. 308 Newburg, Rolling Mills at............... 163 Norristown Iron Works.......1.1... 31 154 Moorhead, J. B. & Co.................... 32 Newcastle, Brief History of..........8325, 326 Norristown, Rolling Mill at...........154, 155 More, Robert B.......................... 275 Newcastle, Furnaces at.................. 57 -North Adamns, Pipe Works at............ 314 Morgan Furnace....................... 66 Newcastle, Pipe and Tube Works at..325, 326 Northampton County, Furnaces in....28, 29 Morrell, D. J., Hon..................... 149 Newcastle, Rolling Mills at...........152, 158 Northampton Iron Works................ 29 Morris County, Furnace in............... 129 Newcastle Sheet Mill.................... 152 North Carolina, Bituminous CoalFurnaces Morris, George W. (Car Wheels)......... 302 New Cumberland, Stove Works at........ 343 of..................................106 Morris, Henry.......................... 317 New England Iron Works................ 135 North Carolina, Blast Furnaces of.. 104, 106 Morrison, D. H. & C. C., Bridge Works.. 389 New England Mine...................... 470 North Carolina, Car Works of............ 259 Morris, Stephen P.................. 317 New England, Pipe and Tube Works of 313, 314 North Carolina, Charcoal Furnaces of 105, 106 Morris, Tasker & Co............317, 325, 326 New England, Rolling Mills in.....133. 137 North Carolina, Iron Ore Regions of.. 509, 515 Morris, Tasker & Co., Accommodations for New Hampshire, Blast Furnaces of....... 116 North Carolina, Recapitulation of Furnaces their Workmen at Newcastle.......325, 326 New Hampshire Iron Company.......... 116 in.................1................. 106 Morse, James 0......................... 315 New Hampshire, Locomotive Works in... 232 Northern Furnace................... 84 XX INDEX. PAGE PAGE PlGE Northern Wisconsin, Ores of............. 549 Orange Furnace....................... 67 Ores of Lake Superior Regions, DescripNorth Chicago Furnaces............... 79 Orbisonia, Furnaces at.................. 59 tion of the.................... 464, 4('8 North Chicago Rolling Mill Co.......... 187 Oregon, Iron Ores of.................... 552 Ores of Lake Superior, Tests of...... 462, 4(04 North Chicago Rolling Mill, Description Ore, Analyses of the Craigharbor......... 504 Ores of Oxford Furnace...6............. 502 of................................. 173 Ore Analyzed by Andover MIine.......... 502 Ores of Rocky Mountains, Vast Deposits of 551 North Chicago Steel Works............. 189 Ore Beds of Lake Superior............... 464 Ores of Rhode Island.......21.......521. 523 North Cornwall Furnace..............35, 86 Ore, Blackband......................... 459 Ores of Virginia and West Virginia... 528, 540 Northeast Rolling Mill and Shannon Rolling Ore, Block............................. 459 Ores of Virginia, Description of the Iron Mill................................. 159 Ore, Blue Block of Kentucky............ 458 5'3, 57 North Pennsylvania Furnaces............ 29 Ore, Bog of Indiana.................... 457 Ores of Wisconsin....................... 019 Northumberland Car and Manufacturing Ore, Brown Hematite................ 452, 453 Ores, Pipe Variety....................... 517 Co.................................... 251 Ore, Brown Hematite of Alabama...442, 444 Ores, Primitive, of Georgia............ 4564 Northumberland, Car Works at.......... 255 Ore, Buckhorn.......................... 807 Ores, Shipments of, of Lake Champlain Northumberland County, Furnaces in 39, 40 Ore from Cedar Mountain, Analysis of... 487 Region............................... 503 Northumberland, Furnace at........... 40 Ore from Buford Mountain, Analyses of Ores, Specular, of Georgia......454, 455 Northumberland Nail Works............. 155 the...............................488, 489 Ores, the Brown Sesquioxides or Limonites Northumberland, Rolling Mill at........ 155 Ore from Jefferson Co., Commercial Value of Indiana........................... 457 North-western Gas and Water Pipe Manu- of................................... 445 Ores, the Impure Carbonates of Iron, of facturing Co.............. 32.......... 329 Ore from Wayne Co., Commercial Value of 446 Indiana............................. 457 Norton, Aaron.......................... 61 Ore, Hematite.............. 509, 517, 521, 522 Ores, the Silicious Oxides of, Indiana..... 457 Norton Iron Works.................... 169 Ore Hill Furnace........................ 105 Oriental and American Stove Works...... 389 Norton Iron Works Company, The....... 74 Ore Hill Ore............................ 453 Ormsby Furnace....................... 658 Norwalk, Stove Works at................ 335 Ore of Cascade Region.................. 466 Orr, Painter & Co. (Stoves).............. 341 Norway Iron Works..................... 135 Ore of Cornwall Mine, Analysis of the.... 516 Orrsville, Furnace at................... ~5 Norway Ores............................ 505 Ore of Cumberland Iron Mountain, Analy- Osage Furnace......................... 9 Norwegian Ores..................... 505 sis of............................ 522 Osgood Bradley, Car Works.............. 242 Norwich Furnace...................125, 126 Ore of Michigan Mines. Approximate Cost Oswego, Car Wheel Works at............ 801 Norwich, Rolling'Mill at................ 137 per Ton of Extracted Iron............. 480 Oswego, Car Works at................... 245 Norwich, Stove Works at................ 335 Ore of Michigan Mines, Production of for' Otis Iron and Steel Works............... 1('4 Novelty Engine Works.................. 18 1872.................................. 476 Otis, Mr............................... 1(4 Number of Blast Furnaces in Ohio......73, 74 Ore of Spun Mountain Mine, Analysis of.. 475 Otter Creek, Furnace at................. 78 Nye, A. T. & Son, (Stoves).. 6......... 845 Ore of the Walkill Mouutai'l............. 502 Owen, Prof. D. D....................451, 452 Oakdale Furnace...................... 96 Ore Production of Lake Champlain Dis- Owen, Richard, Prof.................456, 458 Oak Hill, Furnace at.................... 72 trict.............................. 119 Oxbow, Furnace at...................... 121 Ochreous Ore........................... 549 Ore Red or Fossiliferous of Alabama..440, 441 Oxford Car Works.................... 249 Ogden, Iron Works at................... 551 Ore Regions of Alabama.............440, 448 Oxford Furnace...............103, 110 Ogden Mine............................. 466 Ore Regions of Arkansas.............450, 452 Oxford Furnace, Ores of................ 502 Ohio, Bessemer Steel Works of........... 189 Ore Regions of Connecticut.......... 452, 454 Oxford Furnaces........................ 128 Ohio, Bituminous Furnaces of.......... 62, 68 Ore Regions of Georgia...............454, 455 Oxford Iron Works..................... 1-12 Ohio, Blast Furnaces of.................60, 74 Ore Regions of Illinois............. 455, 456 Oxford, Rolling Mill at................. 142 Ohio, Car Wheel Works of...........303, 304 Ore Regions of Indiana..............456, 457 Oxidation, etc., Condition of.........496, 497 Ohio, Car Works of............... 251 Ore Regions of Kentucky..... 457, 458 Oxide of Zinc.......................444, 415 Ohio, Census Returns of......73, 74, 168, 169 Ore Regions of Lake Superior........464, 468 Ozark Furnace.......................... 91.Ohio, Charcoal Furnaces of............68, 74 Ore Regions of Maine................ 460 Pacific Rolling Mill...................... 180 Ohio City and Iron Nail Works......... 162 Ore Regions of Maryland.............. 460 Paducah Rolling Mill.................... 170 Ohio, Coal Measure Ores of........... 459 Ore Regions of Massachusetts........460, 461 Paducah, Rolling Mills at.............. 170 Ohio. Early History of Blast Furnace In- Ore Regions of Michigan............4602, 480 Page County Furnace.................... 108 terest in.............................60, 61 Ore Regions of Missouri............481, 498 Paige, J. C. & Co. (Wrought Iron Pipes). 314 Ohio Falls Car Co...................... 304 Ore Regions of New Hampshire......461, 462 Paine, Governor...................... 222 Ohio Falls Car Works................253, 255 Ore Regions of New Jersey...........501, 503 Paine, Governor, Description of LocomoOhio Falls Car Works, Description of.... Ore Regions of New York..........503, 509 tive called.........................222, 223 253, 255, 257 Ore Regions of New York, Description of Painesville, Stove Works at............. 43 Ohio Falls Iron Works................... 171 503, 509 Palo Alto Rolling Mill.................... 156 Ohio Furnace..........................70, 71 Ore Regions of North Carolina.......509, 515 Palmer & Hicks (Stoves)................ 337 Ohio, History of the Adoption of Mineral Ore Regions of Ohio..................... 459 Pancoast & Maule, Pipes and Fittings... 386 Coal in Iron making in..............61, 62 Ore Regions of Pennsylvania.........516, 521''Pan Handle" Route....-............... 270 Ohio, Iron Bridge Works of..........388, 389 Ore Regions of Tennessee............540, 548 Paris, Car Works at..................... 256 Ohio Iron Works........................ 166 Ore Regions of the United States.....440, 552 Paris, D. EB. & Co....................... 337 Ohio, Location of Early Blast Furnaces of 61 Ore Regions of Vermont................. 548 Park, James............................ 195 Ohio, Number of Blast Furnaces in.....73, 74 Ore Shipments from the Iron Mountain Parker, Bailey, Howson & Co............ 308 Ohio, Ore Regions of.................... 459 Co................................... 490 Parker Mills Nail Works................. 135 Ohio, Pipe and Tube Works of........... 328 Ore, Shipment of, from Port of L'Anse.. 478 Parkersburg Bridge..................... 382 Ohio Recapitulation..................... 74 Ore, Shipments of 1873 oi Michigan Mines Parkersburg, Rolling Mill at............. 150 Ohio, Recapitulation of Rolling Mills in.. 169 of Iron...........................477, 478 Parkersburg, Stove Works at............. 343 Ohio, Rolling Mills of................162, 169 Ore, the Franklinite Magnetic........... 502 Parry, Chas. T.......................228, 231 Ohio Stove Works..................... 344 Ores, Arsenic in the..................... 497 Parry, Mr............................... 226 Ohio. Stove Works of...............343, 346 Ores, Bog..........,.................... 454 Parryville, Furnaces at.................. 29 Ohio, Value of Product of Blast Furnaces Ores, Coal Measure...................... 459 Parsons' Mine........................... 470 of...................................73, 74 Ores, Cost of Raising the Lake Superior.. 477 Pascal Iron Works..............313, 317, 325 Old Colony Iron Works................. 134 Ores found in Phelps County, Analyses of Pascal Iron Works, Agencies in other Old Dominion Iron and Nail Works...... 160 492, 496 Cities of.............................. 325 Old Furnace in New Jersey.............. 128 Ores from Pilot Knob. Analyses made by Pascal Iron Works, Arrangement of ShaftOld Hill Ore............................ 127 Andrew A. Blair................485, 487 ing in Tube Works.................... 18 Old Ironsides, Description of Locomotive Ores from Sheppard Mountain, Analyses Pascal Iron Works, Boiler Tube MIill at... 321 called.............................206, 209 of the............................487, 408 Pascal Iron Works, Boilers of.3. 81 Old Oxford........................... 128 Ores from the Coal Measures............ 445 Pascal Iron Works, Butt-weld............ 319 Oley Furnace........................... 41 Ores, Grades of produced by Lake Supe- Pascal Iron Works, Coal Consumed at. 324, 325 Oley Furnace, When Built............... 41 rior Iron Company................... 469 Pascal Iron Works, Compound Tubular Olive Furnace............ 7... 70 Ores, Hematite, of Georgia..........454, 455 Boilers............................... 321 Olneyville, Stove Works at.............. 336 Ores, Magnetic, of Georgia............... 454 Pascal Iron Works, Consumption of Iron, O'Neil Mine..................... 507 Ores, Magnetic Specular............. 481 Annually............................. 17 Onondaga Furnaces..................57, 122 Ores, Manganese, of Georgia............ 455 Pascal Iron Works, Description of....317, 320 Onondaga Iron and Nail Works......... 152 Ores of Chambers County, Alabama...... 445 Pascal Iron Works, Description of Engine Onoto, Furnaces at...................85, 87 Ores of Hanging Rock Region........... 459 driving Machinery of Bending Mill.... 321 Ontario Car Company................... 261 Ores of Illinois, Coal Measures........... 455 Pascal Iron Works, Description of the Ontario Furnace........................ 122 Ores of Iron Mountain.................. 1S6 Manufacture of Boiler Tubes at..... 321, 323 Oolitic Ore..........................75, 441 Ores of the Lake Champlain Region..... 503 Pascal Iron Works, Double Construction Orange Co., N. Y., Ores of......... 507 Ores of Lake Superior Region............ 186 Engine, Description of................. 321 INDEX. xxi PAGE PAGE PAGE PAG Pascal Iron' Works, Lap-weld............ 319 Pennsylvania Steel Works.......151, 187, 188 Pig Iron, Production in the United States Pascal Iron Works, Machinery of......... 318 Pennsylvania, Stove Works of........340, 342 of Anthracite.................... 396, 397 Pascal Iron Works, Manufacture of Boiler Pennsylvania, Total Number of Furnaces Pig Iron, Production in the United States Tubes at.........................821, 323 in.................................... 60 of Charcoal...................... 396, 397 Pascal Iron Works, Material used in the Penokee Range......................... 549 Pig Iron, Production in the United States Ma.mufacture of Wrought Iron''Tubes 324, 325 Peoria, Stove Works at.................. 346 of Raw Bituminous Coal and Coke. 396, 398 Pascal Iron Works, Number of hands em- Pequest Furnace....................... 128 Pig Iron, Production of, in England, Scotployed............................... 317 Pequest Mine, worked by Crane Iron Co.. 502 land, and Wales....................... 403 Pascal Iron Works, Operation of Lap- Percentage of Metallic Iron............. 496 Pig Iron, Production of, in France..... 403 welding...........................321, 322 Perry & Co..........................16, 339 Pig Iron (Scotch), Average Prices of Store Pascal Iron Works, Plan of.............. 318 Perry County, Furnaces in.............. 38 Warrants............................. 395 Pascal Iron Works, Product of........... 317 Perry, G. W.........................251, 253 Pig Iron, Shipments from Escanaba of 477, 478 Pascal Iron Works, Reverberatory Fur- Perry John S........1...............16, 333 Pig Iron, Shipments of 1873 from Michinaces................................. 321 Perry Stove Co......................... 344 gan of............................ 477, 478 Pascal Iron Works, Scarfing Process..... 321 Petersburg Car Works................... 251 Pig Iron, Shipments of Michigan........ 463 Pascal Iron Works, Screw Cutting Ma- Petroleum Fuel, Process for Puddling by Pig Metal, Conversion of, by the Bessemer chines of.........................319, 320 Means of............................. 177 Process............................... 13 Pascal Iron Works-Special Devices Origi- Pettengill, Glass & Co., Car Wheels...... 303 Pig Metal, Cost of making it in Alabama. 102 nated or Manufacturedpat.............. 323 Phelps County, Analyses of Ores found in. Pig Metal, Importations of.............. 3 Pascal Iron Works-Steam Engines...... 318 492, 496 Pig Metal Produced in 1873.............. 12 rascal Iron Works, Vulcanized Rubber Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Pilot Knob Furnaces.................... 91 coated Iron Tube...........3.... 2... 324 Co..............................40, 43, 49 Pilot Knob, Ore of........... 481, 483, 485 Passaic Rolling Mill..................... 142 Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Car Pilot Knob Ores, Analyses made by AnPatapsco Bridge and Iron Works......... 388 Shops........................261, 263, 265 drew A. Blair of the............. 485, 487 Patent for a Method of Increasing the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Car Pine Creek Furnace..................... 55 Adhesion of a Locomotive............. 212 Shops, description of..............261, 263 Pine Grove Furnace.................. 42, 70 Patent for Eight-wheeled Engine......... 216 Philadelphia, Car Wheel Works at....... 3(!2 Pine Grove, Furnace at............... 35, 42 Patent Washing Apparatus.............. 80 Philadelphia, Car Works at...........246, 249 Pine Grove Furnace-when built......... 42 Patent Water and Gas Pipe Co........... 316 Philadelphia, Crucible Steel Works at. 197, 198 Pine Iron Works........................ 148 Paterson, Bridge Works at.............. 388 Philadelphia Furnace................ 32, 34 Pioneer and Cliffs Furnaces............. 84 Paterson, Locomotive Works at.......... 234 Philadelphia, Furnace at............. 124 Pioneer Furnaces....................... 34 Paterson, Rolling Mills at............... 142 Philadelphia Furnace, description of... 33, 34 Pioneer Furnace, No. 1. Historic Interest Paulding Furnace..................... 73 Philadelphia Hollow Ware Co............ 340 of.................................... 34 Pawtucket, Pipe Works at............... 314 Philadelphia Iron and Steel Works....... 156 Piper & Shiffler......................... 379 Pawtucket, Stove Works at.............. 336 Philadelphia, Iron Pipe and Tube Manu- Pipe and Tube Works at Alleghany City.. 316 Paxton Furnaces........................ 37 facturers of...................... 317, 327 Pipe and Tube Works at Allentown...... 316 Paxton Rolling MillI.................... 151 Philadelphia, Iron Ship Yards of.... 430, 433 Pipe and Tube Works at Bay City........ 329 Peace, Cox & Co., Pipe and Gas Fitters' Philadelphia, Locomotive Works at...... 234 Pipe and Tube Works at Bridgeton....... 327 Tools................................. 327 Philadelphia, Pipe and Tube Works at 326, 327 Pipe and Tube Works at Cincinnati...... 328 Peale, Franklin......................... 206 Philadelphia, Rolling Mills at............ 156 Pipe and Tube Works at Conshohoclken... 317 Pcearse, John B..................... 187 Philadelphia, Stove Works of........ 340, 341 Pipe and Tube Works at East Boston 304, 313 Peat, Deposits of........................ 83 Phillips & Cluley, (Pipe Works).......... 321 Pipe and Tube Works at Erie............ 317 Peat Furnace.......................... 85 Phillips, G. H. & Co. (Stoves)............ 336 Pipe and Tube Works at Florence........ 316 Pebbly Beach, Rich Iron Ores of......... 552 Phillipsburg, Bridge Works at....... 387, 388 Pipe and Tube Works at Gloucester...... 316 Pechin, E. C..........................48, 57 Phillipsburg, Furnaces at................ 128 Pipe and Tube Works at Gloucester...... 386 Peckham & Kruger, (Stoves)............ 348 Phillipsburg Manufacturing Co...... 387, 388 Pipe and Tube Works at Louisville..... 328 Peckham, J. S. & M., (Stoves)........... 338 Phillipsburg, Rolling Mill at............. 142 Pipe and Tube Works at McKeesport..... 317 Peekskill, Furnace at................... 123 Phillipsburg, Stove Works at............ 340 Pipe and Tube Works at Millville........ 316 Peekskill, Stove Works at............... 338 Phoenix Column........................ 374 Pipe and Tube Works at Milwaukee...... 829 Pembroke Iron Works.................. 133 Phoenix Furnace........................ 63 Pipe and Tube Works at New Castle. 325, 8326 Pencoyd Iron Works.................... 156 Phoenix Iron Co.................... 17, 168 Pipe and Tube Works at Newport........ 828 Peninsula Furnace...................... 87 Phoenix Iron Works................. 149, 364 Pipe and Tube Works at Philadelphia.... 326 Penn Iron Works....................... 432 Phoenix Iron Works, Boiling Furnace... 372 Pipe and Tube Works at St. Louis....... 329 Penn Treaty Iron Works................ 156 Phoenix Iron Works, description of....... 149 Pipe and Tube Works at Taunton........ 314 Pennsylvania, Car Wheel Foundries of... 302 Phoenix Iron Works, Engines used to pump Pipe and Tube Works in Kentucky....... 328 Pennsylvania, Car Works of..........248, 251 the Blast at........................... 370 Pipe and Tube Works of Connecticut..... 314 Pennsylvania, Census Returns for........ 60 Phoenix Iron Works, Machine Shops of... 374 Pipe and Tube Works of Massachusetts Pennsylvania, Census Returns of......... 157 Phcenix Iron Works, Process of Pud- 833, A14 Pennsylvania, Charcoal Furnaces of.... 41, 46 dling........................ 370, 372 Pipe and Tube Works of Michigan....... 229 Pennsylvania, Coals Available for the Re- Phoenix Iron Works, Process of Rolling Pipe and Tube Works of Missouri........ S29 duction of the Iron Ores of........520, 521 at............................... 372, 373 Pipe and Tube Works of New EngPennsylvania, Crucible Steel Works of... 196 Phoenix Iron Works-View of Machine land.............................31,,1-4 Pennsylvania, Blast Furnaces, Capital In- Shop............................... 376 Pipe and Tube Works of New Hampshire, " 14 vested in......................... 60 Phoenix Stove Works, Annual Capacity of. 347 Pipe and Tube Works of New Jersey..... 2;16 Pennsylvania, Blast Furnaces in......... 60 Phoenixville, Blast Furnaces at.......... 368 Pipe and Tube Works of New York...... 315 Pennsylvania Furnace.................. 45 Phoenixville Bridge Co................... 149 Pipe and Tube Works of New York Pennsylvania, Furnaces in.............27, 60 Phcenixville Bridge Works...... 355, 364, 379 City.............................E15, 316 Pennsylvania, Iron Bridge Works of.. 364, 387 Phcenixville Bridge Works, description of Pipe and Tube Works of Ohio..... 328 Pennsylvania, Iron Ore Regions of...516, 521 365, 379 Pipe and Tube Works of Pennsylvania, 316, 328 Pennsylvania Iron Works.........39, 145, 154 Phoenixville Furnaces.................. 31 Pipe and Tube Works of Pittsburg...327, 28 Pennsylvania, Locomotive Works in..234, 235 Phcenixville, Rolling Mill at............. 149 Pipe and Tube Works of Rhode Island... 314 Pennsylvania, Number of Anthracite Fur- Pickles, H. F. (Stoves).................. 343 Pipe and Tube Works, Pascal Iron naces in.............................. 60 Pig Iron at Indianapolis, Cost of making. 532 Works...........................317, 385 Pennsylvania, Number of Charcoal Fur- Pig Iron, Average Cost of............... 407 Pipe, Gas.............................. 917 naces in.............................. 60 Pig Iron Exported from Great Britain to Pipe, Manufacture of................... 158 Pennsylvania, Number of Raw Bitumi- the United States..................... 401 Pipe Works at Cleveland................. 32S nous Coal and Coke Furnaces.......... 60 Pig Iron, Export to England, from Mary- Pipe Works at Elmira................... 15 Pennsylvania, Pipe and Tube Works of.. land.................................. 112 Pipe Works at Nashua.................. ~l14 316, 328 Pig Iron, First Investment made in this Pipe Works at New Market............. S14 Pennsylvania, Product of Furnaces in.... 60 Country for, Manufacture of........... 107 Pipe Works at Newport.................. 328 Pennsylvania Railroad Car Shops at Al- Pig Iron, Great Progress made in Produc-/ Pipe Works at North Adams............. 314 toona, description of...............260, 261 ing................................ 25, 26 Pipe Works at Pawtucket................ 14 Pennsylvania Railroad, Car Shops of..... Pig Iron in Alleghany County, Virginia, Pipe Works at Providence............... 314 260, 261, 262, 263 Cost of making....................... 532 Pipe Works at Stoneham................ 31 Pennsylvania Railroad Co............... 430 Pig Iron on Furnace Bank and of Mer- Pipe Works at Windsor Locks........... S14 Pennsylvania, Raw Bituminous Coal and chant Bar, in Mill in Pennsylvania..... 407 Pipe Works at Wooster.................. 828 Coke Furnaces of....................46, 60 Pig Iron, Prices in Philadelphia from Piqua Car and Agricultural Works....... 253 Pennsyl v -nia, Rolling Mills of........143, 157 1869 to 1874 of American............. 411 Piqua, Car Works at..............,.... 253 Xxil INDEX. PAGE PAGE PAGE Pittsburg and Lake Angeline Com- Powhatan Furnace..................... 110 Product of Clinton and Millvale Rolling pany........................ 471, 480 Pratt & Co............................. 138 Mills................................. 144 Pittsburg and McKeesport Car Works.... 249 Pratt & Wentworth..................... 334 Product of Cohoes Rolling Mill.......137, 188 Pittsburg Bolt Mill..................... 147 Pratt Truss System, Bridges............. 31 Product of Collier's Iron Works.......... 142. Pittsburg Car and Locomotive Co........ 251 President's Car..............265, 266, 267, 268 Product of Columbia Steel and Iron Works 151 Pittsburg, Car Wheel Works at........... 302 Primary Ores of New York.............. 501 Product of Columbus Iron Works....... 163 Pittsburg, Car Works at..............247, 249 Primitive Ores of Georgia............... 454 Product of Columbus Rail Mill........... 163 Pittsburg Cast Steel, Fineness of......... 14 Primitive Plant......................... 544 Product of Conshohocken and PennsylvaPittsburg, Cincinnati, and St. Louis Rail- Principio Furnace................. 114 nia Iron Works....................... 155 road Car Shop at Steubenville, Ohio, 270,272 Prior's Station, Furnace at.............. 101 Product of Co-operative Iron and Steel Pittsburg, Crucible Steel Works of.... 196, 197 Process of Clearing Lucy Furnace......48, 49 Works................................ 154 Pittsburg Forge and Iron Co.........145, 146 Process of Puddling..................... 372 Product of Coshocton Iron and Steel Pittsburg, Furnaces at................46, 54 Production of Anthracite Pig Iron in the Works................................ 162 Pittsburg Iron Works.................... 144 United States...................3..396, 398 Product of Covington Rolling Mill....... 170 Pittsburg, Keystone Bridge Company's Production of Charcoal Pig Iron in the Product of Crescent Iron and Nail Works 153 Works at........................... 379 United States.................. 396, 398 Product of Crescent Iron Works.......... 161 Pittsburg, Locomotive Works at.......... 235 Production of Iron in 1830.............. 24 Product of Cumberland Rolling Mill..... 159 Pittsburg, Pipe and Tube Works of... 327, 328 Production of Iron in 1840............... 24 Product of Cuyahoga Falls Rolling Mill.. 167 Pittsburg, Lolling Mills of............... Production of Iron in 1851............... 24 Product of Danvers Rolling Mill......... 134 143, 144, 145, 146, 147 Production of Iron in 1852............... 24 Product of Danville Iron Works......... 154 Pittsburg Steel Works.................. 196 Production of Iron in 1855............... 24 Product of Decatur Rolling Mill......... 173 Pittsburg, Stove Works at............... 342 Production of Iron in 1856............... 24 Product of Delano Iron Works........... 140 Pittsburg, Wages of Iron Workers in..... 409 Production of Iron in 1860............... 24 Product of Delaware Rolling Mill........ Pittsford, Car Wheel Works at........... 300 Production of Ore and Pig Iron in Lake 142, 156,157, 158 Pittsford Furnace.................. 116, 117 Superior Iron Ore Regions............. 83 Product of Diamond State Rolling Mill... 157 Pittsford, Vt., Ores of............ 549 Production of Ore.for 1872 of Michigan Product of Dighton Rolling Mill.......... 134 Pittston, Stove Works at................ 341 Mines................................ 476 Product of Dover Rolling Mill........... 168 Pivot Bridge over the Mississippi River.. 385 Production of Pig Iron in England, Scot- Product of Duncannon Rolling Mill...... 155 Planet Furnace......................... 78 land, and Wales..................... 403 Product of Duncansville Nail Works...... 148 "Planet " Type Engine................. 209 Production of Pig Iron in France........ 403 Product of Eagle Rolling Mill............ 146 Plate Mill, Description of............... 135 Production of Railroad Iron in the United Product of East Bridgewater Iron Works 134 Player, John............................. 505 States................................ 399 Product of Easton Rolling Mill.......... 155 Pleuro-Pneumatic Process........... 357, 358 Production of Raw Bituminous Coal and Product of East St. Louis Rolling Mill Plow Steel.............................. 167 Coke Pig Iron in the United States.396, 398 174, 178 Plymouth, Furnace at................... 117 Production of Rolling Mills in the United Product of Edge Moor Iron Works..... 151 Plymouth Furnaces..................... 32 States.............................. 401 Product of Elizabeth Rolling Mill........ 142 Plymouth Iron Foundry, (Stoves)........ 335 Production of the Forges and Bloomaries Product of Elmira Rolling Mill.......... 138~9 Plymouth, Rolling Mill at................ 134 in the United States................... 402 Product of Enterprise Iron Works........ 166 Pneumatic or Bessemer Process, Descrip- Production of Pig Iron of all kinds in the Product of Erie Bolling Mill............. 151 tion of............................185, 187 United States......................... 398 Product of Etna Iron and Nail Works.... 162 Pneumatic Process of making Steel...... 13 Product of Akron Iron Works............ 167 Product of Etna Rolling Mill........... 144 Pneumatic Steel Co..................... 187 Product of Albany Iron Works........... 140 Product of Evansville Rolling Mill...1i65, 172 Poelker, I. H. & Co., (Stoves)............ 346 Product of Allentown Rolling Mlill....... 153 Product of Fair Hill Forge and Rolling "Podunk" lMine....................119, 505 Product of Alliance Rolling Mill......... 167 Mill.................................. 156 Political Economy....................... 1 Product of Altoona Iron Works.......... 148 Product of Falcon Iron and Nail Works Pollhaus, P. & Co., (Stoves)............. 337 Product of American Iron Works........ 143 167, lC8 Pomeroy Furnace.................. 110, 117 Product of American Sheet and Boiler Product of Fall River Iron Works........ 133 Pomeroy Iron Works.................... 166 Plate Works.......................... 163 Product of Fayette Furnaces............. 86 Pomeroy, Peckover & Co., (Stoves)...... 344 Product of Anchor Nail and Tack Works. 146 Product of Franconia Iron and Steel Pomeroy, Rolling Mill at................ 166 Product of Atlantic Iron and Nail Works. 153 Works............................... 135 Pompton, Crucible Steel Works of........ 199 Product of Baltimore Rolling Mill........ 158 Product of Fulton's Mill................ 155 Pompton Steel Works.................. 199 Product of Bardens' Rolling Mill......... 134 Product of Furnace on Embreeville proPoplar Springs, Furnace................ 99 Product of Bay State Rolling Mill........ 135 perty................................ 545 Portable Steam Engine Manufacturing Product of Bedford Rolling Mill......... 168 Product of Glen Rolling Mill............. 153 Company............................. 301 Product of Belfont Iron Works........... 165 Product of Globe Rolling Mill........... 165 Portage County, Wisconsin, Ores of. 549, 550 Product of Bellaire Nail Works.......... 162 Product of Gosnold Rolling Mill.......... 133 Port Carbon Furnace.................... 35 Product of Belleville Nail Works........ 173 Product of Gray's Ferry Plate Iron Works 156 Port Deposit, Stove Works at............ 342 Product of Belmont Nail Works.......... 161 Product of Green Castle Iron and Nail Port Henry Furnaces.................... 120 Product of Benwood Iron Works......... 161 Works............................... 172 Port Henry, Furnaces at................. 120 Product of Berwick Rolling Mill......... 150 Product of Greenville Rolling.Mill....... 154 Port HIenry, N. Y....................... 504 Product of Bethlehem Rolling Mill....... 155 Product of Greers' Rolling MIill.......... 168 Port Kennedy, Furnace at............... 31 Product of Birdsborough Nail Works..... 148 Product of Hamburg Iron Works......... 148 Port Leyden Furnaces.................. 125 Product of Birmingham Iron and Steel Product of Hamtranck Iron Works....... 176 Port Oram Furnace..................... 129 Works..........................137, 145 Product of Harris, Brown & Co's Mill.... 170 Port Pitt Iron and Steel Works.......145, 197 Product of Blandon Iron Works.......... 148 Product of Harrisburg Nail Works........ 151 Port Washington, Furnaces at........... 65 Product of Bloom Forge Iron Works..... 166 Product of Helmbacher Forge and Rolling Porter, Mr.............................. 146 Product of Boonton Iron Works.......... 141 Mill.................................. 177 Portland Car Works..................... 243 Product of Boston Rolling Mill........... 135 Product of Hibbard Rolling Mill.......... 166 Portland Locomotive Works............ 232 Product of Brady's Bend Iron Works.... 147 Product of Hibernia Rolling Mill........ 150 Portland Rolling Mill.................... 133 Product of Brandywine Rolling Mill...... 150 Product of Hollidaysburg Iron and Nail Portsmouth, Car Wheel Works of........ 303 Product of Briarfield Iron Works......... 180 Works................................ 148 Portsmouth Iron Works................ 166 Product of Bridgewater Iron Works...... 134 Product of IndianapolisRolling Mill...... 172 Portsmouth, Rolling Mills at............ 166 Product of Bristol Rolling Mill........... 148 Product of-Iron City Iron Works and ApPortsmouth, Stove Works at............. 346 Product of Buffalo Iron and Nail Works.. 138 polo Sheet Mill........................ 146 Post, Patent Bridge................. 388, 390 Product of Burden Iron Works........... 140 Product of Ironton Rolling Mill.......... 165 Potter & Co., (Stoves).................. 337 Product of Burgess Steel and Iron Works. 167 Product of Jackson Rolling Mill......... 176 Pottsgrove Rolling Mill.................. 155 Product of Byers, McCullough & Co.'s Mill 146 Product of Jefferson Iron Works. -.... 163 Pottstown Car Works.................... 249 Product of Cambria Iron Works......... 149 Product of Jenkins Rolling Mill......... 149 Pottstown, Furnacesin.................. 32 Product of Camden Rolling Mill.......... 141 Product of Joliet Iron and Steel Works 174, 175 Pottstown Iron Works................... 155 Product of Canton Rolling Mill........... 158 Product of Juniata Iron Works.......... 146 Pottstown, Rolling Mill at............... 155 Product of Catasauqua Rolling Mill...... 3.5.2 Product of Juniata Rolling Mill.......... 151 Pottsville, Furnaces at................34, 35 Product of Central Iron Works.......150, 180 Product of Juniata Wire Mill............ 147 Pottsville Rolling Mill................... 156 Product of Chattanooga Rolling Mill..... 171 Product of Kensington Iron and Steel Pottsville, Rolling Mill at................ 156 Product of Chesapeake Nail Works....... 151 Works................................ 156 Poughkeepsie Furnaces.................. 121 Product of Chickies Rolling Mill......... 152 Product of Kensington Iron Works...... 145 Po-Lfghkeepsie, Hudson River Bridge at... 384 Product of Cincinnati Railway Iron Works 164 Product of Kentucky Rolling Mill........ 169 Powell, J. R. Col........................ 440 Product of Cleveland Boiler Plate Mill... 163 Product of Keystone Iron Works......... 146 Powerville Rblling Mill...,............... 142 Product of Cleveland Iron Works........ 164 Product of Keystone Rolling Mill......... 148 INDEX. xxiii PAGE PAGE PAGE Product of Kingsley Iron and Machine Product of Reading Iron Works......... 147 Protocarbonates of Iron of Kentucky.... 458 Works................................ 184 Product of Reading Railroad Co.'s Rolling Proton Furnace......................... 65 Product of Knoxville Rolling Mill........ 17 Mill.................................. 148 Providence Furnace..................... 108 Product of La Belle Nail Works.......... 161 Product of Reading Rolling Mill and Forge 147 Providence Iron Works................. 136 Product of La Clede BRolling Mill........ 177 Product of Rensselaer Iron Works....... 140 Providence, Locomotive Works at....... 233 Product of La Grange Rolling Mill....... 177 Product of Rhode Island Horseshoe Works 136 Providence, Roiling Mills at............. 136 Product of Lake Erie Iron Works........ 164 Product of Richards' Rolling Mill........ 168 Providence Sheet Iron Works............ 136 Product of Lake Shore Iron Works...... 163 Product of Richmond Steam Forge and Providence Steam and Gas Pipe Co...... 814 Product of Lancaster Manufacturing Co.'s Rolling Mill.......................... 160 Providence, Stove Works at..........336, 341 Works............................. 152 Product of Ridgeway Iron Works........ 166 Prussia-Spiegeleisen with Coke Fuel, Product of Lawrence Iron Works........ 165 Product of Rivereide Iron and Nail Works 161 Manufacture of, in.................498, 501 Product of Lebanon Rolling Mill......... 152 Product of Robbins Roiling Mill......... 156 Puddle Department at Sable Iron Works, Product of Licking Iron Works.......... 164 Product of Robinson Iron Works........ 134 new arrangement at................... 143 Product of Light Bros. Rolling Mill...... 152 Product of Rochester Iron Works........ 139 Puddling by means of Petroleum Fuel.... 177 Product of Lochiel Rolling Mill......... 150 Product of Rockaway Merchant Mill..... 142 Puddling, Process of, who Invented.. Product of Lockport Manufacturing Co.'s Product of Rohrerstown Rolling Mill..... 152 370, 371 Works......1........................ 139 Product of Rolling Mill at Rome......... 179 Pullman Car....................251, 257, 265 Product of Locust Point Rolling Mill..... 159 Product of Roiling Mill at West Wareham. 135 Pullman Car Company............... 256, 258 Product of Louisville Rail Mill........... 170 Product of Rome Iron and SteelBloom Co. 139 Pullman Cars........................... 250 Product of Louisville Rolling Mill........ 170 Product of Rome Iron Works............ 139 Pullman Cars, Cost of................... 252 Product of Luken's Rolling Mill.......... 150 Product of Rome Merchant Iron Mill.... 139 Pullman, George W..................256, 258 Product of Lynchburg Rolling Mill....... 160 Product of Sable Iron Works............ T43 Pullman Palace Car............... 245, 273 Product of McCullough Iron Co.'sMill.... 158 Product of St. Albans Rolling Mill....... 133 Pump and Stirrup of Baldwin Engines... 212 Product of Mcllvaine's Rolling Mill...147, 148 Product of St. Louis Bolt and Iron Works Pumpelly, Raphael, Prof............481, 484 Product of Mahoning Iron Works........ 165 174, 177 Pusey, Jones & Co....................18, 425 Product of Marquette and Pacific Rolling Product of St. Louis Rail Fastening Works 177 Putnam Co., N. Y., Ores of.............. 507 Mill.................................. 176 Product of St. Louis Steam Forge and Quackenbush, John H.................. 336 Product of Marietta Iron Works,......... 168 Iron Works........................... 177 Quealey; W. J., Car Wheels.............. 308 Product of Massillon Rolling Mill......... 167 Product of Samsondale Iron Works...... 140 Quincy Car Manufacturing Co........... 255 Product of Memphis Rolling Mill......... 171 Product of Sandusky Steel Works........ 162 Quincy, Car Works at................... 255 Product of Milesburg Rolling Mill........ 149 Product of Schall's Rolling Mill.......... 154 Quincy, Stove Works at............... 347 Product of Milton Rolling Mill.......... 155 Product of Schuylkill Haven Rolling and Raccoon Furnace...................... 76 Product of Milwaukee Iron Works....... 179 Spike Works..................... 156, 157 Radford Furnace........................ 110 Product of Mineral Ridge Rolling Mill.... 168 Product of Schuylldll Iron Works........ 155 Rail Drilling Machines................... 192 Product of Monongahela and Allegheny Product of Seidel and Hastings.......... 158 Rail Finishing Apparatus............... 192 Works............................... 143 Product of Sharon Rolling Mill.......... 153 Railroad and Car Information, MiscellaProduct of National Iron Works.......... 154 Product of Shenango Iron Works........ 152 neous................................. 278 Product of New Albany Rolling Mill...... 172 Product of Siemen's Steel Works......... 174 Railroad Car Shops of California.....274, 276 Product of Newark Rolling Mill.......... 165 Product of Skeneateles Iron Works...... 140 Railroad Car Shops of Illinois.......272, 274 Product of New England Iron Works 135, 136 Product of Sligo Iron Works............ 146 Railroad Car Shops of Maryland.....264, 266 Product ot New Haven Rolling Mill....... 137 Product of Soho Iron Works............. 146 Railroad Car Shops of the Indianapolis Product of Newport Rolling Mill.....158, 169 Product of Solar Hoop Works........... 145 and St. Louis Railroad at Mattoon, IlliProduct of Niles Iron Works............. 168 Product of Somerset Rolling Mill........ 134 nois..............................272, 274 Product of Norristown Iron Works...... 154 Product of Southern Iron Works........ 170 Railroad Car Shops of the United States. Product of North Chicago Rolling Mill.... 173 Product of Springfield Rolling Mill....... 174 260, 276 Product of Northeast Rolling Mill....... 159 Product of Spuyten Duyvil Rolling Mill... 141 Railroad Iron, Exportation from Great Product of Northumberland Nail Works.. 155 Product of Star Iron Works............. 144 Britain to all countries................ 403 Product of Norton Iron Works........... 168 Product of Stewart Iron Co.'s Mill....... 153 Railroad Iron, Exportation from Great Product of Norway Iron Works.......... 136 Product of Still Water Iron Works....... 137 Britain to the United States of......... 400 Product of Ohio City Iron and Nail Works 162 Product of Superior Rail Mill............ 146 Railroad Iron, Importation into the United Product of Ohio Falls Iron Works........ 171 Product of Susquehanna Iron Works..... 151 States of........................... 399 Product of Ohio Iron Works............. 166 Product of Swift Iron and Steel Works 164, 169 Railroad Iron, Production in the United Product of Old Colony Iron Works....... 134 Product of Syracuse Iron Works......... 140 States of............................. 399 Product of Old Dominion Iron and Nail Product of Tasker Rolling Mill.......... 158 Railroads, Iron required per mile in Works............................... 160 Product of Tennessee Rolling Mill........ 170 their Construction.................... 2 Product of Onondaga Iron and Nail Works 152 Product of Terre Haute Iron and Nail Railroads throughout the United States Product of Otis Iron and Steel Works.... 164 Works................................ 172 and Canada.......................277, 299 Product of Oxford Iron Works........... 142 Product of the Iron Mines of New Jersey 503 Railroads, Total Mileage in the United Product of Pacific Rolling Mill........... 180 Product of Tisdale Nail Works.......... 134 States of.............................. 2 Product of Paducah Rolling Mill......... 170 Product of Toledo Rolling Mill......... 165 Rails of Philadelphia for 1872 and 1873, Product of Palo Alto Rolling Mill........ 156 Product of Tredegar Rolling Mill....... 160 Prices of............................. 411 Product of Parker Mills Nail Works...... 135 Product of Trenton Iron Works.......... 141 Rails, Tonnage of per mile............ 276 Product of Parkesburg Rolling Mill...... 150 Product of Ulster Irbn Works........... 140 Ramapo Works......................... 507 Product of Passaic Rolling Mill.......... 142 Product of Union Horse Shoe Works..... 136 aampago Works, Car Wheels............ 301 Product of Paxton Rolling Mill......... 151 Product of Union Iron Works...138, 145, 163 Randall Hill Mine, worked by Crane Iron' Product of Pembroke Iron Works........ 133 Product of Union Rolling Mill........... 173 Co................................... 502 Product of Pencoyd Iron Works.......... 156 Product of Valentine Iron Works........ 153 Randolph, J. L......................... 382 Product of Pennsylvania Iron Works.... 154 Product of Valley Iron Works........... 150 Ranlet Car Manufacturing Co........241, 242 Product of Pennsylvania Steel Works.... 151 Product of Valley Rolling Mill........... 147 Ranlet, Charles........................ 242 Product of Penn Treaty Iron Works...... 156 Product of Vesuvius Iron Works......... 145 Ransom, H. & Co., (Stoves)............. 339 Product of Philadelphia Iron and Steel Product of Vulcan Iron Works...........171 Rathbone Stove Works.................. 338 Works................................ 156 Product of Wabash Iron Works.......... 172 Raven's Cliff Furnace................... 108 Product of Phcenix Iron Works......... 149 Product of Wagontown Rolling Mill...... 150 Ravenson, John......................... 369 Product of Pine Iron Works............. 148 Product of Wareham Nail Works....... 134 Raw Bituminous Coal and Coke Furnace Product of Pittsburg Bolt Mill.......... 147 Product of Washburn and Moen Iron at South Pittsburg................... 46 Product of Pittsburg Forge and Iron Co. Works.............................. 135 Raw Bituminous Coal and Coke Furnaces 145, 146 Product of Washburn Iron Works.......135 at Pittsburg...................... 46, 54 Product of Pittsburg Iron Works........ 144 Product of Wayne Iron and Steel Works.. 145 Raw Bituminous Coal and Coke Furnaces Product of Pomeroy Iron Works......... 166 Product of Western IronWorks......... 171 of Pennsylvania..................... 46, 60 Product of Portland Rolling Mill....... 133 Product of West Middlesex Mill.......... 154 Raw Bituminous Coal and Coke Pig Iron Product of Port Pitt Iron and Steel Works 145 Product of Weymouth Iron Works....... 134 in the United States...............396, 398 Product of Portsmouth Iron Works...... 166 Product of Wharton Brothers' Mill....... 147 Raw Bituminous Coal and Coke Pig Iron Product of Pottsgrove Rolling Mill....... 155 Product of Wheatland Rolling Mill...... 154 in the United States, by States......... 398 Product of Pottstown Iron Works....... 155 Product of Wheeling Iron and Nail W'rks 161 Raw Irons.............................. 15 Product of Pottsville Rolling Mill........ 156 Product of Wyandotte Rolling Mill....... 176 Raymond, Prof......................... 551 Product of Providence Iron Works....... 136 Product of York Rolling Mill............ 157 Reading, Car Works at.................. 249 Product of Providence Sheet Iron Product of Youngstown Rolling Mill..... 166 Reading, Furnace at..................... 41 Works.....1........................... 13 Protection, Wise Policy of............... 25 Reading Furnaces...................... 30 D Xxiv INDEX. PAGE PAGE PAGE Reading Iron Works..................... 147 Redington, Furnaces at................. 9 Robson, A. C.27................ 267 Reading, Mills at................147, 148 Red Mountain Furnaces............... 103 Rochester Iron Works................... 1389 Reading, Philadelphia and Reading Rail- Red Mountain Regions of Alabama, Iron Rochester, Stove Works at............... 838 road Car Shops at.................261, 263 and Coal of......................446, 448 Rockaway Merchant Mill................. 142 Reading Railroad Co............... 431, 432 Red or Iron Mountain................ 101 Rockaway, Rolling Mill at............... 142 Reading Railroad Company's Rolling Red Oxide.........491, 492, 506, 508,' 5: 7, 548 Rock Hill Furnaces...................... 59 Mill................................. 148 Red River Furnaces.................... 77 Rock Iron Works...................... 103 Reading Rolling Mill and Forge.......... 147 Red River Iron Works, Fun:Lces at....... 77 Rock Island Stove Company............. 346 Reading, Rolling Mills at........147, 150, 151 Redway & Burton, (Stoves)............. 344 Rock Spring, Furnace at.............. 45 Reading, Stove Works at................ 341 Redwood Furnace.................... 124 Rockwood Furnaces................. 96 Reading Tube Works................ 27, 328 Reed Island Furnace................... 109 Rocky Mountain Region................ 551 Reanie, Archbold & Co............. 18, 426 Reed's Mills, Furnace at............... 72, 73 Rodgers, Prof.................. 525, 526, 527 Rebecca Furnace................ 40 Reedville, Rolling Mill at............... 135 Rodman Furnaces...................... 56 Recapitulation of Blast,Furnaces in the Rees, B. H............................... 252 Roeper, John J., (Stoves)................ 340 United States........................ 130 Reeves, David............149, 369 Rogers, Dr......................... 516. 519 Recapitulation of Furnaces for Georgia.. 101 Reeves, Samuel J................... 31 Rogers Furnace......................... 100 Recapitulation of Furnaces for Kentucky, 77 Rehoboth Furnace..................... 105 Rogers, Thomas......................... 225 Recapitulation of Furnaces for New York, 126 Rensselaer Iron Works.................. 140 Rogers Locomotive Works............... 232 Recapitulation of Furnaces for Tennessee, 99 Rensselaer Steel Works, Remarks about... 188 Rohrerstown, Rolling Mill at............ 151 Recapitulation of Furnaces for Virginia.. 111 Rensselaer WVorks....................187, 188 Rolla, School of Mines at............... 481 Recapitulation of Furnaces for Wisconsin, 82 Report of the Ores of Putnam County... 539 Rolled Iron, Figures of, in tons.......... 12 Recapitulation of Furnaces in Alabama... 104 Republic Mine.................... 472, 473 Rolled Iron, Total Valuation of.......... 12 Recapitulation of Furnaces in Illinois.... 80 Republic Mine, Description of Ores of Rolling Mill at Alliance.................. 167 Recapitulation of Furnaces in Indiana... 79 the...............................472, 473 Rolling Mill at Altoona............. 148 Recapitulation of Furnaces in Maryland.. 116 Resor, Win. & Co., (Stoves).............. 344 Rolling Mill at Appolo................... 146 Recapitulation of Furnaces in Massachu-' Review of few portions of the Iron Rolling Mill at Ashland.....1........... 169 setts................................. 118 Trade...............................2, 26 Rolling Mill at Atlanta...... 0....... 180 Recapitulation of Furnaces in Michigan.. 89 Rhea County, Fossil Ores of............. 541 Rolling Mill at Au Sable................. 138 Recapitulation of Furnaces in Missouri... 93 Rhenish Prussia........................ 498 Rolling Mill at Baldwin Station........... 151 Recapitulation of Furnaces in New Jersey, 129 Rhenish Prussia, Spiegeleisen with Coke Rolling Mill at Bay View..............178, 179 Recapitulation of Furnaces in North Car- in.................................... 489 Rolling Mill at Bedford.................. 168 olina............................... 106 Rhinebeck, Crucible Steel Works at... 199 Rolling Mill at Bellaire................... 162 Recapitulation of Furnaces in Pennsyl- Rhode Island, Census of................. 186 Rolling Mill at Belleville................. 173 vania............................... 60 Rhode Island Horseshoe Works.......... 136 Rolling Mill at Berwick.................. 150 Recapitulation of Furnaces in West Vir- Rhode Island, Iron Ores of..........521, 523 Rolling Mill at Bethlehem................ 155 ginia................................. 112 Rhode Island Locomotive Works......... 233 Rolling Mill at Birdsborough............. 148 Recapitulation, Ohio................... 74 Rhode Island, Pipe and Tube Works of... 314 Rolling Mill at Birmingham..........137, 145 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills in Connec- Rhode Island, Recapitulation of Rolling Rolling Mill at Brady's Bend............ 147 ticut................................. 137 Mills in............................... 136 Rolling Mill at Brierfield................ 180 Recapitulation of. Rolling Mills in Dela- Rhode Island, Rolling Mills of.......... 136 Rolling Mill at Bridgeport.............. 162 ware................................ 158 Rhode Island Stove Works................ 336 Rolling Mill at Bridgeton................ 141 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills in Georgia, 180 Rhode Island, Stove Works of............ 336 Rolling Mill at Bridgewater.............. 134 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills in In- Richardson, Boynton & Co. (Stoves)...... 337 Rolling Mill at Bristol.................. 148 diana................................. 173 Richards' Rolling Mill................... 168 Rolling Mill at Cambridge............... 135 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills in Mary- Richland Co., Wis., Ores of.............. 550 Rolling Mill at Camden.................. 141 land........................... 159 Richland Furnace....................... 73 Rolling Mills at Canal Dover............ 168 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills in Massa- RIchmond Architectural Works (Stoves).. 342 Rolling Mill at Canton.................. 134 chusetts.............................. 136 Richmond, Car Wheel Works at.......... 303 Rolling Mill at Carondelet............... 178 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills in Michi- Richmond, Car Works at................ 251 Rolling Mill at Clifton................... 160 gan.................................. 177 Richmond Furnace.................... 44, 118 Rolling Mill at Clinton Mill............ 144 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills in Ohio.. 169 Richmond, Furnace at..............110, 118 Rolling Mill at Cogan Station............ 153 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills in Pehn- Richmond Mine, Worked by Thomas Iron Rolling Mill at Cohoes................137, 138 sylvania.............................. 157 Co................................... 502 Rolling Mill at Coshocton............... 162 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills in Rhode Richmond, Rolling Mills at.............. 160 Rolling Mill at Covington................ 170 Island................................ 136 Richmond Steam Forge and Rolling Mill.. 160 Rolling Mill at Cumberland............ 159 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills in Tennes- Richmond Stove Company.............. 335 Rolling Mill at Cuyahoga Falls........... 167 see............................ 71 Rich Patch Mountain................ 531 Rolling Mill at Danvers................. 134 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills in the Richpath Mount, Furnace at............. 107 Rolling Mill at Decatur................ 173 ~United States.................... 181 Riddlesburg, Furnaces at................ 55 Rolling Mill at Detroit.................... 176 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills in Vir- Ridge Valley Furnace.................... 99 Rolling Mill at Dighton.................. 134 ginia................................ 160 Ridgeway Iron Works.................... 166 Rolling Mill at Douglassville........... 148 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills in Wiscon- Riegelsville, Furnaces at................ 30 Rolling Mill at Duncannon............... 155 sin................................. 179 Ringgold, Furnace at.................... 5 Rolling Mill at Duncansville....14... 148 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills of Ala- Ringgold Iron and Coal Co............... 35 Rolling Mill at East Bridgewater......... 134 bama................................. 181 Ringwood Furnaces................... 129 Itolling Mill at Easton................... 155 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills of Illinois, 176 Risdon Iron and Locomotive Works...233, 309 Rolling Mill at East St. Louis............ 174 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills of Ken- Riverside Furnace..................... 111 Rolling Mill at East Wareham........... 134 tucky................................. 170 Riverside Iron and Nail Works........... 161 Rolling Mill at East Weymouth.......... 134 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills of Mis- Riveting a Column.................... 374 Rolling Mill at Eddyville................. 170 souri................................ 178 Riverton, Furnaces at..................75, 76 Rolling Mill at Elizabethport............. 142 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills of New Roach, John............................ 18 Rolling Mill at Elmira................... 139 Jersey....................... 142, 143 Roach, John & Co., Description of Ship Rolling Mill at Erie..................... 151 Recapitulation of Rolling Mills of New Works of..........................425, 426 Rolling Mill at Etna Borough............ 144 York............................... 141 Roach, John & Co., Ship Yard........425, 430 Rolling Mill at Evansville............... 172 Recapitulation of Stove Founders....... 349 Roane County, Advantage of the Region Rolling Mill at Fall River................ 133 Recapitulation of West Virginia.......... 161 of..................... 541 Rolling Mill at Fountain Mills...1...... 145 Red Bank Furnace...................... 56 Roane Iron Co.......................... 546 Rolling Mill at Girard................... 168 Red Fossiliferous Ore.................... 547 Roane Iron Co., Actual Workings of..546, 547 Rolling Mill at Gray's Ferry............. 156 Red Fossiliferous Ore of Alabama.....440, 441 Roane Iron Works, Actual Cost of Hot Rolling Mill at Green Castle............. 172 Red Fossiliferous Ore of Alabama, Cornm- Blast Stone Coal Pig Metal, per ton, at Rolling Mill at Greenville............ 154 mercial Value of..................... 441 the................................. 547 Rolling Mill at Hamburg................. 148 Red Fossil Ores........................ 540 Roaring Springs, Furnaces at............ 56 Rolling Mill at Haverstraw.............. 140 Red Hematite Fossil Ore................. 541 Robbins' Rolling Mill.................... 156 Rolling Mill at Helena.................. 180 Red Hematite Ore.....447, 449, 465, 498, 509 Roberts' Iron Works.................... 28 Rolling Mill at Hollidaysburgh........... 148 513, 514, 515, 523, 524, 527, 541 Robertson, W. F. & Co. (Stoves)......... 45 Rolling Mill at Howard.................. 149 Red Hematite Ore, Analyses of........... 538 Robesonia Furnaces..................... 30 Rolling Mill at Huntsville.............. 13? Red Hematite Ore of Maine.............. 460 Robeson, Jonathan...................... 128 Rolling Mill at Iron City................ I q6 Red Hematite Ore of Missouri....482, 484, 491 Robinson Iron Works................... 134 Rolling Mill at Jackson.................. 1t INDEX. XXV PAGE PA G PAGE Rolling Mill at Joliet...............174, 175 Rolling Mills at Harrisb-urg........... 151, 154 Russell, B. F. & Co., Car Wheels........ 305 Rolling Mill at Knightsville............. 171 Rolling Mills at Ironton................. 165 Russell Wheeler, (Stoves)................ 338 Rolling Mill at Kittanning............... 147 Rolling Mills at Johnstown.............. 149 Rutland Car Wheel Works at........... 300 Rolling Mill at Knoxville............... 171 Rolling Mills at Louisville............169, 170 Rutland Co., Vt. Ores of.............. 549 Rolling Mill at La Grange.............. 77 Rolling Mills at Milesburg............... 149 Rutland Foundry and Machine Works... 300 Rolling Mill at Lancaster................ 152 Rolling Mills at New Albany.........171, 172 Sabbath Rest, Furnace at................ 56 Rolling Mill at Laurel Station............ 150 Rolling Mills at Newburg................ 163 Sable Iron Works....................... 143 Rolling Mill at Lebanon................. 152 Rolling Mills at New Castle..........152, 158 Saco Bridge............................ 377 Rolling Mill at Leechburg................ 146 Rolling Mills at Newport....157, 158, 164, 169 Safe Harbor Furnace.................... 36 Rolling Mill at Leetonia............... 162 Rolling Mills at Niles................167, 168 Saginaw Mine.......................... 470 Rolling Mill at Lockport................ 139 Rolling Mills at Norristown...........154, 155 St. Albans Rolling Mill.................. 133 Rolling Mill at Locust Point............. 159 Rolling Mills at Paducah................ 170 St. Charles Bridge...................... 17 Rolling Mill at Lower Allegheny City..... 143 Rolling Mills at Paterson................ 142 St. Charles Manufacturing Co............ 257 Rolling Mill at Lynchburg............... 160 Rolling Mills at Philadelphia............. 156 St. Louis Bolt and Iron Works....... 174, 177 Rolling Mill at Marietta................. 168 Rolling Mills at Pittsburgh 143, 144, 145, St. Louis Car Wheel Co................. 308 Rolling Mill in Marion County........... 172 146, 147 St. Louis, Car Works at................. 257 Rolling Mill at Martin's Ferry............ 162 Rolling Mills at Portsmouth.......... 166, 167 St. Louis Rolling Mill at................. 174 Rolling Mill at Marquette............176 Rolling Mills at Pottsville................ 156 St. Louis, Rolling Mills of............... 177 Rolling Mill at Massillon................ 167 Rolling Mills at Providence.............. 136 St. Louis Steam Forge and Iron Works... 177 Rolling Mill at McKeesport............. 147 Rolling Mills at Richmond............... 160 St. Louis Steel Bridge............... 355, 362 Rolling Mill at Memphis................. 171 Rolling Mills at Rome.............. 139, 179 St. Louis Steel Bridge, description of..355, 362 Rolling Mill at Millvale.................. 144 Rolling Mills at Saugerties............... 140 St. Louis, Stove Works of................ 348 Rolling Mill at Milton................... 155 Rolling Mills at Sharon................ 153 St. Paul, Car Wheel Works at........... 308 Rolling Mill at Mineral Ridge............ 168 Rolling Mills at South Boston............ 135 Salem, Car Works at.................... 242 Rolling Mill at Mount Savage............ 159 Rolling Mills at Springfield.............. 174 Salem, Stove Works at.................. 314 Rolling Mill at Newark.................. 165 Rolling Mills at Syracuse................ 140 Salisbury Furnaces.................... 1019 Rolling Mill at New Bedford............. 133 Rolling Mills at Terre Haute............. 172 Salisbury Ore Beds..............126, 452, 453 Rolling Mill at New Haven.............. 137 Rolling Mills at Troy................... 140 Sally Ann Furnace........................ 41 Rolling Mill at Newton Upper Falls...... 134 Rolling Mills at Wareham........... 134, 135 Sally Ann Furnace, When Built.......... 41 Rolling Mill at North east............... 159 Rolling Mills at Wheeling................ 161 Salt Creek Furnace...................... 104 Rolling Mill at Northumberland.......... 155 Rolling Mills at Worcester............... 135 Sampson, Perkins & Co................. 835 Rolling Mill at Norwich................. 137 Rolling Mills at Youngstown.........165, 166 Sampsonville, Furnace at................ 72 Rolling Mill at Oxford................... 142 Rolling Mills in New England......133, 137 Samsondale Iron Works................. 140 Rolling Mill at Pembroke................ 133 Rolling Mills in Pennsylvania, Recapitu- Sanford & Shute (Stove.Works).......... 340 Rolling Mill at Phillipsburg.............. 142 lation of.............................. 157 Sandford Ore Beds...................... 504 Rolling Mill at Phcenixville............. 149 Rolling Mills in Vermont................ 133 Sandusky, Ohio, Steel Works............ 139 Rolling Mill at Plymouth............... 134 Rolling Mills, Number of them in Active Sandusky, Rolling Mill at................ 162 Rolling Mill at Pomeroy................. 166 Operation............................. 12 Sandusky Steel Works................... 162 Rolling Mill at Portland.................. 133 Rolling Mills of Alabama.............180, 181 San Francisco, Car Wheel Works at...... 309 Rolling Mill at Pottsgrove................ 155 Rolling Mills of Connecticut............. 137 San Francisco, Car Works at............. 259 Rolling Mill at Pottstown................ 155 Rolling Mills of Delaware............157, 158 San Francisco, Locomotive Works at..... 233 Rolling Mill at Powerville............... 142 Rolling Mills of Georgia..............179, 180 San Francisco, Rolling Mill at............ 180 Rolling Mill at Reading.................. 147 Rolling Mills of Illinois..............173, 176 Santa Cruz OreRegion.................. 552 Rolling Mill at Reedville................. 135 Rolling Mills of Indiana..............171, 173 San Vincente Ranch, Ore of............. 552 Rolling Mill at Rochester................ 139 Rolling Mills of Kentucky............ 169, 170 Sapona Furnace.................. 106 Rolling Mill at Rockaway................ 142 Rolling Mills of Maine................... 133 Sarah Furnace.......................... 45 Rolling Mill at " the Rocks"............ 158 Rolling Mills of Maryland........... 158, 159 Saucon Iron Works...................... 29 Rolling Mill at St. Louis................. 174 Rolling Mills of Massachusetts.......133, 136 Saugerties, Rolling Mill at............... 140 Rolling Mill at Sandusky................ 162 Rolling Mills of Michigan................ 176 Sauk Co., Wis., Ores of.................. 550 Rolling Mill at Saw Mill Run............. 146 Rolling Mills of Missouri............ 177, 178 Savery's, J., Sons (Stoves)............... 338 Rolling Mill at Schuylkill Haven......... 156 Rolling Mills of New Jersey..........141, 143 Saward's Coal Trade Journal............ 451 Rolling Mill at Scranton................ 153 Rolling Mills of New York and New Jersey Saw, Cold............................... 373 Rolling Mill at Sharpsburg...........144, 145 137, 143 Saw, Hot............................. 374 Rolling Mill at Skeneateles......... 140 Rolling Mills of Ohio................. 162, 169 Sawmill Run, Rolling Mill at............. 146 Rolling Millat Somerset................. 134 Rolling Mills of Pennsylvania........ 143, 157 Saws manufactured at Keystone Steel Rolling Mill at Stamford................. 137 Rolling Mills of Reading.............147, 148 Works.............................197, 198 Rolling Mill at Steubenville.............. 163 Rolling Mills of Rhode Island............ 136 Sax & Rear's Patent Wheel............... 2.9 Rolling Mill at St. Albans................ 133 Rolling.Mills of St. Louis............... 177 Scandinavian Labor in Wisconsin........ 549 Rolling Mill at Taunton................. 134 Rolling Mills of Tennessee............... 171 Schall's Rolling Mill..................... 154 Rolling Mill at Toledo.165 Rolling Mills of the United States.....130, 181 Schenectady Locomotive Works.......... 233 Rolling Mill at Topeka.................. 181 Rolling Mills of Virginia................. 160 Schmidt, Dr. Adolph................ 481, 482 Rolling Mill at Trenton.................. 141 Rolling Mills of West Virginia............ 160 Schofield Mine, Worked by Crane Iron Co. 502 Rolling Mill at Wagontown.............. 150 Rolling Mills of Wilmington..........157, 158 Schoharie Machine Co., Car Works....... 246 Rolling Mill at Warren............. 168 Rolling Mills of Wisconsin............178, 179 Schoolcraft Furnace....................85, 87 Rolling Mill at Weissport................ 153 Rolling Mills, Production in the United Schryack, Jacob S.....,................. 264 Rolling Mill at West Middlesex..... 153, 154 States of.............................. 401 Schuylkill County, Furnaces in........34, 35 Rolling Mill at West Wareham........... 135 Rolling Mills Production of Rails......... 12 Schuylkill Haven Rolling Mill and Spike Rolling Mill at Wheatland............... 154 Rolling Mills, States located in........... 12 Works................................ 156 Rolling Mill at Williamsport.........149, 153 Rolling Mills, Tons of Iron made by Bes- Schuylkill Iron Works................... 155 Rolling Mill at Wyandotte............... 176 semer Steel.......................... 12 Scofield Rolling Mill..................... 180 Rolling Mill at York.................... 157 Rolling, Process of..................372, 373 Scotch Pig Iron, Average Prices of Store Rolling Mill at Zanesville............... 166 Rome, Car Wheel Works at.............. 309 Warrants............................. 395 Rolling Mill in California................ 180 Rome Furnaces at....................... 100 Scotia Furnace.......................71, 92 Rolling Mill of Kansas................... 181 Rome Iron and Steel Bloom Co.......... 139 Scotia Iron Works, Ores at............... 491 Rolling Mills at Allentown............... 153 Rome Iron Works...................139, 179 Scott Furnace........................... 92 Rolling Mill at Baltimore............158, 159 Rome, Manufacturing Co................ 349 Scoville, J. & N. C. (Car Wheels)......... 301 Rolling Mills at Birmingham........146, 147 Rome Merchant Iron Mill................ 139 Scranton, Car Works at.................. 247 Rolling Mills at Buffalo................ 138 Rosena Furnaces....3.................. 57 Scranton, Furnaces at................... 39 Rolling Mills at Catasauqua.............. 152 Rosenbeyer, Light & Co., (Stoves)....... 341 Scranton, Rolling Mill at................ 153 Rolling Mills at Chattanooga............. 171 Rose Point, Furnace at................. 46 Scranton Stove Manufacturing Co........ 341 Rolling Mills at Chicago.............. 173 Ross Furnace, Analysis of Ore of......... 526 Scrantons, The........................ 128 Rolling Mills at Cincinnati......... 164, 165 Rossie Furnace.......................... 125 Section 16 Mine........................ 470 Rolling Mills at Cleveland...........163, 164 Rotary Squeezer........7.............. 372 Section 21 Mine........................ 470 Rolling Mills at Coatesville.............. 150 Rough and Ready Furnace............... 98 Seidel & Hastings..................... 153 Rolling Mills at Columbia................ 151 Round Mountain Furnace............100, 103 Sellers, Mr...M......................... 192 Rolling Mills at Columbus............... 163 Roup's Valley Furnaces.............. 103 Semi-Anthracite Coal................451, 452 Rolling Mills at Conshocken............. 155 Rowland's Steel Works.................. 198 Semi-Bituminous Coals.................. 520 Rolling Mills at Danville............... 154 Royer's Ford, Stove Works at............ 341 Seyfert, McManus & Co.................. 327 xxvi INDEX. PAGE PAGE PACE Shaaber & Johnston, Car Works....... 249 Smith, S. V........................... 269 Steel Furnished for Bridge over Missouri Shade's Creek, Ala.................... 447 Soho Furnace........................... 47 River................................ 19 Shade's Mountain, Ala...............446, 447 Soho Iron Works..,................... 146 Steel Headed Rail Mill, (Booth Patent)... 163 Shafting, Cold Roiled............... 143 Solar Hoop Works..................... 145 Steel, Introduction of in Locomotive ConShafting for the Vienna Exposition....... 143 Solar Stove Works...................... 348 struction............................. 227 Shaftsbury Furnace..................... 117 Somerset Co-operative Foundry.......... 335 Steel, Martin........................... 197 Shamokin Furnace...................... 40 Somerset Iron Works................... 134 Steel, Pneumatic Process of making...... 13 Sharon Furnace..................58, 127 Somerset Machine Co., (Stoves).......... 334 Steel Tires............................227 Sharon, Furnaces at..................... 58 Somerset, Rolling Mill at................ 134 Steel, "U1. S." Brand................. 197 Sharon Rolling Mill.................... 153 Southampton, Furnace at............... 43 Steel, " Wayne" Brand.................. 197 Sharp & Son (Stoves).................. 345 Southard, Robertson & Co., (Stoves)..... 337 Steel Works, A. J. Nellis............... 197 Sharpsburg, Furnace at.....'.......... 115 South Boston, Rolling Mills at........... 135 Steel Works, Hussey, Wells & Co........ 197 Sharpsburg, Rolling Mill at..........144, 145 South Carver, Stove Works at........... 335 Steel Works on Frankflord Creek........ 198'Sharpsville Furnace..................... 58 South Erie Iron Works,................ 341 Steel Gray Ore of New Hampshire........ 461 Sharpsville Furnaces.................. 60 South Pittsburg, Furnace at.......... 46 Steinbach, Mr...................... 26, 263 Sharpsville, Furnaces at................. 58 South St. Louis Furnaces................ 90 Steinton, Car Works at................. 248 Shawmut Iron Works.................... 314 South St. Louis, Furnaces at......... 89, 90 Stemmer's Run, Furnace at.............. 113 Shaw, Wm............................ 154 South Shaftsbury, Furnace at............ 117 Stephenson, John & Co., Car Works..... 248 Sheffield Steel Works.................... 196 South-Western Car Co................... 304 Stephenson, Robert & Co.....2.......... 209 Shelby Iron Works...................... 104 South-Western Car Works............... 255 Stephensons, The................. 220, 225 Sheldon & Green (Stoves)............... 337 Southern Car Works.............. 2.... 258 Sterling and Southfield Furnaces......... 121 Shenandoah County, Furnace in......... 110 Southern Indiana Furnace.............. 78 Sterlingbush and Sterlingville Furnaces... 124 Shenandoah Furnace................... 108 Southern Iron Works................ 170 Sterling Car Wheel Foundry........... 303 Shenandoah Iron Works, Furnace at..... 108 Spadra Coal, Analysis of................ 452 Sterling Furnace....................... 124 Shenango Furnaces....................58, 59 Sparks, Means & Fair.................. 69 Steubenville Bridge..................... 382 Shenango Iron Works................... 152 Spathic Ore, Commercial Value of........ 453 Steubenville, Car Shops of Pittsburg, CinShepard Mountain, Ore of........ 481, 483, 485 Spathic Ore, Curious History of......453, 454 cinnati, and St. Louis Railroad at. 270, 272 Shepherd, Prof................... 453 Spathic Ores.......492, 496, 498, 508, 513, 515 Steubenville Furnaces................... 66 Sheppard, Isaac A. & Co. (Stoves)........ 342 Spearman Furnace..................... 59 Steubenville, Rolling Mill at............. 163 Shepperd Mountain, Analyses of the Ores Specular Iron, Temperature at which it Steubenville, Stove Works at............. 345 of............................... 487, 488 Melts................................. 500 Stevens, Edwin......................... 415 Sheridan Furnaces...................... 36 Specular Ore..465, 491 492, 495, 498, 502, Stevenson, Mr......................... 2 Sheridan, 0. E. (Stoves)................. 334 506, 508, 523, 524, 526, 540 Stevens, Thaddeus....................... 44 Shinnick, Woodside & Gibbons (Stoves).. 345 Specular Ore at Humboldt............... 471 Stewardson Furnace..................... 55 Shipbuilding, Iron.................. 415, 421 Specular Ore of Massachusetts........... 460 Stewart Iron Co.'s Mill........... 1..... 153 Ship Works of John Roach & Co., Des- Specular Ore of Missouri......482, 483, 491 Stickney Furnace..................... 113 cription of................ 4...2..425, 426 Specular Ore of New York............... 503 Stillwater Iron Works................... 1 7 Ship Yard of Jackson & Sharp Co........ 425 Specular Ore of North Carolina.......509, 510 Stirling Mines........................ 507 Ship Yard of Pusey, Jones & Co......... 425 Specular Ore of Tennessee............. 540 Stone, A. B....................... 390, 5.51 Ship Yards at Wilmington..........423, 426 Specular Ore of Vermont................ 548 Stone Furnace........................ 87 Ship Yards of the United States, Introduc- Specular Slate Ore...................... 465 Stoneham, Pipe Works at.............. 314 tion to the Iron................... 415, 421 Speed of Locomotive Engines............ 223 Stonewall Furnace.................. 102, 106 Ship Yards of the United States, The Iron Speedwell, Furnace at.................. 108 Stoney Creek, Furnace at............... 97 422, 433 Spicer & Peckham, (Stoves)............. 336 Storer Crusher.......................... 191 Ships, Armor Plates for................ 416 Spiegel......................... 488, 489 Stove Founders, Consumption of Iron by. 350 Ships (Iron) Building at Chester......425, 430 Spiegel made with Charcoal............ 489 Stove Founders, Recapitulation of........ 849 Ships (Iron) How they are Modelled...419, 421 Spiegeleisen................481, 488, 489, 502 Stove Manufacturers of the United States Shipments of 1873 of Iron Ore of Michigan Spiegeleisen, Advantage of.............. 186 333, 350 Mines...........................477, 478 Spiegeleisen, Chemical Composition of... 498 Stove Manufacturers of the United States, Shipments of 1873 of Pig Iron from Mich- Spiegeleisen, Description of the Manu- Annual Consumption of Iron by the.... 16 igan..............................477, 478 facture of, in Prussia, with Coke Fuel Stove Works of Cleveland............... 343 Shipments of Iron Ore from Escanaba.477, 478 498, 501 Stove Works of Connecticut............ 335 Shipment s of Pig Iron from Escanaba.477, 478 Spiegeleisen, Effect of................... 514 Stove Works of Delaware............. 343 Shippensburg, Furnace at................ 43 Spiegeleisen, What it is..............185, 186 Stove Works of Georgia.............. 849 Shoals, Furnace at...................... 78 Spiegeleisen with Coke Fuel, Manufacture Stove Works of Illinois............ 346, 347 Shoenberger, Blair & Co................. 47 of in Prussia......................498, 501 Stove Works of Indiana................. 46 Shoenberger Furnaces................... 47 Spiegeleisen with Coke in Rhenish Prus- Stove Works of Iowa.................... 348 Shoenberger, G. & J.................... 44 sia................................... 489 Stove Works of Kansas................ 349 Shuntz & Keeley (Stoves)............... 341 Splint Coal.........................528, 534 Stove Works of Kentucky.............347 Siemens' Furnaces...................... 197 Springfield Furnace..................... 46 Stove Works of Maine................... 334 Siemens' Gas Furnaces................... 191 Springfield Rolling Mill................. 174 Stove Works of Maryland................ 342 Siemens-Martin Process..............135, 148 Spring Mill and William Penn Furnaces.. 52 Stove Works of Massachusetts....... 334, 335 Siemens-Martin Steel Process, its Introduc- Spruce Creek, Furnace at................ 44 Stove Works of Michigan................ 343 tion into the United States............ 14 Spun Mountain Mine, Ore of............. 475 Stove Works of Missouri................ 348 Siemens, Messrs........................ 14 Spuyten Duyvil Rolling Mill............. 141 Stove Works of New Hampshire......... 334 Siemens' Steel Works.................... 174 Staats, E. M........................... 425 Stove Works of New Jersey..............40 Silicious Ore........14, 162, 454, 457. 466, 540 Stacks of the Musen, Stahlberg Works... 489 Stove Works of New York......... 336, 340 Silicious Steel Rails.................133, 548 Stamford Foundry Co., (Stoves)........ 335 Stove Works of New York City..... 337, 338 Silicon Steel........................... 14 Stamford, Rolling Mill at................ 137 Stove Works of Ohio................ 343, 346 Silicon Steel Process, Peculiarity of...... 14 Standard Gauges and Templets.......... 227 Stove Works of Pennsylvania.. 340, 342 Silkman, H. O., (Stoves)................. 341 Standard Gauges, Department of........ 228 Stove Works of Philadelphia........ 340, 341 Silliman, Prof........................... 518 Stanhope Furnace....................... 35 Stove Works of Rhode Island...........336 Sill Stove Company................. 338 Stanhope, Furnaces at.................. 129 Stove Works of Vermont................ 339 Silver Lake Foundry Co., (Stoves)....... 336 Star Furnace...........6...............67, 74 Stove Works of Virginia.......... 342 Silverthorn's Bridge, Ores of............. 552 Star Iron Works........................ 144 Stove Works of West Virginia........... 342 Simmons, J. M. & Co.................... 305 Stationary Engines, Manufacture of...... 206 Stove Works of Wisconsin........... 348, 349 Simon Peter's Car Co................... 261 Stationary Steam Engine Works......... 19 Straightening Presses.................. 192 Six Wheeled "C" Engine..... 2.. 2.... 221 Statistical Record of Production, Imports, Struthers, Furnace at................... 62 Skelding, Mr............................ 49 Exports, &c....................... 395, 411 Stump Creek Furnace....1.......... 100 Skeneateles Iron Works................. 140 Steam as a Motive Power on Railroads.... 206 Sturtevant No. 8, Pressure Blower....... 191 Skeneateles, Rolling Mill at.............. 140 Steam Hammer........................ 231 Sturtevant, Simon...................... 369 Slag, Machine for Cooling.............. 48 Steel and Iron Rolling Mill of Kansas..... 181 Styrian Ore...................... 514 Slate Ore............................. 465 Steel Axles, Use of...................... 223 St. Albans, Car Wheel Works at......... 300 Sligo Furnace.... 46 Steel Boilers............................ 229 St. Albans Foundry..................... 300 Sligo Iron Works......................... 146 Steel by Cementation................. Charles Furnace................... 36 Smelting Iron, Charcoal when first used Steel, "Crescent" Brand............... 197 St. Clair Furnaces...................... 34 in United States...................... 370 Steel Fire Boxes..................... 227 St. Clair, Furnaces at...................35 Smelting Iron, Patent for...............69 Steel Flues........................ 2.... 229 St. Croix River Iron Works.............. 241 INDEX. xxvii PAGE PAGE PAGE St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Ores of......... 506 Tisdale Nail Works...................... 134 Unitod States, Introduction to the Iron St. Louis and Illinois Bridve Co.......... 356 Titanic Acid........5..2...... 522 Ore Regions of the.................437, 439 St. Louis, Pipe and Tube Works at....... 329 Titanic Ores of Norway................. 505 United States, Iron Bridge Works of the St. Louis Rail Fastening Works.......... 177 Titaniferous Magnetic Ores, Analysis of.. 549 355, 392 St. Louis Steel Bridge................... 17 Titaniferous Magnetites, Analysis of..... 507 United States, Iron Ore Regions of the St. Thomas, Furnace at................. 43 Titaniferous Ores...........505, 506, 515, 516 440, 552 Sullivan, Furnace near.................. 92 Titaniferous Ores, their freedom from United States, Iron Ship Yards of the 422, 433 Sulphide of Iron........................ 542 Phosphorus.......................... 505 United States, Locomotive Works of 205, 235 Sulphide of Lead....................... 542 Titanium................................ 505 United States, Stove Manufacturers of 333, 350 Sulphide of Zinc....................... 542 Toledo Car Works...................... 253 United States, Production of all Kinds of Sulphurets of Iron................ 1..... 652 Toledo Rolling Mill...................... 165 Pig Iron in the........................ 398 Superior Furnaces...................... 54 Tolersville, Furnace at................. 109 United States, Production of Railroad Iron Superior Rail Mill....................... 146 Tonawanda Furnaces.................... 122 in the................................ 399 Susquehanna Iron Works............ 151, 341 Topeka, Rolling Mill at.................. 181 United States, Production of Rolling Mills Swampscott Machine Co., Gas Pipe and Total Number of Furnaces (Charcoal) in in the................................ 401 Fittings............................ 314 Connecticut.......................... 127 United States, Production of the Forges Swatara Station, Furnace at............. 42 Total Number of Furnaces in Vermont... 117 and Bloomaries of the................. 402 Swede Furnaces........................ 32 Tower's Creek, Limonite Ores of......... 450 United States, Railroal Car Shops of the Swedish Ore........................... 514 Treadwell Stove Co..................... 339 262, 278 Sweeneys & Co. (Stoves)............... 342 Tredegar Company...................... 251 United States, Car Shops of the PennsylSweet, Quinby & Perry (Stoves).......... 337 Tredegar Iron Works.................... 160 vania Railroad.................... 260, 261 Swift Furnace......75............ 75 Tredegar Works.....................303, 545 United States, Recapitulation of Rolling Swift Iron and Steel Works.......... 164, 169 Tremont Car Co........................ 252 Mills in.............................. 181 Swineford, A. P..................... 83, 462 Tremont Nail Works.................... 135 United States, Rolling Mills in........... 133 Switches, Thiemeyer's Patent............ 388 Trenton Iron Work...................... 141 United States, Statistics of Car Trade of Sykes, L. A............................ 214 Trenton, Rolling Mill at................. 141 239, 240 Syracuse, Crucible Steel Works of........ 199 Trigg & Centre Furnaces................ 77 Universal Mills, On..................... 144 Syracuse Iron Works.................... 140 Trigg Furnace, Furnaces at.............. 77 Upright Engine, Construction of........ 205 Syracuse Rolling Mills.................. 140 Troost, Remarks about the Brown Hema- Utah, Iron Ores of...................... 551 Tallico Furnace........................ 98 tite Ores of East Tennessee, by....... 541 Utica, Stove Works at................... 338 Tannahill Furnaces..................... 103 Tropic Furnace......................... 67 Vail, Allen.............................. 268 Taplin, Rice & Co. (Stoves)............. 344 Troy, Bessemer Steel Works at.......... 188 Vail Avenue Foundry, (Stoves)............ 336 Tasker Iron Works............. 158, 325, 326 Troy, Car Wheel Works at............... 301 Vail, S. & Son.......................... 215 Tasker Iron Works, description of... 325, 326 Troy, Car Works at..................... 245 Valentine Iron Works................... 153 Tasker, Thomas T...................... 323 Troy, Furnaces at....................... 120 Valley Furnaces........................ 59 Tasker, Thomas T., Sr.................. 317 Troy, Rolling Mills at.................. 140 Valley Iron Works....................... 150 Tate, William.......................... 47 Troy Stage Coaches.................... 245 Valley Rolling Mill..................... 147 Taunton Car Manufacturing Co......... 242 Troy Stove Works....................... 336 Valves, Improved....................... 323 Taunton Iron Works Co............. 314, 335 Troy, Stove Works at................336, 337 Van Buren Furnace..................... 109 Taunton Locomotive Works.............. 233 Tunckhannock, Stove Works at.......... 341 Van Rensselaer, Prof................... 543 Taunton, Rolling Mill at............... 134 Tunnel Through the Mountain........... 225 Van Wermer & McGarvey, (Stoves)...... 339 Taunton, Tube and Pipe Works of...... 314 Tuomey's Geology of Alabama........... 440 Vandusenville Furnace.................. 118 Taylor & Deeths (Iron Pipes)............ 316 Turkey Creek Furnace.................. 103 Ventilators, Carroll.................... 266 Taylor Iron Works..................... 308 Tussey's Mountain, with its Iron Ores.... 518 Ventilators, Creamer's Exhaust.......... 265 Taylor, Wmin. Rogers.................509, 511 Tygert Furnace......................... 76 Verbryck, B. K......................... 76 Tazewell Co., W. Va................... 537 Tyrone, Furnace at...................... 45 Vermont, Blast Furnaces of..........116, 117 Tecumseh Furnace..................101, 102 Tyson Furnace.........................117 Vermont, Car Wheel Foundries of....... 300 Temple Furnace........................ 31 Ulster Furnace........................ 122 Vermont, Car Works in................. 242 Templets and Standard Gauges.......... 227 Ulster Iron Works.................. 140 Vermont Central Railroad Co's. Works.... 300 Tennessee, Bituminous Coal and Coke Unaka Furnace......................... 96 Vermont, Iron Ore Regions of............ 548 Furnaces of........................... 96 Union Bessemer Works.................. 189 Vermont, Stove Works of................ 334 Tennessee, Blast Furnaces of............ 93 Union Co., Tenn., Ores of............... 541 Vermont, Totalnumber of Furnaces in.. 117 Tennessee, Car Works in................ 258 Union DepositFurnace.................. 38 Vernon Co., Wis., Ores of................ 550 Tennessee, Census Returns of.........99, 171 Union Furnace....................40, 73, 87 Vernon Furnace....................... 98 Tennessee, Charcoal Furnaces of.......96, 99 Union Furnace Co....................... 335 Vertical Direct Acting Engines at Isabella Tennessee Coal Fields................... 449 Union Furnaces......................... 122 Furnaces.............................. 52 Tennessee, Iron Ore Regions of.......540, 548 Union Horseshoe Works................. 136 Vesuvius Furnace....................70, 106 Tennessee, Recapitulationof Furnaces in. 99 Union Iron Works.........138, 139b, 145, 163'Vesuvius Iron Works............... 144, 145 Tennessee, Recapitulation of Rolling Mills Union Iron Works-Beams Manufactured Viaduct Rolling Mill.................... 150 in.................................... 171 at..................................... 139b Viaduct, The Lyman................... 367 Tennessee Rolling Mill.................. 170 Union Iron Works, description of.. 138a, 139b Victor Foundry......................... 336 Tennessee, Rolling Mills of.............. 171 Union Rolling Mill...................... 173 Victoria Furnace..109...... 109 Terre Haute, Car Works at.............. 255 Union Rolling Mill Co................... 187 Victor Stove Co......................... 344 Terre Haute, Furnaces at............. 79 Union Steel and Iron Works............ 199 Vigo Foundry and Terre Haute Car Works 257 Terre Haute Iron and Nail Works........ 172 Union Stove Manufacturing Co.......... 341 Vigo Furnaces...................... 79 Terre Haute, Rolling Mills at............ 172 Union Stove Works.................. 337 Vinton Furnace......................... 67 Terre Haute, Stove Works at........... 346 United Kingdom, Mineral Product of..... 411 Virginia, Analyses of the Coal of......... 536 Texas, Blast Furnaces of................ 130 United States and Canada - Railroads Virginia, Analysis of the Iron Ores, found Texas, Car Works of.................... 259 throughout...................... 277, 292 near to the line of the Chesapeake and Thames Iron Works..................... 137 United States, Bessemer Steel Works of Ohio Railroad, in the State of.......... 529. The Jackson and Woodin Manufacturing 185, 192 Virginia and West Virginia, Iron Ores of Co...................................302 United States, Blast Furnaces in......27, 130 523, 540 The Norton Iron Works Company........ 74 United States, Car Wheel Foundries of 300, 309 Virginia, Anthracite Furnaces of........ 110 The "Rocks," Rolling Mill at........... 158 United States, Car Works of......... 241, 292 Virginia, Blast Furnaces of...........106, 112 The Watson Manufacturing Co........... 388 United States, Cast and Wrought Iron Pipe Virginia, Car Wheel Works of........... 303 Thiemeyer's Patent Switches............ 388 and Tube Works of the............313, 329 Virginia, Car Works of................. 251 Thomas, David....................27, 34, 62 United States, Consumption of Railroad Virginia, Census of................ 110, 111 Thomas Iron Works................. 27, 28 Iron in the........................... 400 Virginia, Census Returns of.............. 160 Thomson, J. Edgar..................'218, 224 United States, Crucible Steel Works of the Virginia, Charcoal Furnaces in.......107, 110 Three Fork Creek, Furnaces at........... 111 195, 199 Virginia Charcoal Iron.................. 160 "Through " Bridge..................... 376 United States, Exportation of Railroad Virginia, Recapitulation of Furnaces in.. 111 Tibbals, Shirk & Whithead.............. 340 Iron from Great Britain to...... 400 Virginia, Recapitulation of Rolling Mills Tiffin Car Works..................... 253 United States, Importation of Railroad in.................................... 160 Tiffin, Stove Works at................... 344 Iron into the.......................... 399 Virginia, Rolling Mills of................ 160 Tilden Mine............................ 466 United States, Introduction to Car Wheel Virginia, Stove Works of................. 342 Timber, Consumption of................ i276 Foundries of......................297, 299 Volcano Furnace....................... 65 Tires, Steel............................. 227 United States, Introduction to Car Works Vose, Dinsmore & Co.................... 270 Tire, Wrought.......................... 215 of...............................239, 240 Vulcan Furnaces...................... 90 xxviii INDEX. PAGE PAGE PAGE Vulcan Furnaces, Description of......... 90 West Virginia, Rolling Mills of........... 160 Winfield, Furnace in..................... 40 Vulcan Iron Works..................171, 178 West Virginia, Stove Works of.......... 342 Winslow, J.......................... 187 Vulcan Iron Works, Description of Rolling West Wareham, Rollifg Mill at.......... 135 Winthrop Mine.......................... 470 Mill at................................ 178 Westchester Co., N, Y., Ores of.......... 507 Wisconsin, Anthracite Furnaces of...... 82 Vulcanized Rubber..................... 324 Westerman Furnaces.................... 59'Wisconsin, Blast Furnaces of..........80, 82 Vulcanized Rubber-coated Iron Tube.... 324 Western Furnaces....................... 78 Wisconsin, Car WheelFoundries of..... 305 Wabash Iron Works..................... 172 Western Iron Works..................... 171 Wisconsin, Car Works in................ 258 Wager, James, (Stoves)................ 387 Western Tennessee, Charcoal Furnaces of Wisconsin, Census Returns of............ 179 Wagner Sleeping Cars................... 245 97, 99 Wisconsin, Charcoal Furnaces of.......80, 81 Wagontown Rolling Mill................. 150 Western Stove Manufacturing Co........ 348 Wisconsin, Fossil Ores of................ 550 Walker County, Iron Ore from.......... 446 Westinghouse Brakes.................... 274 Wisconsin, Ores of...................... 549 Walkill Mountain, Ore of................ 502 Weymouth Iron Works................. 134 Wisconsin, Recapitulation of Furnaces Wall, J. N. & Co. (Stoves)............... 345 Wharton Bros. Mill..................... 147 in................................... 82 Walton Furnace......................... 109 Wheatland Furnace..................... 59 Wisconsin, Recapitulation of Rolling Mills Wampum Furnace.................... 57,58 Wheatland Rolling Mill................. 154 in........................1........... 179 Ward, Captain..... 179 Wheel by Krupp........................ 299 Wisconsin, Rolling Mills of.........178, 179 Wareham Nail Works................... 134 Wheel, Eddy's Patent.................. 298 Wisconsin, Stove Works in...........348, 349 Wareham, Rolling Mills at........... 134, 135 Wheel, Mausel........................ 299 Wister Furnace......................... 37 Warren Furnace....................... 64 Wheel, Sax & Kear's Patent............ 299 Wolcott Furnace........................ 125 Warren, Rolling Mill at.................. 168 Wheel, Washburn....................... 299 Wood, Bishop & Co. (Stove Works)....... 334 Warren Stove Works.................. 346 Wheeler Furnaces....................... 59 Woodbury & Co., Car Wheel Works...... 301 Warrior Coal Field.................. 101, 449 Wheelersburg, Furnace at............... 71 Woodcock & Bros. (Stoves).............. 345 Warrior's Ridge with its Hematites....... 518 Wheeling.............................. 538 Woodcock Valley........................ 518 Warwick Iron Works................... 32 Wheeling Furnace....................... 111 Wood Co., Wis., Ores of............ 549, 550 Washburn and Moen Iron Works......... 135 Wheeling, Furnaces at.........I. 111 Wood, R. D. & Co...................316, 327 Washburn Car Wheel Manufacturing Wheeling Iron and Nail Wo rks........... 161 Woods' Run, Furnaces, at................ 54 Works................................ 300 Wheeling, Rolling Mills at............... 161 Woodstock Furnace...................... 103 Washburn Iron Works.................. 135 Wheeling, Stove Works at............... 342 Wooster, Pipe Works at.................. 328 Washburn, Wheel by.................... 299 Whipple & Dickerson.................... 177 Wooten, Mr............................. 262 Washington Co., Tenn., Ores of...... 541, 542 Whitehead, W. H., (Stoves)............ 347 Worcester, Car Wheel Works at...244, 300, 301 Washington Co., Wis., Ores of........... 550 White, Prof............................. 492 Worcester, Rolling Mills at.............. 135 Washington, Furnace at................. 71 White, Thomas (Stoves)................. 347 Workings of the Furnace on Embreeville Washington Mine....................... 472 Whiting, Charles....................... 224 Property............................. 545 Washington Pipe Works................. 314 Whitney, Asa...................... 219, 229 Worley Furnace......................... 98 Wason Car Manufacturing Co.'s Works... 301 Whitney, A. & Sons.........219, 298, 299, 545 Worthington Side Ingot Cranes (Hydraulic) Wason Car Works.............. 245, 246, 258 Whitney Car Wheel Works.............. 302 190 Wason Car Works, Description of.... 245, 246 Whittlesey, Asaph....................... 61 Worthley, Samuel, Car Wheels........... 309 Wassaic Furnace........................ 125 Whittlesey, Col. Charles...........60, 62, 550 Wrightsville, Furnace at................ 37 Waterford, Car Wheel Works............ 301 Whitwell Fire Brick Hot Blast Stove...... 130 Wrought Iron Product 12. Water Jackets.......................... 90 Whitwell Hot Blast Stove............... 99 Wrought Iron Tubes, Materials used in the Watertown, Car Wheel Works at......... 301 Widner, George O...................... 267 Manufacture of, at the Pascal Iron Watson, N. C........................... 273 Wiers, J.... F.............268, 269 Works...............................324, 325 Watsontown Car Works................. 249 Wilder, Gen'l J. T..................... 93 Wrought Tires.......................... 215 Wayawanda Furnace.................... 129 Wilder, Gen'l J. T., Letter of........... 546 Wuth, Dr.............................. 542 Wayne Brand, Steel.................... 197 Wilder's, Gen'l, Report as to Cost of Mak- Wyandotte, Furnaces at................. 87 Wayne Furnace......................... 98 ing Pig Metal, and Quality of the Ores Wyandotte, Iron Shipbuilding at......... 432 Wayne Iron and Steel Works........ 145, 197 of Tennessee........................93, 96 Wyandotte Rolling Mill................... 176 Waynesborough, Furnace at............. 98 Wilkesbarre, Car Wheel Works at....... 302 Wyandotte, Stove Works at.......... 343 Wayneville Furnace..................... 128 Wilkesbarre, Car Works at...............257 Wyckoff, C. W. & Co., Pipe Works....... 315 Weimar Bros........................... 124 Wilkinson, Wikes & Co.................. 62 Wyoming Valley Manufacturing Co... 249, 302 Weimer, P. L. & Bros................... 249 William Penn Furnace................... 32 ythe Co., Va., Ores of.................. 523 Weissport Rolling Mill................... 153 Williamsburg, Furnace at................ 40 Wytheville, Furnaces at................ 108 Wells, French & Co., Bridge Builders.... 391 Williams, Edward H.................228, 231 Yellow Bank, Ore of..................... 552 Wells, French & Co., Car Works......... 256 Williams, Mr............................ 144 Yellow Springs, Furnace at.............. 45 Wells, H. & Bro. (Stoves)................ 345 Williams, Prof. Chas. P..............481, 492 Yield of Iron Mines of New Jersey....... 502 Welsh, Benjamin....................... 274 Williams, Page & Co.................... 268 York, Car Works at................. 246, 249 Wendell, Dr............................ 508 Williamsport, Rolling Mill at.........149, 153 York County, Furnaces in............... 37 West Cumberland Ores.................. 186 Wilmington.........................422, 425 York Furnace........................... 42 West Middlesex, Furnace at.............. 58 Wilmington, Car Wheel Works at.....306, 307 York Rolling Mill..................... 157 West Middlesex Mill................ 153, 154 Wilmington Car Works.................. 251 Young, Brigham....................... 551 West Reading Boiler and Machine Works. 328 Wilmington Car Works, Description of.... 251 Young, P. & Co. (Wrought Iron Pipes).. 314 West Sandwich, Car Works at........... 242 Wilmington, Car Works of............250, 251 Youngstown, Furnaces at.............. 63 West Stockbridge, Furnace at........... 117 Wilmington, Iron Ship Building at.... 423, 426 Youngstown, Ohio....................... 459 West Troy, Car Works at......... 2..... 241 Wilmington, Rolling Mills of.........157, 158 Youngstown Rolling Mill................ 166 West Virginia, Blast Furnaces of..... 111, 112 Wilmington, Ship Building at........422, 425 Youngstown, Rolling Mills at.........165, 166 West Virginia, Charcoal Furnaces of..... 112 Wilmington, Stove Works at............. 343 Zanesville Furnace.....................67, 68 West Virginia, Coke Furnaces of..... 111, 112 Wilson, General........................ 180 Zanesville, Furnaces at................67, 68 West Virginia, Iron Ores of.......... 523, 540 Wilson, George F........................ 522 Zanesville, Rolling Mill at................ 166 West Virginia, Recapitulation of......... 161 Winans, Ross....................... 217, 306 Zanesville, Stove Works at.............. 345 WestVirginia,Recapitulation of Furnaces in 112 Windsor Locks, Pipe Works at............ 314 Zinc, Oxide of.....................444, 445 PREFACE. WIEN this work was first proposed, the design was simply to include a guide to the Blast Furnaces and Rolling Mills of the country, but the demand for a reliable MANUAL OF THE AMERICAN IRON TRADE, which should represent the principal producing and consuming industries of this line in the country, was so great that it was determined to extend its scope. The producer of Pig Metal or Manufactured Iron needs to know reliably the whereabouts of his customers, actual or possible, and the consumer in turn seeks to post himself upon the possible capacity of the producer as a guide in purchasing. We have here brought these interests face to face, and at least contributed something to the information of both. There is, however, a higher object to be considered in the compilation of a work like that here presented. It is something more than simple statistical work to show the magnitude and progress of our iron industry,-that branch of mechanical production which is the foundation of all our arts,-and no one can review such a collocation of industrial effort, guided by mechanical skill, without pausing to wonder at the progress of a nation which has not yet reached its first Centenary period. What the possibilities, nay, certainties, of the future industrial growth of the United States may reveal, is clearly foreshadowed in this record of but a portion of the actualities of to-day. We thus submit a lesson to the thoughtful, with a record of value to the busy man, intent only on the necessities of the hour. In the classification of this work, the more numerous branches, as the Blast Furnaces and Rolling Mills, have been arranged by Counties and States, and all others classified by States. Each branch of industry has been separately described, believing that this form will be found most convenient for ready reference; while to each is prefaced introductory remarks containing information of value. A general recapitulation follows each department, which gives statistics of capacity, etc. In every case possible, where firm or company has an office separate from works, such is given; where this is not done, the office and works are connected. The grand point offered in this volume is, that through it the whole Iron Trade may obtain information usually only obtainable through Trade Associations, which guard their statistics with jealousy, and which are generally either exaggerated or depreciated to suit the exigencies of the times. The work has been carefully indexed, and reference can be made to any item with ease. While acknowledging the numerous imperfections of the work, the author is conscious only of an earnest, honest effort to reliability, joined to a warm interest in the development of our iron industries as the surest means of increasing our national wealth, prosperity, and happiness. THOIAS DUNLAP, Editor and Compiler. PHIIILADELPHIA, 1874. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. rl-E importance of the iron industry to the people of the United States is generally conceded. It has been the subject of national legislation and the object of foreign competition, both fair and open, dishonest-and secret. It has attracted capital from our own citizens and from foreign shores, as well as afforded the greatest inducement to the skilled labor of Europe to seek our country with the certainty of constant and well-paid employment. The industry has at times advanced rapidly, again slowly; sometimes stood still, but never retrograded. It has developed the inventive genius of our people by a constant demand for labor-saving machinery, and placed them in this line many years in advance of foreign nations. It has increased our agricultural products, and civilized our Western prairies by affording an army of consumers of the food of the soil, at the same time an army of producers of manufactured articles for the consumption of the agriculturist. And yet the greatness of this industry, its numerous ramifications, its ten thousand arterial connections and hundred thousand nerve branches in and out of the tissues of the body politic, are but faintly appreciated by our people. The effort to fairly represent the workings of even a few of the leading branches of this mighty industry, forcibly impresses upon the writer the magnitude of the work, while the record of productive mannufacture presented in this volume will give the technical, or even general, reader some idea of the great trade, of which there is here indicated less than a tithe. A well-known writer on Political Economy has boldly stated that the civilization of a people is more clearly indicated by the consumption of iron, than by any other power it possesses. The reasons for this are, manifestly, that with the advance of civilization comes the demand for manufactured articles; first of necessity, next of a higher type, of luxury; all of which presuppose a necessity for a like advance in skilled labor, in technical knowledge, in metallurgical skill, in agricultural production, in scientific investigation, in social science, and the knowledge of self-government, and hence, to the demonstration of the original postulate. Granting this self-evident proposition, it naturally follows that we may, without conceit, congratulate ourselves, as a nation, upon the rapid and extreme advancement of our civilization, when gauged by this standard. Notwithstanding this great growth, we are yet too young as a people to know what we are doing, or to keep each other practically and thoroughly informed as to the measure of our capabilities. The rush for profit, and the struggle of competition stimulated to new enterprises by the boundless contributions of an extravagantly generous nature in soil, climate, mineral and metallurgical deposits, have given us no time to seek the statistics of our progress, or seeking them, to practically and intelligently classify them. Not having to fear a decline in demand or a surplus of product, we do not care to stop to gauge our progress by the stern rules of the figures of production, save in where they serve as further stimulus to new enterprise. We 2 1]0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. have grown to a mighty strength, as an industrial people, without knowing how we have done it, until we pause for a moment, on the eve of our first national centennial birthday, to invite our fellow-nations of the world to join us in an exposition of our samples of natural growth and productive industry. A review of the few portions of the iron trade presented in this volume, presents some startling facts for the consideration of even those who are tolerably well acquainted with the magnitude of our industry. Without claim to absolute accuracy, but with every possible effort to that end, and basing our statements upon those of individual manufacturers taken in the aggregate, we present here a record of seven hundred and thirty-five blast furnaces, all capable of making iron, and most of which are engaged in its production for a greater or less portion of the year. These are located in twenty-four different States, and possess, according to the statements of their owners, a capacity offour million six hundred cbnd twenty-fou'r thousand nine hundred crmd eighty-nine tons (4,624,989 tons) of pig-iron annually. The natural inference from a statement of such magnitude is, that our capacity must be fully up to our ability of consumption, and that, when the amount of our imports is taken into consideration, is in excess; hence, that the iron trade must flag. Not so. An experienced manufacturer has shown us that the total mileage of railroads in the United States, was, January 1st, 1873..............................................80,194. The mileage constructed during 1873 is estimated at....................... 3,000. Giving a total mileage to date of................................... 83,194 This number of miles of railroad required for construction and equipment per mile as follows: Tons. For track........................................... 100 For locomotives...................................... 25 For cars........................................................ 20 For sundries............................................ 5 Total iron required per mile................................ 150 Eighty-three thousand one hundred and ninety-four miles of road, at 150 tons per mile, have therefore required and used, up to January 1st, 18T4, 12,4T9,100 tons of iron. The amount annually required to keep this mileage of road and equipment in repair, was estimated by good judges at 10 per cent. of the gross consumption originally. Actual statistics since have shown it to be not under 14 per cent., at which ratio the repairs demanded by the above 12,479,100 tons already consumed in railroads, represents an annual requirement of 1,747,074 tons of iron. Leaving out of the question for the present the item of increased annual mileage, since the financial troubles of 1873 have temporarily restrained the construction of railways, we add, from the same source, a few of the other principal iron-consuming industries. These figures, while approximately correct, are beneath the mark, but serve to bear out our statement. There are annually demanded of iron forTons. Gas and water pipes.................................. 190,000 Stoves and hollow ware.............,,............... 250,000 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 11 Tons. Mowers and reapers (actual for 1872)....................... 33,000 Other agricultural implements........................... 150,000 Ship-building (far too low).................... 40,000 MViscellaneous castings............................... 600,000 Sewing-machines (actual in 1872)................ 33,083 Nuts and bolts....................... 250,000 Nails and tacks.................................... 250,000 Architectural iron.................................... 150,000 1,946,083 Add for railways, as above........................ 1,747,074 Add for increase in industry since 1872, 5 per cent. of consumption................................................. 97,304 3,790,461 Allowing the ratio of railway increase to be only 5 per cent. for 1874, which would represent only a little over 4,000 miles of road to be built in that year, we have to add for this at the rate of 150 tons per mile............................. 623,850 Total....4.............................. 4,414,311 tons. Now, when we take into consideration the fact that this admitted blast-furnace capacity of 4,624,989 tons does not represent an actual production of over 2,695,434 tons, and at best cannot possibly represent more than a production of 3,000,000 tons, we have a consuming demand of 1,414,311 tons to be supplied from importation and scrap-iron re-melted or heated. The importations of pig metal for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1873, were but 241,356 tons. Hence we may safely estimate, from a purely commercial basis, guided by the rules of natural demand, and keeping in view the constantly increasing requirements of iron for all uses as a substitute for wood, that the blast-furnace capacity of our country cannot possibly be in excess of our home necessities, much less, without a marked increase, afford a surplus for exportation. The value and importance of this product to our people, may be more clearly understood by computing the money value of the material and product in currency. A production of 2,695,434 tons represents a consumption of 5,390,868 tons of ore, which, at the very moderate valuation of $6 per ton, equals an expenditure of $32,345,208. It further represents a consumption of 4,043,151 tons of fuel, which, at $2.50 per ton, cost $20,215,573; and of limestone, of $1,347,717. The usual furnace estimate for labor is $3 per ton, which would represent for the above product $8,086,302, and for interest, repairs, contingencies, etc., $4 per ton, or $10,781,736, or a total expenditure made by this industry, in the production of 1873, for its material, etc., of $72,776,536, or over half the interest on our national debt. The money value of this product, averaging the price of all kinds of pig metal for the year at $35 per ton-a fair estimate when the price of charcoal iron and the product is consideredwill represent a total money value added to the products of industry, of $94,340,190. 12 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. Nothing could more clearly indicate the importance of the industry than these figures, and when the immense area of our country abounding in mineral deposits and yet entirely undeveloped is considered, it is clear that even this value is as nothing to that of the next decade. Nextin order as represented in this volume, is the wrought-iron product, which is represented by 309 rolling mills in active operation, located in 23 States, and showing a ccpctcity of 2,823,700 tons of rolled iron. Of this capacity, 1,4T0,500 tons are rails, and the remainder, 1,273,200 tons, bar, plate, sheet, hoop, and other rolled iron. The production of rails in 1873 is estimated to have been 850,000 tons, and of other rolled iron, 980,000 tons, giving a total of 1,830,000 tons of iron made by rolling mills in the year. This would represent a money value for rails, at $70 per ton, of $59,500,000, and of other rolled iron, at $100 per ton, a low figure, of $98,000,000, or a total value of $157,500,000, which, added to the value of the pig metal produced in 1873, viz., $94,340,190, gives a total value of $251,841,190, to which is to be added an additional value of $50 per ton on 120,000 tons of rails, which were of BESSEMER steel, at $120 per ton, or $6,000,000, making a grand total of $257,841,190 to be credited to these two branches of the iron trade alone-a money value which may well astonish those not familiar with the great industries here represented. Taking, however, the figures of rolled iron in detail, we find reported and estimated by the Iron and Steel Association as follows: Tons. Merchant bar and rod iron............................... 400,000 Sheet and plate....................................... 250,000 Hoop.................................................. 30,000 Nails and spikes........................................ 200,000 Axles, etc............................................. 100,000 980,000 Append to these the actual selling prices for November, the lowest rate of any month of 18T3, and we find the following actual market value for the product at the seaboard at that date to have beenBar and rod iron................. 400,000 tons, at $75 = $30,000,000 Sheet and plate iron.............. 250,000 " at 150 37,500,000 Hoop iron....................... 30,000 " at 145 4,350,000 Nail and spike iron............... 200,000 " at 95 19,000000 Axles, etc..........1... 100,0000 " at 140 = 14,000,000 Total valuation................ 104,850,000 Add value of rails................................... 65,500,000 Value of all rolled iron for 1873...................... $170,350, 000 And this at the lowest prices of the year, which total added to the pig metal also taken at same date, will give $264,690,190. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 13 Whilst figures are not usually regarded as matters of interest, these are sufficiently eloquent to need no further comment. In reviewing the leading branches of the iron industry, it has been necessary to include the BESSEMER Steel Works, which, while of comparatively late date, are of great capacity, and of vital importance to the maintenance and increase of our great railway system. A description of the Pneumatic process of making steel from pig metal, sufficiently technical to explain it scientifically, and yet to be of interest to the general reader, will be found in the BESSEMER Steel department of the work. The statistics of this industry are highly interesting, as showing the rapid increase in the production of this valuable metal. These figures, as reported and estimated for the year 1873 by the American Iron and Steel Association, show a conversion of 140,000 tons of pig metal by the BESSEMER process. The number of works as yet in the country devoted to this specialty is small, being only eight, with one more building; but this fact is rather due to the great cost of the plant, machinery of the most expensive character being needed, and also that the product is as yet confined principally to rails. In Europe, where it is largely used as a substitute for machinery steel, the product is in great demand, with the most excellent results following its use. During the year, two of the largest and most elegantly equipped BESSEMER works of the world have been put in operation in this country-one at Joliet, in Illinois, by the Joliet Iron and Steel Company, and the other at Bethlehem, Penn., by the Bethlehem Iron Company. Both have features of improvement not hitherto in use, and due to American inventive skill. Pursuing our method of valuation of the product, as in the case of pig and rolled iron, we find that the 140,000 tons of BESSEMER steel produced in 18T3, taking the low November prices as a standard, represent a money value of $16,800,000. This valuation is far from indicating the real worth of this product to the travelling public, when it is considered that a BESSEMER rail is averaged to have a life of sixteen iron rails, while entire safety is obtained. The difficulty in obtaining a supply of pig metal sufficiently free from phosphorus, an element fatal to the production of BESSEMER steel, has happily been overcome, and we are no longer dependent, as at the introduction of the process, upon England for our supply. With each succeeding year we hope to be able to note a great increase in the production of this valuable metal, which occupies a place between wrought iron and crucible steel, and for the purposes it is designed is far superior to either. Pursuing the investigation of the industry as classified in the volume before us, we reach the branch of CRUCIBLE CAST STEEL. In the department of the work which is devoted to this specialty will be found a history of the obstacles and difficulties which have been met and overcome in this trade. Fortunately, we can now produce an article of crucible steel fully equal to any made in the world. It is but within a short time, however, that this could be said, the prejudice against the use of American steel having been strong and bitter, but rather prejudice than well-founded objection. Now, however, this is happily overcome, and a healthy growing demand exists for the native product, not only in our own country, but sensibly from abroad, and notably from Russia, in the great government works of which American steel is a favorite, to the exclusion of others. The statistics of cast-steel production indicate a falling off in the aggregate make for 1873, due, if correct, to the panic during the last quarter of the year, which only amounts to some 28,000 tons, against 32,000 tons in 1872. 14 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. The money value of this product, confined to ingot and bar steel, as the total value when worked into tools or more delicate articles, would be almost inestimable; but taking the lowest prices of the year, was some $10,080,000. Pittsburg has always been the headquarters for the production of the finest cast steel made in the United States, and fully preserves the reputation gained. While mentioning the steel product of our country, the branch devoted to the production of MARTIN steel must not be overlooked. Although not developed to the extent that either BESSEMER or crucible steel has been, this process affords very many advantages, and will assert itself prominently in the steel industry of the country ere long. The great advantages claimed for it are, that any grade of quality may be produced at will; that it utilizes material otherwise impossible in steel making, and affords a product of great ductility and homogeneity, while possessing the highest degree of tensile strength. The process is due to a French inventor, who was compelled, by the necessity of obtaining an extreme degree of heat, to combine his process with the furnace of the MVessrs. SIE'IEENS, and hence it has been known as the SIEMENS-MARTIN steel process. It was introduced into the United States by ABnRAM S. HIEWITT, Esq., of New York, who thoroughly tested the value of the process while Commissioner of the United States to the Paris Exposition, and who has since demonstrated its capabilities very thoroughly at the works of the New Jersey Steel and Iron Company, at Trenton. Another process, possessing much of novelty, and the introduction of which is being rapidly extended, is that of Silicon steel. Metallurgists differ in their views as to this method of manufacturing steel or a substitute for it. Results have satisfactorily proven, however, that in practice rails made by this method wear far better than iron, while costing comparatively little more, and have the very great advantage that they may be rerolled as iron is, which cannot be done with BESSEMER rails. The peculiarity of the process consists in mixing a portion of a silicious ore found in York County, Penn., only, or if elsewhere, not stated, with the ordinary iron in the puddling furnace, and producing a puddled steel, which owes its density, hardness, and homogeneity to silicon in place of carbon. Full descriptions of the works engaged in the production of this metal, and its success as a rail material, will be found noted elsewhere. The process is the invention, or discovery, of Dr. NEs, of York, Penn., and is in the hands of wealthy capitalists, who are rapidly extending its introduction, while it is undeniable that the product meets with extreme favor from many railroad experts. These, with the works devoted to their manufacture, comprise what may be called the productive iron and steel industries, as distinguished from the more strictly consuming industries, although each of the former may be considered as a producer for the consumption of the next. The remainder of the volume has been devoted to an exposition of those branches devoted to the supplying of our railway systems, and hence the general public, with cars and wheels, locomotives, bridges, and steam-engines, pipes and tubes, nuts and bolts, and such of the machine works as time and space have permitted. A notable branch of our iron industry, and one in which a greater degree of national pride is centred than perhaps any other-that of iron ship-building —has also been noticed as fully as possible. To describe each branch of the iron trade would require a work equal to our greatest cyclopedias, but it is hoped to increase annually the number reported, until at least those of most commercial importance shall be included in this annual. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 15 The locomotive works of the United States form a peculiarly interesting branch, and one in which success has gratified our national pride in a high degree. From a very small beginning we have progressed with truly American rapidity in this line; have competed successfully with older and richer works, and have borne off the palm at last by having the largest and most completely equipped locomotive works of the world, producing engines of superior finish and quality, and in general demand in Europe and elsewhere away from home. Nothing at all on a par with this success is to be found in any other trade at home or abroad, and it is due, first, to American energy, and after that to the adoption of labor-saving machinery, principally of American invention. The men who have developed this industry have shown all the characteristics necessary to success, both commercially and as mechanics, and it is to the credit of the American artisan that it can be said that with scarcely an, exception they have risen directly from the shop. The American abroad can now see the names of home manufacturers, and the types of American locomotives, from northernmost Europe, through Russia, Germany, Austria,, Italy, and Greece, to Egypt! No one fact more forcibly demonstrates the certainty that we. are destined to become the great industrial nation of the world, than this. Competition, cheap labor, and cheap capital have hitherto prevented our exportation of what is known as " raw irons," or even " finished iron "-the latter only the raw material of the locomotive works; but when a product requiring the highest mechanical skill is demanded of us, we successfully compete with, and surpass, the world. The various locomotive works of the country will be found fully described when in the hands of firms or companies. Those of the railroads, several of which build locomotives to a greater or less extent, are not noted. The value of the product is large, and the number of locomotives made annually over 1,000, which, fairly averaged in price, would represent some $15,000,000, while the speciality gives employment to many thousand of our finest mechanics-one works alone, the great Baldwin Locomotive Works, of Philadelphia, employing, when full, over 3,000 men. The financial troubles have borne very severely on this industry, their only customers being deprived of means to pay existing debts, or power to purchase new work; but as the country is rapidly recovering from the depression, the railway system must be maintained and extended, and full work will again rule with the locomotive works. Nature never undergoes a panic, and as the products of the soil must be transported, locomotives will be again shortly in active demand. The car works of the United States form a branch, the extent and importance of which those who enjoy the comforts of an American car rarely realize. This industry will be found fully described, and represents a capital and working force of great magnitude. We find in our record no less than 97 car works, producing 60,000 freight, passenger, and palace cars. The car shops of the United States are among the very largest consumers of iron, both pig metal and wrought iron, some idea of which may be formed from the statements appended of the average amount of both kinds of iron consumed in building ordinary railroad cars. So important has this business become, that it has its trade association, composed of master car builders, and supports its own organ, devoted exclusively to the car-building interest. Most of the railways build a portion of their own cars, and nearly all of them have ex 16 G3ENERAL INTRODUCTION. tensive shops for new work or repairs. The leading works of the railway companies have been described, and any feature of interest noted. Following the car works, and in connection, come the CAR-WHEEL FOUNDRIES OF TIE UNITED STATES. In this branch of industry also, we lead the world, and not only supply the immense demand of our own country, but export largely to Europe and exclusively toSouth America. The character of the cold-blast charcoal iron produced in the United States is far superior to any made elsewhere, solely excepting the high-priced irons of Sweden and Norway, which are consumed by the steel makers entirely. The tensile strength of American charcoal iron is greater than that of any other made, and it possesses qualities for wheel purposes far superior to other makes, and hence naturally is in strong demand at high figures. The wheel foundries will be found fully described, with their capacity, and the industry represents a consumption of 175,000 tons of pig metal, with a money value for product, of over $17,000,000. Next to the car-wheel foundries, in order of the work, will be found a list of the stove manufacturers of the United States. As is seen in the record of iron-consuming industries, the stove founders occupy a prominent position, consuming as they do some 275,000 tons of iron annually, or say ten per cent. of the gross product of the United States. There is a steady and constant advancement in this trade; and it is thoroughly organized, having an association which includes a large majority of the manufacturers, and is active and interested in the objects for which it was formed. The President, Mr. JOHN S. PERRY, of the firm of PERRY & Co., of Albany, New York, has contributed some very valuable information to the iron trade. In the very interesting reports of the meetings of the association he represents, in connection with the directory of the stove foundries, will be found some interesting facts relative to the industry and its growth. It has been impossible to obtain the capacity of each works, but the aggregate number of tons of iron consumed in each works of any magnitude, in the production of stoves, hollow ware, etc., will be found, which will afford the necessary information to those desirous of reaching these manufacturers. The industry is one which necessitates the combination of an artistic taste with manufacturing skill and business ability. The value of the iron consumed, estimated at $35 per ton only, would be some $8,750,000 for raw material alone, while the value of the product represents nearly fifty million dollars. The trade in stoves is not alone confined to our own country, although of course the greatest bulk of the product is sold here, but a considerable and growing business is done in exporting, and among other nations, China and Japan are beginning to take these goods. There are some two hundred and fifty firms or companies engaged in the mannfacture of stoves and hollow ware in the United States, 163 of which are members of the association. The increase in the decade from 1860 to 1870 was 110 per cent., the product at the first period including 1,000,000 stoves, and at the latter 2,100,000; a similar increase in the present decade, and it will probably be greater, would indicate for 1880 a product of 4,368,000 stoves, with a value of $91,583,480. The Iron Bridge Works of the United States will also prominently command the attention of the reader, as not only a highly important industry, but one which, while consuminig very largely of the iron product of the country, requires the highest degree of mechanical GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 17 and engineering skill. Already we have constructed in the United States some of the finest engineering works of the day, and with a skill that leaves little to be desired in this line. The descriptions of the St. Louis Steel Bridge, the Iron International Bridge at Buffalo, the Hudson River Bridge at Albany, the St. Charles Bridge, Missouri, and the Girard Avenue Bridge at Philadelphia-to be found in the proper department-show what progress has been made in this line. The iron bridge, while it is a necessity to railroad companies, is fast becoming such in common highways; indeed, a journey through any portion of the rich agricultural States of the West, will show that iron bridges are universally replacing the older structures of wood. In cities this form of structure is exclusively used, and throughout the country another branch of iron-work now- generally made by bridge companies exclusively-that of iron roofs-is fast coming into use. The terrible losses by fire during the last three years have greatly extended the uses of iron in this way, and nearly all our new works are now built with iron as the chief article of structure. It is impossible to fix the capacity of these works, since the amount of work done varies with the necessities of the year. In common with all branches of industry dependent upon the increase of our railroad system, the iron bridge builders of the country have suffered severely by the panic of 18T3, but work has steadily progressed on the enterprises under way, while several new bridges of great size are projected, and indeed must be speedily commenced, to accommodate the growing traffic of the country. Among these is the iron bridge over the Hudson at Poughkeepsie, the corner-stone of which was laid in December, 18T3, and which will be a first-class wrought-iron structure of great length. Competition with foreign nations has shown the American bridge builder to be able, even at the higher prices of labor and material in our country, to compete successfully, and this has been notably the case in the International Bridge over the Niagara River, where the Phoenix Iron Company of Pennsylvania carried off the contract from the largest English iron works. The reasons for this, are to be found in labor-saving machinery; intelligent, because well-paid labor, and lighter, because better, iron. In addition to this is to be taken into consideration that the American bridges are ready for erection when they leave the works, and are simply fitted together on the spot, while the custom of English bridge builders requires nearly as much labor in erection as in construction. The bridge companies of the United States are not numerous, the business demanding large capital and the employment of expensive engineering talent; but some of them have very extensive works, and have constructed large numbers of bridges, both railroad and highway. The fullest particulars which could be obtained will be found in connection with the Iron Bridge Department of the work, and in a future issue it is hoped to give the exact consumption of iron by this industry. The InoN SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES form a department of special interest to those who feel a national pride in the development of our manufactures. Until within a few years England had held the exclusive control of iron ship-building for the world, and the ship-yards of the Clyde supplied almost entirely the commercial marine of the world. While our late war put a stop to the construction of wooden vessels, it gave birth to the production of iron ships, and since that date the industry has steadily progressed. At first, and indeed until within a year or so, the cost of American-built iron ships was considerably in excess of those built abroad, both from higher prices of labor, and material. Since then, as prices have advanced abroad, we have been better able to compete, and now if the same 3 18 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. quality of iron was used here as there, our ships could be built cheaper. But this is not desirable. So poor has been the quality of iron used in Clyde-built ships, that Parliamentary commissions have been made to investigate it, and testimony taken before them shows that plates had been used which would break by their own weight if dropped on the ground. That a very poor quality of iron has been used abroad, is clear, from the fact that in two, instances during the winter of 1872-3, Clyde-built ships in American waters had plates crushed in by the ice, and were repaired here. The quality of the iron was so wretchedly inferior that the officers of the vessels in question refused to leave it in the hands of our builders, but carefully collected and carried it back to England. Considerable rivalry has existed in regard to the location of the great iron ship-yards of the seaboard, but it has been generally conceded that the Delaware River, from above Philadelphia to INewcastle, offers the best facilities for the conjunction of coal, iron, and water frontage of any locality on the Atlantic seaboard. Hence, the large works of the country are to be found in this region. At Philadelphia there are two, with a third building for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company. At Chester, 16 miles below, is the extensive works of JOHN ROACH, known as the Delaware River Ship-building and Machine Works, and occupying the property formerly used by REANIE, AGRCHBOLD & Co., while the present proprietor formerly conducted the once celebrated Novelty Engine Works of New York. Still further down, at a distance of thirty miles below the city of Philadelphia, are the works and yards of the HARLAN & HOLLINGSWORTH COMPANY, PUSEY, JONES & Co., and the JACKSON & SHARP Manufacturing Company, all of which are engaged in building either ocean or river steamers of iron. The capacity of these works is being constantly extended, and the demand for work compels a steady increase in the force of working-men. The tonnage of iron vessels built in the fiscal year ended June 30, 1873, was very much greater than at any time previous, while the number of vessels on the stocks since that date has greatly increased. Most of the works have contracts which will occupy their full force for all of 1874. The value of these ship-yards to the country has been fully shown by the Virginius affair. At the time of the seizure of that vessel, the iron-clad navy of the United States was in a wretched condition, and almost totally unseaworthy. The resources of the government not being sufficient at the various navy-yards to supply the necessary work in time, demand was made upon the private yards, which not only furnished skilled mechanics for the navy yards, but, to the exclusion of profitable work in hand, placed an iron-clad fleet in readiness for war at a very brief notice. The statistics of the iron tonnage of the United States built in 1873 (fiscal year), and previously, as well as now building, will be found in the proper department. The growth of this branch of industry upon our Eastern seaboard, and the superiority of iron vessels for ocean and coastwise navigation, will suggest to every thinking man the certainty of the extension of this system to our great lakes and Western rivers. The only wonder is, that with the superior quality of ores for the manufacture of choice iron, and the enterprise of our Western people, this industry has not been carried on in a large way. At Buffalo there have been a number of barges and some passenger steamers built, and one iron vessel has been built at Dubuque, Iowa, and another at Wyandotte, Mich.; but when the immense traffic in lake freights, both east and west, is considered, it is very certain that this must be ultimately done in iron bottoms. Ience we may expect in the near future the establishment of large iron ship-yards and great plate-iron mills at various points on or GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 19 near to the lakes, which shall furnish vessels for this trade, and also for the river traffic of the Mississippi and Missouri. Iron ship-building in the near future promises a greater growth than any other branch of the industry, because it is behind the other branches in its development. The IRON PIPE and TUBE WORXS of the country, and the STATIONARY STEAM-EINGINE WORKS, form the subjects of careful compilation in this work. The cast-iron pipe works of the country consume annually, as has been shown, no less than 200,000 tons of pig metal, which, at the price used as a standard, viz., $35 per ton, would represent an outlay of $7,000,000 for raw material, while the product cannot be less than $15,000,000 in value. The total number of steam engines produced annually in the United States it is impossible as yet to get accurately; but the parties engaged in the industry have been carefully classified, and such particulars as could be obtained have been given. The wrought-iron pipe and tube works of the United States consume materials to the value of over $5,000,000, and have a product valued at $8,000,000, the product of one works in Pennsylvania alone being over five million dollars annually. These values clearly indicate the importance of the industries mentioned. These comprise the various industries of which mention has been made in this work; and the aim has been rather to give as reliable as possible a collation of a few leading industries than to only deal in generalities and mere directory lists of the whole trade. In future issues of this work, should it meet with favor sufficient to justify the publishers in continuing it annually, will be added the important industries of agricultural implements, manufactures, miscellaneous and malleable castings, vise and machinists' tools, edge tools and cutlery, and the full line of iron manufacturers. With these we hope to be able to give both the consumption of raw iron and the production of finished articles by each works. Absolute accuracy in statistics of the production of any one industry in a country like ours is simply impossible, and to claim such ig only to stultify the honest efforts made toward a reliable approximation. Innumerable causes prevent the attainment of such an object, but it is believed that the candid reader will find in the volume here offered something of interest, a great deal of information, and at least an equivalent in value for the moderate subscription price. Accompanying and following the various industrial departments will be found a statistical department, which includes the most reliable statistics of iron production, sadly imperfect, it is true; the importation and exportation for a series of years; and the prices-current of the leading articles of iron consumption at the chief business centres in the United States for the first week in each month for the years 1872 and 1873. Since the body of this work was in type, the demand for a comprehensive description of the Iron Ore Regions of the United States has induced the author to add such an one, which will be found to contain late information of very great value to the trade. BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. __-._I; I-:: _I: ——. —I- -—.. —------ —— ==Z; —S —= — —= __T —.~-:i ;""-'--_--;=-__r__,-. -— —— 11-= —— = —-'= —-= —- -I —— ----I-_i-L- ~:_j —r- —`==;l='-= —— =~ —- ---,,,-_=_-'',- -=-~ —-----------—;~ —-- ~= —;-r--: — —'_: - -____.L-L —=-----.-.-= —-IT-- - -— 7 TLi--~--'--- —- t=-_--_r_T_;-;;rt —-__====_= — L —5 -----------.I__--I_:__=f-L-_2--i---_T-:_ --- L ---------. — —___ —--— ~ ~- --— —ii::-__I__,-,I,,=-: :-1---I1 -L-l -— l — —— =~ —rl-I--=c-I--- _ - - T_: _r-,-_ —=_=-,rLr=-,- —:r_ll_ —lr ;;-= —1-~--I__ —- —I=-I-=; - 11_: -— "--';-:,~-1-,I:- — —-- —-:-= —I —S,i —l-_-l--=-l-. — ----— I. —-: ~~=-= -=_T_=r_-;IS:T1;_7-_ - _;-;__~_-=_T;L —: ----— ==__Z7--;I,T__====.=_ ------ - _--,-,-=_--;-1 —-=: —- —-L- - _11 -.==. —----— =-;;; —_- _CTL_ —- - - - __ —=3"--==== —-=3 — — ___ — ~=; —`-I~= —-— L-;.-.l- — - —-----— I —-=-.L;I---- - —--- —---— ~. --- — ~; —;j~ —— c_=_;;_=--= — _ ------------ --------—; —----- 5-_;I -,_-r~-,-,_ —-;I —-— =1==- —=-,_____. —--— ~ —----—,=-;="-=-- _= —-------— —s=-;;-=_ —-,,,=-, -;CL- —— F~== _ — —=T=_;===-;== —;i=_=-;= — ~--Z-:._l=__c —-— ;i —---------- _;==_-I —-="- — —-I= —=---;=__L:-I-= —= —— =_-;===5-_:L:==~;LL_ -I-; —-r —==== —c —--— c _I_TL7=L- ----- - — ==; —-;; —— -=-__ =- —-;I+ —- —- ----:-=--_,-- —--_c= —S-==== -~1- —- _______ ___ " ----;;I-.===- —=-~ -- —-- _ — _- ==-;5 —-;Z=------l;i- _1_1 _='=_== —— L=_L-_=L--===-_==_I_ —— -i;-,------~.. -- -------— —--- -:r _1 ------- -~ —------— .= —-~ —----- _-s. —-----i -i -1=- — —-— —-------- —-r-_-c-c -— ~ —-— 5 —===';- —~=== —;.._I- _- : 1_ -— —-== —--- — L.s-=~-;-: —-;===- —===r = —=-==ZL_=_=r;5=3 ---— = —-r —-- -— 1 —-21=- aZd —1- -— —--— —== —— =;~=;;;-=_-_- rL --—,5;===== —3sl-=-L-;; h;Ss; — —=-: —---------------— i=S —,=- —-==- — —~ LLLrlrr -=== /I: 5--iiT — ~~ ~ ----------— iui'c~N-3i~n?ESfi;, LUCY URNACE. EiLOilN S; ChREGIIE BROX., PROPRTETORS, PTTSBURGH, PA. INTRODUCTION TO BLAST FURNACES. THE early history of the manufacture of iron in the United States is shrouded in a great deal of mystery, nor are we able to find in historical records any details of the industry which has grown to such magnificent proportions in our day, and which, when taken in connection with the immense amount of mineral in the country, can only be considered in its infancy. The earliest data which we have of the manufacture of pig-iron in the United States, was in Virginia, in 1620. This was followed, in 1643, by the establishment of iron works in Braintree and Lynn, Massachusetts. Previous to 1721, the production of iron had become very active in New England and Pennsylvania, and no less so in Virginia. At that date, there were six furnaces and nineteen forges in New England alone, and Pennsylvania not only supplied her own wants, but also furnished iron to the other colonies. Two years before this, a resolution had passed the House of Commons to the effect that " the erection of manufactories in the colonies tended to lessen their dependency on Great Britain; " and in the year 1721 the English iron masters procured the insertion into a parliamentary bill of a clause to prohibit the production of iron in the colonies. The clause was, however, subsequently dropped, on remonstrance being made by the colonial agents. It shows, nevertheless, that already one hundred and fifty years ago this country had been so successful in the manufacture of pig-iron as to excite the jealousy of England. During the War of Independence, considerable activity existed in the manufacture of iron, but no statistics are attainable. After peace had been declared, the importation of English iron stopped American production; and it was not until 1794 that Congress imposed any duties on foreign iron. Again, in 1808 and 1810, the industry declined under a repeal of these duties, to be revived by the war of 1812, and the embargo on all British iron. The cost of the manufacture of pig metal was then about the same as since in the Atlantic States; namely, $28.75 per ton; and of bars, $83.75. From this date efforts were made to take some note of the industry and its growth. In 1810, ALBERT GALLATIN, then Secretary of the Treasury, reported to Congress the following as the condition of the iron-manufacturing industry of the country: Number of blast furnaces.............................. 153 Product of pig-iron....................... 53,908 tons. Number of forges.......................... 330 Product of bar iron................................... 24,541 tons. Number of hammers........................... 316 24 INTRODUOTION TO BLAST FURNIACES. lNumber of rolling and slitting mills................. 34 Consuming of pig-iron............................. 6,500 tons. Number of naileries............................ 410 Product of nails....................... 15,T72,914 lbs. The value of pig-iron made in that year was $3,616,457. From this date on, we are able by the census returns to trace the increase and vicissitudes of the industry, which has had varying fortunes. In 1830, the product of iron was as follows: Pig-iron.......................................... 137,075 tons. Bar iron.................................. 98,962 tons. The value of the pig-iron being $4,757,403, and of the wrought iron $16,737,251, or about $37 per ton for pig-iron. In 1840, the industry had greatly advanced, and the production is noted as follows: Number of furnaces (including cupolas)............. 804 Product of pig metal............... 286,903 tons. Number of forges, bloomeries, and rolling mills.... 795 Product of wrought iron.1...................... 197,233 tons. Capital invested.............................. $20,432,131 Fuel consumed.................................. 1,528,110 tons. Men employed................................. 30,497 At that date the total consumption of pig-iron in the United States was 411,903 tons. In 1841, by adverse tariff legislation, nearly all the iron works were closed, and numbers were out of employment. In 1842; the industry was revived, and the railway fever of 1844 and 1845 created a great demand for iron, stimulating production, which was again paralyzed in 1846. The product of pig-iron in 1845 reached 486,000 tons, and of wrought iron 320,600 tons. In 1847, the product of American rails was but 40,996 tons, or less than that of one of our modern works. In 1850, the industry is reported as follows: Number of furnaces............................3.. 377 Product of pig-iron................. 564,755 tons. Number of mills, forges, etc....................... 552 Product of wrought iron........................... 278,044 tons. The consumption of pig-iron at that date was 1,042,929 tons, against a consumption of 411,903 tons, an increase of 631,026 tons, or 125 per cent., in 10 years. In 1851, the production decreased to 413,000 tons, with a total consumption of 877,559 tons. In 1852, production was 540,775 tons, and consumption 1,041,931 tons. In 1855, the production was 439,186 tons; in 1856, 626,500 tons. In 1860, the census gives: Number of furnaces........................... 574 Product of pig metal........... 7............. 987,559 tons. An increase over 1850 of 100 per cent. in quantity and 54 per cent. in value. The industry was stimulated during the War of the Rebellion by the immense demands of the Government, although numerous iron works were destroyed in the South, and those main INTRODUCTION TO BLAST FURNACES. 95 tained by the Confederates. A wise policy of protection has also greatly fostered the production of iron since 1860, the results of which are seen in the vastly increased number of establishments described in this work. The census of 1870 gives the following details: Number of furnaces............................. 574 Daily capacity............................... 8357 tons. Annual product................................ 2,052,881 tons. Value.......................................... $69,640,498 Number of hands.................................. 27,54 Number of bloomeries and forges.................. 82 Annual product......................... 110,808 tons. Value...................................... $2,765,623 Number of hands.........................,902 Number of rolling mills................... 309 Annual product.................................. 1330,000 tons. Value...................................... 20,301,158 INumber of hands.......44,643 The census returns for each branch of the industry noted herein will be found with each State. The production of 1871 was as follows: Pig-iron.................................... 1,950,000 tons. Value.......................................... $ 5,000,000 Number of hands at furnaces, and preparing ore and fuel 79,500 Product of wrought iron................... 1,485,33 tons. 1872. Pig-iron........................................ 2,830,070 tons. Value.......................................... $90,000,000 Wrought iron.................................... 1,941,992 tons. The total importation of pig-iron, in 1872, was 193,957 tons, which, with the product * of 2,830,070 tons, gives a consumption of 3,024,027 tons, against 411,903 tons in 1840, 32 years previous, or over 700 per cent. increase. The total consumption of raw iron of all kinds in the United States cannot be less than five million tons in an averagely prosperous year. We have here traced the growth of the iron industry in our country, and shown that from a product of 53,908 tons in 1810, the first year of which we have statistical record, to a product of 2,830,070 tons in 1872, being a period of sixty-two years, and showing, plainer than anything else can, the rapid and steady growth of our people in manufactures and civilization; for by the consumption of iron is the civilization of modern nations gauged by the best writers on political economy. We have here an increase of 2,776,162 tons in 62 years, or, dividing it equally among those years, an average increase of 45,099 tons yearly. During the last decade very great progress has been made in the method of producing pig-iron. The best models * Returns of the American Iron and Steel Association, 1873. 4 26 INTRODUCTION TO BLAST FURNACES. of English and Continental blast furnaces have been reproduced in this country, and every possible improvement made. Greater care, and a thorough scientific knowledge of the chemistry of smelting iron, and the proper admixture of ores, has obtained in maniy sections of the country. The requirements of the BESSEMER process, which demland a pig-iron for conversion, by that method of making steel, which shall be practically free from phosphorus, has stimulated furnace proprietors to an improvement in product. The furnace industry of the United States, previous to the depression caused by the panic of 1873, had reached magnificent proportions, and was progressing at a ratio which gave earnest of our country being able not only to supply the wants of its own inhabitants, but to have a surplus to export within a very brief period. This depression must be only temporary, and the progress of iron making in a country where minerals, fuels, and fluxes are found in such abundant quantity and convenient conjunction, cannot fail to be rapid and constant. In the descriptive directory of furnaces here following, the address of the proprietor is invariably the location of the furnace, unless special mention is made to the contrary. In many cases the annual capacity is given as expressed by the capability of production of the furnace, which, in the case of charcoal furnaces, is not always exhausted, the blasts rarely ranging longer than nine months in the year. Technicalities, as in blast pressure, temperature of blast, etc., etc., have not been included; the object being to give, in this work, rather the productive capacity of the principal iron-producing works, and of the chief consumers of that product, thus furnishing a valuable guide to both producer and consumer as to the location and capacity of each, as well as to the numerous manufacturers of articles consumed by both. BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Anthracite Furnaces of Pennsylvania. LEHIGH COUNTY. THE most extensive production of pig-iron by the use of anthracite fuel is in Lehigh County, and for years this section of the State was depended upon entirely for the supply of anthracite irons. Lehigh County was also the scene of the first successful use of anthracite coal, by means of the hot blast, in making iron; and although both Schuylkill and Carbon Counties claim to have experimented in this line at an earlier date, it appears certain that No. 1 Furnace of the Crane Iron Company, built under the direction of DAVID THOMAS, Esq., in 1840, was the first furnace which successfully, and profitably, made anthracite pig metal. The anthracite furnaces will be considered inl the order of their greatest extent, and prominent among the great works of this region are those of the LEHIGH CrANE IRON Wo.ORKs. Lehigh Crane Iron Company.-Officers: President, GEORGE A. WOOD; Treasurer, 13. J. LEEDOM; Secretary, GEORGE T. BARNES. Office, 224 South 4th Street, Philadelphia. Furnaces located at Catasauqua, Lehigh County, Penn. Number of furnaces, 6; height of stacks-2 of 45 feet, 3 of 55 feet, 1 of 60 feet; diameter of boshes, 11, 13, 15k, 17T feet; capacity, 65,000 tons per annum. Character of ores, magnetic and hematite; the former being obtained from the company's magnetic ore mines of New Jersey. These furnaces have been several times repaired and rebuilt, the blowing engne ine being among the largest in use in Eastern Pennsylvania. Great attention has been paid at these works to improving the quality of the metal, and the brand has always been a favorite in the New England market. Thomas Iron Works.-Proprietors, Thomas Iron Co., Hokendauqua, Penn. Location of furnaces, IHokendauqua, Lehigh County. Number of furnaces, 6; height of stacks, 55 and 60 feet; diameter of boshes, 18 and 20 feet; average annual capacity, 65,000 tons. Product in 1872, 41,249 tons. These furnaces were established by DAvID TiOMAS, Esq., who superintended the building of the first Crane furnace, and are conducted by his sons. The success of these works has been due to the careful management of Mr. TiiOMIAS, who brought to this country a valuable experience in blast-furnace management in Wales, which he improved by years of practical study here, and the knowledge of which he imparted to his sons who have succeeded him. 28 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Lockridge Iron Works. — Proprietors, Thomas Iron Co., Ilokendauqua. Location of furnaces, Alburtis, Lehigh County, Penn. Number of furnaces, 2; height of stack, 54 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity, 25,000 tons. Product in 1872, 24,942 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. Allentown Furnaces.-Proprietors, Allentown Iron Co. President, JosEPrI CABOT. Office, 105 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. Location of furnaces, Allentown, Lehigh County. Number of furnaces, 5; height of stacks, 45, 52, and 60 feet; diameter of boshes, 12, 14, and 16 feet; average annual capacity, 36,000 tons. Product in 1872, 32,714 tons. The first of these furnaces was built in 1846, and the last in 1872. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. Lehigh Iron Works.-Proprietors, Lehigh Iron Co. Location of furnaces, Alien town, Lehigh County. Number of furnaces, 2; height of stacks, 55 and 60 feet; diameter of boshes, 16 and 17 feet; average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Production in 1872, 10,420 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. The second furnace built in 1872. Roberts Iron Works.-Proprietors, Allentown Rolling Mill Co. Office, 303 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. Location of furnaces, Allentown, Lehigh County. Number of furnaces, 2; height of stack, 65. feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. These furnaces were formerly the property of the ROBERTS Iron Company, were merged in the Allentown Rolling Mill Company. and are used in connection with the extensive rail mill of the corporation. Coplay Furnaces.-Proprietors, Lehigh Valley Iron Co. Location of furnaces, Coplay, Lehigh County. Number of furnaces, 3; height of stacks, 53, 55, and 60 feet; diameter of boshes, 14 and 16 feet; average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. Emaus Furnace.-Proprietors, Emaus Iron Co. Office, 228 South Third Street, Philadelphia. Location of furnaces, Emaus, Lehigh County. Number of furnaces, 1; height of stack, 55 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. Glendon Iron Works.-Proprietors, Glendon Iron Co., Easton, Penn. Location of furnaces, Glendon, Northampton County. Number of furnaces, 5; height of stacks, 47, 50, and 72 feet; diameter of boshes, 14, 16, and 18 feet; average annual capacity, 65,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. The owners of the Glendon furnaces are chiefly Boston capitalists; and under the management of WILLIAM FIEMSTONE, Esq., the product has always commanded a price somewhat above the market, and is principally sold in New England. The first furnace was built in 1844, and the others have been since BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 rebuilt. These works consume 100,000 tons of ore, 85,000 tons of coal, and 50,000 tons limestone, yearly; employ 450 men, and pay $600,000 annually in wages. B@th.lehem Iron Works.-Proprietors, Bethlehem Iron Co. Location of furnaces, Bethlehem, Northampton County. Number of furnaces, 6, three of which are building; height of stacks, 62, 45, and 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity (of 3 finished), 35,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. In connection with these furnaces has been built one of the most extensive and best-equipped rolling mills and BESSEMER works in the United States, which will be found described under their respective departments. The ores used here are Pennsylvania hematites and New Jersey magnetic. Saucon Iron Works.-Proprietors, Saucon Iron Co. President, GEORGE P. WHITAKER; Treasurer, JOSEPH RIEGEL. Location of furnaces, Hellertown, Northampton County. Number of furnaces, 2; height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. 300 men employed. Coleraine Iron Works.-Proprietors, WILLIAM T. CARTER & Co., 107 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Redington, Northampton County, Penn. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons; height of stack, 58 feet; diameter of boshes, 16 and 18 feet. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. One built in 1872. Northampton Iron Works.-Northampton Iron Company. Officers: President, I. KNECHT; Treasurer and Secretary, E. P. WILBUR. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Freemansburg, Northampton County, Penn. Furnace built in 18T2. Height of stack, 65 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. Average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. North Pennsylvania Furnaces.-North Pennsylvania Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Bingen, Northampton County, Penn. Height of stack, 63 feet; diameter of bosh, 18 feet. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. Average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. CARBON COUNTY. Carbon Iron Company.-President, DENIS BOWMAN. Number of furnaces, 3. Location of furnaces, Parryville, Carbon County, Penn. Height of stacks, 52 and 55 feet; diameter of boshes, 12, 16, 18 feet; average annual product, 30,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite, magnetic, and limestone. The original furnace of this number was built in 1855, by BOWMAN BROTIHERS & Co. East Pennsylvania Furnace.-Proprietor, JOHN BALLIET. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Parryville, Carbon County, Penn. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 13 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. 30 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. BUCKS COUNTY. Durham Iron Works.-Proprietors, COOPER, HEWITT & Co., 17 Burling Slip, New York. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Riegelsville, Bucks County, Penn. Average annual capacity, 13,000 tons; height of stacks, 56 and 50 feet; diameter of boshes, 13 and 15 feet. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. These furnaces were originally built in 1843 and 1850, and since enlarged by present owners. BERKS COUNTY. Henry Clay Furnaces.-Proprietors, ECKERT & B3O. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Reading, Berks County. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 18,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. These furnaces were built in 1846 and 1854, and have been since enlarged. Keystone Furnaces of Reading.-Proprietors, BUSBONG & Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Reading, Berks County, Penn. Ileight of stack, 50 feet; diameter of boshes, 14 and 15 feet; average annual capacity, 16,000 tons. Character of ores, magnetic and fossil hematite. One of these furnaces was built in 1872. Reading Furnaces.-Proprietors, SEYFEET, MCMANUS & CO. Office, 631 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Reading, Berks County, Penn. Height of stack, 55 feet; diameter of boshes, 15 and 16 feet; average annual capacity, 16,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. One furnace built in 1872. MYoslem:Furnace.-Proprietors, LYBRANDT & McDOWELL and MALIN IBROS., Philadelphia. Location of furnace, Moslem, Berks County. Number of furnaces, 1. Height of stack, 48 feet; diameter of bosh, 12~ feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. This furnace was originally built in 1823 as a charcoal furnace, and subsequently altered to suit anthracite fuel. Robesonia Furnaces.-Proprietors, WHITE & FERGUSON. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Robesonia, Berks County, Penn. Height of stacks, 38 and 30 feet; diameter of boshes' 9 and 13 feet; average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Product of 1872, 5,112 tons. Character of ores, hematite, Cornwall ore. Keystone Furnaces. —Proprietors, E. & G. BROOKE, Birdsboro, Berks County, Penn. Number of furnaces, 3. Height of stacks, 48, 55, 60 feet; diameter of boshes, 12, 15, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 26,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. One of these furnaces was built in 1872. Hampton Furnace.- Proprietors, E. & G. BPiOOKE. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Birdsboro, Berks County, Penn. -eight of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet. Built in 1854 as a charcoal furnace, but changed to anthracite in 1871. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 31 Temple Furnace.-Proprietors, CLYMER, McHosE & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Temple, Berks County, Penn. Average annual capacity, 7,000 tons. Product in 1872, 6,711 tons. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 13~ feet. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. A new furnace is projected by this firm. Mt. Laurel Furnace.-Proprietors, WM. 11. CLYMER & Co. Number of furlnaces, 1. Location, Temple, Berks County, Penn. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 6,500 tons. Built a charcoal furnace in 1836, changed since to anthracite. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. Leesport Furnace.-Leesport Iron Co. Officers: President, F. S. IHUNTER. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Leesport, Berks County, Penn. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. This furnace was built in 1853, by F. S. HUNTER.:Monocacy Furnace.-Proprietors, WRIGHT, COOK & CO. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Monocacy Station, Berks County, Penn. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Product in 1872, 3,276 tons, during which year it was rebuilt. Character of ores, hematite. KutztoAwn Furnace. —Proprietors, Kutztown Iron Co. Location of furnace, Kutztown, Berks County. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Building in 1873. CHESTER COUNTY. Phoenixville Furnaces.-Proprietors, Pheenix Iron Co. Officers, SAMUEL J. REEVES, President; GEORGE WHITE, Secretary. Office, 412 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. Number of furnaces, 3. Location of furnaces, Phoenixville, Chester County, Penn. Average annual capacity, 26,000 tons. Height of stacks, 48, 49, 50 feet; diameter of boshes, 14 and 15 feet. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. Lucinda Furnace.-Proprietors, WILLIAM SCHALL & SONS. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Norristown, Montgomery County, Penn. Ieight of stack, 39 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Product in 1872, 4,574 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Built in 1856, and since enlarged. MIontgomery Furnace.-Proprietors, Montgomery Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Port Kennedy, Montgomery County, Penn. I-eight of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Built in 1854, since enlarged. Norristown Iron Works.-Proprietors, JAMES HOOVEN & SONS. Number of furBaces, 1. Location of furnace, Norristown, Montgomery County, Penn. Height of stack, 32 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 55 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 7,000 tons. Product in 1872, 6,515 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Plymouth Furnaces.-Proprietors, S. FULTON & Co., 242 South Third Street, Philadelphia. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Conshohocken, Montgomery County, Penn. Height of stacks, 42 and 44 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 20,000 tons; product in 1872, 14,604 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. The first of these furnaces was built in 1845, by STEPHEN COLWELL, and since enlarged. Spring lill and William Penn Furnaces.-Proprietors, D.O. & H. S. H.ITNEIR. Number of furnaces, 3. Location of furnaces, Conshohocken, Montgomery County, Penn. Ieight of stacks, 37, 40, 53 feet; diameter of boshes, 12 and 14 feet; average annual capacity, 19,000 tons; product in 18T2, 15,505 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Spring Mill Furnace was built in 1844. Anvil Furnace.-Pottstown Iron Co. Officers: Treasurer and Secretary, CHARILEs L. BAILEY. Number of furnaces, I. Location of furnace, Pottstown, Montgomery Countty, Penn. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Product in 1872, 8,925 tons. Character of ores, hematite, and magnetic with mill cinder. Ilerion Furnaces.-Proprietors, J. B. MOORHEAD & Co., Philadelphia. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Conshohocken, Montgomery County, Penn. Height of stacks, 40 and 52 feet; diameter of boshes, 12 and 13 feet; average annual capacity, 22,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. The largest of these furnaces was built in 1872, and partially destroyed during erection, causing loss of life and considerable damage. Edge Hill Iron Works.-Edge Hill Iron Co., Fitzwatertown, Montgomery County, Penn. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Jenkintown. Height of stack, 65 feet; diameter of bosh, 17 feet. Warwick Iron Works.-Proprietors, Warwick Iron Co. Location of furnace, Pottstown, Montgomery County, Penn. Swede Furnaces.-JAMES LANIGAN, 329 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Swedeland, near Morristown, Montgomery County, Penn. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average capacity, 15,000 tons. One only in blast. Character of ores, hematite. PHILADELPHIA COUNTY. Philadelphia Furnace.-Proprietors, STEPIEN ROBBINS & SONS, Beach and Vienna Streets, Philadelphia. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Philadelphia, Penn. Height of BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 stack, 58 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. This is a new iron stack, finished in 1873, and blown in during December. This furnace has all the latest improvements, and is of superior quality. The ores used will be hematite and magnetic, and a large portion of the product used in the rolling mill adjoining owned by the same firm. This is the first blast furnace as yet erected in Philadelphia, and will test the policy of bringing fuel, ores, and limestones to tidewater, whence the product can be shipped to Eastern or other markets. Should this furnace meet with the success expected by the proprietors, there can be little doubt that the banks of the Delaware will be the location of very many furnaces in the near future. The following description of this furnace, by G-EORGE W. SNYDER, is of interest: Under ordinary circumstances, the locating of an iron blast furnace in the business portion of a large manufacturing city, and remote from supplies of ore, fuel, and flux, is an enterprise not fit to be undertaken. But. the circumstances under which Mr. STEPHEN HOBBINS has erected his furnace on the river front in the Eighteenth Ward, Philadelphia, are not of the ordinary kind, and the points wherein they differ are generally in his favor. His puddling furnaces and rolling mill, already established on the property,.-have been dependent for pig-iron on distant furnaces and an ever-changing market. By extending his piers to the port warden's line, he has obtained ample space, before the close of navigation by ice, for storing large quantities of ores, coal, and limestone, brought by canal barges and other crafts at low rates of freight. Either owning or otherwise controlling ore banks, he regulates the times and the amounts of the shipments to him, while for the filling up of lots from which clay has been dug by brick-makers, the grading of streets, the building of piers, in this rapidly improving portion of the city, he will for years have little difficulty in disposing of his slag. Meanwhile attempts will be made to cast it into regular blocks for building purposes. Landing at the dock and proceeding toward the furnace, we first enter the stock-house, 200 x 60 where the ores are assorted, and where they, as well as the limestone and anthracite, are convenient to the pneumatic lift, the platform of which ascends near to the rear of the furnace, and carries two barrows at a time. Passing to the right of the furnace we find the hot-blast ovens, the boiler-room, and lastly the engine-room, which fronts on Beach Street. Directly in front of the furnace, and facing the street, is the cast-house, 40 x 60, while to the left the cinder is run. The selection of the portion of the lot most remote from the river for the site was mainly dictated by the desire to avoid, as far as possible, the'; made ground," and thus secure a permanent foundation. The furnace is 60 feet high from the hearth line. The external cylindered portion, 32 feet high, rests on a cast-iron mantle, which is supported by five cast-iron columns, 10 feet high. The internal lining is of 16 inch fire blocks, backed by a 9 inch course of ordinary firebrick. Outside of this is a 4 inch air-space filled with loam, and backed by a 9 inch course of red brick; then a 3 inch air-space filled with sand, backed by a 4 inch course of red brick eased with + inch boiler plate, which extends to the top. The hearth is composed of 16 inch fire blocks. It is 5 feet deep; interior diameter at bottom, 5 feet 9 inches; at top, 6 feet 71 inches. Four 12 inch tuyere holes are cut into the hearth at the following distances from the hearth line, viz.: Watch tuyere, 3 feet 8 inches; front tuyere, 3 feet 9 inches; two brick tuyeres, 3 feet 10 inches. The depth of boshes, 14 feet 6 inches; greatest diame5 34 BLAST FURIACES OF THE UNITED STATES. ter, 14 feet, from which the lining rises, almost as a cylinder, 32 feet, the diameter at that height being 13 feet. From this plane to the charging plate, a distance of 9 feet 6 inches, the diminution is rapid, the diameter at the plate being 6 feet 10 inches. The boshes are supported on the outside by HI shaped back-stays, 15 in number, one end of each being let into a mortise in the mantle, and the other into a mortise in a fiat castiron ring, at the base or hearth line. The gases are conducted through a 3 foot iron pipe, directly to the bottoms of the ovens and the boilers. The bell, of the bell-and-hopper, is held in place by a chain attached to a lever, at the other end of which is also a chain passing over a half-moon, and connecting with a piston upon which the compressed air from the blowers acts. The piston is in a cylinder at the top of the furnace. When the blast is on, the bell is held air-tight against the hopper; when off, the bell drops. There is, therefore, no escape of gas. From the blowing cylinder the compressed air passes through a 2 foot pipe to a receiver, 36 x 6 feet, placed over the boilers; thence to the ovens, where it attains a temperature from 900~ to 1000~ F., and thence to the furnace. Diameter of tuyeres, 2~ inches; mean pressure, 6 lbs. The four boilers are walled in, in couples, with a passage-way between the couples. Each boiler has its heater or A mud-drum " attached. Length of boilers, 65 feet; of heater, 50 feet. Diameter of boiler 3 feet; of heater, 30 inches. The upright direct-acting blowing engine weighs 67 tons, and has the cylinder bolted to the sides of the housings. Diameter of cylinder, 44 inches; of piston rod, 6 inches; stroke, 4 feet. The blowing cylinder, which has 12 receiving and 12 discharging valves, is 7 feet in diameter; it has two piston rods, each 4 inches in diameter. The two fly-wheels are 16 feet in diameter, each weighing 15 tons. The foundation for the bed plate of the engine is of brick, 11 feet by 8 feet; and the shaft, which is immediately under the steam cylinder, is 1 foot in diameter and 10 feet long. SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. Pioneer Furnaces.-Proprietors, ATKINS BROTI-ERS, Pottsville, Schuylkill County, Penn. Number of furnaces, 3; location, Pottsville, Schuylkill County, Penn. Height of stacks, 50 and 55 feet; diameter of bosh, 12, 13, 15 feet. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Product in 1872, 15,384 tons. Character of ores, magnetic and hematite. No. 3 furnace was built in -1872; No. 1 furnace, the old Pioneer Furnace, has an historic interest as having been originally built in 1837 to test the use of anthracite as fuel in iron making, and was blown in for that purpose under the direction of DAVID THOMAs, Esq. Difficulties having been met with, the use of anthracite coal was temporarily abandoned at this point, and hence the Lehigh Crane Iron Works became the scene of the first successful anthracite iron production. The proprietors of the Pioneer Furnaces also expended great labor and much money in the search for the Blackband Iron Ore, which was supposed to exist in quantity in the anthracite coal measures, and from which it was hoped to make pig metal similar to the Scotch pig, so largely imported for foundry purposes, but the scarcity of the ore proved this impossible of fulfilment. The Pioneer Furnaces have, however, been of great value to the coal mining region of the vicinity, and to the extensive rail mill of the same firm. St. Clair Furnaces.-Proprietor, JAMES LANIGAN, 329 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, St. Clair, Schuylkill County, Penn. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 12- feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. This furnace was built in 1872-3. Port Carbon Furnace.-Schuylkill Iron Co., Pottsville, Penn. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Port Carbon, Schuylkill County, Penn. Height of stack, 55 feet; diameter of bosh, 13 feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons; product in 1872., 1,726 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. Built in 1872, and blown in late in the year. linersville Furnaoe. —Minersville Iron Co. Officers: President, JACOB S. LAWRENCE; Treasurer, WILLIAM KEAR; Secretary, F. HEISLER. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Minersville, Schuylkill County, Penn. Height of stack, 55 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Furnace begun in November, 1872, and was blown in in August, 1873. Stanhope Furnaoe.-Proprietors, WYNKooP BROTHERS. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Pine Grove, Schuylkill County, Penn. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 4,500 tons. Character of ores, Cornwall magnetic. Ringgold Iron and Coal Co.iNumber of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Ringgold, Schuylkill County, Penn. Height of stack, 54 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet. Building. LEBANON COUNTY. Cornwall & Burd Coleman Furnaes.-Proprietors, R. W. COLEMAN'S Heirs. Number of furnaces, 3. Location of furnaces, Cornwall, Lebanon County, Penn. Height of stacks, 30, 40,40 feet; diameter of boshes, 9, 12, and 14 feet; average annual capacity, 24,000 tons. Character of ores, Cornwall magnetic. Donaghfmore F urnaoe.-Proprietors, R. W. COLEMAnSs Heirs. Number of furnaces, 2. Location, Lebanon, Lebanon County, Penn. Height of stacks, 42 feet; diameter of bosh, 13- feet; average annual capacity, 18,000 tons. Character of ores, magnetic and hematite. One new in 1873. Lebanon Faurnao es.-Proprietor, G. DAwsoN COLEMAN. Number of furnaces, 3. Location of furnaces, Lebanon, Lebanon County, Penn. Height of stacks, 35, 50, 55 feet; diameter of boshes, 12, 14, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 25,000 tons. Character of ores, Cornwall magnetic. Lebanon Valley Purnace.a-P-roprietors, MEILLY BROTHERS & NUTTING. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Lebanon Valley, Penn. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 12- feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, Cornwall magnetic. oorth Corwall Furnace. —Proprietor, Mrs. M. C. FREEMAN. Number of furnaces, 36 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. Location of furnace, North Cornwall, Lebanon County, Penn. Height of stack, 52 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Furnace building in 1872-3. Sheridan Furnaces.-Proprietors, WILLIAM F. KAUFFMAN & Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Sheridan, Lebanon County, Penn. Height of stack, 55 feet; dianmeter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity, 16,000 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. Furnace built in 1872-3. LANCASTER COUNTY. Conestoga Furnace.-Proprietors, THOMAs & PEACOCK (office, 430 Walnut Street, Philadelphia), Lancaster, Lancaster County, Penn. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Lancaster, Penn. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. Chestnut Hill Furnaces.-Proprietors, Chestnut Hill Iron Ore Co. C. J. NouRSE, Agent. Number of furnaces, 3. Location of furnaces, Columbia, Lancaster County, Penn. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 13 feet; average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Chiokies Furnaces.-Proprietors, E. HALDEMAN & Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location, Chickies, Lancaster County, Penn. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of boshes, 12 and 13 feet; average annual capacity 10,000 tons. Product in 1872, 8,967 tons. Character of ores, Chestnut Hill brown hematite and Cornwall magnetic. The first of these furnaces was built in 1846. Kauffman Furnace.-Proprietor, C. S. KAiUFFMAN. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Columbia, Lancaster County, Penn. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 13- feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Product in 1872, 6,543 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. Built in 1848; since enlarged. St. Charles Purnace.-Proprietors, C. B. GRUBB & SONs, Lancaster, Penn. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, near Columbia, Lancaster County, Penn. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Furnace built in 1853. Safe Harbor Furnace.-Safe Harbor Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Safe Harbor, Lancaster County, Penn. IIeight of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Furnace out of blast. Musselman Furnace.-Proprietors, H. MUSSELMAN & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Marietta, Lancaster County, Penn. I-eight of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 13 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Marietta Furnaces.-Proprietors, H. MI. WATTS & SONS. Number of furnaces, 2. BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 Location of furnaces, Marietta, Lancaster County, Penn. HIeight of stacks, 45 and 47 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematites. Built in 1849 and 1850. Henry Clay Purnace.-Proprietors, DENNY & HIESS. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Columbia, Lancaster County, Penn. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 4,500 tons. Character of ores, brown hematites. Donegal Furnace.-Proprietors, COTTRELL & BENSON, Columbia, Lancaster County, Penn. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Marietta, Lancaster County, Penn. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 121 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. YORK COUNTY. Aurora Furnace.-Wrightsville Iron Co. G. W. MCCOONKEY, President. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furinace, Wrightsville, York County, Penn. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. Average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. DAUPHIN COUNTY. Paxton Furnaces.-Proprietors, MCCORMICK & Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Harrisburg, Dauphin County, Penn. Height of stacks, 43 and 60 feet; diameter of boshes, 15 and 16 feet; average annual capacity, 13,000 tons. Product in 1872, 9,062 tons. Character of ores, magnetic and hematite. First furnace built in 1855, second in 1872. Harrisburg Furnace.-Proprietors, PRICE BROS. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Harrisburg, Dauphin County, Penn. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. Baldwin Furnace.-Proprietors, Pennsylvania Steel Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Baldwin Station, Dauphin County, Penn. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. This furnace is attached to the BESSEMER works of the Pennsylvania Steel Company, and is used for the purpose of making BESSEMER pig metal. Wister Furnace.-Proprietors, J. & J. WISTER. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Harrisburg, Dauphin County, Penn. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity, 7,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite, magnetic, and fossil. 38 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATESo Lochiel Company Furnace.-Lochiel Rolling Mill Co. President, HENRY MCCoinnIcI; Superintendent, A. J. DuLL. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, near I-arrisburg, Dauphin County, Penn. Ieight of stack, 52 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; annual capacity, 5,500 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. Union Deposit Furnace —Proprietors, Camden Rolling Mill Co. (HOFFMAN & LONGENECKER, Philadelphia, Penn.) Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Union Deposit, Dauphin County, Penn. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 4,500 tons. Character of ores, Cornwall magnetic. Built in 1854 by GINGRICH- & Co. Dauphii n Furnace.-Plroprietor, Di. HECKi DAUPIIIN, Dauphin County, Penn. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet. Location of furnace, 11 miles above Dauphin, Penn. Average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. Originally charcoal, changed to anthracite. Cameron FPurnace.-Proprietors, CAMERON Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, MIiddletown, Dauphin County, Penn. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 134 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Product in 18T2, T,450 tons. Character of ores, hematites, from York and Cumberland Counties. Middletown Furnace.-Proprietors, MEILLY & NUTTING. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Middletown, Dauphin County, Penn. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 13 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, Cornwall magnetic. PERRY COUNTY. Duncanno9n Furnal e.-aDunncannon Iron Co. Officers: President, WM. WISTER; Treasurer, JOI-IN WISTER; Secretary, WM. E. S. BAKER. Office, 122 Race Street, Philadelphia, Penn. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Duncannon, Perry County, Penn. Height of stack, 39 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 7,000 tons. Product in 18T2, 7 109 tons. Character of ores, fossil and Cornwall magnetic. This furnace was built in 1853, by FISIIER, MORGAN & Co. Marshall Furnace.-Proprietors, EAGLE, SCIULTZ & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Newport, Perry County, Penn. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 7,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. This furnace was built in 18T2. MIFFLIN COUNTY. Glamorgan Purnaces.-Proprietors, Glamorgan Iron Co. Office, 218 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Lewistown, Mifflin County, Penn. Height of stacks, 48 and 55 feet; diameter of boshes, 12 and 14 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Character of ores, fossil and hematite. One built in 1872. BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 39 Matilda Furnaoe.-FProprietors, Mt. Unin Iroron Co., Mt. Union, Huntingdon County, Penn. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Wayne Township, Wayne County, Penn. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, hematite and fossil. COLUMBIA COUNTY. Irondale Furnaces.-Proprietors, Bloomsburg Iron Co. President, CHARLES R. PAXTON; Treasurer and Secretary, WILLIAM E. S. BAKER. Office, 122 Race Street, Philadelphia. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Bloomsburg, Columbia County, Penn. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of boshes 12, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Product in 1872, 11,438 tons. Character of ores, fossil and native limestone ores. Furnace built in 1844. Bloom Puxnace.-Proprietors, WILLIAM NEAL & SONS (late MlicKELVY & NEAL). Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Bloomsburg, Columbia County, Penn. Height of stack, 54 feet'; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 7T000 tons. Production in 1872, 6,832 tons. Character of ores, fossil. Furnace built in 1847. LUZERNE COUNTY. Lackawanna Iron Works.-Lackawanna Iron and Coal Co. Number of furnaces, 5. Location of furnaces, Scranton, Luzerne County, Penn. Height of stacks, 50, 67, and 80 feet; diameter of boshes, 18 and 23 feet; average annual capacity, 60,000 tons. Product in 1872, 39,046 tons. Character of ores, New Jersey magnetic. MONTOUR COUNTY. Columbia Furnaces.-Proprietors, GRovE BRos. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Danville, Montour County, Penn. Height of stack, 39 and 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 14-feet; average annual capacity, 13,000 tons. Product in 1872, 10,686 tons. Character of ores, fossil. Pennsylvania Iron Works.-Proprietors, WATERMAN & BEAVER. Office, 407 Library Street, Philadelphia. Number of furnaces, 3. Location of furnaces, Danville, Montour Co., Penn. Height of stack, 50, 34 feet; diameter of boshes, 14, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 21,000 tons. Character of ores, fossil and Cornwall magnetic. National Iron Co. Furnaoes.-N@ atioal Iron Co., formerly IIANCOCK, CREVELING & Co. (National Iron Co. since in bankruptcy.). Property purchased in September, 1873, by W. B. SnHA, Washington City, D.. Number of furnaces, 4. Location of furnaces, Danville, lontour County, Penn. Height of stacks, 42, 35 feet; diameter of boshes, 14 and 17 feet; average annual capacity, 25,000 tons. Character of ores, fossil. NORTHUMIBERLAND COUNTY. Chllasky Furnace. —H Proprietors, WATERMAN & BEAVER, 407 Library Street, Phila 40 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. delphia. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Chulasky, Northumberland County, Penn. Height of stack, 43 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, fossil. Shamokin Furnace.-Proprietor, S. LONGNECKEm. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Shamokin, Northumberland County, Penn. Height of stack 42 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, fossil and hematite. MlVarsh Furnace.-Proprietors, JAMES S. MARSH & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Northumberland, Northumberland County, Penn. Height of stack, 61 feet; diameter of bosh, 18 feet; average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Building in 1873. BLAIR COUNTY. Juniata Furnace.-Proprietors, Williamsburg Manufacturing Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Williamsburg, Blair County, Penn. IHeight of stack, 28 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, fossil and hematite. Rebecca Furnace.-Proprietors, JOHNSON & HEMPHILL, Martinsburg, Penn. Location of furnace, Houston Township. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. UNION COUNTY. Union Furnace.-Proprietors, BEAVER, MARSH & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnaces, Winfield, Union County, Penn. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Production in 18T2, 4,131 tons. Character of ores, limestone and fossil. Furnace built in 1854. INDIANA COUNTY. Indiana Furnace.-Proprietor, S. C. BAKER, Altoona. Location of furnace, Indiana County. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, hematite. This comprises the anthracite blast furnaces of Pennsylvania now in operation. There are many abandoned furnaces, and several projected in various localities. The Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, an offshoot of the Philadelphia, Reading & Pottsville Railroad Co., has endeavored to foster the building of iron works on the line of that road, and will furnish material aid to any company controlling ores, to build furnaces or rolling mills. Several attempts have been made to take advantage of this offer, but no blast furnaces as yet built under it. It is evident, however, that the disposition and policy of the company is to foster in every way the anthracite iron trade of the Schuylkill region, as the best means of providing a market for their immense coal production, and were the necessary ores in sufficient abundance, this could readily be accomplished. Unfortunately, BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 41 however, the anthracite coal formations are devoid of ores intermingled with that fuel, and the bituminous regions of the West offer greater inducements for the manufacture of lowpriced iron. Constant discoveries of ores are, however, being made, and the anthracite iron production of Pennsylvania cannot decrease for many years to come, before which increased facilities of transportation will bring ores from new fields to this excellent and abundant fuel. Charcoal Furnaces of Pennsylvania. BERKS COUNTY. Maiden Creek Furnace.-Proprietors, MERKLE & KAIFFMAN, Lenhartsville, Berks County. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Lenhartsville, Berks County, Penn. Height of stack, 31 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Character of ores, hematites. Cold blast. Sally Ann Furnace.-Proprietors, DANIEL S. HUNTER. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Bowers Station, Berks County, Penn. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 6 feet; average annual capacity, 900 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Out of blast. Built in 1791. Oley Furnace.-Proprietors, W. H. CLYMER & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Temple, Berks County, Penn. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. This furnace is the oldest in present use in Eastern Pennsylvania, having been built in 1770, and was in blast in 1872. Mount Penn Furnace.-Proprietors, HUNTZINGER & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, near Reading, Berks County, Penn. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,300 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Furnace built in 1827. Cold blast. lary Ann Furnace.-Proprietor, HORATIO TREXLER. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Long Swamp P. O., Berks County, Penn. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 7 feet; average annual capacity, 800 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. Built in 1797, and out of blast. Joanna Furnace.-Proprietors, L. B. SMITH & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Joanna, Berks County, Penn. Height of stack, 28 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,000 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, magnetic. Built in 1794. Hopewell Furnace.-Proprietors, CLINGAN & BUCKLEY. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Douglasville, Berks County. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 7 feet; average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, magnetic and hematite. 6 42 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. SCHUYLKILL COUNTY. Jefferson Furnace.-Proprietors, JOHN M. KA-CuFFMAN & BRO., Auburn, Schnylkill County, Penn. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Auburn, Schuylkill County, Penn. Height of stack, 31 feet; diameter of bosh, 7 feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Cold blast. LEBANON COUNTY. Cornwall Charcoal Furnace.-Proprietors, R. W. COLEMAN'S Heirs. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Cornwall, Lebanon County, Penn. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 1,000 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. Furnace built in 1745. Cold blast. DAUPHIN COUNTY. Manada Furnace.-Proprietors, GERUBBS & BLAND. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Swatara Station, Dauphin County, Penn. Height of stack, 31 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. Built in 1836. Cold blast. LANCASTER COUNTY. Mount Hope Furnace.-Proprietors, A. BATES GRUBB & CO. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Mount Hope, Lancaster County, Penn. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. Built in 1785. Cold blast. YORK COUNTY. York Furnace.-Proprietors, JOHN BLAIR & Co., York, Penn. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace near York, York County, Penn. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, hematite. Built in 1830. 3Margaretta Furnace.-Proprietor, TuHOMAs HIMEs. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Margagaretta, York County, Penn. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,000 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, hematite. Built in 1825. Out of blast. CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Carlisle Furnace.-Proprietor, AuL & Bno. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Boiling Springs, Cumberland County, Penn. Height of stack, 27 feet; diameter of bosh, 8$ feet; average annual capacity, 1,600 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, hematites. Built in 1815. Pine Grove Furnace.-Proprietors, South Mountain Improvement Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Pine Grove Works, Cumberland County, Penn. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,700 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Built in 1770. Hot blast. BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 43 Big Pond Furnace.-Proprietors, Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Southampton, Cumberland County, Penn. Ieight of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. This furnace was built in 1836, and in 18T2 was purchased by the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Co., with 6,000 acres of land, for the sum of $200,000. Cold blast. Augusta Furnace.-Proprietors, EAGLE & CO., Shippensburg, Penn. Abandoned. Cumberland Furnace.-Proprietors, AHL & BRo., Dickinson, Cumberland County, Penn. Furnace formerly abandoned, now rebuilding. The " Cumberland Furnace " was built originally about the year 1790, by the elder MICHAEL EGE, who built and owned nearly all the charcoal furnaces in the Cumberland Valley, and who exhibited an amount of skill and judgment in the location of his iron works rarely met with in any age. At his death the "( Cumberland Estate " became the portion of his daughter, Mrs. Dr. CHAMiBERS. After having been worked by Dr. CHAMBERS for a number of years, it passed into the hands of General MILLER, who carried it on until about 1850. Afterwards it was worked by Dr. W M. MATEER for a few years, when it was abandoned as an iron works, and sold in parts to farmers and others in the neighborhood. As an instance of the former imperfect state of the iron system in this county, we may state, in this connection, that during the long series of years that this furnace was worked, the great difficulty was the apparent scarcity of ore; most of which was then taken from small mines, miles away from the furnace, whilst the grounds upon which the works stood were one vast bed of iron ore. Recent explorations and developments have demonstrated this fact beyond a doubt, as all the lands embraced within this estate are rich in iron ores, and particularly that portion immediately surrounding the Peach Orchard and Heller banks. ADAMS COUNTY. Chestnut Grove Furnace.-Proprietors, J. W. & T. W. AHL. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Idaville, Adams County, Penn. Height of stack, 28 feet; diameter of bosh, 7 feet; average annual capacity, 1,700 tons. Product in 1872, 640 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. Built in 1830. FRANKLIN COUNTY. Carrick Furnace.-Proprietor, R. IM. SLATER. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Fannettsburg, Franklin County, Penn.' Ieight of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,700 tons. Character of ores, fossil. Built in 1828. Cold blast. Franklin Furnace.-Proprietors, HUNTER & SPRINGER, Chambersburg, Penn. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, St. Thomas, Franklin County, Penn. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Product in 1872, 1,225 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Cold blast. 44 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Mlont Alto Furnace.-Proprietors, Mont Alto Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, I3lont Alto, Franklin County, Penn. Height of stack, 3T feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Built in 1807. Hot blast. Caledonia Furnace.-Proprietors, TIIADDEUS STEVENS' Estate, Graffenberg P. O., Franklin County. Location of furnace, Franklin County. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Hot blast. Character of ores, native hematite. Out of blast. Richmond Furnace.-Proprietors, S. PENN Iron Co. Location of furnace, Richmond Furnace P. 0. IHeight of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, hematite. Mount Pleasant Furnace.-Proprietors, AHL & BRO., Louden, Franklin County, Penn. Burned, with forge attached, in 1843. BEDFORD COUNTY. Hopewell Furnace.-Proprietors, LOWREY, EICHELBERGER & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Hopewell, Bedford County, Penn. Height of stack, 28 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Hot blast. Bloomfield Furnace.-Proprietors, RICKETSON & CO., Bloomfield, Bedford County, Penn. Number of furnaces, 1. Ieight of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, HUNTINGDON COUNTY. Barre Furnace.-Proprietors, G. DoRSEY GREEN & Co.; Lessees, DAVIS & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Barre Forge, Huntingdon County, Penn. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, hematite and fossil. Greenwood F'urnaces.-Proprietors, Logan Iron and Steel Co. Office, 218 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, near Lewistown, in Huntingdon County, Penn. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons; height of stack, 34 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet. Character of ores, fossil and hematite. Huntingdon Furnace.-Proprietors, G. & J. SHOENBERGER. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Spruce Creek, Huntingdon County, Penn. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, hematites. Cold blast. Mill Creek Furnace.-Proprietors, ED. A. GREEN & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Mill Creek, Huntingdon County, Penn. Height of stack, 33 feet; BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 45 diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,200 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, hematite. Pennsylvania Furnace.-Proprietors, LYON, SHORB & Co., Pittsburg, Penn. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Rock Spring, Huntingdon County, Penn. I-Ieight of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,800 tons. Character of ores, hematite. MIFFLIN COUNTY. Emma F:urnace.-Proprietors, Logan Iron & Steel Co. Office, 218 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. lumber of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, near Lewistown, Mifflin County, Penn. Height of stack, 34 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 1,000 tons. Character of ores, fossil and hematite. Cold blast. CENTRE COUNTY. Logan Furnace.-Proprietors, VALENTINE & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Bellefont, Centre County, Penn. Height of stack, 34 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Cold blast. Eagle Furnace.-Proprietors, C. R. & J. CUrTIN. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Milesburg, Centre County, Penn. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,800 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Cold blast. Howard Furnace.-Proprietors, LAUTH, THoMAs & Co. Office, 430 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Howard, Centre County, Penn. Rebuilding. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Cold blast. Hecla Furnace.-Proprietors, VMcCoY & LINN. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Milesburg, Centre County, Penn. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Character of ores, fossil. Cold blast. BLAIR COUNTY. Bald Eagle Furnace. Proprietors, LYON, SHORB & CO., Pittsburg, Penn. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, near Tyrone, Blair County, Penn. Ieight of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Built in 1824. Cold blast. Etna Furnace.-Proprietor, SAMUEL ISETT. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Yellow Springs, Blair County, Penn. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. Character of ores, hematite and fossil. Built in 1805. Cold blast. Sarah Furnace.-Proprietor, E. IHAMMOND. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of fur 46 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. nace, Sarah, Greenfielc Township, Blair County, Penn. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, fossil and hematite. Springfield Furnace.-Proprietor, JOHN ROYER. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Springfield Furnace P. O., Blair County, Penn. Height of stack, 31 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Built in 1815. HIot blast. CLARION COUNTY. Sligo Furnace.-Proprietors, LYON, SHORB & Co., Pittsburg, Penn. Location of furnace, Clarion. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, hematite. LAWRENCE COUNTY. Charcoal Furnace.-Proprietors, FOLTZ, JORDAN & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, near Newcastle, Lawrence County, Penn. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. Character of ores, fossiliferous. Hope Furnace.-Proprietors, JAMES S. BRowN & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Rose Point, Lawrence County, Penn. Height of stack, 28 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Product in 1872, 1,682 tons. Character of ores, fossil and hematite. This comprises the list of charcoal furnaces in Pennsylvania, although a number of old and abandoned stacks exist, some of which, however, await a new growth of timber for charcoal, or the construction of new railroads to open up coal for their use. As will be seen, some of the furnaces named were constructed at an early date, and the character of the pig metal made with this fuel has always been far above that made either by stone coal or coke, and for many purposes where great strength and tenacity is required, is entirely used. Hence the price of cold-blast charcoal iron, which rules always fully $20 per ton higher than other grades. The increasing scarcity of timber for this purpose, however, greatly reduces the supply, and for Pennsylvania, the days of a large product of charcoal iron have passed. Possible discoveries of peat, may give in the future an equally pure metal; but without better results in its use, even this is to be doubted. Raw Bituminous Coal and Ooke Furnaces of Pennsylvania. ALLEGHENY COUNTY. Clinton Furnace.-Proprietors, GRAFF, BENNETT & Co., Pittsburg, Penn. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, South Pittsburg, Allegheny County, Penn. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior, hematite, and magnetic. Eliza Furnaces.-Proprietors, LAUGHLINS & CO., Pittsburg, Penn. Number of fur BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 47 naces, 2. Height of stack, 45 and 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 13 and 17 feet; average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Product in 1872, 20,239 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior, hematite, and magnetic. Shoenberger Furnaces.-Proprietors, SHOENBERGER, BLAIR & Co., Pittsbnrg, Penn. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Pittsburg, Penn. Height of stack, 47 feet; diameter of bosh, 13 feet; average annual capacity, 25,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and Missouri. Soho Furnace.-Proprietors, MOOREAD, MOLEANE & Co., Pittsburg, Penn. Height of stack, 75 feet; diameter of bosh, 18 feet. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Built in 1872. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Lucy Furnace.-Proprietors, KLOMAN & CARNEGIE BROS:, Pittsburg, Penn. NuLmber of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, near Pittsburg, Penn. Height of stack, 75 feet; diameter of bosh, 20 feet; average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Built in 1871 and'72. Product in 30 weeks of 1872, 13,115 tons. This is one of the finest and most elaborately constructed furnaces in the country, and deserves an extended description, as it combines all the latest improvements and adaptations in blast-furnace economy. The following interesting description is from the columns of the New York Jron Age, and embodies full details of every particular: To one accustomed to the methods of blast-furnace construction practised east of the Allegheny Mountains, the Lucy Furnace possesses much interest. It may be said to embody the best features of the Western practice, both in construction and management, and will well repay a visit from any Eastern iron master who may find himself ill Pittsburg, either on business or pleasure. The furnace is located on the bank of the Allegheny River, about four and a half miles from the centre of the city. The location is attractive, as well as convenient. From the top of the stack one overlooks a little valley of unusual beauty on the one side, with the Isabella Furnaces in the distance, and a pretty river between; and, on the other, the suburbs of the " Iron City" overhung with its cloud of black smoke-not beautiful, indeed, but busy, prosperous, and progressive. Switches connect the stock-house and cast-house with the Allegheny Valley Railroad, which affords easy facilities of communication with the Pittsburg market, and with the termini of the various lines of transportation by which ores and fuel are received. The Lucy Furnace was built by Messrs. E. J. BIRD and WM. TATE, and went into blast in May, 1872. It is, 75 feet high by 20 feet diameter of bosh. Like most Western furnaces, it is an iron cylinder lined with fire-brick, with an independent iron gas flue, around which winds an iron stairway, by means of which access is had to the top of the furnace. The fuel and ores are carried to the tunnel head in barrows by means of a pneumatic lift, from which they are run under cover of an iron roof to the top of the stack, and dumped by hand. In its external appearance the furnace is neater and more attractive than the stone stacks of the East, and in many respects more convenient. The machinery of the works is of the best quality, though of a very different character from that usually seen in the East. There are three excellent blowing engines by AMessrs. 48 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. MACKINTOSIE, HIEMPILL & CO., Pittsburg, and four pumping engines, to raise from the Allegheny the water needed about the furnace, by Messrs. EPPING, CARPENTER & Co., Keystone Pump Works, Pittsburg. The locomotive used about the works is by Messrs. PORTER, BELL & Co., of Pittsburg. All of the machinery is in the best condition, being comparatively new and having had only the most careful and intelligent management. Steam is raised by a battery of eight boilers, each 60 feet long by 43 inches diameter. The capacity of the furnace is about 550 tons per week, taking the average of the seasons. The ores used are mostly Lake Superior, specular, and hematite. During the present season the furnace will have received about 25,000 tons from the Kloman Mine, the property of the company, near Negaunee, Mich. Some Iron Mountain ores have been smelted in the furnace, but they were found more costly than profitable, and their use has been abandoned. The fuel is a coke made from the slack of the bituminous mines near Pittsburg, coked at ovens located at Carpenter's Station, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, about 19 miles distant. This fuel costs but $3.60 per ton at the furnace, and we are informed that the consumption in the stack is only about one and a half tons to the ton of pig-iron made. Among the novelties to be seen at these works is a very simple and practical machine for cooling slag, invented by Mr. ANDREW KLOMAN, one of the proprietors. Its object is merely to cool the slag quickly, in blocks of convenient size for removal, thereby saving both time and labor. It consists of an annular water-trough, with supply and waste pipes, in which, by suitable appliances, a series of cinder boxes are caused to rotate, so that they may be brought successively under the slag spout. The boxes taper slightly toward the bottom, so as to admit of the easy withdrawal of the slag cakes when sufficiently cool. On the bottom of each box is placed an iron wedge, with a broad, flat head, upon which it stands upright, and with a hole in the taper end by which it may be lifted out. The slag runs in around these wedges, which stand up in the middle of the boxes and project for some inches above the upper crust. Around, under, and between the boxes, water flows continuously, and their inner surfaces are kept so cool that in a few minutes the slag is sufficiently solid to be removed in carts. The transfer is effected by means of a small hydraulic crane. The hook at the end of the chain is fastened in the hole in the taper end of the wedge, and the cake is lifted out of the box and deposited on the floor of a cart, which has a square hole in its bottom to facilitate the recovery of the wedge. The slag cake is so placed that the head of the wedge comes over the hole, and a smart blow with a hammer causes it to drop out upon the ground. The cake is then carried off and dumped. In construction and operation this machine is perfectly simple, and it may be worked so rapidly as to dispose of slag as fast as it can be run in from a spout. There are seventeen cinder boxes, and by the time the last has been filled the slag cake in the first is ready to be lifted out and removed. The proprietors of the Lucy Furnace consider it altogether the cheapest and best method of disposing of the cinder they have ever tried, and we have no hesitation in pronouncing it the most practical device of its kind we have ever seen in use. Some months ago the furnace got a chill, and but for the ingenious manner in which it was cleared, the company would have suffered a heavy loss in consequence. The following account of the means employed, which we take from a paper lately read by E. C. PECHIN, before the American Institute of Mining Engineers, at Philadelphia, will be read with interest: " She had been working well on low-grade ores of about 50 per cent., producing BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 49 daily 68 to 75 tons. There was on stock 500 tons of Republic ore-one of the purest and best of the Lake Superior ores, averaging over 68 per cent. of iron-which had been procured for the purpose of making a trial for BESSEMER iron. This was charged by itself, and M]r. SKELDING, the founder, reports that he did not succeed in getting a single cast when it came down, before the furnace chilled from the hearth to the top of the boshes, some 25 feet. Every effort was made to save her, without avail, and the disagreeable duty of cleaning her out was begun. The hearth was dug out some five or six, or perhaps eight, feet up, when Mr. SKELDING remarked, in the hearing of one of the proprietors, that he wished he had a cannon. A mortar was forthwith procured from the arsenal, and they commenced firing shots up into the chilled mass. A large number of shots were fired, and with considerable success, bringing down, from time to time, portions of the chill. But by and by the mass became pasty, and the cannon balls, of which they only had three, stuck fast. Mr. SKELDrNG put in a large charge of powder, and then, to the astonishment and amusement of the bystanders, rammed the mortar full of cotton waste, and on top of this placed a lump of hard ore, weighing about 50 lbs. This novel shot brought down the scaffold and cannon balls, and the furnace is again running and doing exceedingly well. As far as the writer knows, no patent has been taken out for this process (for a wonder), so that it is available for any furnace man who is so unfortunate as to have a scaffold. Another experiment is shortly to be tried at this furnace, which is novel at least in this country. It is proposed to use two tiers of tuyeres, one 18 inches above the other-seven below and five above. There is a theory that, by elevating the zone of fusion, a larger product and superior material would result. The Lucy Furnace will test this theory on a large scale, and under most favorable circumstances, and the result will not be without interest to all in the business." The Lucy Furnace is owned by a company, consisting of Messrs. ANDREw KLOMAN, ANDREW and T. M. CARNEGIE, and HENRY PIIPPS, Jr. These gentlemen also own two rolling mills in the city for the manufacture of bridge and shaped irons. At one of these mills they make all the iron work for the Keystone Bridge Company, and to supply both establishments takes a little more than half the pig metal product of the furnace. The company intend increasing the number of their stacks as the state of the iron trade shall warrant, but we believe they have no intention of immediate enlargement. Isabella Furnaces.-Proprietors, Isabella Furnace Co. J. W. CHALFANT, President, Pittsburg, Penn. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, near Pittsburg, Penn. Height of stack, 75 feet; diameter of bosh, 18 and 20 feet; average annual capacity, 42,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. These furnaces, like the Lucy, were finished in 1872, and are among the model furnaces of the country. The following detailed description is given in full, as it appeared in the Iron Age, since these furnaces, with the Lucy above described, and the new furnaces at Carondlelet,- may be considered types of the progress made in blast-furnace construction. The large capacity of these furnaces, and the completeness of their appointments, entitle them to be ranked as second to none at present in operation in the United States. They are situated on the north bank of the Allegheny River, on the line of the Western Pennsylvania Rlailroad, at Etna Station, about 5 miles from Allegheny City, and are two in number, each being 75 feet in height, whilst the wvidth of bosh is 18 feet in No. 1 and 20 feet in * See Blast Furnaces of Missouri. 7 50 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. No. 2. The capacity of No. 1 is 12,800 cubic feet; of No. 2, 14,000 cubic feet. They are constructed in accordance with the most improved modern designs for English furnaces, and were among the first of the kind erected in this country. The hearth is 8 feet in diameter for the same vertical height; the section is then uniformly enlarged to the boshes, which it reaches at 25 feet vertical height in No. 1, and 28 feet in No. 2. It then remains constant for a distance of 10 or 12 feet above them, after which it is gradually contracted to a width of 10 feet at the top in lNo. 1, and 12 feet in No. 2. The walls of the stack are composed of brick, varying in quality from the best firebrick to common red brick, and enclosed by an exterior casing of plate iron, the whole system resting upon a cast-iron ring or entablature, supported by eight cast-iron columns without the intervention of girders. The extreme diameter of the sole plate upon which the columns rest is 27 feet, and its surface is upon the level of the surface of the hearth stone. The lower part of the hearth is encircled upon the outside by a hollow cast-iron ring, through which water constantly circulates; this is termed the "water basket." Its office is to cool the hearth walling, and to prevent the passage of any molten iron through the joints of the brickwork. The dam plate is cooled in the same manner. The upper part of the hearth and the lower part of the region of the basket are strengthened by cast-iron rings and other castings. The throat of each furnace is surrounded by an overhanging charging platform of plate iron, supported by brackets, and connected with each other by a bridge of the same material resting upon girders. The charging apparatus consists of the cup and cone arrangement, to which the latter is raised and lowered by the agency of blast from the main. The hot gases are taken off at the side of the furnace just below the cup and cone, by a horizontal rectangular flue leading into a vertical main, through which they are brought down to the hot-blast apparatus. The hot-blast main, where it encircles the furnace, is supported by brackets fixed to the sides of the columns. A branch pipe to the tuyeres is led off between every two adjacent columns except in front. The number of tuyeres in use is seven for each furnace, which are now provided with five-inch nozzles. The frame in which the flow-pipe is set is cast at the works, being composed of a body of cast iron surrounding a coil of pipe through which, when in use, water constantly flows. Between the furnaces, and at a height of 30 feet above the hearth level, is a large rectangular receiving tank with rounded ends, 30 feet long, 6 feet high, and 5 feet wide, into which the water supply is pumped direct from the river. By means of overflow pipes it is then led to the distributing reservoirs situated immediately beneath. These are plain cylindrical tanks, four in number, 8 feet in diameter, and 10 feet high, and are supported by girders whose ends are fixed to the casing of the furnaces, and whose centres are upheld by columns, and braced by longitudinal arched pieces. They, as well as the large upper tank, are constructed of plate iron. The casting-house is situated immediately in front (south) of the furnaces; it is 79 feet long, 123 feet wide, and 40 feet high. The roof is divided into two spans of 60 feet 9 inches each, the trusses for each resting upon the outside walls at one extremity, and upon a central line of cast-iron columns at the other. The foundations are of stone, and the walls of brick, with arched doors and windows, appropriately relieved by pilasters, cornices, etc., and ornamental finish about the wiNindows and eaves. The roofs are foramed of a series of BLAST FURXACES OF TIE UNITED STATES. 51 trusses of wrought iron, covered with corrugated iron plates. The ground about the furnaces is paved with an inferior quality of fire-brick. The casting bed is composed of a series of rows of cast-iron moulds, chills," cast upon the spot. There are 10 rows of these on each side of the central runner of each furnace (which is made in the sand), making 20 rows of 2 chills each for each furnace, or in all 80 chills of 7 tons weight each, amounting to 560 tons. In the rear (north) of the furnaces, and on a line parallel with them, are situated the hot-blast ovens, of which there are 10, 5 for each furnace —only 4 of which are, however, used at a time, the fifth being used only in case of accident to any of the others, or when repairs are necessary. These occupy a ground space of 12 feet 4 inches, by 15 feet 2 inches each, and are 4 feet apart. The apparatus consists of a series of vertical inverted U pipes of flattened vertical section, made of cast-iron, one inch in thickness, the major axis of the interior cross section being 16 inches, and the minor 4 inches. These are in four rows of five each, set in a castiron box, whose upper surface serves as a bed plate for them, and at one side of which is a tube with central partition, to the opposite extremities of which the hot and cold blast mains are connected. By means of partitions in the box, the blast is compelled to travel up and down the pipes in a certain fixed direction. The unburnt gases are led down from the furnaces through the vertical main, into a horizontal flue 4 feet 6 inches in diameter, and 6 feet high, built of fire-brick, which extends along in a straight line in front of the ovens and boiler-house. From this the gases are led by transverse ascending flues, 24 inches in width, into an arched combustion chamber, the supply of air to which can be regulated; from this they pass through flues in the roof into the heating chamber. Both of these chambers are lined with fire-brick-the exterior of the oven is of red brick, and is well braced, and bound together with tie rods. The roof is cast-iron, so constructed that it can be readily removed when it is desired to take out any of the U pipes. The cold blast passes in at the back, and emerges at the front, heated to a temperature of about 900~ Fahr. The main horizontal gas flue, and all branch flues, become in time nearly choked up with fine white fume or dust, and it becomes necessary to clean them out thoroughly about twice a year. I-foisting material is accomplished by means of two pneumatic lifts, one for each furnace. They are located in the rear of the furnaces between the 2 groups of ovens, their base being on the general level of the stock-house (10 feet below that of the furnaces), and accessible from it. Each consists of a simple cylinder of cast-iron, 92 feet long and 36 inches in diameter, made in lengths and bolted together, and bored throughout-in the interior of which is a loosely fitting piston with balance weight.: The cage surrounding the cylinder is provided with two platforms, one on each side of the cylinder, and is connected with the piston by two wire ropes one inch in diameter, fastened to the centre of the cage on each side, which pass over pulleys at the top of the cylinder. It is also provided with wheels running on iron guides on the surface of the cylinder. The hoist is worked by admitting air from the blast main into the cylinder, alternately at the bottom and top, by means of valves, without the use of air-pumps. At each ascent, a barrel containing 500 lbs. of coke, and one containing 900 lbs. of ore or limestone, are taken up. One hundred and twenty trips are made per day with each lift. The actual time recinired for putting the loaded barrows uplon the cage, raising tlhen 52 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. to the top, emptying them, and returning them to the bottom, is about 1 minute e&x 40 seconds. These lifts have thus far worked with great regularity, requiring no repairs. The stock-house is situated in the rear of the hot-blast stoves, and at a distance of 10' feet from them, its level being 10 feet below that of the furnaces. It is constructed of wood, with slate roof, the side nearest the furnace being covered with corrugated sheet-iron, and is 240 feet long, 75 feet wide, and 32 feet high. The ore and coke stacks which traverse it longitudinally, are elevated on trestle-work at a height of 12 and 18 feet from the floor. In the south-western corner, limestone and cinder are stocked, and ore in the southeastern. Underneath the coke track, and occupying the entire north side of the house, are a series of coke bins holding 1,500 bushels each, provided with shutes at the bottom, and screening bars for the removal of fine material. The coke cars are emptied direct into these, being made to discharge their contents at the bottom. There being a considerable length of trestle-work elevated at a considerable height above the surface, extending from each side of the stock-house to the main line of the railroad, ample room can be had for stocking purposes outside. To the west of the casting-house, and separated from it by an interval of 20 feet, is the boiler-house, which is 79 feet wide, 85 feet long, and 35 feet high, built of brick, with roof of iron and slate. It contains 12 boilers in batteries of four each. These are plain cylinders, 42 inches diameter, and 64 feet long, provided with mud valves and steam drums, and supplied by two No. 5 CAMEnON pumps, in connection with two STILLWELL heaters, which raise the water to a temperature of 209~ Fahr., before delivering it into the boilers, causing a great economy in the generation of steam, and also purifying the water. The boilers are heated by the waste gases without the use of coal. After performing this work, the gases are led through converging flues into the main stack, which is 101 feet in diameter, and 112 feet high. It is lined with fire-brick, and cased with boiler plate. Immediately adjoining the boiler-house, but separated from it by a wall, is the enginehouse, 40 feet wide, 97 feet long, and 40' feet high, built of brick, with arched doors and windows, and ornamented like the casting-house. The roof trusses are of wood, the cover of slate. It contains 6 vertical direct-acting engines, built by MACxKINTOSH, HEMPHIILL & Co., of Pittsburg, situated 14 feet 6 inches apart from centre to centre, and working entirely independent of each other. They have the following dimensions: Diameter of blast cylinder.............................. 84 inches. Diameter of steam cylinder.......................... 35 inches. Length of stroke.................... 4 feet. Number of revolutions..................... 19 Diameter of fly-wheels............................... 14 feet. Only 4 of these engines are at present used together. At 19 revolutions, each gives 5,848 cubic feet of air per minute. The blast cylinders are placed above the steam cylin ders, being supported by cast-iron standards bolted down to the cast-iron bed plate. They are provided with poppet valves. The slide valves of the steam cylinders are of peculiai construction, the subject of a patent by the makers. The cross head is between the two BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 53 cylinders, and is connected at each extremity with a 14 foot fly-wheel, placed outside of the standards. The blast from the cylinders is led by branch pipes to the main, which is four feet in diameter; through this it passes to the rear of the hot-blast ovens, where are valves for controlling the admission of air into each furnace. The six engines are placed side by side in one line, and present a very fine appearance. It is claimed that they are far more effective than one or two engines of large size with the same aggregate power would be, and their use is attended with many advantages. They give a very uniform pressure of blast, requiring no receivers or regulators, and work with great regularity, producing little or no noise or concussion. In case of an accident to one, no stoppage of the furnace is necessary. They are also less expensive, as five or six of them do not cost more than one engine of large size and massive construction. The patterns for one will serve for any number in addition; they require no heavy foundations, and are easily made and put together. The water supply is obtained from the river. Two large CAMERON pumps (size No. 7 x 8; diameter steam cylinder, 16 inches; length of stroke, 3 feet; diameter of inlet pipe, 12 inches; diameter of exit pipe, 10 inches) are provided for this purpose. They are placed in a pump house near the river, one being 11 feet above the other. The upper one is used when the river is high, the lower when it is low, only one being used at a time. The water is forced into the large receiving tank between the furnaces, before described. Connected with the works is a carpenter and repair shop, 105 feet long, 32 feet wide, and 30 feet high, built of wood and covered with corrugated sheet-iron; a blacksmith shop, 40 by 32, built of brick, with iron roof; also fire-clay and other sheds. A chemical laboratory is also in connection with the works. The company has a rolling stock consisting of one heavy and one light locomotive, 66 flat cars, and 53 coke cars. Between 800 and 900 tons of metal are produced weekly, the greater part of which is foundry 9 iron. The extensive coke works belonging to this company are situated near the eastern terminus of the W. P. ~. R., in Westmoreland County, just across the Conemaugh River from Blairsville, Indiana County, at a distance of 60 miles from the blast furnaces. At this point over 600 acres of coal have been purchased, and a considerable extent of surface property. The number of ovens at present built is 200, which are of the ordinary " beehive " type, 131 feet in diameter, and 7 feet from hearth to crown, built of fire-brick laid in loam. One hundred and sixty of these are disposed in a line along the side of an ancient bank of the river, and are bound together in front by a stone wall 3 feet thick laid in mortar, with openings for the working doors, the sides of which are protected by iron frames. The upper surface of this wall is on a level with the top of the ovens. The side of the hill, which has been cut down vertically in order to prepare the foundation bed for the ovens, forms this back wall, and all the space around and between them is filled with earth. When the ovens are working the door is closed with a temporary brick wall. The yard in front of the ovens falls 2 feet in its width of 40 feet. Its lower side is sustained by a retaining wall 21 feet thick, in. front of which, and 8 feet below its upper surface, run the broad-gauge coke tracks, two in number, which connect with the main road. An immense amount of excavation and embankment was required in constructing the 54 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. oven yard and the roadway for the coke tracks. It was endeavored, as far as possible, so to locate the line that the former should furnish sufficient material for the latter, and so successfully was this accomplished that no barrow pits were found necessary. Owing to the intersection of the side hill by a ravine, it became necessary to separate the remaining 40 ovens from the others. They were therefore placed in a line on the farther side. The coke track being brought across the ravine upon trestle-work, was continued along in front of the ovens, and to some distance beyond them as a' spur track. On a terrace above the ovens, at nearly the summit of the bank, is a line of trestle-work, between the consecutive bents of which coal-bins are constructed capable of holding about 150 bushels of coal. The coal is brought from the mines, about a mile distant, in small mine cars, holding about 30 bushels apiece, ha-uled by a light locomotive over a narrowgauge (36 inches) track, which is continued out over the trestle-work. The cars discharge their load at the bottom into the bins, which are provided with doors at the side opposite to the centre of the oven, from which the coal is led into the opening at the top of the ovens as desired by means of iron shutes. In this way all unnecessary handling of material is avoided. The narrow-gauge railroad is a model of neatness in construction, and on its way to the mines passes over a bridge and trestle-work nearly 40 feet from the ground. Upon the top of the hill, above the ovens, is a reservoir built of brick, 42 feet in diameter, and 6 feet deep, capable of holding 62,000 gallons, which is filled with water from the river by a large CAMERON pump. On the bottom-land below the ovens a number of blocks of houses, and a large store, have been erected for the use of the miners and coke burners, and already quite a respectable village is springing up in the vicinity. The coal seam now worked is the Pittsburg or Connellsville, which is here over 6 feet thick, quite pure, and exceedingly soft and bituminous in its nature, containing 30 per cent. of volatile matter, and 60 per cent. of fixed carbon. It is intersected by two distinct planes of cleavage at right angles to each other, technically termed the line of the " butts " and the line of the "6 face." The bearing of the latter is here N. T2~ W., or nearly perpendicular to the line of upheaval of the Allegheny chain. It had the same bearing at Connellsville, and at Innis' Station, at the mines of the Pennsylvania Gas-coal Company, bore N. 62~ W. Each oven is charged with 125 bushels of coal, and yields 140 to 150 bushels of cokethe operation lasting 36 hours-100 ovens, or half the entire number, being discharged and recharged every day. The coke produced is very hard and compact, and steel gray in color, containing from 10 to 15 per cent. of ash, and very closely resembling the Connellsville coke, which has been proved to contain an equal amount of ash. About 15,000 bushels of coke can be produced per day. This is brought to the furnaces in cars of plate iron and of wood, holding from 600 to 650 bushels apiece. Car loads of this coke have been sent to Omaha and Salt Lake City for use in smelting works. Superior Furnaces.-Proprietors, HIARBAUGG, MATTHIAS & OWENS, Pittsburg, Penn. lNumber of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Wood's Run, Allegheny County, Penn. Height of stack, 44 feet; diameter of bosh, 13 feet; average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 55 ARMSTRONG COUNTY. Brady's Bend Furnaoes.-Proprietors, BRADY'S Bend Iron Co., Armstrong County, Penn. Number of furnaces, 4. Location of furnaces, IBADY'S Bend, Penn. Height of stack, 44, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 9, 10, 13, and 14 feet; average annual capacity, 32,000 tons. Product in 1872-not all in blast-11,931 tons. Character of ores, carbonaceous and Lake Superior. Vahboning Furnaces.-Proprietors, J. A. COLWELL & Co., Kittanning, Armstrong County, Penn. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnaces, Kittanning, Penn. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Product in 1872, 6,841 tons. Character of ores, limestone and red hematite. M1onticello Furnace.-Proprietors, ICoKNIGHT, PORTER & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Monticello, Armstrong County, Penn. Height of stack, 48 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Product in 1872, 5,984 tons. Character of ores, native limestone and Lake Superior. Pine Creelk Purnace.-Proprietors, BRowN & MOSGROVE, Kittanning, Armstrong County. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, near Kittanning, Penn. H-eight of stack, 44 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Product in 1872, 2,194 tons. Character of ores, native limestone. Stewardson Furnace.-Proprietors, F. B. & A. LAUGHLIN, Orrsville, Armstrong County, Penn. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Orrsville. IfHeight' of stack, 43 feet; diameter of bosh, 11~ feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, limestone. BEDFORD COUNTY. Iemble Furnaces.-Proprietors, Kemble Coal and Iron Co. Office, 20 Nassau Street, New York. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Riddlesburg, Bedford County, Penn. Ieight of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 18,000 tons. Product in 1872, 15,030 tons. Character of ores, hematite and fossil. These furnaces are notable as the first built to use the semi-anthracite coals of the Broad Top region, with the native ores of Bedford County. BLAIR COUNTY. Allegheny Furnace.-Proprietors, S. C. BAKER, Altoona, Blair County, Penn. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, near Altoona, Penn. I-eight of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, limestone and fossil. Bennington Furnace.-Proprietors, Blair Iron and Coal Co. Office, 218 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Benning 56 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. ton Furnace, near HollidaysbLrgh, Penn. Height of stack, 41 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, fossil. Blair Furnaces.-Proprietors, Blair Iron and Coal Co. Office, 218 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Hollidaysburgh, Blair County, Penn. Height of stack, 48 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Character of ores, fossil. Elizabeth Furnace.-Proprietors, MARTIN, BELL & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Sabbath Rest, Blair County, Penn. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Built in 1832, and said to have been the first furnace to utilize the gases from the stack to generate steam, which was done here in 1836. Frankstown Furnace.-Proprietors, Blair Iron and Coal Co. Office, 218 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Frankstown, Blair County, Penn. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. Character of ores, fossil. Rebuilt in 1872. Mlartha Furnace.-Proprietors, JOHNSON, HEMPHILL & CO. Location of furnace, McKee's, Blair County. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Character of ores, hematite and fossil. Rodman Furnaces.-Proprietors, CHARLES KNAPP & Co. Location of furnace, Roaring Springs, Blair County. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 and 13 feet. Number of furnaces, 2. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. CAMBRIA COUNTY. Cambria Iron Works.-Proprietors, Cambria Iron Co. Office, 218 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. Number of furnaces, 5. Location of furnaces, 4 at Johnstown, Cambria County, Penn., 1 at Conemaugh Station, Cambria County. Height of stacks, 52 and 72 feet; diameter of boshes, 10, 13, and 20 feet; average annual capacity, 40,000 tons. Character of ores, carbonates. CENTRE COUNTY. Howard Furnace.-Proprietors, LAUTH, THOMAS & Co., Howard, Centre County. Rebuilding. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; capacity, 5,000 tons. CLARION COUNTY. Red Bank F'urnace.-Proprietors, REYNOLDS & MOORHEAD. lumber of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Red Bank, Clarion County, Penn. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 6,500 tons. Character of ores, limestone. BLAST FURNAOES OF THE UNITED STATES, 57 FAYETTE COUNTY. Dunbar Furnace.-Proprietors, Dunbar Iron Co. E. C. PECHIN, President, Pittsburg, Penn. Nuimber of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Dunbar, Fayette County, Penn. Height of stack, 58 feet; diameter of bosh, 15~ feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Product in 1872, 11,227 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and native carbonates. The president of the Dunbar Iron Co., E. C. PECHIN, Esq., has given great attention to improving the quality of the product of this furnace, as well as to the latest improvements in blast-furnace economy, and is well known to the iron trade for his enterprise and ability. The Genius of Liberty (Fayette County) says: On the 6th of October Dunbar Furnace completed the third year of the present blast, having made in that time 28,684 tons of pig metal. The make for the last twelve months was 10,701 tons, and of this only 27 tons were white and 63 tons mottled, made after two stops of several days' duration. For the last nine months not one pig of white iron has been made, which speaks volumes for the founder, Mr. Healey. The ores charged averaged 47 per cent. The monthly make at this time is about 1,000 tons, but with more abundant supplies of ore, the expected yield is from 1,100 to 1,200 tons per month. As far as can be seen, the furnace is in perfect order, and good for five years more." LAWRENCE COUNTY. Clara Furnace.-Proprietors, CROWTIEE & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Newcastle, Lawrence County, Penn. Height of stack, 65 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 17,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and native. Built in 1872. Etna Furnaces.-Proprietors, Etna Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Newcastle, Lawrence County, Penn. Height of stack, 57 feet; diameter of bosh, 13 feet; average annual capacity, 18,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and native. Neshannock F'urnace.-Proprietors, Neshannock Iron Co. GEORGE L. REIS, President. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Newcastle, Lawrence County, Penn. Height of stack, 65 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity, 15,000 tons, Built in 18T2. Character of ores, Lake Superior and native. Onondaga Furnaces.-Onondaga Iron Co., Newcastle, Lawrence County. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Newcastle, Penn. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 24,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Rosena Furnaces.-Proprietors, REIIS, BROWN & BEIRGER. Number of furnaces, 3. Location of furnaces, Newcastle, Lawrence County, Penn. Height of stack, 65, 40, and 77 feet; diameter of bosh, 14, 9, and 20 feet; average annual capacity, 40,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and native. Wampum Furnace.-Proprietors, Wampum Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Wampum, Lawrence County, Penn. Height of stack, 50 feet; diam8 58 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. eter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons. Product in 1872, 5,736 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and red limestone. The furnaces of Lawrence County use the superior block coal of that region, a bituminous coal, which makes iron without coking. MERCER COUNTY. Allen Furnace.-Proprietors, HIENDERSON, ALLEN & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Sharpsville, fiercer County, Penn. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and native. Douglas Furnaces.-Proprietors, PIERCE, KELLEY & Co., Sharpsville. Mercer County, Penn. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Sharpsville, Penn. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 13 and 15 feet; average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and native. Keel Ridge Furnace.-Proprietor, SAMUEL KIMBERLY. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Sharon, Mercer County, Penn. Height of stack, 58 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 11,000 tons. Product in 1872, 9,853 tons. Character of ores, specular. lbiddlesex Furnace.-Middlesex Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, West Middlesex, Mercer County, Penn. Height of stack, 46 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Product in 1872, 5,620 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and native limestone. Mt. Hickory Furnace.-Proprietors, Mt. Hickory Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Sharpsville, Mercer County, Penn. tIeight of stack, 50 feet; diaineter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 18,000 tons. Product in 1872, 13,353 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Ormsby Furnace.-Proprietors, OrMSBY, FISH & TRIMBLE. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Sharpsville, Mercer County, Penn. Height of stacks, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Built in 1872. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Sharon Furnace.-Proprietors, BOYCE, RAWLE & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Sharon, Mercer County, Penn. Height of stack, 46 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Sharpsville Furnace.-Proprietors, JAMES PIERCE & SON. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Sharpsville, Mercer County, Penn. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Shenango FYurnaces.-Proprietors, Shenango Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 2. BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 59 Location of furnaces, Middlesex, Mercer County, Penn. Height of stack, 46 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 17,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Spearman Furnace.-Proprietors, Spearman Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Sharpsville, Mercer County, Penn. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 22,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. One furnace built in 1872. Valley Furnaces.-Proprietors, Stewart Iron Co. (formerly Otis Iron Co.). Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Sharon, Mercer County, Penn. Height of stacks, 50 and 55 feet; diameter of boshes, 13 and 14 feet; average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. One built in 1872. Product in 1872, 9,103 tons. Westerman Furnaces.-Proprietors, Westerman Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Sharon, M/ercer County, Penn. IHeight of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 13 feet; average annual capacity, 18,000 tolls. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Wheeler Fmurnae.-Proprietors, Wheeler Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Middlesex, Mercer County, Penn. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons. Built in 1873. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Wheatland FPurnaoes.-Proprietors, JAMES WOOD'S SONs & Co. Number of furnaces, 4. Location of furnaces, Wheatland, Mrcere County. Height of stack, 55 feet; diameter of boshes, 9 and 12 feet; average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. ERIE COUNTY. Erie Furnaoe.-Proprietors, RAWLE, NOBLE & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Erie, Erie County, Penn. Height of stack, 53 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior, Canada, and Northern New York. Product in 1872, 6,516 tons. BEAVER COUNTY. Homewood Furnace.-JAMEs WooD & Co. Homewood, Beaver County, Penn. HUNTINGDON COUNTY. Rock Hill Furnaces.-Proprietors, Rock H-ill Iron & Coal Co. Location, Orbisonia, Huntingdon County. Number of furnaces, 2. Height of stack, 65 feet; diameter of bosh, 17 feet; average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and fossil. WESTMORELAND COUNTY. Charlotte Furnace.-Proprietors, EVERSON, KNAPP & Co. Location of furnace, Fountain Mills. Height of stack, 65 feet; diameter of bosh, 17 feet; average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and native. 60 BLAST FURNACES OF THE'UNITED STATES. The census returns for 1870, give, for Pennsylvania: Number of blast furnaces, 199. Hands employed, 10,861. Capital invested, $26,376,059. Value of material, $22,638,492. Value of product, $32,636,410, which included a production of 1,033,272 tons of pig-iron representing a consumption of 2,337,286 tons of iron ore valued at $13,277,524. The furnaces of Lawrence and Mercer Counties comprise those of the Shenango Valley, Pennsylvania, which, with the Mahoning Valley of Northern Ohio, supply the greater part of the immense amount of pig metal consumed in Pittsburg, and use Lake Superior ores principally with the block coal of the regions in which they are located. The Sharpsville furnaces make principally BESSEMER pig metal, and are enabled to do so by the purity of the ores and fuel used, a total absence of phosphorus being a pre-requisite for the pigiron intended to be converted into steel by the BESSEMER process. PENNSYLVANIA RECAPITULATION. Number of anthracite furnaces, 152; annual capacity, 1,257,500 tons. Number of charcoal furnaces, 44; annual capacity, 70,500 tons. Number of raw bituminous coal and coke furnaces, 73; annual capacity, 686,500 tons. Total number of furnaces, 269; total annual capacity, 2,014,500. Product in 1872, 1,240,221 tons. Blast Furnaoes of Ohio. SECOND only to Pennsylvania in the list of iron-manufacturing States is Ohio, while the interests of the two States are also very closely connected, the furnaces of Northern Ohio supplying a large amount of the forge pig-iron used in the rolling mills of Pittsburg and Western. Pennsylvana, while those of Southern Ohio furnish the greater portion of the coldblast charcoal iron used for car wheels. The early history of the blast-furnace interest in Ohio is fortunately more easily attainable than that in the older States, and we can fix definitely the erection of the first furnace in the State. The following facts in relation to early iron making in this State were furnished by COL. CHARLES WIIITTLESEY, Of Cleveland, and are beyond dispute: The first furnace in Ohio was built at the mouth of Yellow Creek, near Youngstown, Mahoning County, and on the Mlahoning River, in the year 1808, 10 years after the first settlement of the section known as the Western Reserve, by parties from Connecticut. This was a cold-blast charcoal furnace, 20 feet high, and 8 feet diameter of bosh, driven by water power, and built against a bluff, from the top of which a bridge led to the tunnel head, whence the furnace was charged. The product of this furnace was only about one and a half tons per day, and its ruins are said still to be visible. In 1809, the following year, a forge was built by JAMEs HIEATON, on the site of the now noted iron-manufacturing town of Niles, in Trumbull County, and here the first hammered bars were made in the State, from the pig metal of the Yellow Creek furnace. The second furnace was built on Bush Creek, Adams County, near the Ohio River, in 1811. In 1812, JAMES IEATON, above referred to, built another furnace at Niles, Trumbull County, and in 181P, DANIEL EATON BLAST FURNACES OF THE TUITED STATES. 61 & SONS purchased the original Yellow Creek furnace, and built another, some three miles from it, on the same creek. These were the central charcoal furnaces of Ohio, and the nucleus of its immense business in the production of pig-iron. To the same section of Ohio is due the credit of originating the use of the raw bituminous coal of the region in iron manufacturing, but this was not till thirty years later. The charcoal-iron making, however, progressed steadily, and in 1816 AARON NORTON, of Middlebury, near Akron, put up a water-power charcoal furnace, and in 1819 ASAPH WIIITTLESEY built a forge on the Little Cuyahoga, a short distance below Middlebury. Shortly after this date the iron business developed rapidly in the bog-ore districts of the Lake Shore region, which ore, although poor in iron, made a soft metal valuable for stoveplates, hollow ware, etc. Most of these furnaces have passed away, the business being hardly remunerative, and the pioneers in it too often meeting with pecuniary ruin. The following, however, gives a statement of the early cold-blast furnaces and forges of the \Western Reserve, Ohio, with date of erection, location, names of builders and owners, and when abandoned: 1808. Yellow Creek, furnace, Trumbull County. MACKAY, MONTGOMERY & CLENDINEN. 1809. 7Musquito Creek, forge, Niles, Trumbull County. JAMES HEATON. Abandoned 1845. 1812. Musquito Creek, furnace, Niles, Trumbull County. JAMES HEATON. Abandoned 185X. 1813. Yellow Creek Falls, furnace. DANIEL EATON & SONS. Abandoned 1833. 1816. Middlebury, furnace, Portage County. AARON NORTON. Abandoned 1842. 1819. Little Cuyahoga, forge. ASAPH WHITTLESEY. Abandoned 1850. 1824. Geauga, furnace, Painesville. Company. Until recently in operation. 1825. Concord, furnace, Lake County. Company. Destroyed by fire. 1825. Perry, furnace, Geauga County. THORNDIKE & DRURY. Abandonment not known. 1825. Madison, furnace, Lake County. ROOT & WHEELER. 1832. Madison, furnace, Lake County. CLYDE Co. Abandoned 1838. 1832. Elyria, furnace, Lorain County. HEMAN ELY. Abandoned 1835. 1832. Conneaut, furnace. Particulars not known. 1832. Elyria, forge, NORTON & BARNUM. 1834. Cuyahoga, furnace, Dover, Cuyahoga County. BARBER & HOYT. Run by Cuyahoga Steam Furnace Company until lately. 1834. Florence, furnace, Huron County. FORD, WILKINSON & CO. 1840. 1835. Mill Creek, furnace, near Youngstown. Abandoned 1850. 1835. Middlebury, furnace, Cuyahoga County, near Berea. D. GRIFFITH & Co. Abandoned 1850. 1840. Akron, furnace. FORD, TODD & RHODES. Abandoned 1855. 1840. Valley, forge, below Cuyahoga Falls. D. I. GARRETT & Co. Abandoned 1845. HISTORY OF THE ADOPTION OF MINERAL COAL IN IRON MAKING IN OHIO. To Ohio or Pennsylvania belongs the credit of first utilizing bituminous coal as against charcoal in making iron. Anthracite coal, as we have shown in the early history of the iron 62 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. industry in Pennsylvania, was first successfully used in Lehigh County, by DAVID THOMAS, Esq., in No. 1 Furnace of the Lehigh Crane Iron Co., in 1840, the Pioneer Furnace at Pottsville having made trial of anthracite, under the same manager, three years earlier, in 183T. COLONEL WHITTLESEY gives the following interesting account of the adoption of mineral fuel in Ohio: In July, 1845, HIMROD & VINCENT, of Mercer County, Penn., blew in the Clay Furnace, not many miles from the Ohio line, on the waters of the Shenango. About three months afterwards, in consequence of a short supply of charcoal, as stated by Mr. DAVIS, their founder, a portion of coke was used to charge the furnace. Their coal belongs to seam No. 1, the seam now used in Sharon, Penn., and Youngstown, Ohio, in its raw state, variously known as free-burning splint, or "block coal," and which never makes solid coke. A difficulty soon occurred with the cokers, and, as Mr. HTIMRPOD states, he conceived the plan of trying his coal without coking. The furnace continued to work well, and to produce a fair quality of metal. It was either a happy accident or a fortunate experiment. At the same time, Messrs. WILKINSON, WIRES & Co. were building a furnace on the Mahoning, at Lowell, Mahoning County, Ohio, intending to use mineral coal from seam No. 1, on which they owned a mine near Lowell. A sharp correspondence occurred in 1869, between the partisans of the Clay Furnace and those of Lowell Furnace, as to their priority in the use of raw coal. The credit of making the first iron with raw bitumiinous or semli-bituminous coal in the United States, belongs to one of these firms. The account of the blowing in of the Lowell Furnace, on the 8th of August, 1846, may be found in the Trfum~abll Denocrct, of Warren, dated August 15, 1846, where it is stated, that to "these gentlemen (WILKINSON, WIKES & Co.) belongs the honor of being the first persons in the United States who have succeeded in putting a furnace in blast with raw bitubminous coal." It is admitted that Mr. DAVID HI-IMEOD, now of Youngstown, produced the first metal with raw coal, about the year 1845, and has continued to use it ever since. The friends of WILISINSON & Co. claim that this was an accident and a necessity, while their works were built and intended for raw coal. Without attempting to settle the question to whom belongs the most merit for this first success, all iron masters, and every one who takes an interest in the enormous business which has arisen from the enterprise and intelligence of these firms, must feel willing to regard them as public benefactors. There are said to be at the present time thirty-seven furnaces nearly the number there is in Ohio-working on that fuel, on the waters of the Mahoning and the Shenango. The metal produced is largely from Lake Superior ore, and for a variety of uses has not its equal in quality in any part of the world, excepting only iron made with charcoal from similar ores. Bituminous urnt oes of hio. MAHONING COUNTY. Anna Furnace.-Proprietors, Struthers Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Struthers, Mahoning County. Ileight of stack, 54 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 16,000 tons. Product in 1872, 14,830 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and Blackband ore. Fuel, block coal. BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 63 Ada Furnace.-Proprietors, Mahoning Iron Co. Nlumber of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Lowellville, Mahoning County, Ohio. Height of stack, 56 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Product in 18T2, 5,143 tons. Fuel, Connellsville coke and block coal. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Briar Hill Furnace.-Proprietors, Briar Hill Iron & Coal Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Youngstown, Mahoning County. Height of stack, 47 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Eagle Furnace.-Proprietors, CAETWIIGHT, McCurDY- & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Youngstown, Ohio. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Fuel, block coal. Falcon Furnace.-Proprietors, BROWN, BONNELL & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Youngstown, Mahoning County. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Grace Furnaces.-Proprietors, Briar Htill Iron & Coal Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Youngstown, Miahoning County. I-leight of stacks, 56 feet; diameter of boshes, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 24,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Fuel, block coal. Hubbard Furnaces.-Proprietors, ANDREWS & HtITCOHcOO. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, IHubbard, Mahoning County. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of boshes, 14 and 16 feet; average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Fuel, block coal. One furnace built in 18T2. Himrod Furnaces.-Proprietors, Himrod Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 3. Location of furnaces, Youngstown, aliahoning County. Height of stacks, 48 feet; diameter of boshes, 12, 13, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Product in 1872, 12,945 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Fuel, block coal. Hazelton Purnaces.-Proprietors, ANDREWS BROTIIERn. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Hazelton, Mahloning County. Height of stack, 56 feet; diameter of boshes, 13~ and 16 feet; average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Product in 1872, 6,344 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Fuel, block coal. Phoenix Furnace.-Proprietors, BROWN, BONNELL & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Youngstown, Mahoning County. Ieight of stack, 65 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 14,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and Champlain. Fuel, block coal. The census returns for 1870 give the number of furnaces for Mahoning County as 7. ITands employed, 622. Capital invested, $1,549,300. Wages paid, $469,258. Value of material $2 364,870. Value of product, $3,424,425. 64 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. TRUMBULL COUNTY. Ashland Furnaces.-Proprietor, JONATHAN WARNER. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Mineral Ridge, Trumbull County. Height of stacks, 45 feet; diameter of boshes, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons. Product in 1872, 8,165 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and Franklin. Fuel, coal and coke. Girard Furnace. —Proprietors, Girard Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Girard, Trumbull County. Height of stack, 58 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Product in 1872, 7,101 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and Canada. Fuel, raw bituminous. Falcon Furnace.-Proprietors, JAMEs WARD & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Niles, Trumbull County. Height of stack, 65 feet; diameter of bosh, 141 feet; average annual capacity, 8,500 tons. Product in 1872, 7,414 tons. Character of ores, Forsythe and Cascade. Fuel, block coal. Warren Furnace.-Proprietors, WvT. RICHARDS & SONs. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Warren, Trumbull County. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons. Product in 1872, 8,456 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Kitty F'urnace.-Proprietors, WM. Ward & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Niles, Trumbull County. Height of stack, 55 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. The census returns for Trumbull County are: Number of furnaces, 4. Hands, 212. Capital, $540,000. Wages, $117,000. Value of material, $832,345. Value of product, $1,184,250. COLUMBIANA COUNTY. Grafton Furnaces.-Proprietors, Grafton Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Leetonia, Columbiana County. Height of stack, 54 feet; diameter of boshes, 13 and 16 feet; average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Product in 1872, 16,916 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Fuel, coke. Cherry Valley Furnaces.-Proprietors, Cherry Valley Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Leetonia, Columbiana County. Height of stacks, 55 feet; diameter of boshes, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Product in 1872, 14,945 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and native. Fuel, coal and coke. The census gives no statistics of pig metal for Columbiana County in 1870. SUMMIT COUNTY. Akron Furnace.-Proprietors, Akron Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Akron, Summit County. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNTITED STATES. 65 average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Fuel, bituminous coal. STARK COUNTY. iMassillon Purnace.- -Proprietor, J. P. BURTON. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Massillon, Stark County. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 5;000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and native. Fuel, raw coal. Volcano Furnace.-Proprietors, Volcano Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Massillon, Stark County. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and native. Fuel, raw coal. The census returns give: 2 furnaces. Number of hands, 227. Capital, $540,000. Wages, $117,000. Value of material, $832,345. Value of product, $1,184,250. TUSCARAWAS COUNTY. Fairfield Furnace.-Proprietors, Tuscarawas Coal & Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Canal Dover, Tuscarawas County. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, Blackband and kidney, both native. Fuel, block coal. Glasgow Furnaces.-Proprietors, Glasgow and Port Washington Coal & Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Port Washington, Tuscarawas County. Height of stack, 72 feet; diameter of bosh, 18 feet; average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. Character of ores, Blackband and kidney. Built in 1872-3. Census returns for Tuscarawas County give the number of furnaces, 1. Hands, 40. Capital, $250,000. Wages, $30,000. Value of material, $112,877. Value of product, $189,800. CUYAHOGA COUNTY. Newburg Furnaces.-Proprietors, Cleveland Rolling Mill Co. Office, River Street, Cleveland. Number of furnaces, 2. Location, Newburg, Cuyahoga County. Height of stacks, 72 feet; diameter of boshes, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 18,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Fuel, block coal and coke. Proton Furnace.-Proprietors, Cleveland Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 17 feet; average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Product in 1872, 10,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Fuel, bituminous coal and coke. Emma Furnace.-Proprietors, Union Iron Co., Cleveland. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Newburg, Cuyahoga County. Ieight of stack, 65 feet; diameter of 9 66 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES, bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Fuel, bituminous coal and coke. Census returns for Cuyahoga County: Number of furnace companies, 2. Hands, 86. Capital, $120,000. Wages, $50,000. Value of material, $315,200. Value of product, $398,000. FRANKLIN COUNTY. Columbus Iron Co.'s Furnace.-Proprietors, Columbus Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Columbus, Franklin County. I-eight of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 11,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and native. Fuel, bituminous coal and coke. Franklin Furnace.-Proprietors, Franklin Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Columbus, Franklin County. Height of stack, 62 feet; diameter of bosh, 17 feet; average annual capacity, 18,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and native. Built in 1872 and 1873. JEFFERSON COUNTY. Jefferson Iron Works.-Proprietors, SPAULDING, WOODWARD & Co.* Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Steubenville, Jefferson County. Height of stack, 48 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 17,000 tons. Product in 1872, 16,893 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and Missouri. Fuel, coke. Steubenville Furnace.-Proprietors, Steubenville Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Steubenville, Jefferson County. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Fuel, coke. MIorgan Furnace.-Proprietor, DAVID MORGAN. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Irondale, Jefferson County. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Product in 1872, 9,233 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Fuel, coke. Mingo Furnace.-Proprietors, Mingo Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location, Mingo, Jefferson County. Height of stack, 65 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Fuel, coke. JACKSON COUNTY. Fulton Furnace.-Proprietors, BUNN & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Jackson, Jackson County. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 4,500 tons. Character of ores, native. Fuel, coal. Globe Furnace.-Proprietors, WATTS, HOOP & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Jackson, Jackson County. Height of stack, 461 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet. Character of ores, native. Fuel, coal. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 6T Orange Furnace.-Proprietors, Orange Furnace Co. T. L. FALLIS, Trustee. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Jackson, Jackson County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 4,500 tons. Character of ores, native. Fuel, coal. Star Furnace.-Proprietors, Star Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Jackson, Jackson County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 4,500 tons. Character of ores, native. Fuel, coal. Tropic Furnace.-Proprietors, Tropic Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Jackson, Jackson County. Height of stack, 47 feet; diameter of bosh, 11- feet; average annual capacity, 5,200 tons. Character of ores, Lake and native. Fuel, coal. Built in 1873. 3LMilton Furnace.-Proprietors, Milton Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Jackson, Jackson County. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, native. Fuel, coal. LAWRENCE COUNTY. Belfont Furnace.-Belfont Iron Works. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Ironton, Lawrence County. Height of stack, 70 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 16,000 tons. Character of ores, native. Fuel, coal. Ironton MVill Furnace.-Proprietors, Ironton Steel & Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Ironton, Lawrence County. Height of stack, 55 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Character of ores, native. Fuel, coal. Etna Iron Works.-Etna Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, near Ironton, Lawrence County. Height of stacks, 37 and 90 feet; diameter of bosh, 18 feet; average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. Character of ores, native. Fuel, coal. Two stacks building. Ironton Rail Mill Furnace.-Proprietors, Ironton Rolling Mill Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Ironton, Lawrence County. Height of stack, 65 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 13,000 tons. Character of ores, native. Fuel, coal. Building in 1873. VINTON COUNTY. Vinton F'urnace.-Proprietors, Vinton Furnace Co.; Lessees, BANCROFT & RADER Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Vinton Station, Vinton County. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Character of ores, limestone. Fuel, coal. MUSKINGUM COUNTY. Zanesville Furnace.-Proprietors, Ohio Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Zanesville, Muskinguin County. IIeight of stacks, 54 and 62 feet; diameter of 68 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. boshes, 15 and 16 feet; average annual capacity, 25,000 tons. Product in 1872, 11,597 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and Iron Mountain ore. Fuel, coke and coal. BELMONT COUNTY. Bellair Furnace.-Bellair Nail Works. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Bellair, Belmont County. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and Iron Mountain. F^uel, coal. Built in 1872. Belmont Furnaces.-Proprietors, Belmont Nail Works Co., Wheeling, Va. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Martin's Ferry, Belmont County. Ieight of stack, 65 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 13,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and Iron Mountain. Fuel, coal. Benwood Furnace.-Proprietors, Benwood Iron Works Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Martinsville, Ohio. Ieight of stack, 42 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Product in 1872, 8,400 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and Iron Mountain. Fuel, coke. The foregoing comprise the bituminous coal and coke furnaces of Ohio, although several new furnaces are projected, and will be built with the revival of trade. Charcoal Purnaces of Ohio. THE HANGING ROCK REGION. In the Hanging Rock region of South-eastern Ohio and North-eastern Kentucky, is an ore belt of twelve miles in width, and fifty in length north of the Ohio PRiver, and thirty miles below it. This belt of ore runs northward into Northern Ohio, and south into Tennessee, where it is known as the Chattanooga Iron District. In the portion of this region belonging to Ohio, and immediately surrounding the city of Ironton, there are fifteen blastfurnaces, all but two of which are cold or hot blast charcoal furnaces, and produce a quality of iron which is justly celebrated for its superiority in the manufacture of car wheels. The ores of this region, as yet mined, are surface deposits, although immense supplies yet exist to a considerable depth. The main production of the entire region is charcoal iron, and from the reputation of the iron it is likely the uses of this fuel will be maintained as long as possible. As with the bituminous coal furnaces we gave the early history of iron making in Northern Ohio, we add here that of the Hanging Rock region, compiled from a pamphlet by A. LAwsON, Esq., of Ironton, and of the industries of the region, which is extremely interesting. The first furnace with blast driven by steam in the United States was built in 1819, in Adams County, Ohio. Here the ore lay in "nests" of the " kidney" variety, and not in regular strata, and the deposits were long since exhausted and the furnace abandoned. The discovery of ores in the Hanging Rock region naturally drew the attention of the Adams County furnace men, and they were the first to erect furnaces here. BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 69 MVessrs. SPARKS, AEANs & FAIR built the first, in 1826. It was called the Union Furnace, and was built between the present location of Ohio and Pine Grove Furnaces, some four miles from the Ohio River. This furnace went into blast in the year 1827, and the first fire was lit by Mr. T. W. MEANS, of Hanging Rock. The furnace produced but a ton daily, which was considered doing very well. When, a few years later, the managers of the Lawrence Furnace aimed to produce a thousand tons yearly, it was regarded as something unparalleled. As the country became better known, other furnaces, La Grange, Vesuvius, ilecla, Lawrence,. Mount Vernon, Franklin, and others, were built and operated, and the character of their iron became known in the markets as among the best. At those days, nearly forty years since, the blast was always blown of cold air, and sometimes introduced through hollow gum logs placed back from the tuyere opening, out of danger from fire from the interior. Wages were exceedingly low; wood was cut for 25 cents per cord; corn cost 12- cents per bushel; hay only brought $4 and $5 per ton, and whiskey was the almost necessary adjunct to every bargain and contract. The old books at the early furnaces often showed entries such as, "John Smith contracts to make one hundred rods of road for $25 and two gallons whiskey." At that period it was the object of the furnace men to manufacture into castings as much as possible the product of the furnace, and salt kettles, kitchen utensils, and other castings and mouldings were made during the week, and pig-iron run on Sunday. The first stoves for burning coal made in this section were cast at Pine Grove Furnace. Forges were erected at different places which were run by water power, and hammered, instead of rolling, the iron into merchant bar. A nail factory was set up in Maysville about 1820, and the nails were bought for $20 per keg; now such nails as it made could be sold for scrap iron only. As before stated, the first iron produced was by cold blast, and there is no other iron otherwise made which is so pure and of so great tenacity or so great durability of wearing surface. Of later years, the introduction of the hot blast increased the yield, but the quality of the iron was in some respects changed. LAWRENCE COUNTY. Buckhorn Purnace.-Proprietors, Charcoal Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Ironton, Lawrence County. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. Character of ore, native limestone. Hot blast. Centre and Grant Furnaces.-Proprietors, W. D. KELLY & SONS. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Ironton, Lawrence County. Height of stacks, 40 and 42 feet; diameter of boshes, 10 and 12 feet; average annual capacity, 5,500 tons. Character of ores, native limestone. Hot blast. Etna Furnace.-Proprietors, Etna Iron Works Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, near Ironton, Lawrence County. Height of stack, 37 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, native limestone. Hot blast. Hecla Furnace.-Proprietors, Hecla Iron & Mining Co. Number of furnaces, 1. 70 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Location of furnace, Ironton, Lawrence County. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, native limestone. Cold blast. Howard Furnace.-Proprietors, Charcoal Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Ironton, Lawrence County. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, native limestone. Hot blast. Lawrence Furnace.-Proprietors, Lawrence Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Ironton, Lawrence County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Cold blast. Monitor Furnace.-Proprietors, Monitor Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Ironton, Lawrence County. IHeight of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet. Character of ores, native limestone. Cold blast. Mount Vernon Furnace.-Proprietors, I-I. CAMPBELL & SoNs. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Ironton, Lawrence County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,600 tons. Character of ores, native limestone. Hot blast. Olive Furnace. —Proprietors, CAMPBELL, 1McGUIGIN & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Ironton, Lawrence County. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Hot blast. Ohio Furnace.-Proprietors, MEANS, KYLE & CO. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Hanging Rock, Lawrence County. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Iot blast. Character of ores, native limestone. Pine Grove Furnace.-Proprietors, MEANS, KYLE & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Hanging Rock, Lawrence County. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 3,800 tons. Hot blast. Character of ores, native limestone. Vesuvius Furnace.-Proprietors, Etna Iron Works Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Ironton, Lawrence County; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, native limestone. Height of stack, 28 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet. These furnaces of the Hanging Rock region have a total annual capacity of 44,500 tons of iron. The census returns give for Lawrence County: Number of furnaces, 14. Hands, 1,037. Capital, $1,031,250. Wages, $413,121. Value of material, $849,111. Value of product, $1,589,962. BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 71 SCIOTO COUNTY. Bloom Furnace.-Proprietors, JOHN PAULL & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Bloom Station, Scioto County. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Character of ores, native limestone. Hot blast. Clinton Furnace.-Proprietor, W. J. BELL. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Wheelersburg, Scioto County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, limestone and hematite. Hot blast. Franklin Furnace.-Proprietor, 0. B. GOULD. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Franklin Furnace P. O., Scioto County. Height of stack, 28 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, hematite and limestone. Hot blast. Gallia Furnace.-Proprietors, NORTON, CAMPBELL & Co., Portsmouth. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Gallia, Gallia County. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 4,500 tons. Character of ores, limestone and blue. Hot blast. Hamden Furnace.-Proprietors, Hamden Furnace Co., Portsmouth. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, near Hamden, Vinton County. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, limestone and block. Hot blast. Jackson Furnace.-Proprietor, L. P. N. SMITH. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Iron Furnace, Scioto County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Product in 1862, 2,868 tons. Character of ores, limestone and block ores. Hot blast. Monroe and Washington Furnaces.-Proprietors, Union Iron Co., Portsmouth, Scioto County. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces: Monroe, in Jackson; Washington, in Lawrence County. Height of stacks, 3T and 35 feet; diameter of boshes, 12 and 11 feet; average annual capacity, 7,000 tons. Product in 18T2, 6,331 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Hot blast. Scioto Furnace.-Proprietors, L. C. ROBINSON & Co., Portsmouth, Scioto County. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, in Hocking Valley. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Character of ores, limestone and block. Ohio Furnace.-Proprietors, MEAs, KYLE & Co., Hanging Rock. Location of furnace, Gennells Creek, Scioto County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, limestone. Hot blast. 72 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. The census returns for Scioto County give: Number of furnaces, 6. Hands, 443. Capital, $575,000. Wages, $163,500. Value of material, $291,975. Value of product, $553,000. JACKSON COUNTY. Buckeye Furnace.-Proprietors, Buckeye Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Berlin Cross-roads, Jackson County. Height of stack, 37 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Character of ores, limestone. Hot blast. Cambria Furnace.-Proprietors, DAVID LEWIS & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Sampsonville, Jackson County. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, limestone and blue ore. Cold blast. Jefferson Furnace.-Proprietors, Jefferson Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Oak Hill, Jackson County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 2,800 tons. Character of ores, limestone. Cold blast. Keystone Furnace.-Proprietors, Keystone Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Keystone Furnace P. O., Jackson County, Ohio. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 10~ feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, limestone. Hot blast. Latrobe Furnace.-Proprietor, H. S. BUNDY. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Berlin Cross-roads, Jackson County. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, limestone. Hot blast. Madison Furnace.-Proprietors, CLARE, DUDUIT & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Clay, Jackson County. Height of stack, 37 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Product in 1872, 2,854 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Hot blast. Lincoln Furnace.-Proprietors, MCGHEE Estate, Reeds Mills, Vinton County. Locationof furnace, Jackson County. Height of stack, 3'T7 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Cold and hot blast. Character of ores, red hematite. Census returns for Jackson County give: Number of furnaces, including charcoal aad stone coal, 13. Hands, 1,020. Capital, $1,204,500. Wages, $341,153. Value of material, $737,073. Value of product, $1,233,084. VINTON COUNTY. Eagle Furnace.-Proprietors, L. C. DAMARIN & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Reed's Mills, Vinton County. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 73 bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Character of ores, Limestone. Cold blast. Hope Furnace.-Proprietors, Hope Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Hope Iron P. 0. L. C. DAMARIN, Lessee. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, limestone. Cold blast. Richland Furnace.-Proprietors, Richland Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Reed's Mills, Vinton County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. Character of ores, limestone. Hot blast. Hamden Furnace, noted as owned in Scioto County, is located in Vinton County. Zaleski Furnace in Vinton County has been abandoned. Cincinnati Furnace.-Proprietors, LONG & SMITI. Location of furnace, Cincinnati Furnace. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Character of ores, limestone. Hot blast. HOCKING COUNTY. Logan Furnace.-Proprietors, Logan Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Logan, Hocking County. Height of stack, 29 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, carbonates. Hot blast. Union Furnace.-Proprietors, Bnoois & IHOUSTON. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Five Mile Creek, Hocking County. Ieight of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, limestone. Hot blast. PAULDING COUNTY. Antwerp Furnace.-Proprietors, Antwerp Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Antwerp, Paulding County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, limestone. Hot blast. Paulding Purnace.-Proprietors, Paulding Furnace Co., Cecil, Paulding County. Location of furnace, Paulding Furnace. Height of stack, 42 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, limestone. Hot blast. LUCAS COUNTY. Manhattan Furnaoe.-Proprietors, Sunday Creek Iron and Coal Co., Toledo, Ohio. Location of furnace, Maumee River. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Hot blast. The census returns for 1870 gave for Ohio: Number of blast furnaces, 84. IHands 10 ra~4 ~ BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. employed, 4,582. Capital invested, $T,437,826. Value of material, $7,056,405. Value of product, $10,956,938, which included 306,363 tons of pig-iron, representing a consumption of 558,664 tons of iron ore, valued at $3,763,282. OHIO RECAPITULATION. Number of raw bituminous coal and coke furnaces........ 62 Annual capacity of same.................. 580,437 tons. Number of charcoal furnaces........................... 40 Annual capacity of same......................... 132,200 tons. Total number of furnaces............................... 102 Total annual capacity,..................e...712,937 tons. Blast Furnaoes of Kentucky. The stone coal furnaces of Kentucky are but three in number, and are confined to the Ashland and Star furnaces of the Hanging Rock region in Boyd County, and the Kenton Furnace in Newport. The Norton Iron Co. are buLilding two furnaces at Ashland to utilize the fine coal from the Coalton vein. The most important of these furnaces in point of production is the Ashland Furnace, which was built in 1869, and at the time was said to have the largest stack west of the Alleghanies, being capable of producing forty tons daily. This furnace uses stone coal from the vein at Coalton, and some 75 tons of ore daily, mixed Missouri and native ores, from the immediate vicinity. The charcoal furnaces are more numerous, and comprise some nineteen furnaces situated in Eastern, -Middle, and Western Kentucky. Bituminous Frrnaoes. BOYD COUNTY. Ashland F'urnace.-Proprietors, Lexington & Big Sandy R. R. Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Ashland, Boyd County. Ieight of stack, 62 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and Iron Mountain. Fuel, raw coal. Star F'urnace.-Proprietors, LAMPTON BRos. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Ashland, Boyd County. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet. Character of ores, kidney. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Fuel, bituminous coal. The Norton Iron Works Company, of Ashland, are also building two furnaces at Ashland, Boyd County. CAMPBELL COUNTY. Kenton Furnace.-sProprietors, Gaylord Iron and Pipe Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Newport, Ky. Ieight of stack,'65 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Fuel, mixed coal and coke. BLAST FURNACES OF THE URITED STATES. 75 Swift Purnace.-Proprietors, Swift Iron and Steel Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Newport, Campbell County. Height of stack, 65 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Character of ores, Iron Mountain. Fuel, coke. Charcoal aurnaces. BOYD COUNTY. Bellefonte Furnaoe.-Proprietors, MEANS, RUSSELL & CO. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Ashland, Boyd County. Ieight of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Character of ores, limestone and hematite. Iot blast. Buena Vista Purnace.-Proprietors, MiEANS & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Ashland, Boyd County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Hot blast. Laurel Purnaoe.-Proprietors, ROBER SCOTT & Co., Riverton, Greenup County. Location of furnace, Boyd County. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 9- feet; average annual capacity, 13,000 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, red hematite. Census returns for Boyd County give the number of establishments as 2. Hands, 113. Capital, $150,000. Wages, $57,960. Value of material, $191,207. Value of product, $346,222. CARTER COUNTY. Mount Savage Purnaoe.-Proprietors, Lexington & Carter County Mining Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Mount Savage P. O., Carter Co. Ieight of stack, 39 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. Character of ores, kidney, block, and limestone. Hot blast. Boone Furnace.-Proprietols, Ohio & Kentucky Coal & Iron Railroad Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Boone Furnace P. 0., Carter County. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, limestone. Hot blast. GREENUP COUNTY. Buffalo Purnace.-Proprietors, CULBERPTSON, EARnART & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Greenupsburg, Greenup County. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, limestone. I-ot blast. Hunnewlli and Pennsylva.nia Pkurnaoes.Proprietors, Eastern Kentucky Bailway Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, e ear Riverton, Greenup County. 76 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Height of stack, 36 and 46 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 and 11 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Product in 1872, 5,958 tons. Character of ores, limestone, kidney, and block. Hot blast. Raccoon Purnace.-Proprietors, Raccoon Mining and Manufacturing Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Greenupsburg, Greenup County. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 10- feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, block, kidney, and limestone. Hot blast. Tygert Purnace.-Proprietors, Iron Hills Iron and M]ining Co., Greenupsburg, Greenup County. Location of furnace, in Carter County. Building. Kenton Purnace.-Proprietors, Kenton Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Kenton Furnace P. 0., Greenup County. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, fossil and hematite. Hot blast. Bulls Eye Purnace.-Building near Greenup, Ky. The census returns for Greenup County give: 7 furnaces. Hands, 419. Capital, $840,000. Wages, 113,870. Value of material, $330,414. Valne of product, $527,480. BULLITT COUNTY. Belmnont rPurnace.-Proprietors, Belmont & Nelson Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Belmont Furnace P. O., Bullitt County. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, limestone. -Iot blast. NELSON COUNTY. Nelson Furnace.-Proprietors, Belmont & Nelson Iron Co. lNumber of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Nelson Furnace P. O., iNelson County. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, limestone. IHot blast. ESTILL COUNTY. Cottage Furnace. —Proprietors, Cottage Furnace Co., Fitce]burg, Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Irvine, Estill County. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, limestone. Cold blast. Estsill urnace.-Proprietors, Estill Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Irvine; Estill County. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, limestone. Iot blast. BLAST FU^RNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 77 Red Liver Furnaces.-Proprietors, Red River Iron Manufacturing Co. Number of furnaces, 3. Location of furnaces, Red River Iron Works, Estill County. I-eight of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, limestone. Hot blast. TRIGG COUNTY. Trigg and Centre Furnaces.-Proprietors, D. HILLMAN & SoNs. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Trigg Furnace P. O., Trigg County. Height of stack, 40 and 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 and 12 feet; average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Product in 1872, 7,598 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Hot blast. Centre Furnace is located at Eddyville, in Lyon County. Laura Furnace.-Proprietors, PrINGLE & HAYNE. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Laura Furnace P. O., Trigg County. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Cold blast. LYON COUNTY. MYammoth Furnace.-Proprietors, MonRIS, MACHEN & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Eddyville, Lyon County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Cold blast. Two more furnaces building here by same firm. BATH COUNTY. Clear Creel Purtnae.-Proprietor, JOHN 0. MILLER. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Costigan, Bath County. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, limestone. Hot blast. Bath Purnace.-Proprietors, Bath Iron Co., Mt. Sterling, Bath County. Location of furnace, Bath County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, limestone. UIHILENBERG COUNTY. Airdrile Purnace.-Proprietor, General BUELL, Paradise. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Airdrie, Mluhlenburg County. Height of stack, 48 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Repairing and altering. Character of ores, Blackband ore; and fuel, Airdrie seam of bituminous. A number of furnaces have been of late abandoned in Kentucky, but may at some time be altered for coal and revived. The census returns for Kentucky give the total number of furnaces in 1870 at 18. Hands employed, 1,741. Capital invested, $2,075,000. Wages paid, $589,558. Value of material used, $1,467,083. Value of product, $2,514,802. ^7~8 BBLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. RECAPITULATION FOR KENTUCKY. Number of bituminous coal and coke furnaces.............. 5 Annual capacity........................... 51,000 tons. Number of charcoal furnaces............................. 23 Annual capacity................................... 72,000 tons. Total number of furnaces.................. 28 Total annual capacity............................... 123,000 tons. Blast urnaoes of Indiana. INDIANA las been chosen as a site for furnaces, not on account of any deposit of iron ore which would recommend it, but from the abundant supplies of block coal. which this State contains, and which foris the very best natural fuel for iron making, while it is more easily mined than any other coal known. The furnaces are few, being only some ten in number, but several are projected. They are without exception run with block coal and Missouri or Lake Superior ores. CLAY COUNTY. Brazil PurnaOe. —Proprietors, YANDES, ROOT & GABLICK. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Brazil, Clay County. Ieight of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and specular. Lafayette Purnaoe.-B. F. MASTON & Co. (Lafayette Iron Co.) Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Otter Creek, near Brazil, Clay County. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Otter Creek Furnace.-Proprietors, Otter Creek Block Coal Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Brazil, Clay County. Ieight of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, T7500 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Planet rurnace.-Indianapolis Rolling Mill Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, HIarmony, Clay County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, Missouri. Southern Indiana ~Purnaoe.-Proprietors, Southern Indiana Coal and Iron Manufacturing Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Shoals, Martin County. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and Missouri. Wesern Purnaces.-Proprietors, Western Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Knightsville, Clay County. Height of stack, 48 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Character of ores, Missouri, BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 79 VIGO. COUNTY. Vigo Furnaces.- Proprietors, Vigo Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Terre Haute, Vigo County. HIeight of stack, 52 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 14,000 tons. Character of ores, Missouri. The census returns for Indiana give the number of furnace companies at 4. Hands, 189. Capital, $425,000. Wages, $159,400. Value of material, $225,435. Value of product, $1,191,834. RECAPITULATION FOR INDIANA. Number of blast furnaces........................... 7 Ai.nual capacity.......................................54,000 tons. Blast Furnaces of Illinois. The furnaces of Illinois are but eight in number, and while the State ranks third to Pennsylvania in the product of railroad iron, and is also on a par with the other older States in the product of BESSESMER steel, the blast-furnace interest is but slightly developed. The furnaces which exist are, however, as fine specimens as are to be found in the country, and the product of metal principally for BEssEMuER steel purposes. COOK COUNTY. Chicago is the site of four of the principal furnaces of Illinois, and their product consumed on the spot. North Chicago Furnaces.-Proprietors, North Chicago Rolling liill Co. President, 0. W. POTTER; Treasurer, E. B. WARD; Secretary, ROBERT HIANNAII. Office, 18 Metropolitan Block. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, on the north branch of the Chica r, Chicago ive, hiag ook County. Furnace manager, IH.. JAMMI. HIeight of, stack, 65 feet; diameter of bosh, 17 feet; average annual capacity, 35,000 tons. Product in 1872, 30,681 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and Wisconsin. Fuel, anthracite coal (from the Lehigh, via Erie, Pennsylvania) and Connellsville coke. Chicago Furnaces.-Proprietors, Joliet Iron and Steel Co. President, A. B. IMEEK:ER. Office, Chicago. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Chicago, Cook County. IHeight of stack, 56 feet; diameter of bosh, 13 feet; average annual capacity, 18,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior, Missouri, and Wisconsin. Fuel, coal and coke. WILL COUNTY. Joliet Furnaces.-Proprietors, Joliet Iron and Steel Co. President, A. B. MEEKER. Office, Chicago, and Joliet, Will County. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Joliet, Will County. Height of stack, 75 feet; diameter of bosh, 20 feet; average annual capacity, 40,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and Iron S0 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Mountain. Fuel, coke. These furnaces were built in 1872 and 1873, and are among the largest and finest in the country. They are supplied with coke made from Illinois coal mined by the company near the works, which is first washed in a patent washing apparatus, by which it is desulplhurized considerably and freed from other impurities, and then cokled. The result is a superior coke from a fuel otherwise worthless for iron making. The furnaces are located immediately on the bank of the Illinois Canal and the Chicago, Alton & St. Louis Railroad, and can receive ores from Lake Superior, via Chicago, or the Iron Mountain, via St. Louis, all water carriage. Limestone is quarried on the spot, and the site of the works being near the junction of three railroads, excellent facilities are had for shipping. These furnaces are connected with the great iron and steel rail mills and BESEMER steel plant of the Joliet Iron and Steel Company, which will be found described under the proper departments. JACKSON COUNTY. Grand Tower Furnaces.-Proprietors, Grand Tower Mining and Manufacturing Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Grand Tower, Jackson County. I-leight of stack, 68 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 25,000 tons. Product in 1872, 15,343 tons, in blast part of the time. Character of ores, Iron Mountain. Fuel, Big Muddy coal, and coke make from slack of same. Big Muddy Furnace.-Proprietors, Big -Muddy Iron Co., St. Louis, Mo. Location of furnace, Grand Tower, Jackson County, Ill. Height of stack, 70 feet; diameter of bosh, 17 feet; average annual capacity, 16,000 tons. Character of ores, Missouri. The census returns for 1870 curiously give no return of the pig-iron product or capital invested in that branch of industry in Illinois. RECAPITULATION FOR ILLINOIS. Number of anthracite coal and coke furnaces................ 4 Annual capacity................................... 53,000 tons. Number of bituminous coal and coke furnaces............... 5 Annual capacity..................................... 81,000 tons. Total number of furnaces................................ 9 Total annual capacity................................134,000 tons. Blast Furnaces of Wisconsin. WISCONSIN is fast coming into notice as an iron-producing State. The deposits of ore in the northern portion are large, and the quality good, while in many portions of the State fuel is abundant for charcoal. In 1868, there were but three blast furnaces in the State, which number has been increased to fourteen, with many more projected. With the exception of the three furnaces in Milwaukee, the furnaces of Wisconsin all use charcoal, and it is noteworthy that in one case the entire charcoal supply for the furnace has been made from the waste lumber slabs and strips from a saw-mill. As Wisconsin is BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 81 one of the largest lumber-producing States, and has ores in abundance, this experiment promises a supply of charcoal for a long time, while utilizing an otherwise waste material. BROWN COUNTY. Fox River Furnaces.-Proprietors, Fox River Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Depere, Brown County. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity,',000 tons. Character of ores, Lalke Superior. I-lot blast. Green Bay Furnace.-Proprietors, Green Bay Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Green Bay, Brown County. Ileight of stack, 39 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. National Furnaces.-Proprietors, National Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Depere, Brown County. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity,,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Hot blast. FOND DU LAC COUNTY. Pond du Lao Furnace.-Proprietor, C. L. MEYERS. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Fond du Lac, Fond du Lac County. IHeight of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Another furnace is building at this place, and nearly completed. DODGE COUNTY. Mayville Furnace.-Proprietors, North-western Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, ]Mayville, Dodge County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, Nlorthern Wisconsin. Iron Ridge Furnace.-Proprietors, Wisconsin Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Iron Ridge, Dodge County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Character of ores, Iron Ridge native. OUTAGAMIE COUNTY. Appleton Furnaces.-Proprietors, Appleton Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Appleton, Outagamaie County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet. Character of ores, Northern Wisconsin. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. SAUK COUNTY. Ironton Furnace.-Proprietor, J. F. SMTITH. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Ironton, Sank County. Ieight of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Character of ores, Iron Ridge. Hot blast. 11 82 -BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES, Anthracite Furnaoces MILWAUKEE COUNTY. Bay View Furnaces.-Proprietors, Milwaukee Iron Co. President, E. B. WAPD; Treasurer, ALEX. MiITCHIELL; Secretary and iManager, J. J. HioAGERi-AN. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Bay view near Milwaukee, Milwaukee County. HI-eight of stack, 66 feet; diameter of bosh, 17 feet; average annual capacity, 35,000 tons. Product in 1872, 32,283 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and Iron Ridge. Fuel, one half anthracite, from the Lehigh, Penn., and one half coke, from Connellsville, Penn. Mlinerva Purnace.-Proprietors, PIEncE, HIILBERT & AULT. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Milwaukee, Milwaukee County. Height of stack, 55 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior and Wisconsin. This furnace was completed in 1873. The census returns for Wisconsin give the number of furnace companies at 6. -Hands employed, 592. Capital invested, $865,000. Wages, $122,000. Value of material, $511,645. Value of product, $737,268; RECAPITTmLA TION FOR WISCONSN. Number of furnaces, charcoal............................. 11 Average annual capacity........................... 42,000 tons. Number of furnaces, anthracite and coke.................... 3 Average annual capacity............................ 50,000 tons. Total number of furnaces................................. 14 Total annual productive capacity....................... 92,000 tons. Blast urnaoe o/f Mlichigan. No portion of the United States has attracted more attention of late years than the Lake Superior iron-ore region of NMichigan. The great abundance and remarkable purity of the ores have drawn capital from all sections of the Union for their development, while their supply has in turn stimulated the erection of blast furnaces in regions otherwise bare of mineral, but supplied with suitable fuel for ore reduction. Indeed, the ores from this section of the country may be said to be the principal reliance of a majority of furnaces west of the Allegheny AMountains, and without them the production of pig metal would be seriously curtailed. Owing to the extreme demand for these ores for the last few years, the standard of excellence v/which was formerly maintained has been somewhat lowered. This demand during the latter part of 1871, all of 1872, and the beginning of 1873 was such as to cause a rapid advance in price, as will be seen from the prices ruling at Cleveland, B3LAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES, 83 the great entrepot for these ores, during the years named. In 1871 the price was $8; in 18T2, 19 for the shipping season, rising to $16 and $18 in solrAe instances, after the close of lake navigation. In 1873 prices opened at $12, which rate ruled until the panic of September put a stop to shipments; freights from Mlarquette to Cleveland rule from $4 to $6 per ton. Some idea may be formed of the importance of the iron-ore trade from the Superior region, from the following figures of production: In the season of 1872, there were shipped from the Lake Superior mines 952,055 gross tons, equal to 1,066,29T net tons, and which was valued at the shipping point at $5,712,330. This amount of ore contributed to the lake marine in freights the sum of $2,856,165, and must have paid an equal amount to railroad companies. Computing the amount of ore used to the ton of pig-iron, the shipments of 1872 must have produced 533,148 tons of pig metal, or about one-fourth of the total pig-metal production of the United States. In addition to this amount and value of ore, there were produced in the Lake Superior region in 1872, 63,1-95 tons of pig-iron, valued on the spot at $3,475,725, or a total value of $9,188,055 to be credited to the iron industry of this region of Michigan alone. The total shipments of ore and pig iron from the Lake Superior region during 1873 were as follows: MIarquette, iron ore 526,264 tons, pig iron 552,261 tons; Escanaba, iron ore 479,712 tons, pig iron 9,248 tons; L'Anse, iron ore 60,889; total iron ore 1,066,865 tons; total pig iron, 561,509 tons. The following statement of the production of ore and pig-iron in this district, from 1856 to 1872, as given by A. P. SWINEFORD in his review of production, will show the imz mense result of the last six years. YEAR. Iron Ore. Pig Iron. Ore and Pig- Value. iron. 1856............. 7,000...... 7,000 $28,000 1857.......... 21,000.1,000 60,000 1858............ 31,035 1,629 32,661 249,202 1859............. 65,679 7,258 72,937 575,529 1860............. 116,908 5,660 122,658 736,496 1861............. 45430 7,970 53,400 419,501 1862............. 115,721 8,590 124,311 984,977 1863............. 185,257 9,813 195,070 1,416,935 1864............. 235,123 13,832 248,955 1,867,215 1865............. 196256 12,283 207,539 1,590,430 1866............. 29,972 18,437 215,309 2,405,960 1867............. 466,076 30,911 496,987 3,475,820 1868............ 507,813 38,246 546,059 3,992,413 1869............ 633,238 39,003 672,241 4,968,435 1870............. 856 471 49,298 904,319 6,300,170 1871............. 813,379 51,225 864,604 6,115,895 1872............. 952,055 63,195 1,015,250 9,188,055 TotaI........ 5,537,373 357,880 5,903,803 $44,373,833 The principal furnace production of the Lake Superior region is with charcoal fuel; but as, with the great consumption, this fuel is gradually growing scarce, coal, even from Pennsylvania, and coke, from the same State, are brought to utilize the ores. Efforts partially successful have been made to prepare and use the great deposits of peat which abound, and the results reached give hopes that they may be ultimately successful, 84 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Charcoal Furnaces. MARQUETTE COUNTY. Bancroft Purnace.-Proprietors, Bancroft Iron Co. Officers President, PETER WHIITE, Marquette; Treasurer, SAMUEL L. MATIER, Cleveland, O.; Secretary and Manager, J. C. MORSE, Marquette. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Marquette, Marquette County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tonls. Product in 1872, 4,575 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Hot blast. Carp Purnace. —Proprietors, JOHN BurT, Carp Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, near M]arcquette, M[arquette County. IHeight of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Stone stack. Champion and oErgan Furnaces.-Proprietors, Morgan Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Champion, Marquette County. Ieight of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Product in 1872, 5,006 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Mlorgan Furnace rebuilt in 1872. 1ioneer and Cliffs PFurnaces.-1Proprietors, Iron Cliffs Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 3. Location of furnaces, Negaunee, Marquette County. Height of stack, 40 and 42 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons. Product in 1872, 6,958 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Collins Purnace.-Proprietors, Collins Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Marquette, MIarquette County. IXeight of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Product in 1872, 3,431 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Northern Furnace.-Proprietors, Northern Iron Co. Capt. L. D. IIARvEY, Superintendent. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Chocolay, Marquette County. Altered to anthracite in 1872 and 1873. Former capacity, 2,500 tons annually. Deer Lake Purnaoe.-Proprietors, Deer Lake Iron and Lumber Co. C. H. Hall, Manager. Number of furnaces, 2. Location, Ishpeming, Marquette County. Ieight of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Product in 1872, 2,720 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior specular. Partially destroyed by fire in 1872. New furnace to be built, 47 feet stack and 9 feet bosh, increasing capacity. Greenwood and liohigan Purnace. — Proprietors, Michigan Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Greenwood, at Greenwood, Marquette County; Michigan, at Clarksburgh, Marquette County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 85 9 feet; average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Product in 1872, 8,213 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Peat Furnace.-Proprietors, Lake Superior Iron Co. Location of furnace, Ishpeming, Marquette County. Height of stack, 43 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. This furnace has been successfully worked in 18T3 with a mixture of peat and charcoal. SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY. Bay Furnaces.-Proprietors, Bay Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Onata, Schoolcraft County. Height of stack, 45 and 46 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 and 10 feet; average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Product in 18T2 (one furnace), 4,900 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior, red specular, and hematite. No. 2 furnace, built in 1872, is an iron stack Schoolcraft Furnace.-Proprietors, Schoolcraft Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Mlunissing, Schoolcraft County. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. DELTA COUNTY. Cascade Purnaoe.-Proprietors. Cascade Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Escanaba, Delta County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 4,500 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior, specular, and hematite. Escanaba FPurnace. —Proprietors, Escanaba Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. location of furnace, Escanaba, Delta County. Iteight of stack, 56 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, specular and hematite. This is a new furnace, and considered the model charcoal furnace of the country, having been built by the designer of the Lucy and Isabella furnaces, of Pittsburg. It is an iron stack, lined with fire-brick set on columns, with bell and hopper top. The furnace is fitted with all the latest improvements. The stack is built in a stackhouse 71 by 78~ feet, with brick walls and an iron roof. The furnace is supplied with a pneumatic hoist, the top of which is reached by a spiral stairway. There are two hotblast ovens 30 feet high, with 24, 12 inch pipes. The stock-house is a building 60 by 100 feet, with a track for fuel on one side, and for ore on the other, elevated on trestles beneath which is an ore-crusher and pockets for receiving the crushed ore. This building is also of brick with an iron roof. The boiler-house is 47 by 70 feet, and contains four cylinder boilers, 50 feet long by 3 feet 6 inches diameter. The boiler-stack is of iron lined with fire-brick, 100 feet high by 10 feet at the base and 6 feet at the top. The engine is a direct acting, vertical machine, with 30 inch diameter steam cylinder, and 4 feet stroke; and 60 inch blowing cylinder, with 4 feet stroke. The blast receiver is 5 feet internal diameter, and 150 feet in length; the roof of the engine and boiler-house being octagonal 86 EBLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. and of iron. The whole establishment comprises, without doubt, the finest charcoal furnace plant in the United States. Payette Furnaces.-Proprietors, Jackson Iron Co. Nuember of furnaces, 2; location of furnaces, Fayette, Delta County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons. Product in 1873, 9,903 tons. Character of ores, Jackson, Lake Superior. These furnaces are noted among charcoal stacks for their large product and excellent working, as may be seen from the following detailed report for the year from December 1, 1871, to November 30, 1872. Iron made......................... 10,090 tons of 2,240 lbs. Ores used.............15,643- 0 tons of 2,240 lbs. Charcoal used........................ 1,126,771 bushels. Yield of Ore......................... 64.56 per cent. Charcoal per ton of iron............... 111.66 bushels. VAN BUREN COUNTY. Bangor furnace. —Bangor Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Bangor, Van Buren County. 1Ieight of stack, 48 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Hot blast. Lawton Furnace.-Proprietors, Michigan Central Iron Co. D. VAN NOSTRAND, President, New York. Location of furnace, Lawton, Van Buren County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Product in 1872, 4,417 tons. Character of ores, specular and hematite. ANTRIM COUNTY. Elk Rapids Purnace.-Proprietors, Elk Rapids Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Elk Rapids, Antrim County. New; in course of erection. Height of stack, 48 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; annual capacity, 6,000 tons. MENOMINEE COUNTY. Colwell rPurnaoe.-Mlenominee Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, enominee, Menominee County. New; built to use charcoal made from saw-mill waste. Height of stack, 44 feet; diameter of bosh, 9~ feet; capacity, 6,000 tons. BENZIE COUNTY. Frankfort FPurnace.-Frankfort Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Frankfort, Benzie County. Ieight of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons. Chaxacter of ores, Lake Superior. A new stone stack being built. LELEENAW COUNTY. Leland FPurnae.-Proprietors, E. B. WARD & Co., Detroit. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Leland, Leleenaw County. Height of stack, 46 feet; diameter of BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 87 bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 4,800 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Stack of brick. Water-power blast. WAYNE COUNTY. Eureka Fursnace.-Proprietors, Eureka Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace,Wyandotte, Wayne County. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Product in 1872, 3,805 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Stone Furnace.-Proprietors, E. B. WARD, Detroit, Wayne County. lTumber of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Wyandotte, Wayne County. HIeight of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. Product in 1872, 2,756. Character of ores, Lake Superior, specular, and hematite. Peninsular Purnace.-Proprietors, Peninsular Iron Co. Location of furnace, Detroit, Wayne County. Number of furnaces, 1. Height of stack, 42 feet; diameter of bosh, 9~ feet; average annual product, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Detroit Furnace.-Proprietors, Detroit and Lake Superior Iron lanultfacturing Co. Location of furnace, Detroit, Wayne County. Ieight of stack, 42 feet; diameter of bosh, 9- feet; average annual product, 6,000 tons. Hot blast. Character of ores, Lake Superior. SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY. Bay Furnas.es.-Proprietors, Bay Furnace Co. Location of furnaces, Onoto, Schoolcraft County. Number of furnaces, 2. teight of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Schoolcraft Furnace.-Proprietors, Schoolcraft Iron Co. Location of furnace, Munissing. Number of furnaces, 1. Height of stack, 42 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ore, Lake Superior. Bituminous Coal and Coke Furnacs. Hamtramcki Furnace.-Proprietors, Iaamtramck Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Detroit, Wayne County. Iron stack. Capacity, 7,000 tons. Marquette and Pacific Furnace.-Proprietors, M2arquette and Pacific Rolling Mlill Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, MIarquette, Martquette County. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Furnace lately rebuilt. Union Furnace.-Proprietors, Union Iron Co., Detroit, Wayne County. Ieight of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 11~ feet. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. Furnace altered. 88 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Anthraoite Furnace. Grace Furnace.-Proprietors, Lake Superior Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Marquette, Marquette County. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 1 feet; average annual capacity, 16,000 tons. Character of ores, Lake Superior. This furnace was completed and put in blast in December, 1872, and is one of the finest furnaces in the country, being in many respects a model. The furnace is located on the east side of Marquette Bay, occupying, with the docks used for the reception and storage of fuel, about five acres. The water front is 2,000 feet in length, with abundant depth of water for vessels. The foundation for this furnace was built on the bed rock below water level, and continued 11 feet above water level to the hearth. It is an iron stack set on columns, has a hearth of 7 feet 6 inches, and seven tuyeres which are fitted with reducers to regulate the blast. The top is closed with bell and hopper, with a waste chimney reaching 12 feet above, the gases being led by flues to the hotblast ovens and boilers, which flues are supplied with valves to control the gas, and registers to regulate the supply of air. The Hot Blast is built in two compartments, each having a combustion chamber 21 feet long by 5 feet wide and 6 feet high, over which are 720 feet of 8 inch pipe. The stack and hot blast occupy a building 50 by 130 feet, with a casting floor of 50 by 68 feet. There are three boilers, 26 feet long by 42 inches in diameter. The boiler stack is 100 feet 6 inches high, and every facility afforded for the consumption of the furnace stack gases as fuel. The hoisting apparatus, worked by steam, is on a new principle. There are two vertical steam cylinders of 10 inch bore, half the length of the elevation, provided with plungers to which the cable is attached. This cable passes up to a shaft provided with two drums, one of large size, upon which the hoisting platform is suspended, and the other, the power drum, by which the movement of the apparatus is effected. The large drum, from which the platform is suspended, being twice the diameter of the power drum or pulley, the platform is moved two feet while the plunger in the piston moves but one, and thus the platforms are alternately carried up and down. The blast is supplied by a direct-acting vertical engine with blowing cylinders of 7 feet in diameter and 41 foot stroke, and steam cylinder 34 inches in diameter with 4- feet stroke. The stock-house, 76 by 100 feet, contains tracks and receptacles for ore and fuel. Two calcining kilns, of 29 tons capacity each, are added, with space for more. The buildings are generally of sandstone with iron roofs, and the whole forms one of the most thoroughly built and equipped furnaces in the world. This completes the list of furnaces on Michigan, although a number have been projected in the Lake Superior region, and several have been commenced. The census returns for Michigan give the number of establishments at 17. Hands, 1,600. Capital invested, $2,528,000. Wages, $800,000. Value of material, $1,600,000. Value of product, $2,812,515. BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES, 89 RECAPITULATION FOR MIICHIGAN Number of anthracite and coke furnaces.................. I Average annual product........................... 16,000 tons. Number of bituminous coal and coke furnaces.............. 3 Average annual capacity of product................... 25,000 tons. Number of charcoal furnaces......................... 30 Average annual capacity of product.................. 127800 tons. Total number of furnaces.............................. 34 Total productive capacity,................... 168,800 tons. Blast Furnaces of Missouri. NEXT in importance t tthe Lake Superior region is that of the Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob regions of Missouri, probably the greatest single deposit of iron ore in the world. These, with the various and excellent ores of other portions of the State, mnake Missouri an attractive point to the capitalist seeking investments in iron lands, or the manufacturer in search of superior iron for consumption. The production of ores by the Iron Mountain Company amounted to 371,474 tons in 18T2, an increase of 108,997 tons over 1871, while those of 1873 have been somewhat lighter, owing to lack of sufficient facilities for transportation. The production of pig-iron in Missouri in 1872 was some 125,000 tons, and with the increased capacity in 1873 must have reached 150,000 tons. The new furnaces lately built are models of blast-furnace economy, and well worthy of examination and extended description. Bituinous Coal and Coke Furnaoes. ST. LOUIS COUNTY. Missouri Furnaces.-Proprietors, Miissouri Furnace Co. President, GEORGE D. HALL; Vice-President, E. C. CUSHMAN; Secretary, A. J. LEITII; Superintelndent, CIIARLES A. ICNAIR. Office, 305 Olive Street, St. Louis. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, South St. Louis, St. Louis County. Average annual capacity, 24,000 tons. Product in 1872, 24,960 tons. Character of ores, Iron Miountain, magnetic, and Missouri hematites. Blowing engine. Blast cylinders, 63 inch diameter, 6 foot stroke; steam cylinders, 29 inch diameter, 6 foot stroke. Blast pressure, 2-1 lbs. Temperature, 850~. One furnace has bell and hopper; gas is used for hot blast only. Wages amount to $8,000 monthly. Product, largely BESSEMER pig metal. HIeight of stack, 56 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet. Carondelet Furnace.-Proprietors, Carondelet Iron Works Co. President D. C. CUSHMATN; Secretary, CHIARLEs A. CMONl IR. Office, 111 Locust Street, St. Louis, Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, South St. Louis. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Product in 1872, 5,928 tons. Character of ores, Iron MIountain and hematite. 12 90 BLAST FURNACES OF THE U[NITED STATES. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet Blast prcssure, 2 lbs, Number of hands, 65. South St. Louis Furnacoe.-Proprietors, South St. Louis Iron Co. President, IH. S. REED; Vice-President, J. T. DOZIER; Secretary, B. A. DOZIER. Office, 324 North Third Street, St. Louis. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, South St. Louis, St. Louis County. Height of stack, 56 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Product in 1872, 15,210. Character of ores, Iron Mountain. Nullber of hands, 160. Monthly wages, $8,000. Blowing cylinders, 6 feet diameter and 6 feet stroke; steam cylinders, 29 inch diameter, 6 feet stroke. Blast pressure, 4 Ibs. There are 12 cylinder boilers. Vulcan Furnaces.-Proprietors, Vulcan Iron Works Co.; President, D. R. GARRISON; Vice-President, D. E. FERGUSON; Secretary, D. K. GARRISON. Office, 221 Olive Street, St. Louis; Number of furnaces, 2; location of furnaces, South St. Louis, St. Louis County. Average annual capacity of the three, 40,000 tons; of the two finished furnaces, the product in 1872 was 22,000 tons. No. 3 building in 1873. Character of ores, Iron Mountain; Fuel, Big Muddy coal, and Connellsville coke. Height of stacks, 56 and 65 feet; diameter of boshes, 14 and 16 feet. The largest blowing engine in the United States, it is said, is at these works. Its dimensions are as follows: perpendicular height, 47 feet; blowing cylinders, 9 feet diameter and 9 feet stroke; steam cylinders, 60 inches diameter and 9 feet stroke. Two fly-wheels of 30 tons each. This is a low-pressure, condensing engine, the condenser making from 18,000 to 20,000 cubic feet of air per minute, and running with 20 to 30 lbs. of steam. No. 2 furnace has had introduced water-jackets inside the columns and exterior to the brick-work, and the first used in this country. These waterbacks are of wrought or cast iron, and avert the destruction of the brick-work by the heat. The tuyeres are set in cast-iron arches, and four feet from the base of the hearth, being higher than in other furnaces, with the advantage claimed that the tuyeres cannot come in contact with the molten iron, being above it; and the full force of the blast is obtained, with nothing to interrupt or absorb its power. Blast pressure is 2~ lbs., and temperature 8000 to 900~. There are 18 boilers, and the hoist is run by steam. No. 3, the new furnace, has a new style of hot-blast pipe, diminishing friction with the blast through the pipes. The product of these furnaces is principally BESSEMER pig metal, for which it is peculiarly suited. The new furnace possesses also many distinctive features wprthy of description. The hearth is of St. Genevieve sandstone, 12 feet deep and 21 feet in diameter. The stack is supported on eight iron columns, 12 feet high and 20 inches in diameter at the bottom, and 18 at the top. Upon these columns is placed a solid cast-iron ring, 3 feet wide and 6 inches thick. The shell of sheet iron, 22 feet in diameter, rises from the ring and is cased in brick, tapering at the top to 14 feet. The shell, from the ring up, is 53 feet high, making the total height 65 feet, the diameter of the boshes being 16 feet. The shell is formed by 12 rows of sheet-iron plates, each sheet of which is covered by an iron band, 3 inches wide and - of an inch thick, which strengthen the stack, and are due to the invention of the superintendent. BLAST FURNACEAS OF TIfiE UNITED STATUS. 91 Jupiter Furnaces.-Proprietors, GARRIsoNS, CIoOUTEAU & HART. Firm comprises D. K. GARRISON, O. GARRISON, C. P. CIOUiTEAU, O. A. HART, St. Louis; C. K. GARRISON and WM. R. GARRISON, New York. Number of furnaces, 1, and 1 projected. Height of stack, 80 feet; diameter of bosh, 21 feet. Character of ores, Iron lMountain. Average annual capacity of both, 50,000 tons. This furnace is only equalled by the Isabella and Lucy furnaces of Pittsburg, and surpassed by the Fralnklin, of New Jersey, which has 23 feet boshes. The base of the furnace is 27 feet square and 18 feet deep, with like proportions throughout. The casting-house is 127 feet by 50, and 25 feet high; the stock-house, 300 by 90 feet; and the engine-house, 60 by 35 feet. These buildings are of sufficient size to accommodate the two furnaces, No. 2 of which is to be built as soon as possible. Charcoal Furnaces. IRON COUNTY. Pilot Knob Purinaces.-Proprietors. Pilot Knob Iron Co. President, THOMAS ALLEN; Secretary and Treasurer, JoIN W. BOYD. Office, 110 Chestnut Street, St. Louis. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Pilot Knob, Iron County. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Product 1872, 6,300 tons. Character of ores, Pilot Knob. This company also mines and ships largely of ores from seven mountain deposits, the shipments reaching 20,000 tons in 1872. The furnace went into blast in May, 1872. The blast pressure is 21 lbs. The quality of the iron made here is superior. ST. FRANCOIS COUNTY. Iron Mountaian Purnaes.-Proprietors, Iron Mlountain Co. President, EDWIN HARRISON; Vice-President, P. CHzOUTrEAU M[AFFIT; Secretary, CHARLES A. PILLEY. Office 941 North Second Street, St. Louis. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Iron Mountain, St. Francois County. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Character of ores, Iron Mountain. This company are the owners of 36,000 acres of land, of which the celebrated Iron Mountain, the largest single deposit of ore in the known world, forms a part, and from which was shipped, in 1872, 371,474 tons of ore, with little if any diminution in 1873. WASHINGTON COUNTY. Irondale Purnace.-Proprietors, E. HARRISON & Co. Office, 941 North Second Street, St. Louis. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Irondale, Washington County. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons. Iron Mountain ore. IiRANItLIN COTNT'Y Moselle rurnace.-Proprietors, Moselle Iron Co. (J. IH. BRow & Co., of Ohio). Nlumber of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Mloselle, Franklin County. Height of stack, 92 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 39 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ore, blue specular, and red hematite. IHot blast. Hamilton Furnace.-Proprietors, Hamilton Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, near Sullivan, Franklin County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Character of ores, blue specular and red oxide. Built in 1873. CRAWFORD COUNTY. Scotia Furnace.-Proprietors, Scotia Iron Co. President, R. J. LACKLAND; VicePresident, THOMAS HowAD; Secretary and Treasurer, ROBERT ANDERSON. Office, 305~ Olive Street, St. Louis. Number of Furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, near Leesburg, Crawford County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Product in 1872, 5,669 tons. Character of ores, blue- specular and red oxide, Maramec ore. The quality of this iron is superior, and the No. 1 foundry iron is shipped entirely to BESSEMER works at Chicago and Cleveland. PHELPS COUNTY. Marameo Purnace.-Proprietors, Maaramec Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Maramec Spring, Phelps County. Height of stack, 34 feet; diameter of bosh, 9~ feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Product in 182, 4,368 tons. Character of ores, blue specular and red oxide, AMarmnec ore. Ozark Furnace.-Proprietors, WILLIAM JAMES & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Ozark, Phelps County. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Character of ores, specular and hematite. New. CAMDEN COUNTY. Osage furnace.-Proprietors, Osage Iron Works Co. Number of furnaces 1. Location of furnace, Lynn Creek, Camden County. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, specular and hematite. Furnace new, built in 1872-3. Campbell Furnace.-CAMPBELL & CONDEC. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Lynn Creek, Camden County. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Character of ores, specular and hematite. MORGAN COUNTY. Scott Purnaoe. — roprietors, SCOTT & CO. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Morgan County. New in 1873. The census returns for Missouri in 1870 gave the number of blast furnaces at 15. Hands employed, 1,123. Capital invested, $1,914,000, Wages paid, $856,780. Value of BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 93 material, $1,375,766. Value of product, $2,991,168, which represented a product of 80,090 tons of pig-iron requiring 126,212 tons of ore, valued at $586,293. RECAPITULATION FOR MISSOURI. INunber of bituminous coal and coke furnaces............. 9 Average annual capacity of product.................. 115,000 tons. iNumber of charcoal furnaces............................. 12 Average annual capacity of product.................. 72,000 tons. Total number of furnaces................... 20 Total annual productive capacity.................... 187,000 tons. Blast Furnaoes of Tennessee. Tennessee is of the first importance among the iron-ore producing States, but, owing to lack of transportation hitherto, has not developed the valuable mineral deposits. New railroads are fast opening up the ores and excellent coals of this region to market, and within the last year a great deal of capital has been invested here from other States. Foreign capital is also seeking these ores, and will, it is likely, give a great impulse to the manufacture of iron here in the near future. In no part of the United States, can pig metal be manufactured more cheaply, as will be seen from the following figures of cost from actual workings, given by GEORGE T. LEWIS, Esq., of Clarksville, a gentleman thoroughly competent to furnish the facts. General J. T. WILDER, of the Roane Iron Works, Rockwood, Tennessee, also gives interesting facts and figures as to cost of making pig metal, and the quality of the ores of his State. From these data, we extract the following matter of interest: The iron region of Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama, destined to become the Wales of America, on account of the low price at which iron can be produced, abounds in hematite and fossil ores, bituminous coal and limestone, all of which enter into the manufacture of pig metal. The ores yield from forty to sixty-five per cent. of metallic iron; the coals show, by analysis, from fifty-five to seventy per cent. of carbon, while containing less earthy matter and sulphur than the furnace coals elsewhere. These rich deposits lie directly on railroads completed or being built. The following gives an estimate of the cost of one ton of pig metal at a furnace of six thousand tons capacity, supposed to be located near the beds of ore, fuel, and fluxing: Mining, loading, and transporting 2 tons ore-.............. $4.00 Mining, loading, and transporting 80 bushels coal............. 6.40 Quarrying, loading, and transporting 1,000 lbs. limestone........50 Superintendence and labor per ton......................... 4.00 Wear and tear per ton..................................50 Interest on investment per ton................. 1.......... 1.00 Incidentals per ton..............v............50 Total cost. a, ^... ~.......................... $16.90 94 BLAST FBURINAES OF THE UNITED STATES. Cost of 1 ton of pig metal in OhioWith native ores.................................... $29.00 From Lake Superior ores................... 29.00 In Indiana, from Iron Mlountain and Lake Superior ores, $28.45. At Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, with ores from Lake Champlain and Lake Superior, $29.50. These were Mr. LEWIS' figures in 1869. In 1872, under date of November 22, General WILDER wrote to the Amnerican i/fanufacturer of Pittsburg, giving the following as the actual cost of hotblast, stone-coal pig metal per ton at the Roane Iron Works, Rockwood, Tennessee. The coal here is a dry, semi-bituminous coal, of which the lump is worked raw, and the slack coked. The ore is red fossiliferous. Coal costs at furnace $1.50 per ton; ore, $1 to $2 per ton; limestone, 85 cents per ton. The amount of coal used per ton of iron is 2.85 tons, and ores yield from 40 to 62 per cent. metallic iron. The actual cost is given thus: 2 tons iron ore at $1.50 per ton............................ $3.00 2.85 tons coal (79 bushels) at $1.50 per ton................... 4.274 Limestone per ton of iron................................. 85 Superintendence and labor per ton.......................... 4.00 Interest on investment per ton............................. 1.00 Wear and tear per ton...................................50 Total actual cost per ton................................ $14.121 These figures compare with the actual cost of making a ton of iron in Central Pennsylvania in 1871, as published by WILLIAM E. S. BAKER, Secretary of the Eastern Iron Masters' Association, as follows, viz.: Cost of ore to the ton of pig metal............................ $2.67 Cost of coal to the ton of pig metal........................ 8.59 Cost of limestone to the ton of pig metal...................... 2.08 Cost of labor to the ton of pig metal.......................... 3.54 Cost of all contingencies, interest, etc., to the ton............... 2.77 Total cost of a ton of pig metal......................... $29.65 Difference in favor of Tennessee, $15.21-; or, as Mr. LEWIS says, " In other words, we can produce in Tennessee 2 tons of pig metal, at a cost of............. $28.87 While in the most favored portions of Pennsylvania, I ton costs.. 29.65 i. e., we have 2 tons to 1 ton, and......................78 over.' Mr. LEWIs further recapitulates the cost of a ton of pig metal at the various regions of the United States, in England, Wales, and India, showing an economy in production in Tennessee. Further, General WILDER, in a letter to the Commissioner of Agriculture of Tennessee, under date of March 10, 1873, gives the following report from his furnace books of the workings of the furnace for the months of December, 1872, and January, 1873: BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 95 2Report of RIocCwood Furnace for the zmonth ending Saturday, Decemnber 26, 1872. Material. No. Pounds. Value. Ore charged......................... 2,144,000 $2,835.86 Coke charged......................... 891,200 2,005.20 Coal charged.................... 1,339,200 1,101.80 Limestone............................ 552,700 304.58 Labor............................... 1,170.15 Salaries........................ 400.00 Material from store.................. 303.37 Blacksmithing........................ 118.56 Foundry castings..................... 98.03 Total................................ $8,337.55 Product, 590 tons No. 1 mill iron; cost, $14.33 per ton; ore yielding 62.40 per cent. (Signed.) W. F. SANKS, for D. E. REEs, Agent. J. T. WILDER, Superintendent. Repvort of Roockwood Furnccefor the mon-th ending Saturday, January 26, 1873. Material. No. Pounds. Value. Ore charged...................... 2,415,000 $3,194.80 Coke charged.......................... 1,408,800 3,169.80 Coal charged..................... 1,636,600 1)405.77 Limestone.................... 601,800 331.61 Labor............................... 1,486.10 Salaries............................. 580.00 Material from store.................... 127.95 Blacksmithing.......................... 68.15 Foundry castings..................... 69.20 Total....................................... $10,423.38 Product, 665 tons No. 1 mill iron; cost, $15.92 per ton; ore yielding 62.78 per cent. (Signed.) W. F. SANKs, for D. E. BEES, Agent. J. T. WILDER, Superintendent. Regnariks.-Ores are charged at $3 per ton, and actually cost by contract $2 per ton. All allowances are made to cover any possible waste, or cost of extra handling. The cost for January is unusual, owing to the greater amount of coke used that month, to reduLce the stock of coke on hand. Ore yielded for the time quoted above, 62.59, and an average of 2715 pounds coal were used for each ton of iron produced. (Signed.) J. T. WILDER. The foregoing statements show that no region in the United States offers ecual facilities for the economical manufacture of pig metal, with that included in the iron regions of Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama; and, indeed, that irons can be made here now which 96 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. will bear the high cost of transportation to the North and West with a large profit. These States are the true field for the investment of capital, and, with the Lake Superior region of Michigan and the iron field of Missonri, will be the future site of the great iron works of this Continent, and, in all probability, of the world. Bituminous Coal and Coke Furnaces. ROANE COUNTY. Rockwood Furnaces.-Proprietors, Roan Iron Co., Chattanooga. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Rockwood, Roane County. Height of stack, 65 and 56 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 and 16 feet; average annual capacity, 16,000 tons. Character of ores, fossiliferous. One furnace new in 1872. Buckley Purnace.-Proprietors, BUCKLEY & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Knoxville, Knox County. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. New in 1872-3. Oakdale Furnace.-Proprietors, Oakdale Iron Co. Location of furnace, Oakdale, Roane County. Ieight of stack, 65 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Character of ores, fossil and hematite. Fuel, bituminous coal and coke. Charcoal Furnaces of Tennessee. WASHINGTON COUNTY. Embreeville Furnace.-Proprietors, BRADLEY & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Jonesboro, Washington County. Ieight of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Product in 1872, 1301 tons. Character of ores, hematite. GREENE COUNTY. Cove Creek Furnace.-Proprietors, New York & East Tennessee Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Greeneville, Greene County. H-eight of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Cold blast. Greene Furnace.-Proprietors, Greene County Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Haysville, Greene County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Unaka Furnace.-Proprietor, WILBUJ F. GLEASON. Location of furnace. Unaka, Greene County. Number of furnaces, 1. Ieight of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, limestone. Iot blast. BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 97 SULLIVAN COUNTY. Bushong Furnace.-Proprietors, BUSHONG & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Bushong's Furnace P. O., Sullivan County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Madison FPurnace.-Proprietor, J. MI. BARKER. Location of furnace, Bristol, Sullivan County. Height of stack, 28 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, red hematite. CARTER COUNTY. Carter Furnace.-Lessees, CLARKE, QUAIF & Co., Knoxville. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Stoney Creek, Carter County. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Lambert Furnace.-Proprietors, Lambert Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Lambert Ore Banks, Carter County. Height of stack, 55 feet; diameter of bosh, 13 feet; average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. New, built in 1873. Hot blast. CLAIBORNE COUNTY. Cumberland Furnace.-Proprietors, Cumberland Gap Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Cumberland Gap, Claiborne County. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Charcoal Furnaces of Western Tennessee. DECATUR COUNTY. Brownsport Furnace.-Proprietors, YOUNG & WALKER. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Brownsport, Decatur County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. STEWART COUNTY. Dover and Bear Spring Furnaces.-Proprietors, WOODS, YEATMAN & CO., Cumberland Iron Works, Stewart County. iumber of furnaces, 2. I-eight of stack, 34 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Bear Spring Furnace rebuilt in 1872. Clark Purnace.-Proprietors, GARRETT, MCDOWELL & CO., La Grange Iron Co., Danville. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, La Grange Furnace P. 0., Stewart County. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 9- feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. La Grange and Eclipse Furnaces.-Proprietors, La Grange Iron Co. (GARRETT, MCDowELL & Co.). Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, La Grange Farnace 13 98 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. P. 0, Stewart County. Height of stack, 35 and 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 9~ and 10 feet; average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Rough and Ready Furnace.-Proprietors, A. GucIKENSHEIMER & Co. Nzumber of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Indian Miound P. O., Stewart County. Ieight of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Hot blast. Character of ores, brown hematite. DICKSON COUNTY. Cumberland Furnace.-Proprietors, J. P. DROUILLARD & Co. Number of" furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Cumberland Furnace, Dickson County. Height of stack, 29 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. This furnace is said to have been originally built in 1790. Worley Furnace.-Proprietors, ORr, TEWELL & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Worley Furnace, Dickson County. Height of stack, 37 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. Vernon Furnace.-Proprietors, SECHLER, MCCULLOUGIr & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Clarksville, Mlontgomery County. Height of stack, 34 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Product in 1872, 2,863 tons. Character of ores, hematite. LEWIS COUNTY. Lewis Furnace.-Proprietors, TiroMAs & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Lewis Furnace, Lewis County. Building. WAYNE COUNTY. Wayne Furnace.-Proprietors, Gaylord Iron and Pipe Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Waynesborough, Wayne County. Height of stack, 42 feet; diameter of bosh, 11- feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Product in 1872, 2,650 tons. Character of ores, red hematite. Hot blast. MONROE COUNTY. Tallico Furnace.-Proprietor, Colonel W. A. HASKINS. Location of furnace, Tallico Plains, Monroe County. Number of furnaces, 1. Ieight of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. IHot blast. Character of ores, brown hematite. LAWRENCE COUNTY. Buffalo Furnace.-Proprietor, W. C. NAPIER. A Out of blast. BLAST FURNACES OF THE UINITE]D STATES. 99 HENDERSON COUNTY. Poplar Springs Furnace. —Proprietor, F. E. GOODELL, Carbondale. Location of furnace, Poplar Springs. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, native hematite. Cold blast. The census returns for Tennessee give 12 companies. tIands, 1,100. Capital invested, $1,075,500. Wages, $367,684. Value of material, $437,307. Value of product, $1,722,907. RECAPITULATION FOE TENNESSEE. Number of bituminous furnaces.......................... 3 Annual capacity.............................. 26,000 tons. Number of charcoal furnaces............................ 24 Annual capacity..................................... 64,00 tons. Total number of furnaces.............................. 29 Total productive capacity............................ 9000 tons. last Furnaces of eorgia. THE remarks as to the value of the ores of Tennessee apply with equal force to Georgia, and there can be no doubt that great additions will be made to the iron industry in the State. As an evidence of the advantage here offered for making iron, the following account of what is being done is given: The Etna Iron Works Company was formed in the early part of 1871, and commenced operations at their works distant 21 miles from Rome, and contiguous to the ores to be developed. The capital of the company was $?5,500, paid up, and the extent of their property, 9,000 acres. The furnace started on April 6, 1872, with an average product of 10 tons per day, which in seven months netted a profit of $64,000, and in the year of $100,000 -a gain of 133 per cent. upon the original investment in the short space of twelve months. Charooal rurnaoes, FLOYD COUNTY. Pawn Iron Works.-Proprietors, BOYLE, DTITMIIA & JArvIs. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Fawn Iron Works, Fade County. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet. Character of ore, fossiliferous. Furnace new, built in 1872-3, and the first furnace in the South to adopt the Whitwell hot-blast stove. Engineer in charge of construction, WI. MI. HIABERSHAW; and it is proposed to add hereafter five more furnaces, four of which will be 75 feet stack by 18 feet bosh, and all stone-coal furnaces. Ridge Valley Purnaoe.-Proprietors, Ridge Valley Iron Co., Rome, Georgia. Location of furnace, 8 miles from Rome. Iieight of stack, 43 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, limestone and brown hematite. 100 B1LAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Cornwall and Stonewall Furnaces.-Proprietors, CoTHRAN & AIAGUcIRE. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, iomne, Floyd County. Ieight of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Bartow Purnace.-Proprietors, Bartow Iron Co., Rome, Floyd County. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Bartow County. I-eight of stack, 60 and 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 and 12 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Product in 1872, 1,800 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. One furnace coke. Round Mountain Furnaoe.-Proprietors, POOL, DODD & Co, Rome, Floyd County. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, on Etowah River, 13 miles from Rome. IHeight of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. BARTOW COUNTY. Leyden Purnaoe.-Proprietors, RoGERS & LEYDEN. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Kingston, Bartow County. Ieight of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. New in 1872. DADE COUNTY. Cherokee Purnaoe.-Proprietors, Cherokee Iron Works, Chattanooga, Tenn. Location of furnace, Trenton, Dade County. Ieight of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, fossil. Cherokee Purnace.-Proprietors, B. G. PooL & Co. Location of furnace, Bartow County. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. CASS COUNTY. Rogers Purnaoe.-Proprietors, ROGERS & DOLEY. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Cartersville, Cass County. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Tew in 1872 and 183. Character of ores, hematite. Stump Creek Purnace.-Proprietors, STYLES & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Cartersville, Cass County. Height of stack, 28 feet; diameter of bosh, 7 feet; average annual capacity, 7,500 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, hematite. POLK COUNTY. Cherokee Purnace.-Proprietors, Cherokee Iron Works Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Cedartown, Polk County. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. New in 1872 and 1873. BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 101 Etna Purnace.-Proprietors, Etna Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Prior's Station, Polk County. Height of stack, 44 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, hematite. Teoumseh lurnace.-Proprietors, Tecumseh Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Tecumseh Furnace, Polk County. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. New; building in 1873. The census returns for Georgia give in 1870 but 2 establishments, with 27 hands; $9,000 capital. $9,200 wages. Value of material, $13,180. Value of product, $42,600; showing very imperfect returns, and also great development in the industry since. RECAPITULATION FOR GEORGIA. Number of bituminous furnaces (coke).................... 2 (building). Annual capacity...................................... 3,000 tons. Number of charcoal furnaces.......................... 13 Annual capacity................................ 39,000 tons. Total number of furnaces............................. 15 Total productive capacity............................ 42,000 tons. Blast turnaces of Alabama The opportunities offered in this State for obtaining ores of great purity and richness, in close contiguity to. the finest coals and on completed railroads at a low price, are probably unequalled in the United States. With this condition of things, and the small amount of development yet made there, it is not strange that the attention of foreign capitalists has been attracted to this region, and that purchases to a very considerable extent have been made, with a view of utilizing the magnificent deposits. Every advantage, in the way of healthy climate and abundant water, exists, and there can be no doubt that within very few years the mineral resources of this favored region will be thoroughly developed. One of the most promising portions of the State is Central Alabama, around the town of Birmingham. This place is located in a beautiful, healthy valley, at the terminus of the great Allegheny Mountain range. The valley is from five to six miles wide, and on one side runs what is called Red or Iron Mountain, 400 feet above the level of the valley, and on the top of which, lies the vein of red fossiliferous ore. This vein dips to the south at an angle of 25', and runs under the adjacent hills to an unknown depth, generally exposed for about one-fourth of a mile. The thickness, as exposed to view, is from 10 to 60 feet, and it is seen for a distance of 50 miles continu-ously. The yield, from these ores, of metallic iron is from 35 to 60 per cent. South of this mountain, at a distance ranging from 3 to 6 miles, lies the celebrated Cawvhaba coal field, embracing about 500 square miles in area. On the north of the valley is the Warrior coal field, embracing some 6,000 square miles, at a, distance from the ore of an average of 4 miles 102 EBLtAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. for a line of 40 miles. The Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad runs the whole length of this valley, and upon it is found limestone of excellent quality, and water in abundance. The completed railroads reaching this point are, the Alabama and Chattanooga, a part of the great trunk route, from New Orleans to New York, and the Nashville and Louisville Railroad running south, which connects the gulf with the lakes. Other roads now being built will connect with the South Atlantic cities by the shortest possible line, and also with Memphis, St. Louis, etc., in that direction. As yet, the furnaces in operation all use charcoal fuel, but one is already changing to the native coal, and several more are projected to use raw coal and coke, It is estimated by experienced iron men who have thoroughly examined the locality, that pig metal can be made here at a cost of from $10 to $15 per ton. As shown by the reports of furnaces in Tennessee this is actually feasible there, and it would appear to be possible to accomplish the result for less, with the following data of cost. One furnace in this region has ore delivered at the furnace for 63 cents per ton, and coal can be mined for $1.50 per ton. Limestone is abundant. These estimates are of course based upon the supposition that mines are opened and trains laid. With these advantages and facilities, it is surprising that ore and coal lands are for sale at the low rate of $25.00 per acre, nor can it long be the case, although owners, warned by the course pursued by those who have previously purchased without development, now refuse to sell to any but actual manufacturers who will erect furnaces. There is no doubt that capital alone is needed to give this region the control of the pig metal trade of the country. tlharooal urnaces. BIBB COUNTY. Bibb furnace.-Proprietors, Bibb Iron Co. lumber of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Bibb Furnace, Bibb County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. One furnace abandoned. CHEROKEE COUNTY. Cornwall urnace.-Proprietors, Cornwall Iron Works Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Cornwall Iron Works, Cedar Bluff, Cherokee County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feef; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Cold blast. Stoneivall Furnace.-Proprietors, Stonewall Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Stonewall Furnace, Cherokee County. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Hot blast. Teaumseh Purniace.-Proprietors, Tecumseh Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Tecumseh Furnace, Cherokee County. Height of stack, 58 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 5,500 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Building. BLAST FURENACES OF TITE UNITED STATES. 103 Round Mountain Furaace.-Proprietors, Round Mounttain Iron and Coal Co., Cherokee County. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, fossil. Building. Rock Iron Works.-Proprietors, Rock lun Iron Co. Location of furnace, Cooper P. O., Cherokee County. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Hot blast. Character of ores, brown hematite. TUSCALOOSA COUNTY. Giles Furnace.-Proprietors, GILES, EDWARDS & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Woodstock. New; building. 40 feet stack; 10 feet bosh. Irondale Furnace.-Proprietors, Irondale Iron Co. (McKEE, THOMAS & Co.). Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Irondale, Jefferson County. IHeight of stack, 56 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, fossiliferous. Red Mountain Purnaoes.-Proprietors, Red Mountain Iron and Coal Co. President, D. S. TnOY; Secretary and Treasurer, A. J. NOBLE; Superintendent, L. S. GooDrICII. P. O. address, Pratt, Jefferson County. lumber of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Ironton, Jefferson County. Height of stack, 58 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Character of ores, red fossiliferous. One stack rebuilt in 1872. One furnace changing to stone coal, new hot blast being introduced. Roup's Valley Furnaces.-Proprietors, THOrIAS & Co. lNumber of furnaces, 3. Location of furnaces, Roup's Valley, Jefferson County. Out of blast. Tannahill Purnaces.-Proprietors, Alabama Central Iron Co. Location, Tannahill, Jefferson County. New furnaces projected. Turkey Creek Furnace.-Proprietors, Alabama Iron Co. Location, Turkey Creek, Jefferson County. New furnaces projected or lately commenced. CALHOUN COUNTY. Woodstook Furnace.-Proprietors, NOBLE BIOTEIIRS. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Anniston, Calhoun County. Height of stack, 43 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. I-ot blast. Character of ores, brovwn hematite. Niew in 1873. Oxford Furnace.-Proprietors, Oxford Iron Co. Location, Oxford Furnace, Calhoun County. Ieight of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet. Out of blast. 104 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. SHELBY COUNTY. Shelby Iron Works.-Proprietors, Shelby Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Columbiana, Shelby County. Height of stack, 56 and 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 and 14 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Product in 1872 (one furnace), 5,T16. Character of ores, brown hematite. Second furnace new. TALLADEGA COUNTY. Salt Creek Furnace.-Proprietors, FIORACE WARE & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Salt Creek, Talladega County. New; building. Alabama Iron Works.-Proprietors, Alabama Iron Co. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 4,500 tons. New; blew in September, 1873. Character of ores, hematite. The census returns for 1870 give for Alabama: Number of blast furnaces, 3. Hands employed, 301. Capital invested, 8386,000. Wages paid, $9T,108. Value of material, 40,115. Value of product, $210,258, which included 6,250 tons pig-iron. RECAPITULATION FOR ALABAMA. Total number of furnaces (charcoal)......................... 20 Total productive capacity......................... 57,500 tons. Blast Furnaces of North Carolina. This State possesses large deposits of ores which are almost exact counterparts of the celebrated ores of Sweden, and hence especially suited to the manufacture of BESSEMER pig metal. These ores are principally magnetites, practically free from sulphur and phosphorus, but contain a notable percentage of manganese and chromium. There are also numerous red hematites, and, as is the case in Sweden, frequently running into the magnetites. The magnetites are either pure or mixed with titanic acid, generally where pure yielding from 40 to 50 per cent. metallic iron. The titaniferous imagnetites average 55 per cent. iron, from 10 to 12 per cent. titanic acid, and from 1 to 2 per cent. of manganese and chromium. These qualities offer great advantages for metal for the manufacture of tool steel, while they also indicate an ore of great value for fettling the puddling furnace. The cornpact red hematites of North Carolina are also remarkable for their purity, abundance, and yield of metallic iron. They also compare in many respects with the Cumberland BEssEMERE hematites of England in their percentage of silicon. This is a desirable feature for the manufacture of BESSEMAIER metal, and where an objection for other purposes may be neutralized by the admixture of the magnetites. There are also spathic ores, which have not been developed to any considerable degree as yet. The fluxes necessary to the smelting of all BLAST FBURNACES OF THE -UNITED STATESo 105 these ores are abundant and varied, such as granular limestones, clays, ochres and the gangues of the ores themselves. Charcoal is abundant in the immediate vicinity of the ores, and timber for many years' use is at hand; besides which, communication is now had with the extensive coal fields of the Dun and Deep rivers, which will supply a superior fuel for ages. The North Carolina Central Iron Company, of Philadelphia, is largely interested in these ores, and will soon, when transportation facilities are supplied, be able to furnish the rolling mills of the East with an ore for fettling purposes fully equal to those from Lake Champlain, at lower cost. The Lobdell Car-wheel Company, of Wilmington, Delaware, are also large owners of ore lands, the iron made from which is especially adapted to wheel purposes. As yet, however, the furnaces are of small capacity, almost entirely charcoal, but many new ones are building or projected, and it is certain that North Carolina must soon take an important place in the iron-producing States of the Union. Charooal Furnaces, CHATHAM COUNTY. Buckhorn Furnaces.-Proprietors, Cape Fear Iron and Steel Co., GEO. G. LOBDELL, Wilmington, Del., President. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Heckton, Chatham County. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Hot blast. Building. Endor Furnace.-Proprietors, Cape Fear Iron and Steel Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Endor, Chatham County. Height of stack, 39 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. Ore Hill Furnaoe.-Proprietors, Ore Hill Manufacturing Co. (NIESBET & GIREENE). Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Ore Hill, Chatham County. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons; stack, 33 feet; bosh, 7 feet. GASTON COUNTY. Long Creek Purnace.-Proprietor, Admiral WILKES. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Long Creek, Gaston County. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 6 feet; average annual capacity, 1,800 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. LINCOLN COUNTY. Mladison Furnaoe.-Proprietors, JOHnson, H-IGGINS & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Lincolnton, Lincoln County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 6 feet; average annual capacity, 800 tons. Cold blast, and built in 1790. Character of ores, magnetic. Rehoboth PFrnace.-Proprietor, J. W. DEnR. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Lincolnton, Lincoln County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 6 14 106 BLAST FUBNACES OF THE UNITED STATES, feet; average annual capacity, 800 tons. Product in 1872, 150 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. Stonewall Purnace.-Proprietors, HIGGINS & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Lincoln County. H[eight of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 6 feet; average annual capacity, 800 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. Built in 1863. Vesuvius Furnace.-~Proprietors, JOHNSON, HIGGINS & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Lincolnton, Lincoln County. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 6 feet: average annual capacity, 800 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. Built in 1780. STOKES COUNTY. Danbury Furnace. —Location, D)anbury, Stokes County. Out of blast, Bituminous Coal FurnaLoes. Sapona Furnace.-Proprietors, GREENE & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Chatham County. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 6 feet; average annual capacity, 1,000 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. Gulf Furnace.-Chatham County. Building. Few of these furnaces are worked to their capacity, and the yield of iron is very small, and frequently made into castings from the furnace direct for agricultural uses, The census returns for this State are worthless. RECAPITULATION FOR NORTH CAROLINA. Number of charcoal furnaces...................o.... 10 Annual capacity................................ 13,800 tons. Number of bituminous furnaces............................ 2 (1 building.) Annual capacity.................................... 1,000 tons. Total number of furnaces.............................. 12 Total productive capacity....................... 14,800 tons. Blast Purenaces of Virgini2 Few States are richer in mineral resources than Virginia, and few have done as little in manufacturing industry until within late years. Since the completion of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, and the revival of interest in the K:anawha Canal, a new era has opened for this State, and we may soon expect to see her among the large producing iron States. Every particular of geographical location, contiguity to, thb, seaboard, elimate, tim.nber-. ores, BLAST FUIEACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 10' coal, and limestone is favorable to this conclusion; while ilrmmense amlounts of INorthern and foreign capital have been invested in lands along the line of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, but it must be confessed as yet rather, for investment than immediate development. With one exception, and that an anthracite furnace at IRichmond, the blast furnaces of Virginia are run with charcoal fuel, while the finest bituminous cannel, splint, and coking coal of the world is to be found here. It is said that the first investment made in this country for the manufacture of pig-iron was made in Virginia in 1626, the industry being established in Massachusetts some forty years later. Charcoal nurnaces. AUIGUSTA COUNTY. Buffalo Gap Furnaces.-Proprietors, Buffalo Gap Iron and Steel Co. Nuimber of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Buffalo Gap, Augusta County. Height of stack, 30 and 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 and 11 feet; average annual capacity, 7T000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. New in 1872. Elizabeth Furnace.-Proprietors, FonREr & DUNLAP. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Iot blast. Mount Torrey Furnace.-Proprietors, Mount Torrey Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Mount Torrey Iron Works, Augusta County. Height of stack, 37 feet; diameter of bosh, 8~ feet; average annual capacity, 1,800 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. ALLEGIANY COUNTY. Lucy Salina Purnace.-Proprietors, Longdale Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Longdale, Alleghany County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Product in 1872, 1,626 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Changing to bituminous coal, and to 45 feet by 9 feet. Clifton Purnace.-Proprietor, IOWELL FISHEn. Location of furnace, Clifton Forge P. 0. Height of stack, 34 feet; diameter of bosh, 8- feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Cold blast. Callie rurnace.-Proprietor, D. S. Coox, Clifton Forge P...Location of furnace, Richpatch fiount. Ileight of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, hematite. AMHERST COUNTY. Amherst Purnae. —Proprietors, Estate of S. F. JonDAX. Location of furnace, Big Island, Amherst County. IIeight of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Hot blast. Character of ores, hematite. 108 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. PAGE COUNTY. Shenandoah Furnace.-Proprietor, WVM. MILNES, Jr. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Shenandoah Iron Works, Page County. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,700 tons. Product in 1872, 2,683 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Page County Purnace.-Proprietors, Shenandoah Iron AManufacturing Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Shenandoah Iron Works, Page County. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. WYTHE COUNTY. Brown Hill f'urnace.-Proprietors, Brown Hill Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, WVytheville, Wythe County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Eagle Furnace.-Proprietor, BENJAMIIN GALLUP. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Wytheville, Wythe County. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Barren Spring Purnaoe.-Proprietors, GRAnHAM & ROBINSON. umber of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Graham's Forge, Wythe County. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 7 feet; average annual capacity, 1,400 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Holland Purnaoe.-Proprietors, Holland Iron Works Co. E. SHELLEY, Superintendent. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Wytheville, Wythe County. Building, 40 feet by 11 feet. Mount IHope Furnace.-Proprietors, OGLESBY & SAYERS. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Wytheville, Wythe County. Height of stack, 31 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Cold blast. Max Meadows Purnace.-Proprietors, GRAHAM & ROBINSON, Grahams Forge P. 0. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of futrnace, Max Mleadows, Wythe County. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Building. Character of ores, brown hematite. Providence Furnace.-Proprietors, Providence Iron Co. J. IRELAND, Superintendent. Nlumber of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Speedwell, Wythe County. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Raven's COliff Firnace. —-Proprietors, CROCKET, SAUNDE'RS & Co. Number of fur BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 109 naces, 1. Location of furnace, Wytheville, Wythe County. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. Cold blast. Brown and red hematite. Reed Island Purnace.-Proprietors, BARBIETT & FORNEY. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Wytheville, Wythe County. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Walton Furnaoe.-Proprietors, HowARD & SAJNDErS. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Max Meadows, Wythe County. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. WARREN COUNTY. Elizabeth Furnace.-Proprietors, EVANS & Co., Baltimore, Maryland. Location of furnace, Evansdale, Warren County. Number of furnaces, 1. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Hot blast. Character of ores, hematite. BOTETOURT COUNTY. Salisbury Purnace.-Proprietors, Salisbury Iron M]anufacturing Co., Fincastle, Botetourt County. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Salt Petre Cave, Botetourt County. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Grace Furnace.-Proprietors, Tredegar Co., Richmond. Location of furnace, Craig's Creek. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 9- feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, hematite. LOUISA COUNTY. Victoria Purnace. —Proprietors, IRA F. JORDAN & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Tolersville, Louisa County. Height of stack, 34 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. Product in 1872, 1,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. SHENANDOAH COUNTY. Van Buren T'urnace.-Proprietor, F. KING. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Newmarket, Shenandoah County. Height of stack, 37 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Rebuilding. Cold blast. Liberty Purnace.-Proprietor, B. P. NEWrMAN. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Liberty Furnace, Shenandoah County. HIeight of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,000 tons. Product in 1872, 850 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Columbia Furnace.-Proprietors, JOHN TRIPLE & SON. Number of furnace, 1. 110 BLAST FUEIACES OF THE UINITED STATES. Location of furinacG, Columbia, Shenandoah County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of boshl 10 feet; average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. Character of ores, hematite. fine Ruln.Furnace.-Proprietor, WmVI. BOYEn, Seven Fountains. Location of furnace, Shenandoah County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 61 feet; average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. Hot blast. Brown hematite. ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. Buena Vista Furnace.-Proprietors, SAIUEL F. JorDAN & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Buena Vista, Rockbridge County. Ieight of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 1,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Glenwood iurnace.-Proprietor, F. T. ANDERSON. lumber of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, near Lexington, Rockbridge County. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 1,700 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Out of blast. PULASKI COUNTY. Radford Furnaoe.-Proprietors, Radford Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Dublin, Pulaski County. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Hot blast. CAMPBELL COUNTY. Oxford furnace.-Proprietor, D. W. MoorE, MTount Athos P. 0. Location of furnace, Beaver Creek. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Hot blast. Character of ores, brown hematite. LEE COUNTY. Cumberland Gap Iron W ror-s.-Proprietors, PEYTON, SWAP &Co., Cumberland Gap, Tennessee. Location of furnace, Lee County. Height of stack, 28 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, brown hematite, Anthracite Furnace, Powhatan Purnace.-Proprietors, Powhatan Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Richmond, Virginia. HIeight of stack, 50 feet; diameter of. bosh, 13- feet; average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Character of ores, red and brown hematite. This furnace was rebuilt and altered from charcoal in 1872, under the management of General BArTLETT, Of Massachusetts, who is singularly enough the manager of the only anthracite furnace (Pomeroy Furnace) in Massachusetts, and also of the only anthracite furnace in Virginia. The census returns for Virginia give the number of companies at 16. Hands em BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 111 ployed, 1,034. Capital invested, $828,250. Wages paid, $271,050. Value of material, $224,20S5 Value of productt, 615,900. RECAPITULATION FOR VIRGINIA. Number of anthracite furnaces................... 1 Annual capacity.............................. 15,000 tons. Number of charcoal and splint furnaces................. 33 Annual capacity.................................... 67,250 tons. Total number of furnaces.............................. 34 Total annual capacity.............................. 82,250 tons. Blast Furnaoes of West Virginia.-oke Furnaoes OHIO COUNTY. Benwood Furnace.-Proprietors, Benwood Iron Works Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Wheeling, Ohio County. Hleight of stack, 42 feet; diameter of bosh, 11- feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Product in 1872, 8,400 tons. Character of ores, Iron Mountain and Lake Superior. Riverside Furnace.~-Proprietors, DEWEY, VANCE & Co., Wheeling. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, in Marshall County. IHeight of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 18 feet; average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Product in 1872, 15,391 tons. Character of ores, Missouri and Lake Superior. Belmont Purnace.-Proprietors, Belmont INail Works Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Wheeling, Ohio County. Ieight of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Character of ores, Missouri and Lake Superior. New in 1873. Wheeling Furnace.-Proprietors, Wheeling Iron and Nail Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Wheeling, Ohio County. Height of stack, 65 feet; diam. eter of bosh, 18 feet; average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Character of ores, Missouri and Lake Superior. New; building in 1873. Martin Iron Works.-Proprietor, GEORGE H-IARDMA GLADEWVILLE. Location of furnace, Three Fork Creek, Preston County. Ieight of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 4,500 tons. Character of ores, brownl hematite. TAYLORt COUNTY. Lanoaster Furnace.-Piroprietors, SINSIEINIEu,T PE]YTENBERG & ADLER, Ironton. Location of furnace, Ironton, Taylor County. Ileight of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 11- feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Fuel, coke. Character of ores, limestone and hematite. 112 BLAST FURNACES OF THE TUNITED STATES. Charcoal Furnaces. Gladeville F.urnace.-Proprietors, GEORGE hARDlMAN, Gladeville, Preston County. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Gladeville, Preston County. Heighlt of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. HARDY COUNTY. Capon FPurnaoe.-Proprietors, KELLER & Co. Location of furnace, Capon Iron Works. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, T feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, brown and red hematite. Furnaces are projected in the Kanawha Valley, considerable purchases of ore lands and coal lands having been made for the purpose, but none have as yet been erected. The census returns for West Virginia give the number of establishments at 2. I-lands employed, 138. Capital invested, $194,000. Wages paid, $T3,30. Value of material, $195,450. Value of product, $400,200. WEST VIRGINLIA RECAPITULATION. Number of coke furnaces..................... 5 Annual capacity................................. 58,000 tons. Number of charcoal furnaces.......................... 3 Annual capacity................................. 8,000 tons. Total number of furnaces........................... 8 Total productive capacity........................ 64,000 tons. Blast Furnaoes of Marylan. Maryland exported pig-iron to England in 1717, the mother country at that date not allowing any kind of iron except pig to be made in the colonies, which act was extended in 173T to allow the manufacture of bar iron, but providing that there should be built no "rolling mills, slitting mills, or forges for making plates, as that would interfere with the manufacture of Great Britain." The oldest blast furnace now in Maryland is the Catoctin, built originally in 174, and rebuilt in 1787, and is located in Frederick County. There are anthracite furnaces in Baltimore County and in Ilarford County, but the principal product is of charcoal iron, of which there are some eleven furnaces with an average annual product of 25,000 tons. There are also bituminous furnaces in the Cumberland region, but owing to the scarcity of ores, they are not highly productive. - ~B~Y —l N~-ry V lr IIL~jh BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 113 Charooal Furnaoes. FREDERICK COUNTY. Catoctin F'urnaoes.-Proprietor, J. B. KUNKEL. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Catoctin Furnaces, Frederick County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 and 81 feet; average annual capacity, 5,800 tons. Product in 1872, 4,800 tons, Character of ores, brown and red hematite. BALTIMORE COUNTY. Cedar Point Furnace.-Proprietor, HORACE L. BROOXE. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Baltimore, Baltimore County. Height of stack, 31 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, brown hemnatite. Chesapeake Furnace.-Proprietor, WM. F. PANNELL. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Baltimore, Baltimore County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 4,500 tons. Product in 1872, 2,583. Character of ores, carbonate. Laurel Furnace.-Proprietor, D. M. REESE. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Baltimore, Baltimore County. Height of stack, 52 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Stickney Furnace.-Proprietors, Stickney Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Baltimore, Baltimore County. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Product in 1872, 3,100 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Locust Grove Furnace.-Proprietors, L. SINSHEIMER, J. RYTTENSBURG, & L. FuRSTERNBURG. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Stemmer's Run, Baltimore County. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,400 tons. Product in 1872, 1,139 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Maryland Furnaces.-Proprietor, H. W. ELLICOTT. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Baltimore, Baltimore County. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. HiARFORD COUNTY. Harford Furnace.-Proprietors, CLEMENT DIETRICI & SONS. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Harford Furnace, Harford County. Ieight, of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Character of ores, hematite. 15 114 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. La Grange Furnace.-Proprietors, ROGERS &.MOORE. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Clermont Mills, Htarford County. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 7 feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Product in 1872, 679 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY. Muirkirk Furnace.-Proprietors, Muirkirk Iron Co. C. E. COFFIN, President. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Mluirkirk, Prince George's County. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Product in 1872, 2,022 tons. Character of ores, hydrated. CECIL COUNTY. Principio Furnace.-Proprietor, GEO. P. WHITAKER. NTumber of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Principio, Cecil County. Ieight of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,200 tons. Character of ores, hematites. WASHINGTON COUNTY. Greenspring Furnace.-Proprietors, J. B. HAYNES & Co. Location, Greenspring Furnace. Height of stack, 34 feet; diameter of bosh, 8~ feet; average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, brown hematite. Anthracite Furnaoes. BALTIMORE COUNTY. Ashland Furnace.-Proprietors, Ashland Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 3. Location of furnaces, Ashland, Baltimore County. Ieight of stacks, 35 and 52 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 and 16 feet; average annual capacity, 17,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and carbonates. Cedar Point Furnace.-Proprietor, HORACE L. BROOKE. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Baltimore, Baltimore County. Height of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. HARFORD COUNTY. Havre Furnaces.-Proprietors, Havre Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Havre-de-Grace, Harford County. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet. Out of blast. BLAST FURNACES OF THE TNITED STATES. 115 Bituminous Coal and Coke Furnaces. ALLEGHENY COUNTY. Bowery Purnace.-Proprietors, Consolidation Coal Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Frostburg, Allegheny County. Height of stack, 56 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Character of ores, fossiliferous. MloIunt Savage Purnaces.-Proprietors, Union Mining Co. Number of furnaces, 3. Location of furnaces, Mount Savage, Allegheny County. Height of stack, 50 and 52 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Out of blast for want of ore. HOWARD COUNTY. Elk Ridge Purnace.-Proprietor, W. BRowxi. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Elk Ridge Landing, Howard County. Height of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. FREDERICK COUNTY. enoxville Purnaoe.-Proprietor, C. S. MIMALTBY. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Knoxville, Frederick County. Rebuilding in 1873. Out of blast for years. Height of stack, 401 feet; diameter of bosh, 121 feet; average annual capacity, 5 000 tons. Hot blast. Character of ores, hematite. Catoctin Furnace7, No. 8.-Proprietor, J. B. KUNKEL. Location of furnace, Catoctin, Frederick County. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 11- feet; average annual capacity, 9,000 tons. Fuel, anthracite coal and coke. Character of ores, hematite. WASHINGTON COUNTY. Antietam furnace.-Proprietors, J. S. AHL & Co. iumber of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Sharpsburgh, Washington County. H-eight of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. This was the site of one of the earliest furnaces of the country. The census returns for Maryland give the number of establishments at 12. lands employed, 743. Capital invested, $1,820,000. Wages, $232,819. Value of material $1,219,919. Value of product, $1,991,589. 116 BLAST FURNACES 0F THE UTNITED STATES. RECAPITULATION FOR MARYLAND. Number of anthracite furnaces....................... 6 Annual capacity................................. 22,000 tons. Number of bituminous furnaces........................ 8 Annual capacity...................................... 40,000 tons. Number of charcoal furnaces......................... 14 Annual capacity................................ 32,439 tons. Total number of furnaces................................. 28 Total productive capacityy............................. 94,439 tons, Blast rurtnaes of aine. The only blast furnace of Maine is a charcoal furnace, which was repaired after having lain idle for years, and went into blast in 18T3, viz.: Katahdin Purnace.-Proprietor, O. W. DAVIs, Piscataquis Iron Works, Portland. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, on Piscataquis and Bangor Railroad. Ilheight of stack, 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 91 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, bog. This property includes 33,000 acres of land, and employs 100 men. Number of furnaces............................... 1 Annual capacity.................................... 2,500 tons. Blast Furnates of New HampshireO The only blast furnace in New Hampshire is the old Franconia furnace, built by the New Hampshire Iron Company in the latter part of 1T89, rebuilt in 1800 or thereabouts. There was a considerable trade done here at an early date in stove-plate castings, and a steel works was also carried on. The old books of the New Hampshire Iron Company are interesting relices of the early iron trade, and are now in the possession of Messrs. WM. E. COFFIN & Co., of Boston, the present owners of the furnace and property. This furnace has been out of blast since 1855, but may be repaired and blown in on the completion of a projected railroad from Littleton to Franconia, a distance of seven miles, by which coal could be brought to the stack. Ores exist in the vicinity, of superior quality, but wood for fuel is growing scarce. 1last Eurnaoes of VermontS RUTLATN 0COtNTY. Pittsforld Purtnae. — Proprietor, J. PRICIARD. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Pittsford, Rutland County. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons; height of BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES& 117 stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet. Character of ores, hematite. Built in IT90, and several times rebuilt. Conant Furnace.-Proprietors, Brandon Iron Co. Location, Forestdale, Rutland County. Abandoned. BENNINGTON COUNTY. Shaftsbury Purnaoe.-Proprietors, Shaftsbury Iron Works Co. Lessees, GEO. W. SWETT & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, South Shaftsbury, Bennington County. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Dorset Furnace.~-Proprietors, Dorset Iron Co. Location, East Dorset, Bennington County. Out of blast. WINDSOR COUNTY. Tyson Furnace.-Proprietors, Tyson Iron Co., Plymouth, Windsor County. Abandoned. Total number of furnaces............... 5 Total annual capacity..................... 5,000 tons. Blast Eurnaoce of Massaohusetts. Massachusetts was the second State to engage in the manufacture of pig metal, which was done at Braintree and Lynn in 1623. In 1721 there were six blast or air furnaces, and nineteen forges, in New England, and the progress made there and elsewhere was such that the English iron masters petitioned Parliament to stop the industry in the colonies, as injurious to the trade at home. The furnace product of Massachusetts has been small, and confined to some six stacks, one of which alone used anthracite, the others being all charcoal furnaces. Anthracite ]urinaoe BERKSHIRE COUNTY. Pomeroy Purnaoe. —Proprietors, Pomeroy Iron Co. General W. F. BARTLETT, Manager. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, West Stockbridge, Berkshire County. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 141 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Product, in 1872, during which it was rebuilt, 3,T94 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. 118 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Charcoal Furnaoes. BERKSHIRE COUNTY. Richmond Furnace.-Proprietors, Richmond Iron Works Co. GEORGE COFFIN, Treasurer. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Richmond, Berkshire County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Warm blast. Lenox Furnaoe.-Proprietors, TAYLOn, CI UeTe & COFFING. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Lenox Furnace, Berkshire County. Ieight of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, hematite. IHot blast. Cheshire Furnaoe. —Proprietors, Richmond Iron Works Co. GEO. COFFIN, Treasurer. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Cheshire, Berkshire County. Height of stack, 40 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Hot blast. Briggs Furnace.-Proprietor, J. L. KOLBY. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Lanesboro, Berkshire County. Height of stack, 42 feet; diameter of bosh, 11.feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Hot blast. Vandusenville Purnaoe.-Proprietors, Richmond Iron Co. Number of furnaces 1. Location of furnace, near Great Barrington. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Hot blast. The census returns for Massachusetts in 1870 give the number of establishments at 4, Hands employed, 421. Capital invested, $700,000. Wages paid, $334,541. Value of material, $446,823. Value of product, $722,225. RECAPITULATION FOR MASSACITSETTS. Number of anthracite furnaces............. o.o.... I Annual cap.acity........,.................o... 6,000 tons. Number of charcoal furnaces.........e.............. 5 Annual capacity.......................... 12,000 tons. Total number of furnaces..............,.... o.... 6 Total productive capacity............................ 18,000 tons. BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 119 Blast Furnaces of New York. The State of New York has always been celebrated for the richness and extent of her iron ores, both magnetic and hematite; the former of which for many years was the chief supply of the furnaces and mills of the country using that kind of ore. The Lake Champlain region of Essex County was for many years supposed to contain the largest and most valuable iron-ore deposit in the United States, and supplies ores of absolute necessity to the rolling mills east of the Alleghanies for fettling purposes. The ownership of the most valuable portions of these magnetic ores has always been in comparatively few hands, and large fortunes have been accumulated from their development. The following table shows the ore production of Lake Champlain District for 1872, and gives some idea of the productive capacity of the region: Port Henry Iron Ore Co. Tons. Wetherbees, Sherman & Co..... Cheever Ore Bed Co..................................... 60,000 Wetherbees & Co. (New Bed)............................ 15,000 Mark Smith........................................ 15000 Fisher Ore Bed Co................................... 10,000 Pilfershire Mine.................................... 5,000 Total................. 375,000 There are also other valuable ore beds and deposits at or near Fort Ann, south of Port I-enry, the ores of which analyze with equal richness and purity. Among these is the Fort Ann or' Podunk" mine, of which the following is an analysis: FORT ANN MAGNETI_ ORES. Analysis made by Prof. Chandler, School of Mines, Columbia College, New York. Magnetic oxide of iron.............................. 87.11 Silica.................................................. 6.16 Alumina.................. o........e.................. 0.82 Lim e.................................................... 1.80 Magnesia........................................... 0.78 Manganese....................................... 0.53 Chlorine and Fluorine..................................... traces. Phosphoric Acid............................. 0.63 Sulphur.........................................0.12 Moisture.............................................. 2.05 100.00 120 BLAST FUBNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Equivalent to Per cent. Metallic Iron.........................o. 0 63.08 Manannese........... o........................... 0.37 Sulphur.................................................. 0.12 Phosphorus............................................. 0.27 This mine presents an extremely valuable deposit of ore, giving an ore breast of 300 feet, from 15 to 20 feet in thickness, and, as above seen, furnishing ores of remarlkable purity. Scarcely a portion of New York State exists without iron ores of some quality, and furnaces have been at work in various sections from an early date; while some of the largest rolling mills in the country are to be found here. The principal product of pig-iron is from anthracite furnaces, of which there are a number of large capacity. There are, however, numerous charcoal furnaces, some of which make a very superior iron. Anthracite Furnaces. RENSSELAER COUNTY. Burden FPurnaces.-Proprietors, H. BURDEN & SONs. Number of furnaces, 3, one new. Locatiou of furnaces, Troy, Rensselaer County. Height of stack, 50 and 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. Product in 1872, 21,607 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. ESSEX COUNTY. Port Henry Furnaces.-Proprietors, Bay State Iron Co., Boston, Mass. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Port Henry, Essex County. I-Ieight of stack, 66 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 25,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Cedar Point Furnace.-Proprietors, Cedar Point Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Port Henry, Essex County. Height of stack, 70 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. Crown Point Furnaces.-Proprietors, Crown Point Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Crown Point, Essex County. Height of stack, 66 feet; diameter of bosh, 18 feet; average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. New; building in 1873. WASHINGTON COUNTY. Fort Edward and Columbia Furnaces.-Proprietors, JOIN A. GRISWOLD & Co., Troy. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Fort Edward, at Fort Edward, Wash BLAST FURBNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 12 ington County; Columbia, at Iudson, Columbia County. Ieight of stack, 40 and 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 and 15 feet; average annual-capacity, 17,000 tons. Product in 1872, 16,814 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. ORANGE COUNTY. Clove Furinace.-Proprietor, PETER P. PARROTT. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Greenwood Iron Works, Orange County. Height of stack, 55 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Product in 1872, 10,413 tons. Character of ores, native magnetic. Sterling and Southfield Furnaces.-Proprietors, Sterling Iron and Railway Co. A. W. H-UMPHREYs, Treasurer. Office, 42 Pine Street, New York. IHeight of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Product in 1872, 8,379 tons. Character of ores, Champlain, Canada, and fossil. ONEIDA COUNTY. Franklin Furnaces. —Proprietors, Franklin Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Franklin Iron Works, Oneida County. Height of stack, 54 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 16,000 tons. Character of ores, fossiliferous, red hematite, and Clinton. Product in 1872, 11,372 tons. PUTNAM COUNTY. Cold Spring Furnaoe.-Proprietors, Cold Spring Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Cold Spring, Putnam County. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 15- feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. DUTCHESS COUNTY. Poughkeepsie Furnaces.-Proprietors, BECK & TowER. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County. Height of stack, 43 and 46 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 and 15 feet; average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Fallkill Furnaces.-Proprietors, Fallkill Iron Co. Location of furnaces, Poughkeepsie. Number of furnaces, 2. I-eight of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. COLUMBIA COUNTY. Hudson Furnaces.-Proprietors, Hudson Iron Co. J. W. HOYSBADT, Agent. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Hudson, Columbia County. Ieight of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 25,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. 16 122 BLAST FUPNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. -NEW YORK COUNTY. Manhattan Furnace.-Proprietors, Mlanhattan Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Manhattanville, New York County. HIeight of stack, 48 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 and 11 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. One out of blast. ULSTER COUNTY. Ulster Furnace.-Proprietors, Napanoch Furnace Co. G. L. SMITH, Elmira, N. Y. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Napanoch, Ulster County. Ieight of stack, 46 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, fossiliferous. Blast here is furnished by one of the best water-powers in the State. The furnace has been entirely rebuilt, with new hearth, boshes, and improved hot blast. ONONDAGA COUNTY. Onondaga Furnaces.-Proprietors, Onondaga Iron Co. R. N. GERE, President. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Geddes, Onondaga County. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 15 feet; average annual capacity, 18,000 tons. Product in 1872, 7,370 tons. Hematite and magnetic. One furnace new in 1872. WAYNE COUNTY. Ontario Furnaoe.-Proprietqrs, Ontario Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location, Ontario, Wayne County. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Character of ores, fossiliferous. Formerly a charcoal furnace. ERIE COUNTY. Union FPurnaces.-Proprietors, Union Iron Co., Buffalo. Number of furnaces, 3. Location of furnaces, Buffalo, Erie County. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 14, 15, and 17 feet; average annual capacity, 35,000 tons. Product in 1872, seven months, 18,355 tons. Character of ores, Champlain, Canada, and fossil. Fletcher Furnace.-Proprietors, PRXAT & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Buffalo. Height of stack, 47 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. Tonawanda Furnaces.-Proprietors, Niagara River Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Ironton, near Buffalo, Erie County. Height of stack, 63 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 25,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. New; built in 1872 and 1873. ALBANY COUNTY. Corning Purnaces.-Proprietors, Jagger Iron Co. Nlumber of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Albany, N. Y. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; BLAST FURNACES OF TI-HE UUNITED STATES. 123 average annual capacity, 25,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. There are two blowing engines, with 38 inch steam cylinder and 8 feet stroke, and 48 inch blowing cylinder with 8 feet stroke. The engine and boiler house is 70 by 40 feet; the stockhouse, 70 by 70 feet; and the casting-house, 70 by 50 feet, all built of brick. Particular attention is paid here to a superior grade of foundry iron, which is the specialty. Albany Purnaces. —Proprietors, Alcott Iron Manufacturing Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Albany, N. Y. Average annual capacity, 25,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. NTew; built and building in 1873. Clinton Furnaces.-Proprietors, Clinton Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces: one, Manchester, Ontario County; one, Kirtland, Oneida County. Height of stack, 48 feet; diameter of bosh, 13 feet. New; building. Probable capacity, 20,000 tons. TOMPKINS COUNTY. Ithaca Purnace.-Proprietors, Ithaca Iron Co. EZRA CORNELL, President. Location of' furnace, Ithaca, Tompkins County. Height of stack, 65 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. New; building in 18'3-4. MONROE COUNTY. Charlotte Purnace.-Proprietors, Rochester Iron Manufacturing Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Rochester, Monroe County. Height of stack, 50 feet; diameter of bosh, 14 feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. WESTCHESTER COUNTY. Peekskill Purnace.-Proprietors, Peekskill Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Peekskill, Westchester County. Height of stack, 44 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite and magnetic. CHEMUNG COUNTY. Elmira nurnaces.-Proprietors, Elmira Iron and Steel Co. Location of furnaces, Elmira, Chemung County. Number of furnaces, 2. Height of stack, 56 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Character of ores, fossil and magnetic. One building. This company have a well-built and successful blast furnace, embodying in its construction the best practice of the time, and are building another alongside of it. The boilers are upon the ground, a close top bringing the gases down to them and to the pipes in which the blast is heated. The blowing engine is a vertical one, by WEIMAR Bnos. The steam cylinder is directly under the air cylinder. Stroke, T feet; diameter, 42 inches; air cylinder, 60 inches diameter. Double fly-wheels and balanced poppet valves, driven by cams, are used. Coal, ore, etc., are elevated by means of an air hoist. The location of the furnace is most favorable. It stands upon a little knoll of solid 124 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. ground, surrounded on all sides by a swamp, which forms a most capacious and convenient dumping-ground, and of which the company own about seventeen acres, extending along the bank of the Chemung Canal, which is distant only 400 feet from the furnace. The Erie, Lehigh Valley, and Northern Central railroads, all run through the land of the company, and near the furnace, and are connected with the company's private track by switches. Of this private track they have about 1,000 feet. Charcoal Furnaoes. JEFFERSON COUNTY. arhage ur ProprCarthage e.-Prop Carthage Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Carthage, Jefferson County. I-Ieight of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Alpena Furnace.-Proprietor, I-. BENTON. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Oxbow, Jefferson County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Character of ores, red hematite. Redwood Furnace.-Proprietors, Redwood Furnace Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Redwood, Jefferson County. 1-eight of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 8I feet; average annual capacity 2,500 tons. Character of ores, red hematite. Sterling Purnaoe.-Proprietors, Sterling Iron Ore Co. Number of furnaces, t. Location of furnace, Philadelphia, Jefferson County. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, red hematite. Sterlingbush and Serlingville Furnaoes..Proprietors, Jefferson Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Sterlingbush, in Lewis County, near Antwerp; Sterlingville, at Sterlingville, Jefferson County; Height of stack, 28 and 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Cold blast. Character of ores, red hematite. COLUMBIA COUNTY. Chatham Purnace.-Proprietors, BEC KLEY & ADAMS. lumber of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Chatham Corners, Columbia County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Copakee Purnaces. —Proprietor, FEliEDEMeIC MILES. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Copake, Columbia County. I-Ieight of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, browTn hlematite. Hot blast. DUTCTHEBSS COUNTY. Dover Purnaoe.-P roprietors, DLutchess County Iron W orks Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furiace, Dover, Dutchess County, H-eight of stack, 33 feet; diamn BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 125 eter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Out of blast. Hopewell Furnace.-Proprietor, J. WHITE. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Fishkill, Dutchess County. Out of blast. lillerton Purnaace.-Proprietors, Millerton Steel Iron Co. (LANDON & Co.). Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, iMillerton, Dutchess County. I-Teight of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Hot blast. Phcenix FPurnace.-Proprietor, C. S. MALTBY. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, iillerton, Dutchess County. Height of stack, 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Hot blast. Wassasic Furnace.-Proprietors, N. GRIDLEY & SON. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Wassaic, Dutchess County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. ORANGE COUNTY. Greenwood Purnace.-Proprietor, PETER P. PARIROTT. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Greenwood Iron orks, Orange County. Height of stack, 42 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. WAYNE COUNTY. Wolcott Furnace.-Proprietors, LEAVENWORTH & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Wolcott Village, Wayne County. Height of stack, 35 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 1,300 tons. Character of ores, red fossil. ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. Rossie Furnace.-Proprietors, Rossie Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Bossie, St. Lawrence County. Ieight of stack, 43 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. Character of ores, red oxide. Olifton Furnace.-Proprietors, Myers Steel and Iron Co. Location, Clifton, St. Lawrence County. Out of blast. LEWIS COUNTY. Port Leyden Furnaoes. -Proprietors, Port Leyden Iron Co. Numlber of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Port Leyden. height of stack 38 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. CHEENANGO COUNTY. Norwl ch urnaoe. —-roprietors, Norwich Iron Co. (ANDREws & ScovILLE). Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Norwich, Chenango County. HIeight of stack, 32 126 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, fossiliferous. ESSEX COUNTY. Pletcherville Furnace.-Proprietors, WITHERBEES & FLETCIIER. Nlumber of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Mineville, Essex County. Ileight of stack, 61- feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Product in 1872, 2,574 tons. Character of ores, magnetic and specular. The census returns for New York in 1870, give the number of establishments at 40. Hands employed, 2,287. Capital invested, $5,502,116. Wages paid, $1,086,250. Value of material, $5,382,925. Value of product, $7,632,463. RECAPITULATION FOR NEW YORK. lumber of anthracite furnaces........................ 45 Annual capacity............................... 440,000 tons. Number of charcoal furnaces........................... 22 Annual capacity.................................. 48,000 tons. Total number of furnaces...6..................... 67 Total annual capacity................. 488,000 tons. Blast Furnaces of Connectiout. The blast furnaces of Connecticut are all run with charcoal fuel, and were formerly engaged principally on car-wheel iron from the celebrated Salisbury ore beds, whichl produced an iron superior to most made. The industry of iron-making was carried on here to some extent previous to the Revolution, and if it has not kept pace with the growth of the country, it is because other branches of iron manufacture, in every one of which Connecticut is largely engaged, have proved more profitable. Charcoal Furnaces. Canaan Purnaoes. —-Proprietors, Barnum & Richardson Co. Number of furnaces, 3. Location of furnaces, Lime Rock, Litchfield County. IHeight of stack, 32 and 36 feet; diameter of bosh, 9- feet; average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Product in 1872, 5,005 tons. Character of ores, Salisbury. Chapinsville Furnace.-Proprietors, LANDON & Sox, Chapinsville. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Litchfield County. Ieight of stack, 30 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Cornwall Furnace.-Proprietors, Cornwall Bridge Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Cornwall Bridge, Litchfield County. Height of stack, 31 feet; BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 1 2 diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Hunt Lyman Furnace.-Proprietors, I-unt Lyman Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, HIuntsville, Litchfield County. -Ieight of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. Character of ores, hematite. Kent Furnace.-Proprietors, Kent Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Kent, Litchfield County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Lime Rock Furnace.-Proprietors, Lime Rock Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Lime Rock, Litchfield County. Height of stack, 33 feet; diameter of bosh, 11- feet. Cold blast. Average annual capacity, 3,800 tons. Character of ores, hematite. This is one of the oldest iron-making sites in the country. As early as 1739 iron was made here by bloomery forges running upon Old Iill ore. At Falls Village there was an old furnace that has not made iron for 30 years. At Lakeville was a furnace, now torn down, that made iron before the revolutionary war, at which shot and shell were cast for the British troops. Sharon Furnace.-Proprietors, LANDON & Co. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Sharon Village, Litchfield County. Height of stack, 32 feet; diameter of bosh, 8 feet; average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Character of ores, brown hematite. Anthracite Furnace. New London Furnace.-Proprietors, New London Furnace Co. Location, New London. New; building. The census returns for 1870 give the number of establishments at T. Hands employed, 159. Capital invested, T780,000. Wages paid, $92,614. Value of material, $716,933. Value of product, $949,125. Total number of furnaces (charcoal)........................ 9 Total productive capacity............... 25,000 Blast Furnaces of New Jerseye The furnaces of New Jersey, which State is richly supplied with superior ores, both magnetic, hematite, and bog, are principally anthracite, and comprise some of the finest furnaces blowing. 128 BLAST FUIRNACES Off THE' NI TED STATES. Anthracite Furnaces. WARREN COUNTY. Andover Furnaces.-Proprietors, Andover Iron Co. President, J. COMLEY. Superintendent, JosEPH C. KENT. Office, 405 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. Number of furnaces, 3. Location of furnaces, Phillipsburg, Warren County. Height of stacks, 55 and 42 feet; diameter of bosh, 18 feet; average annual capacity, 35,000 tons. Product in 1872, 33,845 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. Oxford Furnaoes.-Proprietors, Oxford Iron Co. S. T. ScRANTON, President. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Oxford, Warren County. Height of stack, 34 and 65 feet; diameter of bosh, 18 and 10 feet; average annual capacity, 16,000 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. One furnace built in 1742. This old stack was the second furnace erected in what was then the colony of [New Jersey. It was built by JONATHAN ROBESON (the great-great-grandfather of the present Secretary of the Navy), about the year 1742. tie had a few years before built the Wayneville Furnace, in what is now Ocean County, New Jersey, and subsequently built another furnace in the State of New York, called the'" Forest of Dean." Old Oxford was run (of course on charcoal) until 1811, during that time having changed owners several times. It subsequently came back into the hands of the ROBESON family, and was blown in again in 1832, by HENRY JURDON & Co., who operated it under a lease from Judge WIM. P. POBEnSON. Since that time it has been constantly run-for some time under lease, first by HENRY JURDON & Co., afterwards by the SCRAmTONs. It was then sold by Judge ROBESON to the SCRANTONS, and held by them until the organization of the Oxford Iron Company, when it passed into the hands of that company, together with the ore mines and a portion of the original furnace lands. It is now run on anthracite coal, and has been for a number of years. During the last blast it was lined to 9~ feet at the boshes, and 34 feet high. It made at one time as high as 105 tons in a week, and averaged over 90 for the blast. The Oxford Company is still working the mines opened by old AMr. ROBiESON, and produce an iron of very superior quality. The mines were several times supposed to have been exhausted, but are now more promising than ever. Three parallel veins are worked, each one averaging from 15 to 30 feet in thickness. They are not particularly rich, but are very free from any injurious ingredients, being in that respect similar to the ores of the Pequest AMining Company. Pequest Furnace.-Proprietors, Pequest Mining and Manufacturing Co. Number of furnaces; 1. Location of furnace, Oxford, Warren County. Height of stack, 58 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. New; building in 1873. SUSSEX COUNTY. Franklin Furnace.-Proprietors, Franklin Iron Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Franklin, Sussex County. Height of s.tack, 32 and 67 feet; diame BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 129 ter of bosh (one), 23 feet (greatest bosh diameter in the United States); average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. The old furnace of the Franklin Iron Company is historic. It is the oldest and perhaps the most widely known of all the American furnaces. During the revolution its iron was especially valuable to the struggling colonies, so much so that Congress took especial notice of it. It was built in 1770, repaired in 1854, and is now used as a lime kiln. Wayawanda Furnace.-Proprietors, Thomas Iron Co., Hokendauqua,Pa. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Wayawanda, Sussex County. Height of stack, 42 feet; diameter of bosh, 11 feet; average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. Formerly charcoal. Musconetcong Furnaces.-Lessees, A. PARDEE & Co., Philadelphia. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Stanhope, Sussex County. Height of stack, 55 and 80 feet; diameter of bosh, 17 and 20 feet; average annual capacity, 25,000 tons. Product in 1872, 22,910 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. MORRIS COUNTY. Boonton Furnaces.-Proprietors, FULLER, LORD & Co. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Boonton, Morris County. Height of stack, 44 and 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 13- and 16 feet; average annual capacity, 25,000 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. Port Oram Furnace.-Proprietors, Port Oram Iron Co. (E. CANFIELD & CO.), Morris County. Number of furnaces, 1. Location of furnace, Port Oram, Morris County. Height of stack, 60 feet; diameter of bosh, 16 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. PASSAIC COUNTY. Ringwood Furnaces.-Proprietors, COOPER, HEWITT & CO., 17 Burling Slip, New York. Number of furnaces, 2. Location of furnaces, Ringwood, Passaic County. Height of stack, 48 and 65 feet; diameter of bosh, 13 and 16 feet; average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Character of ores, magnetic. Altered from old charcoal furnaces. The census returns for 1870 give the number of establishments at 6. Hands employed at 360. Capital invested, $1,405,000. Wages paid, $241,611. Value of material, $1,125,621. Valae of product, $1,547,695. RECAPITULATION FOR NEW JERSEY. Number of anthracite furnaces......................... 16 Annual capacity..................................... 155,000 tons. 17 130 BLAST FURNACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Blast Purnaces of Minnesota. Duluth Furnace.-Proprietors, Duluth Blast Furnace Co. - Officers: GEORnGE K. SIHOENBERGE, President; B. F. RUSSELL, Treasurer; JOHiN F. McLArEN, Secretary; J. T. MCCALLuM, Manager. Location of furnace, Duluth,!Minnesota. Height of stack, 45 feet; diameter of bosh, 10 feet; average annual capacity, 50,00 tons. Hot blast. Fuel, charcoal. Ores, Lake Superior. New ii 1873. Blast Furnaces of Texas. Iron has been made in Texas during 1873, and one or more furnaces exist there of small capacity. We have been unable to obtain the particulars of these furnaces, although both ores of good quality and anthracite coal have been found in this State. Blast Furnaces of California. Two charcoal furnaces, 58 feet stack, diameter of bosh, 12 feet, will be erected in California early in 1874, it is said in Mendocino County. These will be iron stacks, and be supplied with steatite concrete backing between the stack and the lining. These furnaces will be as far as possible constructed in Philadelphia, and then shipped via Cape Horn to California. They will be supplied with the WHIITWELL fire-brick hot-blast stove, and all the latest improvements in blast-furnace construction. BLAST-FURNACE RECAPITULATION FOR THE UNITED STATES. % No. Anthracite, Ca- No. Charcoal, Ca- No. Bituminous Total No. Total ProducS E Furnaces. pacity. Furnaces. pacity. Furnaces. Capacity. Furnaces. tive Capacity Capacity. Tons. Maine......................... 1 2,500............ 1 2,500 New Hampshire................ I............ 1 Vermont.......... 5 5,000........... 5 5,000 Massacchusetts. i 6,000 5 12,000............ 6 18,000 Connecticut........ 9 25,000........... 9 25,000 New York......... 45 440,000 22 48,000............ 67 488,000 New Jersey........ 16 155,000.......... 16 155,000 Pennsylvania...... 152 1,257,500 44 70,500 73 686,500 269 2,014,500 AMaryland.......... 6 22,000 14 32,439 8 40,000 28 94,439 irginia.....1 15,000 33 67,50............ 34 82,250 Vest Virginia............ 3 8,000 5 58,000 8 64,000 Georgia........................ 13 39,000 2 3,000 15 42,000 Alabama.............. 20 57,500...... 20 57,500 North Carolina.................. 10 13,800 2 1,000 12 14,800 Tennessee..................... 24 64,700 3 26,000 27 90,700 Kentucky..................... 23 72,000 5 51,000 28 123,000 Ohio......................... 40 132,000 62 580,000 102 712,000 Indiana........................ 7 54,500 7 54,500 Illinois............ 4 53,000 5 81,000 9 134,000 Michigan.......... 1 1,000 30 3 25000 34 168,800 Missouri........... 12 72,000 9 115,000 21 187,000 Wisconsin.......... 3 50,000 11 42,000........ 14 92,000 Minnesota................. 1............ 1........ Texas......................................... 1........ No. of States.... 24 229 2,014,500 322 891,489 184 1,721,000 735 4,624,989 OLLING ILLS OF THE UNITED STAES. --_-=- ------ ~ -- - --- -- —-iS-- -----—; ----- -—. —— z=-I-sz; — -- —-— —--— ____c- -— —-sL- ---- — —-— T- --— C- ----------— _ r — - -- --- ------ -- -- — — —- — --- -= —-=--cS -— -zs — ---- —------ -------— - —= —- —-~ — ------------— _ ---— - - I_1T=r:.-=========I==_)-S==--1- I ___=-F-;_=__-__;:--I--_.. .j —----— -;-_L_,, —i;:.: I — —— z~z Z=--== —— r=i==-,,-r==_= —=__= —---— -- - — —-` —-i:: —;-7== —L —;- —-------— =;-T — —------ -------- -s =~ —--— r=;,-i —— s-u,;lsr=,i —- -- ---— miif~iYt=-llliWBi7; C-i==I"VlluFBjFii~;~EF-=- —--- .: —-'I —- -------- — c- ------- 'i"i"'l""'=-2-=-Y-'i;Fm WI(C\i__ xi;lImnilcli-mir&n-~aiilw I-c~ -- - --— —-lllln= —: - —= —i181PI" —-— L-L-"C - —-- --— ~;~ollllirT"'IiBliLE4BiSilll ~pc —- = —---- ilPI I-jna;~ —~ — —-— T —------- --------— = —— z ---- —ic -- -,!11111 nRgarnnaiaha-7nialinnalnw 1)11 I: B j iiII il 10 B ju2- ;"--s"--_Li_-"_Zc;=n_e; -.-1~ 1 -s~: ~5= ~;IZi' P`~c` UNION IRON hlIItLS. ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. NEW ENGLAND. Maine. THE rolling mills of Maine are comprised of two only, one- of which is devoted exclusively to the manufacture of rails, and the other to general wrought iron. They are both of large capacity, and have been in full operation of late years. Portland Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Portland Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Portland, Cumberland County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 1S,000 tons. Pembroke Iron Works.-Proprietors, WM. E. COFFIN & Co., Boston, Mass. Location of mill, Pembroke, Washington County. Character of product, bar iron. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Vermont. St. Albans Rolling MLill.-Proprietors, St. Albans Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, St. Albans, Franklin County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. This mill was completed in 1873, and has 18 puddling furnaces, a 19 inch roll train, and a steam hammer weighing 3,000 lbs. In the rail mill there are ten heating furnaces, and a 20 inch roll train. Silicon steel rails and various kinds of iron and steel are to be hereafter manufactured. Mbassaohusetts. BRISTOL COUNTY. Fall River Iron Works.-Proprietors, Fall River Iron Co. Location of mill, Fall River, Bristol County. Character of product, bars and guide iron and nails. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Established in 1822. Goshold Rolling MIill.-Proprietors, Gosnold Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, New Bedford, Bristol County. Character of product, rod and hoop iron. Average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. 134 ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. Dighton Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Dighton Rolling Mill Co. Former location of mill, Dighton, Bristol County. Character of product, bar iron. Burned in 1870, and not rebuilt. Somerset Iron Works.-Proprietors, Somerset Iron Co. Location of works, Somerset, Bristol County. Character of product, merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. Old Colony Iron Works.-Proprietors, Old Colony Iron Co. Location of mill, Taunton, Bristol County. Character of product, hoop, scroll, and plate iron, nails and tacks. Average annual capacity: nails, 100,000 kegs; 300 tons hoop and plate iron. ESSEX COUNTY. Danvers Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Danvers Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Danvers, Essex County. Character of product, bar and rod iron. Capacity, 2,000 tons. Barden's Rolling Mill.-Proprietor, FREDERICK BARDEN, Newton Upper Falls, Middlesex County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. NORFOLK COUNTY. Kinsley Iron and achine Works.-Proprietors, Kinsley Iron and Machine Co. Location of mill, Canton, Norfolk County. Character of product, bar iron, car axles, etc. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons bar iron and axles. Weymouth Iron Works.-Proprietors, Weymouth Iron Co. Location of mill, East Weymouth, Norfolk County. Character of product, nails and forgings. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. PLYMOUTH COUNTY. Bridgewater Iron Works.-Proprietors, Bridgewater Iron Manufacturing Co. Location of mill, Bridgewater, Plymouth County. Character of product, nails. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Tisdale Nail Works.-Proprietors, Tisdale Nail Co. Location of mill, East Wareham, Plymouth County. Character of product, nails. Average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. East Bridgewater Iron Works.-Proprietors, East Bridgewater Iron Co. Location of mill, East Bridgewater, Plymouth County. Character of product, nails and tacks. Average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Robinson Iron Works.-Proprietors, Robinson Iron Co. Location of mill, Plymouth, Plymouth County. Character of product, nails. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Wareham Nail Works.-Proprietors, Wareham Nail Co. Location of mill, South Wareham, Plymouth County. Character of product, nails. Average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 135 Franconia Iron and Steel Works.-Proprietors, Franconia Iron and Steel Co., tVW. E. COFFIN & CO., NO. 3 Oliver Street, Boston, Mass. Location of mill, Wareham, Plymouth County. Character of product, bar iron, hoop and rod iron. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. This mill was burned in 1872, and rebuilt. Parker Mills Nail Works.-Proprietors, Parker Mills Nail Co. Location of mill, Wareham, Plymouth County. Character of product, nails and spikes. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. 800 hands employed. Tremont Nail Works.-Proprietors, Tremont Nail Co. Location of mill, West Warehan, Plymouth County. Character of product, nails. Average annual capacity, 6.000 tons. WORCESTER COUNTY. Washburn Iron Works.-Proprietors, Washburn Iron Co. Location of mill, Worcester, Worcester County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Washburn and loen Iron Works.-Proprietors, Washburn and Moen Macnufacturing Co. President, PHILIP L. MOEN; Treasurer, WM. E. RICE; Secretary, CI-IARLES F. WAsHrBuruN. Location of mill, Worcester, Worcester County. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Character of product, wire. SUFFOLK COUNTY. Boston Rolling iill.-Proprietors, W. R. ELLIS & Co. Office, 17 Batterymarch Street, Boston, Miass. Location of mill, Cambridge, Suffolk County. Character of. product, Norway iron shapes. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Bay State Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Bay State Iron Co. J. HI. REED, Treasurer; J. AvERY RIcHAuDs, Secretary. Office, Pemberton Square, Boston, Mass. Location of mill, South Boston. Character of product, rails and homogeneous steel boiler plates, made by the SIEMENS-MARTIN process. Average annual capacity, rails, 15,000 tons. This company has lately finished an extensive plate mill, capable of rolling plates of the largest size, which would have gone into operation in the fall of 18T3 but for the depression. The main building of the new mill is 240 feet long and 141 feet wide, and has an L 70 by 30 feet. The mill has six heating furnaces with boilers, the stacks of which are of iron lined up with fire-brick. There will be two trains of rollers, each nine feet long and thirty inches in diameter. The works will be driven by a condensing engine of 1,000 horse-power, the cylinder of which is 40 inches in diameter; stroke, 6 feet. The two fly-wheels are 24 feet in diameter, and weigh 53 tons each. New England Iron Works.-Proprietors, New England Iron Co. Location of mill, Reedville, Suffolk County. Character of product, bars and rod iron. Average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Norway Iron Work-s.Proprietors, s NAYLOR & Co. Offices: New York, Boston, 136 ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. and Philadelphia. Location of mill, South Boston, Suffolk County. Character of product, Norway iron shapes and angle iron. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. IRECAPITULATION FOR MASSACHUSETTS. Number of rail mills.................................. 2 Average capacity........................... 30,000 tons. Number of bar and plate mills............................ 19 Average capacity................................... 106,000 tons. Total number of mils........................ 21 Total annual productive capacity..................... 136,000 tons. The census returns for 1870 give for Massachusetts the following returns: Number of rolling mills, 22. Hands employed, 1,949. Capital invested, $1,790,125. Wages paid, $1,031,0T5. Value of material, $3,501,606. Value of product, $5,02T,307. Rolling M1ills of Rhode Island. Providence Iron Works.-Proprietors, Providence Iron Co. N. STETSON, President; 0. A. WASHBURN, Treasurer. Location of mill, Providence, Providence County. Character of product, nails and sheet-iron. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Union Horseshoe Works.-Proprietors, Union Horseshoe Co. Location of mill, Providence, Providence County. Character of product, horseshoe iron, consumed in the works. Rhode Island Horseshoe Works.-Proprietors, R. I. Horseshoe Co. W. SPRAGUE, President; A. SPRAGUE, Treasurer. Location of mill, Providence, Providence County. Character of product, horseshoe iron, consumed in the works. Providence Sheet Iron Works.-Proprietors, Providence Sheet Iron Co. Location, Providence, Providence County. Character of product, sheet iron. RECAPITULATION FOR RIIODE ISLAND. Number of rolling mills.............................. 4 Annual capacity.................................. 15,000 tons. The census returns for Rhode Island give the number of rolling mills at 3. Hands employed, 138. Capital invested, $410,000. Wages paid, $93,500. Value of material, $284,436. Value of product, $403,500, which includes 1,965 tons bar iron, 625 tons sheet, and 1,825 tons rods. BOLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 13t Rolling 1Mills of Conneoticut. NEW HAVEN COUNTY. Birmingham Iron and Steel Works.-Proprietors, Birmingham Iron and Steel Co. THIOM'IAs ELMES, Secretary and Superintendent. Location of mill, Birmingham, New Haven County. Character of product, bar and rod iron, and carriage springs. Average annual capacity, iron, 4,000 tons. New Haven Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, New Haven Rolling Mill Co. CIAs. S. WHEELER, Secretary and Treasurer. Location of mill, New Iaven, New Haven County. Character of product, bar and rod iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. FAIRFIELD COUNTY. Stillwater Iron Works.-Proprietors, Stillwater Iron Co. Location of mill, Stamford, Fairfield County. Character of product, rod iron. Capacity, 2,500 tons. LITCHFIELD COUNTY. Hunt Canfield Iron Works.-Proprietors, Hunt Canfield Iron Co. Location of mill, Huntsville, Litchfield County. Character of product, rod iron. Capacity small. NEW LONDON COUNTY. Thames Iron Works.-Proprietors, Thames Iron Works Co. Location of mill, Norwich, New London County. Character of product, bar and rod iron. Average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. RECAPITULATION FOR CONNECTICUT. Number of mills...................................... 5 Annual capacity.........,............................... 8,000 tons. The census returns for Connecticut give the number of rolling mills at 5. Hands employed, 235. Capital invested, $245,000. Wages paid, $149,751. Value of material, $377,550. Value of product, $595,000, in which is included 4,725 tons of bar and 2,725 tons of rod iron, or a total of rolled iron of 7,450 tons. 18 138 ROLLING MILLS 0O THE UNITED STATES. Rolling Mils of New York and New Jersey. ALBANY COUNTY. Cohoes Rolling 1Bill.-Proprietors, MORIISON, COLWELL & PAGE. Office, 269 River Street, Troy. Location of mill, Cohoes, Albany County. Character of product, bar and axe iron. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. These works have six double and four single puddling furnaces, one scrap furnace, one muck train, one merchant iron train, and one guide train, running on all sizes, from 4 inch squares and rounds to quarter-inch, and from 8 inch flats to five-eighths inch same. A specialty is the manufacture of saw-blades for marble sawing, and heavier machinery is being added for the manufacture of gas and steam pipe. The works employs 230 hands, with a monthly pay-roll of $12,000. ERIE COUNTY. Buffalo Iron and Nail Works.-Proprietors, PRATT & CO. Location of mill, Buffalo, Erie County. Character of product, bar and plate iron, and nails, spikes, etc. Average annual capacity, 25,000 tons. Manufacture hardware also. The works are located on Niagara Street and on the Niagara River, four miles below the stores. The iron is brought to the store by means of tugs and boats on the canal, and also by teams. The works cover a large amount of land, two and a half acres of the same being enclosed and covered with slate roofing. The Canada Southern, New York Central, Grand Trunk, Great Western, and Erie Railways are to be connected with the mills by side tracks-part being already built-the Erie Canal and New York Central Railroad. passing directly through the yards. PRATT & CO. employ over twelve hundred men in all the branches of their business, and have an immense trade with railroads, dealers, and manufacturers throughout the country. The capacity of production is more than two thousand tons manufactured iron, etc., per month. Being extensive manufacturers themselves, they can give superior facilities in the general trade. There has been lately erected a structure, in connection with the mills, five hundred feet long, for the manufacture of composite beams, girders, and joists, iron bridges, iron roofs, and iron framing of every description. PRATT & Co. have been engaged in the iron and hardware trade for more than forty years, and the firm is well known as one of unlimited resources and credit. ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES, 138 Union Iron Works.-Proprietors, Union Iron Co. President, A. PARuIEL; VicePresident, GUILFORD R. WILSON; Treasurer, GEO. BEALS; Secretary, T. GUILFORD SMITII. Location of mill, Buffalo, Erie County. Character of product, bar iron, plate, channel, beams, girders, shafting, rolled car axles, and rails. Average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. This mill is 600 feet long by 90 feet wide, with three wings of 100, 200, and 200 feet respectively in depth, and under iron roof, employs over 1,000 men, and consLiumes 36,000 tons of coal yearly. There are three blast furnaces, which will be found described under the proper head. The works of this company are located in the 1st and 13th wards of the City of Buffalo, Erie County, New York, upon a tract of land comprising 53 acres. It has two water fronts of 1,600 feet each on Buffalo River, by which the lake vessels and the Erie canal boats, can deliver their cargoes upon the company's docks without breaking bulk. The Erie Railway and the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway connect the works with the east, west, and south. The plant consists of three blast furnaces and a rolling-mill, with the necessary blacksmith and machine-shops, boat-yards, docks, stables, warehouses, etc., etc. The Pioneer Furnace was first erected in 1861, by MIessrs. PALIME & CO.; the Excelsior and the Monitor in 1862 and 1865. The rolling-mill was built in 1862, and enlarged to its present size 1864-65, by Messrs. WADSWORTH & Co. The present proprietors purchased the entire property in 1872. The officers of the Union Iron Company are: President, A. PARDEE; Vice-President, GUILFORD R. WILSON; Treasurer, G-EORGE BEALS; Secretary, T. GUJILFORD SMnITnH; Superintendent, JAMES JENKINS. The blast furnaces are three in number, all 50 feet high, and 14, 15, and 17 feet across the bosh respectively, closed at the tops and provided with bells and hoppers. Number one has an upright blowing engine 42 inches by y7- feet stroke, with a 100 inch blowing cylinder. Numbers two and three are provided with similar upright engines 36 inches by 7 feet stroke, with an 84 inch blowing cylinder. To supply these furnaces, about 50,000 tons of ore, mainly from the Lake Superior regions, with some from a mine of the company in St. Lawrence County, New York, are required annually. To smelt this amount of ore, there are consumed 45,000 tons of anthracite coal per annum, with limestone in proportion. This coal is brought from the mines in Pennsylvania, by the Lehigh Valley Railroad to Waverly, and thence via tile Erie Railway direct to the furnaces. For convenience in stocking the furnaces, an elevated railway, half a mile long, has been built, by which the furnace stock houses are brought into immediate connection with the various railroad sidings on the company's premises. The annual production of the three furnaces is 28,000 tons of piq iron, most of which is converted at the mill into puddled bars, and thus used on the premises, any surplus being sold at Buffalo, or in the West, or in Canada. The rol'in9y-nilU is a brick structure with an iron roof slated. The main building is 600 feet long by 90 feet wide, with three wings, two of 200 feet and one 100 feet long. It contains a 19 inch puddle train of three high rolls, driven by a condensing engine 44 inches cylinder by 39 inch stroke, which also drives a BURDEN rotary squeezer. It is supplied by 16 double puddling furnaces, and turns out 70 tons a day. 1385 ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. In the east wing of the mill is located the 21 inch train devoted to making beams, channel iron, and large rounds up to 6-1 inches in diameter; this is also a three-high train, and is driven by a condensing engine, 44 by 39 inches. Six heating furnaces supply this train. The product of beams is about 50 tons a day, and they vary in depth from four to 15 inches, and run up to 90 feet in length. In the north end of the mill is located the rail train, also a three-high 21 inch train, driven by a condensing engine 44 by 36 inches. Eight heating furnaces supply this train which has turned out 75 tons per diem. When not making rails, this train rolls rough iron for the beam mill. In addition to the above-mentioned, there are two more trains, one of 8 inches, and the other 12, both three-high, for making bars and angles. The plate mill is on the west of the main mill, and is 100 feet by 130 feet; built of brick, with an iron roof slated. It has two sets of rolls, one roughing two-high, and one finishing three-high; the rolls 31 inches in diameter, and 96 inches long; both trains are driven by an engine 36 inches cylinder by T7 feet stroke. Two large heating furnaces are attached to this mill. All descriptions of plates are made. The Union Iron Company have made the plates for 10 iron propellers for lake service, 4 of which were launched from their boat-yard. Semi-bituminous coal from the Fall Brook mines at Bllossburg, Tioga County, Pennsylvania, is the fuel used in the mill., When in full work, about 3,000 tons are used per month. Most of the repairs are done on the premises in the company's shops. Between 1,000 and 1,200 men are employed at these works. When in full blast they turn out 100 tons pig iron, and 80 tons of finished iron a day. About 90 dwellings have been erected for the employes who wish to live on the premises. For the past two years this mill has manufactured beams mainly, of which it furnishes about 40 per cent. of those used in the United States. The principal markets at the east are at New York and Boston, and in the west, Cleveland, Chicago, and even San Francisco. The beams are used extensively in Government buildings, State capitols, municipal buildings, and generally in fire-proof structures, and also in the numerous iron railroad bridges on almost all the principal lines. ESSEX COUNTY. Au Sable Iron Works. —roprietors, Au Sable Iron Co. Location of mill, Au Sable Forks, Essex County. Character of product, nail rod, principally. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons, blooms for cast steel; 3,000 kegs Au Sable cut nails. Connected with these works is the Au Sable Horse Nail Company, which has four large factories at Keesville, where it has in operation 62 machines, producing from five to six tons a day. The works furnish employment to 250 men. The managers buy the iron, and in their own rolling mills produce the rods to be worked up by the machines into horseshoe nails. The company has also its own saw-mill, and all the machine shops requisite to make a complete institution. ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 139 CHEMUNG COUNTY. Elmira Rolling Mills.-Proprietors, Elmira Iron and Steel Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Elmira, Chemung County. President, E. ELDRIDGE; Secretary and Treasurer, I-I.. RATIIBONE. Character of product, rails and bars. The former, silicon steel rails, made by the NES Silicon Steel Process. Average annual capacity: rails, 20,000 tons; bars, 8,000 tons. The process of manufacture will be found described under the proper technological head. The works include two blast furnaces,* and two rolling mills; one for steel rails, and one for merchant bar, which contain twelve double puddling furnaces, eleven heating furnaces, and one scrap furnace, a 3,500 pound steam hammer for blooming, and seven vertical steam engines; three of which are 250 horse-power, one 150 horse-power, and three of 40 horse-power. An addition to the bar mill with 3 furnaces, 2 engines, two trains of rolls, and one steam hammer, is just completed. The works now employ 450 men. MONROE COUNTY. Rochester Iron Works.-Proprietors, Rochester Iron Manufacturing Co. Location of mill, Rochester, Monroe County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. NIAGARA COUNTY. Lockport Manufacturing Co.'s Works.-Proprietors, Lockport Manufacturmg Co. Location of mill, Lockport, Niagara County. Character of product, bar iron. Average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. ONEIDA COUNTY. Rome Iron Works.-Proprietors, Rome Iron Co. E. HUNTINGTON, President. Location of mill, Rome, Oneida County. Character of product, rails and bar iron. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Number of puddling furnaces, 7 double. Number of heating furnaces, 8. Hands employed, 300. Superintendent, T. G. NTocK. BRome Iron and Steel Bloom Co.-Proprietors, Nes Silicon Steel Co. President, E. GUTLIC. Location of works, Rome, Oneida County. Character of product, silicon steel blooms for silicon rails, and plate metal. Average annual capacity 4,000 tons. This mill has four puddling furnaces, a steam hammer, and a refinery for plate metal. It will be enlarged into a rail mill as soon as the rail mill of the Sandusky, O., Steel Works, belonging to same company, is completed. Rome lf erchant Iron MB ill.-Proprietor, D. CADY. Location of mill, Rome, Oneida County. Character of product, merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. * See Blast Furnaces of New York. 140 ROLLING MITLS OF THE UNITED STATES. ONONDAGA COUNTY. Syracuse Iron Works.-Proprietors, Syracuse Iron Co. President, R. N. GERE. Location of mill, Syracuse, Onondaga County. Character of product, bar iron. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Delano Iron Works.-Proprietors, Delano Iron Co. IRVING T. BALLARD, Secretary. Location of mill, Syracuse, Onondaga County. Character of product, bars and rails. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Skeneateles Iron Works.-Proprietors, Skeneateles Iron Works Co. Location of mill, Skeneateles, Onondaga County. Character of product, bar iron. Average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. RENSSELAER COUNTY. Albany Iron Works.-Proprietors, E. CORNING & Co. Manager, JAMES E. WALKER. Location of mill, Troy, Rensselaer County. Character of product, bar ironnails, spikes, cultivator steel, axles, etc. Average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Rensselaer Iron Works. —Proprietors, JOHN A. GRISWOLD & Co. Location of mill, Troy, Rensselaer County. Character of product, iron and steel rails, and bar iron. Average annual capacity, 25,000 tons. At this works was built the first BESSEMER steel plant in the United States, which will be found described under the proper department. Burden Iron Works.-Proprietors, IH. BURDEN & SONS. Location of mill, Troy, Rensselaer County. Character of product, merchant bar, and horseshoe iron and horseshoes. Average annual capacity of merchant iron, 10,000 tons, and 8,000 other. This mill was established by IENRY BURDEN, celebrated as the inventor of the horseshoe machine, which has netted great wealth to his sons. lie also invented the BURDEN Rotary Squeezer, an invention which contributed greatly to increase the manufacture of bar iron in the country. M/r. BURDEN is succeeded in business by his sons, and the firm owns blast furnaces, ore and coal lands, and is one of the wealthiest engaged in the iron manufacturing business in the country. ROCKLAND COUNTY. Samsondale Iron Works.-Proprietor, JOHN PECK. Location of mill, I-Haverstraw, Rockland County. Character of product, bar iron. Average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. ULSTER COUNTY. Ulster Iron Works.-Proprietors, TUCKERMAN, MULLIGAN & CO. Office, 90 Broadway, New York. Location of mill, Saugerties, Ulster County. Character of product, bar iron. Average annual capacity, 7,000 tons. The product of this mill has always been celebrated for superior quality, and is used for specialties requiring fine iron. ROLLING MILLS OF THIIE NITED STATES. 141 WESTCHESTER COUNTY. Spuyten Duyvil Rolling Slfll.-Proprietors, Spuyten Duyvil Rolling Mill Co. Office, 47 Exchange Place, New York. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. EECAPITULATION FOR NEW YORK. Number of bar and merchant iron mills.................. 16 Average annual capacity........................... 104,500 tons. Number of rail mills.............................5..- 5 Average annual capacity............................. 103,000 Total number of mills.......................... 21 Total capacity, iron................................. 207,500 tons. The census returns for New York give the number of rolling mills at 21. Iands employed, 4,653. Capital invested, $5,008,400 (notoriously too small). Value of materials, $9,714,807. Value of products, $14,136,225. This includes 73,747 tons bar iron, 4,563 tons plate iron, 2,500 tons sheet, 79,701 tons rails, 8,337 tons rod iron. The consumption of raw metal was: pig, 86,088 tons; scrap, 78,371 tons; blooms, 17,985 tons; ore, 31,292 tons; coal, 199,481 tons. Total production of rolled iron in 1870, 168,348 tons. Rolling Mills of Ne Jersey. CAMDEN COUNTY. Camden Rolling RMill.-Proprietors, LONAKER & OI-IoFMAN. Location of mill, Camden, Camden County. Character of product, merchant iron and nails. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Cumberland Nail and Iron Works. Proprietors, Cumberland Nail and Iron Co. Office, 44 North Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia. Location of mill, Bridgeton, Cumberland County. Character of product, bar iron and nails. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. MERCER COUNTY. Trenton Iron'Works.-Proprietors, New Jersey Iron and Steel Co. COOPER, HEWITT & CO., 17 Burling Slip, New York. Location of mill, Trenton, Mercer County. Character of product, bar iron, rolled beams, puddle steel-headed rails, and MARTIN steel made by the SIEMENS-MARTIN process. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Number of hands employed, 650. MORRIS COUNTY. Boonton Iron Works. —Proprietors, FULLER, LORD & Co, 139 Greenwich Street, New York. Location of mill, Boonton, Morris County. Character of product, nails. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. At this site was one of the earliest iron works of the country. 142 ROLLING MILLS OF THE UtITED STATES. Rockaway Merchant Mill.-Proprietors, Rockaway Iron Co. Location of mill, Rockaw0ay, Morris County. Character of product, merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Rebuilt in 1872. Powerville Rolling Mill.-Proprietor, JOHN LEONARD. Location of mill, Powerville, Morris County. Character of product, merchant iron, charcoal blooms, and hoops. Average annual capacity, 1,400 tons. PASSAIC COUNTY. Passiac Rolling 1ill.-Proprietors, Passaic Rolling Mill Co. WATTS COOKE, Superintendent. Location of mill, Paterson, Passaic County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. The product of these works is consumed in the locomotive works of Paterson, and the quality of the iron made is superior. Colliers Iron Works.-Proprietor, WM. COLLIER. Location of mill, Paterson, Passaic County. Character of product, merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Mill burned in 1872. UNION COUNTY. Elizabeth Rolling lf:ill.-Proprietors, Elizabeth lolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Elizabethport, Union County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. IRerolled from old rails. Works stopped in fall of 1873 on account of scarcity of old rails from abroad. WARREN COUNTY. Delaware Rolling Sfill.-Proprietors, Delaware Rolling Mill Co. JOHN TINDALL, President. Location of mill, Phillipsburg, Warren County. Character of product, bar iron, axles, etc. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Oxford Iron and Nail Works.-Proprietors, Oxford Iron and Nail Co. Location of mill, Oxford, Warren County. Character of product, merchant iron and nails. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. RECAPITULATION FOR NEW JERSEY. Number of bar and merchant iron mills.................... 10 Annual capacity.......................... 63,000 tons. Number of rail mills.................................... 2 Annual capacity................................... 30,000 tons. Total number of rolling mills....................... 12 Total annual capacity............................... 93,000 tons. The census returns for New Jersey give the number of rolling mills at 12. Hands employed, 1,670. Capital invested, $1,813,097. Wages, $1,040,510. Value of material, $3,049,417. Value of product, $4,611,648, which includes 13,524 tons of bar iron, 22,768 tons ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 143 of plate iron, 1,482 tons of sheet iron, 14,657 tons of rails, 100 rolled axles, and 2,176 tons of rod iron. In all, 54,607 tons of rolled iron. Rolling Mills of Pennsylvania. ALLEGHENY COUNTY. American Iron Works.-Proprietors, JONES & LAITGILINS. Office, 120 Water Street. Location of mill, Pittsburg, Allegheny County. Character of product, merchant iron, cold rolled shafting. Average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. This is one of the largest, if not the largest, miscellaneous rolled iron works in the country. The specialty of the firm is cold rolled shafting, made under a peculiar process, and which is celebrated throughout the country. Messrs. JONES & LAUGHLINS made the shafting for the Vienna Exposition, and took the prize for the best shafting at that fair, receiving a gold medal. The mill of this firm was destroyed by fire in January, 1872, but immediately rebuilt, the firm meanwhile running their machinery exposed to the winter weather, and having the works enclosed and in full running order in March following. Boiler explosions, causing considerable damage, occurred in 1872 and 1873. This works may be considered the representative works of Pittsburg. Mlonongahela and Allegheny Works.-Proprietors, LEwIs, OLIVER & PHILLIPS. Location of mills: one, Pittsburg; one, Lower Allegheny City, Allegheny County. Character of product, merchant iron and nails; wagon irons a specialty. Average annual capacity, 18,000 tons. Sable Iron Works.-Proprietors, ZUG & Co. Location of mill, Pittsburg, Allegheny County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron, and nails. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. This is one of the best-arranged mills in the country, and has every facility for economical working; among other improvements, has in operation at their new puddle department a peculiar mechanism which is to some extent automatic. The purpose of the arrangement is to dispose of the puddle bars as they leave the rolls. First, as the bar comes from the rolls, it is discharged on a line of rollers opposite the finishing groove, over which it is taken to a scale that is midway between rolls and shears. While still on the rollers it is detained long enough at the scale to be weighed, after which it is pushed along the rollers to the shears, where it is cut to lengths, and from where the pieces fall into an iron basket occupying a pit of water. This basket, suspended from a beam overhead, is raised to such a height that it runs, of its own gravity, to the other end, where it comes in contact with an object that unlatches and lets fall the bottom of the basket, and the iron falls on the ground ready for piling for the various furnaces. The striking of the object which opens the bottom also reverses its direction and sends it back on the now falling beam to the pit, with the bottom again secure for reloading. In brief, the puddle iron, with the aid of this mechanism, after it leaves the rolls is "dragged out," weighed, cut, and laid aside by one man, who handles the product of sixteen furnaces. The invention belongs to the senior partner of the firm. 19 144 BOLLING MILLS OF THE TNITED STATES. Etna Rolling VMill.-Proprietors, SPANG, CHALFANT & CO., Pittsburg, Penn. Location of mill, Etna Borough, Upper Allegheny City, Allegheny County. Character of product, merchant bar, rod, etc. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. This firm is building a new mill at Etna Borough, which will be entirely of iron, and supplied with all the latest appliances and improvements. Clinton and Miillvale PRolling fills.-Proprietors, GRAF'F, BENNETT & CO. Office, 97 Water Street, Pittsburg. Location of mills, Clinton Mill on the Monongahela River, below Pittsburg; Millvale in Upper Allegheny, Allegheny County. Character of product, merchant iron, rod, sheet, plate, and nails. Average annual capacity, 25,000 tonls. This firm completed, in 1873, an extensive addition to their Millvale mill, intended for the manufacture of plates of the largest size. In this extension are introduced five of DANKs' Rotary Puddling Machines, for the purpose of puddling large quantities of iron by machinery. Each of these puddling machines is supplied with a separate engine for rotating the machine either way. The cost of these puddling machines is over $5,000 each, and they are capable of puddling charges of 1,000 lbs. each. The machinery to work the product of the DA)KS' Puddlers, is on a scale of equally magnificent proportions. The squeezer, capable of receiving the 1,000 lb. bloom from the puddling machine, is of great strength, and in addition to squeezing the ball, a ram is provided for " upsetting" the mass while being treated, thus securing greater homogeneity in the iron. Beside the squeezer, there is a powerful steam hammer intended for cutting up the bloom if desired. Shears of extra power are provided for cutting the heavy bars. An " Universal Mill," or a series of rolls so arranged as to engage all sides of the mass of iron submitted to them, is provided with the NAPIER reversible gear, by which all handling of the immense mass of iron treated, is avoided. The feature of the mill is the " LAUTI three high " mill for plates. The housings of this train are of immense size and weight, and the rolls are ninetyfive inches long by twenty-eight inches in diameter, being, with one exception, the largest chilled rolls cast in the United States. The engine which supplies the power for this immense machinery is of like proportions, the fly-wheel being thirty feet in diameter. The usual heating furnaces, both for the bloom and plate piles, are provided, and the mill is supplied with all the latest improvements. With the new extension, the Millvale works now presents an unbroken floor line of 800 feet in length. The whole of the work was done under the superintendence of Mr. WILLIAMS, the manager. The mill has been running successfully during 1873, and some idea of the magnitude of the iron worked, may be formed, from the size of the muck-bar rolled, which is 12 inches wide and 2 inches thick, against 4 inches by half an inch, in ordinary mills. Pittsburg Iron Works.-Proprietors, J. PAINTER & SONS. Location of mill, Pittsburg, Penn. Character of product, bar iron, sheet iron, and hoop iron, the latter a specialty for which this firm is celebrated. Average annual capacity, 15,000 tons. Star Iron Works.-Proprietors, LIDSAY & McCUTCHEON. Location of mill, Allegheny City. Character of product, hoop iron only. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Vesuvius Iron Works.-Proprietors, LEwIS, BAILEY, DALZELL & Co. Location of ROLLING MILLS OF THE ITEED STATES. 145 mill, Sharpsburg, above Allegheny City. Character of product, merchant iron and nails. Average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Pennsylvania Iron Works.-Proprietors, EVERSON, GRAFF & MACRUM (late EVERSON, PRESTON & Co.), Pittsburg. Location of mills, Pittsburg and Fountain Mills, Penn. Character of product, merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. The mill at Fountain MVills contains 18 boiling furnaces, 1 heating furnace, bar and sheet rolls, and annealing furnaces. 500 men employed. Union Iron Works.-Proprietors, CARNEGIE, KLOMAN & Co. Location of mill, Pittsburg. Character of product, heavy iron for bridges, rolled beams, girders, etc. Average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Extensive improvements in gas furnaces, steam cranes, etc., are being added to this mill. Birmingham Iron and Steel Works.-Proprietors, MCKNJIGIT, DUNCAN & Co., Pittsburg. Location of mill, Birmingham. Character of product, bar iron. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Kensington Iron Works.-Proprietors, LLOYD & BLACK. Location of mill, Pittsburg. Character of product, bar and rod iron. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Port Pitt Iron and Steel Works.-Proprietors, REESE, GRAFF & Co. Location of mill, Pittsburg. Character of product, bar and rod iron, and cemented steel. Average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Wayne Iron and Steel Works.-Proprietors, BRowN & Co. Location of mill, Duquesne, Way, and Tenth Streets, Pittsburg. Character of product, bar, rod, hoop, and sheet iron, light rails, plough, spring, and tire steel. Agricultural iron and steel a specialty. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Solar Hoop Mills. — Proprietors, Wm. CLARK & Co. Location of mill, Pittsburg. Character of product, hoop only; quality a specialty. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Mill enlarged in 1873. Pittsburg Forge and Iron Co.-ALEX. SPEER, President; JAMES tI. MuIJDOC, Secretary; W. P. PORTER, Superintendent. Office, 358 Penn Street, Pittsburg. Location of mill, on the Ohio River, south of Pittsburg. Character of product, bar, rod, band, hoop, oval and half-oval fish plates, track bolts, hammered iron, car and locomotive axles, railroad, steamboat, and machine forgings. This company was incorporated in 1864, and has been running steadily ever since that time, with increasing demand for their product. The works are located in the Ninth Ward, Allegheny City, and connected with city office by private telegraph. They occupy a track of 16 acres, with room for contemplated extension, bounded on one side by the Ohio River, with 1,000 feet of frontage and wharfs for receiving and shipping by water, south and west. The Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, Erie and Pittsburg, and Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroads pass through the property, from which roads connections are 1.46 ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. had with all railways leading out of Pittsburg, thus facilitating the receipt of raw material and shipment of finished product. Mr. PORTER, the superintendent, has few equals in the practical working of iron, having been engaged in it from his boyhood, and a careful observer of its qualities, familiar with the best practice in vogue in England and the United States. In his progress as apprentice, employe, and employer, his effort has been to make good goods; and the success of the works he conducts attests his thorough integrity. The capacity of the works is divided as follows: Rolling mills, 13,000 tons iron and splice bars; forge, 2,000 tons railway axles, railroad and steamboat forgings. Byers, McCullough & Co.s Mill.-Proprietors, BUYERS, MCCULLOUGH & Co. Location of mill, Pittsburg. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Soho Iron Mills.-Proprietors, MOOREHEAD & Co. Location of mill, Pittsburg. Character of product, sheet and plate iron. Average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Eagle Rolling Mills.-Proprietors, Trustees of JAMES WOOD'S SONS & Co. Location of mill, Sawmill Run, Pittsburg. Character of product, bar and rod iron, nails, spikes, etc. Capacity, 6,000 tons. Superior Rail lill.-Proprietors, HARBAUGiH, MATTHIAS & OWENS. Office, corner Fifth Avenue and Smithfield Street, Pittsburg. Location of mill, Mechanicsburg. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 40,000 tons. This mill has produced 1,000 tons per week; is noted for quality of rails. Keystone Iron Works.-Proprietors, GLASS, NEELY & Co. Location of mill, Pittsburg. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Anchor Nail and Tack Works.-Proprietors, CHESS, SMIYTHE & Co. Location of mill, Pittsburg. Character of product, nails and tacks. Capacity, 5,000 tons. Iron Oity Iron Works and Apollo Sheet Mill.-Proprietors, ROGERS, B3UncHFIELD & Co. Office, 108 Water Street, Pittsburg. Location of mills: Iron City, Pittsburg; Apollo, Leechburg. Character of product, sheet of all kinds. Specialty, Imitation Russia iron. Average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Juniata Iron Works.-Proprietors, SHOENBERGER & Co. Location of mill, Pittsburg. Character of product, plate, sheet, and horseshoe iron, horseshoes, nails, and spikes. Average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Sligo Iron Works.-Proprietors, PuIILLIPS, NIMICIK & Co. (late LYoN, SIORB & Co.), Pittsburg. Location of mill, Birmingham. Character of product, bar, plate, and sheet iron. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. ROLLING MILLS OF TIHE UNITED STATES. 147 Juniata Wire WLilL.-Proprietors, WMV. P. TOWNSEND & Co., 19 and 21 Market Street, Pittsburg. Character of product, wire and rivets. Wharton Brothers' Bill.-Proprietors, WHARTON Bnos., Pittsburg. Location of mill, Birmingham. Character of product, bar, guide, and hoop iron. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Pittsburg Bolt Works.-Proprietors, Pittsburg Bolt Co. I F. LYNCH, Secretary. Office, 369 Liberty Street, Pittsburg. Character of product, bar and sheet iron, bolts, screws, and rivets. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Dilworth, Porter & Co.-MIanufacturer of bolts, spikes, nuts, etc., Pittsburg. 6,000 tons. MScKeesport Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, WM.. WOOD & Co. Location of mill, McKeesport, Allegheny County. Character of product, sheet iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. ARMSTRONG COUNTY. Brady's Bend Iron Works.-Proprietors, Brady's Bend Iron Co. Location, Brady's Bend, Armstrong County. Character of product, rails and bars. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. This company employs 600 hands, and manufactures pig-iron, rails, castings, machinery, and fire-brick, and mines on its own lands 30,000 tons of ore yearly. Capital, $1,00,000, principally owned in New York. Kittanning Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Kittanning Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Kittanning, Armstrong County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Valley Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, MEREDITH, FITZELL & Co. Location of mill, Kittanning, Armstrong County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. BERKS COUNTY. Reading Iron Works.-Proprietors, SEYFERT, MIcMANUS & Co. Office, 621 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. Location of mill, Reading, Berks County. Character of product, bar, rod, and slielp iron, and nails. Average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Rteading Rolling lMill and Forge.-Proprietor, J. I-. STERNBERGoI. Location of mill, Reading, Berks County. Character of product, bolts, nuts, screws; rolling only iron consumed in bolt and nut works. Quality of product a specialty. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Mcolvaine's Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, WM. MCILVAINE & SONs. Location of 148 ROLLING MILLS OF TIHE UNITED STATES. mill, Reading, Derks County. Character of product, locomotive iron and plate. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Keystone Rolling ]Iill.-Proprietors, CRAIG & KOCHI. Location of mill, Reading, Berks County. Character of product, rod and bolt iron. Capacity, 1,200 tons. Reading Railroad Co.'s Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Co. Office, 22T South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. Location of mill, Reading, Berks County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 29,000 tons. Enlarged and improved in 1873. Commenced rolling steel rails in February, 1873, the steel being furnished from the Midvale Steel Works at Nicetown, near Philadelphia, and made by the SI EMENS-MARTIN steel process. Blandon Iron Works.-Proprietors, Blan don Iron Co. (KAUJFFMAN BRos.). Location of mill, Blandon, Berks County. Character of product, bar and skelp iron. Average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. Hamburg Iron Works.-Proprietors, Hamburg Iron Co. Location of mill, Hamburg, Berks County. Character of product, bar and rod iron. Average annual capacity, 1,300 tons. Birdsborough Nail Works.-Proprietors, E. & G. BROOKE. Location of mill, Birdsborough, Berks County. Character of product, nails. Pine Iron Works.-Proprietors, JOSEPH L. BAILEY & CO. Location of mill, Pine Iron Works, Perks County. Character of product, boiler plate. Quality a specialty. Mill celebrated for product. BLAIR COUNTY. Hollidaysburgh Iron and Nail Works.-Proprietors, I-Iollidaysburgh Iron and Nail Co. Location of mill, Itollidaysburgh, Blair County. Character of product, principally nails. Average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. Altoona Iron Works.-Proprietors, Altoona Iron Manufacturing Co. Location of mill, Altoona, Blair County. Character of product, bar and rod iron, principally for Pennsylvania Railroad Company's shops at Altoona. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Duncansville Nail Works. —Proprietor, JOHN MUSSELMAN. Location of mill, Duncansville, Blair County. Character of product, nails. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. BUTCKS COUNTY. 3bristol Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, OWEN JONES & Co. Location of mill, Bristol, Bucks County. Character of product, sheet iron. Average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. A company with $1,000,000 capital projects another rolling mill at this place in 1874. ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 149 CAMBRIA COUNTY. Cambria Iron Works.-Proprietors, Cambria Iron Co. President, I-on. D. I. MORRELL. Office, 218 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. Location of works, Johnstown, Cambria County. Character of product, iron and steel rails. Average annual capacity iron and steel rails, 100,000 tons. This is the most extensive works in the United States, and includes blast furnaces, iron and steel rail rolling mills, BESSEMER works, etc., besides owning large deposits of ore, and coal lands. This company was originally organized in 1853, and reorganized in 1860. It employs 7,000 hands, and does a business of $10,000,000 annually; owns nine blast furnaces, over 50,000 acres coal and ore lands, eleven locomotives, engaged entirely at the works, one of which, "the dwarf" is only 4 feet high. Thirty-six miles of railroad track are included with the works. This company owns also two grist-mills, stone quarry, sawmill, brick works producing six million bricks yearly; coke works, gas works, and a large woollen mill running on cloths and tweeds principally consumed by hands of the company; stores, shops, and generally the whole of Johnstown, Cambria County. CENTRE COUNTY. Belfont Iron Works.-Proprietors, VALENTINE & CO. Removed in 1873 to Williamsport, Penn. Jenkins Rolling Mlil.-Proprietors, W. R. JENKINS & Co., Howard, Centre County. Character of product, bar iron. Average annual capacity, 1,000 tons. lBilesburg Rolling lMill.-Proprietors, McCoY & LINN, Milesburg, Centre County. Character of product, bar and rod iron. Average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. Eagle Rolling Mlill.-Proprietors, R. C. & J. CURTIN. Location of mill, Milesburg, Centre County. Character of product, bar and rod iron. Average annual capacity, 1,000 tons. CHESTER COUNTY. Phoenix Iron Works.-Proprietors, Phoenix Iron Co. SAMUEL J. REEVES, President. Office, 410 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. Location of works, Phoenixville, Chester County. Character of product, rails, beams, girders, ship and building iron, Phoenix post columns (patented specialty), rails, bridge and heavy irons generally. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. This works is among the oldest in the United States, having been first established in 1790, and in 1827 coming into possession of the late DAVID REEVES, father of the present president of the company. The works employs over 1,500 hands, and, in connection with the Pllcenixville Bridge Co.,* are the largest manufacturers of iron bridges in the world. The works includes blast furnaces, rolling mill, and bridge works, and the company is completing a new mill 628 feet long, 288 feet wide, and 30 feet high, covering under roof six and one-third acres of ground. * See Iron Bridge Works of Pennsylvania. 150 ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. Lukens Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, IUSTON & PENROSE. Location of mill, Coatesville, Chester County. Character of product, bar and rod iron. Average annual capacity, 3,500 tons. Laurel Iron Works.-Proprietor, HUGH E. STEELE, Coatesville, Penn. Location of mill, Laurel Station, Wilmington and Reading Railroad. Character of product, boiler plate. Average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. Viaduct Rolling LMill.-Proprietors, STEELE & WORTH. Location of mill, Coatesville, Penn. Character of product, boiler plate. Average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Valley Iron Works.-Proprietors, C. E. PENNOCO & Co. Location of mill, Coatesville, Chester County. Character of product, boiler plate. Average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. Wagontown Rolling Mill.-Proprietor, HORACE A. BEALE. Location of mill, Wagontown, Chester County. Character of product, boiler plate. Average annual capacity, 1,000 tons. Brandywine llolling Mill.-Proprietors, HATFIELD & Co., Coatesville, Penn. Location of mill, near Wagontown, Chester County. Character of product, boiler plate. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Hi-bernia Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, BROOKE BROS. Location of mill,Wagontown, Chester County. Character of product, boiler plate. Average annual capacity, 1,000 tons. Parkesburg Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Parkesburg Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Parkesburg, Chester County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. New in 1872. COLUMBIA COUNTY. Berwick Rolling ill.-Proprietors, Berwick Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Berwick, Columbia County. Character of product, bar and rod iron, principally for car uses. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Machinery removed from the West Reading Mill in 1872. DAUPHIN COUNTY. Lochiel Rolling Mill.Proprietors, Lochiel Rolling Mill Co. President, HENRY MCCORMICK; Superintendent, A. J. DULL. Location of mill, Harrisburg, Dauphin County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Partially destroyed by fire in the fall of 18T2, and rebuilt. Central Iron Works. Proprietor, GEORGE BAILEY. Location of mill, Harrisburg, Dauphin County. Character of product, boiler plate and bar iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 151 Chesapeake Nail Works.-Proprietors, C. L. BAILEY & B3no. Location of mill, Harrisburg, Dauphin County. Character of product, nails. Average annual capacity, 7,000 tons. Harrisburg Nail Works.-Proprietors, Harrisburg Nail Wrorks Co. HENRY MCCoRMICK, Treasurer. Location of mill, Harrisburg, Dauphin County. Character of product, nails. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Paxton Rolling SMill.-Proprietors, Paxton Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Harrisburg, Dauphin County. Character of product, boiler plate. Average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. Pennsylvania Steel Works.-Proprietors, Pennsylvania Steel Co. Office, corner Fifth and Library Streets, Philadelphia. Location of mill, Baldwin Station, Dauphin County. Character of product, BESSEMER steel rails. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Described under BESSEMER department. DELAWARE COUNTY. Edge Moor Iron Works.-Proprietors, WILLIAM SELLERS & Co., Philadelphia. Location of mill, near Chester, Delaware County. An extensive works in course of construction for several years, but not yet in operation. ERIE COUNTY. Erie Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Erie Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Erie, Erie County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 7,000 tons. Machinery removed from Duquesne Iron Works, of Pittsburg, in 1872. HUNTINGDON COUNTY. Juniata Rolling Mill.-Proprietor, S. HATFIELD, Huntingdon, Penn. Location of mill, Porter's Township, near Alexandria, Huntingdon County. Character of product, bar and sheet iron. Average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. LANCASTER COUNTY. Columbia Steel and Iron Works.-Proprietors, W. G. CASE & SON. Location of mill, Columbia, Lancaster County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Susquehannah Iron Works.-Proprietors, Susquehannah Iron Works Co. Location of mill, Columbia, Lancaster County. Character of product, bar and rod iron. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Mill contains 3 heating and 12 single puddling furnaces. Rohrerstown Rolling l:ill.-Proprietor, MANUEL MCSnAHIN. Office, 140 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. Location of mill, Rohrerstown, Lancaster County. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Product, bar and rod iron. 20 152 BLAST FURNACES OF TTIE UNITED STATES. Chickies Rolling SWill.-Proprietors, BECKER & REINHOLD. Character of product bar iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Lancaster Manufacturing Co's. Works.-Proprietors, Lancaster Manufacturing Co. Location of mill, Lancaster, Lancaster County. Character of product, bar, rod, and miscellaneous iron. Average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. LAWRENCE COUNTY. Shenango Iron Works.-Proprietors, REIs, BROWN & BERGER. Location of mill, Newcastle, Lawrence County. Character of product, bar, rod, sheet iron, and nails, spikes and bolts. Average annual capacity, 7,000 tons bar and sheet iron; 120,000 kegs nails; 6,000 kegs boat spikes. 700 hands employed. (See also BSlcast Furnaces of Pennsylrcanic.) The Shenango Iron Works includes in its machinery 55 nail machines, producing 450 kegs per day; 27 boiling furnaces, 8 heating furnaces, one 18 inch muck train, 16 inch barmill, 8 inch guide mill, nail, plate, and sheet mill. Onondaga Iron and Nail Works.-Proprietors, Onondaga Iron and Nail Co. Location of mill, Tew Castle, Lawrence County. Character of product, bar, rod, nails, etc. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons; 33 nail machines producing 300 kegs per day. Hqew Castle Sheet lill-Proprietors, New Castle Iron Co. President, R. W. CuNNINGHAI. Location of mill, New Castle, Lawrence County. Character of product, sheet iron. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. 100 hands employed. Mill contains 10 boiling and 6 heating furnaces, and a 25 ton steam hammer; and a boiler-plate mijl is being built. LEBANON COUNTY. Lebanon Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, VAN DE SAND & CAP. Location of mill, Lebanon, Lebanon County. Character of product, bar iron. Product, 1,000 tons. Light Bros. Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, LIGHT Buos. & Co. Location of mill, Lebanon, Lebanon County. Character of product, bar and sheet iron. Average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. LEHIGH COUNTY. Catasauqua Iron Works.-Proprietors, Catasauqua Manufacturing Co. President, SAMUEL THuorAs; Superintendent, OLIVER WILLIAMS. Location of mill, Catasauqula, Lehigh County. Character of product, bar, rod, plate, and sheet iron. Averag-e annual product, 20,000 tons. This company includes the Catasauqua and Ferndale Mills at Catasauqua, and Hope RIolling M1ill at Allentown, the latter used as a muck mill. The product is varied, and of special quality. Constant improvements are being made. During 1873, a six-ton steamnhammer was added to the Ferndale Mill, with a capacity of 31 tons force of blow. A train of 21 inch rolls has lately been added to this mill. ROLLIN- ifILLS OF THE UNITED STATES, 153 Allentown Rlolling ]l11i.-Proprietors, Allentown Rolling Mill Co. Office, 303 Yalnut Street, Philadelphia. Location of mill, Allentown, Lehigh County. Character of product, rails, fish bars, and spikes. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. This mill has been greatly increased and improved in 1873, the single puddling furnaces changed into double, and the value of the company's property is stated at $2,000,000. -Glen Rolling Mfill. —Proprietors, Glen Iron Co. Location of mill, Allentown, Lehigh County. Character of product, bar, and large round iron. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Four-inch rounds are now rolled at this mill, and a nail works is projected in connection with it. Welissport: oll.ing Will.-PProprietors, Weissport Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Weissport, Lehigh County. Character of product, bar iron. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Mill being enlarged. LUZERNE COUNTY. Lackawanna Iron Works.- Proprietors, Lackawanna Iron and Coal Co. Location of mill, Scranton, Luzerne County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 50,000 tons. Product in 1872, 40,484 tons; product in 1873, 40,339 tons. LYCOMING COUNTY. Crescent Iron and Nail Works.-Proprietors, HEYLMAN & CO. Location of mill, Cogan Station, Lycoming County. Character of product, bar iron and nails. Average annual capacity, 1,000 tons. Valentine Iron Works.-Proprietors, Valentine Iron Co. Location of mill) Williamsport, Lycoming County. Removed from Bellefonte, Centre County. Character of product, boiler plate. Mill building. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. MERCER COUNTY. Sharon Rolling lill.-Proprietors, Westerman Iron Co. President, JAMES WESTERMAN. Location of mill, Sharon, Mercer County. Character of product, bar, rod, sheet, hoop iron, and nails. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Atlantic Iron and Nail Works.-Proprietors, KIMBERLY, CARNES & Co. Location of mill, Sharon, M[ercer County. Character of product, bar, plate, hoop, rod iron, and nails. Average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. There are at this mill 23 boiling and 6 heating furnaces, and 40 nail machines. Employ 500 hands. Stewart Iron CoMs. Mill.-Proprietors, Stewart Iron Co. Location of mill, Sharon, Mlercer County. Character of product, muck bar for Lake Erie Iron Co., Cleveland, formerly both property of Otis Iron Co., Cleveland. West iddlesex lill.-Proprietors, VEACn, WINDFIELD & Co. Location of mill, 154 ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. West Middlesex, Mercer County. Character of product, bar and rod iron. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. New; building. Wheatland Rolling MSill.-Proprietors, Trustees of JAzMEs WooD's SoNS & Co. Location of mill, Wheatland, fiercer County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. Greenville Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Greenville Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Greenville, Mercer County. Character of product, bar and hoop iron. Average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. MONTOUR COUNTY. Pennsylyvania Iron Works.-Proprietors, WATEIRM!AN & BEAVER. Office, 407 Library Street, Philadelphia. Location of mill, Danville, Montour County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 48,000 tons; increased 12,000 tons capacity in 1873. This is an old and extensive works, and includes four blast furnaces, two puddle mills, and a rail mill. 1,400 hands are employed, to whom $1,100,000 yearly is paid in wages. The first T rail and first 30 foot rail in the United States rolled here. This works was established in 1845, and consumes 80,000 tons of ore, 20,000 tons of limestone, and 25,000 tons of coal per annum. iational Iron Works.-Proprietors, National Iron Co. Location of mill, Danville, Montour County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 26,000 tons. Company bankrupt, and works sold under bankruptcy order in September, 1873; purchaser, WMr. SHAW, of Washington, D. C., mortgagee. Works idle. Danville Iron Works.-Proprietors, Danville Iron Co. Lessees, GILEAD A. SMITH & Co., 30 Pine Street, New York. Location of mill, Danville, Montour County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Co-operative Iroa and Steel Works.-Proprietors, Co-operative Iron and Steel Co. Location of mill, Danville, Montour County. Character of product, bar, etc. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. Norriltown Iron Works.-Proprietor, JAMES IoovEN & SONS. Location of mill, Norristown, Montgomery County. Character of product, skelp iron for pipe works. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. Schal's lRolling Mill.-Proprietors, W. SOHALL & Co. Location of mill, Norristown, Montgomery County. Character of product, bars, and plate iron. Average annual capacity, 1,500 tons. This mill has 5 double puddling and 3 heating furnaces, and employs 90 men. Fulton's Mill. —Proprietors, FULTON & Co. Office, 218 South Third Street, Phila IOLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 155 delphlia. Location of works, Norristown, Montgomery County. Character of product, muck bar principally. Average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. (See also Blast.Furnaces of Pennsylvanbia.) tow Irn Works roprietors, Pottson o orks.-Pro, town Iron Co. C. L. BAILEY, Treasurer. Office, corner of Sixteenth and Market Streets, Philadelphia. Location of mill, Pottstown, Montgomery County. Character of product, plate iron. Average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. This mill is increasing its capacity. Pottsgrove Rolling llill.-Proprietors, POTTS BROS. Location of mill, Pottsgrove, Montgomery County. Character of product, boiler plate. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Same concern as above. Schuylkill Iron Works.-Proprietors, ALAN WOOD & Co. Office, 519 Arch Street, Philadelphia. Location of mill, Conshohocken, Montgomery County. Character of product, imitation Russia sheet iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. This mill has 8 double puddling furnaces and 6 heating furnaces. Conshohocken and Pennsylvania Iron Works.-Proprietors, JOHIN WOOD & Bno. Office, 223 INorth Second Street, Philadelphia. Location of mill, Conshohocken, Montgomery County. Character of product, sheet and plate iron. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. NORTHAMPTON COUNTY. Bethlehem Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Bethelehem Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Bethlehem, Northampton County. Character of product, iron and steel rails. BESSEMEI works described under BEssEMEr department. Average annual capacity of iron rails, 20,000 tons.. The new mill, which is one of the most complete in the world, and built under the superintendence of JOHN FPITz, Superintendent, was finished in the fall of 1873. Easton Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, STEWART & Co., South Easton. Character of product, bar and sheet iron. Average annual capacity, 1,300 tons. NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Wilton Iron orks.-Proprietors, Milton Iron Co. President, W. R. JENEINs; Treasurer, P. C. JOHNSON. Location of mill, Milton, Northumberland County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Northumberland Nail Works.-Proprietors, VAN ALLEN & Co. Location of mill, Northumberland, Northumberland County. Character of product, nails. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. PERRY COUNTY. Duncannon Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Duncannon Iron Co. Office, 122 Race Street, Philadelphia. Location of mill, Duncannon, Perry County. Character of product, bar and rod iron, and nails. Average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. 156 ROLLING MILLS OF THIE UNITED STATES. PHILADELPHIA COUNTY. Gray' Ferry Flat- Iron W9orks. —Proprietor, E. S. BUCKLEY. Office, 228Walnut Street, Philadelphia. Location of mill, Gray's Ferry, Philadelphia County. Character of product, boiler plate. Average annual capacity 5,000 tons. Kensington Iron and Steel W orks. —Proprietors, JAMES ROWLAND & Co. Location of mill, 920 North Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Fair Hill Forge and Rolling Wsill.-Proprietors, GAULBErT, MXORGAN & CASKEY. Location of mill, York and America Streets, Philadelphia. Character of product, bar and rod iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Delaware Roling l 1Pill.-Proprietors, HI-UGHES & PATTERSON. Location of mill, Richmond and Otis Streets, Philadelphia. Character of product, bar and rod iron. Average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. Penn Treaty Iron'PWorks.-Proprietors, MARSIIALL BRos. Office, 24 Girard Avenue, Philadelphia. Location of mill, Beach and Marlborough Streets, Philadelphia. Character of product, sheet iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Pencoyd Iron Workis.-Proprietors, A. & P. ROBERTS & Co. Office, 265 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. Location of mill, on Schuylkill River, nearly opposite Manayunk, Philadelphia County. Character of product, bar and heavy iron, and axles. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. New mill, finished in 18S73, increased capacity to above. Philadelphia Iron and Steel Works.e-Proprietors, Philadelphia Iron and Steel Co. JOHN P. YERREE, President. Office and mill, 939 North Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia. Character of product, bar and angle iron, and fish bars. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Late VERREE & MjITCHELL. Robbins Rolling Mill.-Proprietor, STEPHEN ROBBINS. Location of mill, Beach and Vienna Streets, Philadelphia. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. SOHUYLKILL COUNTY. Pottsville Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, ATKINS BROS. Location of mill, Pottsville, Schnylkill County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 18,000 tons. Palo Alto Rolling M ill.-Proprietor, BENJAMIN HAYWOOD. Location of mill, Pottsville, Schuylkill County. Character of product, rails, principally for street railways. Average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Schuylkill Haven Roliing Mill and Spike Works.-Proprietors, Schuylkill Haven Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Schuylkill Haven, Schuylkill County. Char ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 157 acter of product, merchant bar iron, spikes, and mine rails. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. A horseshoe machine, with a capacity of 20 finished shoes a minute, is being added to this mill. Works new in 1873. YORK COUNTY. York Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, York County Iron Co. Location of mill, York, York County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. WESTMORELAND COUNTY. Fountain Rolling Slills.-Proprietors, EVERSON, GRAFF & MAOcIUm, Pittsburg. Location of mill, Fountain Mills, Westmoreland County. Character of product, bar and sheet iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. The census returns for Pennsylvania give the number of rolling mills at 120. Hands employed, 21,221. Capital invested, $27,177,896. Wages paid per annum, $11,880,450. Value of material, $38,896,171. Value of product, $56,881,975, which includes 233,854 tons bar iron, 113,84T tons plate iron, 47,353 tons sheet iron, 281,445 tons rails, 34,615 rolled axles, and represents a consumption of 584,106 tons pig-iron, 174,243 tons scrap iron, 96,433 tons blooms, and 58,773 tons ore. Total product of rolled iron, 690,449 tons. Number of nail works, 31. Value of nails and spikes, $6,783,669. RECAPITULATION FOR PENNSYLVANIA. Number of rail mills............................ 16 Average annual capacity............................. 433,000 tons. Number of bar, plate, and sheet mills.................... 102 Average annual capacity............................. 583,400 tons. Total number of mills................................... 118 Total annual capacity rolled iron.................. 1,016,400 tons. Rolling Muils of Delaware, NEW CASTLE COUNTY. Wilmington Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Wilmington Rolling Miill Co. Location of mill, Wilmington, New Castle County. Character of product, plate and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. A new mill being built. Diamond Sate Rolling 1Iill.-Proprietors, Diamond State Iron Co. II. MENDENHALL, President. Character of product, bar and merchant iron, fish bars, spikes, bolts, nuts, etc. Average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. Tewport Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, MARSIILL Bros. -Office, 24 Girard Avenue, 158 ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. Philadelphia. Location of mill, Newport, New Castle County. Character of product, sheet iron. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Tasker Iron Works.-Proprietors, IMOrnis, TASKE & Co., Philadelphia. Location of mills, New Castle, New Castle County. Character of product, skelp iron for pipe works. Mlills being built. A very extensive works is being built here by the above firm, who will continue the manufacture of pipe of all kinds, as in Philadelphia, and roll the iron consumed. Blast furnaces are projected also in the future. McCullough Iron Co's. Mill. —Proprietors, MIcCullough Iron Co. Office and galvanizing works, Sixteenth Street and Washington Avenue, Philadelphia. Location of mill, "The Rocks," on the Christiana Creek, near Wilmington. Character of product, sheet iron. Works building, and to be entirely of corrugated iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Seidel & Hastings.-Location of works, Wilmington, Del. Character of product, ship and boiler plate, and forgings. This works has a forge attached, and makes its own charcoal blooms. Works was established in 1864, and enlarged in 1870. Delaware Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, ALAN WOOD & Co. Office, 519 Arch Street, Philadelphia. Location of mill, near Wilmington, New Castle County. Character of product, sheet iron. Average annual capacity, 1,200 tons. An old mill built in 1812. The census returns for Delaware give the number of rolling mills at 4. Hands employed, 275. Capital invested, $195,860. Wages paid, $163,766. Value of material, $499,714. Value of product, $776,00, which includes 6,200 tons bar iron, 1,407 tons plate iron, 500 tons sheet iron, 200 tons rod iron; in all a total of 8,307 tons rolled iron. RECAPITULATION FOR DELAWARE,, Number of rolling mills.................... 10 (2 building). Average annual capacity................. 18,200 tons. Bar and merchant iron, plate, sheet, spikes, bolts, nuts, etc. Rolling Mills of Maryland. BALTIMORE COUNTY. Canton Rolling Mills.-Proprietors, Abbott Iron Co. Location of mill, Baltimore, Baltimore County. Character of product, rails and plate iron. Average annual capacity, 40,000 tons rails, and 6,000 tons plate. This mill has the largest plate rolls in the country capable of rolling plates 100 inches wide, and girders 40 feet long. Baltimore Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, TREGO, THOMPSON & Co. Location of mill, ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 159 Baltimore, Baltimore County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 2,200 tons. Locust Point Rolling lill.-Proprietors, COATES BRos. Location of mill, Locust Point, Baltimore. Character of product, plate iron. Average annual capacity, 4,500 tons. Hands employed, 160. CECIL COUNTY. Northeast Rolling ill and Shannon Rolling iill.-Proprietors, McCullough Iron Co. Office Sixteenth Street and Washington Avenue, Philadelphia. Location of mills, Northeast, Cecil County. Character of product, sheet iron. Average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. ALLEGHENY COUNTY. Mount Savage Rolling Will.-Proprietors, Mount Savage Iron Co. Location of mill, -Mount Savage, Allegheny County. Character of product, rails. Not in operation. Mr. SAMUEL DANIKS, the inventor of DANKS' System of Rotary Puddling by machinery, was formerly superintendent of this mill, and made his invention first at these works. Cumberland Rolling IMill.-Proprietors, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co. Location of mill, Cumberland, Allegheny County. Character of product, rails and bars. Average annual capacity, 40,000 tons rails; bars, 10,000 tons. The rail mill was started in 1871, and the bar mill built in 1872-3, going into operation in June. This mill is 225 feet long and 100 feet wide, supported on iron columns and roofed with slate, and has 10 heating furnaces and 3 trains of rolls, one eight-inch, one twelve-inch, and one sixteen-inch, each of which work for 2 furnaces. The remaining 4 furnaces are for blooming scrap in connection with a 3,000 pound BEMENT steam hammer. The census returns for Maryland give the number of rolling mills at 7. IHands employed, 1,444. Capital invested, $983,000. Wages paid, $709,922. Value of material, $1,309,315. Value of product, $3,573,212, which includes 4,983 tons bar, 4,947 tons plate, 4,100 tons sheet, 27,190 tons rails, or a total of rolled iron of 41,180 tons in 1870. RECAPITULATION FOR MARYLAND. Number of rail mills (1 not running).................. 3 Average annual capacityo....................... 100,000 tons. Number of bar, plate, and sheet mills......... o...... 5 Average annual capacity..................... 26,500 tons. Total number of rolling mills.................... 8 Total annual capacity......................... 126,500 tons. 21 160 ROLLING MILLS OF THE UTNITED STATES. Rolling Mlills of Virginia. HENRICO COUNTY. Tredegar Iron Works.-Proprietors, Tredegar Manufacturing Co. Location of mill, Richmond, Henrico County. Character of product, bar and plate iron, spikes, fish bars, axles, etc. Average annual capacity, 24,000 tons rolled iron. This works was founded in 1835, and employs 1,500 hands when running full. The annual capacity of product is divided as follows: bar iron, 5,000 tons; fish bars, 8,000 tons; axles, 1,000 tons; spikes, 10,000 tons, or in all 24,000 tons in the rolling mill. There are also made here 6,000 tons of car wheels, and 5,000 tons of other castings, and the company builds annually 2,000 freight cars, and 50 steam engines. General JAs. R. ANDERSON is President, and R. S. AECHER, Superintendent, to whom we are indebted for courtesies in obtaining information. The iron used at these works is largely Virginia charcoal iron, and the product in all departments has a high reputation. Old Dominion Iron and Nail Works.-Proprietors, Old Dominion Iron and Nail Co. R. H. BLANKENSHIP, Manager. Character of product, bar iron and nails. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons bars. Richmond Steam Forge and Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, J. R. JOHNSON & Co. Location of mill, Richmond, Henrico County. Character of product, bar iron. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. CAMPBELL COUNTY. Lynchburg Rolling R i ill.-Proprietors, Lynchburg Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Lynchburg, Campbell County. Character of product, bar iron. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. The census returns for Virginia give the number of mills at 2 (an error). Hands employed, 1,540. Capital invested, $775,000. Wages paid, $255,000. Value of material, $1,053,248. Value of product, $1,270,000, which includes 2,671 tons bars, 6,050 tons plate, 950 tons rod, or a total of 9,670 tons rolled iron. One company, the Tredegar, of Richmond, makes more iron than is returned in the census. RECAPITULATIOON FOR VIRGINIA, Number of rolling mills...................... 3 Average annual capacity.......................... 28,000 tons. Rolling ills of West Virginiag MASON COUNTY. Clifton Iron and Tail Worlks.-Proprietors, Clifton Iron and Nail Co. Location of mill, Clifton, Mason County. Character of product, nails only. Average annual capacity, 90,000 kegs, or 4,500 tons. ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 161 OHIO COUNTY. La Belle Nail Works.-Proprietors, BAILEY, WOODWARD & Co. Location of mill, Wheeling, Ohio County. Character of product, nails. Average annual capacity, 20,000 kegs. Employ 400 hands. This mill has 22 boiling furnaces, 3 heating furnaces, and 84 nail machines. Belmont Nail Works.-Proprietors Belmont Nail Works Co. President, H. WOOD; Vice-President, J. D. DUBoIs. Location of mill, Wheeling, Ohio County. Character of product, nails. Average annual capacity, 200,000 kegs nails. 22 boiling furnaces, 3 heating furnaces, and 110 nail machines. Employ 500 hands. Benwood Iron Works.-Proprietors, Benwood Iron Co. Location of mill, Wheeling, Ohio County. Character of product, nails. Average annual capacity, 200,000 kegs, nails. This mill has 21 boiling and 4 heating furnaces, and 101 nail machines. Crescent Iron Works.-Proprietors, Crescent Iron Co. Location of mill, Wheeling, West Virginia. Average annual capacity, 29,300 tons. 500 hands. Character of product: rails, 25,000 tons; sheet, 1,800; spikes, etc., 2,500 tons. Riverside Iron and Nail Works.-Proprietors, DEWEY, VANCE & Co. Location of mill, Wheeling, Ohio County. Character of product, nails, principally. Average annual capacity, 200,000 kegs nails. This mill has 22 boiling and 4 heating furnaces, and 90 nail machines. Wheeling Iron and Nail Works.-Proprietors, Wheeling Iron and Nail Co. Location of mill, Wheeling, Ohio County. Character of product, nails. Average annual capacity, 260,000 kegs nails. This works was burned and rebuilt in 1872. The Wheeling Iron Company has 26 boiling furnaces, 3 heating furnaces, 106 nail machines. Wheeling and the immediate vicinity has 8 rolling mills and 5 blast furnaces, with a combined capital of $8,000,000. The nail works produce 2,650 kegs of finished nails daily. The census returns for West Virginia give the number of rolling mills at 7. Number of hands employed, 1,498. Capital invested, $1,185,000. Wages paid, $1,016,9T7. Value of material, $2,424,646. Value of product, $4,025,620. RECAPITULATION FOR WEST VIRGINIA. Number of rolling mills................................. 6 Average annual capacity e........................... 57,500 tons. Number of rail mills.................................. Average annual capaciy............................ 29,300 tons. Total number of rolling mills.............................. 7 Total annual capacity.................................. 86,800 tons. 162 ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES, Rolling Iills of Ohio, BELMONT COUNTY. Bellaire Nail Works.-Bellaire Iron and Nail Works Co. Location of mill, Bellaire, Belmont County. Character of product, nails. Average annual capacity, 100,000 kegs. Number of hands employed, 300. This mill has 17 boiling and 3 heating furnaces, and 51 nail machines. (See also _Blcst Furnaces of Ohio.) Etna Iron & Nail Works.-Proprietors, Etna Iron and Nail Works Co. President, W. W. HOLLAWAY; Secretary, W. H. TALLMAN; Manager, LEWIS JONES. Location of mill, Bridgeport, Belmont County, Ohio. Character of product, bar and sheet iron, and light rails. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. The mill has 3 trains of rolls for muck, bar, and sheet iron; also 12 puddling furnaces and 7 heating furnaces. Ohio City and Iron Nail Works.-Proprietors, Ohio City Iron and Nail Co. President, WM. CLARK; Secretary, C. A. BuRRows. Location of mill, Martin's Ferry, Belmont County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron, and nails. New; building in 1873. Sandusky Steel Works.-Proprietors, Nes Silicon Steel Co., of iNew York. Location of mill, Sandusky, Erie County. Character of product, silicon steel rails. Average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. This mill has 6 puddling and 7 heating furnaces. This company has also works at Rome and Elmira, N. Y., and projects others in Chicago and elsewhere. This rail is made by puddling the iron with silicious ore from York County, Penn., and possesses all the valuable qualities of the steel rail, at a cost of only $10 above that of iron rails. The rail has been thoroughly tested on the New York and Erie Railroad for two years; 225 miles of track having been laid with it, and not a rail has been broken, while the wearing qualities are said to be fully equal to BESSEMER rails. COSHOCTON COUNTY. Coshocton Iron and Steel Works.-Proprietors, Coshocton Iron and Steel Co. Location of mill, Coshocton, Coshocton County. Character of product, bar and bridge iron, and cemented steel, axles, and springs. 110 hands. COLUMBIANA COUNTY. Cherry Valley Iron Co.-President, E. J. WARNER; Secretary, JNO. K. SIIIN; Superintendent, J. G. CHAMBERLAIN. Location of works, Leetonia, Columbiana County. This company succeeds the Leetonia Iron and Coal Company, having purchased the entire property belonging to that company. The rolling mill contains 16 puddling furnaces and merchant iron train for ordinary sizes bar iron. (See also Blcst Fvurnaces of Ohio.) Number of hands employed at mill, furnaces, and coal mines, about 400. ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 163 FRANKLIN COUNTY. Columbus Iron Works.-Proprietors, HAYDEN & BAKER. Location of mill, Columbus, Franklin County. Character of proclduct, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Columbus Rail miSll~.-Proprietors, Columbus Rail Mill Co. Location of mill, Columbus, Franklin County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. New; started September, 1872. JEFFERSON COUNTY. Jefferson Iron VWorks.-Proprietors, SPAULDING, WOODWARD & Co. Location of mill, Steubenville, Jefferson County. Character of product, principally nails. Average annual capacity, 175,000 kegs nails. This mill has 22 boiling and 3 heating furnaces, one 22 inch muck train, and 90 nail machines. CUYAHOGA COUNTY. American Sheet and Boiler-plate %orks. —-Proprietors, American Sheet and Boiler-plate Co., Cleveland. Location of mill, Newburg, Cuyahoga County. Character of product, sheet iron, boiler plate, and corrugated iron for roofing. Capacity, 8,000 tons. The capacity of this works has been largely increased in 1873, and in addition to the usual machinery, it has the largest corrugating machine in the world, capable of corrugating iron to a width of 51 inches, and working a sheet 92 feet long. Cleveland Boiler-plate Mill.-Proprietors, Cleveland Boiler-plate Manufacturing Co. Location of mill, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County. President, A. B. I-ounG; Secretary, CHAS. I. TUCiER 101- Water Street. Character of product, boiler plate. Average annual capacity,'7,500 tons boiler plate. Hands employed, 125. Union Iron Torks. Proprietors, Union Iron Co. Location of mill, Newburg, Cuyahoga County. Character of product, bar and rod iron, etc. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. President, MiosES HILL; Secretary and Treasurer, A. T. SLADE. Office, 121 Superior Street, Cleveland. Lake Shore Iron Works. -Proprietors, Cleveland Rolling Mill Co.; President, A. B. STONE; H. CHISHIOLM, Vice-President and General Superintendent; E. S. PAGE, Secretary. Office, River Street, Cleveland, Ohio. Location of works, Newburg, Cuyahoga County. Character of product, bars, rails (iron and steel), wire rod, and wire, both iron and steel. This is one of the most extensive works in the United States, and combines blast furnaces, BESSEMERn works, and rolling mills of the various branches mentioned above. These include as follows: 1 steel rail mill, capacity, 50 tons a day; 1 steelheaded rail mill (BOOTH patent), capacity, 50 tons a day; 1 iron rail mill, capacity, 60 tons per day; I bar iron mill, capacity, 20 tons per day; 1 wire-rod mill, capacity, 7 tons per day; 1 wire-drawing mill, capacity, 50 tons per day. Total, rolled iron, daily capacity, 187 tons. 164 BOLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES, A feature at this works is the utilization of the crop ends of BESSEMER rails into wire for springs and other purposes. The BESSEMER plant will be found under the appropriate head. Average annual capacity, 50,000 tons.:Lake Erie Iron WVorks.-Proprietors, Lake Erie Iron Co. Location of mill, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County. Character of product, bar iron and car axles. Average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. This works was formerly the property of the Otis Iron Co., and sold in 1872 to present owners. It was burned in January, 1873, and rebuilt with 7 puddling and 14 heating furnaces, 8 steam hammers, 2 eighteen-inch trains, I nine-inch train, 1 eight-inch train, and an eighteen-inch muck train. Cleveland Iron Works.-Proprietors, Cleveland Iron Co. President, GEO. L. INGERSOLL; Vice-President, WILLIAM BINGHAM; Secretary and Treasurer, S. A. FULLER. Location of mill, Cleveland, Ohio. Character of product, rails, bars, spikes, bolts, nails. Average annual capacity: rails, 30,000 tons; other iron, 5,000 tons. Employ 500 hands, and consume 300 tons of coal per day. Otis Iron and Steel Works.-Proprietors, Otis Iron and Steel Co. CHARLES A. OTIS, President; E. B. THoMAs, Secretary. Character of product, iron car axles, and MARTINr steel made by the SIEMENS-IVIARTIN process. This works is situated on a tract of 20 acres lying between the Cleveland and Pittsburg and Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railways, with sidings from each. The buildings are substantially constructed of brick, and supplied with all the latest improvements. The President, Mr. OTIS, was formerly president of the Otis Iron Company of Cleveland, succeeded by the Lake Erie Iron Company, and is well known to the iron trade of the United States as a careful and successful iron manufacturer. HAMILTON COUNTY. Licking Iron Works.-Proprietors, Phillips & Jordan Iron Co. Office, 58 East Second Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Character of product, bar, sheet, and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. Location of mill, Covington, Kentucky. Swift Iron and Steel Works.-Proprietors, Swift Iron and Steel Co. President, A. SWIFT; Secretary, T. M. SECHLER, No. 62 East Third Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Location of works, Newport, Kentucky. Character of product, bar and sheet iron, and steel. Oincinnati Railway Iron Works.-Proprietors, Cincinnati Railway Iron Co. Location of mill, Cincinnati, Hamilton County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Globe Rolling Mlill. — Proprietors, Globe Rolling Mill Co. Office, 44 West Second Street. Location of mill, Cincinnati, HEamilton County. Character of product, bar ROLLING MILLS OF TIE UNITED STATES. 165 and merchant iron. Average annual capacity 5,000 tons. Mill burned in 1872, and rebuilt in 1873. Evans Rolling lIill.-Proprietors, EvANs, CLIFTON & EVANS. Location of mill, Cincinnati, Hamilton County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. LAWRENCE COUNTY. Lawrence Iron Works.-Lawrence Iron Works Co. Location of mill, Ironton, Lawrence County. Character of product, bar iron. Average annual capacity, 7,000 tons. fronton Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Ironton Rolling Mlill Co. Location of mill, Ironton, Lawrence County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. BelfoEnt Iron Works.-Proprietors, Belfont Iron Works Co. Location of mill, Ironton, Lawrence County. Character of product, nails. Average annual capacity, 8,000 tons nail plate, or 146,000 kegs nails. These three mills employ 863 men, and disbursed for wages $411,612; and made 21,747 tons muck bar, 12,473 tons finished iron, and 146,000 kegs of nails, in 18T2. LICKING COUNTY. Newark Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Newark Iron Co. Location of mill, Newark, Licking County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. LUCAS COUNTY. Toledo Rolling Bill.-Proprietors, Toledo Furnace and Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Toledo, Lucas County. Character of product, silicon steel rails. Works to be built in 1873-4. MAIONING COUNTY. Mahoning Iron orks.-Proprietors, BRowN, BONNELL & Co. Location of mill, Youngstown, Mahoning County. Character of product, bar, rod, sheet, and plate iron, nails, bolts, and spikes. Average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. This is a very extensive works, and has grown from a capacity of 4 tons daily in 1855, to 100 tons finished iron per day. There are in the works 55 puddling furnaces, and the necessary heating furnaces. The roll trains comprise 2 muck mills, 1 nail-plate mill, 1 sheet mill, 1 plate train, 1 18 inch merchant-iron mill, 1 10 inch do., and one 8 inch guide mill. The nail factory contains 40 nail machines, and 4 railroad and boat-spike machines. The consumption of raw, material and fuel is enormous, that of coal alone being 175,000 tons per annum. This works is arranged with a view to economical working, and great enterprise is shown by the firm. In 1872, heavy losses were sustained by two separate boiler explosions, causing damage and loss of life. The blast furnaces are described under the appropriate department. 166 ROLLtG i MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. nt~erpziP sX~ Vro forLs.-PLroprietors, CARTWRIGHT, IMCUEDY & Co. Office, River Street, Cleveland. Location of mill, Youngstown, 1ahoning County. Character of product, hoop iron only. Bar mill building. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. The specialty of this firm is fine hoop for barrel, pail, and tub uses, and for which it has received prizes at several State Expositions. Hereafter merchant iron will be added to the product. S. O. ATKINS, Superintendent. YoungstowTn olling 3M ll. —Proprietors, Youngstown Rolling Mill Co. PAUL WICK, President; E. C. WELLS, Secretary; GEORGE ATKINS, Superintendent. Location of mill, Youngstown, Mahoning County. Character of product, hoop and guide iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. ridgway Iron WWo.rks.-Proprietors, WICKS, RIDGWAY & Co. Location of mill, Youngstown, kahoning County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 40,000 tons. This mill started in 18T2, and has 12 double puddling furnaces and 14 heating furnaces, besides large heating furnaces for old rails, an extensive business being done in re-rolling for the numerous railroads of this section. Hubbard Rolling lM2il.-Proprietors, Hubbard Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, IHubbard, Mahoning County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 4,500 tons. Specialty, nut and bolt iron of superior quality. Number of hands employed, 70. MEIGS COUNTY. Po anerOy fron korks.-Proprietors, Pomeroy Iron Co., represented in Cincinnati by MEIDETNHALL & KITCIIELL. Location of mill, Pomeroy, M]eigs County. Character of product, bar and rod iron and spikes. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. MYUSKIING-I COUNTY. Ohio Iron'Works.~-Proprietors, Ohio Iron Co. Location of mill, Zanesville, Muskingum County. Character of product, bar, hoop, and angle iron, light rails, spikes, and axles. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons, to be doubled by erection of new mill, in 1873-4. SCIOTO COUNTY. -loomr P~orge HIron V'Wor^s.-P-roprietors, GAYLonD & Co., Portsmouth, represented by GAYLORD, SON & Co., 92 Broadway, Cincinnati. Location of mill, Portsmouth, Scioto County. Character of product, boiler plate. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. This works is celebrated for the quality of the boiler plate manufactured, and was the first to adopt the Act of Congress requiring boiler-plate makers to stamp their iron with the strength or resistance power in pounds to the square inch. Portsnouth I ron W'orks.-Proprietors, Portsmouth Iron Works Co. Location of mill, Portsmouth, Scioto County. Character of product, bar iron and spikes. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 167 Burgess Steel and Iron Works.~-Proprietors, Burgess Steel and Iron Co. President, J. I. WILLLAMS; Vice-President, L. C. ROBINSON; Treasurer, M. II. BALL; Secretary, G. W. WEYER. Location of mill, Portsmouth, Scioto County. Character of product, bar iron, cast and cemented steel. Product, 3,000 tons to 8,000 tons. 150 hands. This worls also makes plough and agricultural steel, steel boiler plate, steel tire, and extra quality flange and fire-box iron, sheet iron and " C. B." refined bar iron, and received the gold medal for boiler plate at the Cincinnati Expositions of 1872 and 1873. STARK COUNTY. Alliance Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Alliance Rolling Mill Co. President, JOHN iHUNTER; Secretary, WILLIAM JONES. Location of mill, Alliance, Stark County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. Hands employed, 400. Mill burned in Febrnary, 1874, but rebuilding. Massillon Rolling lIill.-Proprietors, Massillon Coal and Iron Co. Location of mill, Miassillon, Stark County. Character of product, rails and bar iron. Mill new; expected to start in December, 1873. Has 10 heating furnaces, with space for 30. SUMMIT COUNTY. Akron Iron Works.-Proprietors, Akron Iron Co. President, L. A. MILLER; Secretary, J. A. LONG; Superintendent and Managing Director, JOSEPH CoRNs. Character of product, agricultural iron and light rails. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Cuyahoga' Palls Rolling Mill.-Proprietor, JAMES ISRAEL. Location of mill, Cuyahoga Falls, Summit County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron, and car axles and forgings. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. TRUMBULL COUNTY. Falcon Iron and Nail Works.-Proprietors, JAMES WARD & Co. Location of mill, Niles, Trumbull County. Character of product, bar, sheet, hoop and boiler plate, nails, railway and boat spikes. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. This works includes 3 rolling mills, with nail and spike factory, foundry, and machine shop. The firm owns 50 acres of ground, 5 of which are covered by these buildings. The main building (" old mill ") is 135 by 460 feet; has 18 boiling and 7 heating furnaces; 6 trains of rolls and 1 squeezer; one 18 inch muck, 22 inch plate (three-high), 16 inch bar, and 10 and 8 inch guide mill. This building has a capacity of 80 tons finished iron per day. The nail mill building is 100 by 100 feet, with wings, which make the building 300 feet long. In this building are 12 boiling and 2 heating furnaces, 1 squeezer, a 21 inch muck train, 20 inch plate mill, and an 8 inch guide mill. This mill has a capacity of 40 tons finished iron per day, the nail factory having a capacity of and making 2,000 kegs of nails per week. The " Russia " sheet mill, which was originally built for the manufacture of Russia sheet iron, is at present making common sheet iron. The bulilding is 100 by 200 feet; has 12 boiling, 3 heating, and 2 annealing furnaces; 1 squeezer, and an 8 inch muck train and sheet mill. 22 168 ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. Product, 12 tons finished sheet iron per day. The spike factory building is 40 by 60 feet; contains 6 machines and 4 shingle and band cutters. Product, spikes of all sizes for railroads, boats, etc. These works are kept in constant operation, and give employment to about 1,200 hands. Niles Iron Works.-Proprietors, Niles Iron Co. L. G. ANDREWS, President. Location of mill, Niles, Trumbull County. Character of product, bar, sheet, hoop, and band iron. Average annual capacity, 12,000 tons. Mineral Ridge Rolling lBill.-Proprietor, JONATHAN WARNER. Location of mill, Mineral Ridge, Trumbull County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Richards' Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, WILLIAM RICHARDS & SONS. Location of mill, Warren, Trumbull County. Character of product, principally muck bar for rail mills. Average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. Girard Rolling Iill.-Proprietors, Girard Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill GCirard, Trumbull County. Character of product, bar, rod, hoop, sheet iron, and light rails. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons. This mill has an 18 inch muck train, a 10 inch train, 8 boiling and 2 heating furnaces. TUSCARAWAS COUNTY. Dover Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Dover Rolling Miill Co. Location of mill, Canal Dover, Tuscarawas County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Greer's Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, GREER & Co. Location of mill, Canal Dover, Tuscarawas County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. WASHINGTON COUNTY. Marietta Iron Works.-Proprietors, Marietta Iron Co. Location of mill, Marietta, Washington County. Character of product, rails, bars, and fish plate. Average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. President, R. R. DAWES; Secretary and Treasurer, T. D. DALE. New York Office, 12 Pine Street. Cincinnati Office, 181 Walnut Street. Phoenix Iron Company.-President, D. A. GER- SII; Secretary, J. W. ROLLER. Location of mill, Bedford, Ohio. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. The census returns for Ohio give the number of rolling mills at 29. Hands employed, 4,431. Capital invested, $6,100,409. Wages paid, $2,644,895. Value of materials, $8,016,590. Value of product, $12,365,698, which includes 68,712 tons bar iron, 30,316 ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 169 tons plate, 11,796 tons sheet, 30,552 tons rails, and 1,323 tons rod, or a total of rolled iron of 142,705 tons; representing a consumption of 137,330 tons pig-iron, 37,621 tons scrap iron, 992 tons blooms, and 21,74T tons ore. RECAPITULATION FOR OHIO. Number of rail mills.................................. Annual capacity......................... 213,000 tons. lNumber of other rolling mills........................... 42 (3 building). Annual capacity................................... 245,000 tons. Total number of rolling mills.......................... 49 Total annual capacity of rolled iron.................... 458,000 tons. Rolling Mills of Kentuoky. BOYD COUNTY. Norton Iron Works.-Proprietors, Norton Ion n o. President, E. I. NORTON. Location of mill, Ashland, Boyd County. Character of product, nails, bolts, and nuts. Average annual capacity, 150,000 kegs. This works includes two new and two old furnaces, and owns 16,000 acres of the finest mineral lands in Kentucky. The works when completed will have cost near one million dollars, and employ 500 hands. CAMPBELL COUNTY. Newport Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, D. & S. WOLF. Location of mill, Newport, Campbell County. Character of product, boiler plate, bar, and sheet iron. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. Swift Iron and Steel Works.-Proprietors, Swift Iron and Steel Co. Office, 60 East Third Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Location of mill, Newport, Campbell County. Character of product, sheet and plate iron. Average annual capacity, 8,000 tons. JEFFERSON COUNTY. eentuoky Rolling M1ll.-Proprietors, Kentucky Rolling Mill Co. J. MORGAN COLEMAN, President. Location of mill, Louisville, Jefferson County. Character of product, bars and light rails. Average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. The following record of two weeks' product of a 12 inch train and an 8 inch guide mill at this works, during 1873, is considered the largest ever made with similar machinery: 12 inch train, with 2 furnaces, 6 heats each, run from 5 A. M. to 3 P. M. each day-first week, 95 tons 17 cwt. 1 qr. 19 lbs. (gross) assorted iron; second week, 114 tons 2 cwt. 2 qrs. 27 lbs. (gross) assorted iron. 8 inch train, with 1 furnace, 7 heats per day, run from 5 A. to 3.to 3. first week, 51 tons 4 cwt. 3 qrs. (gross); second week, 49 tons 10 cwt. 3 qrs. (gross). Assorted iron from - to - (round), I x X to 14 x - iron. 8 T~'""I~) A 110 iROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITTED STATES. Louisville Rolling Will.-Proprietors, Louisville Rolling Mill Co. President, T, C. COLEMAN. Location of mill, Louisville, Jefferson County. Character of product, bar iron and boiler plate. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons, single turn. 175 hands employed. Louisville Rail lill.-Proprietors, Louisville Pail Mill Co. Location, Louisville, Jefferson County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. New; building in 1873. KENTON COUNTY. Covington Rolling lMill.-Proprietors, JAs. G. KYLE & Co. location of mill, Covington, Kenton County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Office, 33 West Third Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. LYON COUNTY. Tennessee Rolling Mlill.-Proprietors, HILLMAN BROS. Location of mill, Eddyville, Lyon County, Kentucky. Character of product, bar and sheet iron, and nails. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. McCRACKEN COUNTY. Southern Iron Works.-Proprietors, GATES, BROWN & Co. Location of mill, Paducah. Character of product, bar and sheet iron and nails. Average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. Harris, Brown & Co.'s Mill.-Proprietors, IIARRIs, BROWN & Co. Location of mill, Paducah, McCracken County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons. Paducah Rolling Miill.-Proprietors, Paducah Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Paducah, McCracken County. Character of product, bar iron. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. The census returns for Kentucky give the number of mills at 6. Ilands employed, 876. Capital invested, $1,125,000. Wages paid, $582,283. Value of material, $1,367,064. Value of product, $2,464,928, which includes 15,116 tons bar, 5,450 tons plate, 1,947 sheet, 3,996 tons rails, 1,256 rod, or a total of rolled iron of 67,765 tons, RECAPITULATION FOR KIENTUCKY. Number of rail mills................. I (building, or soon to be.) Annual capacity............... 40,000 tons. Number of other rolling mills.... e....... 8 Annual capacity.................... 27,000 tons. Total number of rolling mills.............. 10 Total annual capacity,.. ~...... 67,000 tons. ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 171 Rolling M1ills of Tennessee. Chattanooga Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Roane Iron Co. W. P. RATIBURN, President; General WILDER, Superintendent, Chattanooga, Htamilton County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. This mill is remarkable for having been the first to adopt the DAN-KS system of rotary puddling, 10 of which furnaces were built here and successfully used. Vulcan Iron Works.-S. B. LowE, Superintendent. Location of mill, Chattanooga, Tennessee. Character of product, bar and merchant iron, and hammered axles. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. Number of hands employed, 150. KNOX COUNTY. Xnoxville Rolling lill.-Proprietors, CHAMBERLAIN, IRICHARDS & Co. Location of mill, Knoxville, Knox County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 2,500 tons. SHELBY COUNTY. Meemphis Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, BATTELL & Co. Location of mill, Memphis, Shelby County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 1,000 tons. The census returns of Tennessee are manifestly incorrect, and hence not quoted. RECAPITULATION FOR TENNESSEE. Number of rail mills....................... e 1 Average annual capacity........................ 30,000 tons. Number of bar, etc., mills.............................. 4 Average annual capacity..................... 12,500 tons. Total number of rolling mills.................... 5 Total product rolled iron..........,,..... 42,500 tons. Roliling Mills of Indiana. CLAY COUNTY, Western Iron Works.-Proprietors, Western Iron Co. Location of mill, Knightsville, Clay County. Character of product, muck bar for Cleveland Rolling [Mill Co. Average annual capacity, 9,600 tons muck bar. 188 hands. (See Blast Furnaces of Ohio.) FLOYD COUNTY. Ohio Palls Iron Works.-Proprietors, Ohio Falls Iron Works Co. Location of mill, New Albany, Floyd County. Character of product, bar and car iron. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. 172 ROLLING MILLS OF TIE UNITED STATES. New Albany 1Rolling EIill.-Proprietors, New Albany Rolling Mill Oo. J. II. BErAGDON, President. Location of mill, New Albany, Floyd County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. MARION COUNTY. Indianapolis Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Indianapolis Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Marion County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. This mill employs 320 hands, and pays $13,500 a month in wages, and turned out in one week in 1873, 480 tons of rolled iron. PUTNAM COUNTY. Green Castle Iron and Nail Worlks.-Proprietors, Green Castle Iron and Nail Co. Location of mill, Green Castle, Putnam County. Character of product, nails and spikes. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons iron made into 52,500 kegs of nails and spikes. VANDERBURGH COUNTY. Evansville Rooling Mill.l-Proprietors, Evansville Rolling Mill Co. President, WILLIARD CARPENTER; Treasurer, W. F. NISBETT; Secretary, J. MCDoNOTGI-I. Location of mill, Evansville, Vanderburgh County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 24,000 tons. Another new mill is projected here by H-ILLMAN BRos. VIGO COUNTY. Terre Haute Iron and Nail Works.-Proprietors, Terre H-aute Iron and Nail Co. Location of mill, Terre hIautte, Vigo County. Character of product, nails and spikes. Average annual. capacity, 3,600 tons of nail plate made into 75,000 kegs nails and spikes. This mill was burned early in 1873, but rebuilt. This works has 70 nail machines, and employs 300 men. Wabash Iron Works.-Proprietors, Wabash Iron Co. Location of mill, Terre Haute, Vigo County. New; building in 1873. Average annual capacity, 6,500 tons merchant iron. 90 hands. The census returns for Indiana give the number of rolling mills at 8. IHands employed, 977. Capital invested, $1,576,000. Wages paid, $521,672. Value of material, $1,968,518. Value of product, $2,817,505, which includes 10,870 tons bar iron, 3,600 tons plate iron, 19,235 tons rails, or a total of rolled iron in 1870 of 33,705. Two of the largest rail mills have been established since 1871. BOLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 173 RECAPITULATION FOR INDIANA. Number of rail mills................................. 3 Average annual capacity............................ 64,000 tons. Number of other rolling mills.................... 6 Average annual capacity............................ 26,100 tons. Total number of rolling mills........................... 9 Total capacity rolled iron........................... 90,100 tons. Rolling Mlls of blinois. Illinois now ranks third only to Pennsylvania, as a rail-producing State. The first rail was rolled in Illinois in 1858, when 1,158 tons were made in that year. Of re-rolled iron, in 1864, 26,836 tons were rolled; in 18T1, 91,781 tons of new rails; and in 1872, 106,916 tons, or an increase of 105,758 tons in 14 years. COOK COUNTY. North Chicago Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, North Chicago Rolling Mill Co.; President, O. W. POTTER; Treasurer, E. B. WARD; Secretary, R. C. HANNAH. Office, 17 Metropolitan Block. Location of mill, on the North branch of the Chicago River, Chicago, Cook County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 35,000 tons. Capital, $3,000,000. This works includes blast furnaces and BESSEMER works, which are described under their respective departments. The rolling mill is supplied with every improvement in mill machinery, and is a most interesting works. The buildings are of stone, with iron and slate roofs, and comprise two puddle mills; No. 1 containing 8 double and 5 single puddling furnaces-equal to 21 single furnaces-a muck train, and squeezers. No. 2 has 5 double and 6 single puddling furnaces, equal to 16 single puddling furnaces, or a total puddling capacity of 37 furnaces. The iron rail mill has a capacity of 60 tons finished rails per day, and has 16 heating furnaces. The steel-rail mill is of equal capacity. There are, including the blowing engines for the blast furnaces and BESSEMER plant, 44 steamengines employed in this works, with an aggregate horse-power of 4,430. Union Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Union Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Chicago, Cook County. Character of product, rails, iron, and steel. Average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. MACON COUNTY. Decatur Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Decatur Rolling Mill Co. President, A. B. STONE. Location of mill, Decatur, Macon County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 24,000 gross tons. Number of hands, 250. ST. CLAIR COUNTY. Belleville Nail Works.-Proprietors, Belleville Nail Works Co. Location of mill, Belleville, St. Clair County. Character of product, nails. Average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. 174 ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. East St. Louis Rolling Mill.-Proprietors East St. Louis Rolling Mill Co. President, G. B. ALLEN. Office, Second and Carr Streets, St. Louis, Mo. Location of mill, East St. Louis, St. Clair County, Ill. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. St. Louis Bolt and Iron Works.-Proprietors, St. Louis Bolt and Iron Co. Office, St.-Louis, Mio. Location of mill, East St. Louis, St. Clair County. Character of product, merchant bar, fish bar, bolts, spikes, rivets, lag-screws. Average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. Mill new. Employs 80 hands, and has 2 double puddling furnaces, 1 scrap furnace, 1 bar mill, 1 little mill, 1 sixteen-inch muck train, and an eighteen-inch guide train. SANGAMON COUNTY. Springfield Rolling Iill.-Proprietors, Springfield Rolling Mill Co. CHAs. RIDGELY, President; G-EO. BRINKERHOFF, Secretary; E. A. RICHARDSON, Superintendent. Location of mill, Springfield, Sangamon County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 25,000 tons. This mill was commenced in October, 1871, and the buildings blown down in December of that year; but the mill was rebuilt, and commenced puddling in June, 1872, and rolled the first rail in September, 1872. This mill contains 8 double puddling furnaces, two of which are SIEMENS puddling furnaces, of large capacity. There are 4 SIEMENS heating furnaces, with beds 91 by 11 - feet, and 16 " producers " to make gas for the same. There is an 18 inch muck train, and a 22 inch rail train. Siemens Steel Works.-Proprietors, Siemens Steel Works Co. Location of works, near Springfield, Sangamon County. Character of product, SIEMENS-MARTIN steel. New; building. WILL COUNTY. Joliet Iron and Steel Works.-Proprietors, Joliet Iron and Steel Co. President, A. B. MEEKER. Office, Washington Street, Chicago. Location of works, Joliet, Will County. Average annual capacity, 83,200 tons iron and steel rails. Character of product, iron and steel rails. The product of this works in September, 1873, was 3,102 tons ingots, 2,588 tons of steel rails, and 2,160 tons of iron rails. This works, although not the largest, is considered the best arranged in the country, and includes 4 blast furnaces, 2 of which are located at Chicago, and a BESSEMER steel works, all of which will be found described under their respective heads; and iron and steel rail mills, coal-washing apparatus, coking ovens, SIEMENS gas producers, and fire-brick works, machine shops, water-works, foundry, and boiler works. The works are located on the Chicago and Alton Railroad, and the canal, near the city of Joliet, and also near the penitentiary, the buildings of both being built of the peculiar limestone of the spot; and standing, as they do, on a perfectly level prairie, present an imposing appearance. The whole works cover an area of one hundred acres, and the use ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 175 of limestone is here cheaper as a building material than brick or iron; and as the buildings are iron-roofed, the whole is fire-proof. The rolling mills proper, the other portions of the works connected with the BESSEMER plant being described under that head, consist of a puddle mill 190 by 75 feet, with a wood extension 75 by 40 feet, containing nine double puddling and one heating furnace. The roll trains here are a 16 inch muck train and a 21 inch train, with a squeezer driven by an independent engine 26 by 4 feet. An iron-rail mill contains 3 trains of 21 inch rolls for tops and bottoms, and finishing rolls for rails, and 8 heating furnaces. This mill has also its own engine, and the usual saws, punches, and shears for rail trimming. The new steel-rail mill, which is the great mill of the works, is 445 feet long by 105 feet wide, with two wings 85 feet wide, all covered by an iron roof, and supported on stone piers. The heating furnaces are on the SIEMENS principle, and are two in number, although room has been left for six in all. These have beds of 16 feet by 6~, and owing to the proximity of water to the surface, their foundations were laid in boiler iron tanks set in cement. These furnaces are supplied with charging and discharging apparatus, and thus avoid the handling of the heated ingot. The gas producers to supply these furnaces are.located in a separate building near the rail mill, and built for 20 producers. The steel-rail trains are three, of 23 inch three-high rolls, and are driven by a CORLISS engine, with 40 inch cylinder and 5 feet stroke, which was designed for this works especially, and is a vertical condensing engine, with a 30 foot fly-wheel, weighing 58 tons, and a shaft of 20 inches diameter. The blooming train for the ingots is of three-high 30 inch rolls, supplied with FRITZ' feeding tables, by the aid of which an ingot weighing a ton can be rolled by three men in four minutes. This train is also driven by an independent engine built by CORLISS, with 32 inch cylinder and 5 feet stroke. All of these roll trains are set in solid rock foundations set in cement, with a passage under the housings to reach foundation bolts. The finishing apparatus has saws driven by a special engine, with straightening plates and hot and cold beds, steam straightening presses, punching and drilling machines, etc., etc. A three-ton steam hammer supplies the forging requirements of the mill, and a travelling crane changes the rolls of any train without stopping the mill. The works is complete in every respect, and has been built with a view to greatly increasing its present large capacity. It is a city in itself, and to those who doubt the value of a large iron-works to an agricultural community, the following is a convincing argument of their error. The first rail was rolled in Joliet in July, 1870, and by July, 1872, just two years, the population of Joliet had doubled, and the value of real estate.in the city and vicinity had quadrupled in value. The land upon which this works stands had been twice sold in the last ten years for taxes; now additional space near the works sells for $1,000 per acre. The census returns for Illinois give the number of rolling mills at 6. Hands employed, 1,582. Capital invested, $2,245,000. Wages paid, $984,082. Value of material, $1,819,228. Value of product, $3,165,471, which includes 750 tons bar iron, 7,100 tons plate iron, 300 tons sheet, and 17,611 tons rails, or a total of rolled iron of 25,761 tons; showing great inaccuracy, the product of rails alone rolled in 1864 being more than this total. 23 176 ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. REOAPITULA&TION FOR ILLINOIS. Number of rail mills.................................... 6 Average annual capacity............................ 217,200 tons. Number of other rolling mills......................... 2 Average annual capacity............................ 8,500 tons. Total number of rolling mills............................ 8 Total rolled iron capacity............................. 225,000 tons. Rolling Mills of Miohigan. JACKSON COUNTY. Jackson Rolling M3ll.-Proprietors, Jackson Iron Manufacturing Co. WM. M. BENNETT, President. Location of mill, Jackson, Jackson County. Character of product, bar and merchant iron. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons. This mill was built in 1872-3, and has 8 puddling furnaces, one 16 inch and one 12 inch train. MARQUETTE COUNTY. Marquette and Pacific Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Marquette and Pacific Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, Marquette, Marquette County. Character of product, bar and rod iron. Average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. WAYNE COUNTY. Wyandotte Rolling Mill.Propriets yandott e Rolling tte ling ill Co. President, E. B. WAnD; Secretary, S. C. POTTER. Office, foot of Wayne Street, Detroit. Location of mill, Wyandotte, Wayne County. Character of product, rails, plate, and bar iron. Average annual capacity, 14,000 tons. This company exhibited at the Chicago Industrial Exhibition, in 1873, a plate of boiler iron 19 feet long, 6 feet wide, and y%- of an inch thick, which was claimed to be the largest boiler plate ever produced in this country. Hamtramck Iron Works.-Proprietors, Hamtramck Iron Co. Location of mill, Detroit, Wayne County. Character of product, bar and rod iron, bolts and spikes. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. The census returns for Michigan give the number of rolling mills in 1810 at 1. Hands employed, 433. Capital invested, $672,600. Wages paid, $221,764. Value of material, $381,000. Value of product, $678,500, which includes 1,250 tons bar, 1,450 tons plate, 150 tons sheet iron, and 4,550 tons rails, or a total of rolled iron of T,400 tons. ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 177 RECAPITULATION FOR MICIIGAN. Number of rail mills.....................1.............. I Average annual capacity.............................. 9,000 tons. Number of other rolling mills............................. 4 Average annual capacity............................. 18,000 tons. Total number of rolling mills............................. 4 Total rolled iron production.......................... 27,000 tons. Rolling Sills of Missouri. La Grange Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, La Grange Rolling Mill Co. Location of mill, La Grange, on the Mississippi Valley Western Railway. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 25,000 tons. Mill new; built in 1872-3. This mill will have SIEMENS heating furnaces in addition to the usual machinery, and has been built at a cost of $400,000. ST. LOUIS COUNTY. La Clede Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, CHOUTEAU, HARRISON & VALLE. Office, 941'North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo. Character of product, bar and sheet iron, spikes and rivets. Average annual capacity, 10,000 tons. At this mill a process for puddling by means of petroleum fuel was tried in 1871-2 with considerable success. The process was the invention of Messrs. WHIPPLE & DICKERSON, and it was claimed puddled the iron more economically than with coal, and also to a great extent eliminated the sulphur. St. Louis Steam Forge and Iron Works.-Proprietors, A. II. MCDONALD & Co. Character of product, bar iron and forgings. Average annual capacity (rolled iron), 2,000 tons. Helmbacher rPorge and Rolling Mill.-M. HELMBACHER, President; G. L. GOETZ, Secretary. Location of mill, NO. 818 North Second Street, St. Louis, St. Louis County. Character of product, bar iron and forgings, principally latter. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons bar, 7,000 axles. 250 hands. St. Louis Rail Pastening Works.-Proprietors, St. Louis Rail Fastening Co. Secretary, C. MENINGERBODE. Office, 211 North Third Street, St. Louis. Location of mill, on Iron Mountain Rlailroad, near United States Arsenal, St. Louis, St. Louis County. Character of product, spikes, fish bars, bolts, and nuts. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons, of which there are made 90,000 kegs spikes. St. Louis Bolt and Iron Works.-Proprietors, St. Louis Bolt and Iron Co. Office, St. Louis, St. Louis County. Location of mill, East. St. Louis, Illinois. Office, Third and Chestnut Streets. 178 BOLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. East St. Louis Rolling 1ill.-Proprietors, East St. Louis Rolling Mill Co. GERARD B. ALLEN, President. Office, Second and Carr Streets, St. Louis. Location of mill, East St. Louis, Illinois. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 20,000 tons. Vulcan Iron Works.-Proprietors, Vulcan Iron Works Co. Office, 221 Olive Street, St. Louis. President, D. B. GARRISON; Secretary, D. K. GARRISON. Location of mill, Carondelet, St. Louis County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 45,000 tons. This is one of the representative works of the country, and, like those of Chicago, Joliet, and Springfield, Illinois, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, shows better than any statistics the growth of the North-west. The Vulcan Works includes three blast furnaces, which will be found described under the proper department. In the rolling mill there are 17 double and 1 single puddling furnace, seven heating furnaces, one being for old rails, and the usual muck train, squeezer, etc., with trains for tops and bottoms, all driven by 2 engines of 250 horse-power. The rail mill has 10 heating furnaces, and a 23 inch rail train, with its own engine. A particular application of cranes for charging the puddling and heating furnaces, saves much labor and is peculiar to this mill. The works are supplied with coal, which comes from Belleville, Illinois, by overhead tracks, which deliver fuel at all points, the consumption being about 11,000 bushels per day. This mill produced in 1872, 22,000 tons of rails, which was to be increased to 45,000 tons in 1873. There is also building, or projected, in St Louis, a sheet iron mill, with a capacity of 1,500 tons per annum. The census returns for 1870 give the number of rolling mills in Missouri at 2. Hands employed, 401. Capital invested, $1,007,143. Wages, $330,000. Value of material, $826,750. Value of product, $1,455,000, which includes 3,500 tons bar, 5,800 tons plate, and 4,800 tons of sheet iron, or a total of 17,500 tons of rolled iron. RECAPITULATION FOR MISSOURI. Number of rail mills................................ 2 Average annual capacity............................ 70,000 tons. Number of other rolling mills.................... 4 Average annual capacity..................... 19,000 tons. Total number of rolling mills......... 6 Total rolled iron capacity.......................... 89,000 tons. With one mill of 1,500 tons more projected. Rolling ills of Wisonsosi MILWAUKEE COUNTY. Milwaukee Iron NVorks, —Proprietors, Milwaukee Iron Co. President, E. B. WA-RD; Treasurer, ALEX. MITCO.ELL; Secretary, J. J. HAGERMAN. Location of mill, Bay ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 179 View, Milwaukee, Milwaukee County. Character of product, rails. Average annual capacity, 45,000 tons. This works has been increased in capacity from 35,000 tons, the product of 1872, to the present capacity. The new mill is devoted to making tops and bottoms, and has 6 heating furnaces, with two more to be added. The engine for this mill is of 34 by 36 inch cylinder, with a 40 ton fly-wheel. In the old mill there are two trains of puddle rolls, a rail train, and two trains for tops and bottoms, two BURDEN squeezers, with seven shears, rail straighteners, punches, and slotters. The number of hands employed is 1,000, and the monthly pay-roll $75,000. The works, including the blast furnaces, consume during the year 55,000 tons bituminous coal from Ohio, 25,000 tons anthracite coal from Pennsylvania, and 20,000 tons coke from Connellsville. The ore used amounts to 62,000 tons, 22,000 tons of which comes from Escanaba in the company's vessels, and 40,000 tons from Iron Ridge, Wisconsin, via St. Paul Railroad, where the company owns two-fifths of the iron mines, the remainder of the product going to the North Chicago and Wyandotte Works, in which Captain WARD is also a principal owner. The consumption of old rails is also large, 17,000 tons having been used in the works in 1872. The capital of the company was originally $250,000, which has been increased to $1,500,000, beside $750,000 cash capital used in the business. Great credit is due the Secretary, Mr. IIAGERMAN, who has managed the entire routine business since its organization until the fall of 18T3, when Mr. W. S. DURFEE, formerly of Philadelphia, was appointed superintendent of the mill. Another rail mill is projected at Black River Falls, in connection with a blast furnace, but as yet has not been built. The census returns for Wisconsin give in 1870 the number of rolling mills at 1. I-lands employed, 642. Capital invested, $1,000,000. Wages paid, $374,078. Value of material $753,430. Value of product, $1,129,562, in which is included 16,248 tons rails. RECAPITULATION FOR WISCONSIN. Number of rolling mills (rail).............................. 1 Average annual capacity.............................. 45,000 tons. Rolling Mills of Georgia. RSome Iron Works.-Proprietors, Rome Iron Manufacturing Co., Rome, Floyd County, Georgia. Location of mill, near Rome. Character of product, merchant bar, spikes and nails. Average annual capacity, 38,000 kegs nails, 900 tons spikes, 3,600 tons bar iron. This mill has two double and one single puddling furnaces, three heating furnaces, a train of 18 inch puddle, and bar rolls driven by two horizontal engines of 120 horse-power each, and all necessary appurtenances, and is offered for sale under a decree in Chancery. 180 ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. Scofield Rolling r1.11.-Proprietors, Scofield Rolling Mlill Co. Location of mill, Atlanta, Fulton County. Character of product, rails and bars. Average annual capacity, 12,000 tons rails; bar iron, 1,500 tons. RECAPITULATION FOR GEORGIA. Number of rail mills.................................. 1 Average annual capacity.................. 12,000 tons Number of other rolling mills................ 2 Average annual capacity......................... 3,500 tons. Total number of rolling mills............................. 3 Total capacity rolled iron................. 15,500 tons. Pacifio Rolling Mill.-Proprietors, Pacific Rolling Mill Co. President, WM. ALVORD; Vice-President and Manager, L. B. BENCHLEY; Secretary, S. C. SWEZIEY; Superintendent, B. P. BRsNER. Location of works, San Francisco. Character of product, bar and merchant iron, hammered iron, bolts, nuts, washers, shafting, etc. Average annual product, six thousand tons. Rolling ills of Alabama. SHELBY COUNTY. Central Iron Works.-Proprietors, FELL BRos. & Co. Location of mill, Helena, on N. and S. Alabama Railroad. Character of product, bar and rod iron and cotton tie hoop. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons. New in 1873. BIBB COUNTY. Briarfield Iron Works.-Proprietors, Briarfield Iron Co. Location of mill, Briarfield, Bibb County. Character of product, bar iron and nails. Average annual capacity, 4,000 tons. This works was built during the war, and purchased by the Confederate Government for $600,000 when Confederate money had not been depreciated. It was enlarged, and the iron from the blast furnace used in casting cannon. The mill was destroyed partially by General WILSONS cavalry in a raid in 1865, and was sold by the United States Government in January, 1866, to the present company, which at once commenced to rebuild it. There is a muck train, bar train, and nail-plate train, eight puddling and two heating furnaces. A foundry and shops are attached, and two blast furnaces, one hot and one cold blast, the latter only in use. The census returns for Alabama in 1870 give the number of rolling mills at 1. Hands employed, 14. Capital invested, $3,000. Wages paid, $1,800. Value of material, $14,900. Value of product, $33,000, which includes 300 tons of bar iron. ROLLING MILLS OF THE UNITED STATES. 181 RECAPITULATION FOR ALABAMA. Number of rolling mills............................... 2 Average annual capacity............................... 7,000 tons. Kansas. A large iron and steel rolling mill is being erected at Topeka, Kansas, with machinery formerly in use in Connecticut, and it is expected will be in operation in the summer of 1874. RECAPITULATION FOR THE UNITED STATES. No. Rail Annual Capac- No. of Annual Capac- Total No Total Rolled STATE.... Ro l l e d STATE. Mills. ity of Rails, other Roll- ity of other ill REMAS. tons. ing Mills. Rolled Iron. Maine........... 1 15,000 1 6,000 2 21,000 Vermont........ 1 30,000............ 1 30000 Completed in 1873. Massachusetts... 2 30,000 19 106,000 21 136,000 Rhode Island................ 4 15,000 4 15,000 Connecticut................. 5 8,000 5 8,000 New York....... 5 103,000 16 104,500 21 207,500 New Jersey...... 2 30,000 10 60,000 12 90,000 Pennsylvania.... 16 433,000 102 583,400 118 1,016,400 Delaware................... 10 18,200 10 18,200 2 building. Maryland........ 3 100,000 5 26,500 8 126,500 1 rail mill not in operation. Virginia.............. 3 28,000 3 28,000 West Virginia.... 1 29,300 6 35,000 7 64,300 Ohio............ 7 213,000 42 245,000 49 458,000 3 rolling mills building. Kentucky....... 2 40,000 8 27,000 10 67,000 1 rolling mill building. Tennessee....... 1 30,000 4 12,500 5 42,500 Indiana......... 3 64,000 6 26,100 9 90,100 Illinois.......... 6 217,200 2 8,500 8 225,000 Michigan........ 1 9,000 4 18,000 4 27,000 Missouri......... 2 70,000 4 19,000 6 8$000 1 rail mill unfinished. Wisconsin........ 1 45,000......... 1 45,000 Georgia.......... 1 12,000 2 3,500 3 15,500 Alabama.............. 2 7,000 2 7,000 California................... 1 6,000 1 6,000 No iron puddled yet on Pacific Coast. No. of States..23 55 1,470,500 256 1,373,200 310 2,833,000 Rail capacity includes light, heavy, and street, iron rails; BESSEMER, MAR TN, and silicon, steel rails. THE BESSEMIER STEEL WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 24 THE BESSEMER STEEL WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. TEIE BESSEMEn steel works of the United States are eight in number, and are divided among the States as follows, viz: New York, one; Pennsylvania, three, with one more building; Ohio, one; Illinois, three. The rolling mills for rolling steel rails, in which 80 per cent. of the pig-iron converted into BESSEMER steel annually, is consumed, have been described in the rolling-mill departments of the respective States, and it only remains here to describe the various BESSEMER plants, and the process of conversion. The BESSEMER, or more properly the Pneumatic process, for the conversion of pig-iron into steel, has been frequently described and explained, but principally in scientific or technical works not likely to come into general circulation. As it is a highly important and rapidly growing branch of industry in the United States as well as abroad, a brief description and explanation of it here will not be out of place. The BESSEMER process was patented in England in the latter part of 1855 by HENIRY BESSEMER, and the original invention consists in " forcing currents of air or of steam, or of air and steam, into and among the particles of molten crude iron, or of remelted pig or refined iron, until the metal so treated is thereby rendered malleable, and has acquired other properties common to cast steel, and still retaining the fluid state of such metal, and pouring or running the same into suitable moulds." A second patent was granted BESSEMER in 1855, for the reducing vessel, which was made of egg shape, and of cast or wrought iron, lined with fire-clay. In 1856 another patent was granted the same inventor, by which crude iron or refined pig was converted " into steel or malleable iron, without the use of fuel for reheating or continuing to heat the molten metal. This was effected by forcing into and among the mass of molten metal currents of air or gaseous matter, capable of evolving sufficient oxygen to keep up the combustion of the carbon contained in the iron, until the conversion is accomplished." Several other minor patents have been granted the same inventor, but those referred to contain the gist of the Pneumatic or ]BESSEMER process of converting iron into steel or its equivalent. The object of the process is to decarbonize the metal by burning out the carbon contained in it by a current of oxygen, and the original idea of MIr. BESSEMER seems to have been to have controlled the action of the blast, so as to stop the process at a given point; thus leaving sufficient carbon in the metal to mark it as steel, or to continue it until the whole had been eliminated, and malleable or molten " wrought iron " was the product. In practice, however, this could not be successfully done, although it is accomplished In Sweden at some works. It therefore became necessary to continue the blast in all cases until the metal was thoroughly decarbonized, and then to add carbon to the desired amount to produce steel. This last is most conveniently done by the introduction of spiegeleisen, 186 BESSEMER STEEL WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. which being a species of iron in which the precise proportion of carbon can be definitely fixed, the exact amount added to the BESSEMER metal is known. The spiegeleisen has the further advantage from its large proportion of manganese, of absorbing any excess of oxygen in the BEssEMEr metal, and of thus rendering it more homogeneous. The addition of the spiegeleisen is not, however, an invention of HENRY BESSEMER, but is due to ROBERT MuSI-IET, of England, noted for his knowledge of the metallurgy of steel, by whom it was suggested in 1856. Without this addition, it is safe to say that the BESSEMER invention, at least so far as this country is concerned, would have remained a dead letter. The BESSEMER process, however, requires for its material of conversion a pig-iron which shall not contain phosphorus to any appreciable extent, and hence for a long time the first BESSEMER works of the TUnited States imported all the pig-iron converted, from England, and which was made from West Cumberland ores free from phosphorus. Later, and as the demand grew in this country, American blast-furnace men turned their attention to the manufacture of BESSEMER pig metal, and by the use of the ores of the Lake Superior region and the Iron Mountain of Missouri, with some others, it is now produced in quantity equal to the demand. Having thus briefly described the theory of the BESSEMER process, the method of manufacture will be easily understood. The BESSEMER plant consists of cupola furnaces for melting the pig-iron to be converted into steel, a small furnace for melting the spiegeleisen, the converters in which the molten pig-iron is treated, a blowing engine to furnish the blast; hydraulic machinery by which the converters are swung over to receive the melted iron and spiegel and to cast their product, and a moulding pit, with ingot moulds, in which this product is cast into workable masses. All the rest of the machinery, after this plant is described, belongs to the rolling-mill department, although many improvements have been made in this for handling the large masses of BESSEMER steel. The " converters" are pear-shaped iron vessels, lined with fire-clay or other refractory material, and swung on trunnions, for the purpose of inversion and other movements. They are in this country usually of a capacity of five tons, and the bottom is pierced with holes to admit the blast of air which does the work of decarbonizing. One side of these converters is made with a depression or swell, to receive the molten pig metal, which otherwise would run down and choke the tuyeres or blast holes when the metal is charged. The minor details and differences of the American plant from the English may be omitted here. The pig-iron having been melted in the cupola furnaces, and the lining of the converters heated, the process begins. The converter is swung under the runner of the cupola and turned on its side, the movement being actuated and controlled by the hydraulic machinery, the valves of which are regulated from a platform at one side of the converting house. The cupolas are next tapped, and the converter receives its charge of metal and is swung up into a perpendicular position, the blast being turned on at the same time. The beauty of the process is now visible. The air, rushing through the mass of iron, carries a tremendous column of flame far above the mouth of the converter. By the color and character of this flame is traced the progress of the operation, and formerly the spectroscope was used entirely to distinguish the elimination of the carbon; but in practice the educated eye is alone required to detect the moment when, the appearance of the flame changing, the carbon is all gone. The blast is then checked, and the converter swung over to receive the charge of spiegel, which immediately diffuses itself throughout the mass, impregnating BESSEMER STEEL WOPKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 187 it with the desired proportion of carbon, which, for boiler plate, and forgings, tyres, etc., is from 0.15 to 0.20 per cent., and for rails, from 0.35 to 0.45 per cent., although in practice the railroad companies prefer a softer rail, with about 0.25 per cent. of carbon. The spiegel having been mixed with the mass, a large ladle is swung under the converter, which is tipped up, and its contents of converted pig metal poured into the ladle. This in turn is swung over the moulding pit, which is semicircularin form, and contains a row of ingot moulds some twelve inches square and three feet long. As the ladle arrives over the centre of each mould, a fire-clay plug in the bottom is moved out by a lever, and the stream of molten steel passes into the mould until it is filled, when the process is repeated with the others, until the whole product, or' blow," of five tons has been cast. Test ingots are taken from each blow, and the percentage of carbon determined, from which the future uses of the metal are established. The whole operation being conducted almost entirely by machinery, there is no noise or confusion; and from the charging of the metal until the casting of the ingots, but a very brief time is employed. From the converting department the ingots pass to the forge or rolling mill, as their future use may indicate. From the foregoing description the general reader may clearly understand the process of making BESSEMER steel. The first BESSEMER steel plant in the United States was built at the Rensselaer Works of Messrs. JOHN A. GRISWOLD & Co., of Troy, New York, the patent for the BESSEMER process being owned by the Pneumatic Steel Co., of which JNO. A. GRISWOLD, ERASTUS CORNING, and J. WINSLOW were the original purchasers. This plant consisted of a converter of one and a half tons capacity, which was started in 1865, and increased with two five-ton converters in 1867. Early in 1867 the Pennsylvania Steel Works at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, started with two five-ton converters, and in the same year the plant of the Cleveland Rolling Mill Co., at.Newburg, near Cleveland, Ohio, was put in operation; the latter works has since doubled its capacity, and the former projects an addition. The Troy works was burned in 1868, and rebuilt, starting in 1870, greatly improved. In 1871, the Union Rolling Mill Co., of Chicago, put into operation two five-ton converters, and the Cambria Iron Co., at Johnstown, Pennsylvania, the same number. The North Chicago Rolling M]ill Co. started a plant with two five-ton converters in 1872, and the Joliet Iron and Steel Co., of Joliet, Illinois, a similar plant in January, 1873. The Bethlehem Iron Co., of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, with two five-ton converters, went into operation in October, 1873, and the EDGAR TIIOMSON BESSEMER Steel Works is being erected near Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. These comprise the BESSEMER,Works of the United States, although the great value of the product for rails, tyres, and many other uses, renders it certain that the number will be rapidly increased, unless, which is doubtful, a process should be discovered superseding this. The progress and improvement of the BESSEMER process in the United States is largely due to ALEXANDER L. HOLLEY, Esq., of Troy, who has made numerous and valuable improvements, and also to JoiiN B. PEARSE, of the Pennsylvania Steel Works, I-arrisburg, and to Mr. -IHENRY CHISHOLM, of the Cleveland BESSEMEBr Works; all of whom have contributed valuable and important improvements in the machinery. The process, however, owes its success in this country, in a greater measure than to any other one man, to the late lion. JOHN A. GRISWOLD, of Troy, who contributed his capital, time, and energy to make it a commercial success, when few manufacturers in this country viewed it with aught else but doubt and suspicion. 188 BESSEMER STEEL WOEKS OF THE UNITED STATES. The production of BESSEMER steel in 18T3 is estimated at about 140,000 tons, of which 85 per cent. is rolled into steel rails. The following are the particulars of the various BESSEMER Works: New York. Rensselaer Works.-Proprietors, JOIN A. GRISWOLD & Co. Location of works, Troy, Rensselaer County. Two 5 ton and one 1~ ton converters. Average annual capacity, 24,000 tons ingots. This was the first BESSEMER steel works in the United States, and the proprietors may be said to have founded this industry in our country. Many and costly experiments were made entirely at their expense, which succeeding works have profited by; but the works is now as complete in detail, and probably more carefully conducted, than any other BESSEMER steel works in. the country. Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Steel Works.-Proprietors, Pennsylvania Steel Co. Office, Fifth and Library Streets, Philadelphia. Location of works, Baldwin Station, near IHarrisburg, Dauphin County, Penn. Number of converters, 4, of five tons capacity each, the additional capacity in course of construction. Average annual capacity, with new works finished, 50,000 tons ingots. In October last this works made 32 heats in 22 hours, and produced 363,406 pounds of steel, and on several occasions has made 16 heats in 12 hours. Cambria Iron Works.-Proprietors, Cambria Iron Co. Office, 218 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. Location of works, Johnstown, Cambria County. Number of converters, two, of five tons capacity each. Average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. This works has made 154 heats in a week of six days and five nights, producing 843 — tons, or 1,889,120 pounds of steel, during one night of which week 210,800 pounds were made. Bethlehem Steel Works.-Proprietors, Bethlehem Iron Co. ABRAHAM S. ScnHOPP, Secretary; Jo-INx FRITZ, Superintendent. Location of works, B3ethlehem, Northampton County, Penn. Number of converters, two, of five tons capacity each. Average annual capacity, 30,000 tons ingots. This works made its first blow on October 4, 1873, and with perfect success. The rolling mill for the production of steel rails from these ingots has been built under the superintendence of llr. JOHN FRITZ, and is probably the finest and best arranged mill of the kind in the world. BESSEMER STEEL WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 189 Ohio. Newburg Bessemer Works.-Proprietors, Cleveland Rolling Mill Co. A. lB. STONE, President; IT. CIIISOLM, Superintendent. Office, Cleveland, 0. Location of works, Newburg, Cuyahoga County, O. Number of converters, four, of five tons capacity each. Average annual capacity, 50,000 tons ingots. Mr. CHIsnoLM, superintendent of this works, has patented several valuable improvements in attaching converter bottoms. Illinois. North Chicago Steel Works.-Proprietors, North Chicago Rolling Mill Co. President, 0. W. POTTER; Treasurer, E. B. WARD; Secretary, R. C. HIANAII. Office, 19 Metropolitan Block, Chicago. Location of works, on north branch of the Chicago River, Chicago, Ill. Number of converters, two, of five tons capacity each. Average annual capacity, 30,000 tons. Union Bessemer Works.-Proprietors, Union Rolling Mill Co. A. B. STONE, President, Chicago, Ill. Location of works, Bridgeport, South Chicago, Cook County. Number of converters, two, of five tons capacity each. Average annual capacity, 24,000 tons. Joliet Steel Works.-Proprietors, Joliet Iron and Steel Co. President, A. B. IEEKERn; Superintendent, J.. T TORENcE. Office, Washington Street, Chicago. Location of works, Joliet, Will County, Ill. Number of converters two, of 5 tons capacity each. Average annual capacity, 36,000 tons. As this is the latest of the BE ssEMER Works of the West, the following details of description will be of interest: THE BESSEMER WORKS. The converting building is 115 by 84 feet, and 30 feet high, with a shed wing 75 by 42 feet for ovens, weigh-office, laboratory, and moulding department; also a smaller wing for stopper-room and ovens. Adjoining this building, on one side, is the melting-house, 115 by 48 feet, by 48 feet high; and on the other side, the engine-house, 70 by 40 feet, by 40 feet high, large enough for blowing machinery for a second BESSEMER plant. Adjoining the engine-house is the boiler-house, 70 by 42 feet, by 20 feet high. The extreme dimensions of these buildings are 215 by 157 feet. There are 9 feet basements under all these buildings, in addition to the heights given, which are taken from the general level, 9 feet above the bed rock. All these structures are of stone, heavily buttressed, and having brickarched doors and windows. The roofs of the melting and converting houses and wings are entirely of iron, and these buildings are fire-proof throughout. The roofs of the engine and boiler houses, in which there is no exposure to fire, and which are separated from the other buildings by 190 BESSEMER STEEL WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. continuous walls and parapets, have timber trusses and slate covering. The machinery is as follows: Eight boilers, each 15 by 5 feet, with forty 4- inch return tubes, having mud drums, domes, copper expansion joints, wrought-iron steam pipes, and LANGEN grates for burning slack coal. A double, vertical, non-condensing blowing engine, with poppet steam valves, having two air cylinders of 58 inch diameter, and two steam cylinders of 40 inch diameter, with 4~ feet stroke; total height, 32- feet; bed, 11- by 18 feet; fly-wheel, 20 feet diameter, weighing 20 tons. The engine was built by I. P. MOuRIS & Co., Philadelphia. A WOrTHINGTON duplex pumping engine to actuate the hydraulic machinery; water cylinders, 9 inches; steam cylinders, 25 inches; stroke, 2 feet. A water accumulator, with 24 inch ram, 131 feet stroke, and 52 ton weight box. An air receiver, 48 by 5~ feet. Two feed pumps, a feed-water heater, hot-water tank, cold-water tank, an artesian well, and connections for the pressure pumps, and all the steam, feed, discharge, and drainage pipes, cocks, and valves for the supply of artesian.and canal water, cold or hot, for all purposes; for conveying exhaust steam, blow-off, water and drainage to the sewer; for feeding boilers, and for supplying engines and pumps. This necessarily complex pipe apparatus is in the well-lighted basement of the engine-house, and easily accessible. The converting-house machinery is as follows: Two 5 ton converters, 8 feet in diameter by 14 feet high over all, with wrought-iron shells and trunnions, made in England. Also the piers, columns, and platforms for supporting and working the same, and 14 inches by 6 feet hydraulic rotating cylinders with wrought-iron racks, and 8 duplicate bottoms; two 8 inch hydraulic lifts under the converters, with two bottom cars and hydraulic cylinders for moving them, with their connections; two wrought-iron brick-lined converter stacks and hoods; a 12 ton hydraulic ladle crane (20 inch ram, 6~ feet stroke, and 153 feet jib), with rotating, extension, and ladle-tipping gear, and 12 duplicate ladles and stopper apparatus; two 10 ton WronTIINGTON side ingot cranes (hydraulic), with 13 inch ram, 9 feet stroke, and 22 feet jib; an English 5 ton centre hydraulic ingot crane with 18 inch ram, 8- feet lift, and 21 feet jib. A regulator, consisting of a working platform, and distributing pipes and tanks for air and water to converters, ladle pbowers, and all hydraulic cranes and cylinders, with the necessary valves and hand levers; a casting pit 37 feet diameter, and mould stands; an English hydraulic crane (like the one before mentioned) in the moulding wing; a steam hammer and fire for testing trial ingots; oven cars, ingot cars, and the necessary tools, fixtures, and movables. All the hydraulic and air pipes lie in a 9- by 6- feet lighted, brick-arched tunnel on the bed rock, and unlder the general floor, where they are protected from frost by steam radiators, and where they are conveniently accessible for repairs. The converters and their moving gear, and three of the five cranes (all of English -manufacture) and the blowing engine, were removed from the Freedom Iron and Steel Works, and rearranged in accordance with modern plans. The melting-house machinery is as follows: Two 2 ton elevators with 45 feet lift, actuatec by hydraulic cylinders 9 inches diameter by 221 feet stroke, and all the necessary platforms, coke and iron cars and charging scales; three 5 feet (internal) cupola furnaces 14 feet high, with fire-brick-lined stacks, tuyere boxes, valves, slag-discharging apparatus,.spouts, etc. (room and supporting walls are made for a fourth cupola if required); two 12 -ton ladles for melted iron; two 20 ton Fairbanks scales (all iron) for supporting the ladles and weighing the charges; boiler-plate spouts and runners with their platforms, from the BESSEMER STEEL WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 191 ladles and spiegel furnaces to the converters; two reverberatory furnaces, each 16 by 6 feet over all, by 6 feet high, with independent sheet-iron, fire-brick-lined stacks for melting spiegeleisen; a cupola charging floor 44 by 22 feet over all, and 3T feet above the general level, composed of cast and wrought iron beams and iron floor, supported on iron columns; an iron floor (25 feet high) around the cupola and spiegel furnaces, the rest of this 25 feet floor being paved with stone; an iron floor 44 by 14 feet around the ladles; a floor 115 by 12 feet (made of iron plates behind the converters), 81- feet above the general level in the rear of the converters; a vertical engine 20 by 26 inches, and line shafting and pulleys for driving the fans and gr g maching ery; a No. 8 STURTEVANT pressure blower, and fixtures and pipes for driving the cupolas; a duplicate of the same; a No. 6 STURTEVANT fan for blowing the spiegel furnaces; a BLAKE crusher, and a STORER crusher, and connections for preparing refractory materials for vessel linings, etc.; two cinder mills and connections for cleaning cupola cdbris and saving the shot iron; store bins under the ladles and cupolas, and on the various floors for fuel, tuyeres, and refractory materials; inclined cupola dischargers, which deposit the cupola and other debris outside the building; and all the necessary tools and working details. The cupolas, ladles, spiegel furnaces, and all heavy parts, stand on stone piers, walls and arches, faced with brick where exposed to fire, the spaces between and around them being utilized for storing purposes. As an evidence of American rolling-mill construction, we append the following description of the NEW STEEL-RAIL MILL. This building stands 600 feet west of the converting works, ample space between them being left for a second BESSEIMER plant, and an open hearth, or other steel-making plant. The rail mill is 445 feet long by 105 feet wide, and 25 feet high, with two transepts of 85 feet span, the one being 40 feet d the other 20 feet lon also a shewing 125 bee 40 feet. This building consists of 60 stone piers, 5 feet wide by 30 inches thick, and 20 feet dpart centres, surmounted by arches with brick voussoirs of 15 feet span, filled in with windows and wooden doors. Over each side pier is a compound truss, consisting of timber top chord and iron bottom chord. These are connected by 12 by 2 inch timber perlins, upon which rest the sheet-iron covering and iron ventilators. The heating end of the mill is large enough to contain six SIEMIENS gas furnaces of the largest class. The two furnaces erected are double, being 26 by 16 feet over all, each bed being 16 by 6- feet. Each furnace takes 16 three-rail ingots at a time. Chimney and gas flues from the producers are already built for all the furnaces, and a sheet-iron, brick-lined chimney, 5- feet diameter by 85 feet high, is erected for three furnaces. Each furnace is stayed with wrought iron buck-staves and trusses of the strongest description, and provided with double fire-brick regenerators, air and gas valves and darmpers, and hydraulic charging apparatus, by which the ingots, hot from the converting works, are chlarged without rehandling, and by which they are drawn to be bloomled. The gas producers occupy a stone bu-ilding 96-1- by 44 feet, with roof and ventilators entirely of iron, situated near the rail mill, and. convenient for the reception of coal. It is large enough for 20 producers, and at present contains 12, with their gas stacks, dampers, cooling tubes, clharging hoppers, coal railways, and chutes and ash discharge. The producers are in nests of four each, each nest being 18 by 20 feet over all, by 9 feet high, and having the 25 192 BESSEMER STEEL WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. most approved shapes and appliances. The engines, standing in the rail-mill transepts, are 118 feet apart centres; the two trains stand between them on continuous shoes 98 feet long. The rail train consists of three stands of three-high 23 inch rolls and a stand of pinions, made complete, with guides, guards, and appurtenances, by MIooRE, of Philadelphia. The rail-train engine, by ConLISs, was specially designed for these works, and is vertical and condensing, having a 40 inch cylinder and 5 feet stroke, with a 58 ton 30 feet fly-wheel, and a 20 inch shaft, with journals 17 by 36 inches. The blooming train, to reduce 14 inch ingots into three 7 inch rail blooms each, was built by MOORE, of Philadelphia, and consists of one stand of 30 inch, three-high rolls 5 feet long, with pinions and fixtures complete; also, FRITz'S power feeding tables, by the aid of which three men roll an ingot weighing a ton in four minutes. The blooming engine, by ConLISS, is vertical and condensing, having a 32 inch cylinder and 5 feet stroke, with a 40 ton, 25 feet fly-wheel, and a 17 inch shaft, with journals 14 by 30 inches. The boilers occupy a separate stone building, 85 by 48$ feet, with roof and ventilators entirely of iron. It is situated close to the rail mill, and convenient to the coal supply. There are eight boilers and fixtures almost exactly like those in the converting works, and there is room for two more. An English pressure pump, with two plungers 31 inches each, and a 14 inch steam cylinder, 30 inch stroke; also, a 12 inch accumulator; also, a boiler feed pump, are placed in the rail engine transept. The former drives the charging machinery and the blooming tables. The steam, injection, feed, blow-off, overflow, and hydraulic pipes and valves (water being taken from the main, and also from an artesian well) are necessarily numerous. They a-re conveniently situated in a 4 by 41 feet stone tunnel, leading to the main water supply tunnel before mentioned. They are mostly of wrought iron, with copper expansion joints. The exhaust steam from all the non-condensing engines is led into this tunnel. The engine and train foundations are masses of dimension stone of great size and thickness, laid in cement on the bed rock in the most durable manner. A tunnel passes underneath the entire train, from engine to engine, to get at the foundation bolts, and the drainage system is all above this. The rail-finishing apparatus consists of a 16 by 12 inch saw engine and saws and carriage, by MoonE, of Philadelphia, straightening and curving plates; two hot beds on cast-iron stands, with rollers, the total hot-bed area being 108 by 30 feet; a cold bed, 108 by 30 feet; two steam straightening presses, by MoonE; two punching machines, of the same make; four rail-drilling machines, by BEMENT, of Philadelphia; an engine (built in the shops), with 16 by 12 inch cylinder, for driving the punches and drills; rollers for carrying the rail to the saws, and power-driving gear. The saws are 80 feet from the centre of rail train, thus allowing the rolling of 60 feet rails and long merchant steel and iron. In the rear of the blooming train stands a 3 ton steam hammer by SELLERS, of Philadelphia, with 25 ton block, crane, and fixtures. Rolls and couplings are to be changed by a travelling crane running the length of both trains. There is room on the rail-train shoes and power in the rail engine for two more stands of rolls, to run together with the rail train, for rolling either tops and bottoms for iron rails, or iron rails, or large merchant iron and steel of any description. These rolls can be changed while the rail mill is running, thus saving the immense cost of stopping to clange for small orders. CRUCIBLE STEEL WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. CRUCIBLE STEEL WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. PROBABLY no branch of manufactures in the United States has had a more difficult course to pursue in commanding success, than the Crucible Steel trade. Within a very few years the query, " Who uses American steel? " was as common as the English sneer, " Who reads an American book?" As in the latter case our native talent has commanded the respect and admiration of the world, so in the former, the American steel manufacturer has triumphed over graver obstacles than ever beset any other trade, and to-day American Steel is not only generally used in the United States, but is also exported, especially to Russia, while tools of American make have in certain specialties driven the Sheffield article from foreign markets entirely. We have no record of who made the first crucible steel in the United States, but he was a bold man, since from the days of I-HUNTSMAN to within a very brief period, all steel makers surrounded their art with a mystery and cloud which prenmised an occult process as mysterious as alchemy itself. To the energy and courage of a few men, principally in Pittsburg, is due the success of American steel, and especially of divesting it of its mystery. Tht he fficultiesencunted in the trade were not only from foreign competition, but skilled labor had to be imported at extra wages; that done, a hard fight was to be fought in Congress for sufficient protection to allow the industry to grow, and this in the face of the most powerful and wealthy trade combination of the world, the allied steel makers of England and the importers of the United States. This successfully overcome, a new difficulty arose in that the English manufacturer, while competing under our tariff, nullified its benefits to the native steel maker by invoicing his goods far below their value or selling price, and thus escaping the legitimate duty, underselling his American competitor just enougl to hold the market. The late JAMES M. COOPER, of Pittsburg, employed many years of his life in fighting this battle, fortunately, shortly before his death, had the satisfaction of seeing the victory gained. The crucible steel business is one which has not permitted of as many or so radical improvements as iron making, being carried on in smaller proportion, at greater expense, and with heavy losses attending failure in experimenting. The advancement has, however, been steady; the invention or discovery of HEATHI, of England, in the use of manganese, and the SIEMENNS furnace giving a steady, easily controlled, and intense gas heat, have been the principal. Mr. JAMES PARKI, of Pittsburg, has imade many valuable improvements, and his product is celebrated for quality. Numerous processes have been patented, and indeed are daily, for the production of crucible steel castings, but none have been entirely successful in avoiding porosity in the product as yet. Nor has there been any great progress in extending the capacity of production, which must necessarily be 196 CRUCIBLE'STEEL WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. small while steel is made in crucibles or pots of small capacity. Each in turn of the new processes has promised a grade of steel equal to crucible steel, but none, either BESSEMER'S, MARTIN'S, or HEATON'S, valuable as their product is for other uses, has supplied a metal possessing the characteristics of true crucible steel, the demand for which must always be very considerable. An American inventor claims to have discovered a process by which crucible steel, or a grade of like quality, may be made in large quantities, and also to make solid castings to shape of any size, of the same metal. Should his performance bear out the promise, the production may be enlarged, otherwise substitutes for the really noble metal, the true metallum wmctrtiS, must continue to be used. The production of crucible steel in the United States in 1873, is placed at near 28,000 tons, as estimated against 32,000 tons in 1872; the diminution, if correct, being due to the panic of 1873. The prices have ranged nearly steady for the year, and are now but slightly below those of the imported article, quality being fully equal and in notable instances superior. The Crucible Steel Works of the United States, with their capacity and details of interest, are grouped in the following pages: Pennsylvania. Pittsburg Steel Works.-Proprietors, ANDERSON & WOODs. Location of works, First Avenue and Ross Street, Pittsburg, Penn. Branch houses, 74 and 75 North Street, Boston; C. H. WHITNEY & SON, 142 Greenwich Street, New York; W. F. POTTS, SON & Co., 1225 Market Street, Philadelphia. This works was established in 1845, making best refined cast steel, and cast and German plough and spring steel, with an excellent reputation for quality. Labelle Steel Works.-Proprietors, REITEiR, SUTTON & Co. Location of works, Ridge, Lighthill, and Belmont Streets, and Ohio River, Allegheny. Post-office address, Pittsburg, Penn. This firm make all kinds of steel, also springs, axles, rake teeth, etc. Sheffield Steel Works.-Proprietors, SINGER, NIMICK & Co. Warehouse, 83 Water and 100 First Streets, Pittsburg, Penn. Location of works, Pittsburg, Penn. This works was established in 1848. The specialty is an extra quality of tool cast steel, also patent rolled saw plates, with all descriptions of spring and plough steel, springs, axles, tire, agricultural steels, etc. Hussey, Wells & Co.-Location of works, Penn and Seventeenth Streets, Pittsburg. Branch offices: 30 Gold Street, New York; 13 and 15 Custom HIouse Street, Boston, and 54 Fifth Avenue, Chicago. This firm makes a specialty of best refined cast steel for edge tools, and homogeneous plates for locomotives, boilers, and fire boxes; as also smokestack steel, cast steel forgings for crank pins, car axles, etc., with a particular brand of " lUSSEY, WELLS & Co.'s Cast Spring Steel" for eliptic springs for car and locomotive uses. The works is extensive, and supplied with all the best appliances. CRUCIBLE STEEL WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 197 Cresoent Steel Works.-Proprietors, MILLER, BARR & PARKIN. Office, 339 Liberty Street, Pittsburg. Location of works, Pittsburg, Penn. This works manufactures all descriptions of steel, and has obtained great celebrity for the " Crescent 9 brand of tool steel, which is considered by many tool makers as equal to the best imported article. Wayne Iron and Steel Works.-Proprietors, BROWN & Co. Office and works, corner Duquesne, Way, and Tenth Streets, Pittsburg, Penn. (See also Piolin/yg illas of Pittsburg.) The steel specialty of this firm are the Wayne and " T. S." brands of best refined steel (converted), and cast steel, iron centre cast steel for ploughs and cultivators, and agricultural steels in great variety. A. J. Nellis.-Location of works, Pittsburg, Penn. Manufacturer of agricultural steels as a specialty, plough wings, patent hay forks, and all varieties of agricultural machine steel under special process. Black Diamond Steel Works.-Proprietors, PARK BROS. & CO. Location of works, Thirtieth, Thirty-first Streets, and Railroad Avenue, Pittsburg, Penn. Fort Pitt Iron and Steel Works.-Proprietors, REESE, GRAFF & Co. Location of works, Thirty-second Street, near Penn, Pittsburg, Penn. Product, crucible and converted steels, rolled and hammered, machinery and agricultural steels, in great variety. Mlidvale Steel Works.-Location of works, Midvale, near Nicetown, Philadelphia. This works was formerly under the title of The WILLIAM BUTCrER Steel Works, and passed through the vicissitudes frequent with the establishment of extensive works. The product manufactured includes crucible, carbon, MARTIN, and chrome steels; and the works is fitted with excellent machinery, improved appliances, SIEMENs furnaces, and all the necessary apparatus. It is very favorably situated on the Richmond branch of the Philadelphia, Reading and Pottsville Railroad, and supplied with the necessary sidings. The buildings are of brick, with fire-proof roof, and of very imposing appearance. The works is within the limits of the city of Philadelphia, and is easy of access by either steam or horse cars. This works has furnished most, if not all, the steel used for the great bridge over the Missouri River, at St. Louis. The appliances are sufficient for the manufacture of steel shafts, axles, locomotive tyres, heavy forgings in ingot steel, all of which are produced here. Keystone Steel Works.-Proprietors, HENRY DISSTON & SONS. Location of works, Front and Laurel Streets, Philadelphia. The specialty of this works is saws, in which line the firm are the largest producers in the world, and have introduced their goods successfully throughout foreign markets. Crucible steel is also largely manufactured, not only for the consumption of the works and to be rolled into saw plates, but for the trade in general, in both ingot and bar steel. Arrangements are now being made for adding the manufacture of files to the specialties of 198 CRUCIBLE STEEL WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. this firm, and the reputation of their goods renders it certain that when introduced DissTON'S files will speedily gain the renown for excellence of product and honesty of workmansip which DISSTON's saws now possess. This firm has already been frequently noted for its kindliness to employes and charity to the suffering poor, a noteworthy instance of which is that during the winter of 1873, in order to alleviate as far as possible the sufferings of the unemployed workmen and their families of their district, this firm has umaintained entirely at its own expense a large soup house, supplying free both soup and bread in quantity. The firm and their workmen are large subscribers to the stock of the Centennial Exposition, and have always shown a commendable pride in the welfare of the great manufacturing city in which they are one of the most fitting exponents of the dignity of American skilled labor. Fairmount Steel Works.-Proprietors, ALEX. FOSTER & Co. Location of works, Twenty-fourth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, Philadelphia. The specialty of this works is crucible steel, tool, refined, and bar steel, and light steel forgings. The quality of the product ranks high, and the members of the firm are all practical steel relters and makers. Baldwin & Livezey.-Location of works, Margaret Street, Frankford, Philadelphia. Product, crucible and bar steel, and ingots. Rowland's Steel Works.-~Proprietors, WILLIAM & HIAVEY ROWLAND. Character of product, Norway shapes, spring and ingot steel. This firm has lately completed a new and expensive works on the Delaware River, at the month of Frankford Creek, in Frankford, Philadelphia. This firm has been connected with the steel trade for many years, and is well known throughout the United States. Crucible Steel Works.-Proprietors, Crucible Steel Co. Location of works, Lewistown, Penn. Office, 218 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. Character of product, cast-steel ingots, tyres, axles, forgings, castings, etc. Logan Iron and Steel Co.-Location of works, Lewistown, Penn. Office, 218 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. Axles, forgings, etc. N~ew Jersey. D. G. Gautier & Co. —DuDLEY G. GATTTIER, JOSIAnI II. GAUTIER. Location of works, Warren Street, Jersey City, New Jersey. This firm makes a specialty of crucible cast steel, and hammered and rolled steel of every description. New York office, 12 Cliff Street. Established 1869. Newark Steel Works. —G. B. ALH A & Co. Location of works, Newark, New Jersey. The specialty of this company is hammered and rolled cast steel, of which the product has gained an excellent reputation. The company employs ninety men, and propose in CRUCIBLE STEEL WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 199 creasing the capacity of their works, which includes four steam hammers, three trains of rolls, and four engines, beside the usual melting and heating furnaces. Adirondack Steel Manufacturing Co.-Proprietors, GREGORY & CO. H. J. IIPPERr, Superintendent. Established 1847. Product, all kinds of cast steel. Number of men employed, 100. Location of works, foot of Warren Street, Jersey City. Jersey City Steel Works.-Proprietors, JAMES R. TIOMPsoN & Co. Location of works, Warren Street, Jersey City. Manufacture hammered and rolled cast steel of all descriptions. Employs 100 hands. Pompton Steel Works.-Location of works, Pompton. Proprietors, JAMES I-IORNER & Co. New York office, 47 Warren Street. Character of product, cast steel, ingots, and tool steel. Employ 200 hands. Crucible Steel Works of New York. Atlantic Steel Works.~- ICHARDSON, BOYNTON & Co. Location of works, Brooklyn. New York office, 234 Water Street. Manufacturers of tool, spring, and machinery cast steel, solid steel picks and crowbars, billets, forgings, railroad supplies, etc. Union Steel and Iron Works.-Proprietors, C. B. MORSE & J. A. BENNETT. Location of works, RLhinebeck, New York. Office, 57 Cedar Street. Manufacture under MORSE's patent. Chrome Steel Co.-Location of works, Kent Avenue and Keap Street, Brooklyn, INew York. Character of product, chrome cast steel. IVMott Haven Steel Works.-Mott Haven Steel Co. WM. RIDER, President; E. RIDEn, Secretary and Treasurer. Location of works, Mott Haven, New York. Not in operation now. Sweet Mlanufacturing Co.-W. A. SWEET & G. W. HARWOOD. Tires, springs, etc. Location of works, Syracuse, New York. Rolled and hammered steel a specialty. Employ large number of hands in melting and rolling department of works. Connecticut. American Silver Steel Works.-Location of works, Bridgeport. F. L. GLEASON, Treasurer. Established 1869. Character of product, cast steel, ingots, and tool steel Farist Steel Co.-J. FARIST, President; J. B3. WINDSOR, Treasurer. Character of product, cast steel, ingots, and tool steel. Large quantities of steel are made in various parts of the country by cementation, but the above comprises the crucible steel works in active operation in the United States. 26 THE LOCOIMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. illl iiiliilli~il ~llliilrii iI __________ li~iillillllili.dliilll11I1 I i~ WEI Hli piI m IMI I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ir~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I I I'-II lii I ~ J IIi~ i~ ii IIiiii;'I~ I _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ 1111 IlIIil I' __________ I~~~~~~~~~~ Iii! )I:i I II Iid Igow uiijrii;Nl/Ijl i 1''. i' I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o 1~~~~~~~~~~~38 O~~~~~~~R [l THE LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. THE BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS. The following extended history of the BALDWIN Locomotive Works is included here, because while furnishing valuable information in regard to the greatest locomotive works of the world, it is also a record of the progress of locomotive engineering in the'United States: MATTHIAS W. BALDWIN, the founder of this establishment, learned the trade of a jeweler, and entered the service of FLETCHER & GARDINER, jewellers and silversmiths, Philadelphia, in 1817. Two years later he opened a small shop, in the same line of business, on his own account. The demand for articles of this character falling off, however, he formed a partnership, in 1825, with DAVID MASON, a machinist, in the manufacture of bookbinders' tools and cylinders for calico-printing. Their shop was in a small alley which runs north from Walnut Street, above Fourth. They afterwards removed to Minor Street, below Sixth. The business was so successful that steam-power became necessary in carrying on their manufactures, and an engine was bought for the purpose. This proving unsatisfactory, Mr. BALDWIN decided to design and construct one which should be specially adapted to the requirenments of his shop. One of these requirements was that it should occupy the least possible space, and this was met by the construction of an upright engine on a novel and ingenious plan. On a bed plate about five feet square, an upright cylinder was placed; the piston-rod connected to a cross bar having two legs, turned downward, and sliding in grooves on the sides of the cylinder, which thus formed the guides. To the sides of these legs, at their lower ends, was connected by pivots an inverted U-shaped frame, prolonged at the arch into a single rod, which took hold of the crank of a fly-wheel carried by upright standards on the bed plate. It will be seen that the length of the ordinary separate guide bars was thus saved, and the whole engine was brought within the smallest possible compass. The design of the machine was not only unique, but its workmanship was so excellent, and its efficiency so great, as readily to procure for Mr. BALDWIN orders for additional stationary engines. Iis attention was thus turned to steam-engineering, and the way was prepared for his grappling with the problem of the locomotive when the time should arrive. This original stationary engine, constructed prior to 1830, has been in almost constant service since e its completion, and at this day is still in use, furnishing all the power required to drive the machinery in the erecting shop of the present works. The visitor 20- LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. who beholds it quietly performing its regular duty in a corner of the shop, may justly re gard it with considerable interest, as in all probability the indirect foundation of the BALDWIN Locomotive Works, and permitted still to contribute to the operation of the mammoth industry which it was instrumental in building up. The manufacture of stationary steam-engines thus took a prominent place in the establishment, and Mr. MASON shortly afterward withdrew from the business. In 1829-30, the use of steam as a motive power on railroads had begun to engage the attention of American engineers. A few locomotives had been imported from England, and one (which, however, was not successful) had been constructed at the West Point Foundry, in New York City. To gratify the public interest in the new motor, Mr. FANIKLIN PEALE, then proprietor of the Philadelphia Muse-um, applied to Mr. BALDWIN to construct a miniature locomotive for exhibition in his establishment. With the aid only of the imperfect published descriptions and sketches of the locomotives which had taken part in the Rainhill competition in England, Mr. BALDWIN undertook the work, and on the 25th of April, 1831, the miniature locomotive was put in motion on a circular track made of pine boards covered with hoop iron, in the rooms of the Museum. Two small cars, containing seats for four passengers, were attached to it, and the novel spectacle attracted crowds of admiring spectators. Both anthracite and pine-knot coal were used as fuel, and the exhaust steam was discharged into the chimney, thus utilizing it to increase the draught. The success of the model was such that, in the same year, Mr. BALDWIN received an order for a locomotive from the Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad Company, whose short line of six miles to Germantown was operated by horse-power. The Camden and Amboy Railroad Company had shortly before imported a locomotive from England, which was stored in a shed at Bordentown. It had not yet been put together; but Mr. BALDWIN, in company with his friend, Mr. PEALE, visited the spot, inspected the detached parts, and made a few memoranda of some of its principal dimensions. Guided by these figures and his experience with the PEALE rmodel, Mr. BALDWIN commenced the task. The difficulties to be overcome in filling the order can hardly be appreciated at this day. There were few mechanics competent to do any part of the work on a locomotive. Suitable tools were with difficulty obtained. Cylinders were bored by a chisel fixed in a block of wood and turned by hand. Blacksmiths able to weld a bar of iron exceeding one and one-quarter inch in thickness, were few, or not to be had. It was necessary for Mr. BALDWIN to do muntch of the work with his own hands, to educate the workmen who assisted him, and to improvise tools for the various processes. The work was prosecuted, nevertheless, under all these difficulties, and the locomotive was finally completed, christened the "Old Ironsides," and tried on the road, November 23, 1832. The circumstances of the trial are fully preserved, and are given, further on, in the extracts from the journals of the day. Despite some imperfections, naturally occurring in a first effort, and which were afterward, to a great extent, remedied, the engine was, for that early day, a marked and gratifying success. It was put at once into service, as appears from the Company's advertisement three days after the trial, and did duty on the Germantown road and others, for over a score of years. The " Ironsides" was a four-wheeled engine, modelled essentially on the English prac LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 20t tice of that day, as shown in the "Planet" class, and weighed, in running order, something over five tons. The rear or driving wheels were fifty-four inches in diameter, on a crank-axle placed in front of the fire-box. The cranks were thirtynine inches from centre to centre. The front wheels, which were simply carrying wheels, were forty-five inches in diameter, on an axle placed just _ back of the cylinders. The cylinders -| Z= _< were nine and one half inches in diam-.III. oLtsi"". eter by eighteen inches stroke, and were attached horizontally to the outside of the smoke-box, which was DFig. I. —Tic' O'LD IRONSIDE1S," 1832. shaped, with the sides receding inwardly, so as to bring the centre line of each cylinder in line with the centre of the crank. The wheels were made with heavy cast-iron hubs, wooden spokes and rims, and wrought-iron tires. The frame was of wood, placed outside the wheels. The boiler was thirty inches in diameter, and contained seventy-two copper flues, one and one half inches in diameter, and seven feet long. The tender was a four-wheeled platform, with wooden sides and back, carrying an iron box for a water-tank, inclosed in a wooden casing, and with a space for fuel in front. The engine had no cab. The valve-motion was given by a single loose eccentric for each cylinder, placed on the axle between the crank and the hub of the wheel. On the inside of the eccentric was a half-circular slot, running half way around. A stop was fastened to the axle at the arm of the crank, terminating in a pin which projected into the slot. This pin would thus hold the eccentric at one end or the other of the half-circular slot, and the engine was reversed by moving the eccentric about the axle, by means of movable hand levers set in sockets in the rock-shafts, until it was arrested and held by the pin at one end or the other of the slot. The rock-shafts, which were under the footboard, had arms above and below, and the eccentric-straps had each a forked rod, with a hook, or an upper and lower latch or pin, at their extremities, to engage with the upper or lower arm of the rock-shaft. The eccentric-rods were raised or lowered by a double treadle, so as to connect with the upper or lower arm of the rock-shaft, according as forward or backward gear was desired. A peculiarity in the exhaust of the "Ironsides" was, that there was only a single straight pipe running across from one cylinder to the other, with an opening in the upper side of the pipe, midway between the cylinders, to which was attached at right angles the perpendicular pipe into the chimney. The cylinders, therefore, exhausted against each other; and it was found, after the engine had been put in use, that this was a serious objection. This defect was afterwards remedied by turning each exhaust-pipe upward into the chimney, substantially as is now done. The steam-joints were made with canvas and red lead, as was the practice in English locomotives, and in consequence much trouble was caused, from time to time, by leaking. The price of the engine was to have been $4,000, but some difficulty was found in procuring a settlement. The company claimed that the engine did not perform according to contract; and objection was also made to some of the defects alluded to. After these had 208 LOCOMOTIVE lWORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. been corrected as far as possible, however, Mr. BALDWIN finally succeeded in effecting a compromise settlement, and received from the company $3,500 for the machine. The results of the trial and the impression produced by it on the public mind may be gathered from the following extracts from the newspapers of the day: The Unirted States Gazette of NTov. 24th, 1832, remarks: "A most gratifying experiment was made yesterday afternoon on the Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad. The beautiful locomotive engine and tender, built by Mir. BALDWIN, of this city, whose reputation as an ingenious machinist is well known, were for the first time placed on the road. The engine travelled about six miles, working with perfect accuracy and ease in all its parts, and with great velocity." The (Chronicle of the same date noticed the trial more at length, as follows: " It gives us pleasure to state that the locomotive engine built by our townsman, M. W. BALDWIN, has proved highly successful. In the presence of several gentlemen of science and information on such subjects, the engine was yesterday placed upon the road for the first time. All her parts had been previously highly finished and fitted together in Mr. BALDWIN'S factory. She was taken apart on Tuesday, and removed to the Company's depot, and yesterday morning she was completely together, ready for travel. After the regular passenger cars had arrived from Germantown in the afternoon, the tracks being clear, preparation was made for her starting. The placing fire in the furnace and raising steam occupied twenty minutes. The engine (with her tender) moved from the depot in beautiful style, working with great ease and uniformity. She proceeded about half a mile beyond the Union Tavern, at the township line, and returned immediately, a distance of six miles, at a speed of about twenty-eight miles to the hour, her speed having been slackened at all the road crossings, and it being after dark, but a portion of her power was used. It is needless to say that the spectators were delighted. From this experiment there is every reason to believe this engine will draw thirty tons gross, at an average speed of forty miles an hour, on a level road. The principal superiority of the engine over any of the English ones known, consists in the light weight —which is but between four and five tons,-her small bulk, and the simplicity of her working machinery. We rejoice at the result of this experiment, as it conclusively shows that Philadelphia, always famous for the skill of her mechanics, is enabled to produce steam-engines for railroads combining so many superior qualities, as to warrant the belief that her mechanics will hereafter supply nearly all the public works of this description in the country." On subselquent trials, the " Ironsides " attained a speed of thirty miles per hour, with its usual train attached. So great were tlhe wonder and curiosity which attached to such a prodigy, that people flocked to see the marvel, and eagerly bought the privilege of riding after the strange monster. The officers of the road were not slow to avail themselves of the public interest to increase their passenger receipts, and the following advertisement from Poulson's Anzerqican Daily Advertiser of Nov. 26, 1832, will show that as yet they regarded the new machine rather as a curiosity and a bait to allure travel, than as a practical, every-day servant: "'NOTIcE.-The locomotive engine (built by M. W. BALDWIN, of this city) will depart daily, woien tze weather is fcir, with a train of passenger cars. On rainy days, horses oill be acttac7hed." This almouncement did not mean that ill wet weather horses woulcd 6e attached to the locomotive to aid in drawing the train, but that the usual horse-cars would be employed in making the trips upon the road without the engine. Such was Mr. BALDWIN'S first locomotive; and it is related of him that his diseouragement at the difficulties which he had undergone in building it and in finally procuring a settlement for it, was such that he remarked to one of his friends, with much decision,'" That is our last locomotive." LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 209 It was some time before he received an order for another, but meanwhile the subject had become singularly fascinating to him, and occupied his mind so fully that he was eager to work out his new ideas in a tangible form. Shortly after the " Ironsides " had been placed on the Germantown road, Mr. E. L. MILLER, of Charleston, S. C., came to Philadelphia, and made a careful examination of the machine. Mr. MILLER had, in 1830, contracted to furnish a locomotive to the Charleston and Hamburg Railroad Company, and accordingly the engine "Best Friend" had been built under his direction at the West Point Foundry, New York. After inspecting the " Ironsides," he suggested to Mr. BALDWIN to visit the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, and examine an English locomotive which had been placed on that road in July, 1831, by Messrs. ROBERT STEPHENSON & Co., of Newcastle, England. It was originally a fourwheeled engine of the " Planet" type, with horizontal cylinders and crank-axle. The front wheels of this engine were removed about a year after the machine was put at work, and a four-wheeled swivelling or "bogie " truck substituted. The result of Mr. BALDWIN's investigations was the adoption of this design, but with some important improvements. Among these was the " half-crank" which he devised on his return from this trip, and which he patented September 10, 1834. In this form of crank, shown in Figure 2, the outer arm is omitted, and the wrist is fixed in a spoke of the wheel. In other words, the wheel itself formed one arm of the crank. The result sought and gained was that the cranks were strengthened, and, being at the extremities of the axle, the boiler could be _ made larger in diameter and placed lower. The driving-axle could also be placed back of the fire-box, the connecting-rods passing by the sides of the fire-box, and taking hold inside of the wheels. This arrangement of the crank also involved the placing of the cylinders outside the smoke-box, as was done on the " Ironsides." By the time the order for the second locomotive was received, Mr. BALDWIN had matured this device and was prepared to embody it in practi- Fig_ 2. - AL-. cal form. The order came from Mr. E. L. MILLER, in behalf of the Charleston and I-Iamburg Railroad Company, and the engine bore his name, and was completed February 18, 1834. It was on six wheels; one pair being drivers, four and a half feet in diameter, with half-crank axle placed back of the fire-box as above described, and the four front wheels combined in a swivelling truck. The driving-wheels, it should be observed, were cast in solid bell-metal! The combined wood and iron wheels used on the " Ironsides" had proved objectionable, and Mr. BALDWIN, in his endeavors to find a satisfactory substitute, had recourse to brass. June 29, 1833, he took out a patent for a cast-brass wheel, his idea being that by varying the hardness of the metal the adhesion of the drivers on the rails could be increased or diminished at will. The brass wheels on the " MILLER," however, soon wore out, and the experiment with this metal was not repeated. The " E. L. MILLER" had cylinders 10 inches in diameter; stroke of piston, 16 inches; and weighed, with water in the boiler, 7 tons 8 hundredweight. The boiler had a high dome over the fire-box, as shown in Figure 3; and this form of construction, it may be noted, was followed, with a few exceptions, for many years. The valve-motion was given by a single fixed eccentric for each cylinder. Each eccentric-strap had two arms attached to it, one above and the other below, and, as the driving27 210 LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. axle was back of the fire-box, these arms were prolonged backward under the footboard, with a hook on the inner side of the end of each. The rock-shaft had arms above and below its axis, and the hooks of the two rods of each eccentric were moved by hand levers so as to engage with either arm, thus producing backward or forward gear. This form of single eccentric, peculiar to Mr. BALDWIN, was in the interest of simplicity in the working parts, and was adhered to for some years. It gave rise to an animated controversy among mechanics as to whether, with its use, it was possible to get a lead on the valve in both directions. Many maintained that this was impracticable; but Mr. BALDWIN demonstrated by actual experience that the reverse was the case. Meanwhile the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania had given Mr. BALDWIN an order for a locomotive for the State Road, as it was then called, from Philadelphia to Columbia, which, up to that time, had been worked by horses. This engine, called the " Lancaster," was conpleted in June, 1834. It was similar to the " MILLERn, and weighed 17,000 pounds. After it was placed in service, the records show that it hauled at one time 19 loaded burden cars over the highest grades between Philadelphia and Columbia. This was characterized at the time by the officers of the read as an " unprecedented performance." The success of the machine on its trial trips was such that the Legislature decided to adopt steam-power for working the road, and Mr. BALDWIN received orders for several additional locomotives. Two others were accordingly delivered to the State in September and November respectively of that year, and one was also built and delivered to the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad Company during the same season. This latter engine, which was put in service October 21, 1834, averaged 21,000 miles per year to September 15, 1840. Five locomotives were thus completed in 1834, and the new business was fairly under way. The building in Lodge Alley, to which Mr. BALDWIN had ---- removed from M1inor Street, and where these engines were constructed, began to be found too contracted, and another removal was decided upon. A location on Broad and Hamilton Streets, (the site, in part, of the present works) was selected, and a three-story Lt: g....::: shaped brick' building, fronting on both streets, XS~. ~ ~erected. This was completed, and the business removed to it during the following year (1835). The Fig. 3.-BALDWIN GINE. 1834. original building still stands, forming the office, drawing-room, and principal machine shops of the present works. These early locomotives, built in 1834, were the types of Mr. BALDWIN'S practice for some years. Their general design is shown in Figure 3. All, or nearly all of them, embraced several important devices, which were the results of his study and experiments up to that time. The devices referred to were patented September 10, 1834, and the same patent covered the four following inventions, viz.: 1. The half-crank, and method of attaching it to the driving-wheel. (This has already been described.) 2. A new mode of constructing the wheels of locomotive engines and cars. In this the hub and spokes were of cast-iron, cast together. The spokes were cast without a rim, and LOCOMOTIVE WOEKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 211 terminated in segment flanges, each spoke having a separate flange disconnected from its neighbors. By this means, it was claimed, the injurious effect of the unequal expansion of the materials composing the wheels was lessened or altogether prevented. The flanges bore against wooden felloes, made in two thicknesses, and put together so as to break joints. Fig. 4.-BALDWIN COMPOUND WOOD AND IRON WHEELS, 1834 Tenons or pins projected from the flanges into openings made in the wooden felloes, to keep them in place. Around the whole the tire was passed and secured by bolts. The above sketch shows the device. 3. A new mode of forming the joints of steam and other tubes. This was Mr. BALDWIN'S invention of ground joints for steam pipes, which was a very valuable improvement over previous methods of making joints with red-lead packing, and which rendered it possible to carry a much higher pressure of steam. 4. A new mode of forming the joints and other parts of the supply-pump, and of locating the pump itself. This invention consisted in making the single guide-bar hollow, and using it for the pump-barrel. The pump-plunger was attached to the piston-rod at a socket or sleeve formed for the purpose, and the hollow guide-bar terminated in the vertical pumpchamber. This chamber was made in two pieces, joined about midway between the induction and eduction pipes. This joint was ground steam-tight, as were also the joints of the induction-pipe with the bottom of the lower chamber, and the flange of the eduction-pipe 212 LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. with the top of the upper chamber. All these parts were held together by a stirrup with a set-screw in its arched top, and the arrangement was such that by simply unscrewing this set-screw, the different sections of the chamber, with all the valves, could be taken apart for cleaning or adjusting. The cut below illustrates the device. It is probable that the five engines built during 1834 embodied all, or nearly all, these devices. They all had the half-crank, the ground joints for steam-pipes (which was first Fig..-PUMIP AND STIRRUP. made by him in 1833), and the pump formed in the guide-bar, and all had the four-wheeled truck in front, and a single pair of drivers back of the fire-box. On this position of the driving-wheels, Mr. BALDWIN laid great stress, as it made a more even distribution of the weight, throwing about one-half on the drivers, and one-half on the four-wheeled truck. It also extended the wheel-base, making the engine much steadier and less damaging to the track. To the use of the ground joint for steam-pipes, however, much of the success of his early engines was due. The English builders were making locomotives with canvas and red-lead joints, permitting a steam pressure of only 60 pounds per inch to be carried, while Mr. BALDWN'S machines were worked at 120 pounds with ease. Several locomotives imnported from England at about this period by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for the State Road (three of which were made by STEPIENSON), had canvas and red-lead joints, and their efficiency was so much less than that of the BALDwIN engines, on account of this and other features of construction, that they were soon laid aside or sold. In June, 1834, a patent was issued to Mr. E. L. MILLER, by whom Mr. BALDWIN'S second engine was ordered, for a method of increasing the adhesion of a locomotive by throwing a part of the weight of the tender on the rear of the engine, thus increasing the weight on the drivers. Mr. BALDWIN adopted this device on an engine built for the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad Company, May, ay1835, and thereafter used it largely, paying $100 royalty for each engine.. Eventually (Mlay 6, 1839) he bought the patent foi $9,000 dollars, evidently considering that the device was especially valuable, if not indis LOCOMOTIVE WOEKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 213 pensable, in order to render his engine as powerful, when required, as other patterns having the driving-wheels in front of the fire-box, and therefore utilizing more of the weight of the engine for adhesion. In making the truck and tender wheels of these early locomotives, the hubs were cast in three pieces, and afterward banded with wrought-iron, the interstices being filled with spelter. This method of construction was adopted on account of the difficulty then found in casting a chilled wheel in one solid piece. April 3, 1835, Mr. BALDWIN took out a patent for certain improvements in the wheels and tubes of locomotive engines. That relating to the wheels provided for casting the hub and spokes together, and having the spokes terminate in segments of a rim, as described in his patent of September 10, 1834. Between the ends of the spokes and the tires wood was interposed, and the tire might be either of wrought-iron or of chilled cast-iron. The intention was expressed of making the tire usually of cast-iron chilled. The main object, however, was declared to be the interposition between the spokes and the rim of a layer of wood or other substance possessing some degree of elasticity. This method of making driving-wheels was followed for several years. The improvement in locomotive tubes consisted in driving a copper ferrule or thimble on the outside of the end of the tube, and soldering it in place, instead of driving the ferrule into the tube, as had previously been the practice. The object of the latter method had been to make a tight joint with the tube-sheet; but, by putting the ferrule on the outside of the tube, not only was the joint made as tight as before, but the tube was strengthened, and left unobstructed throughout to the full extent of its diameter. This method of setting flues has been generally followed in the works from that date to the present, the only difference being that, at this time, with iron tubes, the end is swedcged down, the copper ferrule brazed on, and the iron end turned or riveted over against the copper thimble and the flue-sheet, to make the joint perfect. Early in 1835, the new shop on Broad Street was completed and occupied. Mr. BALDWIN'S attention was thenceforward given to locomotive building exclusively, except that a stationary engine was occasionally constructed. In May, 1835, his eleventh locomotive, the " Black I-Iawk," was delivered to the Philadelphia and Trenton Pailroad Company. This was the first outside-connected engine of his build. It was also the first engine on which the MILLER device of attaching part of the weight of the tender to the engine was employed. On the eighteenth engine, the " Brandywine," built for the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad Company, brass tires were used on the driving-wheels, for the purpose of obtaining more adhesion; but they wore out rapidly, and were replaced with iron. Fourteen engines were constructed in 1835; forty in 1836; forty in 1837; twentythree in 1838; twenty-six in 1839; and nine in 1840. During all these years the general design continued the same; but, in compliance with the demand for more power, three sizes were furnished, as follows: First-class. Cylinders, 121 x 16; weight, loaded, 26,000 pounds. Second-class. " 12 x16; " " 23,000 Third-class. " 10 x 16; " 20,000 214 LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. The first-class engine he fully believed, in 1838, was as heavy as would be called for, and he declared that it was as large as he intended to make. Most of the engines were built with the half-crank, but occasionally an outside-connected machine was turned out. These latter, however, failed to give as complete satisfaction as the half-crank machine. The drivers were generally four and a half feet in diameter. A patent was issued to fMr. BALDWIN, August 17, 1835, for his device of cylindrical pedestals. In this method of construction, the pedestal was of cast-iron, and was bored in a lathe, so as to form two concave jaws. The boxes were also turned in a lathe, so that their vertical ends were cylindrical, and they were thus fitted in the pedestals. This method of fitting up pedestals and boxes was cheap and effective, and was used for some years for the driving and tender wheels. As showing the estimation in which these early engines were held, it may not be out of place to refer to the opinions of some of the railroad managers of that period. Mr. L. A. SYKES, engineer of the New Jersey Transportation Company, under date of June 12, 1838, wrote that he could draw with his engines twenty four-wheeled cars with twenty-six passengers each, at a speed of twenty to twenty-five miles per hour, over grades of twenty-six feet per mile. "As to simplicity of construction," he adds, " small liability to get out of order, economy of repairs, and ease to the road, I fully believe Mr. BALDWIN'S engines stand unrivalled. I consider the simplicity of the engine, the arrangement of the working parts, and the distribution of the weight, far superior to any engine I have ever seen, either of American or English manufacture, and I have not the least hesitation in saying that MBr. BALDWIN's engine will do the same amount of work, with much less repairs, either to the engine or the track, than any other engine in use." Some of Mr. BALDWIN's engines on the State Road, in 1837, cost for repairs only from one and two-tenths to one and six-tenths cents per mile. It is noted that the engine "West Chester," on the same road, weighing 20,735 pounds (10,475 on drivers), drew 51 cars (fourwheeled), weighing 289 net tons, over the road, some of the track being of wood covered with strap-rail. The financial difficulties of 1836 and 1837, which brought ruin upon so many, did not leave Mr. BALDWIN unscathed. His embarrassments became so great that he was unable to proceed, and was forced to call his creditors together for a settlement. After offering to surrender all his property, his shop, tools, house, and everything, if they so desired-all of which would realize only about twenty-five per cent. of their claims-he proposed to them that they should permit him to go on with the business, and in three years he would pay the full amount of all claims, principal and interest. This was finally acceded to, and the promise was in effect fulfilled, although not without an extension of two years beyond the time originally proposed. In May, 1837, the number of hands employed was 300, but this number was reduced weekly, owing to the falling off in the demand for engines. These financial troubles had their effect on the demand for locomotives, as will be seen in the decrease in the number built in 1838, 1839, and 1840; and this result was furthered by the establishment of several other locomotive works and the introduction of other patterns of engines. The changes and improvements in details made during these years may be summed up as follows: LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 2 15 COAL BURNERS. The subject of burning coal had engaged much attention. In October, 1836, Mr. BALDW1N secured a patent for a grate or fireplace, which could be detached from the engine at pleasure, and a new one with a fresh coal fire substituted. The intention was to have the grate, with freshly ignited coal, all ready for the engine on its arrival at a station, and placed between the rails over suitable levers, by which it could be attached quickly to the fire-box. It is needless to say that this was never practised. In January, 1838, however, Mr. BALDWIN was experimenting with the consumption of coal on the Germantown road, and in July of the same year the records show that he was making a locomotive to burn coal, part of the arrangement being to blow the fire with a fan. Up to 1838, Mr. BALDWIN had made both driving and truck wheels with wrought tires, but during that year chilled wheels for engine and tender trucks were adopted. IIls tires were furnished by iMlessrs. S. VAIL & SON. Morristown, N. J., who made the only tires then obtainable in America. They were very thin, being only one inch to one and a half inches thick; and Mr. BALDWIN, in importing some tires from England at that time, insisted on their being made double the ordinary thickness. The manufacturers at first objected and ridiculed the idea, the practice being to use two tires when extra thickness was wanted, but finally they consented to meet his requirements. At this early period, Mr. BALDWIN had begun to feel the necessity of making all like parts of locomotives of the same class in such manner as to be absolutely interchangeable. Steps were taken in this direction, but it was not until many years afterward that the system of standard gauges was perfected, which has since grown to be a distinguishing feature in the establishment. On the one hundred and thirty-sixth locomotive, completed October 18, 1839, for the Philadelphia, Germnantown and Norristown Railroad, the old pattern of wooden frame was abandoned, and no outside frame whatever was employed-the machinery, as well as the truck and the pedestals of the driving-axles, being attached directly to the naked boiler. The wooden frame thenceforward disappeared gradually, and an iron frame took its place. Another innovation was the adoption of eight-wheeled tenders, the first of which was built at about this period. April 8, 1839, Mr. BALDWIN associated with himself Messrs. VAIL & HUFTY, and the business was conducted under the firm name of BALDWIN, VAIL & HUFTY, until 1841, when Mr. HUFTY withdrew, and BALDWIN & VAIL continued the copartnership until 1842. The time had now arrived when the increase of business on railroads demanded more powerful locomotives. It had for some years been felt that for freight traffic the engine with one pair of drivers was insufficient. Mr. BALDWIN'N engine had the single pair of drivers placed back of the fire-box; that made by Mr. NORRIS, one pair in front of the firebox. An engine with two pairs of drivers, one pair in front and one pair behind the firebox, was the next logical step, and Mr. HENEY R. CAMPBELL, of Philadelphia, was the first to carry this design into execution. MIr. CAMPBELL, as has been noted, was the Chief Engineer of the Germantown Railroad when the " Ironsides " was placed on that line, and had since given much attention to the subject of locomotive construction. February 5, 1836, 216 LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF TIHE UNITED STATES. Mr. CAMPBELL secured a patent for an eight-wheeled engine with four drivers connected, and a four-wheeled truck in front; and subsequently contracted with JAMES BnOOKS, of Philadelphia, to build for him such a machine. The work was begun March 16, 1836, and the engine was completed May 8, 183T. This was the first eight-wheeled engine of this type, and from it the standard American locomotive of to-day takes its origin. The engine lacked, however, one essential feature; there were no equalizing beams between the drivers, and nothing but the ordinary steel springs over each journal of the driving axles to equalize the weight upon them. It remained for Messrs. EASTWICKI & HAIRISON to supply this deficiency; and in 1837 that firm constructed at their shop in Philadelphia a locomotive on this plan, but with the driving-axles running in a separate square frame, connected to the main frame above it by a single central bearing on each side. This engine had cylinders twelve by eighteen, four coupled driving-wheels, forty-four inches in diameter, carrying eight of the twelve tons constituting the total weight. Subsequently, MIr. JosEPI HAERISON, Jr., of the same firm, substituted " equalizing beams " on engines of this plan afterward constructed by them, substantially in the same manner as since generally employed. A step had thus been taken toward a plan of locomotive having more adhesive power. Mr. BALDWIN, however, was slow to adopt the new design. Ike naturally regarded innovations with distrust. HIe had done much to perfect the old pattern of engine, and had built over a hundred of them, which were in successful operation on various railroads. Many of the details were the subjects of his several patents, and had been greatly simplified in his practice. In fact, simplicity in all the working parts had been so largely his aim, that it was natural that he should distrust any plan involving additional machinery, and he regarded the new design as only an experiment at best. In November, 1838, he wrote to a correspondent that he did not think there was any advantage in the eight-wheeled engine. There being three points in contact, it could not turn a curve, he argued, without slipping one or the other pair of wheels sideways. Another objection was in the multiplicity of machinery and the difficulty in maintaining four driving-wheels all of exactly the same size. Some means, however, of getting more adhesion must be had, and the result of his reflections upon this subject was the project of a "geared engine." In August, 1839, he took steps to secure a patent for such a machine, and December 31, 1840, letters patent were granted him for the device. In this engine, an independent shaft or axle was placed between the two axles of the truck, and connected by cranks and coupling-rods with cranks on the outside of the driving-wheels. This shaft had a central cog-wheel engaging on each side with intermediate cog-wheels, which in turn geared into cog-wheels on each truck-axle. The intermediate cog-wheels had wide teeth, so that the truck could pivot while the main shaft remained parallel with the driving-axle. The diameters of the cog-wheels were, of course, in such proportion to the driving and truck wheels, that the latter should revolve as much oftener than the drivers as their smaller size might require. Of the success of this machine for freight service Mr. BALDWIN was very sanguine. One was put in hand at once, completed in August, 1841, and eventually sold to the Sugarloaf Coal Company. It was an outside-connected engine, weighing 30,000 pounds, of which 11,775 pounds were on the drivers, and 18,335 on the truck. The driving-wheels were forty-four and the truckwheels thirty-three inches in diameter. The cylinders were thirteen inches in diameter by sixteen inches stroke. On a trial of the engine upon the Philadelphia and Reading Rail LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNJITED STATES. 217 road, it hauled 590 tons from PReading to Philadelphia-a distance of fifty-four miles-in five hours and twenty-two minutes. The superintendent of the road, in writing of the trial, rema-rked that this train was unprecedented in length and weight both in America and Europe. The performance was noticed in favorable terms by the Philadelphia newspapers, and was made the subject of a report by the Committee on Science and Arts of the Franklin Institute, who strongly recommended this plan of engine for freight service. The success of the trial led Mr. BALDWIN at first to believe that the geared engine would be generally adopted for freight traffic; but in this he was disappointed. No further demand was made for such machines, and no more of them were built. In 1840, Mr. BALDWIN received an order, through AUGUST BELMONT, Esq., of New York, for a locomotive for Austria, and had nearly completed one which was calculated to do the work required, when he learned that only sixty pounds pressure of steam was admissible, whereas his engine was destined to use steam at one hundred pounds and over. I-e accordingly constructed another, meeting this requirement, and shipped it in the following year. This engine, it may be noted, had a kind of link-motion, agreeably to the specification received, and was the first of his make upon which the link was introduced. In 1842, Mr. BALDWIN constructed, under an arrangement with Mr. Ross WINANS, three locomotives for the Western Railroad of Massachusetts, on a plan which had been designed by that gentleman for freight traffic. These machines had upright boilers, and horizontal cylinders which worked cranks on a shaft bearing cog-wheels engaging with other cog-wheels on an intermediate shaft. This latter shaft had cranks coupled to four drivingwheels on each side. These engines were constructed to burn anthracite coal. Their peculiarly uncouth appearance earned for them the name of " crabs," and they were but shortlived in service. But, to return to the progress of Mr. BALDWIN'S locomotive practice. The geared engine had not proved a success. It was unsatisfactory, as well to its designer as to the railroad community. The problem of utilizing more or all of the weight of the engine for adhesion remained, in Mr. BALDWIN'S view, yet to be solved. The plan of coupling four or six wheels had long before been adopted in England, but on the short curves prevalent on American railroads, he felt that something more was necessary. The wheels must not only be coupled, but at the same time must be free to adapt themselves to a curve. These two conditions were apparently incompatible, and to reconcile these inconsistencies was the task which Mr. BALDWIN set himself to accomplish. I-e undertook it, too, at a time when his business had fallen off greatly and he was involved in the most serious financial embarrassments. The problem was constantly before him, and at length, during a sleepless night, its solution flashed across his mind. The plan so long sought for, and which, subsequently, more than any other of his improvements or inventions, contributed to the foundation of his fortune, was his well-known six-wheels-connected locomotive with the four front drivers combined in a flexible truck. For this machine lIr. BALDWIN secured a patent, August 25, 1842. Its principal characteristic features are now matters of history, but they deserve here a brief mention. The engine was on six wheels, all connected as drivers. The rear wheels were placed rigidly in the frames, usually behind the fire-box, with inside bearings. The cylinders were inclined, and with outside connections. The four remaining wheels had inside 28 218 LOCOMOTIVE WOEKS OF THE TUNTED STATESo ~ journals running in boxes held by two 1.|-~~~ W wide and deep wrought-iron beams, one \ /7on each side. These beams were uncon-.. // L~ nected, and entirely independent of each other. The pedestals formed in them ~-m m were bored out cylindrically, and into 4 dC] a xis tthem cylindrical boxes, as patented by ^ ~I l. 4 him in 1835, were fitted. The engineframe on each side was directly over the beam, and a spherical pin, running down Fig. 6.-BALDWIN SIX-WHEELS-CONNECTED IENGINE, 1842. from the frame, bore in a socket in the beam midway between the two axles. It will thus be seen that each side beam indepeni dently could turn horizontally or vertically J. 1 EX -. I Eunder the spherical pin, and the cylindrical /^^c^ - \/ _*boxes could also turn in the pedestals. Hence, in passing a curve, the middle pair of drivers (o Q JiOoia? — oOlj ~ 4 1^ could move laterally in one direction-say to G X;771 \1> // Sibthe right —while e the front pair could move in KX $.=c X -^ ~the opposite direction, or to the left; the two axles all the while remaining parallel to each Fig. 7. —BALDWIN FLEXIBLEE-BEA TRUCK, 1842.- ELEVATION. other and to the rear driving-axle. The operation of these beams was, therefore, like = A== r~_ _^^-, tthat of the parallel-ruler. On a straight line.-. —----.~ —~-.,the two beams and the two axles formed a ~L d -'-= ~.......^.."'^ rectangle; on curves, a parallelogram, the ~:w-^~~ ~ angles varying with the degree of curvature. l4l ^ {^1.S~ ~The coupling-rods were made with cylindriHALF PLAN. cal brasses thus forming ball-and-socket joints, to enable them to accommodate themselves to the lateral movements of the wheels. The first engine of the new plan was finished early in December, 1842, being one of fourteen engines constructed in that year, and was sent to the Georgia Railroad, on the order of Mr. J. EDGAR TnOMSON, then Chief Engineer and Superintendent of that line. It weighed twelve tons, and drew, besides its own weight, 250 tons up a grade of thirty-six feet to the mile. Other orders soon followed. The new machine was received generally with great favor. The loads hauled by it exceeded anything so far known in American railroad practice, and sagacious managers hailed it as a means of largely reducing operating expenses. On the Central Railroad of Georgia, one of these twelve-ton engines drew/ nineteen eightwheeled cars, with 750 bales of cotton, each bale weighing 450 pounds, over maximum grades of thirty feet per mile, and the manager of the road declared that it could readily take 1,000 bales. On the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad a similar engine of eighteen tons weight drew 150 loaded cars (total weight of cars and ladilig, 1,180 tons) from Schuylkill Haven to Philadelphia, at a speed of seven miles per hour. The regular load was 100 loaded cars, which were hauled at a speed of from twelve to fifteen miles per hour on a level. TOCO-MOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 219 But the flexible-beam truck also enabled Mr. BALDWIN to meet the demand for an engine with four drivers connected. Other builders were making engines with four drivers and a four-wheeled truck, of the present American standard type. To compete with this design, Mr. BALDWIN modified his six-wheels-connected engine by connecting only two out of the three pairs of wheels as drivers, making the forward wheels of smaller diameter as leading wheels, but combining them with the front drivers in a flexible-beam truck. The first engine on this plan was sent to the Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad, in October, 1843, and gave great satisfaction. This machine of course came in competition with the eight-wheeled engine having four drivers, and Mr. BALDWIN claimed for his plan a decided superiority. In each case about two-thirds of the total weight was carried on the four drivers, and Mr. BALDWIN maintained that his engine, having only six instead of eight wheels, was simpler and more effective. With the introduction of the new machine, business began at once to revive, and the tide of prosperity turned once more in Mr. BALDWIN's favor. Twelve engines were constructed in 1843, all but four of them of the new pattern; twenty-two engines in 1844, all of the new pattern; and twenty-seven in 1845. Three of this number were of the old type, with one pair of drivers, but from that time forward the old pattern with the single pair of drivers disappeared from the practice of the establishment, save occasionally for exceptional purposes. In 1842, the partnership with vMr. VAIL was dissolved, and Mr. ASA WHITNEY, who had been Superintendent of the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, became a partner with Mr. BALDWIN, and the firm continued as BALDWIN & WHITNEY until 1846, when the latter withdrew to engage in the manufacture of car wheels, in which business he is still concerned as senior member of the firm of A. WHITNEY & SONS, Philadelphia. Mr. WHITNEY brought to the firm a railroad experience and thorough business talent. He introduced a system in many details of the management of the business, which Mr. BALDWIN, whose mind was devoted more exclusively to mechanical subjects, had failed to establish or wholly ignored. The adoption of the plan of six-wheels-connected engines opened the way at once to increasing their size. The weight being almost evenly distributed on six points, heavier machines were admissible, the weight on any one pair of drivers being little, if any, greater than had been the practice with the old plan of engine having a single pair of drivers. H-ence engines of eighteen and twenty tons weight were shortly introduced, and in 1844 three of twenty tons weight, with cylinders sixteen and one-half inches diameter by eighteen inches stroke, were constructed for the Western Railroad of Massachusetts, and six, of eighteen tons weight, with cylinders fifteen by eighteen, and drivers forty-six inches in diameter, were built for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. It should be noted, that three of these latter engines had iron flues. This was the first instance in which Mr. BALDWIN had employed tubes of this material. The advantage found to result from the use of iron tubes, apart from their less cost, was that the tubes and boiler-shell, being of the same material, expanded and contracted alike, while in the case of copper tubes the expansion of the metal by heat varied from that of the boiler-shell, and as a consequence there was greater liability to leakage at the joints with the tube-sheets. In 1845, Mr. BALDWIN built three locomotives for the Royal Railroad Committee of Wiirtemberg. They were of fifteen tons weight, on six wheels, four of them being sixty 220 LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UTITED STATES. inches in diameter and coupled. The front drivers were combined by the flexible beams into a truck with the smaller leading wheels. The cylinders were inclined and outside, and the connecting-rods took hold of a half-crank axle back of the fire-box. It was specified that these engines should have the link-motion which had shortly before been introduced in England by the STEPIIENSONS. Mlr. BALDWIN accordingly applied a link of a peculiar character to suit his own ideas of the device. The link was made solid, and of a truncated V-section, and the block was grooved so as to fit and slide on the outside of the link. During the year 1845, another important feature in locomotive construction-the cutoff valve-was added to Mr. BALDWIN'S practice. Up to that time the valve-motion had been the two eccentrics, with the single flat hook for each cylinder. Since 1841 Mr. BALDWIN had contemplated the addition of some device allowing the steam to be used expansively, and he now added the " half-stroke cut-off." In this device the steam-chest was separated by a horizontal plate into an upper and a lower compartment. In the upper compartment, a valve worked by a separate eccentric, and having a single opening, admitted steam through a port hi this plate to the lower steam-chamber. The valve-rod of the upper valve terminated in a notch or hook, which engaged with the upper arm of its rock-shaft. When thus working, it acted as a cut-off at a fixed part of the stroke, determined by the setting of the eccentric. This was usually at half the stroke. When it was desired to dispense with the cut-off and work steam for the full stroke, the hook of the valve-rod was lifted from the pin on the upper arm of the rock-shaft by a lever worked from the footboard, and the valve-rod was held in a notched rest fastened to the side of the boiler. This left the opening through the upper valve and the port in the partition plate open for the free passage of steam throughout the whole stroke. The first application of the half-stroke cut-off was made on the engine " Champlain " (20 D), built for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, in 1845. It at once became the practice to apply the cut-off on all passenger engines, while the six and eight-wheels-connected freight engines were, with a few exceptions, built for a time longer with the single valve admitting steam for the full stroke. After building, during the years 1843, 1844, and 1845, ten four-wheels-connected engines on the plan above described, viz., six wheels in all, the leading wheels and the front drivers being combined into a truck by the flexible beams, Mr. BALDWIN finally adopted the present design of four drivers and a four-wheeled truck. Some of his customers who were favorable to the latter plan had ordered such machines of other builders, and Colonel GADSDEN, President of the South Carolina Railroad Company, called on him in 1845 to build for that line some passenger engines of this pattern. He accordingly bought the patentright for this plan of engine of Mr. H. R. CAMPBELL, and for the equalizing beams used between the drivers, of M2essrs. EASTWICK & IHARISON, and delivered to the South Carolina Railroad Company, in December, 1845, his first eight-wheeled engine with four drivers and a four-wheeled truck. This machine had cylinders thirteen and three-quarters by eighteen, and drivers sixty inches in diameter, with the springs between them arranged as equalizers. Its weight was fifteen tons. It had the half-crank axle, the cylinders being inside the frame but outside the smoke-box. The inside-connected engine, counterweighting being as yet unknown, was admitted to be steadier in running, and hence more suitable for passenger service. With the completion of the first eight-wheeled' C " engine, Mr. BALDWIN'S feelings underwent a revulsion in favor of this plan, and his partiality for it became as great as LOCOgMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 221 had been his antipathy before. Commenting on the machine, he recorded himself as "more pleased with its appearance and action than any engine he had turned out." In addition to the three engines of this description for the South Carolina Railroad Company, a duplicate was sent to the Camden and Amboy Railroad Company, and a similar but lighter one to the Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad Company, shortly afterwards. The engine for the Camden and Amboy Railroad Company, and perhaps the others, had the half-stroke cutoff. From that time forward, all of his four-wheels-connected machines were built on this plan, and the six-wheeled 9C" engine was abandoned, except in the case of one built for the Philadelphia, Germantown, and Norristown Railroad Company in 1846, and this was afterwards rebuilt into a six-wheels-connected machine. Three methods of carrying out the general design were, however, subsequently followed. At first the half-crank was used; then horizontal cylinders inclosed in the chimney-seat and worling a full-crank axle, which form of construction had been prac- tised at the Lowell Works; and eventually, outside cylinders with outside connections. 1 Meanwhile the flexible truck ma- T chine maintained its popularity for ___T~ heavy freight service. All the en-/ I L gines thus far built on this plan had r7 - been six-wheeled, some with the rear /( driving-axle back of the fire-box, and = -_ others with it in front. The next 1846. Fig. 8.-BALDWIN EEGIT-WIIEELs-NoRhnEC ED E-GINE, 1846. step, following logically after the adoption of the eight-wheeled " C " engine, was to increase the size of the freight machine, and distribute the weight on eight wheels all connected, the two rear pairs being rigid in the frame, and the two front pairs combined into the flexible-beam truck. This was first done in 1846, when seventeen engines on this plan were constructed on one order for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company. Fifteen of these were of twenty tons weight, with cylinders fifteen and a half by twenty, and wheels forty-six inches in diameter; and two of twenty-five tons weight, with cylinders seventeen and a quarter by eighteen, and drivers forty-two inches in diameter. These engines were the first ones on which M.ir. BALDWIN placed sand-boxes, and they were also the first built by him with roofs. On all previous engines the footboard had only been inclosed by a railing. On these engines for the Reading Railroad, four iron posts were carriec up, and a wooden roof supported by them. The _____-= ) engine-men added curtains at the sides and front, i i and Mr. BALDWIN on subsequent engines added sides, with sash and glass. The cab proper, how -.o 0 t 0 0 ~ - ever, was of New England origin, where the se- -;-. verity of the climate demanded it, and where it o.. / F1~ig. 9.-BALDWIN ETGINE FOR BACe-BAIL, 1847. had been used previous to this period. Forty-two engines were completed in 1846, and thirty-nine in 184g. The only novelty 2%9 2LOCOMOTIVE NWOBKS OF THIE TNITELD STATES. to be noted amonlg them vwas the engdne 6 xf. G. Bright," built for operating the inclined plane on the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad. The rise of this incline was one in seventeen, from the bank of the Ohio River at Madison. The engine had eight wheels, forty-two inches in diameter, connected, and worked in the usual manner by outside inclined cylinders, fifteen and one-half inches diameter by twenty inches stroke. A second pair of cylinders, seventeen inches in diameter with eighteen inches stroke of piston, was placed vertically over the boiler, midway between the furnace and smoke-arch. The connecting-rods worked by these cylinders connected with cranks on a shaft under the boiler. This shaft carried a single cog-wheel at its centre, and this cog-wheel engaged with another of about twice its diameter on a second shaft adjacent to it and in the same plane. The cog-wheel on this latter shaft worked in a rack-riail placed in the centre of the track. The shaft itself had its bearings in the lower ends of two vertical rods, one on each side of the boiler, and these rods were united over the boiler by a horizontal bar which was connected by means of a bent lever and connecting-rod to the piston worked by a small horizontal cylinder placed on top of the boiler. By means of this cylinder, the yoke carrying the shaft and cog-wheel could be depressed and held down so as to engage the cogs with the rack-rail, or raised out of the way when only the ordinary drivers were required. This device was designed by dMr. ANDw E CATHCART, Maaster -'Mechanic of the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad. A similar machine, the " JoTiN BROUGII,"r for the same plane, was built by Mr. BALDWIN in 1850. The incline was worked with a rack-rail and these engines until it was finally abandoned and a line with easy gradients substituted. The use of iron tubes in freight engines grew in favor, and in October, 1847, Mr. BALDWIN noted that he was fitting his flues with copper ends, " for riveting to the boiler." The subject of burning coal conitinued to engage much attention, but the use of anthracite had not as yet been generally successful. In October, 1847, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company advertised for proposals for four engines to burn Cumberland coal, and tle order was taken and filled by Mr. BALDWIN with four of his eight-wheelsconnected mlachines. The year 1848 showed a falling off in business, and only twenty engines were turned out. In the following year, however, there was a rapid recovery, and the production of the works increased to thirty, followed by thirty-seven in 1850, and fifty in 1851. Early in 1848, the Vermont Central Railroad was approaching completion, and Governor PAINE, the President of the Company, conceived the idea that the passenger service on the road required locomotives capable of running at very high velocities. HIENRY R. CAMPBELL, Esq., was a contractor in building the line, and was authorized by Governor PAINE to come to Philadelphia and offer Mlr. BALDWVIN ten thousand dollars for a locomotive which could run with a passenger train at a speed of sixty miles per hour. Mr. BALDWIN at once undertook to meet these conditions. The work was begun early in 1848, and in March of that year Mlr. BALDWIN filed a caveat for his design. The engine was completed in 1849, and was named the 6 Governor PAINE." It had one pair of drivingwheels six and a half feet in diameter, placed back of the fire-box. Another pair of wheels, but smaller and unconnected, was placed directly in front of the fire-box, and a four-wheeled truck carried the front of the engine. The cylinders were seventeen and a quarter inches dianmeter, and twenty inches stroke, and were placed horizontally between the frames and the boiler, at about the middle of the waist. The connecting O0O03MOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 223 rods took hold of'"half-cranks" inside of the driving-wheels. The object of placing the cylinders at the middle of the boiler was to lessen or obviate the lateral motion of the engine, produced when the cylinders were attached to the smoke-arch. The,~ / bearings on the two rear axles were so ______ _V contrived that, by means of a lever, a I E 11 part of the weight of the we ight of the engine usual- _ y W E ly carried on the wheels in front of the _ fire-box could be transferred to the // i L - driving axle. The " Governor PATIE'= was used for several years on the Vermont Central Railroad, and then rebuilt i ~ d into a four-coupled machine. During Fig. 10.-BALDWIN FAST PASSENGER ENGINE, 1848. its career, it was stated by the officers of the road that it could be started from a state of rest, and run a mile in forty-three seconds. Three engines on the same plan, but with cylinders fourteen by twenty, and six-feet driving-wheels, the 6 "Mifflin,9"; Blair," and " Indiana, were also built for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, in 1849. They weighed each about 47,000 pounds, distributed as follows: 18,000 on drivers, 14,000 on the pair of wheels in front of the fire-box, and 15,000 on the truck. By applying the lever, the weight on the drivers could be increased to about 24,000 pounds, the weight on the wheels in front of the fire-box being correspondingly reduced. A speed of four miles in three minutes is recorded for them, and upon one occasion President TAYLOB was taken in a special train over the road by one of these machines at a speed of sixty miles an hour. One other engine of this pattern, the' Susquehanna," was built for the Hudson River Railroad Company, in 1850. Its cylinders were fifteen inches diameter by twenty inches stroke, and. drivers six feet in diameter. All these engines, however, were short-lived, and died young, of insufficient adhesion. In May, 1848, Mr. BALDWIN filed a caveat for a four-cylinder locomotive, but never carried the design into execution. The first instance of the use of steel axles in the practice of the establishment occurred during the same year,-a set being placed as an experiment under an engine constructed for the Pennsylvania Rlailroad Company. In 1850, the old form of dome boiler, which had characterized the BALDWIN engine since 1834, was abandoned, and the wagon-top form substituted. The business in 1851 had reached the full capacity of the shop, and the next year marked the completion of about an equal number of engines (forty-nine). Contracts for work extended a year ahead, and, to meet the demand, the facilities in the various departments were increased, and resulted in the construction of sixty engines in 1853, and sixtytwo in 1854. At the beginning of the latter year, Mr. MATTHEW BAIRD, who had been connected with the works since 1836 as one of its foremen, entered into partnership with eMr. BALDWIN, and the style of the firm was made M. W. 3BALDWIN.& Co. The only novelty in the general plan of engines during this period was the addition of the ten-wheeled engine to the patterns of the establishment. The success of 2r. BALDWIN'S engines with all six or eight wheels connected, and the two front pairs combined by the parallel beams into a flexible truck, had been so marked that it was natural that he 224 LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UTtITED STATES. should oppose any other plan for freight service. The ten-wheeled engine, with six drivers connected, had, however, now become a competitor. This plan of engine was first patented by SEPTIMUS NOuRIS, of Philadelphia, in 1846, and the original design was apparently to produce an engine which should have equal tractive power with the BALDWIN SiXwheels-connected machine. This the lNoRis patent sought to accomplish by proposing an engine with six drivers connected, and so disposed as to carry substantially the whole weight, the forward drivers being in advance of the centre of gravity of the engine, and the truck only serving as a guide, the front of the engine being connected with it by a pivot pin, but without a bearing on the centre-plate. Mlr. NORRIS's first engine on this plan was tried in April, 1847, and was found not to pass curves so readily as was expected. As the truck carried little or no weight, it would not keep the track. The New York and Erie Railroad Compalny, of which JOHN BRANDT was then Mlaster Mechanic, shortly afterwards adopted the ten-wheeled engine, modified in plan so as to carry a part of the weight on the truck. Air. BALDWIN filled an order for this company, in 1850, of four eight-wheelsconnected engines, and in making the contract he agreed to substitute a truck for the front pair of wheels if desired after trial. This, however, he was not called upon to do. In February, 1852, Mr. J. EDGAs TiHOMSON, President of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, invited proposals for a number of freight locomotives of 56,000 pounds weight each. They were to be adapted to burn bituminous coal, and to have six wheels connected and a truck in front, which might be either of two or four wheels. Ar. BALDWIN secured the contract, and built twelve engines of the prescribed dimensions, viz., cylinders eighteen by twenty-two;* drivers forty-four inches diameter, with chilled tires. Several of these engines were constructed with a single pair of truck-wheels in front of the drivers, but back of the cylinders. It was found, however, after the engines were put in service, that the two truck-wheels carried 18,000 or 19,000 pounds, and this was objected to by the company as too great a weight to be carried on a single pair of wheels. On the rest of the engines of the order, therefore, a four-wheeled truck in front was employed. The ten-wheeled engine thereafter assumed a place in the BALDWIN classification. In 1855-56, two, of twenty-seven tons weight, nineteen by twenty-two cylinders, forty-eight inches drivers, were built for the Portage Railroad, and three for the Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1855,'56, and'5T, fourteen, of the same dimensions, were built for the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad; four for the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago REailroa d; and one for the Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad. In 1858 and'59, one was constructed for the South Carolina Railroad, of the same size, and six lighter ten-wheelers, with cylinders fifteen and a half by twenty-two, and four-feet drivers, and two with cylinders sixteen by twenty-two, and four-feet drivers, were sent out to railroads in Cuba. It was some years-not until after 1860, however-before this pattern of engine wholly superseded in Mr. BALDWIN'S practice the old plan of freight engine on six or eight wheels, all connected. On three locomotives-the ( Clinton," " Athens," and " Sparta "-completed for the Central Railroad of Georgia in July, 1852, the driving-boxes were made with a slot or cavity in the line of the vertical bearing on the journal. The object was to produce a more uniform distribution of the wear over the entire surface of the bearing. This was the first instance in which this device, which has since come into general use, was employed in the works, and the boxes were so made by direction of Mr. CHARLES WHITING, then master LOCOMOTIVE WORKS 0f TItE UITED STATESo 225 mechanic of the Central Railroad of Georgia. He subsequently informed Mir. BALDWIN that this method of fitting up driving-boxes had been in use on the road for several years previous to his connection with the company. As this device was subsequently made the subject of a patent by Mr. DAVID MATTHEW, these facts may not be without interest. In 1853, Mr. CHARLES ELLET, chief engineer of the Virginia Central Railroad, laid a temporary track across the Blue Ridge, at Rock Fish Gap, for use during the construction of a tunnel through the mountain. This track was 12,500 feet in length on the eastern slope, ascending in that distance 610 feet, or at the average rate of one in twenty and a half feet. The maximum grade was calculated for 296 feet per mile, and prevailed for half a mile. It was found, however, in fact, that the grade in places exceeded 300 feet per mile. The shortest radius of curvature was 238 feet. On the western slope, which was 10,650 feet in length, the maximum grade was 280 feet per mile, and the ruling radius of curvature 300 feet. This track was worked by two of the BALDWIN six-wheels-connected flexible-beam truck locomotives constructed in 1853-54. The mountain-top track, it may be added, was worked successfully for several years by the engines described, until it was abandoned on the completion of the tunnel. The exceptionally steep grades and short curves which characterized the line afforded a complete and satisfactory test of the adaptation of these machines to such peculiar service. But the period now under consideration was marked by another and a most important step in the progress of American locomotive practice. We refer to the introduction of the link-motion. Although this device was first employed by WILLIAM T. JAMES, of New York, in 1832, and eleven years later by the STEPHENSONS, in England, and was by them applied thenceforward on their engines, it was not until 1849 that it was adopted in this country. In that year Mr. THoMAs RoGERS, of the Rogers Locomotive and Machine Company, introduced it in his practice. Other builders, however, strenuously resisted the innovation, and none more so than Mr. BALDWIN. The theoretical objections which confessedly apply to the device, but which practically have been proved to be unimportant, were urged from the first by Mr. BALDWIN as arguments against its use. The strong claim of the advocates of the link-motion, that it gave a means of cutting off steam at any point of the stroke, could not be gainsaid, and this was admitted to be a consideration of the first importance. This very circumstance undoubtedly turned Mr. BALDWIN's attention to the subject of methods for cutting off steam, and one of the first results was his " Variable Cut-off," patented April 27, 1852. But while 1Mr. BALDWIN, in common with many other builders, was thus resolutely opposing the link-motion, it was nevertheless rapidly gaining favor with railroad managers. Engineers and master mechanics were everywhere learning to admire its simplicity, and were manifesting an enthusiastic preference for engines so constructed. At length, therefore, he was forced to succumb, and the link was applied to the " Pennsylvania," one of two engines completed for the Central Railroad of Georgia, in February, 1854. The other engine of the order, the "' New Hampshire," had the variable cut-off, and Mr. BALDWIN, while yielding to the demand in the former engine, was undoubtedly sanguine that the working of the latter would demonstrate the inferiority of the new device. In this, however, he was disappointed, for in the following year the same company ordered three more engines, on which they specified the link-motion. In 1856, seventeen engines for nine different companies had this form of valve gear, and its use was thus incorporated in his prac20 226 LOCOMOTIVE W:OBKS OF THE UNITED STATES. tice. It was not, however, until 185T that he was induced to adopt it exclusively. This step was forced upon him, at that time, by the report of Mr. PARRY, then superintendent of the works (now a member of the present firm), who, on returning from an extended tour in the South, brought back the intelligence that the link-motion was everywhere preferred, and that the BALDWIN engines were losing ground rapidly, in consequence of their lack of this feature. Mr. BALDWIN'S characteristic reply was, " Then they shall have link-motion hereafter." And thenceforth the independent cut-off gradually disappeared, and the link reigned in its stead. The use of coal, both bituminous and anthracite, as a fuel for locomotives, had by this time become a practical success. The economical combustion of bituminous coal, however, engaged considerable attention. It was felt that much remained to be accomplished in consuming the smoke and deriving the maximum of useful effect from the fuel. Mr. BAIRD, who was now associated with Mr. BALDWIN in the management of the business, made this matter a subject of careful study and investigation. An experiment was conducted under his direction, by placing a sheet-iron deflector in the fire-box of an engine on the Germantown and Norristown Railroad. The success of the trial was such as to show conclusively that a more complete combustion resulted. As, however, a deflector formed by a single plate of iron would soon be destroyed by the action of the fire, Mr. BAIRD proposed to use a water-leg projecting upward and backward from the front of the fire-box under the flues. Drawings and a model of the device were prepared, with a view of patenting it, but subsequently the intention was abandoned, Mr. BAIRD concluding that a fire-brick arch as a deflector to accomplish the same object was preferable. This was accordingly tried on two locomotives built for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in 1854, and was found so valuable an appliance that its use was at once established, and it was put on a number of engines built for railroads in Cuba and elsewhere. For several years the fire-bricks were supported on side plugs; but in 1858, in the "1 Media," built for the West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad Company, water-pipes, extending from the crown obliquely downward, and curving to the sides of the fire-box at the bottom, were successfully used for the purpose. The adoption of the link-motion may be regarded as the dividing line between the present and the early and transitional stage of locomotive practice. Changes since that event have been principally in matters of detail, but it is the gradual perfection of these details which has made the locomotive the symmetrical, efficient, and wonderfully complete piece of mechanism it is to-day. The result of experience and study had mneantime satisfied Mr. BALDWIN that to burn soft coal successfully required no peculiar devices; that the ordinary form of boiler, with plain fire-box, was right, with perhaps the addition of a fire-brick deflector; and that the secret of the economical and successful use of coal was in the mode of firing, rather than in a different form of furnace. The year 1861 witnessed a marked falling off in the production. The breaking out of the war at first unsettled business, and by many it was thought that railroad traffic would be so largely reduced that the demand for locomotives must cease altogether. A large number of hands were discharged from the works, and only forty locomotives were turned out during the year. It was even seriously contemplated to turn the resources of the establishment to the manufacture of shot and shell, and other munitions of war, the belief being entertained that the building of locomotives would have to be altogether suspended. So LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 227 far, however, was this from being the case, that, after the first excitement had subsided, it was found that the demand for transportation by the general government, and by the branches of trade and production created by the war, was likely to tax the carrying capacity of the principal Northern railroads to the fullest extent. The government itself became a large purchaser of locomotives, and it is noticeable, as indicating the increase of travel and freight transportation, that heavier machines than had ever before been built became the rule. Seventy-five engines were sent from the works in 1862; ninety-six in 1863; one hundred and thirty in 1864; and one hundred and fifteen in 1865. IDuring two years of this period, from May, 1862, to June, 1864, thirty-three engines were built for the TTnited States military railroads. The demand from the various coal-carrying roads in Pennsylvania and vicinity was particularly active, and large numbers of ten-wheeled engines, and of the heaviest eight-wheeled four-coupled engines, were built. Of the latter class, the majority were with fifteen and sixteen inch cylinders, and of the former, seventeen and eighteen inch cylinders. The introduction of steel in locomotive construction was a distinguishing feature of the period. Steel tires were first used in the works in 1863, on some engines for the DON PEDno II. Railway of South America. Their general adoption on American railroads followed slowly. No tires of this material were then made in this country, and it was objected to their use that, as it took from sixty to ninety days to import them, an engine, in case of a breakage of one of its tires, might be laid up useless for several months. To obviate this objection, IM. W. BALDWIN & Co. imported five hundred steel tires, most of which were kept in stock, from which to fill orders. Steel fire-boxes were first built for some engines for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in 1861. English steel, of a high temper, was used, and at the first attempt the fireboxes cracked in fitting them in the boilers, and it became necessary to take them out and substitute copper. American homogeneous cast-steel was then tried on engines 231 and 232, completed for the Pennsylvania Railroad in January, 1862, and it was found to work successfully. The fire-boxes of nearly all engines thereafter built for that road were of this material, and in 1866 its use for the purpose became general. It may be added that while all steel sheets for fire-boxes or boilers are required to be thoroughly annealed before delivery, those which are flanged or worked in the process of boiler-construction are a second time annealed before riveting. A distinguishing feature in the method of construction which characterizes these works, is the extensive use of a system of standard gauges and templets, to which all work admitting of this process is required to conform. The importance of this arrangement, in securing absolute uniformity of essential parts in all engines of the same class, is manifest, and with the increased production since 1861 it became a necessity as a well as a decided advantage. It has already been noted that as early as 1839 Mr. BALDWIN felt the importance of making all like parts of similar engines absolutely uniform and interchangeable. It was not attempted to accomplish this object, however, by means of a complete system of standard gauges, until many years later. In 1861 a beginning was made of organizing all the departments of manufacture upon this basis, and from it has since grown an elaborate and perfected system, embracing all the essential details of construction. An independent cepartment of the works, having a separate foreman and an adequate force of skilled workmen, with special tools adapted to the purpose, is organized as the Department 228 LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. of Standard Gauges. A system of standard gauges and templets for every description of work to be done, is made and kept by this department. The original templets are kept as "standards," and are never used on the work itself, bunt from them exact duplicates are made, which are issued to the foremen of the various departments, and to which all work is required to conform. The working gauges are compared with the standards at regular intervals, and absolute uniformity is thus maintained. The system is carried into every possible important detail. Frames are planed and slotted to gauges, and drilled to steel bushed templets. Cylinders are bored and planed, and steam-ports, with valves and steamchests, finished and fitted, to gauges. Tires are bored, centres turned, axles finished, and cross-heads, guides, guide-bearers, pistons, connecting and parallel-rods planed, slotted, or finished, by the same method. Every bolt about the engine is made to a gauge, and every hole drilled and reamed to a templet. The result of the system is an absolute uniformity and interchangeableness of parts in engines of the same class, insuring to the purchaser the minimum cost of repairs, and rendering possible, by the application of this method, the large production which these works have accomplished. Thus had been developed and perfected the various essential details of existing locomotive practice, when Mr. BALDWIN died, September 7, 1866. He had been permitted, in a life of unusual activity and energy, to witness the rise and wonderful increase of a material interest which had become the distinguishing feature of the century. IHe had done much, by his own mechanical skill and inventive genius, to contribute to the development of that interest, and his name was as " familiar as household words" wherever on the American continent the locomotive had penetrated. After the death of 3Mr. BALDWIN, the business was reorganized in 1867, under the title of "The BALDWIN Locomotive Works," M. BAIRD & Co., Proprietors. Messrs. GEORGE BURNHAM and CIIARLES T. PARRY, who had been connected with the establishment from an early period, the former in charge of the finances, and the latter as General Superintendent, were associated with Mr. BAIRD in the copartnership. Three years later, Messrs. EDWARD II. WILLIAMS, WILLIAM P. I-IENSZEY, and EDWARD LONGST-RETII became members of the firm. Mr. WILLIAMS had been connected with railway management on various lines since 1850. Mr. HENSZEY had been Mechanical Engineer, and Mr. LONGSTEETI the General Superintendent of the works for several years previously. In July, 1866, the engine " Consolidation " was built for the Lehigh Valley Railroad, on the plan and specification furnished by Mr. ALEXANDER M ITCInELL, master mechanic of the MIahanoy Division of that railroad. This engine was intended for working the Mahanoy plane, which rises at the rate of 133 feet per mile. The " Consolidation" had cylinders twenty by twenty-four, four pairs of drivers connected, forty-eight inches in diameter, and a BISSELL pony-truck in front, ecjualized with the front drivers. The weight of the engine, in working order, was 90,000 pounds, of which all but about 10,000 pounds was on the drivers. This engine has constituted the first of a class to which it has given its name, and over thirty " Consolidation " engines have since been constructed. A class of engines known as "v Moguls," with three pairs of drivers connected and a swing pony-truck in front equalized with the front drivers, took its rise in the practice of this establishment from the " E. A. DOUGLAS," built for the THOMAS Iron Company in 1860. Several sizes of " Moguls " have been built, but principally with cylinders sixteen, seventeen, and eighteen inches in diameter, respectively, and twenty-two or twenty-four inches LOCOMIOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 229 stroke, and with drivers from forty-four to fifty-seven inches in diameter. This plan of engine has rapidly grown in favor for freight service on heavy grades or where maximum loads are to be moved, and has been adopted by several leading lines. Utilizing, as it does, nearly the entire weight of the engine for adhesion, the main and back pairs of drivers being equalized together, as also the front drivers and the pony-wheels, and the construction of the engine with swing-truck and one pair of drivers without flanges allowing it to pass short curves without difficulty, the " Mogul 99 is generally accepted as a type of engine especially adapted to the economical working of heavy freight traffic. Steel flues were put in three ten-wheeled freight engines, numbers 211, 338, and 368, completed for the Pennsylvania Railroad in August, 1868, and up to the present time have been in nconstant use without requiring renewal. Flues of the same material have also been used in a number of engines for South American railroads. Experience with tubes of this metal, however, has not yet been sufficiently extended to show whether they give any advantages commensurate with their increased cost over iron. Steel boilers have been built, to a considerable extent, for the Pennsylvania, Lehigh Valley, Central of INew Jersey, and some other railroad companies, since 1868, and with good results thus far. Where this metal is used for boilers, the plates may be somewhat thinner than if of iron, but at the same time, as shown by careful tests, giving a greater tensile strength. The thoroughly homogeneous character of the steel boiler-plate made in this country recommends it strongly for the purpose. Early in 1870, the success of the various narrow-gauge railway enterprises in Europe aroused a lively interest in the subljeet, and numerous similar lines were projected on this side of the Atlantic. Several classes of engines for working railroads of this character were designed and built, and are illustrated in full, as are all styles of locomotives built at this works. In 1832 only 20 hands were employed, and one engine required a year to build. At this time there are about 3,000 skilled mechanics employed, and the present firm are turning out an average of 13- engines per day. From a single, narrowv contracted shop where a hammer could scarcely be slung aloft without striking, the wall, the works now cover 8-1 acres, and from a pay-roll of $200 per week it has grown to $40,000 per week, or over $2,000,000 per year. In order to show the enormlous extent of the work done in all these years, it may be stated that there have been built, of all sizes and kinds, 3,342 engines, the lowest selling for $3,500 and the highest for $34,000. Averaging these engines at about $12,000 each, it will be seen that this one concern has manufactured within forty years engines to the value of $41,104,000, or over $1,000,000 work per year. During these years the firm have paid out for labor alone about $15,00,000, and some of the employes have seen the full forty years of service with the firm. One, Mr. LEIS O0. HOWELL, who forged the iron for the first engine, is still a foreman, a hale, hearty man of T1 years, who looks as though he were equal to another quarter of a century. As showing the imperfections of the early engines made, this gentleman states that a large party of celebrities who made a trial trip over the old State road on the thid the third engine built, had large holes burnt in their clothing by the sparks from the engine, there being no (' spark arrester known then. To further exhibit the increase of demand for the latter perfected engines, it is stated tlhat in 1866 there were 118 engines built, 127 in 1867, 124 in 1868, 235 in 1869, 280 in 1870, 331 in 1871, 422 in 1872, and the number for 1873 will exceed 500. 230 LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. The following table will show the number of shops, the area of each, the purposes for which they are used, the number of men employed in each, and the number of machines: No. Buildings. Area in No. em- Masquare ft. ployed. chines. 1 Frame shop....................... 18,463 99 55 2 Connecting-rod shop.......... 19,213 124 63 3 Wood pattern shop.................. 19,213 125 30 4 Steam-harmmer shop............... 28,600 190 15 5 Office buildings................... 2,166 19 6 Store room........................... 1,600 14 7 Wheel department.................... 10,890 63 70 8 Smith and boiler shop.............. 56,167 486 45 9 Drawing room........................ 2166 18 10 Standard-gauge shop............. 1,600 13 10 11 Piston and guide shop................ 14,486 86 68 12 Valve-motion shop............. 10,216 115 43 13 Erecting shop........................ 3,800 285 30 14 Grinding room....................... 4,148 10 9 15 Pipe shop................ 4,148 28 5 16 Sheet-iron shop....................... 6,800 32 5 17 Paint shop......................... 8,296 19 5 18 Machine repair shop.................. 6,800 46 21 19 Brass-work shop...................... 6,800 34 35 20 Brass foundry 2............ 800 17 21 Tool repair shop..................... 6,800 12 9 22 Pattern loft.......................... 6,800 7 23 Iron foundry........................ 18,000 265 38 24 Smith shop......................... 16,400 146 6 25 Forge shop........................ 9,600 119 10 26 Spring shop........................ 10,004 36 18 27 Tender paint shop.................... 9,790 10 28 Truck-wheel shop..................... 13,706 80 27 29 Tank shops......................... 9,790 62 21 30 Stack shops.......................... 9,790 38 12 31 Tender-frame shop.................... 9,790 35 44 32 Punching and shearing shop........... 4,800 16 5 33 Blacksmith shop..................... 1,700 6 34 Smith shop (No. 2)................... 8,140 18 4 35 Stables................ 7,000 27. Total.............................. 390,482 2,7 00 70 The 1,000th engine was finished in February, 1861, the 2,000th on October 30, 1869, and the 3,000th, November 13, 1872; and the last one completed up to this writing numbered 3,342, on July 18. It is stated that one other immense firm in Berlin has turned out over 3,000, having on exhibition their 3,000th locomotive at the Vienna Exhibition; but this firm employs 10,000 men to do less work and at greater cost in the same time than the BALDWIN works, thus proving conclusively the superiority in skill, the perfection in machinery, and even Europe itself acknowledges the superiority in perfection of the American-built engine. The BALDWIN works cover an area of 8- acres, or nearly 4 squares, the real estate possessions amounting in the aggregate to about $1,400,000, of which about $425,000 is in buildings. The works front on Broad Street, from Pennsylvania Avenue to Spring Garden Street, 760 feet, looking like a busy city all to itself. The several lots occupied by the works have a superficial ground area, all told, of about 400,000 square feet, and upon them are erected sub LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UI5iTED STATES. 281 stantial brick struc-tures, one, two, three, and four stories high, filled with the most perfect and expensive machinery. In addition to the above, there are 18 stationary engines, 26 boilers, and 115 laboring men not enumerated, while a force of over 200 men are given employment at times, increasing the entire force to over 3,000 persons. The consumption of material in the works is of course enormous, and to give some idea of this, figures are again resorted to. The average annual consumption of the principal articles used is as follows: Coal used...................................... tons, 18,000 Bar iron........................................ 33000 Pig-iron................. " 5,800 Boiler iron...................................tons, 1,150 Boiler-plate steel....................................... 420 Copper..............................................bs., 384,000 Spring steel....................e..................... " 350,000 Lead............ -........................... 100,000 Pig-tin............................................. " 55)000 Spelter................................ 429000 Coke. e.................................... bush., 40,000 Charcoal....................................... bbls., 5,600 Steel tires..... 2............,100 Chilled wheels............................................ 5,000 Flues............................................... 58,000 As a matter of course, the largest number of the engines manufactured are sold and used in the United States, but there have been a great many sent to foreign countries. An investigation goes to prove that since the year 1860 the firm have sent abroad 154 engines, as follows: To Canada, 39; to Cuba, 25; to Brazil, 50; to Peru, 13; to Russia, 10; to Finland, 9; to Nova Scotia, 4, and to New Brunswick, 4. There are now being constructed 50 for Canada 11 for South America, and several smaller orders for other countries. Mr. BALDWIN, the founder, died in 1866, after a long life of usefulness, and, after many changes, Mr. M. BAIrD, a former apprentice in the business, became a promninent member of the firm. A few months since the latter gentleman also retiredc disposing of his interest in the business, amounting to one-third, for $1,125,000. The present firm is composed almost entirely of young men, who have grown up with the business, from office or apprentice boys. MIr. GEORGE BU]RNHuAM, the senior, who has been in the concern for 35 years, is the financier. Mr. CHARLES T. PARRY, another member is gene eral manager. Dr. EDWARD 1-1. WILLIAMS, an experienced railroad official, is now the selling or contracting partner. Mr. WiM. P. HENSZEY is the mechanical engineer. [Mr. EDWARD LoNGxSTrETIT a former apprentice, who was made a foreman before he was free' is now a partner and general superintendent. Mr. JousN I. CONVERSE is an old journalist. Some of the machines used in the establishment are well worth notice. One steam hammer has a weight of over 3,000 pounds, to pack tand cram the red-hot iron into a sufficiently compact mass to sustain great weight. Another, a tram engine, picks up an entire 2,2 I OCOMOTIVE WORiCtS 0l TiHtE UINSIT STATgS. engine boiler, and carries it from point to point. A third holds the boiler suspended, whilst a massive upright steam riveter clinches with one great blow the red hot rivet through the boiler, saving hours of manual labor. The punches, the shears, the planers, and the great wheel lathes, all are hlilge, and yet all apparently perfect for the purpose intended, and still improvements are being constantly made. The work goes through no less than thirty-five different shops before completion, each department of which is presided over by an experienced and competent head. The history of the BALDWIN Locomotive Works has thus been traced from its inception to the present time. Over 2,600 locomotives have been built in the establishment since the completion of the " Old Ironsides,l' in 1832. Its capacity is now equal to the production of over 400 locomotives annually, and it has attained the rank of the largest locomotive works in the world. It owes this position not only to the character of the work it has turned out, but largely also to the peculiar facilities for manufacture which it possesses. Situated close to the great iron and coal region of the country, the principal materials required for its work are readily available. It numbers among its managers and workmen men who have had the training of a lifetime in the various specialties of locomotive manufacture, and whose experience has embraced the successive stages of American locomotive progress. Its location, in the largest manufacturing city of the country, is an advantage of no ordinary importance. In 1870, Philadelphia, with a total population of nearly 700,000 souls, gave employment in its manufactures to over 120,000 persons. In other words, more than one-sixth of its population is concerned in production. The extent of territory covered by the city, embracing 127 square miles, with unsurpassed facilities for ready communication by street railways, re-nders possible separate comfortable homes for the working population, and thus tends to elevate their condition and increase their efficiency. Such and so vast a class of skilled mechanics is therefore available from which to recruit the forces of the establishment when necessary. Under their command are special tools, which have been created from time to time with reference to every detail of locomotive manufacture; and an organized system of production, perfected by long years of experience, governs the operation of all. Portland sLocomotive Wors. —Proprietors, Portland Locomotive Works Company. Location of works, Portland, Maine. Average annual capacity, 126 locomotives. This works has turned out forty-two complete locomotives in four months, which is considered within its capacity. Noew H:ampshire. Manheoster Locomotive Work.-Proprietors, Manchester Locomotive Works Co. President, JoHN A. BunENHAM; Treasurer, WiT. G. i[EANS, Boston. Location of works, Mianchester, New Hampshire. Average annual capacity, 180 locomotives. This works employs 680 men, and turns out from 12 to 15 locomotives per month. During 1873 it has built 50 standard-gauge locomotives for the Grand Trunk Railway. A. BLOOD, agent, Manchester. LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 233 Massachusetts. Taunton Locomotive Works.-Proprietors, Taunton Locomotive Manufacturing Co. Location of works, Taunton, Massachusetts. Average annual capacity, 120 locomotives. This company has manufactured during 1873 four 26 ton locomotives for the Maronas, Panda, and Montevideo Railway of South America, and also an engine of 17 tons, with 16 inch cylinders and 24 inch stroke, for the Bridgewater Iron Company of Massachusetts, in addition to their regular work. Treasurer, HARRISON TWEED; Superintendent, P. J. PERRnN. Established 1846. Hinkley Locomotive Works.-President, ADAMS AYER; Treasurer, F. L. BULLARD; Superintendent, H. S. LEACH. Location of works, 439 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts. Average annual capacity, 150 locomotives. Number of hands employed, T00. Mason Machine Works.-Proprietor, WM. Mason. Location of works, Taunton, Massachusetts. This works builds standard and narrow-gauge locomotives, including the FAIRLIE double-truck locomotive, and also cotton machinery and machinists' tools. Rhode Island. Rhode Island Locomotive Works.-President, W. S. SLATER; Treasurer, E. P. MAsoN; Secretary and Assistant Treasurer, W. H. FENNER; Superintendent, B. W. HEALEY. Location of works, Providence, R. I. Average annual capacity, 144 locomotives. This works employs 900 men, and has built 155 locomotives for one single road-the Great Western. New York. Brooks Locomotive Works.-President and Superintendent, H. G. BROOKs; Secretary and Treasurer, M. L. HIMAN. Location of works, Dunkirk, N. Y. Average annual capacity, 84 locomotives. This works employs 450 men. Schenectady Locomotive Works.-President, JOHN C. ELLIS; Treasurer, CHAS. G. ELLIS; Superintendent, W. McQuEEN. Location of works, Schenectady, N. Y. The shops of this company have been increased lately by the addition of new buildings. 30 234 LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. New Jersey. Danforth Locomotive and Mlachine Works.-Proprietors, Danforth Locomotive and Machine Co. President, JOHN COOiKE; Secretary and Treasurer, A. J. BIxBY; Superintendent, JAMES COOKE, Paterson; Agent, II. A. ALLEN, 52 Wall Street, New York. Location of works, Paterson, N. J. Average annual capacity, 108 locomotives. 500 hands. This works built in 1873 the largest locomotives made in Paterson, intended for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. These engines weighed 45 tons each, had cylinders 20 by 24 inches, with fire-box 10 feet long, and four pairs of driving-wheels. Narrow-gauge engines are also built here. Grant Locomotive Works.-D. B. GRANT, President. Location of works, Paterson, N. J. Average annual capacity, 180 locomotives. Number of men, 775. This works received the first medal at the Paris Exposition in 1867. Rogers Locomotive Works.-President, J. S. ROGERS; Secretary, R. S. HUGHES; Treasurer, Tnos. ROGERS, 44 Exchange Place, N. Y. Location of works, Paterson, N. J. Average annual capacity, 300 locomotives. Number of men employed, 1,700, when the works is in full operation. This works was established in 1837. MlcoKay Iron and Locomotive Works.-Proprietor, J. H. McKAY. Location of "works, Jersey City, N. J. Pennsylvania. Baldwin Locomotive Works.-Proprietors, BURNHAM, PARRY, WILLIAMS & CO. Office, 218 South 4th Street, Philadelphia. Location of works, Broad and Spring Garden Streets, Philadelphia. Average annual capacity, 675 locomotives. This is the greatest locomotive works of the world, and with the exception of one in Berlin, which has equalled it in product, but with a force of three times the number of men, has built more locomotives than any other. This works was established by the late M. W. BALDWIN, and the firm was subsequently M. W. BALDWIN & Co., and later, M. BAIRD & Co., the latter firm having been succeeded by the present owners. (See extended description preceding.) National Locomotive Works.-Proprietors, DAWSON, BAILEY & Co. Location of works, Connellsville, Pa. Average annual capacity, 36 locomotives. The specialty of this firm is light and narrow gauge locomotives, of which they have built some very fine specimens for mine and other purposes. The works employs 120 men. A locomotive built by this firm for Salt Lake City, Utah, during 1873, was of a peculiar character, and calculated to run on a road which, at places, has a grade of 500 feet to the mile. This locomotive had six wheels, the hind drivers of which had grooved tires to engage the rail. LOCOMOTIVE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 235 Light Locomotive Works.-Proprietors, PORTER, BELL & CO. Location of works, Avenue Railroad and 50th Street, Pittsburg, Pa. Average annual capacity, 50 locomotives. This firm builds light locomotives, and has constructed several narrow gauge engines for South American governments, especially for Ecuador. Office, N]o. 5 Monongahela House, Pittsburg. Atlas Iron Works.-President, THOMAS N. MILIER. Location of works, Pittsburg, Penn. Build light locomotives, railroad frogs with patent hollow cast-steel points, crossings, switches, cylinders, anvil blocks up to 100 tons weight, and steam engines from 10 to 40 inches diameter of cylinder; railway equipments in general. Dickson Manufacturing Co.-W... PERKINS, Treasurer, Wilkesbarre, Penn. This company manufacture locomotive and stationary engines, boilers, machinery, and cars. California. Risdon Iron and Locomotive Works.-Jo IN N. RISDON, President; JOSEPH MOORE, Vice-President and Superintendent; L. R. MIEAD, Secretary. Manufacture locomotives, car wheels, and boilers. Incorporated 1868. Location of works, corner Beale and Howard Streets, San Francisco. The above comprises the private locomotive works and companies of the United States. Many of the railroad companies construct locomotives in their own shops, but these do not come under our jurisdiction. Among the railroad companies which have constructed locomotives for the first time in 18T3 are the New York, New Haven and Boston, at New Haven, and the Central Pacific, of California, at Sacramento. THE CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. INTRODUCTION TO THE CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. ALTHOUGH all are aware of the immense amount of what is technically termed Rolling Stock, which is in use on the railroads of our country, few stop to consider the importance and number of the works employed in the construction of this product, the great number of men engaged in the industry, or the wholesale consumption of iron, both cast and wrought, in the trade. The following statistics of the car trade of the United States- and Canada will give some idea of the importance of this branch. These statistics are official, having been compiled by Mr. L. GAREY, the Secretary of the Master Car Builders' Association, and reported by him to that body. There are in the United States and Canada 103 car manufacturing establishments, exclusive of railroad car shops, 97 of which establishments belong to the United States. These car works built during the year ended Mlay 31, 1873, are as follows: Cars for passenger trains................... 863 Revenue cars (various).......................... 35,531 Construction cars................................ 371 Cars built by railroad companies, same period: 36,765 For passenger trains........................... 644 Revenue cars (various)........................... 20,405 Construction cars................................ 1,296 22,345 Total.................................. 59,110 The total number of cars on broad and standard gauge steam roads in the United States and Canada, at the close of the fiscal year in 1871, was: Eight-wheeled cars................................... 193,767 Four-wheeled cars................................. 58,355 Total........................................ 252,122 If we add to the above estimates of cars on hand in 1871, and manufactured in 1872-3, half the latter number for the six months intervening between the close of the fiscal year of 1871 and the 1st of June, 1872, we shall have a total of 340,667 cars of all kinds at the present time-exclusive of cars built since May 31, 1873, and also exclusive of narrow gauge cars. Could we trace the exact amount of iron entering into the construction of each class of cars, we could thus form some idea of the magnitude of this industry. That, however, is at present impossible. The car builder must combine in his business a knowledge of the 240 INTRODUCTION TO THE CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. material and management of at least fifty trades. Unlike the house builder, the structure he produces does not pass through numerous different trades, each responsible for its own part. The' master car-builder must be a thorough iron worker, with a knowledge of the qualities of the various irons, in order to combine the maximum of strength with the minimum of weight. IHe must be a good architect and carpenter, conversant with,the framing of timber, and the different varieties of wood and their qualities of durability and shrinkage. An engineer and draftsman he is perforce, as the designs of construction require the nicest mathematical plans and working drawings. Not only a painter, grainer, and varnisher must he be, but to these qualifications add that of an artist, since his building is to be decorated with no little artistic skill. To be an upholsterer.and locksmith is also required of him, since his car is to be trimmed and furnished like a drawing-room, and in the case of sleeping-coaches, as a bedroom also; and, moreover, he must be a plumber too, and " lay on " water for drinking and lavatory purposes. He must understand well the best methods and most improved mechanical appliances for lighting, warming, and ventilating his building when completed. Add to these few accomplishments, all to be under the general inspection of one man, that he must know the market for the materials to be used in these multiform branches of industry, and we have enumerated a list of capabilities which the average American must be an "admirable CRICHTON " to possess. And more, when his work is done it must be so done, as, unlike the builders, not only to keep out rain and cold, but to be rushed over the country at the rate of fifty miles an hour! And when, through the assistance of an enthusiastic engineer or a careless switchman, his structure lies splintered in the ditch, he must photograph the wreck, and study every fracture and torsion as a lesson to build new structures, stronger! The works employed for the construction of railroad and street cars occupy large areas, and give work to a very large number of mechanics. They form interesting features for industrial description, and the trade has tended not only to develop the mechanical skill, but largely the inventive genius, of our people. The best types of labor-saving machinery are introduced, and constantly added to, in new inventions. Steady and rapid progress is made in perfecting our railroad cars each year, and the master car-builders have a lively interest in their profession, meeting to discuss technological points, and examine new inventions designed for their specialty, every month. Commodious rooms are provided for their accommodation in Liberty Street, New York; and the trade supports well a valuable and ably conducted newspaper, devoted solely to the car building interest, and entitled the National Car Builder, to which journal we are under obligations for many facts of interest and value in the compilation of this work. The private car works of the country will be found fully described in the following pages, and the data given are verified by actual application to each works. The leading car shops, conducted by the principal railroad companies, are also described as fully as space will permit. CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. Maine. Patten Car Works.-Proprietors, G. F. & J. PATTEN'S SONS. Location of works, Bath, Me. Average annual capacity not given. This works comprises the following buildings, viz.: wood-machine shop, 150 by 75 feet; erecting shop, 220 by 75 feet; blacksmith shop and machine shop, 180 by 50 feet; paint shop, 162 by 75 feet; and office, 36 by 25 feet. The establishment is filled with new machinery, driven by a steam engine of 100 horse-power. The erecting shops contain eight tracks, and room for setting up eight passenger or sixteen freight cars at a time. The machine shop contains an engine lathe, a hydraulic wheel-press, bolting machine for wheels, bolt-cutting machine, drills, etc., etc. The blacksmith shop has six fires, one heating furnace, and a bolt machine. The works employs 200 hands, and is under the superintendence of Mr. J. W. TRUSSEL, formerly master car builder of the Portland and Kennebec Railroad. St. Croix River Iron Works.-Proprietors, CRANG-LE BRos. Location of works, Calais, Me. Average annual capacity not given. Manufacture cars, steam-engines, and machinery. Number.of hands, 12. Lombard Car Works.-Proprietor, THOMAS LOMBARD. Location of works, Augusta, Me. Average annual capacity valued at $300,000. Hands employed, 45. Iron foundry and machine shop. The Lombard Car Works has been greatly enlarged in 1873 by the addition of seven and a half acres of land, on which have been built a foundry, machine and wood shop, etc. The capacity of the car shop is two cars daily. The blacksmith shop has three forges, and a capacity of iron work for three cars daily. The foundry is larger than required, with a view of engaging shortly in the manufacture of car wheels. Portland Company.-JAcoB MOLELLAN, Treasurer. Location of works, Portland, Me. This is a very extensive works, employing 400 hands. New Hampshire. Ranlet Car Manufacturing Co.-Officers, JouHN. MOULTON, JOSEPH RANLET, PERLEY PUTNAM. Location of works, Laconia, N. H. Average annual capacity, 52 passenger cars and 1,040 freight cars. 81 242 CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. This works was established by CHARLES RANLET twenty-five years ago, the present company being formed in 1862. The works consists of six large shops for wood-work, iron-work, erecting, and paint shops. The works employs 225 men, and turns out one passenger car and twenty freight cars each week. The company has also an extensive foundry, and manufactures its own car wheels (See acr-wheel Works) and axles. This company also builds drawing-room cars, and has a steam saw-mill for sawing lumber, using for car bottoms only Georgia pine, brought from Portsmouth, the nearest seaport, sixty miles distant. This works has a fine water-power, being situated at the outlet of Lake Winnipisiogee, the head of the Merrimac River, but is also provided with steam power for its full capacity, in case of drought. Vermont. Arlington Car Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, Arlington, Vt. Average annual capacity not given. Officers: President, ORLANDO CANFIELD; Secretary and Treasurer, H. S. HARD; Superintendent, A. D. CANFIELD. Company organized in 1872. This works built during 1873 a number of refrigerator milk cars for the Harlem Extension Railroad, which have given great satisfaction. These cars have elliptic springs, and are furnished with the compound axle. Massachusetts. Atlantic Car Works.-Proprietors, Atlantic Car Co. Location of works, corner Broadway and Ocean Avenue, Salem, Mass. Officers: President, N. C. RoBIINS; Treasurer and Agent, A. S. ROGERS; Superintendent, S. W. REMER. Capital, $150,000. Established in 1872. Works covers an area of four acres, and was built under the direction of the superintendent. The buildings consist of-paint shop, 220 by 76 feet, with 12 tracks; an erecting shop, 116 by T6 feet, with six tracks, and devoted to passenger-cars, with upholstery rooms on the second floor; freight-car erecting shop, 120 by 76 feet; blacksmith shop, 40 by 78 feet, has twelve fires, steam hammers, etc.; machine shop, 125 by 60 feet, two stories, supplied with the newest wood-working machinery, and with cabinet shop above. All chips and shavings are drawn by means of spouts from these departments to boiler room. Power engine is a 50 horse-power CoRLIss, with two boilers of 30 horsepower each. The engine room is 55 by 25 feet, with a dry-room above capable of holding 40,000 feet of lumber. The works employs 140 hands, and is kept running full on orders. Osgood Bradley.-Location of works, Worcester, Mass. Average annual capacity not given. H. T. & J. N. Keith.-Location of works, West Sandwich, Mass. Taunton Car Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, Taunton, Mass. S. L. CROcKER, President; T. B. DEAN, Agent. CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 243 Wason Car Works.-Proprietors, Wason Manufacturing Co. GEORGE C. FISK, President; IENRY S. HYDE, Secretary and Treasurer. Location of works, Brightwood, near Springfield, Mass. The new works of this company are in full operation, and are considered as among the model car works of the country. The works is conspicuous by its large, roomy, and light appearance, and is provided with a wide transfer track running east and west between the two ranges of buildings which constitute the shops, and into the extensive lumber yard. This track, and the transfer table which runs on it, are among the features of the works. The object of the transfer table is to receive cars from the railroad switch in the shops and remove them to any part of the works, and to deliver finished cars to the railroad for transportation. The table is 42 feet long, and was built in the company's works, at a cost of $10,000. It is moved by a 12 horse-power rotary engine, and runs on three tracks set upon eight-foot piles, and operates by means of a chain passing over pocket gears and dropping beside the middle track. It can be stopped instantly or gradually at any of the 90 lateral tracks, and is a valuable invention in all respects. The foundry is a building 170 feet long by 62 wide, and contains three MOKENZIE cupolas capable of melting 12 tons each per day, two of which are used for wheels and one for floor castings. The iron is received into the foundry over an 80,000 pound track scale, and from it passes to the moulding room, which has four wheel cranes with a capacity of 25 wheels each per day, 72 wheels per day being the present product with three cranes in use. From the moulding-room the wheels are taken to the pit-house, a building 80 by 38. Connected with this building is the core-room for moulding and baking wheel cores, which are made of a mixture of rye meal and moulding sand. Near the foundry are sheds for coal and foundry supplies, and also the machine and smith shops. The former is a two-story building 96 feet by 45 feet, the lower story used for heavy and the upper for light machine work, with trimming and pattern rooms. The smith shop is 150 feet by 45, and 35 feet high, with a wing 48 by 24 feet for storing stock iron. This shop has 26 side fires with improved cast-iron forges, three large centre forges, a 1,200 pound hammer, and numerous small trip-hammers. The erecting shop is 117 feet by 75 feet and contains 5 tracks, being used entirely for building passenger car bodies, trucks for same being set up in an adjoining building, the upper story of which is used as a tin shop. West of the car-erecting shop, and separated from it by a fire-proof partition, is a building 200 by 62 feet, with a wing 42 by 50 feet. The lower floor is filled with machinery for heavy work, while the cabinet shop occupies the upper, the wings being used for upholstery, varnish, and seat-trimming rooms. East of this is the engine-house, the engine built by the Providence Steam-engine Company, of 150 horse-power, 18 inch cylinder, 4 foot stroke, and running a 14 foot fly-wheel with 32 inch face. The belt which took the premium at the Fair of the American Institute, New York, in 1872, is of double leather, 122- feet long and 30 inches wide, costing $1,000,'and made especially for this works by UNDERWOOD & Co., of Tolland, Conn. The engine is nickel-plated throughout, and the engine-room highly ornamental. The boiler-room contains three locomotive tubular boilers, 75 horse-power each, the third being used for warming the shops in winter. The steam gong can be heard for miles, and the boiler stack is 85 feet high. The rooms over the boilers and engine are used for drying and veneering. These buildings are all of brick, with slate and tinned roofs, and tracks through each connected with the transfer. Two more large shops will be built for the erection and painting of freight cars. 244 CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. The lumber yard alone of this works covers 12 acres, and a lumber-storing building is to be erected for fancy woods used in cabinet work. Tracks run between the piles of lumber, and, as in every part of the works, provision is made for labor saving. On the south side of the grounds is the paint shop, 500 feet by 75 feet, divided into four sections by fireproof doors. Thirty-two of the longest passenger coaches can be painted here at once, entering and departing by the transfer table. The paint stock is kept in a fire-proof cellar without the building, but communicating with it by a subterranean passage. Near this shop is a double brick dry-house, heated by stoves. The daily capacity of this works when complete is one passenger and eight freight cars. The office building is highly ornamental and elegantly furnished. The upper floors are used for rooms for boarding and lodging a fire company composed of employes of the works. Apartments are furnished for eating, sleeping, cooking, and a reading-room with city and country papers and magazines. The supply of water for use and precaution against fire is ample throughout the works, and hydrants with hose attached are placed at all points. There are also two hose carriages. The whole works will be enclosed with a neat fence, and forms really a model American car works. The foiegoing elaborate description is condensed from the Springfield Republicae, the very best authority. Average annual capacity of works, 365 passenger and 2,920 freight cars. Conneoticut. N'ew Haven Car Works.-Proprietors, New Haven Car Co. President, J. AM. TOWNSEND; Secretary, E. H. TOWNSEND; Treasurer, ELIAS DICKEEMAN; Agent, J. H. LEIGHTON. Location of works, New Haven, Conn. Average annual capacity, 100 passenger cars. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Co. have car shops at New Haven, and are building new works at Hartford which will double capacity. The Naugatuck Railroad Co. has also fine shops at Bridgeport. New York. Buffalo Car Works.-Proprietors, Buffalo Car Co. Location of works, Buffalo, N. Y. Average annual capacity, 2,190 freight cars. This works builds box, flat, gondola, and oil-tank cars, and employs 300 men. The Buffalo Car Company was organized in 1871, and the officers are: President, WILLIAM WILLIAMS; Vice-President, JONATHAN SCOVILLE; Secretary and Treasurer, G. S. WILLIAhMS; Superintendent, J. N. mIILEHAM, the latter formerly master car builder of the Lake Shore and Mlichigan Southern Railroad shops at Buffalo. The works occupies a tract of 45 acres in East Buffalo, near the Buffalo, New York. & Philadelphia, and Erie Railroads. The specialty of the works is freight cars. The shops are large, and are supplied with all the usual appliances. The blacksmith shop is unusually well arranged to free it from smoke. The power engine is an 80 horse-power, built at the CuMIMErG's Works, Buffalo. The wood-working machinery is unusually full and excellent, CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 245 from the best makers, and each tool set in a foundation of cut stone, to prevent jar. The erection shop has three tracks, continuing through the paint shop, where they converge into the shipping track, and by means of small turn-tables reach every part of the yard. Side tracks extend to the connecting railroads, and every facility for receiving stock and shipping cars is provided. The buildings are all of brick, with slate roof, and every precaution is taken against fire. These buildings number 16 in all, and the works are provided with a transfer-table 100 by 30 feet. All the work and material moves only one way, and that towards the finish; thus economizing time and labor. Additional buildings will be erected for the construction of passenger cars. Elmiraa Car Works.-Proprietors, Pullman Palace Car Co. Location of works, Elmira, N. Y. Average annual capacity, 18 PULLMAN palace cars. Number of hands employed, 200. Gilbert Bush & Co.-Troy, N. Y. Location of works, Green Island, Troy, N. Y. Average annual capacity, 1,000 passenger cars, including WAGNER sleeping cars. Number of men, 400. This firm builds passenger cars, and makes a specialty of foreign work, having built largely for South America. The nucleus of this works was established some sixty years since, and the specialty was then " Troy stage-coaches," for which it was famed. EATON & GILBERT subsequently engaged in the manufacture of street cars, and in 1853 the Green Island Car Works were commenced. In 1863 the works were entirely destroyed by fire, but immediately rebuilt, and now cover an area of seven acres. The works has a waterfrontage of 600 feet on the Mohawk basin, giving communication with the I-udson River and Erie Canal. The Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad furnishes rail facilities for shipment to all parts of the United States. As this works manufactures largely for the export trade, especially to South America and Mexico, the cars are built in sections for readier transportation, but first put together at the works to insure accuracy, each part being marked and numbered. So closely can they be packed when thus made, that the different parts of thirty-four cars have been shipped in an ordinary canal-boat. The firm also manufactures largely the WAGNER sleeping cars. The buildings are of brick, and if in a straight line would reach a distance of over two miles. All railroad tracks are supplied with turntables, and are, in the aggregate, one mile in length. Eighty cars can be in progress of construction at once. The wood and iron working machinery is first-class, and all the iron used either forged or cast in the works. The number of hands is 400, to whom $208,000 are paid in wages annually. The annual consumption of the works is: 1,200 tons coal, 3,600 tons iron, and 2,500,000 feet of lumber, with a stock of 3,000,000 feet of lumber carried. James Goold & Co.-Location of works, Albany, N. Y. Average annual capacity, not given. Herrick Car Works.-Proprietor, W. H. HERiICtK. Location of works, Oswego, N. Y. Average annual capacity, 520 box cars. This works is new in 1873, and employs 150 men. Capacity to be doubled in 1874. 246 CAR WORnS OF THE UNITED STATES. J. M. Jone & Co. —Location of works, West Troy, N. Y. Average annual capacity, 300 street cars. This works was established as a carriage factory in 1839, and in 1863 began the manufacture of street or horse cars, since which it has manufactured for all the American cities, and largely for export. This is the second horse-car establishment in the United States, and covers an area of four acres, one complete car being turned out daily. The number of hands employed is 100, of whom one, the superintendent of the paint shop, has been in the employ of the firm for thirty years, and another for over twenty years. Schoharie Machine Co.-Location of works, Schoharie, N. Y. Average annual capacity not given. John Stephenson & Co.-Location of works, 47 East Twenty-seventh Street, near Fourth Avenue, New York City. Average annual capacity not given. This firm manufacture street cars, and not only supply many of the city railways, but export largely to foreign countries. New Jersey. Cummings Car Works.-Proprietors, Cummings Car Co. D.E. CULVER, President; W. H. CHADDOCK, Secretary; L. H. CUMMINGS, Superintendent. Location of works, corner Steuben and Washington Streets, Jersey City, New Jersey. Average annual capacity valued at $500,000. Number of hands, 200 on cars. Pennsylvania. Junction Car Works.-W. C. ALLISON & SONs. Location of works, Philadelphia. This works builds freight and passenger cars, and manufactures boiler flues and other machinery, and employs when full nearly 1,000 men. Altoona Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, Altoona, Penn. Average annual capacity not given. Number of men, 40. Pennsylvania Car Works.-S. II. & R. BAKER. Location of works, Latrobe, Penn. Average annual capacity, 600 freight cars (eight-wheeled). Number of hands employed, 100. Bellefonte Car Works.-Proprietors, Bellefonte Car Manufacturing Co. Location of works, Bellefonte, Penn. Average annual capacity, 400 freight cars. Billmyer & Smalls.-Location of works, York, Penn. Average annual capacity, freight cars, not given. CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 247 This works has been enlarged and improved in 1853, and has now machinery for the construction of every kind of cars. Employs 118 men. Bridgeport Car Works.-Proprietors, DANIELS & STEINMETZ. Location, Bridgeport, Penn. Average annual capacity, 200 eight-wheeled freight cars. Number of hands employed, 20. J. G. Brill & Co.-Location of works, Philadelphia, Penn. Average annual capacity, cars, not given. The specialty of this works is street and narrow-gauge cars. Geo. W. Bitner.-Location of works, Pittsburg, Penn. Connellsville Car Works.-Proprietors, Connellsville Machine and Car Works Co. JAMEs McGRATH and others. Location of works, Connellsville, Penn. Average annual capacity, $150,000 worth of cars and machinery. Hands, 50. Dickson Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, Scranton, Penn. Average annual capacity not given. Make engines, boilers, machinery, and cars. W. H. PERKINS, Treasurer. Erie Car Works.-Location of works, Erie, Penn. Average annual capacity, 3,000 freight cars. Hands employed, 400. Manufacture stock, house, and coal cars. This works was established some eight years since, and has grown from a capacity of only two cars per day to 3,000 per annum. Mr. W. R. DAVENPORT is President, and also of the firm of DAVENPORT, FAIRBAIRN & Co. (See Ccr-wheel Foundries of Pennsylvania), and gives personal superintendence to every department. Special attention is paid to honest work and choice material. The shops cover an area of seven acres in the southwestern portion of Erie, and are connected with the principal railroads. The iron and wood working machine shop is 300 by 50 feet, and contains some fine tools, among which is a 6 spindle drill for arch bars and bunter jaws, 200 of which can be drilled in ten hours by one man with this machine. There are also two double-head bolt-cutting and nut-tapping machines, with a capacity of 6,000 bolts or nuts per day. In the wood department are two upright wood-boring machines for car works, having four heads, obviating a change of bits. The two erecting shops are each 40 by 112 feet, with room for 8 freight cars each. The other shops are of like magnitude, and the company has a three-story building 40 by 150 feet, designed for a boarding-house for the men. A reading-room supplied with serials and newspapers is provided, and the whole is conducted on the principle that it pays to treat employes well. The works does all the repairing for the Empire Freight Line, and adjoins the extensive car-wheel and foundry works of DAVENPORT, FAIRBAIRN & Co., for which see Car-wheel Works of Pennsylvania. Frederick & Co.-Location of works, Catasauqua, Penn. Average annual capacity, value $300,000. Hands employed, 200. 248 CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES.'Freas Brothers & Thornton.-Location of works, Berwick, Penn. Average annual capacity, cars, not given. F. Gardner & Co.-Location of works, Carlisle, Penn. Average annual capacity not given. Number of hands, 30 on cars. Harrisburg Car Works.-Proprietors, Harrisburg Car Manufacturing Co. President, WM. CALDER. Average annual capacity, 3,600 freight, box, stock, gondola, and platform cars. Glen Rock Car Works.-Proprietors, CHAELES FRY, WMr. HIEBST, and others. Location of works, Glen Rock, Penn. Average annual capacity, 500 freight cars. Hands employed, 75. Huntingdon Car Works.-Location of works, IHuntingdon, Penn. Average annual capacity, cars, not given. Jackson & Woodin Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, Berwick, Penn. Average annual capacity, 2,100 eight-wheel, 4,200 four-wheel freight cars. The Jackson & Woodin Manufacturing Company's Works consist of a foundry, machine shops, smith shops, erecting shop and saw-mills, and their business includes the manufacture of cars and car wheels. The foundry is 85 by 28 feet, containing six cupolas. The saw-mills are located in Columbia and Luzerne Counties, and have a product of 1,650,000 feet of lumber per annum. The company has a capital of $200,000, employs 450 hands, and does a business of $1,000,000 annually. The wheel capacity of the foundry is 200 wheels per day, or 60,000 annually. Lebanon Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, Lebanon, Penn. Average annual capacity, 1,000 cars. Number of hands employed, 350. Lehigh Car Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, Steinton, Lehigh County, Penn. Average annual capacity, 1,000 cars. Employ 350 men. Murray, Dougal & Co.-Location of works, Milton, Penn. Average annual capacity, 1,200 freight cars. This works employs 400 hands. iMcVay, Walker & Co.-Location of works, Braddock's Field, Penn. Average annual capacity, $350,000. Hands employed, 100. Mliddletown Car and Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, Middletown, Penn. President, R. S. YOUNG; Treasurer, E. R. COLBAUGTH. James lM. Niblo.-Location of works, Conshocken, Penn. Average annual capacity, cars, not given. CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 249 Northumberland Car and Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, Northumberland, Penn. Average annual capacity, 600 freight cars. Pittsburg & MlcKeesport Car Co.-Location, McKeesport, Penn. Average annual capacity, cars, not given. Pittsburg Car & Locomotive Co.-Location of works, Pittsburg, Penn. Average annual capacity, cars, not given. Pottstown Car Works.-WM. L. SANDs. Location of works, Pottstown, Penn. Average annual capacity, 800 eight-wheeled box cars. Employ 100 men. Empire Car Works.-MICHAEL SCHALL. Location of works, York, Penn. Average annual capacity, 1,000 to 1,200 freight cars. Employs 110 men. Shaaber & Johnston.-Location of works, Reading, Penn. Average annual capacity not given. Employ 50 hands on cars. Watsontown Car Co. —JNO. H. GOODMAN, Treasurer. Location of works, Watsontown, Penn. Building. A. PABDEE, A. T. GOODMAN, among stockholders. P. L. Weimer & Bros.-Lebanon, Penn. Firm dissolved. New firm not named. Wyoming Valley Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, Wilkesbarre, Penn. Average annual capacity, value, $150,000. Number of hands, 80. WM. L. STEWART, Manager. Allegheny Car Works.-Allegheny Car and Manufacturing Co., Pittsburg. General A. C. RUISSELL, President. Location of works, Braddock's Field, Penn. Average annual capacity, cars, not given. This is also a rolling-stock company, with power to rent cars and rolling stock to railroad companies. Oxford Car Works.-Proprietors, Oxford Go-operative Car Co. Location of works, Oxford, Penn. Average annual capacity not given. President, J. L. KILGORE; Secretary, W. L. G. THOMAs; Superintendent, L. T. GRUBB. This company is composed exclusively of mechanics experienced in car building, and was organized in 1873. H. S. Myers & Co.-Location of works, York, Penn. Average annual capacity not given. This firm manufactures narrow-guage, mining, hand, and push cars. Employ 30 men, and build also agricultural machinery. 32 250 CARB WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, Delaware. Harlan & Hollingsworth Co.-Location of works, Wilmington, Delaware. Character of product, passenger cars, including PULLMAN coaches. This firm employ 300 men in the construction of railroad cars, although more largely engaged in iron ship-building. Wilmington is peculiarly favorably situated for manufacturing, having excellent rail and water facilities, and being easily accessible to the iron and coal regions of Pennsylvania. More railway cars are built here than in any other city. The Harlan & Iollinsworth Company is the oldest car-building works in the country, having been founded forty years since, or thereabout. The company also includes iron ship-building, and marine and stationary engines, boilers, sugar and other machinery, and employs altogether some 3,000 men in the various branches. The car specialty of the works is fine passenger coaches, including PULLMAN drawing-room and palace cars, for which company the works has built some thirty cars of this character. During the year this works also built an observation car, to be used near Vienna during the Exposition, on an inclined plane. This was a doubledeck car, seating 100 persons, and elegantly finished. A peculiarity of this works is the construction within itself of every detail of car production. The works has been extended from time to time as occasion required, and is conveniently located between the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad and the water front, having large docks on the latter for launching vessels and receiving material. Delaware Car Works.-Proprietors, JACKsoN & SHARP Car Company. President, JOB II. JACKSON; Vice-President, WM. S. AUCHINcLOSS; Secretary, D. W. TAYLOR; General Superintendent, J. F. SHARP. Location of works, Wilmington, Delaware. This works employs between 800 and 900 men, when running full. The Delaware Car Works, of which the Jackson & Sharp Company are proprietors, comprises an area of eight acres, between the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad and the Christiana and Brandywine Creeks. Ship-building is also included, as is the manufacture of doors, sashes, and blinds. The force is from 900 to 1200 men when full in all departments. The shops are large, and well fitted with machinery, and warmed by steam, by which an even temperature is kept, adding to comfort, and facilitating work, especially in the paint shop; and attention is also paid to ventilation in the varnish department. The car specialty includes all kinds for freight, and passenger, and PULLMAN, with a capacity of sixty cars in construction at once. This company was the first builders of narrow-gauge cars, and supplied the elegant passenger coaches for the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, and the whole rolling stock. These cars are 35 feet long, T wide, and 101 high; seat 36 persons, and weigh only 15,000 lbs. The cars for the Elevated Railroad in NewYork were also built here, and especially designed for the purpose. Everything used is of the best; and constant improvements are made in facilities for work. The precautions against fire are especial; no less than 26 Babcock fire extinguishers being kept, beside city water-mains, through the works. The general superintendent, Mr. WILLIAM S. AUCHINCLOSS, also Vice-President of the company, has thoroughly studied the narrow-gauge question, and is authority on that subject as well as being an engineer and technical author of some note, having published the valuable work on " The Mechanics of the Link and Valve Motion,' CAR WORKS OF TIlE UiNTED STATES. 251 Wilmington Car Works.-Proprietors, BOWERS, DURE & Co. Location of works, Wilmington, Delaware. Average annual capacity, cars, not given. Messrs. BoWERS, )DURE & Co. established the Wilmington Car Works in 1872, bringing to it an experience of years in car building, Mr. BOWERs having been superintendent of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad shops, and later of the car department of the Harlan & Hollingsworth Company. The buildings are of wood, and include a paint shop, with floor room for twenty cars, an erecting shop, 70 by 200 feet, a two-story wood-working and machine shop, blacksmith shop, transfer-table, etc. Specialty principally passenger cars, Pullman palace, and sleepers. This works has also furnished cars for the Northern Pacific, and narrow-gauge for the Pittsburg and Castle Shannon Railroad. Some of the wood-working machinery is especially fine, and also an iron-shaping machine in the blacksmith shop. Although only two years old or less, this works will rank in product with any, and seems likely to meet with great success. The works is located on the north bank of the Brandywine, with a frontage on the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad. The Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad car shops are also located here, the master car builder being Mr. G. W. PERRY, and master mechanic, S. A. IHODGMAN. These shops do all the repairs of the road, and build new cars also, both four and six wheel. Some elegant work has been turned out at these shops, and this company has always made a specialty of comfortable passenger cars. Virginia, Tredegar Company.-Location of works, Richmond, Va. Average annual capacity, 2,000 freight cars. President, Jos. R. ANDERSON; Superintendent, R. S. ARCHER. New York office, 32 Pine Street. (See also RBolling JMills, Car-wheel V'ores, and Steamengine Works of Virginiac.) Works employs 1,500 men. Founded in 1835. Petersburg Car Works.-Proprietors, Petersburg Car Co. President, T. L. H. YouNG; Superintendent, JOHN W. FLEMING. Location of works, Petersburg, Va. Average annual capacity, cars, not given. This company purchased the Fleet Foundry property and the Washington Cotton Factory, in Petersburg, and have added railroad tracks, traverse-tables, etc. OhioN Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, Dayton, O. The specialty of this works includes elegant passenger and PULLMAN coaches, and freight cars, and manufacturing car wheels. The force employed is fully 800 men when full, and the buildings are of brick, lately substituted for wood, and detached from each other, being reached from iron bridges connecting. To guard against fire, each floor is supplied with a hydrant, with hose attached, giving a supply of water equal to any ordinary emergency. The consumption of iron by a first-class car works may be appreciated 252 CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. when it is known that this works uses up forty tons of pig and ten tons of bar iron daily, in the car departments alone. This represents 12,000 tons of pig and 3,000 tons of bar iron annually; or, in other words, the gross product of a large-sized blast furnace and an average rolling mill to supply one works alone. No less than six million feet of lumber is constantly carried in stock, and the capital thus invested in material of iron and lumber alone would represent for the former at least $500,000 in pig metal, and $300,000 in bar iron, with, say, $250,000 in lumber, necessitating, one would think, a bank as one of the adjuncts of the works. The firm have built in 1873 some twenty odd PULLMANS, a number of elegant day cars, and several special cars of great magnificence. Tremont Car Co.-Location of works, Tremont, O. Works completed, but not yet in operation. John L. Gill.-Location of works, Columbus, O. Average annual capacity, 2,400 freight cars. Employs 300 hands on cars and wheels. (See Car-wheel Worsk of Ohio.) Mlansfield lachine Works.-Location of works, Mansfield, 0. Average annual capacity, 1,200 freight cars. This works employs 220 hands. The foundry contains three cupolas, with a melting capacity of 80 tons per day. Officers: H. COLBY, President; E. STURGES, Sen., Treasurer; A. L. GRIMEs, Secretary; E. H. REES, Superintendent. This works manufactures box, stock, gondola, hopper, express, baggage, and caboose cars. The Mansfield Machine Works is situated at the crossing of the Atlantic and Great Western, and Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago Railroads, and was originally built for an agricultural machine works, but changed to car building, under present owners. The location is especially good for obtaining coal, iron, and lumber, and railway connections are first class. The main building is of brick, three stories high, the wings being 80 by 150 feet, and 80 by 100 feet, the former devoted to wood-working, and the latter to iron machinery. Among the features of the wood-working machinery are a planer with bed to take a 60 foot stick, a universal wood-worker, and a universal shaping and tenoning machine, the last the invention of E. H. REES. In the iron-machine department are three axle lathes, with a capacity of forty axles per day, a BEMENT wheel borer, which will bore sixty wheels per day, a wheel press of 150 tons power, and choice bolt cutting and making machines. The erecting shop has a space for ten cars at once, and in connection with the works is a steam engine and machine shop, a specialty of which is a compound engine with one cylinder, also the invention of Mr. REES. The universal shaping and tenoning machine is also built here, and is meeting with favor in car shops, saving the labor of six men. Cleveland Bridge and Car Works~.-Proprietors, The McNairy & Claflen Manufacturing Co. President, ALBERT C. MCNAIRYY; Vice-president and Treasurer, H. M. CLAFLEN; Secretary, JOHN CooN; Superintendent, HARVEY J. CLAFLEN; Engineer, SIMEON SHELDON. Office, Waring Block, corner Bank and St. Clair Streets. Location of CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 253 works, onWatson, Hamilton, and Lake Streets, Cleveland, O. Average annual capacity, 2,000 passenger, freight, and street cars. This company, in addition to the manufacture of railroad and street cars, builds iron bridges, iron roofs, turn-tables, transfer-tables, etc., and employs 550 men, consumes 8,000 tons pig-iron, 5,000 tons wrought iron, and 3,000 tons coal. Works covers five acres. Mowry Car and Wheel Works.-Proprietors, Cincinnati Stationary and Hydraulic Engine Co. Location of works, Cincinnati, O. Average annual capacity not given. Piqua Car and Agricultural Works.-Proprietors, JOiIN O'FARRELL & Co. Location of works, Piqua, 0. Average annual capacity, 1,800 cars. Foundry 40 by 120 feet; machine shop, 40 by 120 feet. This works also manufactures agricultural machinery on a large scale. Tiffin Car Works.-Proprietors, Tiffin Car Works Co. Location of works, Tiffin, O. Capital, $1,000,000. Organization not completed. Toledo Car Works.-Proprietor, WM. WILMINGTON. Location of works, Toledo, Ohio. Average annual capacity, 1,000 cars. Indiana. Haskell & Barker Car Co.-Location of works, Michigan City, Ind. President, F. HASKELL; Treasurer, JOHN BARKER; Secretary, N. P. ROGERS. Office, 68 Washington Street, Chicago, Ill. Average annual capacity, 1,800 freight cars and 48 passenger coaches. Number of hands employed, 400. (See also Car-wheel Works of Indiana.) Indiana ar Co. —Location of works, Cambridge City, Ind. Average annual capacity, cars, not given. Not in operation in fall of 1873. Indianapolis Car Works.-Proprietors, Indianapolis Car Co. President, A. VAN SICLEN; Vice-President, F. RUSCHAUPT; Superintendent, GusTAvUS ZscHECH; Secretary, WM. DUNHAM. Location of works, Indianapolis, Ind. Average annual capacity, 2,400 cars, beside machinery. This company has completed a new works in 1873, which comprise erecting shop 50 by 175 feet; carpenter shop, 20 by 315 feet; foundry and boiler shop, 20 by 315 feet; machine and blacksmith shop, 60 by 315; paint shop, 50 by 1000; pattern shop, 60 by 85 feet; and an office. The power is supplied by a 200 horse-power engine, and there is also a large kiln for drying lumber, The force employed when running full is 700 hands. Ohio Falls Car Works.-Proprietors, Ohio Falls Car Co. Location of works, Jeffersonville, Ind. President and Superintendent, Jos. W. SPRAGUE; Secretary and Treas 254 CAR HWORKS 0P THE leYNIT D STATES. urer, W. CRIctToN. Average annual capacity, $2,500,000 worth of passenger and PULLMAN and freight cars, including 15 to 20 freight cars per day, and 125 passenger cars annually. This is the largest works of the country, and merits detailed description. The works includes an area of 26 acres, 5 acres of which are under roof, and the company has a capital of $600,000. The product includes passenger and freight cars, car wheels, castings, and forgings. The force employed is T00 men. The new buildings of this works are all of brick, with slate roofs, brick cornices, and galvanized iron gutters. They are lighted by heavy plate-glass skylights, with glass half an inch thick, and no wood work exposed. Artificial light is supplied by city gas. The buildings are all one story, and where wooden floors are used they rest on gravel, so that fire cannot spread below. Steam is used for heating. The passenger department is completely detached from all other shops, and the whole is as nearly fire-proof as human skill can attain to. The new machinery is of the best character, and every possible facility for handling and working material is provided, with also room to spare for additional machinery. In the freight department the wood-working shops are as follows: machine shop, 231 x 82 feet; planing mill, 121 x 37 feet; pattern shop, 43 x 37 feet. Three erecting shops, 47 feet wide and 126, 96, and 111 feet long. In each of these buildings, except the pattern shop, is one or more hydrants with hose constantly attached. The engine and boilers driving these shops are separated from each other, and from the machine shop, by fire walls extending above the roofs. All the buildings in the wood department are separated from each other at least 25 feet, and at the points of greatest exposure the walls have no openings for windows. The iron department consists of foundry, 322 x 88 feet, with cupola loft, 45 x 34 feet; blacksmith shop, 202 x 90 feet; iron machine shop, 113 x 82 feet; wheel and axle shop, 62 x 57 feet; brass foundry, 32 x 27 feet; truck house, 72 x 37 feet; store house, 42 x 27 feet; store house, 62 x 37 feet; engine house, 52 x 37 feet; boiler house, 47 x 25 feet; pattern store house, 42 x 37 feet, and a pumping house, 25 x 20 feet, at the river. In all these buildings the slates are laid on iron purlins, thus avoiding all wooden sheeting in the roof. Should one truss in any roof take fire, it is hardly possible for the fire to extend to an adjoining truss, and there is not sufficient inflammable material in any shop in the iron department to communicate fire to any building adjoining it. In all the principal shops of the iron department hose are kept constantly attached to the hydrants. The passenger department consists of engine and boiler house, 42 x 36 feet; machine shop, 136 x 62 feet; cabinet shop, 136 x 82 feet; 2 erecting shops, 126 x 77 feet; painting shop, 126 x 77 feet; varnish shop, 105 x 50 feet. The construction here is the same as in the wood-working shops of the freight department. The passenger department is completely detached from all other shops. The buildings here described are all entirely new. The few buildings remaining from the old construction are so isolated from the others as to avoid danger of fire from them. There are on the premises four steam fire-engines connected by a system of under ground pipes with the various hydrants. In addition, three steam pumps, used to supply the boilers, can be used as fire pumps also. Steam will always be kept up on at least two CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 255 of these engines, and except on Sundays on all but one of them. There are on the premises three immense reservoirs filled by a steam pump at the river. South-western Car Works.-Proprietors, South-western Car Co. Location of works, Jeffersonville, Ind. Average annual capacity, cars, not given. Vigo Foundry and Terre Haute Car Works.-Proprietors, SEATH & HAGER. Location of works, Terre Haute, Ind. Average annual capacity, 1,000 cars (freight). This works consumes 5,500 tons of cast iron and 1,100 tons wrought iron, paying $89,000 per annun in wages. Employs 175 hands. Illinois. F. E. Canda & Co.-Office, 70 South Clark Street, Chicago, Ill. Location of works, Blue Island, Chicago, Ill. Average annual capacity, 72 passenger cars and 4,200 freight cars. This firm also includes with passenger, freight, and street cars, iron bridge building, turn-tables, water stations, roofs, and general railway construction, being engaged in building the Cairo and St. Louis narrow-gauge road. The works employs 400 men when running full, and has a capacity of 6 passenger cars per month and 14 freight cars per day. The works occupy 15 acres of ground, with half a mile of river front, and have ample rail connections. The passenger coaches, narrow-gauge, for the Cairo and St. Louis Railroad are built here, and are 40 feet by 7, first-class seating 30 and second-class 40 persons. The freight cars are 22 feet by 6 feet 3 inches, with a capacity of 8 tons. This firm has furnished the following estimate of the cost of a narrow-gauge. COST PER MILE THREE-FOOT GAUGE. ROLLING STOCK FOR 100 MILES, DOING A FREIGHT, PASSENGER, AND COAL TRAFFIC. Grading........................... $2,200 8 Freight locomotives............... $8,000 $64,000 Iron (30 lbs. to the yard)........... 4,080 4 Passenger........... 6,500 26,000 Fish plates, Fastening, etc.......... 435 300 Coal cars......................... 450 135,000 Cross-ties (2,640)................... 800 70 Flat ".......................... 420 29,400 Bridging and Culverts............. 400 100 Box.......................... 520 52,000 Track-laying and Surfacing......... 400 10 Passengers cars.................... 3,000 30,000 Engineering....................... 250 3 " " second class.......... 1,500 4,500 Right of way...................... 300 3 Baggage cars............... 1,400 4,200 Station-houses, water stations, etc... 375 $345,100 Sundries....................... $9,240 Or $3,451 per mile. Litchfield Car Works.-Proprietors, Litchfield Car Manufacturing Co. Location of works, Litchfield, Ill. Average annual capacity, 1,500 cars. E. R. STILES, President; W. E. BACON, Secretary; H. II. BEACH, Vice-President; J. W. DAVENPORT, Treasurer; M. M. MARTIN, Superintendent. Hands employed, 350. Quincy Car Ml1anufacturing Co.-Location of works, Quincy, Ill. Average annual capacity, 1,800 cars. New works. W. B. LAREWORTHY, President; C. SMITH, Secretary. 256 OAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. Wells, French & Co.-Location of works, Chicago, Ill. Average annual capacity, cars, not given. Pullman Car Co.-Chicago, Ill. GEO. W. PULLMAN, President; HORACE PORTER, Vice-President and Manager. The Pullman Car Company own iron-works at Detroit, Michigan, and Elmira, N. Y., and besides tax the powers of all car works capable of supplying palace cars. The PULLMAN coaches are now running on 152 different lines of railroad. There are 700 in all, 120 of which have lately been completed. An additional capital of $12,000,000 has been invested in the business in 1873. The cost of every car is from $17,000 to $20,000, and one running on the New York and Erie broad-gauge cost more than $50,000. Shipments have been made to England of these cars in 1873, and they are introduced with the American system of baggage checking there this year. A system is in progress by which tickets will be sold in London, Paris, Berlin, and St. Petersburg; and the company contracts to carry passengers to San Francisco, or any other point in the United States, including not only ocean travel and care of baggage, but also the commissariat of the traveller, so that he can either find his effects at his destination, or can stop off for several days, and resume his journey at pleasure. Jacksonville Car Works.-Proprietors, Jacksonville Car Manufacturing Co. President, E. C. KREIDER; Secretary and Treasurer, W. E. VEITCO. Location of works (building, or soon to be), near junction of Chicago, Alton and St. Louis, and Toledo Wabash and Western Railroads, Jacksonville, Ill. Works to be completed in summer of 1874, and to be first-class. American Car Works.-Proprietors, American Car Co. Location of works, Paris, Ill. New; building. Michigan. Adrian Car Works.-Proprietors, Adrian Car Co. Location of works, Adrian, Mich. Average annual capacity not given. This works was burned in 1873, and rebuilt. Central Car Works.-Proprietors, Central Car and Manufacturing Co. Location of works, Jackson, Mich. Average annual capacity valued at $700,000. Hands employed, 150. President, E. A. WEBSTER; Treasurer, B. S. CHAPIN; Secretary and Manager, A. VAm NORMAN. Corunna Car Works.-Proprietors, Corunna Car Co. Location of works, Corunna, Mich. Average annual capacity, 1,000 freight cars. Detroit Car Works. —E...WALKER, President; D. SUTHERLAND, Manager; GEO. H. RUSSELL, Secretary and Treasurer. Location of works, Adair Street, Detroit, Mich. Average annual capacity, 2,000 cars. Iands employed, 300. This company was originally established in 1853, but reorganized in 1872, when the CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 257 present works, which are located between the Detroit River and the railroad, and include an area of over eleven acres, were built. In addition to the number of cars above stated, the company have shop room and machinery for doubling this product, besides doing a large passenger-car business. There is also a wheel foundry (see Car-wheel Works of Indiana), with a product of $750,000 annually, making the total capacity of both works $2,500000, with 500 men employed. Detroit Car and Manufacturing Co.-Proprietors, Pullman Palace Car Co. Location of works, Detroit, Mich. Average annual capacity, PULLMAN cars. From these works were shipped, during 1873, the first consignment of PULLMAN parlor and sleeping cars for England. These cars are built in sections, and were to be erected at the Midland Railway Co.'s shops in Derby, England, under the supervision of the mechanical superintendent of the Pullman Company, by a force of men from the Detroit shops. Michigan Car Works.-Proprietors, Michigan Car Co. Location of works, Detroit, Mich. Average annual capacity, 3,500 box and freight cars. 725 men employed. President, JOHN S. NIMBURG; Secretary, HUGH MCMILLAN; Superintendent, JAMES McGREGOR. (See Detroit Car-wheel Co.) Cassopolis Car Works.-Proprietors, Cassopolis Car Manufacturing Co. Location of works, Cassopolis, Mich. Capital, $75,000. New; building. Missouri. Hannibal Car Works.-Proprietors, Hannibal Car Works Co. Location of works, Hannibal, Mo. Average annual capacity, 1,500 freight cars, 24 passenger cars. 300 hands. This is a new works in 1873, with a capital of $200,000. President, JOSIAH HUNT; General Manager, H. C. WHITING. Missouri Car and Foundry Co.-Location of works, St. Louis, Mo. Average annual capacity, 3,600 freight cars. Number of men employed on cars, 500. Leeper Iron Car Company.-H. C. WHITING, President; A. CURSTARTEW, Secretary. Location of works, Hannibal, Mo. Works building. This is a new company, organized to make iron freight cars. These cars have been tested and pronounced a success. The weight is 3,000 lbs. less than the ordinary wooden car, and the cost is said also to be less. These cars are now running on Quincy, Alton and St. Louis Railroad. St. Charles Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, St. Charles, Mo. Average annual capacity, 1,000 freight cars. Established 1873. Capital, $150,000. 33 258 CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. Wisoonsin. De Pere Iron Works.-Location of works, De Pere, Wis. Average annual capacity, 800 freight cars. Iowa. Iowa Car Works.-Proprietors, Iowa Car Company. Location of works, Burlington, Iowa. Average annual capacity, 500 freight cars. This is a new company, organized in 1873. Minnesota. Duluth Car Works.-Proprietors, SHOENBERGER & BRYANT. Location of works, Duluth, Minn. Average annual capacity, 500 freight cars. Tennessee. Wason Car Works.-Location of works, Chattanooga, Tenn. Average annual capacity, 1,000 freight cars. This is a new works; the buildings are large and spacious; the blacksmith's shop has 18 fires, and the force employed is 500 hands. Not yet at work. Georgia. Cartersville Car Works.-Proprietors, Cartersville Car Co. Location of works, Cartersville, Ga. Average annual capacity, 500 cars. Managers, H-I. PADGETT and CHAS. B. WALLACE. Dawson Car Works.-Proprietors, Dawson Manufacturing Co. Location of works, Dawson, Ga. Average annual capacity, 300 cars. Goodrich Car Co.-Location of works, Augusta, Ga. Average annual capacity, 500 cars. Brunswick Car Works.-Proprietor, THOS. J. WIARTON. Location of works, Brunswick, Ga. Average annual capacity, 500 freight cars. Louisiana. Southern Car Works.-Location of works, Independence, La. Average annual capacity, 300 cars. CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 259 Texas. Eagle Car Works. —J. I. PEREGOY. Location of works, Houston, Texas. Average annual capacity, 600 freight cars. 60 hands employed. California. Kimball Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, San Francisco, Cal. Average annual capacity, 300 street cars. North Oarolina. Cape PFear Building Co.-Location of works at Abbottsburg, on line of Wilmington, Charlotte and Rutherford Railroad. Average annual capacity, 1,500 freight cars. This company also has extensive saw-mills, and door factory, etc. A local paper says the logs go in at one end of the works, and come out at the other, houses to live in. The works built 50 freight cars for the above railroad in two weeks, and also make flooring, laths, blinds, mouldings, house frames, etc. Abbottsburg is fifty miles from Wilmington, and eight years ago was an unbroken wilderness. So much for industrial development. Oar Manufacturing Works of Canada. Canada Car Company.-Location of works, Toronto, Canada. Average annual capacity, 500 cars. Canada Steam Engine Co.-Location of works, Kingston, Ca. Average annual capacity, 500 cars. W. W. Clendenning.-Location of works, Montreal. Average annual capacity, cars, not given. Dickey, leill & Co.-Location of works, Toronto. Average annual capacity, cars, not given. nm. Hamilton & Son.-Location of works, Toronto, Ca. Average annual capacity, 800 cars. Ontario Car Co.-Location of works, London, Ontario. Average annual capacity, 1,000 cars. President, JAS. MCSMILLAN; Secretary, GEO. HENDRIE, Detroit, Michigan; Manager, T. MlEIE, London, Ontario. Simon Peters.-Location of works, Quebec. Average ainnual capacity, 500 cars. 260 CAR WORKS OF THE TUITED STATES. The Railroad Car Shops of the United States. In the following pages will be found grouped descriptive information of the principal car shops of the leading railroads of the United States. These accounts have been compiled from various sources, and to a great extent from the National Car Builder, which is the best authority possible on the subject. The following description of the car shops of the Pennsylvania Railroad at Altoona, is, however, from the St. Louis Mfonthly Railway Register: Car Shops of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The car works of this company were originally located at Harrisburg, but were removed to Altoona, Penn., in 1851. The town at that time boasted of but six or eight houses, and the number of men employed was about 35 or 40 all told. Now there are 3,000 men engaged, although the force of workmen in all departments has been materially reduced since the panic. The various shops which constitute the car works proper, are situated in the eastern part of thecity, along the line of the road, a half mile from the depot, and cover what was previously a large farm. The average capacity of the works is from 75 to 80 cars a week. In 1872, 11,246 cars passed through the shops. August, 1872, there were made and repaired 846 cars; in August, 1873, 1,559. The total number of cars made and repaired for the first nine months of 1873 were, freight, 10,538; passenger and emigrant cars, 488; total, 11,026. The passenger shop is 70 feet wide by 350 feet long. The freight shop is a round-house, 450 feet in diameter, with turn-table in centre, from which radiate forty tracks, each being under the charge of a track foreman. In the sheds for storing lumber are about 14,000,000 feet, with 13,000,000 more ordered and now arriving. The kiln for drying has a capacity for turning out 35,000 feet of boards every 48 hours, ready for use. Each piece of lumber is prepared in planing-mill, ready for fitting, and is given out only on order from a foreman, who is subject to the general foreman of the works, J. P. LEVAN, Esq. The supply department of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, from Jersey City to Pittsburg, is located here. The store-room, in which are kept the trimmings, and car supplies for passenger and freight cars, is a two-story building. The first floor is only occupied partly by the store. The general foreman's office and time-keeper's office both occupy part of this story, but the second story is used entirely for supplies. The building is 80 by 40 feet, giving a store-room of about 130 by 40 feet, with shelving and tables, cupboards, etc., to contain goods. Here they have a store-keeper, three clerks, and a laboring man, who are more or less constantly employed. This building is entirely too small, and at no distant day will be enlarged. In the passenger shop the cars are made ready for the inside work, with exception of painting. The passenger cars then are run into the paint shop, a building 400 feet long by about 75 feet wide. In this shop the cars are painted and varnished, and still further prepared for the inside wood-work, etc. CAR WORRS OS THE UiNITED STATES. 2i1 On the second floor of this building the varnish room and upholstery shop appears. In the former, all the seats, doors, etc., are varnished ready for upholsterers and cabinetmakers to place in position. In the upholsterer's shop all the cushions and head linings are prepared. The cabinet shop next claims our attention. It is a building 300 by 75 feet. Here all the inside wood-work for the cars is got out, by cabinet-makers and carvers. These men put all the inside work in the cars, such as seats, baggage racks, locks, windows, etc. IMany pieces of elegant workmanship are made in this shop, and thousands of feet of veneering are used annually. In the tinsmith shop all of the tinning necessary is done. These men also place the stoves in their position, and put up the ventilators, water-coolers, etc. Size of tin shop, 40 by 60 feet. Next is the machine shop. Here are fitted up all the wheels and axles for both passenger and freight cars. Also, the drilling, and screw-cutting on bolts and nuts. This building is 75 by 125 feet. The blacksmith shop comes next. Here the blacksmithing is done; large steam hammers and steam blowers are used. Here all the iron work is got ready for the cars, both passenger and freight, with exception of being drilled, etc., and that is done in the machine shop. This building is in size 75 by 300 feet. The planing-mill is a building about 75 by 200 feet, where all the material is worked ready to be put together. This machinery is all driven by a powerful engine of 175 horse-power. The shops are all heated by steam, the pipes extending hundreds of feet through the different shops. There is also a fire-proof building, in which are stored all the paints, oils, etc., of the company. It is made entirely of brick and iron. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company have also for their own protection, as well as for the Mountain City, a second-class Amoskeag fire-engine. This is managed by a set of men working for the company, who are regularly organized, and have control of the engine, but are subject to the orders of the company. They parade about 125 men. There are four different entrances to the shop yard; at each entrance is found a watchman, who, upon your entrance, will tell you to proceed to the general foreman's office and get a pass, providing you are visiting, which will take you through the shops and out at the gate without trouble. The watchman at the gate lets you pass, thus avoiding all difficulty, the rule having been adopted on account of frequent infringing on the rights of the company. The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Car Shops. We are indebted to the Railroad Gazette for the following description of the car shops of this road at Reading, Penn.: These shops are all under one roof, and included in one building, which is 700 feet long by 165 feet wide. The roof is in three spans, of 55 feet each, supported by two rows of iron pillars, which divide the shops into three divisions. In the centre one, and extending the whole length of the shop, is a transfer-table, with tracks running transversely from 22 CARP WOORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. it to the length of the shop. The cars are carried to and from the tracks by the transfertable, which runs on a track level with the floor, and not sunk in a pit, as is usually the case. The side tracks are on timbers about ten inches square, which gives sufficient elevation to allow room for working below, and leave the floor flush with the bottom of what usually is the pit for the transfer-table, but which in this case is the floor of the shop, and which is covered with asphalt. With the immense coal traffic of this road, the repair and construction of coal cars of course forms a large, or perhaps the largest, part of the work of these shops. The cars used consist of three classes: four-wheeled iron cars, four-wheeled wooden cars, and eightwheeled wooden cars. The first weigh about 5,600 pounds, and carry five tons of coal. The second weigh 5,376 pounds, and carry the same quantity of coal. The eight-wheeled cars weigh six tons, and carry ten tons of coal. The experience with axles on this road is worthy of note. The first journals were made 2- inches in diameter by 54 long, of which there are still a number running. They were next enlarged to 2~ by 61, then. to 31 by 8, and finally to 37 by 8. The latter are used, however, on the passenger cars and tenders only. Mr. STEINBACI informed us that he had never seen an 8 inch journal cut, although they had been in use since 1868 or'69. The large passenger-car journal is somewhat peculiar. Instead of having a collar at the outer end, as is customary, there is a groove turned in the centre 1 4 inches wide and - c deep. A corresponding projection on the brass fits into this groove, which thus answers the same purpose as the ordinary collar. The experience of this company is strong testimony in confirmation of the wisdom of the Car Builders' Association in adopting a large size for the standard car axle. On a road doing the business which the Reading Company does, there is, notwithstanding the fact that the bulk of its traffic is coal, a very considerable passenger and other equipment required. Mr. STEINBAHI has, therefore, orders which he is now executing, for 500 C gondola " cars, 225 box cars, 25 stock cars, 58 lime cars, 12 passenger cars, and 25 new tenders. It is quite curious to note the influence which some apparently very simple causes will have, and how very far-reaching they are in their ultimate results. When the Reading road was built, the tunnels, cuts, and bridges were made so narrow that it became dangerous for passengers to put their heads or their arms out of the windows. To protect them from accident, it therefore became necessary to inclose the windows with iron gratings. It was, therefore, impossible for passengers to escape from the cars through the windows in case of accident, and consequently fire would be very disastrous in such cases. To guard against this danger, Mr. WOOTEN-formerly engineer of machinery and now the general superintendent-devised a hot-air furnace, which is suspended below the car. Cold air is admitted into this by suitable dampers, and after being warmed is distributed through the car by a flue extending its whole length immediately under the windows and next the floor. There are also branches from this under each seat. The smoke from the fire is carried from the furnace to the end of the car, and escapes through a vertical pipe located in the corner. This plan has been in use for several years, and we were told works very satisfactorily, although it doubtless requires more intelligent attention than an ordinary stove. Besides being a protection from the danger of fire, it leaves room for at least four seats, which must be removed if the common stoves are used. It also has the merit of being a CAR WORKS OF THE UTNITED STATES. 263 ventilator as well as a heater-in fact, it is impossible to warm a car with it without at the same time ventilating it, which is the only way to insure thorough ventilation in cars in winter. As the grated windows also made it dangerous to use lamps or candles in these cars, as well as stoves, it was necessary to provide means for lighting them without incurring the risk of fire from this source. Gas has therefore been introduced into most of the cars of this road. The supply is stored in a cylindrical iron reservoir, 12 inches diameter by 6 feet long, suspended under the cars near the furnace. These are so arranged that they can easily be removed and charged with gas, which is forced into them by stationary pumps. A supply of these reservoirs is kept on hand ready charged, so that when a train comes in, those which are exhausted are removed from the cars, and full ones substituted. There is, of course, a varying pressure in the reservoirs, diminishing as the gas is burned. The supply of the burners is, however, regulated by a cock, which is opened wider as the pressure is reduced. The passenger cars have four-wheeled trucks. The most noticeable feature about their design is the springs, which are of the half-elliptic pattern, 51 inches long, with 10 plates -I inch thick by 4 inches wide. The brakes are hung between the wheels. The car seat used on this road is also noticeable, as the frame is made of angle iron, bent to the required shape. It is doubtless much lighter, and to our taste much neater than many of the castiron seat-frames now in use. Mr. STEIBACIH, in some of his new cars, has used the end ventilators which Mir. GAREY, we believe, was the first to apply to the raised roof. The general finish of the passenger cars of this road is very plain, but we think, for that reason, in much better taste than much of the gaudy ornament now so commonly used. This is especially noticeable in the head-linings, which are painted in subduled gray, purple, blue, buff, and other comparatively neutral tints. The effect is very pleasing, and has none of that riotous appearance which some of the intemperately brilliant crimson and gold-colored cars have. The store-room of the car shops is situated near the middle of the large building. Here nearly all the castings and forgings used in the construction and repair of cars are stored, and are distributed to the proper parties for use. An accurate account is kept of all that is used. This is done by the person in charge of the room, who is supplied with a large blackboard ruled off in a sort of tabular form. In the right hand column are painted the names of the cars to which the material is to be charged, and at the top are the names of the parts which are kept in store. This makes it very easy to charge the material to the proper account, which is done with a piece of chalk, and the amounts are each day copied into the permanent books. The paint shop is located about half a mile from the main shops, in an old building which was formerly used for a freight-house. About 600 men are employed in the car department. 264 CAR WORKS OF THE VNITED STATES. Mlaryland. THE MOUNT CLARE SHOPS OF TIE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. These shops are located in the city of Baltimore, and are the oldest and most extensive ones of the kind in the country, covering an area of about 40 acres, and at present employing a force of nearly 2,000 men. Besides the construction and repair of cars and locomiotives of every class for the entire line of road, all the miscellaneous work for more than a thousand miles of track is done here, involving a multitude of details, numerous shops and departments, and a complete and thorough organization. The works are identified in their origin with the beginning of American railroads, and their operations have increased in a ratio corresponding with the progress and development of the system within the past 40 years. There may still be seen about the premises many antiquated and interesting relics of the past, illustrating the primitive notions which once prevailed in regard to the construction and operation of railroads. It seems to us that if some of these original devices, including machinery and the various appliances long since superseded and forgotten, but which still exist in scrap-heaps or in the general form of rubbish, could be collected and preserved, they would constitute a museum of mechanical curiosities very interesting to the present generation, and likely to be much more so to those of our posterity who will manage our railroads and travel on them a hundred years hence. Some of the original turntables, eight feet in diameter, used at these works, are still to be seen, and some of the locomotives which were turned on them, are still doing duty about the premises. They run on four wheels, all drivers, have upright boilers and cylinders, the pistons being connected by a walking-beam. They are called "grasshopper " engines, from a fancied resemblance in their form to that insect, and in their general appearance bear unmistakable indications of belonging to a remote mechanical antiquity. Mr. JOHN C. DAVIS is the master of machinery of the entire road, and Mr. SAMUEL HOUSTON is the master-mechanic of the Mount Clare shops. The passenger work is in charge of Mr. JACOB S. SCHRYACK. There are two erecting shops; in one, the floor-framing of a number of passenger and postal cars are in progress, and consist exclusively of Southern pine. The length of these cars is 51 feet 7 inches by 10 feet wide outside of body. The side sills are 5b by 7, 1 the four intermediates 3- by T 1, the end sills 6 by 7, and the truss planks 21 by 12. Wrought-iron plates in the form of an L are placed in the corners and strongly bolted to the end and side sills. Everything about the framing is designed to secure the greatest strength compatible with the bulk and weight of material. In the adjoining shop were a number of cars unfinished, and showing the character of the side and roof framing, the sills and plates being connected by 44 - iron rods, and the sides further strengthened by 18 ash spur-braces held by iron bolts. In the paint shop, which is a model structure of its kind, with room for thirty cars at a time, were a number completely finished and ready for the track. They have six-wheel trucks with strong check-chains attached. Each car has two plain wood-burning stoves inclosed in iron screens. The doors are locked, so the fire cannot escape in case of overturn. This method of heating has proved very satisfactory. Cobb's elliptic spring seats are used, CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 265 upholstered with crimson plush and provided with back-iron locks. The roofs have CREAMER'S exhaust ventilators, the air being admitted by supply ventilators underneath, on a line with the racks. The windows, doors, and panels have semicircular tops, and there are sliding sashes in the doors for ventilation. The ornamental finishing is very rich and tasteful, and consists of the usual variety of choice woods. The raised panels are French walnut, and the doors are mahogany. The head linings are made by HOWARD, of Hartford, and exhibit in variety, tone, and adaptation a progressive improvement in this important feature of car decoration. In one of the cars we specially noticed the admirable effect of a head lining, so perfectly harmonizing in its subdued tints, graceful lines, and artistic blending and juxtaposition of color, with the upholstery and cabinet work of the rest of the interior as to form in the combination a genuine work of art, not merely accidental, we are inclined to think, but the result of a right perception of what is required. Each car is supplied with water-coolers, enamelled inside, and manufactured by JOHN A. GOEWEY, of Albany. About three passenger cars per month are built in this department of the works. The freight-car shop is circular, like a round-house, with a turn-table in the centre. From 60 to T0 new cars are built here every month, besides keeping up the repairs for the freight traffic of the road. The standard freight-car truck used on the road is quite peculiar in its construction as compared with those used elsewhere. The framing is simple and inexpensive. Two sets of elliptics are used under the bolster, and the brakes are applied between the wheels. It is no novelty on the road, having been in use several years with the most satisfactory results. The box cars built here weigh about 20,000 lbs. They are 30 feet long, 8 feet 4 inches wide outside, and 6 feet 3 inches high inside. THE PRESIDENT'S CA. -Some months ago, a car was built at these shops, designed for the special use of the president of the road, JOHn W. GARRETT, Esq. The best skill and resources of the car department were brought into requisition to produce a vehicle creditable to the builders and suited to the service for which it was designed. It has already made several trips to New York, and has elicited the admiration of all who have examined its structure and finish. When not in use it is kept in a special house at the Camden station, in Baltimore, where we had an opportunity to inspect it, and for which we are indebted to the politeness of MLr. SCHEYACK, of the Mount Clare works. The car is named the " Mlaryland," and is 51 feet long by 10 wide outside the body, runs on six-wheeled trucks with strong check-chains attached, and with DrNSMORE springs on the equalizers. Iron body-transoms are used, and the outside of the car is painted a light yellow, with nothing in the way of external ornamentation to attract special attention or indicate the quality of the interior fitting-up, which is in the best PULLMAN coach style. The car is designed to run always in the rear of a train, so as to afford a view of the track from the end windows. A glance at the arrangement of the interior indicates at once that the vehicle is designed for but one principal occupant with his travelling suite. There are four distinct compartments, a porter's room, state-room, a sleeping and toilet-room with side passage and closets, and the parlor or drawing-room. The porter's room occupies about ten feet of the forward end of the car, with a closet for table ware on one side of the door, and BAKER & SMITH heater on the other. Next to this is the state-room, with an upper sleeping-berth on each side, and seats for eight persons underneath, and which can be transformed into two lower berths. Next. is the central compartment, occupying a space of about 17 feet in length, and containing the principal sleeping and toilet-room, and corridor, 34 266 CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. with a door and two windows in the partition between. There are also included in this division a water-closet and linen-locker, communicating with the sleeping-room. This room is smnptuously furnished. Across one end is a curtained lounge. The bedstead is an elaborate piece of cabinet work in French walnut, surrounded with heavy double damask crimson and green curtains. The window curtains are of the same description, and hung, like the others, on silver-plated rods. Two large mirrors occupy the spaces between the windows. The remaining portion of the car, comprising a space of about 15 feet, and extending to the rear end, constitutes the drawing-room, which is entered by a door from the side passage above mentioned. Its furniture consists of a large and elegant sofa-lounge, an oblong black-walnut centre-table with marble top, two easy-chairs of the Pompadour style and two others of a different pattern. This apartment has five windows on each side and three in the end, these last affording a fine view of the track. The spaces between the side windows are occupied with mirrors, and the curtains are of the same kind as those in the sleeping-room. The floors have Brussels carpets. The interior finishing throughout is in solid black-walnut, with elaborate raised panelling of French walnut " burl," with semicircular tops. The general effect is somewhat sombre, but is relieved by light gilt mouldings above the windows. The artificial lighting is done by four of WILLIAMS, PAGE & Co.'s improved plated lamps. CAREOLL ventilators are used, and all the windows have double sashes. In the central passage-way is a wash-stand with a reservoir underneath holding a barrel of water, which is raised by a small forcepump. The inside door windows are beautiful specimens of embossed glass. The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad Shops at Buffalo. The car shops of this road were destroyed by fire some five years ago, but immediately rebuilt upon the same foundations, with the addition of a new wood-working machine shop. All the buildings are of brick or stone. The erection shop has a raised roof for light and ventilation, and is large enough for the construction of 24 freight cars at once, with additional space for office store-room, cabinet and pattern shop. The iron, machine, and blacksmith shops are in an end wing; and the wood-working shop is parallel with the wing and connects with the main building in the centre. The machinery is all of the most approved'modern style, the fire having destroyed all the accumulated antediluvian rubbish or " scrap piles," as the old machines are sometimes called. There are doubtless many car builders who would be glad if a fire, earthquake, tidal wave, or some other agent of destruction would make an end of the obsolete machinery they are compelled to use on account of the stinginess of road managers. The car work done here may be divided into two classes, the first including all passenger, baggage, mail, and express cars, and the second all work pertaining to freight cars. The first-named class is under the supervision of a special foreman, Mr. GEORGE GALLOWAY, an old stand-by at these shops. Since the consolidation of the roads no new coaches have been built here, but large numbers are overhauled and rebuilt, and many improvements added to bring them up to modern requirements. During the past season four new caboose cars have been turned out per month. These differ somewhat from those built at the COA WORIKS OF THE tNITED STATES. 267 Cleveland shops, hut not to a material extent. This difference is in the outside sheathing, the boards being put on up and down instead of lengthwise. This mode, it is claimed, will shed water better. Many car builders think, however, that sheathing put on horizontally renders a car stiffer; but the fact cannot be denied that caboose cars do less carrying work than any other, and the plan that will best preserve them from the weather, and at the same time give sufficient strength, is the one that should be adopted in their construction. Mr. R. J. CLANCY is the foreman of the freight-car department, the capacity of which is about 30 new cars per month, and 40 old ones repaired per day. In the blacksmith shop there are 16 fires; also one of KREHBnELL'S torsion spring powerhammers, which is equal if not superior to any power-hammer we have any knowledge of. It is worked with a cam on the pulley shaft. The cam strikes an elastic pin, raising the hammer, compressing the spring above, and by the action of the spring a very heavy blow is the result. It is run by a loose belt, with a tightener to regulate the speed and force of the blow. The hammer can be used on light or heavy work. In this shop we also noticed an ingenious device for recovering the set in volute springs. After long and severe service, some of these springs become closed up, and are usually thrown into the scrap heap; but here they are heated, put into a machine, and by the aid of a screw in the centre and wedges on the sides, they are restored to their original shape, thus effecting a great saving in this one item. Mr. SAMUEL INSKIP is the foreman of this shop. The paint shop is about 600 yards from the car shop, the old Kasson Car Works being used for that purpose. Mr. GEORGE O. WIDNER is the master car-painter. He was formerly in a similar position on the old Bellefontaine Railroad at Galion, Ohio, and is not only a good executive officer, but an artist of decided merit. A great many of the elaborately designed and finished glass bulletin boards of this road, to be found in hotels and depots, are products of his skill. In the paint shop were four coaches being painted and finished. Mr. A. C. ROBSON is the master car builder in charge of these shops. We must not omit to mention that the plan of promoting men from the ranks to foremen prevails in these shops, and is a successful one. NEW YORK CENTRAL SHOPS, BUFFALO DIVISION* The principal shops of this road are at West Albany. Those at Buffalo, however, are quite extensive, so much so as to put some first-class shops quite in the shade in point of comparison. The work done here is similar to that done at the other shops above referred to. The erection shop is brick, but without the advantages of a raised roof. It contains 12 tracks running crosswise, each long enough for two freight cars. The machinery is of a class and quality usually found in well-conducted car shops. We cannot refrain from mentioning the order and system noticeable in the blacksmith shop, there being a place for everything, and everything is found in its place unless it has a legitimate reason for being somewhere else. It is gratifying to be able to walk through a shop of this kind without stumbling over iron and tools lying about loose. The engine is 80 horse-power, and is a splendid specimen of its kind, doing its work with a movement so noiseless as to be scarcely audible. It was made at the works of W. KIuD & Co., Rochester. Two boilers of the locomotive pattern supply the steam for the engine and for heating the shops. A two-story brick 268 OAR WORKS OF THE tUNITED STATES. building contains the office, supply room, upholsterers', tinners', and painters' departments. No transfer-tables are used by any of the car shops in Buffalo, the tracks all converging into one at a proper distance from the shop. We cannot see any particular advantage in this, but on the contrary more or less disadvantage. A great deal of space is occupied by the numerous tracks which might be otherwise used, to say nothing of rails, ties, switches, targets, etc., which might be dispensed with by the adoption of the transfer-table system. The capacity of these shops is 10 new freight cars, and 180 of the same class repaired, per week, the latter number including all cars that is necessary to detain. The regular force employed is 220 men of all grades. Mr. WILLIAM JOHNSON; the master car builder, is a gentleman of large experience in his vocation, and well qualified for the position he fills. BUFFALO, NEW YORIK, AND PHILADELPHIA SHOPS. This road was formerly known as the Buffalo and Washington Railroad. When completed, it will be 120 miles long, reaching from Buffalo to Emporium, Penn., on the line of the Pennsylvania Central. Ninety-eight miles are already finished and in operation, and a large force is employed in pushing through the residue of the line. The equipment of rolling stock is first-class in every respect. They have at present 9 locomotives, 11 passenger coaches, 3 baggage and mail cars, and 250 freight cars of all kinds. Nine of the coaches and 2 baggage cars were built at Worcester, Mass., by Mr. OSGOOD BRADLEY, and are of modern style and finish. The coaches bear the names of different stations on the road. The shops are as yet limited, but will be increased correspondingly with the increase of the business of the road. The Buffalo Car Company are now engaged in filling a contract for freight cars for this road. AMr. ALLEN VAIL is the master mechanic, and Mr. CHARLES BUReTHAID is master car builder. The latter gentleman was formerly connected with the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern road, and we are indebted to him for the information above given. The Car Shops of the Atlantio and Great Western Railway. The history of this road, on account of its vicissitudes of fortune, is familiar to all, and therefore need not be dwelt upon. It was opened to the public about ten years ago, its main line extending from Salamanca, New York, to Dayton, Ohio. About five years since, Mr. IN. H. MARSH, formerly of the Lake Shore Road, was appointed master car-builder of the entire line. Previous to his appointment, the car and locomotive departments were under one management. After the death of Mr. MARSH, which occurred about two years ago, Mr. J. I-I. F. WIERS, general foreman of the Kent shop, was appointed as his successor, and has been very successful in performing the duties of his position. As regards general efficiency, good condition of rolling stock, order, neatness, and economy, we doubt if any road is more judiciously managed. The passenger equipment, consisting of day-coaches, is not surpassed in its completeness by any other cars of this class. The repair shop at Salamanca is in charge of Mr. J. T. FosDIcK, who has long been connected with the road, and is a very efficient and faithful servant of the company. This shop employs 2T men, and has facilities for making all necessary repairs at this point. At CAR WORKS OF THE UNIlTED STATES. 269 Meadville, Penn., quite extensive shops were erected a year or two since, but are not yet in full operation. Machinery is being put in, however, and they will soon be running to their full capacity. The buildings are of brick, and well-constructed. The present force consists of 85 men, who are kept busy with general repairing. These shops are in charge of Mr. D. S. DOCKSTADER, who is a veteran in the service of the road. The shops at Cleveland are wooden structures, where the repairing is done for the Mlahoning division. They are in charge of Mr. W. G. HAGGARD, and employ 58 men. Mr. HAGGARD has occupied his present position for six or seven years, and is an efficient servant of the company. A few men are also employed at Youngstown in making repairs for the lower end of the division. The shops at Kent, Ohio, are of cut sandstone, and are first-class structures of the kind. The "head-house" is 165 x T0, and two stories high. The lower floor has six tracks, four of which are devoted to the construction and repair of passenger and baggage cars. Some of the heavy machinery is also on this floor. The upper story is devoted to offices, upholstery and cabinet shops, and light machinery. There are also attached to the head-house two wings, one 320 x 50, and the other 175 x 55; a portion of the former being used as a wood machine shop, and the latter as a machine shop for the locomotive department. The blacksmith shop is 175 x 50, and contains 24 forges. The shops are'furnished with firstclass machinery throughout, a considerable portion being of home manufacture. Their full capacity is equal to the turning out of 40 or 50 freight cars per month, and 15 or 20 passenger cars a year. The buildings are all intended for the car department, those designed for locomotives never having been constructed. During the past eighteen months, a number of first-class passenger coaches have been built, equal to any in the country in point of design and workmanship, and especially as regards easy riding, which is attributable to an excellent quality of springs used, and manufactured by Messrs. A. FRENCH & Co., of Pittsburg. The wheel-base of the trucks has been extended to seven feet, and gives entire satisfaction. No difficulty has been experienced from broken equalizers, or going down of the truck at centre; and experience thus far teaches that by doing this a steadier motion is secured to the car-body upon a fourwheel truck. There are at present in the shop two coaches ready for the painter, which are no discredit to designer or builder. The interior is finished with mahogany, relieved with light walnut mouldings and panel-work, and altogether they will be models of beauty. There are employed at these shops 159 men. Mr. S. V. SMITH has charge of the shops, having succeeded Mr. WIERS, and is well qualified for the position. Mr. J. W. HOLMEs has charge of the shops at Galion, which employ about 25 men, and are wooden structures. A few men are also employed on temperary repairs at Dayton, and as inspectors at Cincinnati. In respect to economy, which is an important consideration in this as well as all other departments of railway operation, it may be stated that the aggregate number of hands in the shops as aforesaid, including foremen, clerks, storekeepers, and other necessary help, is 379, and the last monthly pay-roll was $21,008.11. There are at present on the road over 6,000 cars of all classes, including 66 coaches and accommodation cars, 41 baggage and mail cars, 1,884 box cars, 983 coal and fiat cars, 561 stock cars, 80 oil-tank cars-all broad gauge; also 1,699 coal cars, and a few miscellaneous, all narrow gauge. About one-half of the box cars, and a large number of the coal and fiat cars, are sup 2 t CAR WOERS 0F TilE MNITED STATES. plied with VosE, DINSMORE & Co.'s rubber central spiral springs, which give entire satisfaction, and for cheapness and durability are not surpassed by any other. With the abovenamed force in the car department, this large equipment is kept in good running order; and I would ask, in conclusion, if there are any other roads in the country, with 600 miles of main line and divisions, that can make a better exhibit? Pittsburg, Cicin ati, and St. Louis Railroad Car-shop at Steubenville, Ohio. Railroad men and the travelling public generally are doubtless quite familiar with what is called the " Pan Handle" route or short line from New York and Philadelphia to Cincinnati, so much so, at least, that some account of the mechanical department of the road, and especially the portion of it devoted to car work, will be of interest. The car shops are located at Steubenville, on the Ohio River, about forty-three miles west of Pittsburg. The road crosses the river at this point by a magnificent iron bridge, the first railway-bridge erected over that stream. The general arrangement of the shops, as is the case with many others, is the result of a steadily growing business, and not of any original preconceived design. When the road was in its infancy, the building now used as a paint shop constituted the car shops entire, and those now used for car shops were then the locomotive machine shops and round-house. With all the additions that have been made to the car department within the last five years, the works are at present quite inadequate to meet the requirements of the road. We are informed that the companyintend to begin, in a few months, the construction of extensive car works at Dennison, which is the present location of the machine shops, and is half-way between Pittsburg and Columbus. The new works will be equal to the present wants of the road, with a liberal margin for the future increase of its business. The present car equipment consists of 34 first-class coaches, 19 baggage, mail, and express cars, 1,600 freight cars of all classes, 44 caboose and 4 tool cars, besides one directors' coach, and three sleeping-coaches, which were built at the Steubenville. shops. About ten Pullman palace-cars pass over the road each way daily. The present capacity of the car department is three freight cars per day, and six coaches per year, besides keeping up necessary repairs. All the bridge work is also done in this department. The average force employed is 200 men. At the time of our visit to these works, a few weeks since, there were two coaches in the paint shop nearly finished, and two others nearly ready for the painters. These vehicles have many points calculated to attract the attention of a connoisseur in car-construction, and without assuming for ourselves any such skill in criticism as the name implies, we can-.not refrain from noticing some of the features to which we allude. They are 49 feet 8 inches long, exclusive of platforms, 9 feet 71- inches wide, and 9 feet 4 inches high from floor to centre of dome-ceiling. The bottom framing contains six longitudinal sills. The plates are put on with the edge up and down, which gives room for the sash to slide clear up to the roof-boards. There are eight principal carlines of iron, - by 21, with wood riveted on each side, and each carline dovetailed to the plates. A continuous window-sill is used; the panels are put on up and down; at the bottom edge is a band of - by 1 inch iron, let in CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 271 flush with the wood and fastened with screws. This is very useful, as it saves the body from many hard and damaging knocks which it would otherwise receive. The dome-roof is 17 inches above the body-roof, and the short carlines from the plate to the dome are perfectly straight instead of being curved. The ends of the roof are straight across, thereby excluding smoke and cinders to a great extent. The outside finish of the car-body is not gaudy or flashy, nor yet excessively plain, but may be described as a happy medium between the two, and displaying good taste. In regard to the interior, there are many things worthy of remark. The way the roof is formed first demands attention. The space or distance between the inside of the dome and the sides and ends of the car is the same all round; therefore the inside cornice mouldings and head-linings are carried across the ends of the roof on a straight line, the same as along the sides, which would be understood by car-builders as " returning the head-work." This makes a very pretty finish, and when once seen never fails to please. The car contains but one saloon. The window-openings are 22- by 28-, with oval tops and only one sash. In the cars built last, the sash will have a stop when only 7 inches high, the object of which may require a little explanation. The sash may be raised to its full height, but the motion of the car will naturally cause it to slide down to the stop, at which height the air admitted will not incommode the occupant of the seat behind; but if the sash remained at its full height, the back seats would receive the air and cinders to a greater extent than the one by the window. The panel-work is veneered with French walnut, which gives it a rich but rather dark appearance. This, however, is relieved by bay-wood mouldings, which afford an effective and beautiful contrast. A very neat, leaf-shaped, turnless moulding finishes the point of the oval between the windows. DRIpps' patent heater is used, but an improvement is introduced in the manner of distributing the heat which is worthy of mention. Under each seat is an inverted trough, one end of which is attached to the heat-conductor just on the aperture, by which arrangement the radiation does not at once come in contact with the sitter so as to be oppressive, but is more evenly distributed. The great objection to this heater is, that the register is too much under the control of the passengers. We have been in cars on very cold days when nearly every register would be closed because the passengers sitting near them felt the heat too strong on their feet, while the rest of the passengers would be complaining of cold. This trouble is avoided by the method referred to, and which we believe originated with the master car-builder of these shops. Much has been said about the uncomfortable seats which are found on many roads, but we do not think the most fastidious can find any fault with those made here. They are 17l- inches wide, with serpentine back, considerably higher than the ordinary back, and upholstered in the style of an easy chair. The traveller sits in them as comfortably as in his own parlor arm-chair, if not a little more so. The trucks of the two coaches last built will have six wheels of the Pennsylvania Central pattern. This is what all roads will doubtless sooner or later come to. In the matter of cost, the four-wheel truck has the advantage; but when looked at from the stand-point of comfort and safety, the result is highly favorable to the six-wheeled truck. The entire cost of these coaches does not exceed $5,000. The management of these shops is worthy of unqualified praise. Mr. JAMES MIeCGEE is the master car-builder, who came here ten years ago and commenced work as a journeyman; but by his industry, perseverance, and capacity, has been promoted to his present 272 CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. position, and ranks among the best car-builders in the country. He has competent assistants in every department. Mr. JAMES COPELAND is foreman of passenger-work; THOMAS FURGERSON, of freight-work; EDWARD ELLIOTT (the oldest employe on the road), of the blacksmith shop; C. L. MAY, of the paint shop, and last, but not least, STEWART MOBETII, the boss of the ink-slingers, as he is humorously termed by the shopmen. Illinois. THE INDIANAPOLIS AND ST. LOUIS RAILROAD SHOPS AT MATTOON, ILLINOIS. The prosperous and growing city of Mattoon is situated on this line of road, about 128 miles from St. Louis and 132 miles from Indianapolis. Within the last three years, there has been much active competition among the several towns along the line for the location of these shops; but the liberality and enterprise of the citizens of Mattoon in donating the handsome sum of $60,000 toward their erection decided the point in their favor, and the work of erecting the various buildings was begun and rapidly prosecuted. The round-house was first completed, and contains 30 stalls for locomotives, with a very fine Seller's turn-table. The distance from wall to wall, or length of the stalls, is 62 feet, and the circumference of the entire structure 905 feet. The roof is slate, and contains iron ventilators over each stall. Four steam heating-pipes are placed around each of the pits and along the walls, by which a comfortable temperature is secured. All the running and incidental repairs of locomotives are here made, every one being carefully inspected after a trip, and kept in perfect order, this being as indispensable to an engine as rubbing and feeding are to a horse. The stalls are seldom empty, owing to the increasing business of the road and the active service required of the locomotive rolling-stock. This department is under the efficient management of Mr. W. Goss. The force employed, including engineers, firemen, and the various subordinate grades, is 132 men. Adjacent to the round-house is the coal-house, a building capable of holding 30,000 bushels of coal, and supplied with a hoisting apparatus for lifting the coal to the level of the engine-tender, into which it is dropped from a tub, the tubs holding a ton each, so that a correct account can be kept of the quantity used by each engine. Near by is the tankhouse, a two-story brick building, 36 x 36, the upper story containing four tanks holding 60,000 gallons, and supplied with water from the company's reservoir, about two miles distant. Steam power is used for the purpose. The lower story is occupied with oil, waste, and other combustible stores. The boiler-shop for repairing locomotive boilers is a brick building 50 x 80. It is supplied with its own steam-power, and contains three tracks and two erecting-pits. A force of 13 men is here employed, under the direction of Mr. JOHN H. FILcoR, an experienced boiler-smith. The blacksmith shop is also of brick, 50 x 150, and contains 15 fires and a large steam-hammer. In the roof are three ventilators of the ordinary Venetian style. The shop is in charge of Mr. DONALD MCDONALD, and employs 35 men, who differ somewhat from the average politician, from the fact that they are men of more blows than words. Contiguous to this shop is the iron and steel house, a frame building 40 x 50. The transfer-table runs in a pit with a double track. Parallel with this is the locomo CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 273 tive machine-shop, a brick building 110 x 204, containing seven pits, all of which were occupied at the time of our visit to the shops by locomotives and tenders undergoing repairs or being rebuilt. This building also contains a well-selected variety of iron and woodworking machinery, embracing axle-lathes, bolt-cutters, drill-presses, planing, boring, matching, cutting, and other machines and appliances usually found in similar establishments. Ninety men are employed in this department. The general store-house is a building 40 x 60, and is in charge of Mr. H. C. WATSON, who is peculiarly fitted, by long experience and attractive personal qualities, for the responsible position he fills. The car-shop proper is 44 x 228, and is the last of the brick buildings erected. In it are the tool and upholsterer's rooms and master car-builder's office. It contains six erecting-tracks capable of holding two cars each; also a number of wood-cutting machines of the latest and most improved patterns, and well adapted to turn out work with economy and dispatch. Both freight and passenger-cars are here built and repaired, an average of 15 of the former class being received, repaired, and dispatched daily. This department employs a force of 100 men. A frame building is used as a receptacle for castings and patterns, which are classified and arranged so as to be readily accessible. The paint-shop is a frame building 44 x 228. At the time we were in it a PULIMAN palace-car was receiving its finishing coat of varnish, having been completely rebuilt by the railway company, and we hazard nothing in saying that a finer looking or more elegantly finished coach of its class is not to be found on ally of the Western roads. About 17 hands are employed in this shop. The average annual cost of labor per man in the several departments is estimated as follows: Locomotive machine-shop, $789.90; car-shop, $592.44; paint-shop, $6T5.84; employes in round-house, $337.24. The locomotive department is under the superintendence of Mr. WILLIAM BARKLA, the master-mechanic, and the car-building department is under the direction of Mr. ROBERT B. MORE, the -master car-builder, both being gentlemen of practical experience in the business of their respective departments, and well qualified to fill their positions in a manner calculated to advance the interests of the company and reputation of the road. The permanent location of these shops at this point is a great stimulus to the growth and business enterprise of Mattoon, and the donation by its citizens of the sum we have mentioned, will prove to be an investment creditable to their forecast and sagacity. The machine and car-shops of the Indianapolis, Peru, and Chicago Railroad, at Peru, Indiana, have recently been constructed under the direction of Mr. JOHN MCIKENNA, the master-mechanic of the road. The round-house will contain 30 stalls. The machine-shop is 150 x 110, the car-shop 70 x 52, the blacksmith-shop 100 x 52, the boiler-shop 42 x 36, and the engine and boiler-house 32 x 22. The latter is fire-proof. The present car-shop is located so as to be changed into a machine-shop when the increase of business requires it, and a new one erected in the place reserved in the plans. The buildings are of brick, and are one story high, except the car-shop, which is two stories. The general plan of the works is considered a very complete one, and is the result of a careful examination of similar shops in various parts of the country. The future and permanent car-erecting shop will be in the form of a semicircle, with tracks converging to a central turn-table. 85 2 4 CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. The shops of the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad, at Englewood, have beer increased by the addition of several new buildings, including a paint-shop 220 x 80, a foundry 194 x 65, a pattern-shop 40 x 75, and a fire-proof structure 60 x 25, for storing paints and other combustible material. The buildings are all of brick, and rest upon stone foundations. The car department is in charge of Mr. B. K. VERBRYCK, formerly of the Erie Railway. During two years previous to the first of April last, the following cars have been built at these shops: 15 passenger-cars, 4 sleeping-coaches, 5 postal, and 7 baggage and express-cars; also, 276 stock, 250 box, and 7 caboose-cars. About 200 freight-cars have also been rebuilt. Also, 7 first-class passenger cars, seating 55 each, which are 48 feet long, have 4-wheel trucks, MILLER platforms, and WESTINGHOUSE brakes. The passenger-cars of this road are all of one style of finish outside, but the inside presents considerable variety. They all have the WESTINGnHOUSE air-brakes, and MILLER platforms. California. THE CAR SHOPS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD OF CALIFORNIA. The Sacramento Recorcl contains a description of these shops, which are under the general supervision of Mr. BENJAMIN WEILSH, the master car-builder, who is a veteran in the service of the road, having been connected with it from its commencement. His long experience and intimate knowledge of the mechanical details pertaining to this department, eminently fit him for the responsible position he holds. The main shop is 90 x 230 feet, and two stories in height. The first floor is devoted to machinery and framing purposes. Here may be found all the machinery for the workiing of wood that can be found in any car-shop in the United States, and one machine which no other shop in the world has. It is called a tenoning and gaining machine. All centresills for construction or repairs of cars are framed by this machine, and it will turn out 400 centre-sills every ten hours, and this, too, with the labor of two men. It was designed and built at these shops, and is acknowledged by all car-builders to be a wonderful piece of mechanism. The second floor is divided into three compartments: the cabinet-shop, where may be found machinery for doing the finer wood-work, such as band-saws, boring-machines, and among the rest a machine called the variety machine, upon which can be made mouldings and carvings. Where solid panel-work is required, this machine is brought into use to great advantage. The finer work for sleeping and passenger-cars is done in this shop, such as the doors, windows, blinds, and all the inside finish, veneering, etc. The furniture for all the stations and offices along the road is also made here. Twelve men are employed in the upholstery department, in constructing new and repairing old seats, trimmings, etc. The bed-linen for the sleeping-cars and steamers is made up in this room, and two of Singer's machines, run by power, are kept constantly at work. A machine for picking the hair that is used in such large quantities for the filling of cushions and backs may be seen here. The capacity of the shops is 6 box freight-cars and 6 flat-cars per day, 2 passenger and 1 sleeping-car per month, besides the general repairs of the passenger-car stock. The build CARi WORKS OF THE UtJNITED STATES. 275 ing is of bricli, with a pile and granite foundation, and has a truss roof covered with corruLgated iron. To the right of the main shops stands the old car-shop, a temporary building of wood, which is used as a paint-shop for freight-ears;. and adjoining this is the tin-shop. The paint-shop is of brick, with a corrugated iron roof. The main building is TO x 242, with 5 L's, each with a track running through from the main shop, where are painted and varnished all the passenger-car stock. These rooms are each separated from the main shop by close-fitting doors, giving always clean rooms with good light and perfectly free from dust, which causes so much trouble in finishing cars in a satisfactory manner. The transfer-table has a double track with a pit 60 x 262. The house for drying lumber is heated by 4-inch steam-pipes, and green lumber is run into it on small cars. The freight-car repair-shop is a wooden building, 36 x 430. The foundry is also of the same material. Preparations are being made for manufacturing car-wheels in sufficient quantity to supply the demands of the road. The blacksmith-shop has 50 forges and 2 furnaces. There is being constructed for this shop machinery for mending railroad bars that become so worn and battered at the ends as to be unsafe. A large shaft for one of the bay steamers, 28 feet long by 12 inches in diameter, weighing 6 tons, was recently finished at this shop. It was entirely of scrap-iron, which had first been worked up into slabs, and then put together and worked into a shaft. It is the first job of the kind ever done here, and is considered by steamboat men to be as good a job as was ever done on the coast. The furnace is now at work in the construction of the frames of new locomotives, which are to be made of scrap. All the shafts for the locomotives will be made at the same place and of the same material. One large steam hammer and two large fires have done nothing for the past year but relay old car-axles. These axles becoming worn at the journals are too small for safety, and are here cut off, and new ends, manufactured from scrap, are welded on, which gives a much better axle than when new. There is also a department for cleaning waste used on locomotives. It is sent here from all points on the road, and is made as good as new at a cost of less than five cents per pound, while the new costs as high as twenty cents. In the centre of the building is a machine which has ten stamps, worked and operated the same as the stamps of a quartz-mill. At the end of these are fixed large balls of rubber. The waste is first steamed and heated, then passed into a large tub or vat partially filled with hot water, into which the stamps work, which is closed up, and the mill set to work. After the waste has been sufficiently pounded, it is put into other large vats, in the centre of which is fixed a set of rollers made of rubber. The waste is run back and forth through these rollers until it is entirely freed from dirt and grease, when it is put into another vat of clean hot water and passed through another siege of wringing, and is finally put to dry upon racks made for that purpose. When properly dried, it is made into bales ready to be shipped to any place where wanted. One thousand pounds of the dirtiest, greasiest waste can be cleaned per day, making a saving to-the company of $150 per day in this item alone. The same waste is often washed the second time. The locomotive department is also extensive, and ecuipped with the best of machinery. The round-house contains 29 stalls. The shops of the Central Pacific Railroad at Sacramento employ upward of 1,200 men, 276 CAR WORKS OF TIIE UNITED STATES. with a pay-roll of $1,000,000 or more per annum. The amount of stock consumed exceeds in value $2,500,000 a year. There are used 7,000,000 feet of lumber, 3,000,000 pounds of cast, and 3,500,000 pounds of wrought iron. Of this large expenditure 58 per cent. is for repairs. In 1872, there were manufactured 630 box freight-cars, 200 flats, 32 caboose-cars, 15 fruit-cars, 25 dump-cars, 4 water-cars, 3 oil-cars, 2 U. S. postal-cars, 45 hand-cars, 25 section-cars, 1 director's-car. Misoellaneous Car and Railroad Information. THE CONSUMPTION OF TIMBER. The rapidity with which the valuable timber forests of the country are being swept away to supply the constantly increasing demand for lumber, points to a time, not very remote, when there will hardly be wood enough left for the ordinary necessities of life. The prospect of a timber famine in a land covered with such magnificent forests as ours was half a century ago, may well awaken attention. The millions of dwellings and other structures, farm fences, shipping, railroad ties, telegraph poles, wheel vehicles, furniture, implements, machinery, railway rolling stock, and numerous other things for which wood is used, are all perishable, and need to be replaced at longer or shorter intervals of time. To this enormous consumption must be added the item of fuel for railroad, domestic, and manufacturing purposes, and also the export demand, which cannot fail to increase every year, as the value and variety of our native woods become known abroad. We already supply the European and Australian markets with timber for many purposes, especially for carriage building and cabinet work; and heavy contracts have been made during the past year for future delivery. The ties for Peruvian railroads are all shipped from Oregon, and the rolling stock is supplied by the car manufactories of the Eastern States. The walnut timber of the West, once so abundant as to be used for farm fencing and fuel, is being swept away at a rate which but few of us adequately realize. It is estimated that the number of railroad ties in present use in the United States is 150,000,000. A cut of 200 ties to the acre is above rather than under the average, and it therefore has required the product of 7T0,000 acres of well-timbered land to furnish the supply. Railroad ties last about five years; consequently, 30,000,000 ties are used annually for repairs, taking the timber from 150,000 acres. The manufacture of rolling stock disposes of the entire yield of 350,000 acres, and a full supply of 500,000 acres more every year. It appears, then, that our railroads are stripping the country at the rate of 1,000,000 acres per annum, and their demands are rapidly increasing. TO FIND THE TONNAGE OF BAILS PER MILE. Railroad men and iron dealers can ascertain the number of tons of rails to a mile -by a simple calculation. By multiplying the weight of the rail per yard by 11, and dividing by 7, the correct number of tons required to lay one mile of track is correctly and quickly secured. As an example, take a rail weighing 30 pounds per yard: 30 x 11 = 330; divided by 7-47+ tons. The rule holds good for iron of any weight, and is one of those singular mathematical workings which puzzle us to know how they were ever discovered. CAKx WOrKS OF THE UNITED Sr T.TES. 27S Wr add from The National Car BBuilder a very complete and reliable Directory of MIaster Mechanics and MIaster Car Builders throughout the United States and Canada: REFERENCES.-* Mechanical Engineer. t Mechanical Superintendent. $ General Master Mechanic. ft Gen. Master Car Builder. ~ Master of Machinery. II General Foreman. ** Superintendent of Machinery. ~~ Superintendent of Motive Power and Machinery. II Superintendent of Rolling Stock. A Railroad. Master Mechanic. Master Car Builder. Residence. Arkansas Central.......................G. H. Bristol.......G. H. Bristol....... Helena, Ark. Alabama Central........................E. M. Smith........E. M. Smith........ Selma, Ala. Albany & Susquehanna..................R. C. Blackall......R. C. Blackall......Albany, N. Y. Alexandria & Fredericksburg................................................ Alexandria, Va. Alexandria, Nebraska & Iowa.............George Q. Adams.....................Alexandria, Mo. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe............H. V. Farris..........................Topeka, Kan. Atchison & Nebraska................... Selah Williams.......................Atchison, Kan. Alabama & Chattanooga.................S. W. Tozer........S. W. Tozer........hattanooga, Tenn. Atlanta & West Point...................William Rushton.....................Atlanta, Ga. Atlanta & West Point................... R. D. Cole..........R. D. Cole..........Newnan, Ga. Atlantic & Gulf..................... C. E. Van Vorst..... P. N. Raynal...... Savannah, Ga. Atlantic & North Carolina................E. J. Clayton......E. J. Clayton........New Berne, N. C. Atlantic & Great Western....................................J.. F. Wiers.M. Meadville, Penn. Atlantic & Great Western................William Fuller......D. S. Dockstader....Meadville, Penn. Atlantic & Great Western...............N. Wright..........W. G. Haggard......Cleveland, Ohio. Atlantic & Great Western................ [J. B. Miller.......S. V. Smith........Kent, Ohio. Atlantic & Great Western................Allen Cook.........J. W. Holmes.......Galion, Ohio. Atlantic & Pacific.......................John Hewitt......E. Martin..........St. Louis, Mo. Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio...................................................................... Norfolk & Petersburg Division......J. S. Whitworth....J. S. Whitworth... Norfolk, Va. South Side of Virginia Division..... J. T. Robinett.... T. Robinett......Petersburg, Va. Virginia & Tennessee Division......F. Sterk...........W. A. Morgan.....Lynchburg, Va. Virginia & Kentucky Division............................................................... Allegheny Valley.......................G. W. Glass........R. Gunning.........Pittsburg, Penn. Adirondack.............................Jacob Myers.......James J. Traver.....Saratoga, N. Y. B3 Baltimore & Ohio.................... John C. Davis.....J. S. Shryack.......Baltimore, Md. Baltimore & Ohio.........................................James H. Miller... Baltimore, Md. Baltimore & Ohio............... illiam Edwards.......................Martinsburg, Va. Baltimore & Ohio........................A. J. Cromwell.........................Piedmont, Va. Baltimore & Ohio.......................E. W. Lippencott.......................Grafton, W. Va. Baltimore & Ohio...........................Wheeling, W. Va. Central Ohio Division..............Alexander Platt..Za..........Zanesville, Ohio. Sandusky, Mans. & Newark Div.. William Y. Johnson.................... Sandusky, Ohio. Bangor, Old Town & Milford.............J. B. Peckham......John H. Brown.....Bangor, Maine. Bangor & Piscataquis....................Horace Penny...... J. W. Comins.......Old Town, Maine. Bellefonte & Snow Shoe............. D. Landis......... andis.......Bellefonte, Penn. Belvidere Delaware.....H.............. R. McDowell.......John Silvers.....,. Lambertville, N. J. Boston & Albany....................... Wilson Eddy........F. D. Adams........Springfield, Mass. Boston & Albany....................... A. B. Underhill.....W. E. Chamberlain.. Allston, Mass. Boston & Providence....................George Richards....John Lightner......Roxbury, Mass. Boston, Clinton & Fitchburg............. John Webster.......Samuel Stevens..... Fitchburg, Mass. Boston, Concord & Montreal............. Ralph Adams.......1. R. Elkins........Lake Village, N. H. Boston & Maine........................F. A. Waitt........................ Boston, Mass. Boston 5& Maine...........................D. C,,.D.... D. Richardson.... Lawrence, Mass. Boston, Lowell & Nashua........... F. Crockett.....T. G. Davis........Boston, Mass. Boston, Lowell & Nashua...................................S. A. Davis.........Nashua, N. H. Blossburg & Corning..................... C. Patchell.... C. Patchell......Corning, N. Y. Brockville & Ottawa.....................H. J. Marshall..... J. Marshall......Brockville, Can. Blue Ridge................................................................... Anderson, S. C. Burlington & Missouri River.............J. Christiansen....................... lattsmouth, Neb. Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Minnesota....R. W. Bushnell.....R. W. Bushnell.....Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Buffaio, New York & Philadelphia........Allen Vail................... Buffalo, N. Y. Buffalo, Corry & Pittsburg...............HI. J. Bookhammer..Jacob Williams.... Oil City, Penn. 278 CAR WOBORKS OV THE USIiTED STiATESo C Railroad. Master Mechanic. Master Car Builder. Residence. Cairo & Fulton..................... Finlay..... L. Finlay.......... Little Rock, Ark. California Pacific.......................A. J. Stevens......D. Rutherford......Vallejo, Cal. F. B. Stevens......... Hoboken. Camden & Amboy...................... TT. Kerr....... Lockwood.......Bordentown, N. J. ( Thomas Single......................South Amboy. Camden & Atlantic.. R............. Rufus Hill............Willis........... Camden, N. J. Canada Southern.................. C. E.. Beton....... E. B3enton.......St. Thomas, Canada. Carolina Central....A...................W. A. Gill..........Thomas Myers......Laurinburg, N. C. Catawissa........................ A. J. Prescott......C. D. Ellis......... Catawissa, Penn. Catasauqua & Fogelsville............... Thomas Evans......Charles J. Holbach..Catasauqua, Penn. Carrolton & Oneida................. T. Wiggins........................ Carrolton, Ohio. Charleston & Savannah............ H.....H. T. Calder...............Charleston, S. C. Chesapeake & Ohio......................W. G. Freeman...J. N. King........Richmond, Va. Chesapeake & Ohio.......................~T. J. Hamer.....H. C. Bossinger......Huntingdon, W. Va. Cheraw & Darlington.....................D. W. Haines......A. M. Corrie......Florence, S. C. Champlain Transportation Company......H. T. Calder................... Burlington, Vt. Cheshire & Ashuelot.....................F. A. Perry.........F. A. Perry.........Keene, N. H. Charlotte, Columbia & August............ Robert King........J. Q. Seats..........Columbia, S. C. Chicago & Lake Huron........................................................ Eastern Division.................. E. ollis...............................Port Huron, Mich. Western Division............... W. C. Faulkner...................... Battle Creek, Mich. Chicago & North-western.................George W. Tilton.. Thomas IIull.......Chicago, Ill. Wisconsin, Mad. & Mill. Division.............:Henry Hull.........Fond du Lac, Wis. Galena Division..................D. Manning........Iugh Gray........ Chicago, Ill. Wisconsin, Mad. & Mill. Division....T. B. Tilton.......................... Chicago, Ill. Iowa Division.....................C. C. Elliott........William Campbell... Clinton, Iowa. Peninsula Division...................................................... Escanaba, Mich. Chicago & Alton.........................John A. Jackman..... Reniff...........Bloomington, Ill. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy............ George Chalender.....................Burlington, Iowa. Eastern & Middle Division.........E. T. Prindle.....V.. W. Wilcox.......Aurora, Ill. Galesburg Division................William Wilson.... J. D. Besler........Galesburg, Ill Quincy Division...................Joel West................. Cresson, Iowa. Burlington Division...............S. E. Burtch...........................Burlington, Iowa. Buda Division....................P. R. Sutton............B..... Buda, Ill. Chicago, Clinton & Dubuque............P. R. Sutton.......................... Dubuque, Iowa. Chicago, Dubuque & Minnesota.......P. PR. Sutton.............. Dubuque, Iowa. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific...........T. B. Twombly.....B. K. Verbryck..... Chicago, Ill. Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore.......William I. Fitch....Oliver Udell........St. Joseph, Mich. Chicago, Danville & Vincennes...........A. B. Bedell.......... H. Dunham....Danville, Ill. Chicago, Danville & Vincennes.....J. M. Sanborn................... Chicago, Ill. Chicago & Canada Southern..............J. Johann..........................Trenton, Mich. Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan.............. M. Porter.........................Wabash, Ind. Cleveland, Columbus, Cin. & Indianapolis.:tL. S. Young.......t ftWilliam F. Smith.. Cleveland, Ohio. Indianapolis Division............L. W. Durgin.............. Galion, Ohio. Indianapolis Division......................Attridge........ Indianapolis, Ind. Cincinnati Division...............D. Carmichael......D. Carmichael.....Delaware, Ohio. Columbus Division...............F. G. Kaufholz..... William Cleve.......Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland and Pittsburg....... B. Chapman.....A. Steinbrunner.....Cleveland, Ohio. Ceveland, Mount Vernon & Delaware......J. W. Holloway.....J. W Holloway.....Akron, Ohio. Clincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton..........William Cullen......W. HW. H. Allison.... Cincinnati, Ohio. Cincinnati & Indianapolis Junction........WV. McKinzie........Edwin Beeny.......Indianapolis, Ind. Cincinnati, Layfayette & Chicago......... Charles E. Gore........................Lafayette, Ind. Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley..........Leroy Kells........ Daniel Jewell......Lancaster, Ohio. Cincinnati, Sandusky & Cleveland........John Y. Beattie.....John Y. Beattie.....Sandusky, Ohio. Cobourg, Peterboro & Marmora...........William Polson....................... Cobourg, Canada. Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central.... (See Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis.) Concord.............................Charles L. Eastman.M. W. Dickerman... Concord, N. H. Concord & Portsmouth.................Charles L. Eastman.M. W. Dickerman... Concord, N. H. Concord & Claremont...................J.. Lander.......A. Langmaid..... Concord, N. H. Connecticut River...................... William H. Stearns............... Springfield, Mass. Connecticut Valley....................C. W. Holister...... N. A. Smith........Hartford, Conn. Connecticut Western.....................N. Slingland............. Hartford, Conn. Contoocook River............................................... Concord, N. H. Connecticut & Passumpsic Rivers.........Horace Aldan........Horace Alden.......Lyndon, Vt. Cumberland Valley......A........,A. S. Hull..........C. W. Nitterhouse... Chambersburg, Penn. Cumberland & Pennsylvania............W. L. Jorclan.......J.W. Saurerbach....Mt. Savage, Md, CAR WORKS OF TIE IE UNITED STATES. 279 Railroad. Master Mechanic. Master Car Builder. Residence. Central of Georgia................. D. D. Arden........ C. C. Millar........ Savannah, Ga. Central of New Jersey..................*T. W. Peeples.....George Hackett.....Elizabethport, N. J. Lehigh & Susquehanna Division....L. C. Brastow.......L. C. Brastow.......Wilkesbarre, Penn. Central Branch Union Pacific.............William D. Rowley...................Atchison, Kansas. Central R. R. of Iowa................. F. B. Woodruff.....T. L. Seevers.......Marshall, Iowa. Central Pacific........................ A. J. Stevens.......Benjamin Welch... Sacramento, Cal. D Dakota & Southern....................James Whitney...... A. A. Mechling... Sioux City, Iowa. Davenport & St. Paul's.................James Russell......................... Peoria, Ill. Dayton & Union..................... A. J. Keenan.......J. F. Feicht....... Dayton, Ohio. Danbury & Norwalk................. Charles A. Craig....C. A. Craig.........Danbury, Conn. Dayton & Michigan...................William Cullen......W. 11. H. Allison...Cincinnati, Ohio. Denver & Rio Grande........... John Greenwood............ Denver, Col. Delaware, Lackawanna & Western........ Walter Dawson.....obert McKenna.....Scranton, Penn. Morris & Essex Division............W. H. Lewis.......L. S. Barber.......Hoboken, N. J. Des Moines Valley..................James Lamb........R. E. Smith....... Keokuk, Iowa. Detroit, Ft. Wayne & Logansport.......... A. Carpenter.......................Bankers, Mich. Detroit & Milwaukee..................Andrew Wilson....................... Detroit, Mich. Detroit, Lansing & Lake Michigan....... Thomas G. Roberts.....................Detroit, Mich. Delaware & Hudson Canal Co...........James Dickson......Thomas Orchard.... Carbondale, Penn. Rensselaer & Saratoga Division.....John Dikeman.......................Troy, N. Y. Dorchester & Delaware....................................... Cambridge, Md. Dubuque & South-western............... Smith...... J. M. Smith........ t arley, Iowa. Dutchess & Columbia....................W. G. Vanbuskirk...H. A. Webster...Fishkill, N. Y. Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley & Pittsburg...J. C. Haggett...... J. C. Haggett.......Dunkirk, N. Y. E Eastern.....................J. P. Somerby..... Salem, Mass. Eastern............................... John Thompson.......................East Boston, Mass. Eastern Kentucky........................D. L. Weaver.......D. L. Weaver....... Riverton, Ky. East Tennessee & Virginia................Eli Hixon......... Joseph Armbruster..Knoxville, Tenn. East Tennessee & Georgia................Eli Hixon............................ Knoxville, Tenn. East Pennsylvania.........................................Samuel Reeves.....Reading, Penn. Elizabethtown & Paducah................W. D. Robb........T. A. Cordrey......Elizabethtown, Ky. Erie Railway.................... Howard Fry...................... Susquehanna, Penn. Erie Railway...........................Robert Wallace....................... Susquehanna, Penn. Erie Railway............................. IV. Blackburn.................... Jersey City, N. J. Erie Railway........................... J. G. Hubbard....M. Wilder..........Buffalo, N. Y. Erie Railway...........................W. E. Cooper.......W. E. Cooper......Hornellsville, N. Y. Erie Railway.............................................William Moffet.....Elmira, N. Y. Erie Railway........................... David Holtz..Jersey City, N. J. Evansville & Crawfordsville...............John L. White......Joseph Stiker.......Evansville, Ind. Evansville, Henderson & Nashville.......IH. M. Smith........W. H. H. Price..... Henderson, Ky. European & North American (of Maine)...A. 0. Bailey........J. H. Brown........Oldtown, Maine. Erie & Pittsburg....................... G. J. Parkin....... G. J. Parkin.......Erie, Penn. Evansville, Terre Haute & Chicago...............Terre Haute, Ind. F Flushing & North Side.................. La Suer................. College Point, L. I. Florida...............................Ezra Gray.........G. Hernandez......Fernandina, Fla. Flint & Pere Maquette................Sanford Keeler.....Sanford Keeler.....East Saginaw, Mich. Fitchburg.................... Geo. A Cooledge...Enos Varney........ Charlestown, Mass. Fitchburg Worcester.................John Webster....Samuel Stevens.... Fitchburg, Mass. Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio... John G. Coulon......................Galveston, Texas. Gilman, Clinton & Springfield............W. B. McKenna...........Springfield, Ill. Grand Tower & Carbondale..............HIugh Smith........Hugh Smith....... Grand Tower, Ill. Grand Trunk............................................Warren Noyes......Gorham, Me. Grand Trunk...................... R.. ichard Eaton.. J. W. W. McWood...Montreal, Canada. Grand Trunk................................................................. Sherbrooke, Can. 280 CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. Railroad. Master Mechanic. LMaster Car Builder. Residence. Grand Trunk........................................ B. J. Mitchell.......Portland, Me. Galveston, Houston & Henderson.........Sol. Bills....... Wm. Macbeth.......Galveston, Texas. Grand Rapids & Indiana.................J. M. Boon...........................Fort Wayne, Ind. Great Western of Canada................ tWm. A. Robinson. F. Childs...........Hamilton, Canada. Georgia............................... William Hardman... T. M. Preval........Augusta, Ga. Green Bay & Lake Pepin................J. H. Erwin...........................Green Bay, Wis. Greenville & Columbia..................J. T. Price.........J. T. Price.........Helena, S. C. e Harlem Extension....................... Geo. W. Blanchard................... Rutland, Vt. Harlem Extension............................. S. Clapp.........Bennington, Vt. Hanover Branch....................... John J. Bingley.....Henry Britcher.....Hanover, Penn. Hannibal & St. Joseph................. L. W. Towne........................Hannibal, Mo. Hartford, Providence & Fishkill..........Edwin Garfield.....V. D. Perry........Hartford, Ct. Hackensack & New York................ braham Angausen...................Hackensack, N. J. Housatonic......................... C. R. Morris....... J. Ferris....... Bridgeport, Conn. Iouston & Texas Central................ W. H. Purdy......W. H. Purdy....... Houston, Texas. Houghton & Ontonagon.............. L'Anse, Mich. Houston Tap & Brazoria................T. J. Shellhorn.....T. J. Shellhorn..... Houston, Texas. Huntington & Broad-Top Mountain.......J. Salisbury....... M. Tellerhoof......Saxton, Penn. Hempfield......................... Marsh.............................heeling, Va. Indianapolis, Cincinnati & Lafayette......J. S. Patterson.....S. Griffith..........Ciicinnati, Ohio. Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago............John McKenna......John McKenna.....Peru, Ind. Illinois Central..........................**S. J. Hayes......H. 0. Wadlie.......Chicago, Ill. Chicago Division...................Henry Schlacks....................... Chicago, Ill. South Division.....................David Oxley...........................Centralia, Ill. North Division....................J. B. Edams...........................Amboy, Ill. Iowa Division........ Thomas W. Place................ Waterloo, Iowa. Iowa & Missouri State Line....................................................Farmington, Iowa. Iron............................. Perry Scott.........Clem. Roetling...... Ironton, Ohio. Indianapolis & St. Louis.................A. T. Sanford......R. B. More.........Mattoon, Ill. Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western.....Tho. V. Losee...... A. J. Allen.........Urbana, Ill. Ionia & Lansing........................ Loughlin........................... Lansing, Mich. Indianapolis & Vincennes..............A. E. Allcott...........................Indianapolis, Ind. International & Great Northern..........A. H. DeClercq.....F. M. Looney......Houston, Texas. Intercolonial..........................Wm. Whitney.......Edw. Shaffer.......Moncton, N. B. Ithaca & Athens.......................F. A. Brown..........................Ithaca, N. Y. J' Jeffersonville, Madison & Indiana....... Reuben Wells.....................Jeffersonville, Ind. Junction & Breakwater................... A. Maguire.........................Lewes, Del. K Kansas Central..........................John Davis........................... Leavenworth, Kan. Knox & Lincoln...................... E. R. Hamlin.....Benj. Soule.........Bath, Maine. Kentucky Central.. R................ R. Ledyard......J. L. Hackathorn...Covington, Ky. Knoxville & Charleston........................................................Knoxville, Tenn. Kansas Pacific.. **L. H. Waugh.......Wyandotte, Kansas. Denver Pacific Division.............**L. H. Waugh........................Wyandotte, Kansas. Denver & Boulder Valley Division.... **L. H. Waugh......................Wyandotte, Kansas. Junction City & Fort Kearney Div... **L. H. Waugh....................... Wyandotte, Kansas. Arkansas Valley Division...........**L. H. Waugh................... Wyandotte, Kansas. Kalamazoo, Allegan & Grand Rapids......................................... Kalamazoo, Mich. Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs..IEI. L. Cooper.....H. L. Cooper.......St. Joseph, Mo. King's Mountain.......................E. Thomas........E. Thomas.........Chester, S. C. L Lake Erie & Louisville.................. John Pero................. Fremont, Ohio. Lackawanna & Bloomsburg............. Charles Graham.... Chas. G-raham......Kingston, Penn. CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 81. Railroad. Master Mechanic. Master Car Builder. Residence. Lehigh Valley.........................John I. Kinsey.. [ South Easton, Penn. Lehigh Valley..........................P. Hofecker... E. R. Brown.......Weatherly, Penn. Lehigh Valley..........................A. Mitchell.......Mauch Chunk, Pa...Delano, Penn. Lehigh Valley......................... D. Clark....... Hazleton, Penn. Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston..... S. M. Philbrick............ Lawrence, Kansas. Lexington & Big Sandy...............Fred. Weber......... Brainard.......Ashland, Ky. Little Rock & Fort Smith................D. R. Wing....... D. R. Wing....... Argenta, Ark. Little Miami...........................J. H. Setchel.......................Cincinnati, Ohio. London & Port Stanley....................................................... London, C. W. Louisville, New Albany & Chicago......Geo. Ruhlandt......Geo. elfrich.......New Albany, Ind. Long Island.......................... Chas. A. Thompson.Ellis Dodge.........Hunter's Point, L. I. Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington........ B. Gibbs........S. S. Pilson.......Louisville, Ky. South & North Alabama Division.. C. H.. Beale..........................Montgomery, Ala. Memphis & Ohio Division..........Thomas Walsh...... R. M. C. Parker... Memphis, Tenn. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern.......tJames Sedgley.... fttJohn Kirby....... Cleveland, Ohio. Michigan Southern Division........Geo. W. Stevens.......................Elkhart, Ind. " " "........................... S.S. Knapp....... Adrian, Mich. Toledo Divisio...................Geo. H. Tier......Frank. Bray.....Norwalk, Ohio. Erie Division.....................L. 0. Gassett......J. Withyecombe....Cleveland, Ohio. Buffalo Division............ W L. Wallace...A. C. Robson.....Buffalo, N. Y. Lake Shore & Tuscarawas Valley....... Charles Fellows.....J. D. McIlwain.....Black River, Ohio. Lake Ontario Shore..................... J. C. Sohermerehom,J, 0. Schermerhom.Oswego, N. Y. M1arquette, Houghton & Ontonagon......A. P. Burroughs..... H. D. Lyons........ Marquette, Mich. acon & Augusta............................................................Macon, Ga. Maine Central..........................J. W. Philbrick. J... J. W. Philbrick.....Waterville, Xe. Androscoggin Division.............Ira K. Russell.........................Farmington, Me. Portland & Kennebec Division......John Ellis..........C. H. Kenison...Augusta, Me. Maine Central Division............John F. Merrill........................ Waterville, Me. Macon & Western......................D. M. Gogul........James A. Knight.. -. Macon, Ga. Manchester & Lawrence.................Chas. L. Eastman...M. W. Dickerman....Concord, N. H. Marietta & Pittsburg...................W. J. Adams.................. Marietta, Ohio. Maryland & Delaware...................J. L. Caldwell....................... Easton, Md. Macon & Brunswick.................... M. Thornton........ Thornton.......Macon, Ga. Marietta & Cincinnati................E. Bosley..........E. Bosley...........Chillicothe, Ohio. Memphis & Little Rock................ Tho. Rennells......P. Twitchell....... Argenta, Ark. Memphis & Charleston..................A. Ross...........A. W. Drew........Memphis, Tenn. Memphis & Charleston..................H. N. Burford......Fabien Varin..... Huntsville, Ala. Mineral Point.........................Robert Hay........ Robert Hay........Mineral Point, Wis. Mississippi & Tennessee.................Geo. Haszinger.....J. Riny............Memphis, Tenn. Mississippi Central.................... Henry Gibbon..... John E. Becton....Water Valley, Miss. Maryland & Delaware................... Samuel Peters.......................Greensboro, Md. Mississippi, Gains. & Tus............................................ Gainsville, Ala. Midland Pacific...........................................Nebraska City, Neb, Milwaukee & Northern...................................W J. F. Liddell... De Pere, Wis. Milwaukee & St. Paul................. T. S. Davis.........William E. Kittredge. Milwaukee, Wis. Milwaukee & St. Paul.............................John Baillie........Milwaukee, Wis. Milwaukee & St. Paul.................. J. Pattee...........D. F. Wilson........ Minneapolis, Minn. Hastings & Dakota Division........G. C. Clements................ Hastings, Minn. Michigan Central........................ A. P. Farrar......................... Jackson, Mich. Michigan Central..................................... J. B. Sutherland... Detroit, Mich. Grand River Valley Division..........................James Potts........Jackson, Mich. Jackson, Lans'g & Saginaw Div....Andrew Wiso n....Andrew Wilson.....Jackson, Mich. MIontgomery & West Point...............J. McVey..........J. T. Daniels.......Montgomery, Ala. Montgomery & Eufaula................I.. 1W. Hewlet....... T. J. Burton........ Montgomery, Ala. Mobile & Montgomery.................. James McFarland... L. Barham.......Montgomery, Ala. Mobile & Girard..................... C. D. Wall................... Girard, Ala. ~Mobile & Ohio. L. J. Flemning..... John McHugh.....Mobile, Ala................. S. Skates.... Jacob Huy........Whistler, Ala. Morgan's Louisiana & Texas.............N. Tilton...........William O'Brien......Algiers, La. Missouri River, Fort Scott & Gulf........John S. McCrum................ ansas City, Mo. Missouri River, Fort Scott & Gulf............................Josiah Stahl........Wyandotte, Kan, Missouri, Kansas & Texas.................................J. Townsend....... Sedalia, Mo. Missouri, Iowa & Nebraska..............W illiam Adams.......................Alexandria, Mo. Missouri Pacific.................................... Maartin..........St. Louis, Mo. 86 282 CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. N Railroad. Master Mechanic. Master Car Builder. Residence. Nashville & Chattanooga................. John U. Eastman... J. G. Sawyer....... Nashville, Tenn. New Bedford & Taunton................ Robert Chase..... Robert Chase....... New Bedford, Mass. New Canaan.................................................................. New Canaan, Conn. New Brunswick & Canada............... Thomas Armstrong G. Houlton........Fredericton, N. B. New Haven & Northampton............. Henry Fox......... Henry Fox......... New Haven, Conn. New York, Kingston & Syracuse..........A. Q. Mackenbush.. G. Dikeman........ Syracuse, N. Y. New York & Harlem................... William M. Strong.. C. E. Garey........ New York. New York Central & Hudson River.......... Leander Garey.... New York. New York Central Division........ tG. B. Van Vorst... tJoseph Jones.....West Albany, N. Y. New York Central Division......... HenryWatkeys....................... Syracuse, N. Y. New York Central Division......... Amos Gould....... James Leary........ Rochester, N. Y. New York Central Division......... James Butman..... William Johnson.... Buffalo, N. Y. New York Central Division........S. L. White........George Rowe...... Niagara Falls, N. Y. Hudson River Division............ William Buchanan.. John McKenna....New York City. Hudson River Division............ R. Greenalch.......J. J. Conaghty......East Albany, N. Y. New York, Boston & Montreal.............................. H. A. Webster..... Duchess Junction, N. Y. New York & Oswego Midland........... illiam H. Gggs. Wm. H. Griggs.... Oswego, N. Y. Eastern Division............... J. F. Sechler.......J. A. Read......... Middletown, N. Y. Middle Division...................C. E. Scruton......................... Norwich, N. Y. Northern Division.................Edward Van Vleck.. T. D. Day..........Oswego, N. Y. New York & New England............... George E. Boyden.. Elias E. Pratt......Boston, Mass. New York, Providence & Boston......... James H. Anderson. Jas. H. Anderson... Providence, R. I. New York, New Haven & Hartford........ ~H. Kittendorf..... James Denver......New Haven, Conn. New York, New Haven & Hartford.......J. 0. Chapman.....F. Leppens......... Hartford, Conn. New Jersey Southern.................... Rufus Blodgett....................... Manchester, N. J. New Haven & Derby.........................................................New Haven, Conn. New Lisbon................................................................Leetonia, Ohio. New Orleans & Ohio................. John R. Jordan.....John R. Jordan......rd Paducah, Iy. New Orleans, Jackson & Gt. Northern.... N. Greener.........N. Greener........ New Orleans, La. New Haven, Hartford & Springfield...........................................artford, Conn. Naugatuck..................... Henry Hanford.....George W. Gray.... Bridgeport, Conn. North Carolina......................... Rufus D. Wade..... B. G. Sergeant..... Co. Shops, N. C. North Louisiana & Texas...............C. H. Tull............. Monroe, La. New Orleans, Mobile & Texas...........J. R. White.....D. C. Roland....... Mobile, Ala. Northern Central....................... M. Lewis....................... Baltimore, Md. Northern Central.........................G. W. Demarest.... York, Penn. North Lebanon.......................................... Henry B. Oves......Lebanon, Penn. North Pennsylvania....................Franklin Roop......Franklin Roop..... Philadelphia, Penn. North Eastern.......................D. W. Haines.......A. M. Corrie....... Florence, S. C. Northern.............................. James W. Lander... Albert Langmaid..... Concord, N. H. Northern of New Jersey.................T. W. Demorest................ New York. Norwich & Worcester................. Richard Colburn.... G. R. Bentley......Norwich, Conn. Northern of Canada................. P. Clark............P. Clark...........Toronto, Can. Northern Pacific.......................H. A. Towne..........................St. Paul, Minn. Minnesota Division................................... W. S. Heathcote..... Brainerd, Minn. Lake Superior & Miss. Division....W. McFarland...... John Hill..........St. Paul, Minn. Dakota Division................ C. W. Rossiter......................... Fargo, D. T. Pacific Division.................J. F. Curtis...........................Kalama, W. T. Old Colony & Newport..................J. K. Taylor........A. Gleason.......... Boston, Mass. Oil City & Pithole...................... George Thompson................ Pithole, Penn. Oil Creek & Alleghany River............ H. J. Bookhammer.. Jacob Williamss.....Oil City, Penn. Oil Creek & Alleghany..................H. J. Bookhammer.. John Monks........ Oil City, Penn. Ohio & Mississippi........................................G. H ibbard......... Cochran, Ind. East Division.......................A. Thompson......................... Cochran, Ind. West Division.......................H. Elliott........, Charles Hyatt......East St. Louis, Ill. Oregon & California.............. J. Brandt........................... Portland, Oregon. Owensburg & Russellville................ J. R. Osborne.......................... Owensburg, Ky. P Paducah & Memphis....................J, D. Linning........................ Paducah, Ky. Painesville & Youngstown.............. G. R. Crane.......................... Painesville, Ohio. Paris & Decatur.......................John G. Clifford..... G. Clifford.........Paris, Il. CAR WORKIS OF THE UNITED STATES. 283 Railroad. Master Mechanic. Master Car Builder. Residenee. Panama................................Charles E. Stewart.. J. G. Wilson........ Aspinwall, N. G. Pacific of Missouri........................ John Hewitt.....John Iewitt........ St. Louis, Mo. Pennsylvania........................... F. Thomson................ Altoona, Penn. Pennsylvania.......................... H. D. Garrett... I. W. Van Houten... W. Philadelphia, Penn. Pennsylvania.......................... E. L. Caum......... Samuel W. Myers...' Harrisburg, Penn. Pennsylvania..........................G. W. Strattan....John P. Levan..... Altoona, Penn. Pennsylvania.......................... D. O. Shaver........ S. Ramsey....... Pittsburg, Penn. New Jersey Division...............John Headden..... David H. Baker.... Jersey City, N. J. West Pennsylvania Division....... C. B. Street.......James F. Elder..... Blairsville, Penn. Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore.... S. A. Hodgman......William T. Worth... Wilmington, Del. Philadelphia & Baltimore Central.........S. D. Danfield..... Samuel D. Danfield. Chester, Penn. fMartin Walls........................Sunbury, Penn. W. L. Forster....................... enovo, Penn. Philadelphia & Erie.................... W. L. Holman.......... Kane, Penn. IW. T. Smith........................ Erie, Penn. [~ T. N. Ely.........................Erie, Penn. Philadelphia & Reading................. L. B. Paxson....... Aaron Steinbach.... Reading, Penn. Germantown & Norris'n Div........Jackson Richards......................Philadelphia, Penn. Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis....................................................... Pittsburg & Columbus Division.... E. Pierce........................... Dennison, Ohio. Pittsburg & Columbus Division.......................James McGee...... Steubenville, Ohio. Little Miami Division...........M. P. Ford........ Columbus, Ohio. Little Miami Division.............J. H. Setchel.......................Pendleton, Ohio. Col., Cin. & Ind. Division......... Robert Curtis.......Tho. Chamberlain... Columbus, Ohio. Col., Cin. & Ind. Division......... Geo. H. Prescott.... Geo. H. Prescott.... Logansport, Ind. Peoria & Rock Island................... Geo. Gregg.............. Peoria, Ill. Pittsburg & Connellsville................J. E. Sampsel.......J. M. Leech........Pittsburg, Penn. Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago........S. M. Cummings.... John Marquis....... Allegheny, Penn. Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago.........J. M. Boon........ Israel Lee......... Fort Wayne, Ind. Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago................... J. J. Kirkland......Crestline, Ohio. Pittsburg, Washington & Baltimore.......A. S. Kinsey.......................... Pittsburg, Penn. Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville........... R. F. Hurd.........Jas. J. Doyl........Pekin, Ill. Portland & Rochester................... John G. Brady......John G. Brady...... Portland, Me. Portland & Oxford Central............. Geo. W. Battles.....Geo. W. Battles..... Buckfield, Me. Portland, Saco & Portsmouth...........John Donnell........................ Portland, Me. Port Royal............................... C. W. Furber....... E. Hbard.......... Port Royal, S. C. Port Hope, Lindsay & Beaverton.........H. G. Taylor.......H. G. Taylor....... Port Hope, Can. Providence, Warren & Bristol............Rufus Smith.......J. Brightman....... Bristol, R. I. Portsmouth, Gt. Falls & Monmouth....... James Tucker...... E. Fall............. Union Village, N. HI. Petersburg & Weldon...................R. B. Andrews...... Alex. Wright...... Petersburg, Va. Providence & Worcester................ Joseph Kelly........Olney L. Smith..... Providence, R. I. Poughkeepsie & Eastern................ John L. Driscoll.... Jerry Wigg........ Poughkeepsie, N. Y, Q Quincy, Missouri & Pacific eo. Adam................... Quincy, Ill. R Raleigh & Gaston.......,............. B. Gayle.........J. B. Gayle......... Raleigh, N. C. Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac..... Kuhn........... W. H. Trainham... Richmond, Va. Richmond, Danville & Piedmont.......... John McFarland.... H. Longest......... Richmond, Va. Richmond & Petersburg.............. John O'Brien....... H. L. Carter........ Richmond, Va. Richmond & York River.................C. H. Harris........J. L. Thompson.... Richmond, Va. River Du Loup.........................P. A. Logan...... C... McKinnin..... Fredericton, N. B. Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg..........Abram Klohs......H. H. Sessions...... Rome, N. Y. Reading & Columbia...................B. Van Lew.......................... Columbia, Penn. Rome, Georgia........................... W. Harbin....... W. Harbin....... Rome, Ga. Rochester & Genesee Valley...........M. E. Brown.......M. Wilder......... Buffalo, N. Y. Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis.......Joseph Elder.......T. F. Nolte......... Beardstown, Ill. Saginaw Valley & St. Louis............. W. S. Thompson...................... Saginaw, Mich. Selma, Marion & Memphis...............HR. H. Anderson....................... Marion, Ala. Southern Pacific of California.............P. Wilson........F. N. Bellisle....... San Francisco, Cal. St. Croix & Lake Superior..................................................... New York City. 284 CAR WOiRKS OF THE UTNITED STATEg. Railroad. Master Mechanic Master Car Builder. Residence. St. Croix & Penobscot................... Edward Bolton......A. G. Page......... Milltown, Me. St. Lawrence & Ottawa................. Calvin Dame... Calvin Dame........ Prescott, Canada. St. Louis & Iron Mountain............0. A. Haynes.......Oscar Doolittle......Carondelet, Mo. St. Joseph & Denver City................ E. Sleppy.............................St. Joseph, Mo. San Antonio & Mexican Gulf........... W. T. Bingham....................... Victoria, Texas. South Side of Long Island.............. Geo. H. Griggs..M. H. I. eitzman...... Williamsburg, L. I. St. Paul & Pacific......................J. C. Monroe... T. W. Heathcote... St. Paul, Minn. St. Paul & Sioux City................ C. Butterfield.... J. W. Lydic........ Shakopee, Minn. St. Louis, Vandalia, T. Haute & Ind......C. R. Peddle.......H. Kirmse....... Terre Haute, Ind. Indianapolis Division............. Winm. Riley............................ Terre Haute, Ind. Vandalia Division......... A.....A. J. Sanborn.................... Effingham, Ind. South Carolina.........................W. B. Smith........John Reed....... Charleston, S. C. Southern Central......:................ Chas. G. Brown..... H. Mooney........ Auburn, N. Y. Southern Minnesota....................James Waters........................ ells, Minn. South-Western of Georgia...............C. D. Wall..................Columbus, Ga. South-Western of Georgia...............D. M. Gogul........James A. Knight... Macon, Ga. South Shore...........................Warren E. Ray........................ Cohasset, Mass. Stanstead, Shefford & Chambly..........W. H. Smith..........................Waterloo, C. E. Seaboard & Roanoke.................... E. G. Ghio........J. B. Pendleton....Portsmouth, Va. Stonington & Providence...............J. H. Anderson.....J. II. Anderson.... Providence, R. I. Selma & Gulf..........................Wm. T. Daughtrey................. Selma, Ala. Selma, Rome & Dalton................. A. G. Maynes....... W. Peirce.......Selma, Ala. Sioux City & Pacific................... C. H. Foster.......................... Missouri Valley, Iowa. Spartanburg & Union...................J. N. Benner.......Jacob Rice.......... Union Court House, S. C. Sheboygan & Fond du Lac............... A. F. Wallace.......A. F. Wallace...... Sheboygan, Wis. Sullivan & Erie......................................................... Tonawanda, Penn. Syracuse, Binghamton & New York......H. H. Dawson......David Burling...... Syracuse, N. Y. Syracuse Northern..................... W. Garrison....... L. W. Smith....... Syracuse, N. Y. Sycamore & Cortland.......................... Sycamore, Ill. St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute......... **Beriah Warren....St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis & South Eastern............... It L. B. Salisbury...................... Mount Vernon, Ill. Nashville Division.................H. M. Smith.......J. J. Casey........ Earlington, Ky. St. Louis, Kansas City.& Northern........H. S. Smith........C. S. Buck......... Moberly, Mo. T Taunton Branch.-................ W. M. Parks....... J. G. Codding...... Taunton, Mass. Tioga..................................Peres Bonny........D. H. Stratton..... Blosshurg, Penn. Texas & New Orleans................... B. Baer........................... Houston, Texas. Tennessee & Pacific.................... William McKeand... William McKeand... Nashville, Tenn. Toledo, Wabash & Western............... B. Small........**G. W. Cushing.... Fort Wayne, Ind. Toledo, Wabash & Western.....................David Hoit........Toledo, Ohio. Toledo, Wabash & Western.............T. G. Gorman......................... Springfield, Ill. Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw...............W.. Hewitt....... R. M. Hemphill.... Peoria, Ill. Troy & Boston......................... Foster Church....... V. V. Coon......... Troy, N. Y. Toronto, Grey & Bruce.................Wm. Bowstead......................... Toronto, Canada. Toronto & Nipissing....................J. Haggus........................ Toronto, Canada. U Union Pacific..........................I. HI Congdon....Geo. E. Stevens... Omaha, Nebraska.'Utah Central.......................... Thos. Pierpont.....Edward Cox........Salt Lake City. Utica & Black River.................... W. E. Granger.... David James....... Utica, N. Y. Utica, Chenango & Susquehanna... C...C. H. Brown......................... Utica, N. Y. V Vicksburg & Brmuswick................ Jaames Boon........J. A. Knight....... Eufaula, Ala. Vicksburg & Meridian.................. Jas. B. Browne.................. Vicksburg, Miss. Vineland..................................................................... Vineland, N. J. Vermont Central........................J. M. Foss......J. M. Foss.........St. Albans, Vt. Rutland Division............. N. L. Davis..................... Rutland, Vt. New London Northern Division.... J. W. Dow.........S. W. Caulkins..... New London, Conn. Ogdensburg & L. Champlain Div... William A. Short.... J. R. Ames........ Malone, N. Y. Vermont & Massachusetts...............D. T. Davis..... Jacob Marsh........Fitchburg, Mass. CAB WORlIS OF TiAE UNITED STATES, 285 W Railroad. Master Mechanic. Master Car Builder. Resideice. Wash. City, Va. Midland & Gr. Southern........................................ Alexandria, Va, Western Union.......................... John Taylor....... E. A. Eddy......... Racine, Wis. Wicomico & Pocomoke........................................................ Berlin, Md. Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta........George Hal........W. J. Calais....... Wilmington, N. C. Westchester & Philadelphia............. John Moyer........N. Pawling........Philadelphia, Penn. Wilmington & Weldon.................. John Bissit......... John Bissit.........Wilmington, N. C. Wilmington & Western....................................................... Wilmington, Del. Wilmington & Reading..................Jas. F. Van Horn..................... Coatesville, Penn. West Jersey...........................W. McAllister........ C. Williams......Camden, N. J. Western Maryland......................Wi. Lannan.......J. H. Nussear......U nion Bridge, Md. Winona & St. Peter.................... F. C. Ford.........H. L. Preston...... Winona, Minn. Western North Carolina.................J. D. Hollister......................... Salisbury, N. C. Western R.. N. C..................... W. Atkinson..... W. W. Atkinson..... Fayetteville, N. C. West Feliciana................... R.. C. Brower....... Wm. Grawling..... Woodville, Miss. Western & Atlantic..................... John H. Flynn...... Wm. Grambling..... Atlanta, Ga. WTest Wisconsin......................... L. T. Mead.........J. C. Fischer....... Hudson, Wis. Worcester & Nashua.................... Albert Griggs....... Albert Griggs....... Worcester, Mass. Welland................................ James Taylor....... James Chase........St. Catharines, C. W. Washington & Ohio....................Edward Dunn.......Joshua Harrison.... Alexandria, Va. White Water Valley....................A. W. Britton........................ Harrison, Ohio. Directory of Railway Superintendents and Purchasing Agents throughout the United States and Canada. REFERENCES.-* General Manager. t Managing Director. A Railroad. Superintendent. Purchasing Agent. Residence. Arkansas Central........................ ames E. Gregg....................... Helena, Ark. Alabama Central....................... John M. Bridges....................... Montgomery, Ala. Albany & Susquehanna..................C. F. Young..........................Albany, N. Y. Alexandria & Fredericksburg.............. L. Dubarry........................ Washington, D. C. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe......... G. H. Nettleton... G. H. Nettleton...Topeka, Kansas. Atchison & Nebraska.................... C C. Smith........C. C. Smith........Atchison, Kansas. Alabama & Chattanooga................ Chas. L. Fitch..... J. C. Stanton, Jr... Chattanooga, Tenn. Ashtabula, Youngstown & Pittsburg......D. B. McCoy............ Pittsburg, Penn. Atlanta & Richmond Air Line............ R. Y. Sage........................... Atlanta, Ga. Atlanta & West Point....................L. P. Grant.......................... Atlanta, Ga. Atlantic & Gulf.......................H.S. Haines........................... Savannah, Ga. Atlantic & North Carolina................ E. G. Stanley....................Newberne, N. C. Atlantic & Great Western...............P. D. Cooper....... B. Browne.......Meadville, Penn. First and Second Divisions.........A. L. Dunbar.......................... Meadville, Penn. Third and Fourth Divisions........T. A. Phillips......................... Galion, Ohio. Mahoning Division................J. M. Ferris.......................... Cleveland, Ohio. Atlantic & Pacific......................A. A. Talmage......W. H. Patriarche... St. Louis, Mo. Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio............. Henry Fink........................... Lynchburg, Va. Atlantic, Tennessee & Ohio..............J. J. Gormly.................. Charlotte, N. C. Allegheny Valley........................J. J. Lawrence.... J. J. Lawrence..... Pittsburg, Penn. Adirondack............................. C. H. Ballard.......................... Saratoga. N. Y. B Baltimore & Ohio..................... Thos. L. Sharp.....Benj. Williams.. Baltimore, Md. Central Ohio & Lake Erie Div....W. C. Quincy.........................Columbus, Ohio. Baltimore & Potomac.............. J. N. Dubarry........................ Baltimore, Md. 28O6 CA. -WORKS OF THE tXITTED STATEI8 lailroad. Superintendent. Purchasing Agent. Residelnc. Bangor & Piscataquis..................M.. H. Angel....... L.. a. Eaton....... Bangor, Maine. Boston & Albany....................... C. O. Russell................. Springfield, Mass. Boston & Providence................... A. A. Folsom........ A. Fosom....... Boston, Mass. Boston, Clinton & Fitchburg............. *. A. Blood......................... Fitchburg, Mass. Boston, Clinton & Fitchburg............ S. A. Webber.........................Fitchburg, Mass. Boston, Concord & Montreal............ J. A. Dodge..... Lyon & Vose...... Boston, Mass. Boston & Maine........................ William Merritt..... B1... Wood....... Boston, Mass. Boston, Lowell & Nashua..............J. B. Winslow............. Boston, Mass. Blossburg, Corning & Tioga..............A. H. Gorton....... I. J. Burnhamn..... Watkins, N. Y. Brockville & Ottawa.....................H. Abbott............................ Brockville, Canada. Burlington & Missouri River (in Neb.)..... C. F. Morse.......C. F. Morse....... Plattsmouth, Neb. Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Minnesota.... William Greene.... S. L. Dows.........Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Burlington & South-western............. R. T. Hosford........................ Burlington, Iowa. Buffalo & Jamestown....................P. C. Doyle............................Buffalo, N. Y. Buffalo, New York & Philadelphia........J. D. Yeomans......................... Buffalo, N. Y. Buffalo, Corry & Pittsburg.............H. H. Potter.......A N. M. Whitside..... Corry, Penn. Cairo & Fulton......................... Thos. Allen........................... St. Louis, Mo. Cairo & Vincennes..................... L. W. Palmer......................... Cairo, Ill. Camden & Atlantic....................... Collings........................... Camden, N. J. Canada Southern....................... *J. S. Casement....................... St. Thomas, Ont. Carolina Central........................S. L. Fremont......................... Wilmington, N. C. Catasauqua & Fogelsville................C. W. Chapman.... C. W. Chapman.... Catasauqua, Penn. Central Pacific................... A. N. Towne......J. It. Watson....... Sacramento, Cal. Central of Georgia..................... Wm. Rogers........H. Yonge.......... Savannah, Ga. Central of Iowa................... D. N. Pickering.......................Marshalltown, Iowa. Central Railroad of New Jersey...........R. R. icer.......W. S. Hlolden...... Elizabeth, N. J. Chesapeake & Ohio.....................A. H. Perry........J. A. Netherland..... Richmond, Va. Middle Division................... D. Chapin........................Staunton, Va. Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta........... James Anderson.............. Columbia, S. C. Chicago & North-western................ Marvin Hughitt...... W. Hamer....... Chicago, Ill. Wisconsin & Mill Division......... Arthur A. Hobert..................... Chicago, Ill. Peninsula Division................S. C. Baldwin........................ Escanaba, Mich. Madison Division..................J. H. Stewart.......................... Madison, Wis, Kenosha Division..................A. A. Hobart........................ Madison, Wis. Galena Division................... Edward J. Cuyler..................... Chicago, Ill. Eastern Iowa Division.............John B. Watkins...................... Clinton, Iowa. Western Iowa Division............. John A. Head......................... Boone, Iowa. Chicago & Alton........................ J. C. McMullen.... A. V. Hartwell..... Chicago, Ill. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy............R. Harris...........H. J. Higgins....... Chicago, Ill. Eastern & Middle Division.........C. H. Chappel........................ Aurora, Ill. Galesburg Division...............H. Hitchcock.......................... Galesburg, Ill. Quincy Division................... N. D. Munson......................... Quincy, Ill. Chicago, Dubuque & Minnesota..........C. H. Hudson.......F. T. Massey....... Dubuque, Iowa. Chicago & Iowa.........................C. B. Hinkley......................... Chicago, Ill. Chicago & Pacific.......................R. C. Tate.......................... Chicago, Ill. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific.......... Hugh Riddle.......A. Manvel......... Chicago, Ill. Illinois Division.................. Allen Manvel..........................Chicago, Ill. Iowa Division.....................A. Kimball............................ Davenport, Iowa. Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore..........A. H. Morrison..... W. It. Morrison... St. Joseph, Mich. Chicago, Danville & Vincennes...........L Pearson......... C. B. Mansfield..... Chicago, Ill. Chicago, Pekin & South-western.........N. J. T. Dana.................... Streator, Ill. Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan..........A. G. Wells........................... Wabash, Ind. Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Ind... E. S. Flint............................Cleveland, Ohio Indianapolis Division.............. C. C. Gale............................ Indianapolis, Ind. Columbus Division............... Robert Blee............. Cleveland, Ohio. Cincinnati Division.................. H. Shoemaker................ Cincinnati, Ohio. Cleveland & Pittsburg..................*J. N. McCullough.................... Pittsburg, Penn. Cleveland, Mt. Vernon & Delaware......G. A. Jones..........................Akron, Ohio. Cincinnati & Martinsville................T. C. Burnside.....F........... ranklin, Ind. Cincinnati & Terre Haute............... Matt. P. Wood. Matt. P Wood....Terre Haute, Ind. Cincinnati, Cumberland Gap & Charleston. W. J. Taylor..........................Knoxville, Tenn. Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton..........Lewis Williams..P. Hickey.......... Cincinnati, Ohio. Cincinnati & Indianapolis Junction.......M. M. Martin................... Indianapolis, Ind. Cincinnati, Lafayette & Chicago..........E. H. Waldron.....J. W. Haight....... Lafayette, Ind. Cincinnati, Sandusky & Cleveland....... G. T. Benedict.....J. C. Buxton...... Sandusky, Ohio, CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 287 iRailroad. Superintendent. Purchasing Agent. Residence. Colorado Central....................... T. E. Sickles................. Golden, Col. Columbus & Hocking Valley.............J. W. Doherty..... J. W. Doherty.....Columbus, Ohio. Concord & Claremont.................. George E. Todd........................Concord, N. H. Concord.............................. H. E. Chamberlin... H. E Chamberlin.. Concord, N. II. Connecticut River.................. John Mulligan...John ii Mulligan... Springfield, Mass. Connecticut & Passumpsic Rivers.........Wm. M. Parker........................Lyndonville, Vt. Connecticut Valley.....................Hiram Fowler........ Hartford, Conn. Connecticut Western...................W. H. Yeomans....................... Hartford, Conn. Corning & Tioga....................... H. Shattuck.......................Blossburg, Penn. Cumberland Valley....................... F. Boyd.........1. F. Boyd.........Chambersburg, Penn. D Danbury & Norwalk..................... John W. Bacon...................Danbury, Conn. Dakota Southern.................... J. S. eckling....J. S. Meckling.... Sioux City, Iowa. Davenport & St. Paul.................... Wood..........................Urbana, Ill. Dayton & Michigan.....................J. H. Weller..........................Dayton, Ohio. Dayton & Union......................C C. Gale........... Indianapolis, Ind. Delaware.............................. H. F. Kenney......................... Philadelphia, Penn. Delaware & Hudson.....................H. Manville........................... Carbondale, Penn. Delaware, Lackawanna & Western.......W. F. Halstead......G. Wt. B. Cushing... Scranton, Penn. Morris & Essex Division.......... Andrew Reasmer.... G. W. Bleashing.... Hoboken, N. J. Oswego & Syracuse Division.......W. B. Phelps.........................Oswego, N. Y. Utica, Chenango & Sus. Division.... Geo. F. Thompson.................... Utica, N. Y. Denver & Rio Grande...................W. W. Borst........W. S. Jackson..... Denver, Col. Des Moines Valley......................John Givin........G. E. Kilbourne..... Keokuk, Iowa. Detroit & Bay City....................T. B. Sargent........................ Detroit, Mich. Detroit & Milwaukee.................... Andrew Watson.... John S. Lorimer.... Detroit, Mich. Detroit, Hillsdale & Indiana..............W. F. Parker.................... Ypsilanti, Mich. Detroit, Eel River & Illinois.............. A. B. Southard.......................Denver, Ind. Detroit, Lansing & Lake Michigan........A. H. Reese.......................... Detroit, Mich. Dorchester & Delaware.................. D. Stewart Hessey....................Cambridge, Md. Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley & Pittsburg... D. Thayer..... V. DeForst...... New York City. Dubuque & South-western..............J. P. Farley........................... Dubuque, Iowa. East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia...... Joseph Jaques........................Knoxville, Tenn. Eastern (Mass.)..........J. Prescott......... W. Pratt........Boston, Mass. Elizabethtown & Paducah................D. Brock....... D Brock..........Elizabethtown, Ky. Erie...................................P. P. Wright......W. W. Tallman.....New York, N. Y. Eastern Division.................E. D. Hill............................Port Jervis, N. Y. Delaware Division................ Benj. Thomas.............. Port Jervis, N. Y. Susquehanna & Rochester Div...... C W. Gardner........................ Elmira, N. Y. Western & Buffalo Division......... R G. Taylor........................ Buffalo, N. Y. European & North American......... M. II.. Angell........ H. Angell....... Bangor, Maine. Erie & Pittsburg......................... ohn M. Kimball.... Wm. Mullins....... Erie, Penn. Evansville & Crawfordsville................................................... Evansville, Ind. Evansville, Terre Haute & Chicago.......Jos. Collett. Jr................. Terre Haute, Ind. F Fitchburg............................. Chas. L. Haywood.. John Adams........ Boston, Mass. Flint & Pere Marquette..................G. C. Kimball......G. C. Kimball...... East Saginaw, Mich. Flushing & North Side......................................Hunter's Point, L. I. Fort Wayne, Jackson & Saginaw..... A. st......... A. Ernst........ Jackson, Mich. Fort Wayne, Muncie & Cincinnati........W. W. Worthington................... Fort Wayne, Ind. G Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio...... G. B. Nichols.......J. W. Pierce........ Galveston, Texas. Galveston, Houston & Henderson......... G. B. Nichols................... Galveston, Texas. Georgia.............................. S. K. Johnson........................ Augusta, Ga. Gilman, Clinton & Springfield............S. H. Melvin........................... Springfield, Ill. Grand Rapids & Indiana.................*C. E. Gorham......................... Fort Wayne, Ind. S. Division................... J.J. M atheany....................... Fort Wayne, Inld. N. Division...................... H. D. Wallen, Jr....................... Grand Rapids, Mich. 288 CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. Railroad. Superintendent. Purchasing Agent. Residence. Grand Rapids & Indiana.................................... William Mullins..... Pittsburg, Penn. Grand Trunk............ J. Brydges.......John Taylor........ Montreal, Canada. East Division..................... Henry Bailey............................................. West Division..................... W. J. Spicer......................................... Grand Tower & Carbondale............ H. V. Olyphant..... Wn. W. W Harris..... Grand Tower, Ill. Great Western (Canada)............. Wi. K. Muir...... Robert Beatty...... Hamilton, Canada. Green Bay & Lake Pepin................D. N. Kelley..........................New York City. Greenville & Columbia.................. Thomas Dodamead.................... Columbia, S. C. H Hannibal & St. Joseph.,........ S. Lyford.......................... Hannibal, Mo. Hartford, Providence & Fishkill.........Samuel Nott.................. Hartford, Conn. Housatonic............................ H. W. Franklin...................... Bridgeport, Conn. Houston & Texas Central...............J. Durand......... W. M. Rice, N. Y... Houston, Texas. Southern Division............... W. H. Vaughan....................... Houston, Texas. Northern Division................ M. G. Carey............. Corsicana, Texas. Huntingdon & Broad Top................J. McKillips.......B. A. Knight...... Huntingdon, Penn. I Illinois Central.........................A. Mitchell........0. Ott............Chicago, Ill. Chicago Division..................C. A. Beck...........................Centralia, Ill. Northern Division................J. C. Jacobs.......................... Amboy, Ill. Iowa Division.....................D. W. Parker.........................Dubuque, Iowa. Illinois & St. Louis.....................W. K. McComas.................... St. Louis, Mo. Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western... J. E. Gimperling......................Urbana, Ill. Indianapolis, Cincinnati & Lafayette..... George L. Barringer...................Cincinnati, Ohio. Indianapolis & Vincennes................. W. McKenna....................... Indianapolis, Ind. Indianapolis & Vincennes................................. William Mullins.... Pittsburg, Penn. Indianapolis & St. Louis................ S. Woodward...... J. W. Morse........St. Louis, Mo. Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago............ C. B. Robinson....... Macy........... Indianapolis, Ind. Michigan City Division.............E. C. Murphy.......................... La Porte, Ind. Intercolonial Railway....................Lewis Carvell.......................... Moncton, N. B. International & Houston & Gt. Northern..H. I... oxie....................... Houston, Texas. Iowa Midland...........................J. B. Watkins..................... Clinton, Iowa. Jacksonville, North-western & S. E.......E. S. Greenleaf........................ Jacksonville, Ill. Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile.........S. Conant............................. Jacksonville, Fla. Jefferson, Madison & Indianapolis....... Horace Scott,....Win. Mullins.......Louisville, Ky. Junction & Breakwater.................John A. Sheaff......................... Lewes, Del. K Kansas Central.................. A. E. Buchanan.......................Leavenworth, Kan. Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs.. J. F. Barnard................... Detroit, Mich. Kansas Pacific.........................Edward S. Bowen.....................Kansas City, Mo. Kansas Pacific.......................................... J. L. Woods....... St. Louis, Mo. Kaw Valley Division..............George Noble.......................... Lawrence, Kansas. Smoky Hill Division............... H. Dorrance................... Ellis, Kansas. Denver Division.................. C. W. Fisher................... Denver, Col. Kentucky Central..................... G. A. Pendleton.... Geo. P. Bowler.....Covington, Ky. Knox & Lincoln.........................C. A. Combs....... Oliver Morse.......Bath, Maine. L Lackawanna & Bloomsburg............. D. T. Bound........G. W. B. Cushing... Kingston, Penn. Lake Erie & Louisville..................I. H. Burgoon........................ Fremont, Ohio. Lake Ontario Shore........... E.. A. Van Horne................ Oswego, N. Y. Lake Shore & Tuscarawas Valley........ W. W. Card.................. Cleveland, Ohio. Lake Shore & Michigan Southern........ Charles Paine.......A. C. Armstrong.... Cleveland, Ohio. Kalamazoo Division............William Wheaton...................... Kalamazoo, Mich. Detroit Division........................................................................ Lansing Division..................................................................... Leavenworth, Lawrence &Galveston....Chas. B. Peck......B. 0. Foote, Jr..... awrence, Kan. CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 289 Railroad. Superintendent. Purchasing Agent. Residence. Lawrence & South-western.............. R. B. Gemmell.... R. B. Gemmell.... Lawrence, Kan. Lehigh Valley..........................Robert H. Sayre....................... Bethlehem, Penn. L. Chamberlin.........................Philadelphia, Penn. Beaver Meadow Division...........A. G. Brodhead, Jr.................... Mauch Chunk, Penn. Mahanoy Division................. James I. Blakslee......................Mauch Chunk, Penn. Wyoming Division................ A. Mitchell.............W........... ilkesbarre, Penn. Little Rock & Fort Smith................S. B. Beaumont.................... Little Rock, Ark. Logansport, Crawfordsville & S. W............................. Cincinnati, Ohio, Long Island........................... Jno. B. Morford.... Oliver Charlick..... Hunter's Point, L. I. Louisville & Nashville & G. Southern.... Albert Fink........ G. C. Breed........ Louisville, Ky. Clarksville Division..............Robert Meek....................... Clarksville, Tenn. Memphis Division............... J. T. Flynn........................... Memphis, Tenn. Nashville & Decatur Division.....D. F. Whitcomb................... Nashville, Tenn. So. & North Ala. Division.........M. Stanton........................... Birmingham, Ala. Louisville, Cin. & Lexington............ George Skinner.....Geo. Skinner....... Louisville, Ky. Louisville, New Albany & Chicago.......... M. Sloat...........J. R. Parker........ New Albany, Indo Macon & Brunswick..................... William McRae.....Solomon Hass......Macon, Ga. Maine Central.......................... L. L. Lincoln...... G. A. Phillips.......Augusta, Me. Androscoggin Division.............A. Brown................... Lewiston, Me. Manchester & Lawrence.................H. E. Chamberlin................... Concord, N. H. Marietta & Cincinnati.................. W. W. Peabody....................... Cincinnati, Ohio. Marietta & Pittsburg....................A. J. Warner....... R. B. Hoover...... Marietta, Ohio. Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon....... *Samuel Schoch....C... Van Cleve..... Marquette, Mich. Maryland & Delaware....................J. L. Caldwell....... L. Caldwell..... Easton, Md. Memphis, Carthage & North-western..... George A. Burt............ Carthage, Mo. Memphis & Little Rock................. A. S. Livermore.......................Memphis, Tenn. Memphis & Charleston............... W. J. Ross.........J. B. Galloway..... Memphis, Tenn. Michigan Central.......................H. E. Sargent......................... Chicago, Ill. Michigan Central........................................... John Newell........ Detroit, Mich. Grand River Valley Division....................Grand Rapids, Mich. Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw Div... Geo. C. Hopper.....................Saginaw City, Mich. South Haven Division............ Geo. E. Curtiss....................... Kalamazoo, Mich. Joliet Division.................. Carlton Wheeler..................... Joliet, Mich. South Bend Division........................................ Michigan Lake Shore.....has E................Chas. E. Gorham..............Fort Wayne, Ind. Michigan Lake Shore...................P. S. O'Rourke...................... Monteith, Mich. Midland Railway of Canada............. H. G. Taylor.................Port Hope, Ont. Midland Pacific........................J. N. Converse.........................Lincoln, Neb. Milwaukee & Northern.................J. W. Crippin..........................Milwaukee, Wis. Milwakee, Lake Shore & Western.........W. Elwell..................... Sheboygan, Wis. Western Division............... J. S. Buck.........................Appleton, Wis. Milwaukee & St. Paul................. S.S. Merrill...... Robt. Wason..... Milwaukee, Wis. Mineral Point.......................G. W. Cobb............ Mineral Point, Wis. Mississippi Central...................... R. N. Colquhoun......................Water Valley, Miss. Mississippi Central........................................A. S. Roberts.......New Orleans, La. Miissssippi & Tennessee..................M. Burke........ M. Burke...... Memphis, Tenn. Mississippi Valley & Western.............E. P. Buell..........................Quincy, Ill. Missouri, Iowa & Nebraska..............Col. Henry Hill....................... Warsaw, Ill. Missouri, Kansas & Texas............... R. Woodward... G. M. Babcock..... Sedalia, Mo. Cherokee Division.............W. H. Adams......................... Chetopa, Kan. Choctaw Division.............. S. G. Eddy..........................Holden, Mo. Eastern Division..................Mark M. Towne........................ Hannibal, Mo, Sedalia Division.............. J. J. Frey............Sedalia, Mo. Neosho Division..................L. S. Hanmilton....................... eosho Falls, Kan. Missouri Pacific........................A. A. Talmage......W. H. Patriarche.... St. Louis, Mo. Missouri River, Fort Scott & Gulf........B. S. Henning.....Allen Bowen....... ansas City, Mo. Mobile & Ohio..........................L. J. Fleming......C. E. Rushing......Mobile, Ala........................................ Cecil Fleming......................... Mobile, Ala....................................... E S. Hosford........................Macon, Miss...................................... M. M. Miller......................... Jackson, Tenn. Mobile & Girard......................W. L. Clark................... Columbus, Ga. Mobile & Montgomery..................G. Jordon......... Jordon....... Montgomery, Ala. Montgomery & Eufaula........ B..........B. Dunham......... Montgomery, Ala Morgan's Louisiana & Texas............................ C. A. Whitney & Co. New Orleans, La. 37 290 CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. Railroad. Superintendent. Purchasing Agent. Residence. Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis.......J. W. Thomas......................... Nashville, Tenn. Nangatuck.............................G. W. Beach........................... Bridgeport, Conn. New Brunswick & Canada...............J. P. Crangle...... Thomas Williams.... St. Stephen, N. B. New Bedford & Taunton............... Warren Ladd.....................New Bedford, Mass. New Haven & Northampton.C. N. eens.....C. C.. Yeanaans...... New Haven, Conn. New Haven, Middletown & Williimantic... W. A. W atebury... W. A. Waterbury.... Middletown, Conn. New Jersey Southern.........................................................Long Branch, N. J. New Orleans & Selma................... If. Du Puy............... Selmhna, Ala. New Orleans, Jackson & Great Northern.. L. H. Sellars........A. S. RoberNts.......New Orleans, La. New Orleans, Mobile & Texas............S. N. Scranton................... No.....New Orleans, La. New York & Harlem.....C s.. Ch................. C. Moore........New York, N. Y. New York, New Haven & Hartford.......E. M. Reed........BR. N. Dowd........ New Haven, Conn. New York & New Haven Division.. John T. Moody........................ New York, N. Y. Hartford Division................ C. S. Davidson......................... Hartford, Conn. Shore Line Division...............W. 1WM. Wilcox............N............. New Haven, Conn. New York, Boston & Montreal.......... C. 0. Wilson.......................... Ditchess Junction, N. Y. New York Central & Hudson River.......J. Tillinghast.......C. V. DeForest..... Albany, N. Y. Eastern Division................. Zenas C. Priest....................... Ttica, N. Y. Syracuse & Rochester Division..... W. G. Laphamn......................... Syracuse, N. Y, Buffalo &- Rochester Division......M. W. Torrence......................Buffalo, N. Y. New York & New England............... H. A. G. Pomeroy..................... Boston, Mass. Worcester Division...............P. St. M. Andrews..................... Worcester, Mass. New York & Oswego M1idland............C. W. Douglas....... P.Bundy.......... Jersey City, N. J. New Jersey Division.............. G. W. N. Custis........................ Jersey City, N. J. Middle Division...................H. M. Flint........................... liddletown, N. Y. Western Division.................. W. P. McKinley....................... Oswego, N. Y. New York, Kingston & Syracuse.........H. P. Breed..........................Rondout, N. Y. Northern Pacific........C.............C. W. Mead....................... St. Paul, Minn. Minnesota Division...............J. H. Sullivan......................... Brainerd, Minn. Northern Pacific Division......... *J. W. Sprague........................ Kalama, W. T. Lake Superior & Mississippi Div... W. W..Hungerford..........S...........St. Paul, Miinn. North Louisiana & Texas................J. W. Green.......................... Monroe, La. North Pennsylvania......................S. W. Roberts...... F. A. Cornby....... Philadelphia, Penn. Northern Canada......................... F. W. Cumberland................... Toronto, Can. Northern Central.......................J. S. Redfield......................... Harrisburg, Penn. Northern (New Hampshire).............. George E. Todd....................... Concord, N. HI. North-eastern (South Carolina)...........S. S. Solomon...................... Charleston, S. C. 0 Ohio & Mississippi......................E. L. Ryder.......................... Cincinnati, Ohio. Oil Creek &z Allegheny River.............J. J. Lawrence......................... Pittsburg, Penn. Old Colony............................ J. R. Kendrick.........................Boston, Mass. Omaha lf North-western.................R. R. Cable.......................... Rock Island, Ill. Oregon & California.....................J. Brandt, Jr.......G. W W eidler...... Portland, Oregon. Paduca & Memphis....................J. W. Wilber...........................Paducah, Ky. Paris & Danville........................B. F. Matthius......................... Danville, Ill. Paris & Decatur........................ F. C. Stratton...... P. Campbell........ Paris, Ill. Peninsula...............................C. F. Miller...........................Battle Creek, Mich. Pennsylvania...........................*A. J. Cassatt......Enoch Lewis........ Philadelphia, Penn. New York Divison....... F. W. Jackson........................Jersey City, N. J. Amboy Division.................. Isaac S. Buckalew..................... Trenton, N. J. Belvidere Division.................J. A. Anderson......................... Lambertville, N. J. Western Pennsylvania Division...... Robert Neilson........................ Blairsville, Penn. Lewiston Division................ Persifer F. Smith..................... Lewiston, Penn. Bedford Division................. Win. H. Brower....................... Bedford, Penn. Pensacola & Louisville................. Daniel H. Cram...................... Pensacola, Fla. Peoria & Rock Island................... John R. Hilliard......................Peoria, Ill, Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville.............James F. Kelsey.......................Pekin, Ill. Petersburg.............................*James C. Sprigg... D. R. Dunn........ Petersburg, Va. Philadelphia d& Reading.................J.. Wootten.......W. S. Wilson....... Reading, Penn. Catawissa & Williamsport Br'ch.... George Webb.......................... Williamsport, Penn. Reading & Columbia..............B. Van Lew........................... Columbia, Penn. Lebanon & Tremont...............H. W. Tracy...........................Pine Grove, Penn. Philadelphia & Baltimore Central........ Henry Wood....... Henry Wood........ Philadelphia, Penn. CAR WORKS OF THIE UNITED STATES. 291 Railroad. Superintendent. Purchasing Agent. Resiclence. Philadelphia & Erie..................... W. A. Baldwin......E. Lewis.......... Erie, Penn. Western Division................. J. W. Reynolds....................... Erie, Penn. Middle Division................... Edmund L. Tyler..................... Renovo, Penn. Eastern Division.................. Thomas Gucker........................Williamsport, Penn. Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore..... F. Kenney......................... Philadelphia, Penn. Pithole Valley.........................J. T. Blair...........................Pithole City, Penn. Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis......... J. N. McCullough.. William MVullins..... Pittsburg, Penn. Pittsburg & Cincinnati Division.... Hugh Pitcai.rn............... Pittsburg, Penn. Little Miami Division.............J. D. Ellison.......................... Cincinnati, Ohio. Indianapolis & Cincinnati Division.. DW.W. Caldwell........................ Columbus, Ohio. Pittsburg, Washington & Baltimore....... E. K. Hindman........................Pittsburg, Penn. Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne & Chicago.......... J. N. McCullough.. William Mullins..... Pittsburg, Penn, Eastern Division.................. Richard Wiggin.......................Pittsburg Penn. Western Division..................C. D. Gorhaml........................ Fort Wayne, Ind. Port Royal............................S. C. Millett....................... Port Royal, S. C. Port Huron & Lake Michigan............ W. L. Bancroft....................... Port Huron, Mich. Portland & Ogdensburg.................J. Iamilton........ John E. Donnell.... Portland, Maine. Portland & Rochester................... W. H. Turner......W. H. Turner...... Portland, Maine. Portland, Saco & Portsmouth........... Francis Chase......................Portland, Maine. Portsmouth, Great Falls & Conway.......J. W. Sanborn........................Portsmouth, N. H. Portsmouth............................ E E. Chamberlin..................... Concord, N. H. Poughkeepsie & Eastern.................J. A. Perkins........ A. W. Cable........ Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Providence & Worcester.................W. D. Hilton...... W. D. Hilton....... Providence, R. I. Providence, Warren & B................ Waterman Stone...................... Providence, R. I. Quincy, Alton & Illinois..................N. D. Munson...Q............. Q.uincy, Ill. Quincy, Missouri & Pacific...............J. R. Buchanan........................ Quincy, Ill. R Raleigh & Gaston......................A. B. Andrews...... A. B. Andrews.....Raleigh,.. Rensselaer & Saratoga................. H. A. Fonda.....................A.. Albany, N. Y. Richmond, York River & Chesapeake.....Reuben Foster..... Hugh Graham...... Richmond, Va. Richmond & Danville...................T. T.M. R. Talcott.....................Richmond, Va. Richmond, Fred. & Potomac............. E. T. D. Myers... T. L. Courtney...... Richmond, Va. Richmond & Petersburg................... L. Stainback.............. Richmond, Va. Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis........R. R. Cable.R........... e.ock Island, Ill. Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg..........J. W. Moak......................... Watertown, N. Y. St. Lawrence & Ottawa.................... R Luttrell................ Prescott, Canada. St. Joseph & Denver City............... L. D. Tuthill..................... St. Joseph, Mo. St. Paul & Pacific.......................E. Q. Sewell.........E. C. Becker..... St. Paul, Minn. St. Paul & Sioux City................. J. F. Lincoln........................ St. Paul, Minn. St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute..........W. G. Broughton....................St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis & Iron Mountain............... Arthur W. Soaper... W. S. Cuddy........St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis & South-eastem............... *E. F. Winslow......C. W. Gardiner....St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis Division................. George S. Winslow................Mt. Vernon, Ill. Nashville Division................. A. E. Shrader.......................... Henderson, Ky. St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern........ C. Van Horne.... R. W. Green.......St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis Division.................J. L. Hinkley......................... St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute & Ind.. John E. Simpson......................Indianapolis, Ind. St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute & Ind.. Chas. R. Peddle.......................Terre Haute, Ind. Sacramento Valley & P. & S. V..........F. A. Bishop........ Sacramento, Cal. Saginaw Valley & St. Louis.............J. B. Gillett..... B. Gillett..... Saginaw, Mich. San Francisco & N-orthern Pacific......... San Francisco & Northern Pacific..................................................................... Savannah & Charleston..................C. S. Gadsden........................Charleston S. C. Seaboard & Roanoke.................... J. B. Pendleton,..... J. A. Walton....... Baltimore, Md. Selma, Marion & Memphis...... E. W er.......... W. Rucker....... W. Marion, Ala. Selma, Rome & Dalton................... G. Barney...................... Patona, Ala. Sheboygan & Fond du Lac............... Brandon Mozley....Brandon Mozley.... Fond du Lac, Wis. Shenango & Allegheny.................. G. H. McKibbin..................... Greenville, Penn. Sioux City & Pacific....................L. Burnett..........L. Burnett......... Missouri Valley, Ia. Sodus Point & Southern......S.......................................... Sodus Point, N. Y. South Shore......................J. R. Kendrick........................Boston, Mass. South Side, Long Island............................................... South Carolina............................................A. Mitchell......... Charleston, S. C. Southern Central..................... James G. Knapp...................... Auburn, N. Y. 292 CAR WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. Railroad. Superintendent. Purchasing Agent.,Residence. Southern Minnesota................. *H. W. Holley....................... Wells, Minn. Southern Pacific of California............A. N. Towne....................... Sacramento, Cal. Spartanburg & Union.................... Thomas P. Jeter...................... Unionville, S. C. Springfield, Athol & North-eastern....... *G. W. Phelps.......................................... Springfield & North-western.............*A. J. Ware.......................... Pelkin, Ill. Springfield & Ill. South-eastern.........G. W. Norris........................... Springfield, Ill. Staten Island......................... J. W. Wilbur........................... New York, N. Y. Stonington & Providence................A. S. Mathews...... A. S. Mathews..... Stonington, Conn. Sullivan & Erie......................... A. Packer.......................... Towanda, Penn. Syracuse Northern........C........... C. B. Morse........C. B. Morse....... Syracuse, N. Y. Syracuse, Binghamton & New York.... T. Voorhees........G. W. B. Cushing.. Syracuse, N. Y. T Tennessee & Pacific................... George Maney........................ Nashville, Tenn. Texas & New Orleans................... R. B. Baer............................ Houston, Texas. Texas'& Pacific.........................John F. Dixon...... J. F. Dixon....... Marshall, Texas. Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw............... W. H. Cruger......J. A. Winner.......Peoria, Ill. Western Division................. David K. Smith....................... Peoria, Ill. Western Division................. William E. Dorwin................... Warsaw, Ill. Toledo, Wabash & Western.............. George H. Burrows. J. J. Nessle........Toledo, Ohio. Eastern Division..................C. W. Bradley........................Lafayette, Ind. Western Division.................. D. A. Collins........................... Lafayette, Ind. Ohio Division.................... H. F. Clark.......................... Toledo, Ohio. Troy & Boston..................... C. W. Moseley................... Troy, N. Y. Toronto, Grey & Bruce.................N. Weatherston..... Watson........ Toronto, Canada. Toronto & Nipissing.....................J. C. Bailey.......................... Toronto. Tuckerton...............J. Naramore........................... Tuckerton, N. J. U Union Pacific........................ T. E. Sickles....... T. E. Sickles........ Omaha, Neb. Mountain Division.................S. J. Nichols................... Cheyenne, Wyoming. Laramie Division.................. S. T. Shankland...................... Laramie, Wyoming. Western Division................... H. Earll............................ Evanston, Ill. Utah Central & Southern................John Sharp.........S. H. Hill........ Salt Lake City. Utica & Black River..................... T. W. Spencer........................ Utica, N. Y. Utica, Ithaca & Elmira..................H. P. Goodrich....................... Ithaca, N. Y. Vermont & Mass. & Troy & G............. T. Ruggles......0. T. Ruggles......Fitchburg, Mass. Vermont Central.......................J. W. Hobart........................St. Albans, Vt. Western Division................. John Schrier............ Ogdensburg, N. Y. Central & Southern Division.......Ambrose Arnold.................... St. Albans, Vt. Northern & Eastern Division.......G. L. Stone...........................St. Albans, Vt. Rutland Division.................J. Burdett............................ Rutland, Vt. New London Northern............G. T. Benedict........................ New London, Conn. Vicksburg & Brunswick................. Virgil Powers....... H. Young......... Eufaula, Ala. Vicksburg & Meridian...................E. F. Raworth......................... Vicksburg, Miss. W Washington & Ohio..................... R. H. Havener...... Lewis McKenzie.... Alexandria, Va. Welland................................ William Pay......................... St. Catherines, Out. Wellsboro & Lawrenceville...............A.. Gorton......................... Corning, N. Y. Westchester & Philadelphia.............. Henry K. Smith..... J. Bryant........Philadelphia, Penn. West Wisconsin........................ W. G. Swan....... J. H. Hull......... Hudson, Wis. West Jersey..........................W. J. Sewell..........................Camden, N. J. Western of North Carolina...............John M. Rose...................... Fayetteville, N. C. Western & Atlantic...................... William McRae.............a....... Nashville, Tenn. Western Maryland.................... John T. Rigney....John T. Rigney..... Baltimore, Md. Western Union.........................D. A. Olin..........R............. Racine, Wis. White Water Valley.................. H. M. Britton....H. M. Britton..... Cincinnati, Ohio. Wilmington & Western................... C. Conwell......................... Wilmington, Del. Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta........James Anderson..... James Anderson.... Wilmington, N. C. Wilmington & Weldon...................J. F. Devine...........................Atlanta, Ga. Wilmington & Reading................. Stoltz............C Stoltz........... Coatesville, Penn. Winona & St. Peter................... J. H. Stewart.......J. H. Stewart...... Winona, Minn. Wisconsin Central................. C. Harris................... Menasha, Wis. Worcester & Nashua.................. S. Turner........... S. Turner....... Worcester, Mass. THE CAR WHEEL FOUNDRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. ,=-- — _`CC;-':-L_:_ - -----------:; — -— —= — --;, —-=I~ —==-;=`= —-c=1 ~ — ---- -------.',-L, C^I —-L —------— T-- L — :__._L —- — 5 -5~~1;..._= —-- ---------- —-— 3_- -1 - -- -----— =-=51 —- _7-=-==- —== —-- - -— 1 —__- ---------— =L-L -----— = —-~ —i —== —==- — — ----- — —----;- —t; —-L- --- ---- L - —= —— —----— -i=c_ —--— =-= =--C —-- . —-2_ -r_-I~~-==-;I-.. —-'.-I-~,- —- —-C-~ —-- c-' —-=-==--- — -— Z —-~ — —-=c-,=-s==s==_Lz--t===_r-;L__. -------— ___ ==-== —--- — c — ------------ --— : —-—;;=-==="-= --ic — —- --------— — — = —---— _ _. — ,, —---- I ---—; —==;;; —-==-=~ —=-c —-;-=-= —-==- —=L —-= —I — —-— —-— I- -- -~-i -= —=;- —- —= —c —------ -------- --~-_-_=3= —----— _;-_IL= D FgC- -Zii--L= —----- -5_ —-i- — -s —- — -— = i; - — ----— = —- :;--=-=---il""1L-'9IIYtll -— = —-------- i —j_ -_I-i — —— iii --Aaj lil ii;i!' ~- —- $i Z --Z3-7""="==""il[fj(lHl((j(ll((;-'I liii II ----— i- —-— ,. —Lc - —-S —----- =- —j —------— *~-;l,i) I It \\m?liiiijTmTUHS:b;=Il~rc' iPY;I'=S;;=-==.-;2( 1IUlt r -- ---- —---- -- i!! L —-------— p, ---— i —------ — Icc j ii I- —-- c --— -4 —- c-" LOBDELL CAR mTHEEL mTORKS. INTRODUCTION TO CAR WHEEL FOUNDRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. THERE are over fifty Car Wheel Foundries in the United States, and the number of wheels cast per annum is stated at between 600,000 and 700,000, with a consumption of 175,000 tons of iron, of which at least one-third is of old wheels remelted. The iron required for car wheel purposes is a charcoal pig metal generally-cold blast preferred, and which shall possess the property of chilling on the surface, without shrinking. Various improvements have been made in the production of car wheels, among which are the introduction of a portion of steel scrap into the iron when melted, with a view of giving greater tenacity and hardness of surface to the wheel. Steel clad or rimmed wheels are also manufactured, as also wheels of paper, the disk of the wheel being of compressed paper or paper-stock boards, and tyre of steel or iron. Innumerable substances have been suggested and tested for car wheels, even to glass, but it is probable that no better wheel can be made for the purpose than those now produced by the experienced American wheel founder, who, by a judicious admixture of different irons, secures the maximum of strength and tenacity with the greatest rigidity of wearing surface. This at least is the experience of our oldest manufacturers. The trade is rapidly increasing in this country, and an export demand is arising, especially for street-car wheels, which latter are almost entirely supplied from the United States. Indeed, American car wheels have now become a permanent and reliable item in our domestic export trade. In the year 1871 the number exported was 2,318; in 1872 it was 4-,60, and in 18T3 it rose to 7,515, despite the stagnation of the last four months. The capacity of the largest works in the country is about 300 wheels per day, and an average for the others will be not far from 50 wheels daily, although many make from 80 to 100 wheels daily. AVhen the care and labor to be expended upon the production of a car wheel is taken into consideration, the importance of the industry will be understood. As this industry consumes only the highest priced and best quality of pig metal made, an iron which for several years has ruled at not less than $58 to $60 per ton, it will be seen that it occupies an important place in the iron-consuming industries of the coruntry. The conipanies and firms representing the car wheel production of the United States will be found each under the head of Car Wheel Foundries in its respective State. For the following very interesting history of the progress of the manufacture of car wheels in the United States we are indebted to GEO. G. LOBDELL, Esq., of Wilmington, Delaware, than whom there is no better authority on the subject in the country. It presents many historical facts of importance, and gives the credit of the various steps of progress in the industry where they rightly belong. 298 INTRODUCTION TO CAR WHEEL FOUNDRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. HISTORY OF CAR WHEELS. The first chilled wheels used on railroads were made with spokes. In order to prevent the arms or spokes from cracking in cooling, it was necessary to separate the hub into three or more parts by longitudinal slots cast in the hub. These slots were filled with pieces of wrought iron driven in tightly, or by a composition of lead and antimony run into them, which expanded slightly upon cooling. Wrought iron bands, one on each end, were then shrunk on the hub. This form of wheel was liable to break, and was the cause of many accidents. The necessity for something more reliable soon became evident, and was the occasion of the invention of the plate wheel, the first of which was patented by JOHIN EDGAZ, of Baltimore, in November, 1833. This consisted of a cast or wrought iron rim or tread, which was connected with the hub by means of wrought iron plates or disks made convex on the outside, and secured to the rim and hub by means of rivets. This form of wheel was expensive to make, was not durable, and never came into general use. Early in 1838, Mr. GEORGE G. LOBDELL invented the double convex plate wheel, which was patented in March of that year. Large numbers of these were cast by Busih & LOBDELL, and the wheel was known as the " BI3us & LOBDELL Wheel." This wheel was cast in one piece. The plates were convex on the outside, and to allow for the unecqual contraction in cooling, the hub was parted transversely. A wheel of this form admitted of a good chill, and, when properly secured to the axle, possessed great strength. It superseded the spoke wheel almost entirely, and for many years scarcely any other kind was used on the leading roads of the country under engines, tenders, and passenger cars, and many used them altogether under freight cars. Not a few of them are still in use, although none have been cast for many years, and some instances have been known of their running twenty years and more. About the same time, a wheel, having the inside plate convex and the outside concave and parallel to it, was patented by DOUGIIERTY, WOLF & PENNELL. This wheel did not give satisfaction, and never came into general use. At a subsequent period, owing to the great popularity of the BusH & LOBDELL wheel, GrEO. W. EDDY and others made and pa;tented wheels, both single and double plate, in some of which the plates were waved, in others corrugated. None of these were, however, as successful as the BusH & LOBDELL wheel. In 1847, ASA WHITNEY, of Philadelphia, commenced making a single-plate wheel with a corrugated plate, using his patent annealing furnace in cooling. He subsequently made the plate or disk straight, or nearly so, and strengthened it by brackets or arms extending from the hub to the rim. This form of wheel-with the straight disk-has been very extensively used, and is now made by A. WHITNEY & SONs, with the patent annealing process, and by others, who cover the wheel in hot or dry sand, to allow a slow cooling to ensue. Between the years 1849 and 1861, GEO. W. EDDY, BUSII & LOBDELL, and GEO. G. LOBDELL, made single plate and wrought spoke wheels-EDDY's patent-which were extensively used, and gave very good satisfaction under freight and coal cars. About the last of 1847 or the first of 1848, there being some objections to a wheel with a divided hub, Busii & LOBDELL commenced casting wheels with a solid hub, and covering them as they were removed from the chill or mould, with dry, hot ashes, to prolong the time of cooling, and prevent the cracking of the plate from the unequal contraction of INTRODUOTION TO CAR WHEEL FOUNDRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 299 the different parts of the wheel. The wheels were placed one above another in suitable rings, beneath which was a pipe which communicated with the hole in the centre or hub of the wheel-the cores through the hub being first removed-thus forming a current of air through the hub of the wheel, the rim and plates being covered with hot dry ashes. This enabled BUSH & LOBDELL to make their wheels without dividing the hub, thus doing away with the objection arising from that peculiarity. They soon found that it was not necessary to use the current of air through the hub, but simply to cover the wheel perfectly with hot dry ashes or sand. Others used the dry sand about the same time, among whom was N. WASHBuRN, of Worcester, Mass., the inventor of wvhat is known as the WAs IBURIN wheel, patented October, 1850. This wheel possesses great strength, and large numbers were made by 1Mr. WASInBUN and others under his patent, and more since its expiration. In Mlarch, 1861, MIr. LOBDELL patented his improved single-plate wheel, which in form is like the wheel now made by A. WHITNEY & SONS, with the addition of a rib or flange on the inside part of the rim or tread. The addition of this rib greatly increases the strength of the rim and flange of the wheel. Large numbers of this kind of wheel are in use under all kinds of cars and engines. In January, 1869, Mr. LOBDELL patented his double-plate combination wheel, which is an improvement on the VWASHIRN wheel, by the addition of a rib to the inside part of the flange, making it the strongest wheel that has ever been made, and one that admits of a better chill than a wheel without this rib. Wheels with hollov rims and spokes have been made, and a considerable number used, principally under locomotives and tenders; but inasmuch as they were difficult to cast, and liable to be imperfect on the tread, they have not come into general use. The LOBDELL Carwheel Company is now making them with success, having overcome the difficulties which have heretofore existed in securing a perfect tread. This is probably as strong a wheel as is made, and since it adds greatly to the appearance of an engine, it is quite a favorite pattern with master machinists and engineers. A wheel made by KunPP and others of steel has been used, but to a very limited extent. The first cost is much greater than the cost of a chilled wheel, and they have not been found to wear longer, if as long, as that kind of wheel. There has also been used on a few roads a wheel made under SAX & KEAH's patent. It consists of a cast iron centre with a steel tire. Like KIuUPP'S wheel, its first cost is very great, and the wearing capacity no greater than a good chilled wheel. Recently a large number of wheels of different forms and kinds have been tried, and some of them found not to be safe, durable, or economical. Among these is the MANSEL wheel, which consists of an iron hub and steel tire, confined by bolts and rivets to a solid wooden disk. The elastic paper wheel, and the steeled wheel, made by mixing steel scrap with the cast iron, are also used to some extent, but their introduction has been too recent to enable us to form a correct opinion of their worth. They will not, however, ever supersede the regular " old-fashioned " chilled wheels. 38 THE CAR WHEEL FOUNDRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Oar Weel Foundries of Vermont. American Paper Car Wheel Works.-Proprietors, American Paper Car Wheel Manufacturing Co. Location of works, Pittsford, Vt. This company is also building a new works at Hudson, N. Y. Rutland Foundry and Mlachine Works.-Proprietors, Rutland Foundry and MRachine Co. Location of works, Rutland, Vt. Average annual capacity, 1,500 tons wheels, and castings. Agent, JOEL B. HI-IAnIS, Rutland, Vt. The machine-shop department of this works has been closed for some years. Nlumber of hands employed, 20. Vermont Central Railroad Co.'s Works.-Proprietors, Vermont Central Railroad Co. Location, St. Albans. J. M. Foss, Master Machinist. Wheel foundry and machine shop. St. Albans Foundry.-Proprietors, SMITH & CO. Location of works, St. Albans. Product, car wheels, agricultural implements, etc. This works was burned in 1871. Oar Wheel Foundcries of Massaohusetts. Washburn Car Wheel lanufacturing Works.-Proprietors, Washburn Car Wheel Manufacturing Co. T. DAVIs, Treasurer; G. W. GILL, Agent. Location of works, Worcester, Mass. Average annual capacity, 30,000 wheels. Employ 300 men. Wason Car Manufacturing Co.'s Works.-Proprietors, Wason Car MIanufacturing Co. Location of works, Springfield, Mass. Average annual capacity, 30,000 wheels. This company has lately moved into a new works in the village of Brightwood, a mile from their old works in the heart of Springfield. Previous to 1868 the wheel casting for this company was done outside, but since has boen carried on in the works. The foundry is 170 by 62 feet, and 35 feet high, with three McK;NZIE cupolas melting 12 tons each per day, and the full capacity is 100 whlels and 10 tons of castings daily. In the machine shop is a.BEM1ENT hydraulic prmess for,gang1ing the pressure with which the wheels are set upon their axles. CAR WHEEL FOUNDRIES OF THE UNITED STATE S. 301 Woodbury & Co.-Location of works, East Cambridge, Mass. Average annual capacity, 5,000 wheels. Nathan Washburne Steel Tire Works.-Proprietor, NATHAN WASHBURNE. Location of works, Worcester. Manufacture car wheels. Employs 50 hands. Boston Car Wheel o. —WALTER GATES, Treasurer; A. HUBBARD, Superintendent. Location of works, Cambridgeport. Average annual capacity, 5,000 wheels. Car Wheel Foundries of Conneoticut. Barnum-Richardson Co.'s Works.-Proprietors, Barnum-Richardson Co. Location of works, Lime Rock, Litchfield County, Conn. Average annual capacity, 24,000 wheels. ar Wheel oundries of New York. Albany Car Wheel Works.-Proprietors, Albany Car Wheel Co. (GEORGE H. THATCHER & Co.) Location of works, Albany, New York. Average annual capacity, 10,000 wheels. George W. Eddy.-Troy, N. Y. Stoves, machinery, and car wheels. 40 hands. Jonas S. Heartt & 0o.-Location of works, Troy, N. Y. Average annual capacity, 10,000 wheels. Kingsford Foundry and Machine Works.-THOMSON ICINGsrORD. Location of works, Oswego, N. Y. Average annual capacity, 20,000 wheels. Hands employed, 150. Succeeds MIIDDLEBROOK & MACK. Ramapo Works.-Proprietors, Ramnapo Wheel and Foundry Co.. Location of works, Ramapo, Rokll1anud County, N. Y. Preoident and Treasurer, GECrs-i: CHIIUITJ; Superintendcut a d GCneirl 1,Ianageor, V1. WSow. Those works weore Cstabli1shd in 1833 for manufacturling car Vw-lls xculasively from t1l1 noted gRiinonrl and Salisbary pig irons. Averagc annual cap'city, 90,030 wvheels. This comipany were awarded the high3ot preminum for car wheels at Vienlna in 1873. J. & N. 0. Sooville.-Location of works, Buffal, NI. Y. Averaeg aznnual c6apacity, 50,000 wheels. Office and works, corner of.Hamburg and Louisiana Streets. Weoheawk and Hudson Iron Foundry and:Machine Shop. —GCro.. W ErY, Proprietor. Location of works, Waterford, N. Y.; also at Troy. Car vheel:t and iron foundry. Portable Steam.ngine Xanueaoturing Co.-C. A. S HEM LA3N, )Presidtit, i J. POwER, Secretary. Established 1865. Location of works, Watertown, iN. Y. Manuifacturers of car wheels. 302 OAR WHEEL FOUNDEIES OF THE UNITLED STATES. Car Wheel Foundries of Pennsylvania. %WThitney Car Wheel Works.-Proprietors, A. \WIIITNEY & SONS. Location of works, Sixteenth and Callowhill Streets, Philadelphia, Penn. Average annual capacity, 90,000 wheels. This is one of the most extensive works in the country, and the proprietor ha s had the'experience of a lifetime in the business. The quality of the wheels made here has always been superior, and the product is shipped to all parts of the Union, and to a considerable extent abroad. Number of hands employed, 200. Daily consumption, G0 tons pig metal. Wyoming Valley Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, Wilkesbarre, Penn. Average annual capacity, 20,000 wheels. Lehigh Car Wheel and Axle Works.-Location of works, Catasauqua, Lehigh County, Penn. Average annual capacity, 15,000 wheels. The Jackson & Woodin Mlanufacturing Oo.-Location of works, Berwick,q Penn. Average annual capacity, 60,000 wheels. The foundry here is 85 by 23 feet and contains 6 cupolas with a capacity of 200 wheels daily, and employs 450 hands. (See also Car FVores of Pennsylvanzia.) Harrisburg Car glanufacturing Co. —WM. CALDER, President; W. D. I-ILDRUP, Superintendent. Location of works, Harrisburg, Dauphin County, Penn. Manufacture car lwheels, and bridge and rolling, —mill castings. (See calso Car W' orks of Pennsylvania.) Average annual capacity, 45,000 wheels. MIelting capacity, 50 tons per day. Employ 100 hands. Established in 1853. John L. Gill, Jr. —Location of works, Allegheny City, Allegheny County, Penn. Average annual capacity, 60,000 wheels. Davenport, Fairbairn & Co.-Location of works, Erie, Penn. Average annual capacity, 105,000 wheels; 3,000 tons car castings. Hands employed, 103. Gill &:Bidwell.-Pittsburg, Penn. Manufacturers of car wheels and general castings. George W. Morris, late MORRIS & EUTAN.-Pittsburg. Manufacturers of car wheels and springs. Car Wheel Foundries of Maryland. Blaltimore Car Wheel Company.-Location of works, Baltimore, iMd. Average annual capacity, 27,000 wheels. President, W. S. G. BAKEnr; Superintendent, WILLIAM, J. CoCIirAN. Ofiice, 15 South Street, Baltimore. Works, Essex and Concord Streets, Canton, Baltimore. The foundry here is 143 by 45 feet, and has three cupolas, with a capacity CAR WHEEL FOUNDRIES OF THIE UNITED STATES. 303 for making 100 wheels per day. There are five double cranes, with two jibs each. Twenty wheels can be moulded to each of these cranes. A track is laid the whole length of the foundry, with a large reservoir mounted on a truck. The annealing pits, 24 in number, and invented by WILLIAMI COCI-IRAN, the superintendent, are located at one end oL the foundry. That establishment is also provided with machinery for fitting up wheels and axles, and doing a general machine business. A car shop in addition is projected. MIaryland and Virginia iron is used in the mlanufacture of these wheels, and has also been successfully employed for many years in the foundry of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. ar Wheel Foundries of Virginia. Atlantic Iron Works.-Proprietors, Atlantic Iron Works Co. Location of works, Portsmouth, Va. Average annual capacity, 5,000 wheels. Tredegar Works.-Proprietors, Tredegar Co. President, Jos. I. ARcHIIE; Superintendent, R. S. ARcI-IER. New York office, 32 Pine Street. Location of works, Richinond, Ilenrico County, Va. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons car wheels and other castings. (See also Ccr lVork7s, ollZing 2lglls, and Steanm Engine TW'orks of Virginia.) Car Wheel Foundries of Ohio. Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, Dayton, Ohio. Avprage annual capacity, 30,000 wheels. Cleveland Foundry.-BOWLER, MNAYER & BRAYTON. Location of works, 9, 11, and 13 Winter Street, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County. Average annual capacity, 0,OCO lwheels and 3,000 tons castings. Manufacture also chill-faced frogs, street wheels, etc. Employ 80 1n eii. Columbus Oar and Car Wheel Works.-Proprietor, JOHN GILL. Location of works, Columbus, Ohio. Average annual capacity, 21,000 chilled wheels. Employ 300 hands. Mowry Car and Wheel Works.-Proprietors, Cincinnati Stationary and Hydraulic Engine Co. Location of Works, Cincinnati, Ohio. Average annual capacity, wheels. Pettengill, Glass & Co.-Location of works, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County. Average annual capacity, 1,200 tons wheels. Number of men employed, 120. Sterling Car Wheel Foundry. —Location of works, Columbus, Ohio. Average annual capacity, 20,000 wheels. 304 CAR WHEEL FOUNDRIES OF TrIE UtNTED STATCS. H amlton a Foundry.-Proprietor, SILAS MERCHANT. Office, 78 River Street, Cleveland, Ohio. Location of works, Cleveland, Ohio. Average annual capacity, 1,500 tons wheels. John Nash & Co.-Location of works, 289 East Pearl Street, Cincinnati. Carwheel manufactiurer and iron founder. Fulton Foundry. —S. 1M. CARPENTER, Superintendent. Location of works, Cleveland. Manufacturers of car wheels and general railroad castings. Cleveland Oity Iron Works.-SILAS MERCHANT, 78 River Street, Cleveland. Manufactures car wheels, bridge castings, and pipe. Average annual capacity, 1,500 tons castings. Employs 150 hands. Oar Wheel Foundries of Indiana. Bass Car Wheel Works.-Proprietor, JOHN H. BAss. Location of works, Fort Wayne, Ind. Average annual capacity, 60,000 wheels. This is a large works, supplying over forty railways and employing 350 hands, with sales to the amount of $1,800,000. The melting capacity of the works is 100 tons per day. Haskell & Barker Car Co.-F. IIASKELL, President, office, 68 Washington Street, Chicago; N. P. ROGERS, Secretary, Michigan City. Location of works, Michigan City, Ind. Average annual capacity, 16,000 wheels. Number of hands, 400. - Ohio Falls Car Co.-Jos. W. SPRAOUE, President; N. CRICHTON, SR., Secretary and Treasurer. Location of works, Jeffersonville, Ind. Average annual capacity, 60,000 wheels. (See also Car TForcks of Indiana.) American:Poundry. —Proprietors, D. C. HILL & Co. Location of works, New Albany. Boiler makers, machinists, and car-wheel mlanufacturers. Burned in 1871. Mercer, NHash & Co.-Location of works, Indianapolis. Established, 1870. Average annual capacity, 10,000 wheels. South-western Car Co.-Jeffersonville. (See Car Works of Indiana.) C ar Wheel oundries of Illinois. Barnum R& Iichardson anufacturing Co.-President, lIon. W. B. ARNUM, Connecticut; Treasurer and General Manager, A. ALLING; Secretary, R. WV. BMAGON, Chicago. Location of works, Chicago, Ill. Average annual capacity, value, $500,000. Iands employed, 150. CAB WHEEL FOUtNDRES OF THE UNITED STATES. 305 J. 19. Simmons & Co.-Location of works, Chicago, Ill. Average annual capacity, 15,000 wheels. Chicago Car Wheel Co.-Location of works, Chicago, Ill. Annual product valued at $225,000. 50 hands employed. B. P. Russell & Co.-Location of works, Chicago. Ill. Average annual capacity, 36,000 wheels. This firm is increasing its capacity to 200 wheels per day, or 60,000 per annum. Fouts & lEonroe.-Location of works, Bloomington, Ill. Average annual capacity, 10,000 wheels. This firm are manufacturers of the Patent Safety Car Wheel. Litchfield Car Works.-Proprietors, Litchfield Car Co. Location of works, Litchfield, Ill. President, E. R. STILES; Secretary, W. E. BACON; Vice-President, H. I. BEACHI; Treasurer, J. W. DAVENPORT; Superintendent, AI. Mi. MASXTLN. Average annual capacity, 19,500 wheels. Works employs in car shops and wheel foundry, 350 men. Car Wheel Foundries of Michigan. Detroit Car Wheel Works.-JoHN S. NIMBURG, President; JAs. IOMILLAN, Treasurer and Manager; Z. R. BROCsWAY, Vice-President; HI. 3MCMILLAXN, Secretary. Location of works, Detroit, Mich. Average annual capacity, 35,000 wheels, 5,000 tons castings. Hands employed, 725. This works was burned during 1873. (See Car Wlorks of Michigan.) Hamtramck Car Wheel Works.-Location of works, Detroit, Mich. Average annual capacity, 6,000 wheels. Detroit Car Works.-Proprietors, Detroit Car Works Co. President, E. C. WAL. KER; Vice-President, GEO. 1. PLUSSELL; Secretary and Treasurer, G-E. I-. RUSSELL; Manager, D. SUTHERLAND. Location of works, Adair Street, near Jefferson Avenue, Detroit, Mich. Average annual capacity, 36,000 wheels, and other castings valued at T750,000. 500 men employed. (See also Car TVorks of MXicAhigan.) BBurt Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, Detroit Car Wheel and Iron Foundry. Employ 300 men. Car Wheel Founxies of Wisconsin. Blanchard & Arnold. —Location of works, Milwaukee, Wis. Average annual ca)pacity, 5,000 wheels. tZce"^4~ 3&1,t~l!.-Loeation of worlks, Milwaukee. 306 CAR WHEEL FOUNDRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Car Wheel Foundries of Delaware. Lobdell Car Wheel Works-Location, Wilmington, Del. Average annual capacity, 90,000 wheels. This is now the largest producing car wheel works in the United States, and exports its product to a considerable extent. President, GEORGE G. LOBDELL; Secretary, WILLIAbM AV. LOBDELL; Treasurer, P. N. BIENNAN. The Lobdell Car Wheel Company's works are situated on the Christiana River and the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. This is the oldest and most extensive manufactory of chilled railroad wheels in the country, having two foundries, in one of which castings for cars, bridges, rolling mills, and steam engines, together with chilled rolls for rolling iron and brassandnd for paper machinery, and also brass castings, are made. This foundry has two cupolas capable of melting 25 tons of pig-iron daily. Adjoining it are a machine shop and blacksmith shop for general machine and repair work, and the manufacture of tools and fixtures. The other foundry, for the manufacture of car wheels and tires, is located on the Christiana River, and between it and the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltilore Railroad, from which there are three tracks extending into the works. This is believed to be the largest car wheel foundry in this country, having a capacity of 325 wheels per day. Adjoining this foundry, and situated also between the river and railroad, is a large machine shop, 333 feet in length, admirably lighted, heated throughout by steam, and supplied with sufficient machinery to bore 200 wheels and fit 100 axles per day. It also contains the machinery for turning and grinding chilled rolls, together with other machinery for general work. The pattern shop and drafting rooms are located in the upper story of this building. All the machinery in these shops is driven by an oscillating condensing engine, the invention of Mr. GEORGE G. LOBDELL, which works with great economy, probably more so than any other steam engine heretofore constructed. The steam, for the engine and heating the shop, is supplied from three upright tubular boilers, also the invention of Mr. LOBDELL. The peculiarities of this boiler consist in the form of the furnace, which makes as perfect a combustion chamber as is desirable: so nearly perfect that smoke is seldom seen to issue from the smoke stack even when bituminous coal is used. Also in the shape of the water legs, which are so constructed as to make a perfect circulation, and form a receptacle below the grate for any sediment or brine that may collect, which sediment can be removed from the boiler at any time by means of pipes attached to the legs. The tubes of this boiler act as a super-heater, and the boiler is very economical in the consumption of fuel. All of the smoke, which by actual experiment has been found desirable, is consumed. The grate is so constructed that dust from anthracite coal mixed with one-third its weight of bituminous coal can be used with advantage. The form of the boiler is such as insures the greatest strength, and as there is a perfect circulation through the boiler no sediment can collect on any part that is exposed to a great heat. It is therefore well adapted for water containing salt or other impurities. The manufacture of chilled railroad wheels in this country commenced about the year 1833. The first were probably cast in Baltimore by Ross WINANS, who continued to make them for many years. Very soon afterwards JONATHAN BONNEY, an experienced founder CAR WHEEL FOUNDRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 307 and iron worker, an uncle of GEORGE G. LOBDELL-and with whom the latter served his apprenticeship-commenced the manufacture of wheels in Wilmington, and continued to manufacture them at the foundry of JONATHAN BONNEY & Co. until 1836, when the firm of BONNEY & Busi started. This firm was succeeded in January, 1839, by that of Busi & LOBDELL, GEORGE G. LOBDELL taking the place of his uncle, deceased. In 1855, CHARLES Busu (the senior member of the firm) died, and the business was continued by Mr. LOBDELL, DAVID P. BUSH, and HENRY S. NMCCoMB, until 1859, when Mr. LOBDELL purchased the interest of the other partners, and continued the business in his own name until 1867, when the Lobdell Car Wheel Company was organized with GEORGE G. LOBDELL as President; WM. W. LOBDELL as Secretary, and P. N. BRENNAN as Treasurer. The wheels made by this company are used very largely in this country as well as in South America, England, and on the continent of Europe, and are of high repute. Within the last few years the company has been engaged largely in the manufacture of chilled rolls, and have put in expensive machinery for turning and grinding the same, proposing to make it a specialty. The vast quantity of iron used daily in the business of this establishment permits the very best selections for the composition of chilled rolls. The long experience of Mr. GEORGE G. LOBDELL-who personally directs the selection-in making chilled castings, enables them to make chilled rolls unequalled in quality. The Lobdell Car Wheel Company own one-half of the stock in the Deep River iManufacturing Company and the Cape Fear Iron and Steel Cotmpany of North Carolina, which gives them the control of all the iron made from the celebrated Buckhorn ore, which is probably the finest and best adapted for making iron for car wheels or chilled rolls of any ore in the country. This ore bed is located in Harnett County, and is mentioned in WILIKEs' report to Congress on the Cape Fear and Deep Rivers. These companies own all the slack water navigation on the Cape Fear and Deep Rivers, from Fayetteville, the head of steamboat navigation on the Cape Fear, to Carbonton on the Deep River, a distance of about ninety miles. They also own 2,000 acres of coal land in the Egypt coal basin, 15,000 acres of timber land on the Cape Fear and Deep Rivers; several ore beds other than that at Buckhorn; very extensive manufacturing sites; several thousand acres of farming land, and water-powers on the Cape Fear, Deep, and HEaw rivers, in the aggregate amounting to more than 6,000 horse-power. They have one charcoal furnace in operation at Endor, one mile from Egypt coal shaft, and another, a larger one, nearly completed at Buckhorn; also a rolling mill, which they expect to move to Lockville and put in operation at that place, where they have a flouring mill and saw-mill, and 1,500 acres of land (admirably situated on the Deep River and Raleigh and Augusta Railroad), which is well adapted for a manufacturing centre. Lockville is a place of considerable importance, has a hotel, four or five stores, a schoolhouse, foundry, machine shop, and grist mill, in addition to the manufactories mentioned above. At Gorgas, four miles above Lockville, they have a valuable water-power improved by a very costly and substantial dam across the Deep River. At this place there is a flouring mill. This, as well as many other water-powers belonging to the company, is well adapted for cotton or other factories. Trouble from ice is unknown on these streams. The climate is mild in winter and not oppressive in summer, the thermometer seldom rising above 900, and the nights are almost always comfortable. 39 308 CAR WHEEL FOUNDRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Car Wheel Foundries of lissouri. D. P. Green & Co.-Location of works, St. Louis, Mo. Average annual capacity, 5,000 wheels. Missouri Car and Foundry Co.-Location of works, St. Louis, Mo. Average annual capacity, 37,500 wheels. Number of men, 500. (See Cacr TWor7 of JMissou6ri.) St. Louis Car Wheel Co.-Location of works, Pacific Railroad, near Fourteenth Street, St. Louis, Mo. Average annual capacity, 30,000 wheels. This company manufactures, besides car wheels, chilled tires for locomotives, wheels for ore and mining cars, and all kinds of railroad, locomotive, and bridge castings. President, JOHN 1H. BASs, Fort Wayne, Ind.; T. C. DUTRO, Secretary and Manager. W. J. Quealey.-Location of works, Hannibal, Mo. Average annual capacity, 5,000 wheels. Car Wheel Foundries of New Jersey. Duglas Thompson.-Location of works, Bordentown, N. J. Average annual capaeity, 10,000 wheels. Taylor Iron Works.-President, LEWIS I1-. TAYLOR; Secretary, JAS. If. WALKER; Treasurer and General Manager, W. J. TAYLOR; Superintendent, S. P. PABER; General Agent, EDW. L. BROWN. New York office, 93 Liberty Street. Location of works, High Bridge, N. J. Average annual capacity, 60,000 wheels. lMoore Car Wheel Co.-Works, Greene and Wayne Streets, Jersey City, N. J. Manufacturers of MooRE's Elastic Car Wheel. I. W. MOORE, President; F. PERRY, Secretary and Treasurer. Manufacture also wheels of all kinds. Car Wheel Foundries of Minnesota. Parker, Bailey, Howson & Co.-Location of works, St. Paul, Minn. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons wheels. Number of hands employed, 30. Duluth Iron Works.-Proprietors, SIIOENBERGER & BRYANT. Location of works, Duluth. Manufacture car wheels, steam-engines, and general machinery. car wheel Foundries of Georgia. Dawson Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, Dawson, Ga. Average annual capacity, 5,000 wheels. CAR WHEEL FOUNDRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 309 Nobles Brothers & Co.-Location of works, Rome. Car wheels, axles engines, and general railroad work. Employ 200 hands. Established 1855. Car Wheel onundries of Kentuoky. Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co.-Location of works, Louisville, Ky. Average annual capacity, 10,000 wheels. Samuel Worthley.-Location of works, Cottage Furnace, Estill County. Also blast furnace. California. Risdon Iron and Locomotive Works. —JOHN R. RISDON, President; JOSEPH MOORE, Vice-President and Superintendent; L. R. MEAD, Secretary. Manufacture car wheels, boilers, and locomotives. Incorporated 1868. Corner Beale and Howard Streets, San Francisco. THE CAST AND WOUGHT IRON PIPE AND TUBE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. THE CAST AND WROUGHT IRON PIPE AND TUBE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. THE pipe works of the United States are not so numerous as some other branches of the iron industry, for various reasons. The principal cause of this is probably that several of the largest works of the United States are devoted to this specialty; and further, that it is, especially in the case of wrought-iron tubes, a business requiring expensive and complicated machinery. The rapid increase in the adoption of illuminating gas, and the introduction of water into towns and villages of ordinary size, has greatly stimulated the pipe trade, and it is a highly profitable and very important branch of the iron industry. Included in the notation of these works in the various portions of the United States as arranged by States, will be found descriptions of several of the leading works, from which some idea may be formed of their extent; and, as in the case of the Pascal Iron Works of Philadelphia, a thorough explanation of the process of the manufacture of wrought-iron pipes from the " skelp " iron to the finished tube, a process which is always one of great interest to the novice in iron manufacturing. In this department will be found included only manufacturers of cast and wrought iron pipe, those of gas and steam fittings, and the tools of these trades will be found in the directory of steam-engine and machine works, iron foundries, and general iron works of the United States, in another portion of this work. Pipe and Tube Works of New England. Massachusetts. The most important iron pipe works of iNew England is that of theNational Tube Works Co.-Boston, Mass. President, J. C. CONVERSE; Treasurer, W. S. EATON. Office, 11 Pemberton Square. Location of works, East Boston. Character of product, lap-welded boiler flues, steam and gas pipe, oil and salt well pipes, etc. Capital, $500,000. This establishment covers four acres, and has a manufacturing capacity of 20,000 tons of pipe annually; in which 400 men are employed. The principal specialty is the manufacture of tubes for locomotive boilers; and the closing of the locomotive works caused by the depression in the fall of 1873 compelled this company to stop work; without, however, any financial embarrassment on its part. The same company has another works at M3cKeesport, Penn., double the size of the East Boston Works, and which will be found described with the pipe works of Pennsylvania. 314 PIPE AND TUBE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. Shawmut leon Works.-Cambridgeport, Mass. W. J. BRIDE, Treasurer; S. WILLAMS, Agent, Boston. Office, 24 and 26 Oliver Street. This works manufactures cast-iron pipe in large quantities; was established in 1866, and does a large business. Bridgewater Iron lManufacturing Co.-Bridgewater, Mass. N. STETSON, Treasurer and Agent. J. FERGuUSON, Superintendent. Boston office, 134 Milk Street. This company, in addition to their other varied products, manufacture wrought-iron tubes to a considerable extent. The works employs 500 hands, and is old and well-known, having been established by LAZELL & PERIINS in 1810. P. Young & Co.-North Adams, Mass. Manufacturers of wrought-iron pipes. Specialty, gas pipe. J. 0. Paige & Co.-Stoneham, Mass. Wrought-iron pipe. Taunton Iron Works Co.-Taunton, Mass. C. M. WOODwARD, Agent. Established 1854. Wrought-iron pipes and tubes. Washington Pipe Works.-THos. CUNNINGHAM. Office, 8 Central Street, Boston. Works, East Boston. Wrought-iron, steam, and gas pipe, and fittings. J. Colbath & Co.-Worcester, Mass. Specialty, gas pipe. New IH-ampshire. 0. P. Emerson.-Nashua. Wrought-iron pipe. Swampscott Mlachine Co. —New Market. WM. PAUL, Treasurer; AMos PAUL, Agent. Gas pipe and fittings. Established 1846. R.hode Island. Central Falls Steam and Gas Pipe Co.-Pawtucket. Steam and gas pipe. Providence Steam and Gas Pipe Co.-Providence. F. GRINNELL, President; J. C. HARTSI-ION, Treasurer; I-. A. BRANCH, Secretary and Resident Agent. Specialty, wrought-iron pipe for steam and gas. Established 1850. Connecticut. A W. Convkerse & 0o.-Windsor Locks. Water and steam pipes, cast and wrought. PIPE AND TUBE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 315 New York. 0. W. Wyckoff & Co.-Elmira. Cast-iron water pipe. Brooklyn Tube Works.-B. S. BENSON, Brooklyn, corner John and Adams Street. Iron pipe and tubes. 100 hands employed. New York City. IRON PIPE MANUFACTURERS. R. A. Brick & Co.-112 Leonard Street. Cast iron flange pipe. P. Campbell. —9 John Street. Wrought, cast, and galvanized iron pipe for steam, gas, and water. Joseph D. Corlies.-153 Broadway. Eaton & Cole.-58 John Street. Wrought-iron pipe and fittings. F. G. Green.-35 Dey Street. Chas. Gregg Manufacturing Co.-62 and 64 Gold Street. Plain and galvanized wrought-iron pipe for steam, gas, and water. Hunter, Keller & Co.-144 Centre Street. E. Lumb.-523 West 45th Street. Cast-iron pipe. Jamer, Jacobs & Co.-84 John Street. iMcNab & Harlan M1Vanufacturing Co.-56 John Street. Works, Paterson, N. J. Wrought-iron pipe and fittings. lce Bann & REussell.-56 Gold Street. J. McNeal & Sons.-117 Broadway. James 0. Miorse.-T6 John Street. J. L. M1ott Iron Works.-90 Beekman Street. Works, 154 East 13th Street. Castiron pipe for sewers, flange pipe and extra heavy water and gas pipe. Jos. lMason & Co.-71 Beekman Street. 40 31 PIPE AND TUBE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. Patent Water and Gas Pipe Co.-91 Liberty Street. Works, Jersey City. J. J. Spowers.-Corner of William and Liberty Streets. A. B. Wood.-57 Maiden Lane. R. D. Wood & Co.-173 Broadway. Works, Millville and Florence, N. J. New Jersey. Camden Iron Works.-JEssE W. STARR & Co., Camden, N. J. Philadelphia office, 403 Walnut Street. Character of product, cast-iron street mains for gas and water, from one and a half inches to forty-eight inches in diameter. Fire hydrants, heating pipes, branches, bends and tees, also gas holders and gas works plants in full. This is an old and extensive works, established in 1824. Camden Tool and Tube Works.-SEYFERT & MCMANUS, Camden, N. J. Philadelphia office, 631 Chestnut Street. Character of product, wrought-iron pipe, gas pipe, fittings, pipe, and fitters' tools, etc. This is a branch of the Reading Iron Works, Reading, Penn., one of the most extensive in the United States, and combining blast furnaces, rolling mills, forges, foundclries, machine shops, pipe works, etc., etc. Florence and Millville Foundries.-R. D. WooD & Co. Florence and Millville, N. J. Philadelphia office, 400 Chestnut Street. Character of product, cast-iron, gas, and water pipe, fire hydrants, lamp posts, etc. The works owned by this firm are very extensive, and situated each 20 miles from Philadelphia; one to the north at Florence, and the other south at Millville. The production of pipe, etc., at both, is some 20,000 tons annually, in which 500 hands are employed. A private telegraph connects the Philadelphia office with each works. Gloucester Iron and Machine Co.-Gloucester. DAVID S. B]uowN, President; J. P. MICIELLON, Secretary; WM. SEXTON, Superintendent. Cast-iron gas and water pipe and fittings. Patent Water and Gas Pipe Co.-Jersey City. Office: 91 Liberty Street, N. Y. Pennsylvania. Benson & Son.-Allegheny City. Wrought-iron pipe and tubes. Allbright Bros.-Allentown. Tubes a specialty. Large works. Taylor & Deeths.-Allentown. Iron pipes for steam engines. PSPE AND TUBE WORKS OF T'HE UNITED STATES. 817 S. Fulton & Co.-Conshohocken. Philadelphia office, 242 South Third Street. Cast iron, gas, and water pipe. Works extensive, and include blast furnaces and rolling mill, the last located at Norristown. Erie City Foundry.-CLEVELAND & Co., Erie. Water and gas pipe. 50 hands employed. National Tube Works Co. —/cKeesport. (See clso Boston, Mass.) JAMES C. CONVERSE, President, McKeesport; WM. S. EATON, Treasurer, Boston. Character of product, locomotive boiler tubes. This works covers five acres, and has a capacity of 50,000 tons of iron annually, and employs some 800 hands. IRON PIPE MANUFACTTURERS OF PHILADELPHIA. Pascal Iron Works.-Proprietors, MOREIS, TASKER & Co. Location of works, South Fifth and Tasker Streets, Philadelphia. As this is the most extensive pipe and tube works in the world, we give it prominence here, and the reader will find in the following description an evidence of what amount of capital and labor can be employed in one works for this specialty. Character of product, lap-welded boiler tubes, wrought-iron steam, gas, and water pipe and fittings, artesian well pipe, oil well tubing and casing, coil pipe, tuyere coils, gas works, including holders, retorts and bench castings, street mains, lamp posts, and all appurtenances for city gas plant, green-house pipe and boilers, cast-iron drain pipe and plumbers' castings, cast-iron steam.pipe, railway water columns, galvanized and plain boilers for ranges, screwing machines, and generally gas, steam, and pipe fitters' tools in every variety. This works employs nearly 2,000 hands, consumes 25,000 tons of iron annually, and is the most extensive works of the kind in the world. The following description, gives an idea of the great extent and importance of this works: The Pascal Iron works owes its origin to STEPHEN P. 1M/ORRIS, who, in 1821, commenced, in Philadelphia, the manufacture of stoves and grates. In 1835, STEPHEN P. MORRIS, HllE1JNRY MORRIS, and THOMAS T. TASKEER, Sr., were associated in the same business at Third and Walnut Streets, Philadelphia, where for many years the business of the firm was conducted. In this year illuminating gas was introduced in Philadelphia, and the firm began the manufacture of gas pipe under the superintendence of WVM. GRIFFITHS, an English pipe maker then just arrived. Gas pipe was then made almost entirely by hand, the threads for coupling the pipes being cut by a hand die turned by manual labor. To supply the demand for the newly introduced gas pipe which should be made by machinery, the firm, in 1836, began the nucleus of the present Pascal Iron Works which now include an area of twelve acres, covering two entire squares. The manufacture of gas pipe soon demanded the addition of that of gas fittings and gas-fitters' tools, and to this followed, in natural sequence, the construction of gas-generating lmachinery, and the whole plant for city gas works. To this 318 PIPE AND TUBE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. was added by degrees the production of pipes and tube for analogous purposes, water and and steam tubes, steam boilers, steam and water heating apparatus, and the tools necessary in erecting the same. Hence, from the small beginning noted, this works now manufactures every variety of apparatus for lighting, heating, ventilating, or supplying with water any building. The plant of the Pascal Iron Works includes seven steam-engines and twelve boilers, with an aggregate of 1,000 horse-power. Also pipe and heating furnaces, lathes, planers, screw-cutting machines, drill presses, boring, tap-cutting, grinding, shaping, and polishing machines. No shafting is to be seen in the tube works, the entire line being placed beneath the floor, thus saving space and adding to the convenience of the workmen. All the machinery of the works is in duplicate, to prevent possibility of delay by breakage of any portion. The newer buildings are of strictly fire-proof construction, while the main building can, by an arrangement of pipes, be flooded with steam in case of fire. 1,600 workmen are employed, the pipe mills being run day and night. For the following intelligent description of the method of manufacturing gas pipe and wrought-iron tubes of every description we are indebted to the Americcan Exchlange and Review of Philadelphia. The best starting-place for a description of the varied details of the establishment is the gas-pipe mill. Here the operation of heating the strips of iron plate, and of bending and welding them into tubes, is conducted. For this purpose, there are arrayed on one side of the large stone building, a row of a dozen or more reverberatory furnaces, called in shop phraseology the " skelp " and welding furnaces; " skeIp" " * being the term applied to the bent tube preparatory to welding it. Directly in front of each of the furnaces are placed the bending or welding tables. Each of these is provided with a peculiarly constructed tool having movable jaws, which can be set to any suitable width, to accommodate itself to the size of pipe required. These are set to the proper size by one of the workmen in charge, at every change of order; though, from the nicety of the operation, it is found desirable to run the largest lot of orders upon one setting, which obviates what would otherwise necessitate the loss of much valuable time. Before the jaws just mentioned is seen a species of carriage which can be made to traverse the whole length of the bending or welding table by being thrown into gear with an endless chain placed immediately beneath its surface, and which is operated directly from the main line of shafting which passes beneath the flooring. To this carriage can be attached a pair of self-acting tongs, by which the end of the bent pipe emerging thoough the jaws can be firmly grasped, and the carriage with it travels the length of the table. The construction of the jaws and their operation is a most satisfactory subject for the inspection of one who is interested in mechanical devices, and affords perhaps as perfect an illustration of the successful application of a machine for a special purpose that could be furnished. It would be clearly impossible to force a flat sheet of heated metal immediately through a circular opening; and recognizing this difficulty, the jaws are so constructed as to gradually adapt the flat sheet to its circular form. This is accomplished by making the curvature of the jaws not sharp, but very gradually increase from flatness to the final curvature required. The operation of bending and welding the tubes is now about as follows: The strips of metal, cut of proper length and width, are placed in the heating furnaces until heated to the proper heat for bending, which is a matter of some importance, and one requiring the eye of an experienced workman; since, if not hot enough, * A corraption of scallop, from the shape of the iron. PIPE AND TUJBE WOIERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 819 the operation will be frecquently interrupted by the sticking of the " skelp " in the jaws. When the heating is sufficient, a workman raises the door of the furnace, seizes the end of one of the heated strips, and forces it as far as he is able through the converging jaws; a die of the proper size is held in its groove, and the jaws, previously set to the proper calibre, are closed upon it. The projecting end is now grasped by the waiting tongs of the traversing-carriage. This is in an instant thrown into gear by another attendant, and off it travels, dragging after it the bent sheet, until it is freed from the jaws. In its present condition it has the form of a tube, but its edges are still at some distance apart, having been kept so by a bit in the die, which fixed it in the jaws. The object of this slight parting of the edges is to avoid the undercurling, which would be sure to take place in the welding operation which the tube must next undergo, if the edges were brought near enough together to touch. The apparatus for welding the bent sheet is almost identical with that employed in the bending process just described, except that the form of the jaws is of somewhat different shape, to adapt them to their somewhat modified function. The " skelp," or half-formed tube, is next placed in the welding-furnace until properly heated, and is then similarly forced through the aperture in the jaws, which are so designed as to exert a great pressure upon all sides of the tube. Thus the open edges of the " skelp " are brought together with great force, and firmly united. The form of the joint or seam thus made is called the " butt-weld," the edges being simply united by contact under great pressure, and no lapping involved. This is the nature of the weld universally employed for pipes whlich are designed for service where but little strain will be exercised upon them, such as pipes for conveying gas, water, etc. In other forms of pipe, designed for boiler-tubes, well-tubes, steam conveyers, etc., which will be called upon to withstand unusual strains, a joint of extraordinary strength, known as the "lap-weld" is given them, rendering them as homogeneous in structure as though no joint had been effected, and no more liable to break at the joint than at some other part of their structure. After the welding above described, the pipes are subjected to a simple rolling process, to render them perfectly straight and round, and after cooling, are taken to the finishing rooms to be cut to proper lengths, supplied with screw threads at the ends, and sockets for connection, tested by hydraulic pressure as to their freedom from flaws, and then, if approved, assorted into bundles convenient for transportation. The screw-cutting machines, of which there are twenty or more in this department, are models of machines for special work, and are designed to combine, under the management of one skilled workman, a number of separate functions. The same machine cuts off the end of the pipe squarely, cuts the screw thread upon it; and the motion being reversed to remove the freshly-cut thread from the dies, the other end of the pipe, previously furnished with a thread, is, by the reversed motion, screwed into the socket. To effect these manifold operations, the pipe is placed in a rotating cylinder, in one end of which is a chuck to hold the pipe; and the whole is revolved by a cross-belt from the main shaft. The chuck -is provided with dies, which are brought together by turning a headscrew, while a cutter head with cutter operated by hand, is just in front of the chuck. With the screw-cutting machines in this department, it is possible to turn out over 6,000 finished pipes per day; each of them requiring but the attendance of one workman. The sockettapping machines, also in this department, have perpendicular spindles, driven by a vertical shaft connected with the main shaft by a bevel wheel and pinion. The socket is held in a square chuck, which opens and shuts by the turning of a hand-screw. But one workman 320 PIPE AND TTUBE WOBRS OF T]iHE UNITED STATES. is required to operate four of the tools, and will be able to cut from six to eight thousand sockets per day. Other machines are employed upon the work of finishing the gas and steam fittings required to join the ends of pipes. These are of a variety of forms, necessitating the tapping of holes in different directions for T's, L's, crosses, etc., and the machine is modified to meet the necessities of the case. A plain disk of steel, without teeth, in another part of this apartment, to which great speed is given, is busily employed in cutting off pipes. The pipe is made to revolve upon rollers, and is fed up to the rotating disk, which does its work in an instant. In the process of finishing pipes for transportation the workman in charge of the screw-cutting tool tests the quality of the metal of each sample by hammering down to a sharp bend, the scrap cut off from the ends. Should it splinter under the hammer, the pipe is rejected without further ado. But after passing through this general test of its excellence, it goes to the hands of aliother workman, whose duty it is to subject it to hydraulic pressure, to make assurance doubly sure. According as the pipe is destined to be employed, it is subjected to a greater or less strain, which it must successfully withstand before being considered in fit condition to be sent out from the establishment. For the purpose of this test, the pipe is placed in a species of trough, and firmly screwed into a pipe connected with a powerful force pump, while the other end is as firmly closed by screwing up against a solid head furnished with a leather washer. Thus positioned, the pump is set into operation, forcing water into the pipe, and exerting, of course, an immense strain upon it equally in all directions, and throughout its entire length. A valve, set to open at any desired pressure, terminates the test, when the pipe has reached that pressure, and successfully passed this final and thorough ordeal, by opening and allowing the confined water to discharge itself. Should the slightest flaw, invisible to the naked eye, exist in any of the pipes, or should the metal composing them not be homogeneous in texture, but from any cause weak in certain spots, though this may escape exposure beneath the hammer of the finisher, the hydraulic test will infallibly seek out the weak spots and expose the existence of the flaws. Nothing like an imperfection can possibly escape the searching examination to which the pipe is here subjected. And if this test is successfully withstood, the pipe will, with absolute certainty, resist a strain up to the limit to which it has thus been proved. The pipes which have stood the proof are then passed to other workmen, who stamp them with the name of the establishment, and they are then packed into bundles preparatory to being shipped. It might be added, also, that there are some half-dozen of these testing machines in the finishing department, all of them in constant operation. The strain applied to various pipes is greater or less, as has already been remarked, according to the character of the work they are destined to perform. For gas, water, and steam pipes, they are all proved to a pressure of three hundred (300) pounds per square inch; for pipes destined for oil or artesian wells, or similar use, under circumstances where they will be subjected to unusual pressures, the strain which they are required to withstand in the testing machine is raised to one thousand (1,000) pounds. From the foregoing it will have been made evident that the manufacture of a pipe is not a simple operation requiring but little care or good management, but really a highly complex one, involving a nLumber of distinct stages, each of them demanding, in its turn, a new process and special machinery; and that the utmost care and the most refined philosophical appliances are called into requisition to insure its quality before it is ready to perform its allotted service. PIPE AND TUBE WOEKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 321 From the manufacture of the simple butt-welded" pipes, the next operation of the establishment which would naturally follow in order is the manufacture of boiler-tubes. The operations here carried on are of the most interesting character, the processes being likewise more complicated in character than those previously described. The engine driving the machinery of this bending mill is supplied with steam from a distance of 600 feet from the boilers. It is of 40 horse-power, with 16-inch cylinder and 20-inch stroke, making 79 revolutions per minute, and was built by HOFF, FONTAINE & ABBOT, of the Eagle Works, of Philadelphia. It will readily.be understood that for tubes which are to be employed as steam pipes, or within boilers or wells and the like, a joint of greater strength than the simple " butt-weld " is absolutely necessary; and to meet this necessity, these pipes are made with a lapped joint, and are known in shop phraseology as lap-welded tubes. In order that their edges shall lap, and still be free from undercurling or greater thickness at the line of joining, it is found necessary to " scarf " the edges of the sheets, preparatory to their introduction into the furnaces. This scarfing process consists simply in traversing the sheets, cut down to the exact width required of them, successively through a tool furnished with cutters placed at the proper angle, by which a shaving is sheared off from both sides, leaving a sharp bevelled edge along the whole length of the sheet. These may then be subsequently lapped, without causing the piling of a double thickness of metal at the line of union. After the " scarfing " operation has been completed, the sheets so treated are, as before described, brought into the bending furnaces, and pass through exactly the same treatment as in the case of gas-pipe. After traversing the jaws, the " skelp " or imperfect tube is, upon cooling, transferred to the welding-furnace, to be perfected. The operations of " scarfing " and bending the lap-welded tubes are carried on in a large apartment adjoining the vast welding-mill, to which we will next proceed. Directly adjacent to this " boiler-tube mill " are located-though considerably depressed below the floor-level of the former-the twelve compound tubular boilers of the establishment, which supply with power all its departments. The steam from these is conveyed through arched tunnels, in well-jacketed pipes, to the various points where it is needed for distribution. The tube-mill itself is a vast apartment over 400 feet in length; and distributed at regular distances throughout its extent are 18 large reverberatory furnaces, from which the " skelp' from the department above described is fed into the rolls in the welding process. The blast for the furnaces is furnished from two great blowers, built in the works and located near the centre of the apartment. The engine driving the rolls and other machinery of this department is the largest in the establishment, is of 125 horsepower, was built by the well-known firn of I. P. MonnIS & Co., of Philadelphia, and has a 22-1-inch cylinder, 4-foot stroke, making 4T turns per minute. The engine is of double construction, both vertical and horizontal, the design of duplication being, as remarked in the outset of this sketch, to render the establishment independent of any accidental breaks which might otherwise occasion embarrassing delays. One of the engines is operated for six months of the year, and is then relieved of duty for the remainder of the year, being subjected, before going on duty again, to a thorough overhauling for any repairs which may be found necessary. The line shafting of the tube-mill is located, as in the previously named instances, entirely under ground, and is about 1,200 feet long. The products of combustion from all the furnaces are led by underground flues into one huge smoke-stack, 150 feet high, situated at one side of the great apartment, through which they escape. As 322 PIPE AND TUBE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. to the capacity of the furnaces in the mill, it may be remarked, aside from the incidental fact that they are kept in constant operation day and night, until it is found necessary to stop one or more of thenm for repairs, that each is capable of finishing from 20 to 225 pipes per day, according to the size of the product turned out. Extending along the front of the range of furnaces is a long series of roll-trains, through which the " skelp " from the welding-furnaces, heated to the welding heat, is forced. The operation of lap-welding requires, however, another process of manufacture than in the case of butt-welding at first described. The vastly increased strength demanded of the products of this process, demands that the weld shall be a far more perfect one than was the case with the butt-welded tubes. To secure this, however, it is necessary to subject the tube to a mnuchl higher pressure in the welding process. This again requires, in order to avoid the undercurling of the bevelled edges of the " skelp," that the pressure shall be applied both to the inside and outside of the tubes. To accomplish this, a mandrel is employed of the proper dimensions and of a slightly conical form, which is carried upon the end of an iron rod somewhat smaller than the interior diameter of the tube to be welded. This is forced into the interior of the pipe, as the end of the pipe first enters the rolls, and the pipe is forced out of it, throughout its entire length. Thus the combined results of a powerful pressure, both from without and within is effected, and the structure of the joint made perfectly homogeneous with the remainder of the pipe. The mandrel, after performing its function, drops from the further end of the pipe, destroyed by the tremendous operation through which it has passed —and a fresh one is needed for every tube which passes through the rolls. It is hardly necessary to say that the mandrels must be manufactured with the utmost precision. They are taken from the foundry where they have been cast, and finished with accuracy in a special department. The operation of lap-welding, as it is constantly carried on in this department, is of the most striking character, and at once rivets the attention, and affords great interest to the stranger who witnesses it. The imperfectly formed tubes from the bending-mill are placed in the welding-furnaces, and when heated to their proper temperature, are seized by the waiting workman, and the end thrust between the revolving rolls. Here it is caught by both rolls and mandrel, and by the former it is rapidly carried through them; the whole operation, after the tube emerges from the furnace, does not occupy more than a few seconds; and the appearance of the swiftly-projected, glowing mass, emitting a series of sharp reports as loud as the discharge of a volley of musketry, repeated every minute from one or the other of the eighteen furnaces, is so curious and unlike anything else that one has ever before observed, that in spite of the intolerable heat from the furnaces and from the heaps of finished tubes scattered in profusion about the furnaces, one is never tired of witnessing the repetition of the novel spectacle. After proper cooling, the now perfectly welded tube is taken into the finishing department, and there goes through the same operations of squaring up, receiving screw-threads on its ends, and passing the hydraulic test, and bundling for transportation, which have also been described in a former portion of this article. The extent of the production of lap-welded tubes by this establishment is simply enormous, amounting to 10 miles per diem. They are employed in every portion of the continent, for the greatest variety of uses; and so great is the demand for them that, despite the vast facilities of the establishment, they are seldom up with their orders in supplying them. With the machinery at present in operation, the factory is enabled to manufacture PIPE AND TUBE WOBKS OF TIE UNITED STATES. 323 tubes of this description of all sizes up to 8-8 inches, and which, it is needless to say, is a feat which cannot be accomplished by any other establishment of a similar kind in the country; and machinery is now being erected by which tubes of 12 inches in diameter can be manufactured. All of the tubes pass through the same processes, receive the same attention, and are equally perfect in construction, as none but the best American charcoal iron is employed in their manufacture. We have devoted so much space to the description of the processes involved in the manufacture of tubes, because it is the most abundant and by far the most interesting product of this great factory. To these products belong the machinery necessary in the manufacture of illuminating gas. And the establishment possesses the most ample facilities for erecting a gas works complete from the very beginning, the retorts and buildings involved, to the gas-holder for storing the gas; and-not to stop here-for the pipes for supplying and distributing it from the works to the house of the consumer, with all the variety of fittings of cast or wrought iron which can be imagined, and even the tools for the gas-fitter's trade, are here produced. In the construction of hot-water and steam-heating apparatus, the establishment has long been famous. One of the forms of hot-water furnaces designed.by Mr. THOMAS T. TASKER, formerly of the firm, has received most flattering commendation from the Committee of Science and Arts of the Franklin Institute. Of the many special devices originated or manufactured by this establishment, those connected with heating and ventilating appliances, but especially those pertaining to the manufacture and proper distribution of coal-gas, possess great interest. In the latter branch of industry, the works supply everything which is in the smallest degree connected with it, as a glance at the catalogue of innumerable items will suffice to show. To illustrate the facilities possessed by them in erecting gas-works, and. the advantages which they can afford to those desiring to introduce gas into towns or cities, a brief condensation, in which is enumerated a few of the most important adjuncts culled from the catalogue, will be given. Here are named, among numerous less important items, retorts, and all casting and wroughtiron work required for setting them, on the latest plan; tar-gates, wrought-iron standpipes, retort lids, coke wagons, and stokers' tools; exhausters and compensators; bypasses capable of passing from 4,000 to 150,000 cubic feet of gas per hour; with engines, governors, pressure and vacuum gauges; scrubbers, single or multitubular, with self-acting pumps for ammonia water; cataract, and single and multitubular spray washers; purifiers capable of purifying from 1,000 to 2,000,000 cubic feet of gas daily, with either wet or dry lime, or oxide of iron; carriages designed for lifting and removing the covers of purifiers, and arranged either for floor or overhead use; meters, square and round, of any capacityv; gas-holders, single-lift or telescope, with cast or wrought iron suspension frame; station governors, with regulating and indicating columns for inlet and outlet pipes; and dry governors, with flexible diaphragms for underground pipes; stop-valves, centre-seals, etc. In the last item, the establishment possesses the exclusive control of the manufacture of the improved forms of valves designed by Mr. P. MIUNZINGEri (who has for years been connected with the works), which designs have had almost universal introduction into gas-works, on account of various advantages. In addition to the varied product already noted, this firm introduced in June, 1873, an addition to the iron-tube product, which demands close attention, from its intrinsic merit, and the opportunity it affords for the adoption of low-priced iron tubing in uses from which 41 B24 PAIPE AND TTTBE WORKS OF' THE UNITED STATES. it was hitherto entirely excluded, by reason of the material composing it. This is the VULCANIZED RUBBER-COATED IRON TUBE. This new specialty in iron tubing is manufactured under FINLEY'S patent at the Pascal Iron Works, and has been thoroughly tested for two years previous to its introduction. The firm place it upon the market with the guarantee, which in their case is explicitly what it states, that wherever it may be introduced for tlhe passage of natural waters, either hot or cold, its merits will be acknowledged over either galvanized iron or lead tubes, which are now extensively used for such purpose, and to which, in many localities, decided prejudice exists. The indestructibility and purity of vulcanized rubber for the purposes for which it is here adopted are well known. The cost of this rubber-coated tubing is the same as for galvanized tubing and fittings. A thorough test of it, made in 1873 by Messrs. BOOTH & GARRETT, analytical chemists, of Philadelphia, has proved that it will bear a degree of heat above 300~, water having been boiled in it for several hours. Illuminating gas passed through it does not affect it, and the coating resists carbonic acid water, sulphuric and muriatic acid solutions, and caustic potash solution, while the neutral salts have no effect on it. The manufacture of this rubber-coated tubing may therefore be considered a decided step of progress in this industry. The following table shows the principal material used by MonRIS, TASKER & Co., at the Pascal Iron Works, Philadelphia, in the manufacture of wrought-iron tubes, also number of persons actually dependent upon them for support and means of living: Basis. 1 ton charcoal iron, representing 1 tons blooms, 140 hours' labor, 1X tons coal. 1 ton blooms, representing 3 tons ore, 50 hours' labor, 5 tons coal. 1 ton puddled iron, representing 1T- tons pig-iron, 77 hours' labor, 2 tons coal. 1 ton pig-iron, representing 21- tons ore, 25 hours' labor, 2 tons coal. I ton coal, representing 20 hours' labor. 1 ton ore, representing 15 hours' labor. 1 day's labor, representing 10 hours. 1 year, 300 working days. 1 man, representing four (women and children) dependent upon him for support. Actual consumption finished and pig-iron at Pascal Iron Works during 1872: 7,500 tons charcoal iron. 10,051k tons puddled iron. 5,625 tons pig iron. Items entering into production of finished iron and pig-iron: Coal. 37,500 tons consumed at Pascal Iron Works in making tubes. 46,875 " in making 9,375 tons blooms. 9,375 " " " 7,500 tons charcoal iron. 37,1421 " " 18,5711 tons pig iron. 20,102 " " 10,0511 - tons puddled iron. Men. one year. 150,995 tons, giving employment to.............. 1,006 PIPE AND TUBt WOTRKS OF THE UNITETD STATUS. 325 Labor. Men one year. 150,995 tons of coal consumed, giving employment to............. 1,006 Employed in production of tubes at Pascal Iron Works........... 1,563 Employed in production of iron: 7,500 tons finished charcoal iron, at 140 hours per ton, employs... 366 9,375 tons blooms, at 50 hours per ton, employs.............. 156 10,051} tons puddled iron, at 77 hours per ton, employs.......... 257 18,571 tons pig iron, at 25 hours per ton employs............. 155 74,552-2 tons iron ore, at 15 hours per ton, employs.............. 373 Total employed per year.................. 3,876 3,876 men, each representing four (women and children), dependent on him for support, equals 15,504 (fifteen thousand five hundred and four). Labor employed in handling, transportation (both by land and water), and in distributing this product of wrought-iron tubes, after it leaves place of manufacture, and dependent upon such distribution, not included in this table, would, upon a fair estimate, swell the total number of souls dependent upon this product of one manufacturer, up to at least 30,000 souls. To facilitate the distribution of goods, the firm has established the following agencies: MORRIS, TASKER & CO., New York; FULLER, DANA & FITZ, Boston; TART, BALL & HART, Buffalo, N. Y.; JOSEPH T. LYERSON, Chicago; THOMIAS DAY, San. Francisco; MARGENS & Co., Louisville, Ky.; CAMERON, BARCLAY & CO., Charleston, S. C.; ALLEN HILL, New Orleans; CLEVELAND, BROWN & CO., Cleveland, Ohio; and HUNTINGTON, HOPKINS & CO., Sacramento, Cal. The Tasker Iron Works.-Owing to the growth of their business, and difficulty in obtaining proper railway connections in Philadelphia, Messrs. MionRIS, TASKER & Co. purchased in January, 1873, a tract of land of 1,000 acres, adjoining New Castle, Delaware, and with a river frontage of over one mile, for the erection of an additional works to be called the Tasker Iron Works. Work has been prosecuted in these mills since May, 1873, being only temporarily suspended at the time of the panic, and they will be in operation as speedily as finished. The new works will include three separate mills, each 381 feet in length, but connected so as to make one building 1,143 feet by 150 feet. There is also a works for the heating of the blooms used in pipe manufacture by an improved process. At the tube works a wharf 800 feet long will be built, and the works when finished will employ 3,000 hands. For the accommodation of this population, the firm is building a city of 200 dwelling houses, each with five rooms, and supplied with bath and gas, and opening on streets 60 feet in width, lighted with gas and supplied with water. Here in the future will be a model town, which will show better than any description, the comfort, prosperity, and well-being of the American working-man. The locality chosen for these works is that of a very early settlement in 1637, by the Swedes, under the name of Sand 326 PIPE AND ftUB3 WORKS Oa T E UNITED STATES. huken. Later it was taken by the Dutch under Peter Stuyvesant, of Knickerbocker fame. In 1664, Sir ROBERT CARR captured the place and changed the name to New Castie. It is located just at the head of Delaware Bay, only sixty miles of deep and always open water navigation to the ocean. Railway communication is furnished by the Delavware lRailroad branch of the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad, to the north and east, as well as south, while, via the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad, the head waters of Chesapeake Bay are reached in seventeen miles. The locality ought to be a fine one for making iron, and it is not surprising that the firm projects the erection of blast furnaces here. It is within easy water carriage of ores from Virginia and [North Carolina; indeed, Virginia ores of excellent quality could be put here for less than $3 per ton, while for fuel, it commands both the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania, and the bituminous and splint coals of West Virginia, the latter the purest iron-making coal of the world, and one of the few which can be used for making iron raw. From this point, or some similar locality, will be shipped the American pig-metal which in the not very distant future will control the markets of the world. We have noted these works at length, as the representative pipe and tube works of the world, and have no hesitation in commending them to the examination of foreign engineers or manufacturers desirous of investigating the best types of the American iron industry. Junction Oar and Plue Worksa W. 0. Allison & Sons.-Thirty-second and Walnut Street. Character of product, wrought-iron tubes (flues) for boilers. (See also Car iWorks of Penn.) Cumberland Tube Works.-W-.. I. HART. 7 and 9 North Fifth Street. WTrought iron tubes and pipes. Girard Tube Works and Iron Co.-J. H. MI URPHr, President; C. T. MUrPHY, Treasurer; A. L. MURPHY, Secretary. Office, 42 North Fifth Street. Works, corner Twenty-third and Filbert Streets. Gloucester Iron Works.-DAvID S. BRowN, President. Office, 6 North Seventh Street. Works, Gloucester, N. J. Cast-iron gas and water pipe. Isaac J. Griffiths & Bro.-1537 South Seventh Street. Tubes. Jas. A. Griffiths.-1346 Whitehall Street. Wrought and cast-iron pipe, tubes, fittings, tools, etc. Thos. Hart.-Tubes. Twenty-third and Filbert Street. Pancoast & Maule.-227 Pear Street. Wrought-iron pipe and fittings. Succeed to MoIrTiS TAsSKRE & Co.'s steam heating department. PIPE AND TUBE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 827 Peace, Cox & Co.-35 South Fourth Street. Works, Bridgeton, N. J. Pipe and gas-fitters' tools. Seyfert M1VX anns & Co.-631 Chestnut Street. Works, Camden, N. J., and Reading, Penn. Kensington Iron Foundry and Pipe Works.-SMITH & ELLIS. Cast-iron pipe. 75 hands employed. Ri. D. Wood & Co.-400 Chestnut Street. Works, Florence and Millville, N. J. Cast-iron pipe, etc. Product, 50,000 tons annually. 500 hands employed. Pittsburgh. Evans, Dalzell & o. —Wrought-iron pipe and tubes. Works extensive. Graff Tube Works. —WMi. GRAFF & Co. 140 First Avenue. Wrought-iron pipe for water, gas, steam, and oil, and boiler tubes. This firm supplied the wrought-iron pipe used in the government boiler tests, made at Pittsburgh, and which was said to be of superior quality. The works is very extensive, with a large product, and always busy. Phillips & Cluley.-Wrought-iron pipe. National Foundry and Pipe Works.-Wr. SMITH & SONs. Office, Twenty-third Street, near Penn. Works on Penn, Smallman, Railroad, Twenty-third, and Twenty-Fourth Streets. Character of product, cast-iron gas and water pipe. Gas and water works, construction, etc. Annual capacity, 60,000 tons, or 200 tons of gas and water mains daily. This is claimed to be the largest pipe foundry in the world, and has great celebrity. It was established in 1854, and all pipe made here are cast vertically in dry sand, and in twelve-feet lengths. The consumption of iron by these works gives an idea of where the pig-metal goes to, as the amount used is equal to the annual product of five or six average blast frnaces, running on mineral coal or coke woith Aot last. Reading Tube Works.-SEYFERT, MGMANNS & CO., Reading, Penn. Philadelphia office, 631 Chestnut Street. Character of product, lap-welded boiler tubes made of refined charcoal iron, also wrought-iron pipe, plain and galvanized, and gas and steam fitters' tools. This is a very extensive works, and was established in 1839. It includes two blast furnaces, the Reading Furnaces, Reading Steam Forge, Gibraltar Forge and Rolling Mill, Scott Foundry and Machine Shop, Reading Sheet Mlill, Nail Works, and Tube Works. The works employs in all 2,500 hands, and makes pig-iron., bar, plate, hoop, band, scroll, rivet, spike, and horse-shoe iron, heavy armor plates, boiler plates, nails, spikes, rivets, lapwelded boiler-tubes, wrought-iron pipe, artesian and oil well tubings, all sizes annd gauges, sheet iron, steam engines, machinery, ordnance, projectiles, rolls, car-wheels, marine shaftings, etc., etc., etc. In the Scott Foundry are air furnaces of a melting capacity of 60 tons each, and cupolas of 10 tons. Here rolls of any size, and chilled car and driving wheels are made. The machine shops and boiler shops are among the largest in the country, and 328 PIPE AND TUBE WORKS OF THE'UNITED STATES. make blowing, pumping, and driving engines, including the CoRLIss engine. The entire plant for rolling-mills is contracted for here. The large condensers for the compound engines on the iron steamships of the American line were made at this works, and are the largest castings of the kind ever made in this country. In the Reading steam forge, marine shafting to a weight of 32 tons has been made, and all the heavy forgings for the American line of steamships was done here. At the Gibraltar forge, charcoal blooms are made, and a new mill is being built for rolling boiler and ship plates. The Reading Sheet mill has the exclusive right for the use of the Lauth patent, three high rolls for sheets. The same firm also owns the Camden Tool and Tube Works previously noted. West Reading Boiler and Machine Works.-MIILERTS & KINSEY. Cast-iron water pipe. 50 hands employed. Ohio. Evans, Clifton & Evans.-Cincinnati. Wrought-iron pipes, tubes, etc. Greenwood Pipe Co. —Canal and Walnut Streets, Cin. Pipe and fittings. Gaylord Iron and Pipe Co.-T. G. GAYLORD & CO., 92 Broadway, Cincinnati. Works, Newport, Ky. Cast-iron pipe. One of the largest works in the country. Cleveland Brass and Pipe Works.-J. R. WoswIcx & Co. Wrought-iron pipe and fittings. Forest Oity Pipe Works.-Cleveland.. HIA. oON, President; T. R. CHASE, VicePresident; J. FAIRMOUNT, Secretary and Treasurer. 50 hands employed. Cleveland City Iron Works.-SILAS AIERCHIANT, 78 River Street. Gas and water pipe all sizes. B. Barrett & Co.-Wooster. Specialty, gas pipe. Kentuoly. Gaylord Iron and Pipe Co.-Newport. T. (G. YLORD & Co. Office, 92 Broadway, Cinn, This is a very extensive works, melting nearly 100 tons daily into cast-iron gas and water pipe. Dennis Long & Co.-Louisville. This is one of the largest works in the country for cast-iron pipe, and includes three foundries. The product is favorably known throughout the country. A large amount of old cannon have been here converted into gas and PIPE AND TUBE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 329 water pipe. The works has three cupolas, and the casting-ladles run on tracks to the moulding pits, where all pipe is cast vertically. llichigan. North-western Gas and Water Pipe Manufacturing Co.-Bay City. Gas and water pipe (cast-iron). Missouri. Eagle Steam Pipe Works.-St. Louis. JOHN GooDwIN. Wrought and cast-iron steam pipe, specialty. Wisoonmn. Hoffman, Billings & Co.-Milwaukee. Wrought-iron gas and steam pipe and fittings. THE OVE ANUFACTUES OF THE UNIE STATES. 42 ~,,,,.,,,.,,,,, ~,~,,,,,,,!,.,,,,~,,,~,.I.,.~.-..IIII IAlt " I K..~i~' ~~~~~~W1.M WE Mi ii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ r~lllllli iiilr1\~YH~s~l~ifi~l ~,i i~ i,~,~it~' U, ~~~~-~_:~~ ~i~ THE STOVE MANUFACTURERS OF THE UNITED STATES. THE manufacture of stoves forms one of the most important consuming industries of the United States, as may readily be understood from the fact that not less than 250,000 tons of pig metal are annually consumed in this business. There are some two hundred and fifty firms or companies engaged in this industry in our country, and the statistics of the association representing those manufacturers, show that the number of the stoves manufactured in 1870 was, as nearly as could be estimated, 2,100,000, against 1,000,000 in 1860, being an increase of 110 per cent. This product represents a money value of nearly $50,000,000, while the value of the metal consumed would be at least seven and a half million dollars. No branch of the iron industry requires a more varied knowledge for its successful prosecution than that of the stove manufacturer. He must combine a thorough knowledge of the qualities of iron, the characteristics of the different grades as to fluidity in melting and ductility in casting, with a practical acquaintance with the best and most economical methods of melting iron. To this he must add a knowledge of fuels, and their effect upon iron in the furnace, the peculiarities of the different kinds of moulding sand, the method of moulding and casting stove plates and hollow-ware, the principles of combustion and economical consumption of fuel. To all these he needs, if he would be successful, to have a very appreciative eye for the beautiful in design and ornamentation, since our American purchaser requires in the stove which cooks his meals or warms his parlor, something more than an iron box which shall radiate heat by the consumption of fuel. The enormous number of stoves manufactured shows the extent to which they are used, and especially so when it is considered that the export trade in this line is comparatively small. As yet, our forms and styles of heating and cooking stoves have not been generally introduced either in England or Continental Europe. This is probably due to cheaper labor, lower-priced iron, and a different fuel in use abroad. The South American people have not yet become large customers for this line of goods, but the demand is growing, while, however, curiously enough, the Chinese and Japanese are buying in considerable and steadily increasing quantities. The stove manufacturers of the United States have within the past two years been thoroughly and practically organized, and the association includes a majority of those engaged in the business. It has been of great benefit in many ways, and few trade associations of the country have shown greater life or energy at their meetings. This association was originated by JOHN S. PERRY, Esq., of Albany, for many years a leading stove manufacturer, and who has since acted as its president. The reports of this 334 STOVE MANUFACTURERS OF THE UNITED STATES. body, and the transactions at the meetings, held semi-annually, furnish matter of general interest, as well of great value, to the trade represented. The officers of this association will be found under the head of Iron Associations, and the names of the stove manufacturers of the country, with their respective localities, and the average capacity of each works, is hereto appended, the whole being classified by States. Wood, Bishop & Co.-Location of works, Bangor. Average annual capacity, 275 tons stoves. Hinkley & Rollins.-Location of works, Bangor. Average annual capacity, 450 tons stoves. New Hampshire. Somerset lachine Co.-M. C. BURLEIGIH, Agent. Location of works, Great Falls, N. H. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons stoves. Iron foundry and machinery castings. Harrison Eaton.-Location of works, Amherst, N. H. Average annual capacity, 275 tons stoves. W. P. Ford & Co.-Location of works, Concord. Average annual capacity, 600 tons stoves. Hands employed, 30. Cole, Bugbee & Co.-Location of works, Lebanon. Average annual capacity, 450 tons stoves. B. J. Cole & Co.-Location of works, Lakeville. Average annual capacity, 425 tons stoves. Vermont. 0. E. Sheridan.-Location of works, Highgate, Vt. Average annual capacity, 280 tons stoves. Massaohusetts. Miles, Pratt & Co.-Location of works, Boston. Office, High Street, near Oliver. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons stoves. Pratt & Wentworth.-Location of works, Boston. Office, 87 and 91 North Street. Average annual capacity, 1,800 tons stoves. STOVE MANUFACTURERS OF THE UMKITED STATES. 335 Magee Furnace Co.-Location of works, Boston. Office, 36 and 38 Union St. Average annual capacity, 1,150 tons stoves and heaters. Boston and Maine Foundry Co.-Location of works, Boston. Office, 139 Friend St. Average annual capacity, 1,800 tons stoves. Gardner Chilson.-Location of works, Boston. Office, 99 and 101 Blackstone St. Average annual capacity, 1,200 tons stoves and heaters. Dighton Furnace Co.-Location of works, Dighton and Boston. Office, 98 North St. Average annual capacity, 1,450 tons stoves. Barstow Stove Co.-Office, 116 North St., Boston. Joseph L. Bates.-Office, Scates Building, Boston. Location of works, Brighton. L. Chubbuck.-Office, 10 Bedford St., Boston. Hot-air furnaces, ventilators, and chimney tops. Plymouth Iron Foundry Co. —Location of works, Plymouth. Average annual capacity, 700 tons stoves. L. M:. Leonard.-Location of works, Taunton. Average annual capacity, T00 tons stoves. Taunton Iron Works Co.-Location of works, Taunton. Average annual capacity, 800 tons stoves. Sampson, Perkins & Co.-Location of works, Taunton. Average annual capacity, 450 tons stoves. Union Furnace Co.-Proprietor, JOSEPH WRIGHT. Location of works, Taunton. Average annual capacity, 700 tons stoves. 40 hands employed. Somerset Co-operative Foundry.-Location of works, Somerset. Average annual capacity, 450 tons stoves. Matt, Ellis & Co. —Location of works, South Carver. Average annual capacity, 850 tons stoves. Gonnecticut. Stamford Foundry Co.-Location of works, Stamford. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. N...Austin & Co. —Location of works, Norwalk. Average annual capacity, 650 tons stoves. Richmond Stove Company.-Location of works, Norwich. Average annual capacity, 700 tons stoves. 336 STOVE MANUFACTURERS OF THE UNITED STATES. Rhode Island. Cove Foundry.-W.. S. GANGER & Co. Location of works, Providence. Average annual capacity, 700 tons stoves. Spicer & Peckham.-Location of works, Providence. Average annual capacity, 875 tons stoves. Comstock Foundry Co. —Location of works, Providence. Average annual capacity, 1,300 tons stoves. Barstow Stove Co.-Location of works, Providence. Average annual capacity 2,800 tons stoves. Silver Lake Foundry Co.-Location of works, Olneyville. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. Rhode Island Stove Works.-Location of works, Pawtucket. Average annual capacity, 680 tons stoves. New York. Troy Stove Works.- BUTDETT, SMITH & CO. Location of works, Troy. 120 men employed. Average annual capacity, 1,500 tons, equal to 15,000 stoves. Bussey, McLeod & Co.-Locations of works, Troy and Chicago. Average annual capacity, 2,300 tons stoves. John H. Quackenbush.-Location of works, Troy. Average annual capacity, 950 tons stoves. Co-operative Foundry Co. —Location of works, Troy. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. Victor Foundry.-EDDY, CORSE & Co. Location of works, Troy. Average annual capacity, 1,200 tons, equal to 12,000 stoves, heaters, etc. Number of hands, 125. Vail Avenue Foundry. —. G. GILES & SON. Location of works, Troy. Average annual capacity, 1,000 tons, equal to 6,000 stoves. 75 hands. Fuller, Warren & Co. —Location of works, Troy and Chicago. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons stoves. G. H. Phillips & Co.-Location of works, Troy. Average annual capacity, 1,450 tons stoves. STOVE MANUFACTURERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 337 Sheldon & Greene. -Location of works, Troy. Average annual capacity, 280 tons stoves. H. & H. S. Church.-Location of works, Troy. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. James Wager. -Location of works, Troy. Average annual capacity, 1,850 tons stoves. Swett, Quimby & Perry.-Location of works, Troy. Average annual capacity, 1,900 tons stoves. Hicks & Wolfe.-Location of works, Troy. Average annual capacity, 3,500 tons stoves. 150 hands employed. Palmer & Hicks. — Location of works, Troy. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. Potter & Co. —Location of works, Troy. Average annual capacity, 700 tons stoves. Foxell & Jones.-Location of works, Troy. Average annual capacity valued at $150,000. 75 hands employed. G. W. Eddy.-Location of works, Troy. Average annual capacity, 1,900 tons stoves. D. E. Paris & Co.-Location of works, Troy. Average annual capacity, 1,450 tons stoves. J. L. Mott Iron Works.-Location of works, New York. Office, 90 Beekman St. Average annual capacity, 2,700 tons stoves. Uniion Stove Works.-Location of works, New York. Office 88 Beekman St. Average annual capacity, 2,300 tons stoves. Munsell & Thompsona.-Location of works, New York. Office, 218 Water St. Average annual capacity, 2,250 tons stoves. Southard, lRobertson & Co.-Location of works, New York. Office, 231 Water St. Average annual capacity, 1,400 tons stoves. Richardson, Boynton & Co.-Location of works, New York. Office, 234 Water St. Average annual capacity, 800 tons stoves. P. p911haus & Co.-Location of works, New York. Office, 248 Water St. Average annual capacity, 600 tons stoves. J. H. Keyser & Co.-Location of works, 105 East Ninth St., New York. Office, 211 Water St. Average annual capacity, 650 tons stoves. 338 STOVE MANUFACTURERS OF THE UNITED STATES. Filley & Lyma. —-Location of works, New York and Troy. 228 Water St. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. Burtis & Graff.-Location of works, New York. Office, 206 Water St. Average annual capacity, 700 tons stoves. Gibbs, Burke & Co.-Location of works, New York. Office, 206 Water St. Ely & Ramsay.-Location of works, New York. Office, 207 Water St. Average annual capacity, 250 tons stoves. Blackwells & Burr.-Location of works, New York. Average annual capacity, 475 tons stoves. J. Savery's Sons.-Location of works, New York. Office, 97 Beekman St. Average annual capacity, 1,400 tons stoves. American Stove Works.-Peekskill and New York. Average annual capacity, 1,450 tons stoves. M0ontrose, Lent & Co.-Location of works, Peekskill and New York. Average annual capacity, 950 tons stoves. Hubbell Bros.-Location of works, Buffalo. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. Jewett & Root.-Location of works, Buffalo and Chicago. 5,000 tons stoves. G. B. Bull.-Location of works, Buffalo. Average annual capacity, 1,400 tons stoves. Hunt & Miller.-Location of works, Hudson. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. J. S. & I. Peckham. Location of works, Utica. Average annual capacity, 1,800 tons stoves. Russell Wheeler.-Location of works, Utica. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. N. Brayer (Co-operative Foundry Co.).-Location of works, Rochester. Average annual capacity, 920 tons stoves. Norman H. Galusha.-Location of works, Rochester. Average annual capacity, 700 tons stoves. Sill Stove 0o.-Location of works, Rochester. Average annual capacity, value, $175,000. Number of hands, 75. STOVE MANUFACTURERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 339 lRathbone Stove Works.-Proprietors, RATIBONE, SARD & Co. Location of works, Albany and Chicago. Ayerage annual capacity, 4,000 tons, equal to 40,000 stoves. Number of hands, 365. H. Ransom & Co.-Location of works, Albany. Average annual capacity, 2,800 tons stoves. B. McCoy. —Location of works, Albany. Average annual capacity, 1,350 tons stoves. Van Wermer & 1ocGarvey.-Location of works, Albany. Average annual capacity, 1,200 tons stoves. S. W. Gibbs & Oo.-Location of works, Albany and New York. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. Treadwell Stove Co.-Location of works, Albany. Average annual capacity, 480 tons stoves. Backus, Button & Co.-Location of works, Albany. Average annual capacity, 450 tons stoves. Littlefield Stove iManufacturing Co.-Location of works, Albany. Average annual capacity, 1,500 tons furnaces and stoves. 200 hands employed. Oriental & American Stove Works.-PERRY & Co. Location of works, 115 Hudson Avenue, Albany. Office, 86 Beekman St., New York. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons stoves. This well-known establishment has been in successful operation under various firms for more than sixty years. There is but one foundry north of the Highlands its senior. It has ever been noted for the excellent quality of its productions, and for its uniformly advanced position in all matters of improvement. The successful introduction of the base-burning principle, now so popular, is in a great measure due to sagacity and skill of this firm. They have also perfected the application of the clinkerless grate to all heating structures, which is making such a revolution in coal burning. They have now taken up the new steam-heating furnace, invented by II. G. BUTCKLEY, Esq., and as absolutely pure and healthful air is guaranteed from it, and the cost is within the reach of all, it will prove, without doubt, a public blessing. It is to such progressive firms that much is due for the advancement of our manufacturing industries. Messrs. PERRY c& Co. Inanufacture yearly about 5,000 tons of stoves and furnaces, representing a product valued at about one million dollars. J. B. IcDavidson & Co. —Location of works, Albany. Average annual capacity, 500 tons stoves. Wm. Doyle.-Location of works, Albany. Average annual capacity, 1,400 tons stoves. 43 340 STOVE JMANUFACTURIZES OF THIIE ITED STATES. John A. Goewey.-Location of works, Albany. Average annual capacity, 1,900 stoves. Sanford & Shute.-Location of works, Schenectady. Average annual capacity, 450 tons stoves. New 3Jersey, Phillipsburg Stove Works.-Location of works, Phillipsburg. Office, New York. Average annual capacity, 950 tons stoves. Carbon Stove Co.-Location of works, Burlington. New York office, 234 Water St. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. Pennsylvania. Philadelphia Hollow W'are Co. —BARows, SAVERY & Co. Location of works, 1401 South Front St. Specialty, hollow-ware castings. 150 hands employed. Tibbals, Shirk & Whitehed. —Location of works, Erie and Chicago. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons stoves. Leibrandt & oLDowell Stove Co.-Location of works, Philadelphia. Average annual capacity, 2,750 tons stoves. 250 hands. American Stove and Hollow Ware Co.-Location of works, Second and Mifilin Sts., Philadelphia. Average annual capacity, 1,800 tons stoves. Excelsior Stove'W.rks.-I. A. SHIEPPAkD & Co. Loction of worksl 1018 Marshall St., Philadelphia. Average annual capacity, 5,000 tons stoves. 200 hands employed. Quakertown Stove Works. —TInoIaA ROBERTS, STEVENSSO: & CO. Locationl of works, Philadelphia. Average annual capacity, 1,200 tons stoves. 75 hands emnployecd. Liberty Stove Wor Fs. —C:~ ARLES NOBLE & Co. Location of works, Plliladelphia. Average annual capacity, 2,400 tons stoves. Cox, Whitenan & Cox.-Location of works, American and Dauphin Sts., Philadelphia. Office, 106 North Second St. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons stoves. 110 hands employed. Stuart Peterson & Co.-Location of works, corner Broad and WVillow Sts., Philadelphia. Average annual capacity, 1,900 tons stoves. Jamres Spear & Co.-Location of works, Philadelphia. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons stoves. John J. Roeper.-Location of works, Philadelphia. Average ananual capacity, 800 tons stoves. STOVE MANUFACTURERS OF TlHE Ur ITED STATES. 341 Shuntz & Keeley.-Location of works, Philadelphia. Average annual capacity, 1,300 tons stoves. T. McIlvain & Co.-Location of works, corner Eighth St. and Washington Avenue, Plhiladelphia. 48 hands employed. South Erie Iron Works.-Location of works, Erie. Average annual capacity, 450 tons stoves. Orr, Painter & Co. —Location of works, Reading. Average annual capacity, 1,400 tons stoves. Johnson, Black & Co.-Location of works, Erie. Average annual capacity, 1,300 tons stoves. U3nion Stove anufacturing Co. -Location of works, Pittston. Average annual capacity, 450 tons stoves. Susquehanna Iron Works.-I lAYMoND & CAMPBELL. Location of works, Middletown. Average annual capacity, 400 tons stoves. March, Sisler & Co.-Location of works, Limerick Bridge. Average annual capacity, 475 tons stoves. Continental Stove and Variety Works. —FrPANcIS, BUOCWVALTER & Co. Location of vorks, Royer's Ford. Average annual capacity, 1,200 tons stoves. 60 men employed. Scranton Stove lManufacturing Oo.-F. F. HURST, President; J. A. BnrcE, Secretary. Location of works, Scranton. Average annual capacity, 5,000 stoves. 50 hands employed. Lehigh Stove Co.-Location of works, eleiton. Average annual capacity, 700 tons stoves. H. 0. Silr man.-Location of works, Providence. Average annual capacity, 4t00 tons stoves. Garhart; & Co.-Location of works, Tunckhannock. Average annual capacity, 200 tons stoves. RIosenbeyer, Light & Co. —Location of works, Lebanon. Average annual capacity, 480 tons stoves, economy Stove Works.-A. F. WOt. O. Location of vmorls, Beaver Falls. Average annual capacity, 000 tons stoves. 35 hands employed. Co-operative Stove Co.-Location of works, Beaver Falls. Average annual capacity, 200 tons stoves. 342 STOVE MANUFACTURERS OF TIHE UNITED STATES. A. Bradley & Co.-Location of works, Pittsburg. Average annal capacity, 1,C00 tons stoves. litchell, Stevenson & Co.-Loation of works, Pittsburg. Average annual capacity, 1,850 tons stoves. J. B. Herron & Co.-Location of works, Pittsburg. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons stoves. De Haven & Son.-Location of works, Pittsburg. Average annual capacity, 1,400 tons stoves. Graff, Hurgus & Co.-Location of works, Pittsburg. Average annual capacity, 1,800 tons stoves. Bissel & Oo.-Location of works, Pittsburg. Average annual capacity, 1,800 tons stoves. Anshultz & Co.-Location of works, Pittsburg. Average annual capacity, 1,400 tons stoves. Maryland. Isaac A. Sheppard & Co.-Location of works, Baltimore. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. Armstrong & Co.-Location of works, Port Deposit. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. Virginia. Richmond Architectural Works.-Location of works, Richmlond. Average annual capacity, 1,300 tons stoves. West Virginia. J. Bell & Oo.-Location of works, Wheeling. Average annual capacity, 875 tons stoves. Culbertson & Fisher.-Location of works, Wheeling. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. D. Lynn & Co.-Location of works, Wheeling. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. Sweeneys & Co.-Location of works, Wheeling. Average annual capacity, 950 tons stoves. STOVE MANUFACTURERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 343 J. 0. Miller.-Location of works, New Cumberland. Average annual capacity, 650 tons stoves. 0. S. Despard & Co.-Location of works, Parkersburg. Average annual capacity, 600 tons stoves. Geo. Davis & Co. —Location of works, Charleston, West Va. Average annual capacity, 600 tons. Delaware... Pickles. —Location of works, Wilmington. Average annual capacity, 480 tons stoves. lMicohigan, Iichigan Stove Co.'s Works.-President, F. PALMS; Secretary, G. HI. BARBOUR. Location of works, Detroit. Average annual capacity, 1,900 tons stoves. Value, $200,000. 300 hands, Detroit Stove Works.-WM. II. TEFFT. Location of works, Detroit. Average annual capacity, 3,000 tons stoves. 250 hands employed. J. D. Miller, Agent.-Location of works, Wyandotte. Average annual capacity, 450 tons stoves. Ohio. Myers, Rouse & Co.-Location of works, Cleveland. Office, 129 Water St. Average annual capacity, 1,500 tons stoves. 150 hands employed. Low, Crowl & Co.-Location of works, Cleveland. Average annual capacity, 1,400 tons stoves. G. B. Burton.-Location of works, Cleveland. Average annual capacity, 450 tons stoves. Cleveland Co-operative Stove Co.-Location of works, Cleveland. Average annual capacity, 1,800 tons stoves. Cleveland Stove Co.-Location of works, Cleveland. Average annual capacity, 1,800 tons stoves. Hitchcock & Carter.-Location of works, Cleveland. Average annual capacity, 1,400 tons stoves. Geauga Stove Co.-Location of works, Painesville. Average annual capacity, 675 tons stoves. 30 hands employed. 844 STOVE MANUFACTUREERS OF TIlIE UNITED STATES. Perry Stove Co.-Location of works, Salem. Average annual capacity, 680 tons stoves. Victor Stove Co.-Location of works, Salem. Average annual capacity, 650 tons stoves. Salem Stove Works.-J. WOODRUFF & SON. Location of works, Salem. 40 hands. Average annual capacity, 680 tons stoves. Value, $8,000. Ohio Stove Co.-Location of works, Tiffin. F. P. BLooM, General Manager. Average annual capacity, 850 tons stoves. 60 hands employed. Defiance Stove Co.-Location of works, Defiance. Average annual capacity, 450 tons stoves. Taplin, Rice & Co.-Location of works, Akron. Average annual capacity, 950 tons stoves. G. W. Gill.-Location of works, Columbus. 53 hands. Average annual capacity, 600 tons, equal to 7,000 stoves. 53 hands. Chamberlain & Co.-Location of works, Cincinnati. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. Galway, Semple & Co.-Location of works, Cincinnati. Average annual capacity, 2,400 tons stoves. Wm. Resor & Co.-Location of wvorks, Cincinnati. Average annual capacity, 2,350 tons stoves. Meeres, Olhaber & Co.-Location of works, Cincinnati. Average annual capacity, 3,8000 tons stoves. Miami Stove Works.-YourvTEE, IIOLLISTER & Co. Location of w-orks, Cincinnati. Olice, 94 West Secold St. Average annual capacity, 1,800 tons stoves. Greenwood Stove Co.-Location of wolrks, Cincinnati. Average annual capacity, 1,750 tons stoves. Redway & Burton.-Location of works, Cin-cilnnati. Average annual capacity, 2,4)00 tons stoves. Pomeroy, Peckover & Co.-Location of works, Cincinnati. Average annual capacity, 1,900 tons stoves. W. 0. Davis & Oo.-Location of works, Cincinnati. Averago annual capacity, 1,400 tons stoves. STOVE MANUFACTURERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 345 Kellenger & Co. —Location of works, Massillon. Average annual capalcity, 680 tons stoves. Greer & King.-Location of works, Dayton. Average annual capacity, 1,400 tons stoves. Brown & Irwin.-Location of works, Dayton. Average annual capacity, 950 tons stoves. Dayton Stove and Hollow Ware FoundryN, EFF & BENNETT. Location of works, Dayton. Average annual capacity, 400 tons stoves. 20 hands. Beyer & McMlaster.-Location of works, Dayton. Average annual capacity, 500 tons stoves, etc. Sharp & Son.-Location of works, Steubenville. Average annual capacity, 450 tons stoves, etc. J. W. Gray & Co.-Location of works, Martin's Ferry. Average annual capacity, 400 tons stoves. Woodoocok & Bros.-Location of works, Bridgeport. Average annual capacity, 450 tons stoves. Shinnick, Woodside & Gibbons.-Location of works, Zanesville. Average annual capacity, 500 tons stoves. Jones & Abbott. —Location of works, Zanesville. Average annual capacity, 650 tons stoves. H. Wells & Bro. —Location of works, Martin's Ferry. Average annual capacity, 680 tons stoves. Cochran, Bozeman & Co.-Location of works, McConnellsville. Average annual capacity, 480 tons stoves. W PF. Robertson & Oo.-Location of works, Beverly. Average annual capacity, 480 tons stoves. A. T. Nye & Son. —Location of works, Marietta. Average annual capacity, 450 tons stoves. J. E. Wall & Co.~-Location of works, IBarnesville. Average annual capacity, 400 tons stoves. 346 STOVE MIANUFACTURERS OF THE UNITED STATES. M. G. Knox & Co.-Location of works, -larmar. Average annual capacity, 400 tons stoves. H. Everhart & Co. —Location of works, Portsmouth. Average annual capacity, 675 tons stoves. Martin, Henderson & Co.-Location of works, Hanging Rock. Average annual capacity, 950 tons stoves. Warren Stove Works.-Proprietors, JAMES REED & SONS. Location of works, Warren. Average annual capacity valued at $65,000. 30 hands employed. Indiana. Delos Root & Co.-Location of works, Indianapolis. Average annual capacity, 950 tons stoves. Mothershead & Morris.-Location of works, 32 South Meridian Street, Indianapolis. Average annual capacity, 1,500 tons, equal 15,000, stoves. 90 hands. Excelsior Stove Worls.-I 3LEMKER, TILLEM & CO. Location of works, Evansville. Average annual capacity valued at $125,000. 45 hands. Browneller, Grayville & Co.-Location of works, Evansville. Average annual capacity, 600 tons stoves. I. H. Poelker & C. —Location of works, Evansville. Average annual capacity, 500 tons stoves. Men employed, 50. National Stove and Hollow Ware Foundry.-G. F. I-. GOniIAN & Co. Location of works, New Albany. Average annual capacity, 500 tons stoves. 50 hands. R. L. Ball.-Location of works, Terre Haute. Average annual capacity, 500 tons stoves. Ulinois. Rock Island Stove CO.-F... OBINsoN, President; A. WHITE, Secretary and Superintendent. Location of works, Rock Island. Average annual capacity, 6,000 stoves. 40 hands employed. Coulter & Proctor.-Location of works, Peoria. Average annual capacity, 975 tons stoves. A. N. Bain & Co.-Location of works, Charleston. Average annual capacity, 700 tons stoves. STOVE MAN UFACTUREES OF TIIE UNITED STATES. 347 Bloomington Stove Manufacturing Co. —Location of works, Bloomington. Average annual capacity, 700 tons stoves. Phoenix Stove Works.-C OMSTOCK, CASTLE & Co. Location of works, Quincy. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons stoves. 100 hands employed. Bonnett & Duffy.-Location of works, Quincy. Average annualc.apacity, 1,000 tolls stoves. 60 hands employed. Excelsior Stove Works.-Location of works, Quincy. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. Thomas White.-Location of works, Quincy. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. William N. 0oore. —Location of works, Joliet. Average annual capacity, 680 tons stoves. Collins & Burgie.-Location of works, corner of Clinton and Congress Streets, Chicago. Average annual capacity, 90i tons, equal to 12,000 stoves. Ilands employed 150. Established 1858. W. H. Whitehead.-Location of works, Chicago. Average annual capacity, 800 tons stoves. Chicago Stove Works. —C. A. M. LEOD, President. Location of works, Blue Island Avenue and Twenty-second Street, Chicago. Average annual capacity, 2,000 tons stoves. 80 hands employed. Kentuoky. J. Droge & Co.-Location of works, Covington. Average annual capacity, 950 tons stoves. Bridgeford & Co.-Location of works, Louisville. Average annual capacity, 1,900 tons stoves. J. S. Lithgrow & Co.-Location of works, Louisville. Average annual capacity, 1,450 tons stoves. Baxter, Kyle & Co.-Location of works, Louisville. Average annual capacity, 975 tons stoves. Hackett M anufacturing Co.-Location of works, Louisville. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. Fischer, LTa & Co.,-Iocation of wor.kss Louisville. A.verage annual capacity, 875 tons stoves. 44 348 STOVE MAANUFACTURERS OF THE UNITED STATES. Excelsior Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, St. Louis. Average annual capacity, 6,000 tons stoves, equal to 50,000 stoves. 330 hands employed. Bridge, Beach & Co.-Location of works, St. Louis. Average annual capacity, 2,200 tons stoves. Buck & Wright.-Location of works, St. Louis. Average annual capacity, 2,350 tons stoves. Curtis Stove Mianufacturing Co.-MIARn CURTIS, President; E. C. CURTIS, Secretary. Location of works, St. Louis. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. 70 hands employed. Chas. Gage & Co.-Location of works, St. Louis. Average annual capacity, 900 tons stoves. Western Stove Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, St. Louis. Average annual capacity, 1,300 tons stoves. H. Bakewell & Son.-Location of works, St. Louis. Average annual capacity, 800 stoves. Iowa. Comstock Bros. & Co.-Location of works, Keokuk. Average annual capacity, 900 tons. Wisconsin. Dutcher, Vose & Adams.-Location of works, Milwaukee. Average annual capacity, 1,800 tons stoves. Brand & Corsen.-Location of works, Milwaukee. Average annual capacity, 680 tons stoves. G. A. Abert.-Location of works, Milwaukee. Average annual capacity, 650 tons stoves. Solar Stove Works.-WM. N. ~N. 10R. Location of works, Neenah. Average annual capacity, 5,000 stoves. 30 hands employed. Peckham & Kruger.-Location of works, Neenah. Average annual capacity, 4,500 stoves. Consume 300 tons iron. Established 1867. Neenah Stove Works.-SMITIH VAN OSTRAND, and LEAVENS, Proprietors. Location STOVE MANUFACTURERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 349 of works, Neenah. Average annual capacity, 5,000 stoves. Consume 375 tons iron. Established 1857. Kansas. Great Western Mianufacturinsg Co.-Location of works, Leavenworth. Average annlal capacity, 480 tons stoves. Georgia. D. Harris. —Location of works, Columbus. Average annual capacity, 450 tons stoves. Rome Manufacturing Co.-Location of works, Rome. Average annual capacity, 450 tons stoves. RECAPITULATION OF STOVE FOUNDRIES. Tons Stoves, etc. Maine........... Number of works, 2. Annual capacity.......... 725 New -Hampshire.6......... 2050 Vermont............ " " 1 " ".......... 280 Massachusetts........ " " 13 " ".........14,600 Connecticut........... 3 " " 2,450 PRhode Island........ " 6 ".5.......... New York......... " " " ".......... T,55 New Jersey........ 2 1" ". 13850 Pennsylvania........ " " 32 "..........41,155 Maryland............ " 2 "...... 1,800 Virginia.......... ~" 1 - ".......... 1 1,300 West Virginia........ ".......... 7 5475 Delaware........... " 1.......... 480 Michigan........ " " 3 4"..........,550 Ohio.........." 40.......... 42,150 Indiana............. ".......... 4,360 Illinois.....-...... " 12 "......... 12,105 IKentucky..... " 6 "......... 050 Missouri....... " ". "......7 13,350 IoNwa.. 1 ".......... 900 Wisconsin............ ".......... 3,980 Georgia........... " 2.......... 900 22 States. Number of works, 216. Annual capacity......... 240,340, or 2,403,400 stoves. 350 STOVE MTANUFACTUPERS OF TTIE UNITED STATES. Consumption of Iron by the Stove Foundries. CLASSIFIED BY CITIES AND STATES. Tons consumed. Tons consumed. siaine. Delaware. Number of works, 2............... 800 umber of works, 1............... 500 New Hampshire. Number of works 2,500 Number of works, 3............... 5,000 Number of works, 6.............. 2,500 Ohio. Vermont. 1Cleveland, 5...................... 9,500 Number of works, 1............ 300 Cincinnati, 10................... 2250 lMassachusetts. Painesville and Salem 4........... 4,000 IvBoston 6.... a10,000 Tiffin, Defiance, Akron, Columbus, 4. 2,750 JB~ostoull, 6 b~Daton, 4........................ Iarn Dighton, Plymouth, Taun, Dayton, S4out. ayt... Carver, Somerset, 7.............. 7,600 Steubenville, Miartins Fe, and Total, Massachusetts,.... 17,600 Bridgeport, 4................ 000 Zanesville, 2.....,................ 1,000 Connecticut. McConnelIsville, and Beverly, 2..... 1,000 Number of works, 3.............. 2,750 Warren, Barnesville, ilarmar, and'Rhode IslandM. lMassilon,...................... 2,105 Providence, 4.................... 6,500 Providence, 4.. 6,500 Marietta, Portsmouth, and Irontn,3 2,500. Olneyville and Pawtucket, 2........ 1,750 Ind ana. Indianapolis, 2.................. 1,500 Evansville, 3................... 2,250 Troy, 18......................... 27,050 New Albany and Terre Iaute, 2... 1,500 New York, 17................. 22,050 Buffalo, 3........................ 10000 Illinois. Utica, 2.............. 3000 hiago, 2.............2.... 0 Rochester, 3.......Qu y............ 0.............. 000 Albany, 12............. 22,000 Bloomington, Joliet, and Charleston, Hudson, Schenectady, 2. 50 25,00..... Rockland and Peoria,........... 1,750 New Jersey. K. Number of works, 2............... 2,000 Louisville, 5................. 6,000 Pennsylvania. Covington, 1..................... 1,000 Philadelphia, 10.................. 19,500 lssor Erie, 2.......................... 2,000 St. Louis, 7................. 15,500 Reacing, Pittston, Limerick Bridge, 3500 Iowa. ~Royers Ford, 5................. 3,500 Keokuk, Royer's ForTd, 3,500 Fr.Keokuk, 1....................... 1,000 Scranton, Lehighton, Providence, Tunchannock, 4................ 3,000 Kansas. Pittsburgh, 7.................... 13,000 Number of works, 1............... 500 Beaver Falls, 2................. 800 s Maryland. Milwaukee, 3..................... 3,500 Number of works, 2............... 2,000 Neenah, 2.................. 1,000 Virginia. Georgia. Number of works, 1............,500 R 1 N ~ Columbus, 1.................... 500 West Virginia. C b 1 Number of works, 5........... 4,750 Total consumption of pig-iron, tons, 275,300 71n 2;4; P At P^ _ ^e^ ~r~c eS ^ r^ e^ 5 GO~L bs^s 0 IRON BRIDGE NVORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. IN no department of the iron manufacture has American mechanical skill been more thoroughly tested, or made more direct progress, than in iron bridge building. The rapid increase of our railway system has demanded of bridge constructors economical, light, and strong viaducts, in some cases of a size equal to any of the largest foreign works, and in all, of superior workmanship. The success attained in this line leaves nothing to be desired. Not only have our American establishments completed bridges rivalling English and Continental engineering works, but they have successfully competed with English works on American soil. This was the case in the International Bridge which crosses the Niagara River at Black Rock, and connects the United States of America with the Domilnion of Canada. The contract for this bridge was obtained by the Phlcnixville Bridge Works, of Pennsylvania, against all the noted bridge-builders of England, among whom was the well-known works of Sir JAMES FAIEBAImmN. The East River Bridge, New York, the Missouri River Bridge at Council Bluffs, and the great steel bridge at St. Louis, are examples of the highest type of American bridge construction. But the uses of iron bridges are by no means confined to railroad bridges. The rapid increase in the substitution of iron for wood in building has extended to the purely agricultural regions, and we now find, especially in the West, iron bridges very generally spanning streams or country highways, and almost universal in cities and villages where such viaducts are required. The consumption of iron in this line is very considerable, and the bridge companies must rank high in the list of iron-consuming industries. The great variety of styles and of systems upon which American bridges are built gives ample opportunity for the advocate of any theory to find an exponent among our constructors; but the greater lightness of American bridges over those of foreign construction is everywhere manifest, and is due to the better quality of American iron used. Another peculiarity of American bridges is, that they leave the works ready for erection. Abroad, almost the same time is required to erect a bridge on the spot where it is to be used, as has been employed in its construction in the works. By the American system the erection is a matter of brief time. The improvements in foundation and pier structures with the use of the pneumatic pile, have demanded and require the highest engineering skill, which, it is agreeable to note, has been fully supplied by American talent. With the growth of our country must come an immense increase in this branch of the iron industry, until it shall occupy a position of the first importance. Following will be found particulars of the Iron Bridge Works of the United States, with many details of interest. The following description of the St. Louis Steel Bridge over the MIfissouri River, constructed under the plans and superintendence of Captain JAMES B3. EADs, and the superstructure furnished by the Keystone Bridge Co., of Pittsburg, and of the great bridge across 356 IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. the Missouri River at St. Charles, Mo., on the St. Louis, Kansas City, and Northern Short Line Railroad, will be found of interest, as showing the details of construction of model American iron bridges. They are collected from various sources: THE ST. LOUIS STEEL BRIDGE. The necessity of constructing a bridge at St. Louis, if she was not to be left behind in the race, has long been apparent. Plans for its construction have long been proposed by ELLET, BISSELL, and IOEBLING, and in 1865 by the City Engineer, MVr. IIomEB. The three first-named engineers adopted the suspension system, while Mr. HOMEn suggested the box-girder system, as,applied at the Britannia bridge. None of them contemplated the accommodation of both common and railroad travel, and neither of these plans inspired sufficient confidence as to its practicability and economy to induce capitalists to invest. In the spring of 1867, Captain JAS. B. EADS, who, during the war, had been engaged in building gunboats for the Government, conceived the idea of erecting a permanent bridge, which should serve for railroad purposes as well as for those of ordinary travel, and by his known energy and ability easily succeeded in rallying to his support some of his friends possessing great wealth and the spirit of enterprise, so necessary in an undertaking of this kind. Surveys were at once commenced, borings made to ascertain the depth of the bedrock in the Mississippi River, and after mature deliberation of all points of importance the location and system of construction was decided upon, which, since then, have only been changed in some minor details. The location selected was that at the foot of Washington Avenue, on account of its being centrally located, and, west of Third Street, one of the broadest streets of the city, with very easy grades. This location also admitted of a connection of the Eastern roads with the roads entering the city through the valley of MIVill Creek, without crossing any street on grade. The river at this point is of less width than either above or below, and the shore-line well defined and secured on either shore by substantial levees (wharfs). But shortly after the St. Louis and Illinois Bridge Co. (under which title charters from both Missouri and Illinois have been obtained) had commenced active operations, a rival company was started by Mr. BooMER, of Chicago, who for many years had been a successful bridge builder, and who succeeded in enlisting some prominent citizens of St. Louis in furtherance of his own and opposition to Mr. EADS' plan. Captain EADs proposed to build the bridge in three spans, viz., two arches of 497 feet, and the centre arch of 515 feet span. The bridge was to have a double railroad track and a roadway 50 feet wide. All his foundations, with the exception of the eastern shore pier, were to be founded on the rock. The plan proposed by Mr. BooMEIR comprised two spans of 350 feet each, and four of 264 feet each. The bridge was to have a single track and two roadways 17 feet wide, with 8 feet sidewalk, over the same level with the railroad track. It was considered unnecessary to place the foundations of all the piers on the rock bottom. To strengthenhis cause, Mr. BBOOMER called a convention of some of the most distinguishecd engineers in the country, and their printed report, dated August 31, 1867, endorses most fully Mir. BooMERn'S plan; and in referring to Captain EADS' plan, which, however, had IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 357 not been examined by them, they expressed their unqualified disapproval of spans of 500 feet. They furthermore declared in the same report that there was no engineering precedent for spans of 500 feet, which would furnish them with any reliable data on the question of material and workmanship in spans of such great length. This report was signed by 28 engineers, some of them considered as standing at the head of the profession. Bunt although these engineers stated that " as practical engineers they could not conscientiously recommend to the parties in interest to venture upon the construction of as great length as the maximum one prescribed by law," neither Captain EADs nor his friends were shaken in their belief that both economy of construction and safety of river navigation would be promoted by the adoption of long spans, and the work was carried on in spite of the prudent advice of the engineers' convention. Actual work had been commenced on August 20, 1867, by the excavations of the foundations for the west abutment. Great difficulties were encountered in this foundation from a number of wrecks of old steamboats and barges being embedded in the soil at the site of the abutment, being remnants of the vessels burnt in the great fire of 1849. But finally the rock bottom of the river was exposed to light, and the first stone laid (57 feet below ordinary highwater or city directrix) on Feb. 25, 1868. Meanwhile the heated controversy going on between the rival bridge companies, while not deterring Captain EADS' personal friends, had served to check the subscriptions to the stock by outside capitalists, and as it was evident that two bridges could not at the same time be built, or, if built, could not be made to pay, it was unavoidable that some compromise between the two companies should be made. This was finally effected (in February, 1869) by a consolidation of the two companies under the name of the Illinois and St. Louis Bridcge Comnpany, which consolidation in fact, however, consisted in a sale of the Boomer Company's privileges to the former St. Louis and Illinois Bridge Company, of which Captain EADS was Chief Engineer. This consolidation cost the company several hundred th d ousa dollars in money, without counting the loss caused by the retarding of the subscriptions and, consequently, of the work. Towards the end of February, 1869, however, the assistance of a number of wealthy capitalists in New York was secured, so that the stock subscriptions reached nearly three million dollars. Ini ay of that year appeared Captain EADS' first report, in which lhe gave in detailthe reasons for the location, for the adoption of long spans, and for the system of superstructure adopted by him, and also the extensive computations of strains and dimensions which had been made by AMessrs. FLAD tad PFEIFEn. This report has been made the theme of discussion by members of the profession both at home and abroad, but no attempt has as yet been made to controvert the correctness of these calculations. Yet there were plenty of croakers, both inside and outside the profession, who, while acknowledging the truth of the scientific deductions, strenuously asserted the impracticability of the plans. It had been originally intended to sink the foundations of the piers by means of large caissons, open at top and bottom, which were to serve only the purpose of allowing the removal of the sand at the site of the piers down to the bed rock of the river, and inside of which a wooden caisson, containing the masonry, was to be sunk. But on a trip to Europe, Captain EADS had, by personal inspection of some bridges then under construction, observed the great advantages presented by the pleuro-pneumatic process, and he changed his plans 45 358 IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. accordingly. But in doing this he did not copy, but vastly changed and improved the whole system. The greatest depth under water at which work had been carried on heretofore, had not exceeded about seventy feet, while according to the borings made the foundation of the East pier had to be carried one hundred and nineteen feet below ordinary high-water line, which, even if the sinking of the piers was done at the most favorable season, would give a depth of from ninety to one hundred feet below water level. The principal changes made by Captain EADS in the system of sinking by the pleuropneumatic process, were the following: The air-locks, which, in other caissons had been placed at the top of narrow shafts, were placed at the bottom, and partly inside the airchamber, thus allowing the workmen to descend and ascend the shafts in air of the common atmospheric pressure, and thereby reducing the time during which they were subjected to the effects of the compressed air. Another great improvement was made by the introduction of a large shaft, of ten feet diameter, in the centre of the caisson, with a circular stairway, in place of the narrow shafts with ladders, previously used in such foundations. But by far the most important improvement made by Captain EADS consisted in the admirable invention of his sand pump, by which the material could be removed with greater facility, safety, and speed than by any other means hitherto adopted. The plans for caisson of the east pier being ready, its construction was commenced in May, 1869. It was built by Mr. WM. NELSON at Carondelet, and successfully launched from the ways on the 18th of October. It was 82 feet in length, 60 feet in width, and 28 feet high when launched. It consisted of a vertical wall of heavy wrought-iron plates, around the circumference, strengthened by brackets, composed of plates, " T," and angle irons at short distances apart. Nine feet above the cutting edge of the caisson was the roof of the caisson, also of iron, and supported by two strong longitudinal walls of timber and by transverse iron girders, resting on these timber-walls and the outside wall of the caisson. By the timber walls, the caisson was divided into three separate chambers, and small openings were left in these walls to admit communication between the chambers. Above the air chamber, the iron shell was carried up about 20 feet. When launched, the caisson was provided with a false bottom of timber, so that it could be towed to its position at the site of the pier, six miles above the yard, from which it was launched. Meanwhile active operations had been going on near the site of tile pier, in constructing a breakwater, which was to secure the caisson against the effects of ice, or collision with steamboats, rafts, etc., in sinking the heavy guidepiles, by means of which the caisson was to be lowered, etc., and several shops had been engaged in getting the requisite number of sand and air pumps, hoisting machinery, derrick barges, etc., ready for the work. To lower the caisson through the thirty-five feet of water which then covered the bed of the river at the site of the pier, it was necessary that some means should be adopted to steady it in its descent, as, after the removal of the false bottom of the caisson, and the filling of the air chamber with compressed air, the least inequality in the load would tend to upset the caisson. This was effected by means of ten screws of three inches diameter, which were hung from beams resting on the guidepiles, and by which the descent of the caisson was regulated and the same kept level. After the caisson reached the sand-bottom of the river, these screws were removed, and the descent regulated simply by a proper system of excavation in the air chamber. IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 359 Some delay and inconvenience was caused by the non-arrival of the granite, with which the pier above low water line was to be faced, but on the 28th of February, 1870, the bed-rock of the Mississippi River was reached at a depth of one hundred and twenty feet below the city directrix. The air chamber was then filled with concrete, a long and tedious job, and finished on the 27th of May. The laying of the stone was performed by means of travellers running on wire ropes, the latter being stretched on high frames erected on the derrick-boats anchored on each side of the caisson, and which frames were overhanging the pier to its centre and some distance outside the derrick-boats, so that the stone could be taken out of the stone barges, carried across the derrick-boat, and laid in its position on the pier at one operation. The raising and lowering of the stone was performed by hydraulic machinery, twelve hydraulic rams being used for that purpose. This machinery was patented by Captain EADs and Colonel FLAD, and by it the contractor was enabled to carry twelve stones to their places at the same time. At one time, during ten hours, three hundred and twenty-five cubic yards of stone were laid. The air pumps, as well as the hoisting machinery, were specially designed for this work, and admirably answered their purpose. The air-pumps had a water packing, with an arrangement for constant renewal of the water, so that the air supplied, which had been heated by compression, was cooled by its contact with the water, before being supplied to the air chamber. The greatest pressure of air at which the men worked in the east pier caisson, was 52 pounds per square inch (over and above the atmospheric pressure, viz., 15 pounds. The moducs operandi of sinking the caisson is probably familiar to our readers. As the sand was being removed from the air chamber by the sand pumps, the masonry was carried on above, so that when the caisson reached the rock, the masonry was still above the surface of the water. The lack of granite, however, made it at times necessary to carry on the masonry below the water level, the water being kept out of the caisson by the iron shell of the caisson, which, on this pier, was always built up above the surface of the water as the pier descended. The caisson for the west pier had been launched and put in position in the early part part of January, 1870, and on January 15th the first stone was laid in the caisson. In mak ing the foundations of this pier, several improvements were made by Captain EADS. Instead of relying on the outside shell of the caisson in keeping the water out of the main shaft, that office was performed by a light lining of white pine staves, which served the purpose most admirably. The iron shell was in this caisson carried only to a height of 20 feet above the air chamber, or 29 feet from the cutting edge of the caisson, and then the masonry was carried on without any outside covering, thus effecting a great saving both in iron and labor, and greatly expediting the work. As stated before, it had been originally the intention of Captain EADS to place the foundation of the east abutment or shore pier on piles, to be driven inside of a cofferdam 50 feet below water, and covered by a mass of concrete, 20 feet thick. It had been considered unnecessary to place this foundation on the rock bottom, because this foundation could be secured from the effects of the scouring by a rip-rap protection in front, while the east St. Louis levee protected its rear. But the experience gained in the sinking of the cwo piers led Captain EADS to believe that it would be practicable, at some increase in cost, 360 IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. of course, to adopt the same method for this foundation which had been used for the foundation of the river piers. The depth to the rock at the site of the east abutment had, by careful borings, been ascertained to be only eight feet lower than at the site of the east pier, or 128 feet below ordinary high water, thus giving assurance that the workmen would not have to stand much greater pressure than in the east pier, as the most favorable season for low water could be used for sinking the abutment caisson. Besides, the experience in the former operations had led to a better understanding of the causes affecting the health of the men while working in compressed air, and of the best means to be adopted for preventing any injurious effects. It was therefore resolved by the Directory to adopt the change recommended by Captain EADS. The design of this caisson possessed several novel features, which former experience had induced Captain EADS to make. The main shaft had two air-locks at the bottom, each eight feet in diameter. Besides the main shaft, two side shafts only were used, each with an air-lock of eight feet diameter, at the bottom. The increased diameter of the locks was adopted with a view of securing a supply of better air, while the nien passed through the air-lock. Besides the circular stairway in the main shaft, an elevator was constructed, which was to be used by the men to ascend from the bottom of the shaft, thus relieving them from the labor of ascending the stairs at a time when they were suffering from prostration of the vital energy caused by working in compressed air. Improvements were also made in lighting the caisson, and several other details. But the principal change from former designs consisted in the material of which the caisson was constructed. The two caissons for the river piers were constructed of iron, with the exception of the timber walls dividing the air chamber into three compartments. The caisson for the east abutment consists almost entirely of timber, with the exception of dir-locks, and a thin iron shell covering the sides and roof of the air chamber. The timber roof of the air chamber is four feet ten inches thick, the sides of the air chamber eight and a half feet thick at the bottom, and one and a half feet at the top of the air chamber, which latter has a clear height of ten feet. The outside shell of iron extended twelve feet only above the top of the wooden roof. Work on this caisson was commenced about April 1st, and completed towards the middle of October; launched during the first days of November, and reached the rock bottom of the river on March 28th, 1871. The river is spanned by three arches springing from east and west abutment towers to piers in the river. From the abutments to the piers, east and west, the arches have a span of 502 feet; the central arch from pier to pier, has a span of 520 feet. These arches are of cast steel. The bridge being double, the arches are double, but the principle can be more easily shown with one part; for as it is built, it is really two bridges joined together, and it could be made indefinitely broader or narrower according to requirement. The arch is composed of tubes, each twelve feet in length, joined together by most admirable couplings. There are four sets of tubes, arranged two above and two below. The top and bottom row form what is technically called a chord, and these are united together by main braces in the form of the letter A. The two chords are united laterally by huge tie rods. That is the whole principle of the matter. The rnodcus o2ercndi is as follows: The tubes are brought in barges underneath the IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 361 place where the men are working, and are elevated by a small stationary engine. The ends of the tubes are so nicely grooved that they fit in very tightly, even without the couplings. They are grooved also on the outside, to correspond with the grooves and fillets of the couplings. When the latter have been applied, an enormous pin, with a diameter of five inches and a weight of 100 pounds, is screwed through the couplings, going, of course, also through the united ends of the two tubes. The bridge being double, there are eight rows of tubes, making for the side arches 340 to the span, and 342 for the central one. The men are working now on the eastern half of the bridge, the other being in such a forward state that it has to be neglected until the rest of the work balances it. In this gigantic work the utmost thought of little things is imperatively needed. The moment that one tube is in place, the tube that balances it on the other side of the pier must be put into position. The strain upon the iron cables that support the tubes until they form a perfect arch is regulated to a pound weight by means of hydraulic rams. When the temperature rises, the cables stretch, and the whole fabric of uncompleted arching sinks a little. It has to be raised up, and the rams do this by taking a little gentle pull upon the cables, or, as the mariners would say, "hauling taut." This is effected by pumping a little glycerine into the rams. If, on the contrary, the temperature falls, the cables contrlact and tilt up the arching a trifle more than is required. Then the watcher over the rams has to pump out a little glycerine, and the pressure on the cables is relaxed. This little place where the rams are, may be considered the great artery of the work. The perfect control that Captain EADS and his assistant have over their offspring is sometimes evinced in an amusing way. The method of construction to preserve the just balance is naturally to build the tubes half way from each side of a pier at the same time, so that one half balances the other half. The engineers commenced in this manner with the pier nearest the western bank, building up, at the same time, the tubing from the western abutment. When the latter met the western half of the first pier, the extremely hot weather had expanded the metal, and the tubes would not unite. Baron FLAD immediately bought hundreds of bales of gunny bags, and packed the recalcitrant tubes in ice. All night the thermometer kept rising, but the ice did its work, and they came together so closely that you could not have seen daylight between them. The same result could have been obtained by blasts of cold air, but the Keystone Bridge Company, of Pittsburg, who have the contract for the superstructure, were in a hurry to close the western arch, so the ice was used. The workmen now thoroughly understand the handling of the tubes, and are putting them together on the eastern half at the rate of twenty-four a day. The frames, from which the long curves of tubing stand, are all inserted. These are called skewbacks, and are of wrought iron, forged in one piece of three tons-a very creditable specimen of the handiwork of Pittsburg. The first tube, which is very short and stout, is screwed to this with four steel bolts, five inches in diameter, which go back into the very bowels of the pier, twenty-eight feet, and are then driven through an anchor plate. This fact will give a better idea of the hugh masses of masonry serving as piers than any formal statements or measurements. The men engaged in the construction belong to a class which American enterprise has called into existence. They are bridge builders, working at nothing else; and though not scientifically educated, have a rough and ready comprehension of the work they do, which tends to elevate their minds. They are trained to perfect exactitude in the smallest details. If a bolt does not fit perfectly, there is no thought of assisting it promptly 362 IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. with a sledge hammer; but there is an instant conclusion that, by some accident, the bolts have become mixed, and that this is not the special bolt for that particular hole. For down to the minutest scrap of iron, everything has been fitted at Pittsburg, and must fit here. To nearly fit will not do; it must absolutely fit. The consequence of such exact training is exemplified in the conduct and manner of the men who are, without exception, the most intelligent and orderly body of workmen I have ever seen. With such men rapid progress is certain, and there can be no doubt that the arches will be completed before the end of November. But the bridge will not be finished then, by any means. The roadways have to be built upon it. The upper one will be for omnibuses, foot passengers, etc., the lower for a double tracked railway. These two will be supported by struts, the longest of which near the piers, will be 56 feet, and then gradually diminished as they approach the centre of the arch. These struts will rest upon the heads of the couplings where the tubes are strongest, and, as only a direct weight comes upon them, will be able to bear five times more than the bridge company will ever permit; for the transit of trains will be entirely in the hands of the company's officers. The Great Iron Bridge of the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern Railway, over the Missouri River at St. Charles. This bridge is the finest structure of the kind in the country. It is one mile and a quarter long, and was erected at a cost of two and a quarter millions. This is an attractive feature in a trip over the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern Short Line, being one of the finest sights in the West for travellers. The railroad upon the south side of the river curves to the west, and upon the opposite side to the east, thus giving passengers from either direction a full view of the bridge. The approaches of the bridge are upon iron trestles of great solidity and strength. Upward of forty of the trestles are used upon each side of the river. The bridge itself consists of eight piers of solid masonry resting upon the bed rock, and seven spans of iron of the following lengths: Feet. From No. 1 to No. 2 (St. Charles end)............................305 -" " 2 " 3.................................'.......... 317 L" " 3 " 4...................317" " 4 " 5.321 2 " " 5 " 6.. 3061 " " "6 "73064" 6 X...'......................... 306~ " " 7 " s 8.305 It is a remarkable feature of this bridge that each span is over 300 feet in length. The weight of the spans known as the " deck spans," is 688,000 pounds. The three central spans, called " through spans," weigh 780,000 pounds each. The strength of the bridge is far beyond any possible requirement. The greatest possible strain would be only 12,000 tons, or 24,500,000 pounds, and it would actually bear 20,000 tons, or 40,000,000 pounds. Each piece of iron used in the construction was thoroughly tested to the amount of 20,000 pounds to the square inch. This bridge is built * The superstructure of this bridge was finished by the contractors in April, 1874. IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 363 high enough above high-water to admit of steamboats passing underneath either of the through spans. Altogether the bridge is as strong as stone and iron can make it, and is safe beyond peradventure. The height of pier number one on the St. Charles side, from foundation to the top of the masonry, is 96 feet. The foundation of the second pier was carried six feet into the solid rock, and its total height is 94 feet. The third pier is 105~ feet high. Pier number four is 102 feet high, and rests upon the solid rock, 54 feet below ordinary low-water. Pier number five is the highest of all, the total height being 145 feet. Piers number six, seven, and eight are not so high, the tallest being number six, which has a height of 76 feet. The following statistics of the work may be of interest: Length of bridge and iron trestle....................... 6,570 feet. Earth excavation..................................... 351,000 yards. Concrete used........................................ 39,000 " Piling (lineal foot)................................... 103,000 feet. Lumber and timber.................................. 3,686,000 " Wrought iron........................................ 4,404,000 lbs. Cast iron.................................. 2,769,000 " Iron in caissons....................................... 517,000 " Masonry in bridge proper............................. 12,000 yards. Masonry in shore approaches.......................... 4,000 " Rip-rap in pier foundation............................. 35,000 " Distance above high-water of 1844..................... 51 feet. Distance above low water.............................. 90 " Distance above ordinary water......................... 80 " These figures will serve to give some idea of the magnitude of the work. Its beauty and adaptability can only be appreciated by actually seeing the bridge as it now stands. Its entire cost was about two and one quarter millions. 3G3 a IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. Iron Bridge Works of New York. Kellogg Bridge Company.-President, CIARLES IELLOGGa;.Vice-President, GEORGE BEArLS; Secretary and Treasurer, S. D. BARLOW, Jr.; S perintendent, FREEMAN IREDNER. Location of works, Buffalo, N. Y. This company manufactures all kinds of wrought-iron bridge structures, as also comnbination bridges of wood and iron, and wrought-iron trestle work, viaducts, turn-tables, roofs, etc. The Kellogg Bridge Company, of Buffalo, New York, was organized November, 1870. Their works are located in the city of Buffalo, on land fronting on Kaatharine Street, and adjoining land occupied by the Union Iron Comrpany's works. Their buildings are of brick, and in shape of an L, containing machine, pattern, and blacksmith shops. The machine shop, fronting on Katharine Street, is 200 feet long by 118 feet wide, two stories in height, with pattern shop located in second story. The blacksmith shop is 200 feet long by O0 feet wide; is in line with south end of machine shop-one end joining and opening into the machine shop-with a foundry in lrocess of construction, 50 by 100 feet, extending across east end of blacksmith shop, with hip-roof and walls 24 feet high, forming another L with blacksmith shop building. IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 363 b These works are fully equipped with every tool that can be used in the construction of iron bridges, trestle work, roofs, turn-tables, etc., and have the best facilities for handling and shipping such work. Since this company was organized, their works have been erected, and they have constructed and erected iron bridges and trestles amounting to over 16,000 lineal feet. Among the bridges built are three long spans over the Mississippi River at Louisiana, Mo., recently completed; one being a draw span of 444 feet in length-the longest draw ever built-and the others fixed spans of 225 and 255 feet respectively. This company has also furnished the iron work for the new post-office building in New York City, now nearly completed, besides a large amount of other work such as roofs, and bridge material for contractors. The capacity of this company's works is at present equal to one 100 foot span per day. This company is prepared to receive orders for CHARLES IT. KELLOGG'S Patent Wrought-Iron Columns of various sizes and sections, and can furnish these columns fitted up for bridge posts, top chords, end braces, and trestle work. They are also prepared to furnish finished bridge material for contractors, such as tie-rods, chord-bars, girders, and in fact any kind of bridge material. Buffalo Iron and Nail Works.-Proprietors, PRATT & Co. Location of works, Buffalo, New York, on Niagara Street, and on the Niagara River four miles below. This firm are among the most extensive manufacturers of iron and hardware in the United States. Their works include blast furnaces and rolling mills (see Blast Furnaces and Rolling Miills of New Yorik), and an addition has been lately made to them for the manufacture of composite beams, girders, and joists, iron bridges, iron roofs, and iron framing of every description. The works cover a great area, two and a half acres of which is enclosed and under slate roof. The Canada Southern, New York Central, Grand Trunk, 46 364 IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. Great Western, and Erie Railways are to be connected with the mills by the side tracks, a portion of which are built. The Erie Canal and New York Central Railroad passes directly through their yards. From their favorable location and excellent arrangement, this firm is enabled to compete successfully with the largest iron manufacturing localities in the Union. The firm employs in all its branches over 1,200 men. H. C. Haskell.-Location of works, Albany, N. Y. This works builds iron bridges, railings, steam engines, boilers, and machinery generally, and employs nearly 100 hands. Iron Bridge Works of Pennsylvania. Phcenixville Bridge Works.-Proprietors, CLARKE, REEVES & CO. Office, 410 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. Location of works, Phoenixville, Pa. This firm are builders of iron bridges, viaducts, roofs, iron tables, etc., and the works has a great advantage in being connected with the Phcenix Iron Works (See Rolling 2iJ;lls of Pennsylvania), where the iron used in construction is made. Some of the most extensive iron structures in the country have come from this works, among which are the International Bridge at Black Rock, New York, the N. Y. Central & Hudson River Railroad Bridge at Albany, and the new Girard Avenue Bridge which spans the Schuylkill River at Fairmount, Philadelphia, and is to afford a means of communication between the east and west parks. As this is to be the most ornamental bridge of the United States, the following interesting description of it is subjoined. This description was written by Mr. GEORGE W. PIERSOL, and appeared in the columns of the Polytechnic Bulletin: The new bridge will be a double intersection truss, built upon the site of the old one. The entire length, from rear of abutments, is 1000 feet. The width, 100 feet from centre of railings, thus being the widest bridge in the world. Upon the upper chord will be the roadway, 67 feet wide, with foot-paths on each side. In this bridge there are five spansthree river and two shore; the former being each 19T feet in length, and the latter 137 each. There is a grade of 4 feet on the bridge, from the east abutment rising toward the west. The -distance from the surface of the water to the top of the pier farthest west is about 23 feet. The abutments are built of very large stone, upon a foundation of solid rock. The facing of these abutments is of Port Deposit granite, while the backing is composed of the blue stone from Conshohocken, all being laid in mortar composed of one part of cement and two of sharp river sand, no lime being used. The abutments are 108 feet long, and about 18 feet high. The river piers are all built upon the rock foundation, from 25 to 30 feet below the surface of the water. After the mud, sand, etc., had been removed from the bottom by dredging, a wooden crib was sunk. This is of timber 12 x 12, and has a double casing, there being a space of six feet between these, and this space is divided into pockets 10 feet long. IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 365 These were filled with stone, and the crib, sunk upon the rock, was filled with the concrete. This was levelled, and upon it the caisson was sunk. The space between the inner walls of the crib is 22 feet, and the concrete is from 7 to 9 feet in thickness, being composed of 2 parts cement, 2 of river sand, and 4 of broken slag. The wooden caisson is made of the best quality Florida timber. Its bottom is 3 feet in thickness, and 19 in width; its height about 20 feet, and, as is the crib, triangular at both ends. A sheathing of boards was erected from the crib to prevent the current from washing the cement from the concrete, which latter was lowered into place by means of an iron bucket, containing a cubic yard. On the bottom of the- caisson the masonry of the pier is built. The lines of the piers are slightly tapering, being about 120 feet long, and 12 feet wide at the surface of the water, and 113 feet long, and 8 feet wide at the top, the ends being elliptical in form. The lower portion of the piers is of Conshohocken stone, while from the water-line they are built of roughly dressed blocks of granite. Upon the piers rests the iron-work of the bridge, and this is, at the west abutment, 24 feet above the masonry. The progress of the work upon the bridge has, thus far, been very rapid and satisfactory. The bridge proper was finished by the contractors in March, and will if the city desires it, be thrown open to the public July 4th, 1874. There will be seven distinct roadways exclusive of railway tracks; the roadways being constructed as follows: First, a complete covering of corrugated iron plates; then a covering of asphalt, then of sand, and upon this belgian blocks are laid, forming a stone road on an iron base. The footways for passengers are of slate, with a bordering of tiles imported from England, and the railing is ornamented with 700 bronze medallions. The shore span on the west bank consists. of seven trusses abreast, with a distance of 16 feet between them. The height of the trusses is 24 feet from the abutment to the upper chord, which part is composed of Phoenix columns, as are also the struts of the trusses. There are 11 panels in this span, each about 12~ feet long. The trusses are connected, top and bottom, by horizontal beams, and all but the outer trusses have tie rods between them. There are, therefore, two open spaces left, one on each side of the bridge; through the one on the north side, the proposed gravity railroad through Fairmuount Park will pass, on the lower chord, and through corresponding space on the south side, a foot path. All the stone and other heavy material are handled by means of travelling cranes similar to those used by the European engineers, and by this simple piece of machinery a great amount of labor and time is economized. The cements used in their work are the Copley and Lehigh, as these gave the most satisfactory results in a series of tests, and it is estimated that about 150 barrels are used daily. The means of transportation to the site of the bridge are ample. Two sidings have been run down to and along the bank of the river, the one from the Reading Railroad on the east side, and the other from the Pennsylvania on the west. The river also affords another means of transportation, which is taken advantage of in obtaining the slag from Conshohocken. It will not only be a long-needed improvement, but an ornament to our park, and, as for the quality of the workmanship and manner of erection, we are assured by the names of the contractors, Messrs. CLARKE, REEVES & Co., and the well-known ability of the engineer in charge, Mr. I-IEnnoN, through whose kindness many of the above data were obtained. The following interesting description of the Phoenixville Bridge Works, gives a most 366 IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. thorough explanation of the method of manufacturing iron bridges, and is finely illustrated: Iffil " ASSEIBLING" BRIDGE UNDER SHED. In a graveyard in Watertown, a village near Boston, Massachusetts, there is a tombstone commemorating the claims of the departed worthy who lies below, to the eternal gratitude of posterity. The inscription is dated in the early part of this century (about 1810), but the name of him who was thus immortalized has faded like the date of his death from my memory, while the deed for which he was distinguished, and which was recorded upon his tombstone, remains clear. " He built the famous bridge over the Charles River in this town," says the record. The Charles River is here a small stream, about twenty to thirty feet wide, and the bridge was a simple wooden structure. Doubtless in its day this structure was considered an engineering feat worthy of such posthumous immortality as is gained by an epitaph, and afforded such convenience for transportation as was needed by the commercial activity of that era. From that time, however, to this, the changes which have occurred in our commercial and industrial methods are so fully indicated by the changes of our manner and method of bridge-building, that it will not be a loss of time to investigate the present condition of our abilities in this most useful branch of engineering skill. In the usual archleological classification of eras, the Stone Age precedes that of Iron, and in the history of bridge-building the same sequence has been preserved. Though the knowledge of working iron was acquired by many nations at a pre-historic period, yet in quite modern times-within this century, even, the invention of new processes and the experience gained of new methods have so completely revolutionized this branch of industry, and given us such a mastery over this material, enabling us to apply it to such new uses, that for the future the real Age of Iron will date from the present century. The knowledge of the arch as a method of construction with stone or brick-both of IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 367 them materials aptly fitted for resistance under pressure, but of comparatively no tensile strength-enabled the lRomans to surpass all nations that had preceded them in the course of history, in building'bridges. The bridge across the Danube, erected by Apollodorus, the architect of Trajan's Column, was the largest bridge built by the Romans. It was more than three hundred feet in height, composed of twenty-one arches resting upon twenty piers, and was about eight hundred feet in length. It was after a few years destroyed by the Emperor Adrian, lest it should afford a means of passage to the barbarians, and its ruins are still to be seen in Lower Hungary. With the advent of railroads, bridge-building became even a greater necessity than it had ever been before, and the use of iron has enabled engineers to grapple with and overcome difficulties which only fifty years ago would have been considered hopelessly insurI _______ __.________________________ \it'Mi THE LYMAN VIADUCT. mountable. In this modern use of iron, advantage is taken of its great tensile strength, and many iron bridges, over which enormous trains of heavily-loaded cars pass hourly, look as though they were spun from gossamer threads, and yet are stronger than any structure of wood or stone would be. Another great advantage of an iron bridge over one constructed of wood or stone is the greater ease with which it can, in every part of it, be constantly observed, and every failing part replaced. Whatever material may be used, every edifice is always subject to the slow disintegrating influence of time and the elements. In every such edifice as a bridge, 368 IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF TlE UNITED STATES. use is a process of constant weakening, which, if not as constantly guarded against, must inevitably, in time, lead to its destruction. In a wooden or stone bridge a beam affected by dry rot or a stone weakened by the effects of frost may lie hidden from the inspection of even the most vigilant observer until, when the process has gone far enough, the bridge suddenly gives way under a not unusual strain, and death and disaster shock the community into a sense of the inherent defects of these materials for such structures. The introduction of the railroad has brought about also another change in the bridgebuilding of modern times, compared with that of all the ages which have preceded this nineteenth century. The chief bridges of ancient times were built as great public conveniences, upon thoroughways over which there was a large amount of travel, and conseq-uently were near the cities or commercial centres which attracted such travel, and were lherefore placed where they were seen by great numbers. Now, however, the connection bletw-en the chief commercial centres is made by the railroads, and these penetrate immense distances, through comparatively unsettled districts, in order to bring about the needed distribution; and in consequence many of the great railroad bridges are built in the most unfrequented spots, and are unseen by the numerous passengers who traverse them, unconscious that they are thus easily passing over specimens of engineering skill which surpass, as objects of intelligent interest, many of the sights they may be travelling to see. _- --— ~ —--....... _ _ - - __:. IBLAST-FURNACES. The various processes by which the iron is prepared to be used in bridge-building are many of them as new as is the use of this material for this purpose, and it will not be amiss to spend a few moments in examining them before presenting to our readers illustrations of IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 369 some of the most remarkable structures of this kind. Taking a train by the Reading Railroad from Philadelphia, we arrive, in about an hour, at Phcenixville, in the Schuykill Valley, where the Phoenix Iron and Bridge Works are situated. In this establishment we can follow the iron from its original condition of ore to a finished bridge; and it is the only establishment in this country, and most probably in the world, where this can be seen. These works were established in 1790. In 1827 they came into the possession of the late David Reeves, who, by his energy and enterprise, increased their capacity to meet the growing demands of the time, until they reached their present extent, employing constantly over fifteen hundred hands. The first process is melting the ore in the blast-furnace. Here the ore, with coal and a flux of limestone, is piled in and subjected to the heat of the fires, driven by a hot blast, and kept burning night and day. The iron, as it becomes melted, flows to the bottom of the furnace, and is drawn off below in a glowing stream. Into the top of the blast-furnaces the ore and coal are dumped, having been raised to the top by an elevator worked by a blast of air. It is curious to notice how slowly the experience was gathered from which has resulted the ability to work iron as it is done here. Though even at the first settlement of this country, the forests of England had been so much thinned by their consumption in the form of charcoal in her iron industry, as to make a demand for timber from this country a flourishing trade for the new settlers, yet it was not until 1612, that a patent was granted to Simon Sturtevant for smelting iron by the consumption of bituminous coal. Another patent for the same invention was granted to John Ravenson the next year, and in 1619 another to Lord Dudley; yet the process did not come into general use until nearly a hundred years later. The blast for the furnace is driven by two enormous engines, each of three hundred horse-power. The blast used here is, as we have said, a hot one, the air being heated by the consumption of the gases evolved from the material itself. The gradual steps by which these successive modifications were introduced are an evidence of how slowly industrial DUMPING ORE AND COAL INTO BLAST-FURNACES. processes have been perfected by the collective experience of generations, and show us how much we of the present day owe to our predecessors. From the earliest times, as among the native smiths of Africa to-day, the blast of a bellows has been used in workling iron to 370 IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. increase the heat of the combustion by a more plentiful supply of oxygen. The blast-furnace is supposed to have been first used in Belgium, and to have been introduced into England in 1558. Next came the use of bituminous coal, urged with a blast of cold air. But it was not not until 1829, that IN eilson, an Englishman, E LE i VATO, sly c fonceived the idea of heating the air of the blast, and car1eredt _ried it out at the ul irkpirk furnaces. In that year he 1 - obtained a patent for this process, and found that he te v il hot bls could from the same quantity of fuel make three times 3"Inl//;dll 14,.EDtl as much iron. His patent made him very rich: in one k- s of a e an |s.- single case of infringement he received a cheque for ic ae..... damages for one hundred and fifty thousand pounds. In his method, however, he used an extra fire for heating the air of his blast. In 1837 the idea of heating the air for the blast by the gases generated in the process the stream of i qui/ Wasseralfilgen, in the kingdom of Wiirtemburg. s fpigss pracically i trodc a fanced byembl Faber ]Duform at ____' In this country, charcoal was at first used univerELEVATOR. sally for smelting iron, anthracite coal being considered unfit for the purpose. In 1820, an unsuccessful attempt to use it was made at Mauch Chunk. In 1833, Frederick W. Geisenhainer, of Schuylkill, obtained a patent for the use of the hot blast with anthracite, and, in 1835, produced the first iron made with this process. In 1841, C. E. Detmold adapted the consumption of the gases produced by the smelting to the use of anthracite; and since then it has become quite general, and has caused an almost incalculable saving to the community in the price of iron. The view of the engines which pump the blast will give an idea of the immense power which the Phoenix company has at command. Twice every day the furnace is tapped, and the stream of liquid iron flows out into moulds formed in the sand, making the iron into pigs-so called from a fancied resemblance to the form of these animals. This makes the first process; and in many smelting establishments this is all that is done, the iron in this form being sold and entering into the general consumption. The next process is " boiling," which is a modification of " puddling," and is generally used in the best iron works in this country. The process of puddling was invented by Henry Cort, an Englishman, and patented by him in 1.783 and 1784, as a new process for "sihingling, welding, and manufacturing iron and steel into bars, plates, and rods of purer quality and in larger quantity than heretofore, by a more effectual application of fire and machinery." For this invention, Cort has been called " the father of the iron trade of the British RUNNING METAL INTO PIGS. nation," and it is estimated that his invention has, during this century, given employment to six millions of persons, and increased the wealth of Great Britain by three thousand millions of dollars. In his experiments for perfecting his IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 371 process, Mr. Cort spent his fortune, and though it proved so valuable, he died poor, having been involved by the government in a lawsuit concerning his patent, which beggared him. Six years before his death, the government, as an acknowledgment of their wrong, nace is an oven heated to an in- TE,EXGI B-OOM. granted him a yearly pension of ail I thousand dollars and at hiurged withast-iron sides are double, and a constant cirthis miserly recompense was reultied, to his widow, to six hundred and twenty-five dollars. When iron is simply melted and run into any mould, its texture is granular, and is so brittle as to be quite unreliable for any use requiring much tensile strength. The process of puddling consisted in c stirring the molten iron run out in a puddle, and had the effect of so changing its atomic arrangement, as to render the process of rolling it, more efficacious. The process of ts i boiling is considered an improve- ment upon this. The boiling fur- I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ nace is an oven heated to an in- THE ENGINE ROOM tense heat by a fire urged with a blast. The cast-iron sides are double, and a constant circulation of watcr is kept passing through the chamber thus made, in order to preserve the structure from fusion by the heat. The inside is lined with fire-brick, covered with metallic ore and slag over the bottom and sides, and then, the oven being charged with the pigs of iron, the heat is let on. The pigs melt, and the oven is filled with molten iron. The ill:11M11 [ I I'" CARRYING THE IRON BALLS. puddler constantly stirs this mass with a bar let through a hole in the door, until the iron boils up, or "ferments," as it is called. This fermentation is caused by the combustion of a portion of the carbon in the iron, and as soon as the excess of this is consumed, the cin47 372 IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. ders and slag sink to the bottom of the oven, leaving the semi-fluid mass on the top. Stirring this about, the puddler forms it into balls of such a size as he can conveniently handle, which are taken out and carried on little cars, made to receive them, to " the squeezer." To carry on this process properly requires great skill and judgment in the puddler...........in The heat necessarily generated by the operation is so'i | ~~ ~ ~~ itli ~great, that very few persons have the physical endurance to stand it. So great is it, that the clothes upon the person frequently catch fire. Such a s train upon the physical powers naturall leads those subjected to it to indulge uin excesses. The perspiration which flows from the puddlers in streams while engaged in their work, is caused by introdution of the natural effort of their bodies to preserve themselves substitutio from injury by keeping thei, r normial temvperature. Such'il~seemed ~' a constoeptioq of the fluids of the body causes great thirst, and the exhaustion of the labor, both bodily an d mental, the inv oleads of ten to the excessive use of stimulants. In fact, thee BILNFUof-ACE. work is too laborious. Its conditions are such that no one should be subjected to them. The necessity, however, for judgment, experience, and skill on the part of the operator has up to this time prevented the introduction of machinery to take the place of human labor in this process. The successful substitution in modern times of machines, for performing various operations which formerly seemed to require the intelligence and dexterity of a living being for their execution, justifies the expectation that the study now being given to the organization of industry will lead to the invention of machines which will obviate the necessity for human suffering in the process of puddling. Such a consummation would be an advantage to all classes concerned. The attempts which have been made in this direction have not as yet proved entirely successful. In the squeezer the glowing ball of white-hot iron is placed, and forced with a rotary motion through a spiral passage, the diameter of which is constantly diminishing. The effect of this operation is to squeeze all the slag and cinder be - ^out of the ball, and force the iron to assume the ____~~~~,.~ ~ M Eshape of a short thick cylinder called "a bloom." ___, ~ __ A This process was formerly performed by striking _ A n - & the ball of iron repeatedly with a tilt-hammer. The bloom is now re-heated and subjected to _ the process of rolling. "The rolls" are heavy ROTARY SQUEEZERU. cylinders of cast-iron placed almost in contact, and revolving rapidly by steam-power. The bloom is caught between these rollers, and passed backward and forward until it is pressed into a flat bar, averaging from four to six inches in width, and about an inch and a half thick. These bars are then cut into short lengths, piled, heated again in a furnace, and re-rolled. After going through this process, they form the bar-iron of commerce. From the iron reduced into this form, the various parts used in the constructio n of iron bridges are made by being rolled into shape, the rolls through which the various parts pass having grooves of the form it is desired to give to the pieces. IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 3'3 These rolls, when they are driven by steam, obtain this generally from a boiler placed over the heating or puddling furnace, and heated by the waste gases from the furnace. This.__ j.. _: — i_ — ~ —---- L - -L _ _ _ | _ L _ _ L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _...... I THE ROLLS. arrangement was first made by JOHN GRIFFE, the superintendent of the Phoenix Iron Works, under whose direction the first rolled iron beams over nine inches deep that were ever made were produced at these works. The process of rolling toughens the iron, seeming to draw out its fibres; il and iron that has been twice rolled is considered fit ^ l llllll for ordinary uses. For the various parts of a bridge, 1 1 however, where great toughness and tensile strength i l are necessary, as well as uniformity of texture, the,' a' iron is rolled a third time. The bars are therefore cut again into pieces, piled, reheated, and rolled again. A bar of iron which has been rolled twice _ is formed from a pile of fourteen separate pieces of 4 - iron that have been rolled only once, or " muck COLD SAW. bar," as it is called; while the thrice-rolled bar is made from a pile of eight separate pieces of double-rolled iron. If, therefore, one of the original pieces of iron has any flaw or defect, it will form only a hundred and twelfth part 374 IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. of the thrice-rolled bar. The uniformity of texture and the toughness of the bars which have been thrice-rolled are so great that they may be twisted, cold, into a knot, without showing any signs of fracture. The bars of iron, whether hot or cold, are sawn to the various required lengths by the hot or cold saws shown in the illustrations, which revolve with great rapidity. FOor the columns intended to sustain the compreso josive thrust of heavy weights, a form is used in this establishment of their own design, and to which the name of the "Phcenix column" has been given. They are tubes made from four or from eight sections rolled in the usual way, and riveted together at their fanges. (Sea e illustration.) hen necessary, such columns are joined together by. cast iron joint-blocks, HOT SAW.p with circular tenons which fit into the hollows of each tube. To join two bars to resist a strain of tension, links or eyebars are used from three to six inches wide, and as long as may be needed. At each end is an enlargement with a hole to receive a pin. In this way any number of bars can,,accuracy be joined together, and the result of numerous extheir iron bridges ostly with hand-laboeriments made at this establishment has shown tenhat under sufficient strain they will part often in Canada with bridgese body of the bar as at the joint. The heads lighter tapon these bars are made by a process known as sae die-forging. The bar is heated to a white heat, and under a die worked by hydraulic pressure, the head ~comparis shaped and the hole struck at one o peration. — ~ [~Before any practical~This mewotheod of joining by pins is much more reliable than welding. The pins are made of coldrolled shafting, and fit to a nicety. The general view of the machine shop, which covers more than an acre of ground, shows the various machines and tools by which iron is planed, turned, drilled, and handled as though it were one of the softest of materials. Such a machine shop is one of the wonders of this century. Most of the operations performed there, and all of the tools with which they are done, are due entirely to modern invention, many of them within the last ten years. By means of this application of machines, great accuracy of work is obtained, and each part of an iron bridge can be exactly duplicated if necessary. This method of construction is entirely American, the English still building their iron bridges mostly with hand-labor. In consequence also of this method of working, American iron bridges, despite'the higher price of our iron, can successfully compete in Canada with bridges of English or Belgian construction. The American iron bridges are lighter than those of other nations, but their absolute strength is as great, since the weight which is saved is all dead weight, and not necessary to the solidity of the structure. The same difference is displayed here that is seen in our carriages, with their slender wheels, compared with the lumbering, heavy wagons of European construction. Before any practical work upon the construction of a bridge is begun, the data and IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 385 specifications are given, and a plan of the structure is drawn, whether it is for a railroad or for ordinary travel, whether for a double or a single track, whether the train is to pass on top or below, and so on. The calculations and plans are then made for the use of such dimensions of iron that the strain upon any part of the structure shall not exceed a certain maximum, usually fixed at ten thousand pounds to the square inch. As the weight of the iron is known, and its tensile strength is estimated at sixty thousand pounds per square inch, this estimate, which is technically called "a factor of safety" of six, is a very safe one. 4,,A! II 1,1 _ ____ FURNACE AND HYDRAULIC DIE. In other words the bridge is planned and so constructed that in supporting its own weight, together with any load of locomotives or cars which can be placed upon it, it shall not be subjected to a strain over one-sixth of its estimated strength. After the plan is made, working drawings are prepared and the process of manufacture commences. The eye-bars, when made, are tested in a testing-machine at double the strain which by any possibility they can be put to in the bridge itself. The elasticity of the iron is such that, after being submitted to a tension of about thirty thousand pounds to the square inch, it will return to its original dimensions; while it is so tough that the bars, as large as two inches in diameter, can be bent double, when cold, without showing any signs of fracture. Having stood these tests, the parts of the bridge are considered fit to be used. When completed, the parts are put together or " assembled," as the technical phrase is, in order to see that they are right in length, etc. Then they are marked with letters or numbers, according to the working-plan, and shipped to the spot where the bridge is to be permanently erected. Before the erection can be begun, however, a staging or scaffolding of wood, strong enough to support the iron structure until it is finished, has to be raised on the spot. When the bridge is a large one, this staging is of necessity an important and costly structure. An illustration on page 377 shows the staging erected for the support of the New River Bridge in West Virginia, on the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, near a romantic spot known as Ilawksnest. About two hundred yards below this bridge is a waterfall, and while the staging was still in use for its construction, the river, which is very treacherous, suddenly rose about twenty feet in a few hours, and became a roaring torrent. The method of making all the parts of a bridge to fit exactly, and securing the ties by 376 I RON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. pins, is peculiarly American. The plan still followed in Europe is that of using rivets, which makes the erection of a bridge take much more time, and costs, consequently, much more. A riveted lattice bridge, one hundred and sixty feet in span, would require ten or twelve days for its erection, while one of the Phcenixville bridges of this size has been erected in eight and a half hours. 11, liii LIII 1111111 Id = Iis i lE^Si MN.I11 I _ VIEW OF MACHINE-SHOP. The view of the Albany Bridge will show the style which is technically called a " through" bridge, having the track at the level of the lower chords. This view of the bridge is taken from the west side of the Hudson, near the Delavan House in Albany. The curved portion crosses the Albany basin, or outlet of the Erie Canal, and consists of seven spans of seventy-three feet each, one of sixty-three, and one of one hundred and ten. That part of the bridge which crosses the river consists of four spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and a draw two hundred and seventy-four feet wide. The iron work in this bridge cost about three hundred and twenty thousand dollars. The bridge over the Illinois River at La Salle, on the Illinois Central Railroad, shows the style of bridge technically called a " deck " bridge, in which the train is on the top. This bridge consists of eighteen spans of one hundred and sixty feet each, and cost one hundred and eighty thousand dollars. The bridge over the Kennebec River, on the line of the Maine Central Railroad, at Augusta, Maine, is another instance of a " through " bridge. It cost seventy-five thousand dollars, has five spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and was built to replace a wooden deck bridge which was carried away by a freshet. IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 377 The bridge on the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad which crosses the Saco River, is a very general type of a through railway bridge. It consists of two spans of one hundred and eighty-five feet each, and cost twenty thousand dollars. The'New River bridge in West Virginia consists of two spans of two hundred and fifty feet each, and two others of seventy-five feet each. Its cost was about seventy thousand dollars. NEW RIVER BRIDGE ON ITS STAGING. The Lyman viaduct, on the Connecticut Air-line Railway, at East Hampton, Connecticut, is one hundred and thirty-five feet high and eleven hundred feet long. These specimens will show the general character of the iron bridges erected in this country. When iron was first used in constructions of this kind, cast iron was employed, but its brittleness and unreliability have led to its rejection for the main portions of bridges. Experience has also led the best iron bridge builders of America to quite generally employ girders with parallel top and bottom members, vertical posts (except at the ends, where they are made inclined toward the centre of the span), and tie-rods inclined at nearly forty-five degrees. This form takes the least material for the required strength. The safety of a bridge -depends quite as much upon the design and proportions of its details and connections as upon its general shape. The strain which will compress or extend the ties, chords, and other parts, can be calculated with mathematical exactness. But the strains coming upon the connections are very often indeterminate, and no mathematical formula has yet been found for them. They are like the strains which come upon the wheels, axles, and moving parts of carriages, cars, and machinery. Yet experience and 378 IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. X BtIDGE AT ALBY -. judgment have led the best builders to a singular uniformity in their treatment of these parts. Each bridge has been an experiment, the lessons of which have been studied and turned to the best account. ~-= —.-~. LA SALI.E BRIDGE. There is no doubt that that iron bridges can be made perfectly safe. Their margin is IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 3T9 greater than that of the boiler, the axles, or the rail. To make them safe, European gov, ernments depend upon rigid rules, and careful inspection to see that they are carried out.....i' p....- M ____=_=_=__ /1>>,-8l a_______ —,__-._ m-; BpIDGE AT AUGUSTA, 5MAINE. In this country government inspection is not relied on with such certainty, and the spirit of our institutions leads us to depend more upon the action of self-interest and the inherent - ~-i X — __~~ ~. =_ =~_ _=..,SACO BRIDGE. trustworthiness of mankind when indulged with freedom of action. Though at times this confidence may seem vain, and " rings' in industrial pursuits, as in politics, appear to cor48 380 IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. rupt the honesty which forms the very foundation of freedom, yet their influence is but temporary, and as soon as the best public sentiment becomes convinced of the need for their removal, their influence is destroyed. Such evils are necessary incidents of our transitional movement toward an industrial, social, and political organization in which the best intelligence and the most trustworthy honesty shall control these interests for the best advantage of society at large. In the meantime, the best security for the safety of iron bridges is to be found in the self-interest of the railway corporations, who certainly do not desire to waste their money or to render themselves liable to damages from the breaking of their bridges, and who consequently will employ for such constructions those whose reputation has PIS -NIX WORKS. been fairly earned, and whose character is such that reliance can be placed in the honesty of their work. Experience has given the world the knowledge needed to build bridges of iron which shall in all possible contingencies be safe, and there is no excuse for a pennywise-and-pound-foolish policy when it leads to disaster. Keystone Bridge Works.-Proprietors, Keystone Bridge Co. President, J. H. LINvILLE, 218 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. Location of works, Pittsbnrg, Penn. Western office, 211 Washington Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. This company construct long span bridges and, under the LINVILLE & PIPER patent, wrought-iron bridges for railways, highways, cities, etc., and also improved wrought-iron turn-tables, iron roofs, patent tubular columns, and weldless eye-bars. They have built IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 881 bridges at Dubuque, of 360 feet; Kansas City, same length; Keokuk and Hamilton, of 367 feet. Mluch of the iron used in the construction of these bridges comes from the Union Iron Works of Messrs. CARNEGIE, KLOMAN & CO. of Pittsburg, who are celebrated makers of heavy irons of great strength. THE KEYSTONE'BRIDGE COMPANY. PITTSBURG AND PHILADELPHIA. This company was organized in 1865, with a capital of $300,000, absorbing the firm of PIPER & SHIFFLER, who had erected bridge works in Pittsburg, in 1863, and executed many important works. By a very liberal charter, granted by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, in 1812, the company was authorized to increase its capital stock to $1,500,000, and the privilege was conferred to construct general machine work, and the substructure and superstructure of buildings, bridges, and other constructions of wood, iron, steel, stone, and other material, in any part of the United States. After numerous additions to the original works, the new and complete works of enlarged capacity were erected on a lot embracing six acres of ground purchased for this purpose. The accompanying illustrations show the original bridge works of PIPER & SHIFFLER, subsequently enlarged and improved by the Keystone Bridge Company, and also the new works erected by the latter company, including machine-shops, smith-shops, riveting-sheds, bolt-cutting and testing houses, pattern-shops, a large iron building for a foundry, offices, stables, and all the accessories of a first-class establishment. In the completeness, extent, and adaptation of all the tools and appointments required for heavy bridge construction, the works of this company are without a rival in this country, while, at the same time, they possess every facility requisite to the construction of iron roofs, fire-proof buildings, turn-tables, roadway bridges, wooden bridges, and general foundry and machine work. The annual capacity of these works is now about $3,000,000. These facilities are being constantly increased, and further extensions of the works are now in progress. It results, as an invariable sequence of the law of demand and supply, that one great industry calls into existence other allied manufactures especially adapted to facilitate and enlarge its productions. The demand for new forms of iron in our improved bridge construction, embracing channels, beams, hollow columns, and "upset' or weldless tension chords, was promptly met by Messrs. CARNEGIE, KLOMAN & Co., who erected large works adjacent to the shops of the Keystone Bridge Company. The intimate relations existing between these companies, and the immediate proximity of their respective establishments, afford the opportunity of observing and directing the special manufacture of the iron employed in bridge and other work, in all the varied manipulations from the ore to the finished bar. The quality of the ore and fuel employed, as well as the improved methods of heating and working the iron, are a guarantee that the quality furnished cannot be surpassed for bridge construction. 882 BIRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THiE UNITED STATES, The ability to obtain at these works all shapes of iron, and any graduation in thickness and width of bars, rolled to unusual lengths, insures a prompt execution of all classes of bridge and other work here contracted for. By watching each step in the process of manufacture, and by carrying out the careful system of tests instituted, not only at the mills,-where the bars are piled, rolled, and rerolled, and in the smith-shop, where every precaution is observed by skilled foremen to detect imperfections,-but also at the works, by constant tests of specimens cut from bars designed for bridges, enables the proprietors to determine whether the material, mixture, and working of the iron are such as to render the quality satisfactory. When the quality is discovered to be below the requirements, the causes can be at once determined. The mixture and kind' of ores are then varied, and such care observed in the manufacture as will produce results in conformity with our specifications. LONG-SPAN BRIDGES OF AMERICA. The application of iron and steel to the construction of bridges of considerable span is of recent date in this country. As late as 1862, it is believed that the Green River Bridge and the Monongahela, with spans of 200 feet, by FINK, and the Schuylkill Bridge by J. HI. LINVILLE, with spans of 192 feet, were the longest iron spans in the United States. The tubular bridges at MVontreal, and over the Menai Straits, by STEVENSON, and the parobolic truss at Saltash, by BRUNEL, were the greatest spans erected by English engineers. The Steubenville Bridge, containing a span 320 feet in length, was the pioneer of long spans in the United States. Its design and construction were intrusted, in 1862, to J. H. LINVILLE, C. E. In the execution of the work special provision in tools, machinery, testing apparatus and appliances for erection, was rendered necessary in consequence of its unusual dimensions and proportions. The Monongehela Bridge at Pittsburg, with a span of 260 feet for double track, was constructed simultaneously from the same patterns. After the completion and success of these works, followed the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company's Bridges over the Ohio at Bellaire and Parkersburg, with spans of 350 feet, and the great span of 420 feet in the Newport and Cincinnati Bridge at Cincinnati, all of which were constructed by the Keystone Bridge Company, from designs prepared under the immediate supervision of their President. The Parkersburg Bridge has two spans of 348 feet, four of 200 feet, with numerous shorter spans. The Bellaire Bridge has one span 348 feet, one of 250 feet, four spans 200 feet, and a number of 107 feet spans, the approach consisting of 43 stone arches, 28 feet 4 inches each, on a five-degree curve. Cost about $1,000,000. J. RANDOLPH, chief engineer. The Louisville Bridge, constructed by ALBERT FINK, contains the next longest span in the United States, being 400 feet in length. 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IROIN BIDGE WORIKS OF THE UNiTED STATES. 383 The cut illustrates the system of construction adopted at Steubenville, Bellaire, Parkersburg, and Cincinnati, being copied from a photograph of the channel span of the Newport and Cincinnati Bridge. This is the longest truss in use in this country. The same general design, submitted by J. HI. LINVILLE, chief engineer, has been selected and approved for the great bridge over the Hudson, at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., with five spans of 525 feet each.:' CHANNEL SPAN OF NEWPORT AND CINCINNATI BRIDGE. (Span, 420 feet.) These will be the longest spans of truss bridge ever attempted in this or any other country. The success of previous works, on similar plans, is the best evidence of their practicability for extended spans. The distance from high water to the lower chord is limited by the charter to 130 feet. The grade will be elevated 190 feet above high water. The eastern approach consists of four spans of 260 feet, and five spans of 135 feet, at varying elevations. The depth of water varies from 50 to 60 feet. The immense height of structure, length of spans, volume of water, and depth to rock, render this project probably the grandest and most difficult that engineering skill has ever been required to undertake and accomplish. Pivot bridges were generally constructed, previous to 1860, of two disconnected spans, sustained by guys depending from a central tower, or with guys to aid in stiffening wooden trusses. In the Schuylkill Bridge these accessories were omitted, the trusses being designed to be self-supporting when revolved on the pivot centre. This method of construction now prevails almost exclusively. The accompanying illustration, taken from the Keokuk Bridge, shows the pivot span, 387 feet in length. This span and those of similar design at Dubucque and Kansas City, each 360 feet in 0UDSO )0:IVE BRIDGE AT POUGHKEEPSIE, N. Y. (Span, 525 feet.) m length, also Cleveland Bridge, 325 feet, and Chicago, 225 feet mediate points and trussed by combination with the ties, their span, were constructed by the Keystone Bridge Company. tendency to deflect is effectually prevented. The combination The bridge over the Connecticut, at Middletown, consisting of is economical, and has proved very effective and entirely satisfour spans 200 feet, and a pivot span 300 feet, exhibits various factory. The ties being arranged in pairs, obviate the tendency peculiarities. The bridge was designed in accordance with to warp the web, noticeable in lattice-bridges of the usual type. patents granted J. H. LINVILLE, and Messrs. LINVILLE & PIPERI. The introduction of steel in this country, in compression, for The distinguishing features are the absence of verticals,-the arches of great extent, is due to Capt. J. B. EADS, chief engineer ties and struts being inclined at an angle of 45 degrees. Illinois and St. Louis Bridge. The struts are tubular, and being intersected at three inter- The spans of the St. Louis Bridge arches are 515 feet and IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 385 520 feet, being the longest existing spans in the world. The design reflects great credit on the chief engineer, and his principal assistant, Colonel FLAD. PIVOT BRIDGE OVER TIE MISISSSIPPI PIVEGi AT KEOTKUK. The contract for the supply of materials and construction of this great work was awarded to the Keystone Bridge Company. The steel was mainly furnished them by the Midvale Steel Works, Philadelphia. The machine-work on the steel tubes, etc., required tools of large capacity and great accuracy. Its execution developed numerous mechanical difficulties, which were, in turn, successfully mastered. The satisfactory execution of this work does great credit to the ability and skill of the general manager and his able assistants in charge of the mechanical CONNECTICUT BIVER BRIDGE MIDDLETOWN, CONN.,-~-~-~-~-~,~,-_~ 1 1I~-~ —-~ ~. ~ —— ~ —-— ~ —-~~:-~-=:-~~~=~ 386 IRON B3RIDGE WORKS OF THIE TUNiTED STATES. departments of the Keystone Bridge Works. The bridge now so nearly completed, is pronounced by all to be the finest mechanical specimen of bridge work in the world. The method of erecting these immense steel tubes, without any of the usual appliances of scaffolding or support from below, is shown in the illustration copied from a photograph. iii~yILLINOIS AND ST. LOuiS BRIDOE.-Mode of erecting arches. The intention, from the assumption of this undertaking by the contractors, was to erect by the aid of guys depending from the masonry, and by cables passing over temporary towers. Captain EADs urged the use of catenary cables, extending over towers placed on the piers and abutments, and anchored at the approaches. Investigations showed that this method would be expensive and uncertain. The difficulty of maintaining these cables in the assumed curve when supporting the constantly varying weight of the arches as they progressed from the abutments and piers, led Mr. LINVILLE to propose, early in 1871, in his instructions to WALTER KATTE, engineer in charge, the use of direct guys and back-stays depending from temporary towers. These suggestions embraced the leading principles of erection adopted, securing direct support to the arches at a sufficient number of fixed points. It was subsequently suggested by Colonel FLAD to use guys passing over towers, the guys or cables being made adjustable by means of hydraulic rams placed on the summit of the towers, to compensate for changes of temperature. The officers of the Keystone Bridge Company, fearing accidents to the rams and difficulty in repairing the same, substituted movable towers, supported on the rams, which were IRON IRIDGE XWOFOKS OF TIIE UNITED STATES. 387 placed on the masonry. Provision was by this means made for safety in event of accidents to the rams, and for the removal and renewal of the rams, if found defective. The engineering profession are familiar with the operations. AMany persons visited the work during erection, and the successful closing of the first arches was heralded throughout this country and Europe, as " the greatest achievement of engineering science in the world." The illustration shows the towers, main cables reaching over the same to the anchorages, and secondary cables passing from the heel of the arch over towers standing on the aredes at a distance of 150 feet from the abutments. Auxiliary guys were used at intermediate points-at intervals three panels in length. The scaffolding on top of the arches was used in erecting the cables, and for the purpose of maintaining them in straight lines. The erection was commenced at the west abutment, and at each side of the first pier. The cantilevers on opposite sides of the pier balanced each other. The sections of the arches were hoisted from boats, and added in succession, until the semi-spans met, and were made self-supporting by the insertion of the closing tubes. During the entire operations, the rams were operated automatically by means of a balance-guage and proportional weights, to compensate for variations in the lengths of the cables, due to strains and thermal changes. The erection was conducted under the immediate superintendence of WALTER KATTE, the engineer of the Keystone Bridge Company. The designs for most of the erecting apparatus were submitted by him and approved, after certain modifications, by the executive officers of this company. They take pleasure in acknowledging the aid of Colonel FLAD, who manifested great interest in the success of the plans, and rendered much valuable assistance in their preparation and execution. The extensive plant required for the manufacture and erection of these great works, and the experience necessarily required in their execution, give to this company peculiar advantages in undertaking and carrying to successful completion any great works of substructure or superstructure. Kellogg & Maurice.-Office, 23 Nassau Street, New York. Location of works, Athens, Penn. This works builds wooden, iron, and combination bridges, truss roofs, turntables, etc. Continental Bridge Co.-Office, 110 Soutli Fourth Street, Philadelphia. This company builds bridges, of HENSZEY'S patent wrought-iron arch bridges. Iron work from Phcenix Iron Company. Iron riidge Works of New Jersey. Phillipsburg MVanufacturing Co.-President, DANIEL RUNXKLE; Secretary and Treasurer,.WV. RUNILE; Vice-President and Engineer, ALFRED P. BOLLER; Superintendent, JAMES CHRISTIE; General Agent, J. W. GASKILL. New York office, 2 Dey Street. Location of works, Phillipsburg, N. J. 49 388 IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. This company builds iron bridges, roofs, viaducts, suspension bridges, and general engineering iron work, and also manufactures splice bolts, nuts, light forgings, bridge, roof, and machine bolts. The Watson lianufacturing Co.-President, W. G. WATSON; Vice-President, J. WATSON; A. J. POST, Engineer; HENRY A. WISE, Assistant Engineer. New York office, 303 Broadway. Location of works, Paterson, N. J. This company are builders of diagonal truss bridges, under POST'S patent, which are either of iron or wood, or wood and iron combined, for railroads and highways. They also construct roofs, turn-tables, and general machine work. The POST patent bridge has been also a favorite with many railways, and numbers of them are to be seen on our trunk lines. F~ C. Lowthorp.-Office, 78 East State Street, Trenton, N. J. Civil engineer, patentee and builder of Lowthorp's patent iron bridges, pivot bridges, and turn-tables. Iron Bridge Works of Maryland. Baltimore Bridge Co.-President and Chief Engineer, B. N. LATROBE; F. 1-. SMITH, General Superintendent; C. H. LATEOBE, Secretary and Treasurer; C. C. WRENCIALL, Superintendent of Erection; BENJAMIN II. LATROBE, Consulting Engineer. Office, 55 Lexington Street, Baltimore. New York office, 71 Broadway. C. BENDER, Engineer in charge. Western office, 417 Pine Street, St. Louis, Mo. This company design and construct iron, steel, and composite bridges and roofs of any form, and make a specialty of patent wrought iron trestles and viaducts. The engineering talent connected with this company is of the very first class, the consulting engineer, Mr. BENJ. H. LATROBE, having conducted some of the most extensive engineering works in the United States. Patapsco Bridge and Iron Works.-Proprietor, WENDELL BOLLMAN. Office, 8 South Gay Street, Baltimore. Location of works, Canton, Baltimore. At this works is manufactured as the specialty BOLLMAN'S patent suspension truss bridge, as also other styles of iron and combination bridges, roofs, iron fronts for buildings, and all kinds of cast and wrought iron work for building and railroad construction. The proprietor has also given especial attention to the pneumatic pile for bridge substructures, and has also the necessary appliances for sinking the same. Several patented specialties are manufactured here, among which are THIEMIEYER's patent switches, and eight-inch cast iron revolving water columns for filling locomotive tanks, which they will do in about one minute. These columns are in general use on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Marine work in all branches is also done, and the works has a reputation for shipwork of the best character. Iron Bridge Worlks of Ohio. Cleveland Bridge and Car Works.-Proprietors, The McNairy and Claflen Manufacturing Co. President, ALBERT C. MCNxAIRY; Vice-President and Treasurer, HIENxRY M. IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 389 CLAFLEN; Superintendent, HENRY T. CLAFLEN; Secretary, JO-IN COON; Engineer, SIMEON SHELDON. Office, Waring Block, corner Bank and St. Clair Streets, Cleveland. Location of works, on WVason, Hamilton, and Lake Streets, Cleveland. This company builds railway and highway bridges of iron and wodd, roofs, turn-tables, and iron and wood transfer-tables for car works; and among their specialties in bridge building are POST'S patent iron and combination bridges, and HlowE truss bridges, with patent iron clamp. They are also manufacturers of railroad and street cars. (See Car Works of Ohio.) The establishment is very extensive and prosperous. The works covers an area of nearly five acres, having grown to this magnitude in a comparatively few years. The consumption of metal in the works includes 8,000 tons pig iron, worth, say, $320,000; 5,000 tons wrought iron, $500,000; and 3,000 tons coal. During 1872 the works erected some fifty iron bridges, the principal of which was at Mobile, and is 2,300 feet long. The others were distributed among twelve different States, and have given entire satisfaction. In 1873, among other work, the company has been engaged on the bridge across the Detroit River for the Canada Southern Railway, which will be over 2,000 feet long, with a draw of 342 feet, and will contain over 400 tons of iron. All the bridges which leave this works are fitted to place in the shops and carefully marked, then disconnected and sent forward to their destination in the order in which they are to go in the work. King Iron Bridge and Mlanufacturing CO.-ZENAS KING, President; C. A. CRAM, Treasurer; W. J. FARRAR, Secretary. Works, corner St. Clair and Wason Streets, Cleveland. The specialty of this concern is the KING iron bridge, and the works is extensive and celebrated. Buckeye Bridge Works.-Proprietors, MILLER & JAMESON. Location of works, Cleveland, O. This firm employs 40 hands, and builds iron-bridge work and like specialties. 0. Graham.-274: West Front Street, Cincinnati. Builder of iron bridges, and general iron worker. Canton Wrought-Iron Bridge Company.-Location of works, Canton, O. This company builds wrought-iron bridges, railroad and highway, and employs 75 hands. Hammond & Reeves.-Location of works, Canton, O. Specialty, wrought-iron bridges, principally highway. D. H. & C. C. M1Vorrison.-Location of works, Dayton, O. Specialty, iron bridges, principally wrought. Illinois. The American Bridge Company.-President, A. B. STONE; Vice-President, H. A. RUST; Secretary and Treasurer, WM. C. TAYLOR; Engineers, E. 1IEMBERLE and W. G. COOLIDGE; South-western Agent, J. W. GooDwIN, Houston, Texas. Office, No. 210 La Salle 390 IOON BRIDGE WVOKS OF THE UNITED STATES. Street, corner of Adams Street, Chicago. Location of works, corner of Egan and Stewart Avenues, Chicago. This company are manufacturers and builders of bridges, roofs, turn tables, pivot bridges, iron trestles, wrought-iron columns, heavy castings, and general iron and foundry work. In bridge building, the well known and generally accepted systems of POST'S patent diagonal iron truss, plate and trussed girders; PosT's patent diagonal combination truss; HowE's truss, or other favorites, are employed for the superstructure. In substructures, iron, pneumatic, and screw piles are largely used as well as masonry. The works is fully equipped with a complete variety of general and special bridge building machinery, with appliances for exact, rapid, and economical manufacturing and handling of material. This is said to be the largest bridge building establishment in the country, having capacity for construction of 100 lineal feet of iron truss building, with a proportionate amount of turn-table and substructure, daily. As an evidence of what this company has accomplished in the specialty, the following engineering works are selected: Bridge over the Missouri River at Omaha, for the Union Pacific Railroad Company. Railroad and highway bridge over Missouri River at Leavenworth, Kansas, for the Kansas & Missouri Bridge Company. Railroad and highway bridge at Booneville, Mo., for the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway Company. Red River Bridge, and all others for Mlissouri, Kansas & Texas Railway Company. Railroad bridge over the Mississippi, at I-astings, Minn., for Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company. Lesser Channel Bridge on Mississippi, at Rock Island, Ill., for the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Company. Railroad bridge over the Mississippi, at Winona, Minn., for the Chicago & North-western Railway Company. Railroad bridge over the Illinois River, at Grand Pass, Ill., for the Chicago & Alton Railroad Company. Railroad bridge over Illinois River, at Peoria, Ill., for Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western Railroad Company. Railroad and highway bridge over the Arkansas River, at Little Rock, Ark., for the Cairo & Fulton Railroad Company. Union passenger-depot roof, at Chicago, Ill., for Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, & Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Companies. Railroad-shop roofs at Chicago, Ill., for Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Company. Railroad-shop roofs at Elkhart, Ind., for Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad Company. Railroad-shop roofs at Chicago, for Chicago & North-western Railway Company. Railroad-shop roofs at Parsons, Kansas, for Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway Company. This is a list to which any works may point with pride. The president of the company is a well-known iron manufacturer, Mr. A. B. STONE, and although yet a comparatively young man, occupies positions of the highest importance and responsibility. He is president of the Cleveland Rolling MBill Company, which includes the extensive BEssEMER works and rail mill at Newburg, Ohio. President of the American Sheet and Boiler-plate Company, and of the BESSEMER Steel Spring and Wire Works. President of the Union Rolling Mill Company, of Chicago, which includes BESSEMER works and rail mill. President of the Decatur Rolling Mill Company, at Decatur, Ill., which manufactures rails. Vice-President of the Western Iron Company, at Knightsville, Ind., including blast furnaces and muck mill, and President of the American Pig-iron Manufacturers' Association. M[r. STONE was the first man to convert pig iron by the pneumatic process into BESSEMIE steel, west of the Alleghanies, and in spite of his numerous connections has found time to interest himself in the history of the manufacture of iron in the United States, and especially of Ohio, of the iron production of which he has furnished very valuable information to the Secretary of State. Always affable and IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UUNITED STATES. 391 courteous, he may be considered the representative iron and steel manufacturer of the West, and the universal success of all the enterprises with which he is connected shows the excellent judgment and energy of the man. Wells, French & Co.-Office, No. 146 Dearborn Street, corner of Madison, Chicago. This firm are bridge and car builders (see Car Works of Jllinois), and general Western agents for the Kellogg Bridge Company, of Buffalo, N. Y., under the direction of CrA1RLES KELLOGG, President, and furnish railroad and highway bridges of the PRATT truss system, iron roofs, turn-tables, and drawbridges, patent iron clamps, and keys, and bolts, and dimension timber. F. E. Canda & Co. —9 South Clark Street, Chicago, Ill. Manufacture iron bridges, turn-tables, water stations, and cars. (See Car ITorks of Illinois.) Iron Bridge orks of ichigan. Detroit Bridge and Iron Works.-President and Engineer, WILLArD S. POPE; Secretary and Treasurer, WM. C. COLBURX. This company manufactures in rge iron bridges, iron roofs, and general engineering work. Location of works, Detroit, Mich. This establishment was organized into a joint-stock corporation in 1863. Its manager had for some years previous been engaged in the construction of iron bridges for railways, but as it was deemed that its largely increased business could be better conducted by a corporation than by a private partnership, the change was made accordingly. Its capital is $300,000, invested in buildings, machinery, tools, and equipment for the construction of both the substructure and superstructure of bridges. Its works are in the ninth ward of the city of Detroit, at the intersection of Twentysecond Street with the Michigan Central Railroad. Its shops, buildings, and yard cover an area of about six acres of ground, well provided with side tracks, etc. About three hundred men are ordinarily employed in the shops. It makes a specialty of iron bridging and iron roofing. One can hardly ride over any of the railroads of the North-west without crossing some of its bridges. The Michigan Central Railroad, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, the Illinois Central Railroad, the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, the Toledo, Wabash and Western Railway, the Chicago and Northwestern Railway, etc., etc., are stocked with bridges from this works. This company built the great bridges over the Mississippi River at Burlington, Iowa; at Clinton, Iowa; at Quincy, Illinois; and at Hannibal, Missouri, and over the Missouri River at St. Joseph, Mo. From small beginnings, this company has grown to a commanding position. Its constant policy has been to do the best work, in the most honest and thorough manner, and as samples thereof it can fairly refer to any of its numerous structures. Its officers are as follows: WILLARD S. POPE, President and Engineer; WILLIAM C. COLBURN, Secretary and Treasurer; S. S. IRoBIsoN, Superintendent. The construction of the bridge over the Missouri River at St. Joseph, Mo., built in 392 IRON BRIDGE WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 18T2-3, was a very interesting work, by reason of the difficulties arising from the utterly unstable and treacherous nature of the stream. It was necessary not only to build the bridge, but also to confine and control the channel, so that the river might not hereafter, in some of its incessant and tremendous changes, cut a new bed around and behind the bridge. Tinder the direction of Col. E. D. MASON, the chief engineer of the company owning the bridge, this was successfully accomplished. To place the river in this new channel required the removal of a sand-bar more than a mile long and about half a mile wide, containing more than 8,000,000 cubic yards of sand and earth. This was done by diverting the current, by means of dikes of brush and stone, so as to strike against the bar, which speedily disappeared and was carried away by the water. By the comparatively insignificant dikes, the mighty power of the river itself was placed in harness. The apparently uncontrollable waters dug their own channel exactly as desired, and flowed obediently and permanently in their new bed. The piers and abutments of the bridge itself were founded upon the bed-rock at a depth of about 70 feet below high-water line. They are of massive masonry, and were sunk by the pneumatic process through the shifting quicksands of the river bed. Difficulties constantly presented themselves requiring incessant watchfulness and care. But by an intelligent study of the laws governing the stream, and a strict conformity thereto in all expedients and plans, the difficulties were overcome, and the work finally brought to successful completion. The bridge is 1,345 feet long between abutments. It is used for the passage of both highway and railway traffic. Its cash cost was $1,009,000. STATISTICAL RECORD OF PRODUCTION, IPORTS, EXPORTS, ETC. TABLES OF COST OF IRON MAKING, \WAGES IN IRON WORKIS, ETC., ETC. 0% cO 1850. 1851. 1859. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. January 48/6 43/9 86/3 ]6/3 76/ 66/9 76/3 73/7 54/6 53/6 57/7 49/2 48/8 54/6 64/1 49/8 66/4 54/4 52/1 55/2 56/6 51/6 74/7 129/1 February............. 47/ 42/6 36/ 55/1 77/9 60/ 69/9;~3/1, 56/3 52/ 60/ 48/10 19/2 54/ 60/8 50/3 71/1 53/9 52/5 55/2 54/8 52/3 75/8 137/9 IMarch................ 44/ 41/6 36/ 53/ ~7/6 57/8 68/ 75/6 57/1 52/ 57/9 47/7 i9/7 52/4 57/9 50/9 77/1 52/9 53/9 54/3 53/7 85/8 131/6 April 52/6 42/9 41/ 35/9 52/8 79/3 59/9 73/ ~5/ 53/4 51/3 53/1 48/2 52/1. 50/9 59/2 53/1?8/2 51/1 52/3 52/10 57/2 55/1 92/ 117/9 June................. 45/8 39/3 40/3 52/9 88/6 75/7 75/;] ~7/6 52/6 18/ 50/3 49/6 52/8 51/5 57/9 54/9 53/9 53/8 51/1 50/8 57/ 99/7 111/ ~ July.................. 44/3 39/ 34/ 54/8 84/9?P,/7 72/9 ~3/8 52/7 51/9 52/2 50/9 51/5 5:]/1 58/6 54/7 52/1: 52/1Z 52/8 50/11 55/2 59/ 122/ 109/ August.. 43/6 ]8/6 34/3 34/2 83/3 77/8 73/3 ~0/1 55/1 52/9 51/1 51/1 54/8 54/ 58/1 54/1 52/6 53/5 52/9 52/2 51/3 62/ 126/2 109/3 September............ 42/3 39/ 17/3 ~3/4 $2/6 30/8?1/6 57/8 54/4 51/1 51/~ 51/ 56/3 57/7 58/6 57/4 54/7 54/2 53/8 53/ 51/8 60/7 129/3 115/4 October............... 42/6 ~9/ 56/3 ~6/1~ 81/3 ~7/ ~8/6 32/4 54/5 51/8 52/ 49/8 56/2 ~1/4 51/1 57/1 54/2 54/11 58/ 53/1 51/5 6.1/7 120/9 113/3 November............. 42/6 39/ 58/ r8/2 71/9 ~6/8 71/3 53/8 53/8 52/3 52/5 39/4 56/2 )2/7 51/ 57/1 53/5 54/1 53/5 54/6 51/2 67/8 97/6 107/6,, December............. 43/9 38/ 38/9 r9/ 67/ ~6/1: ~2/9 51/ 54/6 i6/6 51/2 i8/4 54/6 ~5/4 50/3 61/9 54/6 52/1; or2 53/7 57/ 51/4 70/ 104/ 105/9..... uoo~t acorn} 86o~] 45o~1'~ml aam] X,~0m 00m] ~06m 640~ a,0m 460m[ 56Gini 666m} 76om 760m;52ml 510mI 473mt 568ml 620m] 665mi 490mt 194m Stock 1st aanuarxj. o ~ Shipments............ 324m1 452m] 438m} 663mt 562m] 528m[ 510m[ 527m[ 554m 563m 563mI 583m[ 567m] 607m[ 637m] 679m1 i86m] 595m] 563m/ 629m} 620m 816m] 841m[ 612m >Iake................. 770mI 780mI 700m/ 754m] 820m~ 820m[ 920m[ 980m 960m 988ml1050m[1080m11180m]l160m11164m[,94m[1031m/1068m/1150m11206m]l160m[1090m] 993m Furn. inblastlst Jan. 105 [ 114 ] 113 ] 114 I 115 ~ 121 ] 124 [ 126 131 124 ] 131 I 1211 125 ] 1341 134 ] 136I 98 ] 112 I 121 I 120 ] 126 I 126 ] 115 Rail Deliveries........ 6~0~1 Consnmptionin Scot..'~25m]'~50m[ 95~m[ 26m] 26mI 14m] 3363m] 4m 7m 10mI 13m [ 5m1 15m[ 38m} 61m] 50m/ 54m] ~2m] 22m[ 35mI 54m[ 74m] 81m ~- 305m{ 286m[ 300m[ 278m 340m 355m[ 348m] 408m[ 531m[ 480m[ 531m];00m] 420m[ 388m1 447m] 506m[ 465m[ 470ml Average prices........ 31~m[ 373m 44/6 I 40/1 [ 45/2 I 61/5 I 79/9 I 70/9 / 72/6 { 69/2 I 54/5 51/11 53/8 I 49/8 I 53 I 55/9 ] 57/4'1 54/9 [,0/6 I 53/6 ~ 52/9 [ 53/3 / 54/4 I ~8/nlmox/loln7/3 3/9[ 1161 I 1=31 1~01 1271 134113811121108/ 114] 12411301 127/127{119 W7] 1121 117t 129 5/6[ 4/91 3/91 3/9, 4/ [ 4/6t 7/3t 8/6 418] 1281 ~ i~ONTItLY AVERAGE PRICES IN 1872. AVERAGE~ HIGHEST, LOWEST~ AlqD CLOSING PRICES OF 1871, 1872, AND 1873. AVERAGE. HIGHEST. * ~s~a.......................... ~. ~/s! [ ~. ~v~ I,s~. ~/~ ~. 1871.......................... ~. 18/!1 8. 13/ 2. ~:t/4~ 3. I / ~ 1%bruary', 1878. ~ ~ebruary 9~h, 1872. 396 STATISTICAL RECORD OF PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, ETC. PRODUCTION OF PRODUCTION OF ANTHRACITE PIG-ON HAOAL PIG-IN N HARCOIRON IN THE THE NUNITED STATES UNITED STATES, IN TONS OF 2,000 LBS. EACH. IN TONS OF 2,000 LBS. EACH. _~: -0:- - - ~:0: - Years. Prod'n in Tons. Years. Prod'n in Tons. 1854........................... 339,435 1854........................... 342,298 1855........................... 381,866 1855........................... 339,922 1856........................... 443,113 1856.................,........ 370,470 1857........................... 390,385 1857........................... 330321 1858........................... 361,430 1858........................... 285,313 1859........................... 471,745 1859........................... 284,041 1860.......................... 519,211 1860........................... 278,331 1861........................... 409,229 1861........................... 195,278 1862........................... 470,315 1-862.......................... 186,660 1863......................... 577,638 1863........................... 212005 1864.......................... 684,018 1864........................... 241,853 1865........................... 479,558 1865........................... 262,342 1866........................... 749,367 1866.......................... 332,580 1867........................... 798,638 1867........................... 344,341 1868........................... 893,000 1868............................ 370,000 1869........................... 971,150 1869........................... 392,150 1870........................... 930,000 1870........................... 365,000 1871........................... 956,608 1871........................... 385,000 1872........................... 1,369,812 1872........................... 478,750 1873........................... 1,249,673 1873........................... 500,127 PRODUCTION OF RAW BITUMINOUS COAL AND COKE PIG-IRON IN THE UNITED STATES, IN TONS OF 2,000 LBS. EACH. Years. Production in Tons. 1854........................................ 54,485 1855............................................... 62,390 1856............................................... 69,554 1857........................................... 77,451 1858............................................... 58,351 1859............................................... 85841 1860............................................... 122228 1861............................................... 127,037 1862........................................... 130,687 1863.............................................. 157,961 1864............................................... 209,626 1865............................................... 189,682 1866.....................o.......................... 268,996 1867............................................... 318,647 1868............................................... 340,000 1869............................................... 553,341 1870............................................... 570,000 1871............................................... 570,000 1872............................................... 959,671 1873............................................... 921,631 STATISTICAL RECORD OF PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, ETC, 397 PRODUCTION OF ANTHRACITE PIG-IRON IN THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES, IN TONS OF 2,000 LBS. EACH. Years. Mass. New York. New Jersey. Pennsylvania. Maryland. Total. 1854 4,978 35,619 24,372 262,747 11,719 839,435 1855 7,181 49,728 32,754 283,836 8,367 381,866 1856 3,855 52,826 29,247 347,195 9,990 443,113 1857 3,900 46,485 21,785 307,199 11,016 390,385 1858 3,390 48,600 16,447 280,685 12,308 361,430 1859 1)000 68,282 28)394 364)587 9,482 471,745 1860.... 79,529 27,092 403,694 8,896 519,211 1861.... 66,793 21,271 314,271 6,894 409,229 1862.... 721702 27,309 370,304.... 470,315 1863.... 109,992 27,537 432)062 8,047 577,638 1864 27509 121,868 29,578 519,690 10,378 684,018 1865 3,000 80,420 16,195 376,969 2,974 479)558 1866 3,606 118,274 40,680 573,759 13,048 749,367 1867 31500 151,586 36,919 594,270 12,363 798,638 1868 4,000 160,681 47,209 671,955 9,155 893,000 1869 4,200 210,855 54,201 692,739 9,155 971,150 1870 4)000 205,000 50,000 685,000 6)638 952,000 1871 6,525 154,147 67,228 714,700 15,008 957,608 1872 8,156 192,684 84,035 893,375 18,760 1,197,010 PRODUCTION OF CHARCOAL PIG-IRON IN THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES, IN TONS OF 2,000 LBS. EACHo ST'ATES. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. Vermont........ 4,816 1,907 ) N. Eng'd. N. Eng......... Massachusetts.. 28,909 34,682 14,514 12262 30,000 38,000........ Connecticut........... 19,679 18,607) New York..... 17,303 19,617 24,920 26,942 27,4001 New Jersey.... 2,101 2,600 6,426 9,000........ Pennsylvania 53,171 58,671 57,841 60,155 59,600............ Maryland...... 19,604 19,447 26,652 24,000 25,000J........ 24,500 Ohio.......... 67,342 71,838 87,888 89,525 86,000........ 24,012 Michigan...... 21,810 27,752 35,448 55,748 65 000.... 51,225 63,195 Missouri...... 16,414 14,511 25,663 19,500.... 35 656 3 Wisconsin...2...,2027 2,262 5,241 5,400 * S 206, 00 34,600 Kentucky...... 11,942 9,297 15,000.... *.... 16,305 Other States... 1,230 1,665 8,500 21300 77,00........ Total.....241,853 262,342 332,580 344,341 370,000 392,150.... 385,000 478,500 * Included in "' Other States." 398 STATISTICAL RECORD OF PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, ETC. PRODUCTION OF RAW BITUMINOUS COAL AND COKE PIG-IRON IN THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES, IN TONS OF 2,000 LBS. EACH. PRODUCTION IN TONS. YEARS. Pennsylvania. Ohio. Other States. Total. 1854 29,941 15,000 9,544 54,485 1855 38,500 15,000 8,890 62,390 1856 46,317 15,000 8,237 69,554 1857 53,803 20,368 3,280 77,451 1858 33,115 22,236 3,000 58,351 1859 48,626 33,215 3,000 84,841 1860 69,748 49,480 3,000 122,228 1861 79,373 45,664 2,000 127,037 1862 65,227 63,460 2,000 130,687 1863 90,719 65,242 2,000 157,961 1864 122,220 85,483 1,923 209,626 1865 116,000 72,006 1,676 ] 89,682 1866 170,600 97,198 1,198 268,996 1867 191,072 126,375 1,200 318,647 1868 194,000 132,000 I4,000 340,000 1869............ 553,000 1870............ 500,000 1871............ 570,000 1872 200,000 206,624 103,129 712,500 PRODUCTION OF PIG-IRON OF ALL KINDS IN THE UNITED STATES, IN TONS OF 2,000 LBS. EACH. _0:-o Years. Production in Tons. 1854............................................. 736,218 1855............................................. 784,178 1856............................................. 883,137 1857............................................. 798,157 1858............................................. 705,094 1859............................................. 840,627 1860............................................. 919,770 1861.............................................. 731,544 1862............................................. 787,662 1863............................................. 947,604 1864............................................ 1,135,497 1865.............................................. 931,582 1866............................................. 1,350,943 1867............................................. 1,461,626 1868.............................................. 1,603,000 1869............................................. 1916,641 1870............................................. 2,050,000 1871............................................. 1,900,000 1872............................................. 2,836,070 1873............................................ 2,695,434 STATISTICAL RECORD OF PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, ETC. 399 PRODUCTION OF RAILROAD IRON IN THE UNITED STATES, IN TONS OF 2,000 LBS. EACH. - 0: Years. Production in Ton. 1849......................... 24,318 1850......................... 44,083 1851......................... 50,603 1852......................... 62,478 1853......................... 87,864 1854......................... 108,016 1855......................... 138,674 1856......................... 180,018 1857......................... 161,918 1858......................... 163,712 1859......................... 195,454 1860......................... 205,038 1861......................... 189,818 Decrease 7.4 per cent. 1862......................... 213,912 Increase 12.6 " 1863......................... 275,768 " 28.9 " 1864......................... 335,369 " 21.6 " 1865......................... 356,292 " 6.2 " 1866......................... 430,778 " 20.9 1867......................... 462,108 " 7.3 " 1868......................... 506,714 " 9.6 " 1869......................... 593,586 " 17.12 1870........................ 620,000 1871......................... 775,000 1872......................... 942,000 1873......................... 850,000 IMPORTATION OF RAILROAD IRON INTO THE UNITED STATES, IN TONS OF 2,000 LBS. EACG,....:0: Years. Production in Tons. 1860............................................... 146,610 1860.~~ee@@@ase~vt *@@@v ae**w@*v@@00se** 146 610 1861............................................... 1861.esa;**vv9 wew ee ** e@*ov sss~v 89,388 1862............................................... 10,186 1863............................................... 20,506 1864............................................. 142 457 1865............................................... 63, 7 1865.*s e~eeee*Z*X ve ev**v~w * ******ee*** 63,327 1866............................................... 117 878 1867............................................... 184,840 1867. s vs~sve s@ * @@es~s~e *v* 184,840 1868............................................... 300,160 1868.***soo@@@v**@ves~ee******s**ovsse~e@ Z 300 160 1869............................................... 336,500 1869..@vv***ee*@*ss***b* **e~evv~vv**@e6** 336,500 1870.............................................. 472,403 1871............................................... 512 77 1871..essX** *@s~e~ss**ee~ss&**@*vje***we 512,277 1872................................................ 472 60 1872.............................................. 472 760 1873..Xe ov***@@****e~evoov~ooev *oee**w 240,505 400 STATISTICAL RECORD OF PRODUCTION IMPORTS, EXPORTS, ETC. CONSUMPTION OF RAILROAD IRON IN THE UNITED STATES, IN TONS OF 2,000 LBS. BACH. Years. Made in U. S. Imported. Total Cansumptan. 1849............................ 24,318............ 1850............................ 44,083 159,080 203,163 1851............................ 50,603 226,350 276,953 1852............................ 62,488 294,750 357,228 1853............................ 87,864 358,794 446 658 1854............................ 108,016 339,439 447,455 1855............................ 138,674 153,019 291,693 1856............................ 180,018 186,594 366,612 1857............................ 161.9.8 215,166 377,084 1858........................ 163,712 90,894 254,606 1859............................ 195,454 83,958 279,412 1860........................... 205,038 146,610 351,648 1861............................ 189,818 89,388 279,206 1862............................ 213,912 10,186 224,098 1863............................ 275,768 20,506 296,274 1864............................ 335,369 142,457 477,826 1865............................ 356,292 63,327 419,619 1866............................ 430,778 117,878 5480656 1867............................ 462,108 184,840 646,948 1868............................ 506,714 300,160 806,874 1869............................ 503,586 336,500 930,086 1870............................ 620,000 472,403 1,092,403 1871............................ 630,000 600,000 1,230,000 1872............................ 750,000 472,460 1,222,460 1873............................ 850,000 240,505 1,090,505 MONTHLY EXPORTATION OF RAILROAD IRON TO THE UNITED STATES FROM GREAT BRITAIN, IN TONS OF 2,000 LBS. EACH. [Compiled from Officil Reports, published by authority of House of Commons.]:0: Months. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1873. January................. 22,877 27,563 28,264 35,299 February................ 24,576 36,912 32,784 53,131 March.................. 44,974 26,009 41,917 41,175 April................... 37,597 41,347 32,456 50,588 May.................... 28,638 37,266 64,444 40,840 June.................... 29,924 51,570 44,919 37,978 July.................... 39,483 46,450 42,385 41,305 August.................. 28,617 45,981 47,993 40,005 September.............. 16,693 37,285 54,373 37,732 October................. 20,996 31,702 84,152 31,957 November.. 16,732 33,106 31,978 31,064 December.......... 25,403 56,672 37,372 31,686 STATISTICAL RECORD OF PRODIUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, ETC. 401 PRODTUCTION OF ROLLING MILLS IN THE UNITED STATES, IN TOS OF 2,000 LB]3S. EACH. ~:0:~ Years. Rails. Other than Rails. Total. 1864......................... 335,369 536,958 872,327 1865......................... 356,292 500,048 856,340 1866......................... 430,778 595,311 1,026,089 1867......................... 462,108 579,838 1,041,946 1868......................... 506,714 598,286 1,105,000 1869......................... 593,586 642,420 1,236,006 1870......................... 620,000 705,000 1,325,000 1871......................... 775,733 710,000 1,485,733 1872......................... *850,000 852,000 1,652,000 1873........................ 850,000 980,000 1,830,000 *Estimated. PIG-IRON EXPORTED FROM GREAT BRITAIN TO THE UNITED STATES. IN TONS OF 2,000 LBS. EACH. [Compiled from Official Reports published by autwhorty of House of Commons.],:O: Years. Quantity. Ton8, 1850.............................................. 78,874 1851................................................ 67,249 1852................................................. 91,873 1853............................................. 114,227 1854.............................................. 160,483 1855.............................................. 98,924 1856.............................................. 59,011 1857.............................................. 51,794 1858................................... 41,985 1859.............................................. 72,517 1860.............................................. 71,497 1861................................................. 110,025 1862.................................................. 22,147 1863................................................. 31,007 1864................................................. 102,223 1865.............................................. 44,601 1866.............................................. 108,304 1867.............................................. 134,238 1868.............................................. 96,548 1869.............................................. 148,383 1870.............................................. 126,515 1871........... 190,183 1871.............................................. 190,183 1872.............................................. 193,957 1873............................................. 102,624 402 STATISTICAL RECORD OF PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, ETC. PRODUOTION OF THE FORGES AND BLOOMARIES IN THE UNITED STATES, IN TONS OF 2,000 LBS. EACH. -:0: - Years. Quantity. Tons. 1865............................................... 63 977 1866.............................................. 73 55 1867.............................................. 73,073 1868.............................................. 75,200 1869.............................................. 69,500 1870............................................... 110,808 1871.............................................. 121,608 1872.............................................. 152,000 1873.............................................. 148)000 QUANTITY OF IRON OF ALL KINDS EXPORTED FROM GREAT BRITAIN TO THE UNITED STATES, IN TONS OF 2,000 LBS. EA.IL 0: Years. Quantity. Tons8. 1850.......................................... 295,521 1851.............................................. 343)223 1852.............................................. 343,265 1853.............................................. 518,000 1854.............................................. 506,508 1855.............................................. 342,831 1856.............................................. 385,899 1857.............................................. 332,100 1858.................................................. 1859.............................................. 243,583 1860.............................................. 327,870 1861.............................................. 260,116 1862............................................. 53,236 1863............................................... 141,160 1864.............................................. 317,317 1865.............................................. 159,815 1866.............................................. 345,442 1867............................................. 410,614 1868............................................. 473,702 1869.............................................. 596,5541870........... o................................... 1871............................................. 818,852 1872. e............... 9..... ~ o....e............ 776,604 STATISTICAL RECORD OF PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, ETC. 403 EXPORTATION OF RAILROAD IRON FROM GREAT BRITAIN TO ALL COUNTRIES, IN TONS OF 2,000 LBS. EACH. Years. Quantity. 1860............................................. 507,858 1861............................................. 422,873 1862............................................. 448,857 1863............................................. 500,013 1864............................................ 757,200 1865............................................. 486,427 1866............................................. 557,783 1867............................................. 650,239 1868............................................. 653,507 1869............................................. 1,003,350 1870............................................. 1,187,337 1871............................................. 981,197 1872............................................. 947,548 1873............................................. 786,800 PRODIUCTION OF PRODUCTION OF PIG-IRON IN ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, AND WALES, PIG-IRON IN FRANCE, IN TONS OF 2,240 LBS. EACH. N TONS OF' 2,240 LBS. EACH. iZ TONS OF 2,240 LBS. EACH.:0:Years. Quantity. 1800......................... 180,000 ears. Qantty 1810......................... 294,642 1820......................... 2 4 1818......................... 29037 1.ee* 368,000 1 818,.................. 1140,000 1830......................... 678417 1825......................... 195588 1840......................... 1830......................... 222965 1840 1864..........................1,16500000 1867 e@11 1835 ~......................... 1,168,3290 378 1850.........................512500 1850......................... 406000 1850........................ 2,250,000 854......................** 358596... 1855......................... 75)000 11862 3......4 064,0 1863.:.I................;. 1,150,000 1865......................... 4810254 186....116,0 1866......51 e 1864 5...... 1 1668600 1868.... 4,970,1206 186 5..252 1 6530 1869............... 1867.... 1,.222,363 1867 0......5800,000.....'....1868 1871.....6,670,000 1869..... 1,380,00 18672 e. ees v * e.. 6,800,000 1870;..................... 51 404 STATISTICAL RECORD OF PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, ETC. Imports of Iron and Metals, compiled by the Treasury Department. The following is a comparison of quantities and values of Iron and Metals, and manufactures thereof, imported into the United States from foreign countries, for the fiscal years 1870, 1871, 1872, and 1873, compiled from returns of Collectors of Customs: COMMODITIES. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870. QUANTITY. VALUE. QUANTITY. VALUE. QUANTITY. VALUE. QUANTITY. VALUE. IRON AND STEEL, AND MANUFACTURES OF Pig-iron..................... lbs. 482,711,889 $7,203,769 554,465,164 $5,122,318 409,031,453 $3,106,490 343.254,457 $509,280 Castings......................lbs. 729,680 32,113 866,285 34.333 4,406,073 32,679 I866,653 20,297 Bar iron.......... lbs. 166,016,035 5,288,481 236,454,061 5,153,472 203,508,135 4,058,130 158,361,318 3,156,236 Boiler iron....................lbs. 1,174,165 55,.030 1,401,951 57,372 1,098,838 31,284 1,974,603 50,968 Band, hoop, and scroll iron.....lbs. 25,660,711 846,973 23,416,191 537,457 22,441,122 506 497 13,536,425 280,665 Railroads bars and rails........lbs. 481,009,481 10,541,036 944,739,393 15,778,941 1,026,045,340 17,530,297 626,675,610 9,669,571 Sheet iron....................lbs. 29,887,746 1,287,072 29,509,065 1,116,200 20,977,572 610 809 26,419,209 991,655 Old and scrap iron.............tons. 204,078 6,643,512 236,662 6,040,678 155,805 3,752,526 148,586 3,171,331 Hardware........................992........ 141495 203,021 Anchors, cable, and chains of all kinds.......................lbs. 11,599,462 675,184 11,010,613 490,275 11,049,539 472,782 11,246,677 452,177 Machinery............................... 1,693,966 1........ 1054,045........ 907,371 914,008 Muskets, pistols, rifles, and sporting guns................................ 822,119...... 711,858........ 706,988........ 620,185 Steel ingots, bars, sheets, and wire......... 4,155,234........ 4,033,508........ 3,750,702........ 2,342,408 Railroad bars, or rails of steel. lbs. 320,083,100 9,199,666 245,911,554 6,277,694............................ Cutlery............................ 2,234,347........ 2,143,708........ 1 956,351........ 1,695,238 Files.......................:............. 770,986........ 583,058........ 604,153........ 553,581 Saws and tools.................. 26563........ 54237........ 514,346........ 212,861 Manufactures of iron and steel not specified..............,221,45........ 5,621882........ 4883075........ 4,883,05 5,821,862 COPPER: Ore........................cwts. 15,900 57,950 27,110 85,622 22,344 41,007 100,313 171,976 Copper, all unmanufactured...lbs. 13,156,456 2,635,604 5,106,330 1,040,458 691,428 82,070 237,067 28,116 Manufactures of.................492........ 628,675.456165 TIN, AND MANUFACTURES OF: In bars, blocks, or pigs....... cwts, 102,859 3,277,874 110 856 3,418,042 116,594 3,093, 355 73,255 1,984,238 In plates....................cwts. 1,718,620 14,993,650 1,754',667 2,312,428 1,608,002 3,598,100 1,347,614 7,608,228 Manufactures of.......................... 85,129........ 79,233........ 65,760........ 58,622 LEAD, AND MANUFACTURES OF: Pigs, bars, and old............bs. 71,371,692 3,222,627 83,604,698 3,369,075 92,636,087 3,711, 785 88,419,323 3,644,404 Manufactures of......................... 24,526........ 26,015........ 13,761........ 30,584 ZINC AND SPELTER: In blocks or pigs.............lbs. 6,633,736 329,022 12,683,411 565,739 11,389,537 490,982 8,425,461 384,767 In sheet.....................lbs. 9,453,072 621,776 14,580,107 820,879 7,164,035 358,459 11,548,359 618,665 Brass, and manufactures of............... 221,419........ 173,515........ 129,094...... 160,272 STATISTICAL RECORD OF PRODUCTIOUM IMPORTS, EXPORTS, ETC. 405 Exports, 1870, 1871,1872, and 1873. The following is a comparison of quantities and values of Iron and Metals, and manufactures thereof, of domestic production, exported from the United States to foreign countries, for the fiscal years 1870, 1871, 1872, and 1873, compiled from returns of Collectors of Customs: COMMODITIES. QUANTITIES. VALUES. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870. IRON, AND MANUFACTURES OF: Pig.........................................cwt. 56,8327 40,528 70,853 27,810 $140,683 $69,831 $111,033 $50,127 lBar......................................... cwt 6,162 736 3,638 4,509 83,763 4,5382 16,754 26,924 Boiler plate................................. cwt 742 956 523 761 4,585 8,047 3,096 3,969 Railroad bars and rails...................... cwt 252,91 1,731 4,410 16,026 104,054 7,167 17,445 65,081 Sheet, band, and hoop.......................cwt. 1,187 2,505 772 629 6,068 13,030 4,810 3,824 Castings not specified.................................. 153,234 128,017 105,044 74,537 Car wheels.................................. NO. 7,515 4,760 2,317 2,197 137,458 99,826 42,791 43,753 Stoves, and parts of............................................ 115,792 92,337 72, I3.102,338 Steam-engines, locomotive..No. 58 72 33 25 952,665 953,881 536,746 341,791 Steam-engines, stationary....................No. 46 42 29 31 111,507 118,312 55,720. 74,067 Boilers for steam-engines, separate from the engine....................... 232,546 178,520 54,532 21,647 Machinery not specified............................. 3,120,984 2,499,744 1,515,843 1,913,384 Nails and spikes............................. lbs. 4,449,279 4,449,279 5,006,874 4,635,728 356.990 241,429 259,324 265,951 All other manufactures of iron........................................... 3,262,170 2,398,210 2,020,271 2,402,652 STEEL, AND IANUFACTURES OF: Ingots, bars, sheets, and wire.................lbs. 18,849 65,935 16,205 48,337 3,955 8,146 2.538 5,755 Cutlery.......................................................... 47,346 58.030 114,142 176,596 Lidge tools....................................................... 846,452 577.813 424,821 298,652 Files and saws.................................................... 10,171 16,884 9,282 11,369' Muskets, pistols, rifles, and sporting guns................................ 1,181,869 1,037,117 13,463,916 5,015,732 Manufactures of steel not specified....................................... 297,541 236,733 174,850 105,650 COPPER, AND MANIUFACTURES OF: Ore.........................................lbs. 45,253 37,564 6.,097,828 2,150,189 170,365 101,752 727,213 537,505 In pigs, bars, sheets, and old.................lbs. 88,958 207,868 581,560 2,214,658 10,423 64,844 133,020 385,815 Other manufactures of............................................. 78,288 121,139 55,198 118,926 TIN, AND MANUFACTURES OF................................... 69,865 67,241 70,366 46,007 LEAD, AND MANUFACTURES OF................................. 48,132 79,880 28,315 ZINC, AND MANUFACTURES OF: Ore or oxide................................ cwt. 234 3.68(6 9,021 15,286 2, 304 26,880 48,292 81,487 Plates, sheets, pigs, or bars................... lbs. 73,953 62,919 70,38)) 110,157 4,656 5.726 8,823 10,672 Brass, and manufactures of................................... 494,575 229,458 210,816 169,997 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, ETC.: Fanning mills................................No. 72 19 12 2,144 1.470 1,390 2,237 Horse-powers................................No. 61 11 26 21 11,252 3,200 10,167 4,316 Mowers and reapers..........................No. 9,278 6,084 3,0"43 537 1,243,933 714,016 354,263 65,533 Ploughs and cultivators......................No. 83,IS3 17,894 9,586 11,893 444.163- 211,406 139,014 143,527 All other not specified...................................... 884,422 618,321 506,112 852,863 Scales and balances.............................................. 20. 888 118,603 116,965 Steam and other fire-engines and apparatus........................ 12,688 12,243 40,025 3,838 Bells, and bell and bronze metal................................... 7,607 7,915 4,621 4,323 Gas fixtures and chandeliers....................................... 58,323 49,284 45,214 21,611 406 STATISTICAL RECORD OF PRODTJCTION IMPORTS, EXPORTS, ETC. Monthly Quotations of Iron in Great Britain for 1873. (RYLAND'S IRON TRADE CIRCULAR.) 1873. January. February. March. April. May. June. ~ s. d. ~ s. d. ~ s. d. ~ s. c. ~ s. d. ~ s. d. Pig-iron, Scotch............. 65 0 616 0 73 0 60 0 60 0 5163 Pig-iron, Cleveland.......... 510 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0 Bar Iron, Staffordshire...... 12 0 0 13 0 0 15 0 0 15 0 0 15 0 0 15 0 0 Sheets, singles.............. 170 0 180 0 200 0 200 0 200 0 200 0 Hoops...................... 140 0 150 0 170 0 170 0 170 0 170 0 Rails) Welsh................ 1015 0 1015 0 110 0 120 0 120 0 1110 0 Rails, North of England..... 1110 0 12 0 0 13 5 0 1315 0 1315 0 13 0 0 1873. July. August. September. October. November. December. ~ s. d. ~ s. d. ~ s. d. ~ S. d. ~ s. d. ~ s. d. Pig-iron, Scotch............. 59 0 510 0 515 0 51 6 3 56 3 58 0 Pig-iron, Cleveland.......... 60 0 512 6 512 6 5 6 0 417 6 415 0 Bar Iron, Staffordshire...... 14 0 0 14 0 0 14 0 0 14 0 0 14 0 0 14 0 0 Sheets, singles.............. 170 0 170 0 170 0 170 0 170 0 170 0 Hoops..................... 1510 0 1510 0 1510 0 1510 0 1510 0 1510 0 Rails, Welsh................ 1110 0 1010 0 1010 0 1010 0 1010 0 1010 0 Rails, North of England. 130 0 120 0 120 0 120 0 120 0 120 0 The present price of Scotch bars is ~12 15/ to ~13 5/ per ton; plates, ~13 10/ to ~14; iron rails, ~10 7/6 to ~10 15/; steel rails, ~15 10/ to ~16; fish plates, ~11 10/ to ~11 15/; railway chairs, ~6 5/ to ~6 10/; old rails, ~0 5/ to ~6 10/; cast-iron pipes, ~7 to ~8; scrap iron, ~510/ to ~6. AMEERICAN PIG AN AR IRON. AvERAGE COST PER TON OF PIG IRON ON FURNACE BANs, AND OF MERCHANT BAR IN MILL, IN PENNSYLVANIA, FROM 1850 TO 1874, INCLUSIVE. COMPILED FOR I Tim IRON AGE," FROM ORIGINAL DATA, BY MR. WM. E. S. BARER, SECRETARY OF THE EASTERN IRON MASTERS' ASSOCIATION. W AVERAGE COST OF PIG IRON, 1850 TO 1874. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. Ma' I Cost of Ore to the ton of Pig Iron..... $ 575 544 555 597 665 751 750 7 75 766 708 745 7 05 708 749 912 13 1312 1911 7110 9211 8612 96126713 6414 8714 75 Cost of Coal to the ton of Pig Iron...... 370 386 365 323 353 463 390 389 406 326 349 326 368 342 541 966 755 744 711 741 708 859 728 745 790 Cost of Limestone to the ton of Pig Iron 93 96109 106 138 126 116 114 118 115 121,117 111 120 193 285 265 276 251 214 244 208 204 198 203 Cost of Labor to the ton of Pig Iron.... 222 161 202 200 245 285 258 230210 182 187197 157 207 285 456 346 399 386 346 389 354 469 511 440 Cost of General Contingencies.......... 165 193 203 262 199 262 291 216 273 283 283 286 267 235 166 201 203 198 190 196 367 277 293 300 239 Cost at FurnaceBank...........14 25 13 30 14 34 14 88 16 00 18 87 18 05 17 24 17 73 16 14 16 8516 61 16 11 16 53 20 97 32 21 27 88 27 88 26 3026 83 30 04 29 65 30 58 32 41 31 47 Add interest on capital invested, on a pro- 6 duct of six thousand tons............. 105 105 115 122 137 129 121 147 122 128 136157 157 140 159 161 164 180 163 171 185 182 175 208200 Total cost to the producer.....$15 30 14 35 15 4916101737201619 26187118951742182118 1817 6817932256 33 822952296827 93128 54 31 89i3l 47 32 33 34 49 33 47 AVERAGE COST OF BAR IRON, 1850 TO 1874. Cost of Pig Iron to the ton of Finished Bar Iron...................-......$256524902571252542174264328433343061265425612535243627904140 686050775064445343 2943634052491143244120 ^ Cost of Coal to the ton of Finished Bar I Iron................................. 570 561 561 581 600 828 659 600 549 517 527 539 619 766 844 1300 892 913 864 833 8,55 755 843 855 846.? Cost of Labor to the ton of Finished Bar Iron.................................10 43 10 1710 3711 06,15 1214 7012 8513 0611 77 10 6810 90 11 1211 7815 1418 94 27 4520 61 22 02 19 87 20 65 18 5717 7021 5520 3 719 02 t General Contingencies................. 464 483 488 70510 3910 78 8 8810 3810 84 791 878 871!10 03 766 915 180311150 944 770 775 703 785 574 583 529 ^ Cost in the Mill,9finished.50305056505752365836779312711918091238074800277787362848377997397 Add interest on capital invested, on a pro_ duct of six thousand tons............. 156 149 154 150 180 163 159 189 165 160 171 190 175 1.77 180 280 201 205 196 209 215 220 222 225 210 Total cost to the manufacturer, $ 47 9847 00 48 11 50 67 75 48 78 03 62 75 64 67160 3651 9052 27 52 4754116013797312991938193288270821179937582870580247607 Quantity of Ore used to make one ton of Pig Iron, average of twenty years.... tons, 2.17.0.22 Quantity of Pig Iron used to make one ton of Finished Bar Iron, average of sixteen Quantity of Coal used to make one ton of Pig Iron, average of twenty years.. 2.00.3.05 roan.ton, 1.05.2.00 Quantity of Limestone used to make one ton of Pig Iron, average of twenty years 1.04.3.22 Quantity of Coal used to make one ton of Finished Bar Iron, average sixteen years 1 l.16.2.19 The above group of furnaces used Juniata and Montour Hematite Ores, and a little Corn- The above rolling mills used Gray and White Pig Iron and Broadtop and Cumberland wall. The coal came chiefly from the Wyoming and Lehigh Valleys. Coal. 408 STATISTICAL RECORD OF PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, ETC. American Exports of Iron and Steel. Statement of Domestic Exports of Iron and Steel, and Manufactures thereof, for the Calendar Years 1872 and 1873. Compiled for the American Iron and Steel Association, at the Bureau of Statistics, Washington. QUANTITY. VALUE. ARTICLES. - _ _ _ 1872. 1873. 1872. 1873. AGRICULTURAL IMIPLEMENTS: Fanning Mills............................ 25 120 $689 $4,330 Horse Powers............................. 26 43 7 876 5,726 Mowers and Reapers...................... 6,636 9,882 765.51.1 1,266,7(1 Plows and Cultivators..................... 24 781 27,008 320,493 368,462 All others not specified.................................... 60'7,509 868,703 Total.......................................... 1,765,078 $2,513,982 IRON, AND MANUFACTURES OF: Pig................................. Cwt 2380 80,436 $92,818 $414,349 B.ar....................... 5,896 6,579 31,929 40,404 Boiler Plate............... 603 2,38 5, 14519 Railroad Bar or Rails.. 21,644 6,705 86.820 30,743 Sheet, Band and Hoop.................... 2,949 1,893 13,781 7,108 Castings not Specified...................... 144 653 201.459 Car Wheels......No................... No. 4,873 12274 090 1,48 Stoves and Parts of.....................................101959 1 01 97 Steam Engines, Locomotive............ No. 55 68 774.296 109.4,82 Steam Engines, Stationary................. 40 49 891556 125,037 Boilers for Steam Engines, separated from Steam Engines......................................... 16,554 254,290 Machinery not specified.................................. 3,160,538 3,011,111 Nails and Spikes.......................... 5,365,035 6,818,671 322,879 371,663 All other Manufact's, Iron not Specified. lbs................. 2,737,588 3,528,941 Total......................... $7,805,502 $9,406,941 STEEL AND MANUFACTURES OF: Ingots, Bars, Sheets and Wire.......... lbs. 17,062 52,277 $3,624 $5,481 Cutlery................................................. 31,889 54,409 Edge Tools................................................ 691,415 862,096 Files and Saws.......................................... 14,536 16,520 Muskets, Pistols, Rifles and Sporting Guns................ 1,165,424 1,548,227 Manufactures of Steel and not specified..................... 317,735 236,265 Total.......................................... 2,224,623 $2,722,998 SCALES AND BALANCES..................................... $173,423 $187,380 SEWING MACHINES........................... 2,376,873 1,829,675 FIRE ENGINES AND APPARATUS............................. 15,118 26,778 Grand Total.................................... 114,360,617 $16,687,754 STATISTICAL RECORD OF PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, ETC. 409 Wages of Iron Workers in Pittsburg. We take the following rate of wages paid to rolling-mill hands at Pittsburg in January, 1874, from the American Manufacturer of recent date: CLASSIFICATION OF LABORERS AT ROLLING MILLS. 1x~ and I Hoop.............................. 8 00 7xIand "............................. 900 Old. New. tx- and "..............................12 00 Drag down and Chargers..............$2 25 $2 00 Ox~ and "..............................15 00 Muck Shearsmian...................... 00 1 90 ~x4 and ".......................... 20 00 Keeper at Muck Shear................. 1 80 1 66 Twenty-four per cent. deducted from these rates. Metal Breaker.......................... 2 40 2 00 Roller pays heaters and all hands at the rolls. do. Helper.......................... 2 00 1 75 Metal Team Driver.................... 2 00 1 75 ATT PRTE Ash Wheelers.......................... 2 16 2 00 BARMILLPICES. Firemen............. 2 2.5 2 00 Heating, per ten of 2,240 lbs.................... 76 Hook up at Bar Mill.................... I 664 1 40 Rolling, " " 76 Straightener at Mill.................... 2 161 2 00 Catching,.................. 6 Shearsman on Guide Mill............... 1 80 1 66 Boiling or Rolling.....$6 30 Bundler on Guide Mill, Double Turn....3 25 2 75 MIuck Rolling.... 75. Bundler on Guide Mill, Single Turn..... 2 25 2 00 Muck roller pays catcher and all the help at rolls. Night Watchman...................... 2 00 1 75 (See above.) Muck Weighers........................2 15 1 90 Engineer hi Mill, both turns............ 6 25 5 75 BOILER AND TANK SHOPS. Engineer in Factory, 2 turns and Fireman 7 25 6 50 Common Laborers.................... 1 661 1 50 Riveters, per week............$....... 13 to $16 Bricklayer (nothing for over-time)...... 4-00 3 50 Helpers and Laborers, per week..9 to 12 Bricklayer Tender..................... 2 00 1 75 Charger and Runner down on Bar Mill... 2 161- 1 90 Wheeler up and Piler on Bar Mill........ 2 00 175 BLAST-FTNACE PRICES. lMuck Rolling (per ton)................. 95 75Keeper, per turn.$2 47 (Muck Roller pays all hands taking the Hep er, turn............................... 2 47 ball from squeezer and delivering muck Helpers 2 02 bar on bank.) ^ eper,................................ 6 bar on bank.)ToFilr "21 ToCillerman............................... 2 16 Hook up at Bar Mill (8 heats)........... 1 40..............................1 80 Ore Filler, ~.......... I.................... 1 93 Straighteners, Bar Mill (8 heats)........ 2 00 Ore ieller, 1 One man to charge furnace and run down.Ore Helper,............................. 63 iron to rolls....... 1 90 Coke Fille,......................... 1 98 1................. Coke Helper, 4............................... 1 8 One man to wheel up iron and pile it.... 1 75Coke Helper Hot Blastman, per turn....................... 1 80 Laborers, 44..................... 1 57 EIGHET-INCII TLaborers, 1 57 3-16 Round and Square, per ton of 2,240 lbs.... $15 00 FOUNDRY MACHINE WORK. 3.... (900 5-16 9 " 060 Moulders, per week...........................$15 00 and 7-16 a ".... Laborers, per day............................. 150 and9-16 " 7 450 Cupola Men, per week........................ 1300 and upwards... 40 Furnace Men, per week.................15 and 1600 and 7-16 Ovals " 4 00 Stove Founders paid by piece. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~15and 716Ovl 00 and 9-16 "....600 I " "....5 00 MACHINISTS. and upward " ".... 4 00 4 Half Oval and Half Round,....14 00 Machinists average $14 per week. 5-16 Half Round,.... 15 00 4 Half Oval, ".... 8 00 WAGES OF NAIL-MILL HANDS AT WHEELING. 4 " ".... 600 4 Hl Oaanuprd.... 5 00 Packing, per keg.............................. 21 I Half Oval and upward,... 4 00 Bluing...................................... 2-1 and 7-32 Oval, 8.... 00 Annealing, per keg............................ 5 4 to jx3-16 to 4x7-16x4, 9-16x......6 00 Tending, per machine...................... 30 tx4 to 3-16.................................. 5 00 Nail plate shearing, per ton................... 50 xj to3-16.................................. 4 50 Shearing muck.............................. 20 1 inch and upward........................... 4 00 Heating..................................... 76 -xj and 8-16, 7-16x3-16, etc., upward.......... 8 00 Heaters, helpers, and piling per day...........$2 60 5-16x........................................ 9 00 Rollers, per ton (they paying rougher).......... 60 lx4 and 11 Hoop............................ 4 75 Catcher, per ton............................. 15 I x~ and 14............................ 5 00 Hook-up..................................... 2 00 lx-z and 1 "............................ 6 00 Shove-under, per day........................ 2 00 410 STATISTICAL RECORD OF PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, ETC. British Metal Exports in 1872 and 1873. The following figures give the exports of iron, steel, and tin plates from the United Kingdom during the year 1873, as compared with those of 1872. ARTICLES, AND TO WHAT COUNTRIES EXPORTED. To Germany.................... 16,034 26,023 To Holland.................... 9,810 11,759 1872. 1873. To France...................... 3,16 4,818 IRO:N-PIG. Tons. Tons. To Spain and Canaries........... 6,207 5,139 To Germany.................... 310,597 261,642 To United States................ 31,407 18,291 To Holland.................... 352,895 330,398 To British North America........ 16,043 9,447 To France...................... 90,234 89,156 To British India................ 18,055 16,770 To United States................ 195,151 102,624 To Australia................... 20,267 21,360 To Other Countries............. 382,266 355,844 To Other Countries.............. 74,166 69,865 Total........................ 1,331,143 1,139,664 Total........................ 207,495 201,437 BAR, ANGLE, BOLT, AND ROD IRON. CAST OR WROUGHT IRON, AND ALL OTHER MANUFACTo Germany.................... 17,799 26,850 TURES (EXCEPT ORDNANCE UJNENUMERATED). To Holland..................... 8,479 13,320 To France...................... 1,331 2,494 To Russia..................... 18,434 42,880 To Italy....................... 19,557 25,067 To Germany................... 28607 28,183 To Turkey..................... 7,027 8,471 To Holland................... 13598 16,485 To United States................ 64,583 23,006 To France..................... 4,805 5,054 To British North America........ 46,536 31,339 To Spain and Canaries........ 5,760 8,849 To British India................ 16,054 22,578 To United States........... 13,468 22,279 To Australia.................... 20,851 15,571 To British North America....... 21,599 16,917 To Other Countries.............. 111,393 119,726 To British Possessions in S. Africa 3,752 4,986 -~ - To British India.......... 20,283 18,762 Total........................ 313,600 288,422 To Australia.................... 23,595 31,270 To Other Countries............. 115,706 86,500 RAILROAD IRON OF ALL SORTS. Total.. 269607 2 165 To Russia...................... 106,939 162,275 To Sweden and Norway......... 13,172 50,172 To Germany...................50,105 41,984 TIN PLATES. To Holland................ 5,125 20,599 To France...................... 2,117 2,497 To France...................... 3,342 3,941 To Spain and Canaries.......... 12,274 13,590 To United States................ 87,360 85,531 To Austrian Territories....... 7,989 816 To British North America........ 4,003 3,343 To Egypt....................... 14,484 13,951 To Australia..............5..... 5,094 4,326 To United States................ 467,304 185,702 To Other Countries............. 18,284 23,327 To Spanish W. I. Islands......... 3,330 4,446 To Brazil..................... 20,743 15,047 Total....................... 118,083 120,468 To Peru........................ 86,713 8,462 Old iron, for remanufacture...... 107,521 60,478 To Chili........................ 2,553 5,852 To British North America....... 77,255 54,573 To British India................ 14,651 18,087 STEEL-~ WROUGHT. To Australia.................... 25,094 35,098 To Other Countries.............. 85,672 153,658 To France............ 3,204 2,544 Tota.94,42 To United States................ 23,281 19,262 Total..............9............9 786800 To Other Countries.............. 17,944 17,682 WIRE (EXCEPT TELEGRAPH), GAL- ___ ___VANIZED OR NOT.............., e33,540 29,884 Total............. 44,969 39,488 Manufactures of steel or steel and HOOPS, SHEETS, BOILER AND ARMOR PLATES. iron combined................. 11,384 10,508 To Russia...,e.................. 12,344 17,965 Total of iron and steel......... 3,382,762 2,059,314.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~8,6 2,05931 STATISTICAL RECORD OF PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, EXPORTS, ETC. 411 PRICES OF AMERICAN PIG-IRON AT PHILADELPHIA FROM INo. of MelQuantities. Value. 1869 TO 1874. Mine ieras. Tons. Cwts. t33001..Coal............ 123,497,316 0 46,311,143 Jan.. Feb. AMar. April. May. Junme. 266. Iron ore......... 16,584,857 0'7,774,874 2869.. 42.18 40.25 41.75 40.00 39.50 40.80 117.. Copper ore...... 91,183 0 443,738 1870..... 35.17 34.50 33.95 32.50 32.30 32.50 162..Tin ore......... 14,266 0 1,246,135 1871.0.... 3050 30.91 34.75 35.37 35.50 035.50 455. Lead ore........ 83,968 3 1,146,1 65 1872..... 37.50 40.00 43.50 48.50 49.00. 50.25 63.. Zinc ore......... 18,542 12 73,951 1873..... 45.00 47.80 47.89 47.50 47.00 46.00 35. Iron pyrites (sulJuly. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. ~ phur ores).. 65,916 3 39,470 Sec 15.. Arsenic.......... 5,171 15 17,964 1869..... 42.00 41.00 40.30 40.000 38.70 7.60 1.,Wolfram......... 5,17 88 5 993 1870..... 32.50 33.50 32.69 31.83 31.25 30.50 1. Wobalt........... 1 0 20 1871..... 8575 36.55 37.00 37.20 37.50 37.50 1.. Coalt1 0 2086 1872..... 51.50 52.00 53.00 52.00 50.00 45.90 3..Manganese,773....... 0 38865 1873..... 44.50 43.Fluor ar0 41.0 9.00 80 2.512 40 5..Ochres,u-mbers, etc 3,326 15 8,227'oR 1.Bismuth ore. 2 0. AVERAGE PRICES OF OLD RAILS AT PHILADELPHIA FOR 1. Chlomith ofbre 25 0 1872 AND\1873. 1.. Chloride of barium 65 0 130 25 Barytes.......... 9,092 17 7,078 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. Clays, fine and fire 1872.... $42.00 44.50 48.50 52.00 53.00 50.50 (estimated)..... 1,200,000 0 450,000 1873.... 49.00 49.50 52.00 50.25 46.50 46.00 Other earthy minJuly. Ag. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. erals (estimated).......... 650,000 1872.... $50.50 51.00 51.00 48.00 46.50 46.50.......... 1)309,497 10 654,748 1873.... 44.25 44.25 44.00 40.00 37.00 40.00 Carbolites (estim'd) 35,000 0 50,000 PRICES OF RAILS AT PHILADELPHIA FOR 1872 AND 1873. Total value of the minerals produced in the United Kingdom in 1872............. ~58,913,541 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. Junle. 1872.....$71.00 75.00 79.00 84.00.91.00 90.00 Metals obtained from the ores enumerated, etc., in the 1873.... 84.00 84.00 84.00 83.00 82.00 82.00 United Iingdom in the year 1872: July. Aug. Sept. Oct.. Nov. Dec. Description of metal. Quantities. Value. 1872.....$89.00 88.00 88.00 88.00 87.00 85.00 Pig-iron, tons.............6,741,929 ~18,540,304 1873.... 78.00 76.00 75.00 70.00 61.00 61.00 Copper "............. 5,703 583,232 Tin ".............. 9,560 1,459,990,'~rnD T "..-...... 6.455 2t 0I9 115 PRICES OF BAR IRON AT PHILADELPHIA FOR 1872 AND Lead ".69,455 1,209,115 1873. Silver, ounces............... 628,920 157,230 Zinc, tons................... 5,191 118,076 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. Other metals (estimated). 2,500 1872.... $87.50 88.75 97.42 102.12 103.04 103.04 1873.... 100.80 98.56 96.32 96.32 94.08 91.84 Total value of metals produced from the July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. ores of the United Kingdom in the year 1872... $105.28 112.00 116.48 113,68 106.40 100.80 1872.~.................. ~22,070,447 1873.... 84.50 82.88 80.64 76.16 70.56 67.20 The total value of the metals produced, coal and other metals raised, in the year 1872: Metal, value of, MINERAL PRODUCT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. as above, ~22,070,447; coal, ditto, ~46,311,143; minerals, earthy, etc., ~1,811,826; total, ~70,193,416. The Mr. Robert Hunt, Keeper of Treasury Records, makes increase in total value, amounting to ~12,871,523, is the following report of the mineral product of Great chiefly due to the additional cost of " getting "each ton Britain in 1872: of coal. EXPORTS OF METALS OF HOME MANUFACTURE FROM GREAT BRITAIN FOR SERIES OF YEARS. Period, vry kd. Copper. Brass. Lead. Tin. Zinc. Total. 1848 to 1852 49,290,656 7,950,985 504,260 1,488,173 581,224 118,627 59,933,925 1853 to 1857.. 97,161,836 10,911,541 594,924 2,485,014 986,397 448,774 112,588,486 1858 to 1862.. 103,908,520 13,249,128 892,067 2,423,412 1,801,907 552,480 122,827,514 1863 to 1867.. 124,781,774- 16,197,272 1,149,137 3,122,150 2,252,076 605,619 148,108,028 1868 to 1872..182,759,167 16,337,069 1,403,859 4,521,603 3,216,029 750,425 208,988,152 Il months of 1872. 38,220,472 2,975,705 341,262 856,040 805,490 94,970 43,293,939 11 " 1873. 41,942,823 3,042,928 440,955 697,295 723,587 80,799 46,928,387 52 THE IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. : I'ii I''IRI lliI IiiI' iilII ii;I; liali:i i i I iiiiiii!,,,, i: I; ii I1;I i!'" i i II i I::,;i iiii I ii:I,jl: I:i.ii 1 I II Ilr,I iil r i'' iii (ii tiI Iiii Ii i1!1 I''ii Isiii I I:;I i iiI;iII;I;li:i: ii I Ilr i iiIiii i!ilI i j i' ~I s a ilj!ml;r.ri'IIII;li!!Uiliii!LllIr: I 1:i I'' iii'ii1,;fiIi i!(II1it jlJ II iill 1 ilii u 111!,\il,1 ''''' /jl:,j/ II i~ii "'':' II II i;li!!ljliljiiil il!jjI,/li li im ~;:I: ill c-c, i;l 1 rj1)iiI I!;i;I'" I lit ii;ci Iiii u ii ill ii P "` ii O'1 ~hi'i!I j iIIIlrI' I ij jlli/j Ijl H jjji iiililli;j;I j/j i!ii:jiiijiIIiili'i; 11'1iii iii// I ji;l )Br II;II;; III /!il iij I jii' ji ji i!/j: II! Ij/iI i jI:i:I iiIlli ii I\ Ii/III i ii lii: Fj iii~:~.,,I!IIII i:;i\:l//I Pi I Iii Il I; i;;il;:iIli/ Iiriiiif;s j~:i j w j; IIII/ I \\!III: II iii!lii ill ii!I';"'' Ijij jj/i I/II I!I I 11111;1;1: i;;l I!lili i i;i;iI;:j/I I:! I o.)jI/!It1!1; ))1jil:il iiiiii Illi:1;i itiiliiIIiliIIIsIIIliiiIII// II''' r;!l;;1 iill ii; i;'i ~":i I":III"iI iii''///iilorii jl j I jl . i "i'1.iii s i~ ii i ill iil'i: r B I;lliii;IIIIiiii i) (IIIIi;I' rf iiii!ii: a "'IIIjjjii`rill ii i i'9 i/ 114i, Ir1!I4iiii:j;'i(liii "i jill;i; ii: 111.. ii'',, ~ sl~~:i ~~9~;; \~ n:,,, u-+ INTRODUCTION TO THE IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. PROBABLY no branch of the iron industry has attracted more general attention or excited more patriotic pride than the progress made of late years in iron ship-building. This industry has furnished abroad one of the most important and profitable elements of the English iron trade, and it has not been until very recently that it was supposed possible to compete with foreign-built ships in this line. Now, however, thanks to the enterprise and persistence of a few American builders, many of our ocean steamships, and all of our coastwise marine, a rapid and growing commerce, are constructed in our own yards. The reasons for this success are manifest when we consider the fact, now undisputed, of the superiority of American iron, permitting of the use of lighter frames and plating for our ships. Labor-saving machinery has been also of very great assistance, and when used by the more intelligent skilled labor of our country has combined to furnish a ship equal in every respect of finish and speed, and superior in material, to any built elsewhere. The war of the Rebellion, necessitating as it did the construction of war vessels of iron and in great haste, gave a great impetus to iron ship-building, and developed our capabilities in this line. The vessels of this period, although built in great haste and generally of novel construction, were of the greatest assistance, and in the case of some of the larger monitors, such as the Montauk, demonstrated the problem that heavily plated turreted monitors could be built to cross the ocean or to be effective for heavy sea service. The numerous engagemnents in which our iron-clads participated further demon strated the value' of this style of vessel for naval warfare; and it is now patent that, of whatever material the merchant marine of the world will be constructed, the navies must be of iron. As the importance of armed ships is fully recognized, the following history of the introduction and manufacture of armor plates, from the NauLtical agacgine, will be found highly interesting. It is to be noted that the first use of this method of defending vessels by iron was made by the late EDWIN STEVENS, of Hoboken, N. J., the constructor of the floating battery, and the founder of the Stevens Institute of Technology at Hoboken. AEMOR PLATES. Armor plates were first used in the construction of ships of war in the case of an iron steam battery for harbor defence, commenced at HEoboken, U. S., in 1844. At the suggestion of the Emperor Napoleon, some floating batteries, clad with 4-inch armor, were built during the Crimean war, and employed in some of the operations in the Black Sea; but these, as well as some built by our own admiralty in imitation of them, were of very little 416 INTRODUCTION TO THE IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. use, on account of their clumsy form, and it was not till the advent of the French La Gloire and our own Warrior that it began to be seen that the war ships of the future would be iron-clads. In 1861, when the Warrior was built, it was believed that, while the thickness of her armor (41 inches) represented the maximum of weight which a seaworthy steamship could carry on her sides, it at the same time provided a defence practically invulnerable. Both these views were soon shown to be defective, and it is now seen to be practicable to build, as well as desirable to have, sea-going masted ships with armor averaging 7 inches in thickness, and in some large ocean cruisers, without masts, 10 to 12 inches of armor have been used on their sides, and 12 to 14 upon their turrets. Nor does this great increase in the thickness of armor constitute the sole advantage which recently constructed iron-clads have over the Warrior. Besides the important consideration that the armor is so distributed over the surface of some of our latest iron-clads that a belt at the water-line throughout the ship, and other really important parts, are protected-which is not the case with the Warrior, where merely the middle portion of the ship is iron-clad-it must be added that armor plates are now better made and are fastened on the ship's side much more securely than formerly. Experiments made at Shoeburyness, under the direction of a committee appointed for the purpose, have furnished data upon which have, from time to time, been determined the thickness and nature of the backing behind the armor, and the character of the fastenings by which the armor is secured to the ship. The extent of surface to be clad with iron in any ship and the thickness of her armor are determined by her designer, and in reference to her other qualifications. A model is made at the dock-yard, and on it the size and dimensions of the separate plates are planed, and an account of these particulars, and also of the form of each plate, is sent to the manufacturer. Armor plates are usually from 15 to 18 feet long, and from 3 to 4 feet wide. Two methods of manufacturing them-namely, hammering and rolling-have been tried, and each has had its advocates, but the government of this country has decided in favor of the latter, and for the last seven or eight years all armor plates used for the ships of the Royal Navy have been rolled plates. The firms who ianufacture most of the armor used in the construction of the English iron-clads are Sir JOIN BROWN & Co., of the Atlas Works, Sheffield, and Messrs. CAMMELL & Co., of the Cyclops Works, Sheffield. The Thames Iron Company, who were the builders of the Warrior, still adhere to hammered in preference to rolled plates, and many ships built for foreign governments have this description of armor. The process of rolling plates is thus described by Sir JOHN BRowN: Bars 12 inches broad and 1 inch thick are first rolled; five of these are then piled on and rolled into a rough slab; two of these slabs are now rolled into a plate 21 inches thick, and, finally, four of these 2~ inch plates are piled and then rolled into the finished 4~ inch plate." It will thus be seen that pieces of iron of an aggregate thickness of 20 inches are, in the process of manufacture, rolled out into one plate 4- inches thick. The rolling is performed by means of two heavy cylindrical rollers, one placed vertically over the other, the lower one suspended at a fixed height, the upper one movable up or down, so that the width of the opening between them may be varied at pleasure. The rollers turn in opposite directions, each toward the opening between them on the side next the furnace in which the iron is heated, so that a mass of. iron passed in between them is forced through by their rotation. They are turned by steam-power. The rollers being set at a distance from each other a little less than the thickness of the iron in the furnace, the heated metal is brought INTRODUCTION TO THE IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. 41 out and placed between them, and it is at once roiled through, coming out on the other side reduced in thickness, but of increased length and breadth. The distance between the rollers is then decreased, and the iron passed through again, and so on, until it is of the required thickness. By the immense pressure thus brought to bear upon heated metals, the various pieces of which it is composed are thoroughly welded into one mass. In the manufacture of hammered plates the welding is effected by blows from a steam hammer, instead of by rolling. Before the plates are sent to the dock-yard, one or more are chosen at random by a government official to be tested. The testing is performed at Portsmouth, on board the Thunderer, an old wooden ship. The plates are fastened to a target erected at one end of the ship, and shots are fired at them from guns of prescribed calibre, in a battery at the other end, the men being protected from the splinters of the shot by a casemate. If the plate does not stand the test satisfactorily, the lot from which it was selected is rejected. This system of tests secures as good an article as it is possible to make. During the first few years of the manufacture it was found that the plates were often split and cracked by the shot, in the neighborhood of the holes which had to be bored through them for the screws or bolts by which they were attached to the targets. It was thus assumed that these holes were necessarily a source of great weakness, and many schemes were proposed for connecting plates with the ship's side in ways by which this important defect might be avoided. One was, that an iron frame should be attached to the ship and the plate dropped into it, the edges of the frame being afterward beaten over to secure the plate in its place. The necessity for anything of this kind has been obviated by the great improvements which have been effected in the quality of the armor; the metal now used is so tenacious that it is scarcely any weaker in the neighborhood of a bolt-hole than in any other place. The superiority of the armor of the present day over that made ten years ago was fully exemplified in the recent experiments on the turret of the Glatton. A hole was punched through one of her 14 inch plates by the shot, but there was no other damage done to the plate than the mere penetration. Under similar circumstances, in the case of plates experimented upon at Shoeburyness, some yea.rs ago, there would be seen large cracks radiating from the shot-hole, producing a complete separation of the plate as far as the nearest boltholes, and in many cases the armor plate would have been broken in two or three pieces. The price of armor plates, some little time ago, was about ~30 per ton; their value now is of course subject to the same fluctuation as that of other iron. Armor plates are usually bent to the shape required by hydraulic pressure. A block of cast-iron having its upper surface hollow (of the same shape as the armor plate is to be) is placed upon the piston rod of the hydraulic press. Upon this is laid the armor plate, and above it is constructed a framework of iron bars, firmly fixed, so that their under sides form a surface of a corresponding shape to the block below. When the plate is in its position upon the cast-iron block, the pressure is applied, the effect being that the plate is lifted slowly, and brought in contact with the framework above, and so gradually squeezed' into the shape required. Before being bent, the plates are carefully and gradually heated in a furnace, the required temperature being indicated by a bright red color in the iron; if it were made hotter it would be liable to be indented, or spread out laterally, in the process of bending; if not so hot, there would be a danger of the plate cracking when subject to great pressure. 418 INTRODUCTION TO THE IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. An important element in the armoring of ships is the cushion of wood which is placed between the armor and the main structure of the ship. The part of the ship to which the armor is attached is built up of iron ribs and plating, and is so constructed as to be complete, both as regards strength and water-tightness, before either the armor or wood backing is put on. The armor is rather a source of weakness to the structure than otherwise, and if its edges were not accurately fitted, so as to prevent any possibility of the plates moving, its working would, in a heavy sea, seriously endanger the ship. In the Warrior, the wood behind the armor is 11 feet thick; in ships of more recent construction, it is generally from 10 to 12 inches; but, in some cases, there are two layers of backing with an intermediate iron skin. During the building of the earlier iron-clads, there was much discussion about the relative efficiency of different kinds of backing. Some very eminent engineers and naval architects believed that a ship's side entirely made of iron would offer more resistance to shot than would armor and wood backing of the same weight per square foot of surface-in other words, that a 6 inch armor plate was more effective than a 5 inch plate with a 9 inch thickness of teak backing behind it. It was proved by experiment that such was not the case, and that the latter was much superior to the former arrangement; it is possible, however, that the improved quality of the iron, taken in conjunction with the perishable nature of the wood, may ultimately lead to a reconsideration of the whole question, and perhaps to the abandonment of backing behind armor. Among the various kinds of backing which have been proposed are india-rubber, compressed cotton wool, mill-board, and even water in tanks; not one of them, however, has proved to be as good as wood. Teak is the kind of wood generally used, both from its durability and its freedom from acids, which would corrode the iron. The logs of teak are usually placed on the ship's side in the direction of her length. If there are two layers, the logs of the outer one are arranged vertically so as to cross the others. The backing is fastened to the iron skin of the ship, and all the seams in it are well caulked to add to its rigidity as well as to render it water-tight. Previous to an armor plate being placed on the ship, a coating of a glue, manufactured for this purpose, is spread (hot) upon the wood, the surface of the plate also being slightly heated, and thus all inequalities in the attached surfaces are filled up. The means of connecting the armor to the ship has, like almost every other detail in the construction of iron-clads, been a fruitful subject of debate. The French use large screws, which pass loosely through holes in the armor and into the wood backing, and by the hold of the screw in the wood, keep the armor in its place. A great disadvantage attending this is, that in the event of the armor being bent by shot, it is all but impossible to get the screws out. In the English iron-clads, bolts pass through the armor, wood backing, and iron skin of the ship, having a screw upon their inner end, upon which a nut is screwed up after the bolt is in its place.' The. bolt is driven through the wood, and has thus its tightness in the wood as well as the screw-nut on its end to keep it fast. In the French system it is found that the effect of the firing of shot is to drag the screw out of its hole in the wood, thus allowing the armor plate to curl outward, while, on the other hand, in the case of the nut and screw bolt, the bolt breaks off at its weakest point-i. e., the beginning of the screw. To prevent this, an india-rubber ring is placed upon the bolt, enclosed in an iron cup ring, and having another iron rilg between the india-rubber and the screw nut. The elastic ring admits of the bolt being drawn out slightly in response to the blow INTRODUCTION TO THE IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. 419 of a shot, and thus tends to break the shock which would otherwise cut the bolt. The danger to the fastenings of the armor is produced, as has been indicated, by the tendency which plates have to bend when struck by a shot. The plate can only be slightly forced in at the place where it is struck, because of the support behind; the consequence is a tendency to spring out on all sides of the shot mark. The armor plates used by the Americans in the construction of their monitors were not welded together, as are those used by our own government; they were made by simply connecting thin plates together by means of rivets; thus, a 10 inch plate would be made by riveting together ten 1 inch plates. By experiment it has been ascertained that a good 5 inch rolled plate is much more capable of resisting shot than 10 inch armor built up in this fashion. In conclusion, it may be remarked that it is not enough, in comparing two iron-clads of similar design, to say that they have each armor of a certain thickness; the quality of the armor plates, the accuracy with which they were fitted on the ship, and the nature of the fastenings by which they are kept in place, may so affect the question as to give one ship a decided superiority over another which is said to be as strong. In connection with the foregoing history of armor plates we append the succeeding description by Mr. C. LARKIN, of Chester, Penn., of the modelling of the iron ship, a description full of interest to the practical man engaged in the iron industry-and for the benefit of such is this work designed; hence no apology is needed to give it space. EOW IRON SHIPS ARE MODELLED. One of the first questions a naval architect asks, when requested to make a design for a ship, is, For what purpose do you propose to employ her? If great speed is required, he will make the vessel concave at the bow and stern; if great carrying capacity is desired, he will make the vessel fuller at those places. It is customary at most ship-yards, when the kind of vessel required is ascertained, for the naval architect to make a design or drawing of the proposed vessel on paper, and aided by the drawing, he cuts his model, and, finally, from dimensions taken from the drawing, he lays the vessel out on the mould-room floor. Before we tell how he does this, it is necessary to explain the manner in which the vessel is cut into portions by planes running through it horizontally and vertically, which enable us to establish points for measurement. We will suppose we have a ship with its keel resting upon a flat surface. We pass a horizontal plane through the vessel, at the top of the keel, and call it the base-line plane. Two feet above the base-line plane we pass another horizontal plane, and call it the first water-line plane, and so we pass horizontal planes every two feet, calling them second, third, fourth, etc., water-line planes, until we reach the top of the vessel. Now it is evident that if the frames of the vessel are two feet apart, that they, standing vertically, will form vertical planes, each two feet apart; and if we pass vertical planes, every two feet, parallel to a vertical plane passing through the keel in the direction of its length, or fore and aft, we shall have the vessel divided into cubes two feet on each edge. Now, understanding how the vessel is cut up by these planes, we can easily comprehend the manner of laying the ship down on the mould-room floor. This room is large (I have worked in one 50 by 180 feet), with a perfectly level floor cleared of all obstructions. On 53 420 INTRODUCTION TO THE IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. one side of the room a long piece of wood, called a batten, is nailed. This is, in fact, a straight-edge, and it corresponds to the base-line plane before mentioned. At intervals of two feet we draw with lead pencil, or strike with a chalk-line, lines perpendicular to the base-line. These lines represent the frames of the ship. Now it is evident, as a water line is a line passing through the points of intersection of a horizontal water-line plane and the planes formed by the vertical frames, that it cannot be a straight, but must be a curved, line; and this curved line we want to lay down, that we may true it up, for it is next to impossible to get a true curve from your drawing, on account of the measurements for so small a scale as you have to draw it upon being inaccurate. We therefore measure the distance from the vertical plane passing fore and aft through the keel, in a perpendicular line to that plane, out to the point of intersection of the horizontal water line, which we have taken, say the fourth; and the vertical plane of one of the frames, say the fiftieth. We take this distance from our drawing, and on the floor we lay it off from the base line on the line corresponding to frame fifty, and we go on and lay off the distances from the centre plane to the intersection of the fourth water-line plane and vertical-frame planes, until we have laid off all the distances of the fourth water line on all the frame lines, and we find, when we nail a batten down on the floor touching all these points, that we have a curved line, more or less true, according to the accuracy with which we made our measurements. In the same way we find and true up all our water lines upon one side of the ship. Of course we have only to duplicate one to have the other.* Having trued up our water lines, we next commence laying down the body plan, by means of which we expect to get our moulds to which to bend the frames of iron, or to cut them if wood. We have a base line as before, and instead of drawing lines perpendicular to represent frame lines, as before, we draw lines every two feet, parallel to the base lines, and call them water lines. We then take the distances from the centre line out to the water lines, these are the distances which we have measured on the floor after we corrected the curves. These distances we lay off on the water lines, and can then run in the frame lines. That is, taking the first water line for example, we will take the distance of frame one, and lay it off on the first water line, which runs parallel to the base line, then the second frame, then the third, etc., until we have all the frames from the stem to the middle of the boat, or to what is called the dead-fiat frame, or the frame which has the largest area in its vertical plane. This is called the fore-body plan; the plan in which all the frames from dead flat aft are laid down, is called the after-body plan. Now, if I lay the distance of frame one, off from the centre on the first water line, and then its distance on the second water line, and so on, and as this distance is greater on the second than on the first, and on the third than on the second water lines-because a ship gets wider as you leave the keel and go toward the top-by joining these points we shall have a curved line, which is the shape of frame number one, and in like manner we can get the shape of all the frames by drawing lines through the proper points, and by making moulds, that is, bending or fitting pieces of board to suit these lines, we can bend the iron frames to the same curve as the mould. The angle iron which forms the frames is bent while red hot to something near the shape necessary, and when cold it is bent, exactly to suit the mould, in a bending machine. * In the same manner we get the distance of the rail and beam from the centre plane, and these are called the rail and beam breadths; and when we take their distance from the base-line plane, we call them the beam and rail heights; and these heights, whatever they may be, indicate the height of the frames. INTRODUCTION TO THE IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. 421 In laying out a vessel great care is necessary as well as accuracy of eye in telling a true curve. In the mould-room diagonal and cross section lines are also run in, or laid out on the floor, as helps and additional safeguards in the laying down, but the explanation of the manner of their use would only tend to confuse, while it would not make any clearer the preceding description. In the laying down of the ship long, slender battens of white pine are used, and they are so flexible that they can be made to assume very sharp curves without breaking. It is plainly to be seen that when the frames of the vessel are all up, her shape is established, and all we have to do is to bend and fit the iron plating, or wooden planking, whichever it may be, to its proper place, and we have the hull in its beautiful proportions before us. The dimensions of the plating are taken from the model, and the plating is generally in the yard, and ready to go on the ship by the time the frames are up, so that there shall be no unnecessary delay. IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. THE success of the iron merchant steamers, and the superior durability, carrying capacity, and general advantages of this style of ship have predisposed the mercantile cominmnnity in favor of iron as the ship-building material. The only question remaining to be decided was the proper locality for their construction, where all the facilities of material, transportation, and sufficient draught of water for navigation were combined. Such a locality must doubtless be the site of the great ship-building interest of the United States. Fortunately nature had settled this question so far as the Eastern seaboard is concerned. The Delaware River, from the head of Delaware Bay to the city of Philadelphia, furnishes many sites possessing all the requirements named. It is therefore not surprising that at several points in this locality iron ship yards should have been early established, and, developing with the progress of the industry, have grown to such magnitude as to control almost exclusively the construction of iron ships. The lake commerce, already of immense proportions and growing with unparalleled rapidity, also demands an iron merchant marine. Buffalo has thus far been the site of the iron ship building for the lake trade, and possesses many advantages. Probably in the future, however, great iron ship yards will arise at Erie, and Cleveland, and Detroit, at which latter place a yard has been already started. Each of these localities has the requisite facilities. They are all situated in close contiguity to iron works and coal fields, with fine water frontage and an abundance of skilled labor. It is evident that the traffic of the lakes must eventually be done in iron bottoms, and this industry offers great profit to enterprise and capital. Nor is the carrying trade of the Mississippi, the great natural highway of the West, to be disregarded. Although now confined almost exclusively to wooden boats, the necessities of transportation will speedily require a great addition of capacity, all of which will be of iron. St. Louis furnishes the site for the construction of such vessels for river navigation, while Pittsburg will undoubtedly add this branch to the many others now controlled by that enterprising iron city. To revert to the Delaware, at present the site of the largest ship-building works of the country, we find that the industry was earliest established and most successfully conducted at Wilmington. Here all the requisites are combined with unusual facilities. The water frontage on the Christiana River is not equalled by that of Glasgow, on the Clyde, while the navigation of the Delaware from this point to the bay, and thus to the sea, is always open and unimpeded. The city is located just on the dividing line between the North and South; is in easy reach of the iron and coal regions of Pennsylvania, to the north, and similarly to the bituminous coals and fine ores of Virginia and North Carolina. Excellent rail facilities IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. 423 extend in each direction, and water carriage may be said to be furnished everywhere. With great internal wealth, a fine climate attracting and retaining the best and most intelligent skilled labor, Wilmington, with the other great advantages enumerated, may justly claim to be the future Glasgow of the United States. Chester, sixteen miles farther up the Delaware, toward Philadelphia, is another of the natural sites on the river, and offers a striking example of the progress of manufacturing industry in the country. Twenty years since, Chester was a sleepy market town, only enlivened by the passage of the farming community of the vicinity, and the stone shipments from the Leiperville quarries on Crum Creek. Now it is the site of numerous manufactories as well as of one of the most extensive shipyards and steam engine works of the country. This works, familiarly known as Roach's Yard, but really the Delaware River Ship Building and Mlachine Works, is engaged in the construction of some of the largest iron vessels ever built, as also in extensive steam engine work for the Government. These works will be described in order. Further up the river, the City of Philadelphia offers the advantages which every large city extends for the establishment of great industries. Skilled labor is more easily attainable than elsewhere. The spot being the direct terminus of the two largest coal and iron carrying roads of the country, has great advantages for material, while the contiguity of other trades required in the fitting up and furnishing ships, greatly facilitates the labor. Philadelphia has for years constructed iron vessels for coastwise trade, and of late has the honor of producing the only line of steamships sailing under the American flag and built of iron. These ships are successfully competing with foreign lines in passengers and freight, and have made better average time in their passages than those of the other lines. As the entrepot of the anthracite coal trade of the United States, and the terminus of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, Philadelphia offers additional incentives for ship building. Experience has shown the wise managers of this great coal producing and transporting road, that it will be impossible to depend upon the coasting trade to distribute its freight. Hence several years since the policy of constructing iron steam colliers was adopted, and the initial vessels constructed. The success of these in rapidly distributing the coal cargoes, their facility for loading and discharging, and the possibility of thus marketing a far greater amount of coal annually, determined the company upon the construction of a large fleet of not less than 100 such vessels, of from 1,200 to 1,500 tons carrying capacity. Of these ships six were built the first two years, and six more are being constructed. The far-seeing policy of the company, however, demanded something more, and it has been determined to build a ship building works of its own. This works is now being built at the great coal-yards of the company at Port Richmond, and will be completed in the summer of 1874. The steam colliers, thus distributing coal, are intended to return with ore freights when possible, and will thus be a profitable investment to the company, while adding to the facilities for iron-making in Pennsylvania. Commencing with the first established iron ship yards at Wilmington, the works on the Delaware will be noted in order: The Harlan & Hollingsworth Co.-Wilmington, Del. These works claim to have been the first established iron ship yard in the United States. The Messrs. HARLAN and IOLLINoSWORTH were both Wilmington men, and the capital of the concern is local entirely. The firm was not incorporated until 1868, since which the business of the company 424 IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. has been greatly extended. This establishment is also extensively engaged in the manufacture of fine railroad cars, and this department of the works will be found described under that head.* The ship yard is conveniently located on the Christiana tiver, with the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad forming the other boundary. The facilities for dockage, launching, etc., are superior, and the whole works covers an extensive area. Among the ships built at these works during 1873, were two for the Pacific Mail Company's line, with dimensions 300 feet long, 40 feet beam, and of 2,500 tons each. The entire work is done here of modelling and constructing the ship. The iron frame and deck beams are rolled elsewhere, generally at the Phoenix Iron Works, and at Pittsburg, while the plates, or, technically, "the skin," of the ship, comes from Harrisburg and Baltimore, and other localities. The bending of the keel and of the plates for iron ships is a sight of great interest, while the manner in which labor-saving machinery is adapted to every possible purpose excites wonder. Cranes are used here capable of lifting 100 tons, and of course worked by steam. The extensive dry docks accommodate a ship 300 feet long, and are many in number. The entire work of modelling and building the ship, finishing, ornamenting, and upholstering is done here on the spot, and requires of course the employment of mechanics of all the trades which enter into such construction. The force employed in the whole works is some 3,000 men, and the consumption of material is something enormous. The following will give some idea of the character of the steamers built at this yard, the vessels named-the Knickerbocker, for Cromwell's Line, from New York to New Orleans, and the General Whitney, of the Metropolitan Steamship Company-having both been finished at this works in 1873:-The Knickerbocker is an iron vessel of 2,000 tons register, being 280 feet in length, 34 feet breadth of beam, and 23 feet depth of hold. She cost about $260,000. The iron beams of her frame are most substantial, and the plates are from -9- to t- of an inch in thickness. Her lower deck is constructed of Southern yellow pine, and the main deck of white pine, each four inches in thickness. She is fitted with four water-tight bulkheads, running from the floor to the main deck, beside partial bulkheads and water-tight compartment for the shaft, as well as a water-tight trunk surrounding the shaft from this compartment to the engine bulkhead. An iron house on the main deck over the engine and fire-room companion-ways, gives a thorough protection against fire, and a companionway safeguard is also provided as a barrier to the sea, which might otherwise reach the fire-room and extinguish the fires. The new steamer is fitted with a vertical inverted condensing engine, whose cylinder is 44 inches in diameter, and whose piston has a 72 inch stroke. There are four tubular boilers, one pair being placed forward of the other. The boilers and machinery are all of the most substantial kind. A hydrostatic pressure of 105 pounds to the square inch has already been put upon the boilers by the builder. On her trip from Wilmington to New York, the Knickerbocker made 10 knots per hour, though the fires were kindled in only two of the four boilers with which she is provided. She is built in all respects according to the measure of the highest grade of the Ship Masters' Association, of New York, having been under its inspection during construction. The Knickerbocker is owned by Messrs. CLARK & SEAMAN, and will be placed at once on their Cromwell Line, between New York and New Orleans. She will sail from this port on the 15th inst. The Knickerbocker will be commanded by Captain E. V. GA* See Car Works of Delaware. IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. 425 GER, the Commodore of the Cromwell Line, who has held the command of each new vessel as she appeared during the past 16 years. The chief engineer is E. M. STAATS, who has for a long time been in the service of the company. The other steamship is also iron, and, like the Knickerbocker, is from the extensive ship yards of Wilmington. In size, cost, elegance, and general appearance, the two vessels are not unlike. The vessel is called the General Whitney, and was built at an expense of about $300,000. She belongs to the Metropolitan Steamship Company, and bears the name of its president. She will ply between this port and Boston. She is 245 feet in length, 40 feet breadth of beam, and 28 feet depth of hold. She is registered at 1,848 tons, and is built of iron. She is furnished with a pair of inverted engines, with a cylinder of 36 inches diameter, and a piston of 60 inch stroke. There are three cylindrical furnaces to each of the boilers. The engines and boilers are carefully inclosed in iron; the engine-room is unusually commodious and well-lighted, and a convenient tool-room is close at hand. The vessel has five separate water-tight compartments. She differs from all steamers heretofore constructed, in that she is supplied with four independent hoisting engines, operating seven freight cranes stationed at separate points. The time consumed in receiving or discharging cargo is thus materially reduced. Her port shutters, too, are constructed on a new design, and, though remarkably heavy, can be easily worked by one man. The General Whitney is heated throughout by steam. The new steamer is to ply between New York and Boston, as a freight boat only, no regular accommodations being provided for passengers. Pusey, Jones & Co.-Location of works, Wilmington, Del. Specialty, iron steam vessels, principally for river navigation; also manufacture steam engines and rolling-mill machinery.' This is a very extensive works, occupying an area of ten acres, and with 1,000 feet of water frontage for wharfs, docks, etc. The firm mauufactures both iron and wooden steam vessels, but principally for river navigation, and have made a specialty of South American trade. Boats from this yard are now running on the Atrato, Miagdalena, Orinoco, Amazon, Purus, Madeira, Tocantins, Ucayali, La Plata, Parana, and Guyaquil rivers of South America, and also in the waters of China and Japan. The force employed is large, and the firm has been always celebrated for the excellence of the work turned out from their establishment. The Jackson & Sharp Co.-Location of works, Wilmington, Delaware. Specialty, car manufacture.t The company, however, also builds steam vessels, but principally of wood, and hence is hardly to be included in the Iron Ship Yards of the United States. Leaving the ship-yards of Wilmington, a short distance by rail or river brings us to the great yard at Chester. This is the property of the, Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works.-Proprietors, Messrs. JOHN IoACH & Co. Location of works, Chester. This is the most extensive ship works * See Steam Engine and Machine Works of Delaware. f See Car Works of Delaware. 426 IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. in the country, and employs 1,300 men. The works was established by Messrs. REANIE, ARCHBOLD & Co., but was purchased by the present owners, who were formerly located at the celebrated Morgan Iron Works, of New York, and partially transferred their extensive steam-engine business to this point. The force here of 1,300 men is divided as follows: in the boat yard there are employed 800 men;machine shop, 160; boiler shop, 80; iron foundry, 55; blacksmith shop, 60; joiner shop, 64; paint shop, 40; carpenter shop, 25; pattern shop, 15; moulding loft, 10; copper shop, 12. The pay-roll foots up nearly one million dollars annually; in actual figures, $884,000, or $17,000 a week. This works has been largely engaged on government work, having repaired and refitted a number of the iron-clads during the winter of 1873. There have been two colliers for the Reading Railroad Company built here, and several very large steamers for the Pacific Mail Steamship Company are either building or under contract. There are also under contract two iron sloops of war, and the machinery for two wooden ones. It is said the amount of work under contract at this establishment is sufficient to fully employ the whole force for all of 1874. Among the orders on hand at these works are the following: Engines and machinery for a new sloop of war building at Brooklyn Navy Yard, contract price, $630,000; two new sloops oE war for the government, $580,000; engines and machinery for the Tennessee, $300,000; repairs of monitors Passaic, Jason, Wyandotte, and Nahant, $720,000; engines for a torpedo boat, $300,000; two marine engines, $300,000, etc., which figures, in addition to the private work, give some idea of the value of the product of the works. During 1873, there was constructed at this works, the largest iron steamship ever built in the United States, and the second largest iron vessel in the world, being surpassed only by the Great Eastern. This steamship, the " City of Peking," was built for the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, as is a companion ship, nearly finished, the " City of Taikio." The' City of Peking "' was launched in March, 1874, and the occasion was made one of great celebration; a large number of prominent men from various cities, including a delegation from both Houses of Congress, being present. The following interesting description of the ship appeared at the time in the Iron Age: "THE CITY OF PEKING." This latest addition to the Pacific Mail fleet of 35 steamers had not, up to the date of launching, been measured for register, but her gross burthen will fall very little short of 6,000 tons. Her extreme length of hull is 423 feet, by 47 feet 3 inches breadth of beam, and she is 36 feet deep between the top of the keel and the spar deck. She has four decks and six water-tight compartments. She has accommodations for 150 cabin passengers, and 1,500 steerage passengers, and her coal bunkers will carry 1,500 tons. The bulkheads are fitted between double frames, so as to insure the greatest tightness and resistive power in the event of it ever becoming necessary to depend on them for safety. All the deck beams are placed on every alternate frame, with "knee " plates forged on them, and are riveted to the frames and stringers. Calculation has been made, and jointings and sockets prepared for beams to support the engines and boilers in too many ways to admit of detailed description. The " shell plating " of the vessel varies in thickness. No plate is less than 12 feet long, and each plate tapers to suit the ship's sheer. Every shell plate has been tested, be IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. 427 fore being put into the ship, to several times the strain, in both simple and compound relations, it can ever be called upon to bear in actual use. All shell plates are flush jointed on the vertical section, and lap jointed on the longitudinal section; they are all riveted according to the rules of the Bureau Veritas. All of the ship's skylights are arranged to combine the maximum of utility, strength, and water-tightness. The rudder is of the best hammered scrap iron, and every means that intelligence has devised and experience confirmed as useful, has been employed to render this important part of the vessel absolutely secure. The " City of Peking " is furnished with the most approved steam steering apparatus, as well as two other hand-wheel steering apparatuses, one forward and the other aft. The steam apparatus is furnished with a friction brake to hold or stop the rudder at any point, and with a pointer to indicate exactly at what degree the rudder is at any moment. The whole of the bottom of the ship is covered with WHITE'S waterproof Portland cement to the thickness of one inch, excepting under the engine and boiler space, where the cement fills up all spaces solid to the limber holes. The four decks are as strong and water-tight as iron plating and fastenings and hard wood and pitch pine and cement can make them. For the comfort of passengers, ventilating apparatus has been provided in every part of the ship. The fittings and upholstery are comfortable and elegant in every respect. The upholstery is principally of crimson Utrecht velvet, and the cabin furniture includes everything of utility and convenience that is common in first-class private residences. Particular attention has been devoted to the provision of a smoking-room, as spacious and splendidly appointed as the most exacting taste could require. The hospital is built and furnished with everything necessary to the perfect working of that department. The cook's room is furnished with everything that can render complete a marine kitchen. The dining-saloon is 34 by 47 feet, and is finished in maple and ebony, with an elegant cornice around the ceiling, and with appropriate paintings in the panels, and with plate mirrors and piano. Nothing has been omitted that could render this saloon, in equipment and decorations, the model of its class. The ladies' cabin is abaft of all the other cabins. A low and wide sofa runs around the stern, with hard wood arm pieces placed about 24 inches apart, to form seats. Adjoining the cabin is a commodious ladies' bath-room, with shower-bath, and otherwise fitted with all the latest improvements. The mail-room and the bullion-room are each built entirely of iron, with iron decks and ceilings, and are fitted with CHUBB's chilled iron doors and locks. The cabin state-rooms have intermediate doors, whereby they may be converted into double state-rooms. The doors are furnished with ground plate glass, and the bedding and all other accommodations are in a style that could not be surpassed. All berths are 6 feet 6 inches long by 28 inches wide. The night lighting is from electro-plated moderator lamps of the most approved construction, and is ample for all purposes. To prevent rust and to secure permanent soundness, every piece of iron received three coats of red lead paint, in addition to the ornamental painting. The frames and plates were both painted before the ship was put together, and previous to launching the hull, was covered with several coats of anti-fouling composition. The ship is furnished with 10 boats, the largest four of which are 26 feet long by seven feet six inches wide, and three feet three inches deep, and the smallest 22 feet long 54 428 IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. by five feet three inches wide, and two feet two inches deep. They are fitted with lowering apparatus, and are otherwise perfect, according to the most exacting conditions of the official inspectors. All the lower masts and topmasts are of iron, and in one piece, and the sails are made of the extra long flax canvas of the Gomock Ropework Company. The ship is furnished with a full set of incombustible awnings, which cover it from stem to stern. The distilling apparatus provides 4,000 gallons of fresh water per day for passenger consumption. The total weight of iron used in constructing this steamship was 5,400,000 lbs. The foregoing are the principal facts of general interest concerning the hull of the "City of Peking." From them it will be seen that, with the exception of the " Great Eastern," whose gross measurement is 22,500 tons, she is the largest mercantile steamship ever built in any country, and the largest trading steamer that ever carried the American flag. THE MACHINERY. The engines of the " City of Peking" are correlative with the magnitude of the vessel. They represent 5,000 horse-power, and constitute, with one exception, the largest piece of mercantile marine machinery ever constructed. They consist of two pairs of compound engines. The stroke is 54 inches. There are two low-pressure cylinders of 88 inches each, and two high-pressure of 51 inches each-thus giving an aggregate cylinder diameter of 278 inches. Either engine may be detached from the other, and in case of breakage of one of them at sea, the sound one may be worked while the other is in process of repair, and will propel the vessel at two-thirds of its regular speed. The pumps for circulating the water through the surface condensers are independent of the main engines, which is a decided improvement. This colossal machinery is to be furnished with steam from 10 cylindrical boilers, 13 feet in diameter by 10 feet 6 inches long, the shell of each boiler being -1 of an inch thick, and double riveted. Each boiler has three cylindrical furnaces, with 204 tubes 31 inches outside diameter, by seven feet six inches long. The total grate surface in these 10 boilers is 520 square feet, and the total heating surface is 17,000 square feet. This is the largest heating surface ever provided for the engine of any mercantile compound marine engines, and will evolve valuable economic results in permitting slow combustion of fuel, while the machinery is at full working power, and thus ensuring a development not very often at tained-namely, the complete consumption of all the coal put into the furnaces. The length of the crank shaft is 39 feet, and that of the "line " and propeller shafts is 128 feet —total, 167 feet. The diameters of these shafts in the bearings is as follows: Crank shaft, 18 inches; "line" shaft, 17 inches; propeller shaft, 19 inches. The immense "journal" diameter of the propeller shaft is used to minify the possibilities of breakage at sea. This shaft derives additional security from the fact that it has a bearing in the rudder post. It is also encased in. composite metal where it rests on the inboard and outboard bearings (three in number), and revolves on staves of liynum vitce, so set that the friction comes on the end of the grain, and that the water may circulate between the staves and prevent hot bearings. It is calculated that this arrangement of the propeller shafting is so perfect, that no renewal of any part of it will be required on account of ordinary wear and tear, before the expiration of eight years. In view of the fact that the engine will average 65 rev IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. 429 olutions per minute, the mechanism and setting of the propeller and its shafting, which insures eight years of continuous wear without repair, must be regarded as a triumph of skill in this branch of engineering. The 10 boilers are supplied with fresh water, by means of two surface condensers of about 10,000 square feet. These condensers are so perfect as to return to the boilers all except a very small percentage of the water necessary for generating steam. An improvement has been effected whereby the verdigris from the copper tubes of the condenser is neutralized by the introduction of salsoda, which combines with the verdigris, tallow and oil from the cylinders and condensers, and is deposited at the bottoms of the boilers. This combination obviates the corrosion-or " pitting "-of the boiler tubes from verdigris, and thus saves a very heavy expense. About three-quarters of a pound of salsoda is used for every ton of coal burnt. The steam is drawn from the boiler through a perforated dry pipe, and passes into a cylindrical superheater 15 feet high by 11 feet in diameter, with four internal flues of a diameter of three feet two inches each. Heat from the boiler fires circulates through these flues on the inside and dries the steam which surrounds them on the outside. The steam passes from this superheater into the high-pressure cylinders, where it is expanded from 60 lbs. per square inch down to 10 lbs. It is then exhausted into a receiver between the two engines, from which it passes into the low-pressure cylinders, where it is further expanded down to 10 lbs. below atmospheric pressure. The high expansion thus denoted is a cause of great economy in fuel. The " Colon," " Colima," " Acapulco,' and " Granada " each burns about 25 tons of coal per 24 hours, when running on the schedule time. The " City of Panama " and " City of Guatemala" burn 14 tons under the same conditions. The " City of Peking " will, by close estimate, burn somewhat less than 60 tons per day while making schedule time. If it were not for appearing to make invidious distinctions, vessels of smaller size and less power than the "City of Peking" might be named which, though considered as economic in all other respects as the' crack " ships of certain foreign fleets, consume not less than between 65 and 80 tons per day under the most favorable conditions. The engines herein described are warranted to drive the steamer 15- knots-more than 19-1 statute miles-per hour in average weather. They will develop an actual working power of 12 per cent. in excess of that of the engines built by lAUDSLAY, SON & FIELD, Of London, for the Ville du Havre," and 18 per cent. more than the working power of any other compound engine now afloat in a merchant ship. The propeller of the " City of Peking " is a HItIRmSC screw, 20 feet 3 inches in diameter, with four blades, and a mean pitch of 30 feet. In case of leak, the ship's pumps are capable of throwing 10,000 gallons (250 barrels) of water per minute. There are four donkey engines, with separate boilers which may be worked in connection with or detached from the main boilers. There are three freight hatchways on deck, each furnished with a steam winch for hoisting and lowering freight. The forward winch also works the anchor, and the sails are hoisted, set, and furled by means of these winches, thus reducing the labor of the crew to a minimum. In regard to security from fire, it must suffice to state that every known appliance of pipe, hose, and pumps have been furnished throughout the vessel to extinguish fire. 430 IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. The "City of Peking" will be fitted with her machinery and made ready for sea at the Morgan Iron Works, New York. Nothing has been left undone to render the " City of Peking " in every possible respect an absolutely perfect vessel. She enters the water as the Pride of the American Navy, and, without detracting from the worth of any foreign vessel, has no equal now afloat available for commercial purposes. She is one-fourth larger than the " Celtic," the largest White Star ship. Three years ago the almost universal belief was that no such vessel could be built except on the Clyde. Continuing up the Delaware River, the next iron-ship yard of note on the river is that of Messrs. DIALOGUE & WOOD, of Camden, New Jersey, the specialty of which is repairing, although a considerable amount of new work is done there. This firm has done considerable government work, particularly for the revenue service, several revenue cutters having been entirely fitted out at this yard. The works is also taxed to its capacity with coastwise and repairing work. Iron Ship Yards of Philadelphia. The construction of iron vessels in this city began in 1860, and has grown steadily since, until during 1872 and 1873 the first line of American transatlantic iron steamers was constructed, and coasting steamers of almost equal size are constantly leaving the yards. The principal works devoted to iron-ship building in Philadelphia is: The William Cramp & Sons' Ship and Engine Building Co.-This works was established in 1830, and was engaged in wooden-ship building and steamboat building principally until 1860, when the business of producing iron ships was engaged in to the exclusion of wooden work, and has since been steadily continued. The works was of signal service to the government during the war of the rebellion, having constructed the New Ironsides frigate and a number of iron-clads, which were built at a time when neither the resources of the navy yards nor the progress of iron ship building afforded the facilities or knowledge of naval architecture commensurate with the task. Subsequent to the war the Cramp Works was principally engaged on steamers for the coasting trade, of which some extremely fine specimens were built. In 1870, the American Steamship Company was formed by a number of Philadelphia merchants, who were convinced that an American line of iron steamers could be built and owned there which could successfully compete with the foreign lines from New York. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, recognizing the importance of the European connection for their grain freights from the West, and the possibility of securing a large direct emigrant passenger traffic from east to west by steamer arriving directly at Philadelphia, became large stockholders in the company, and the success of the enterprise was assured. To the business men of Philadelphia, however, belongs the credit of establishing this line, without governmental aid or subsidy of any kind whatsoever. Messrs. WM. CRAMP & SoNS were the successful bidders for these ships, which were to be four in number, the first to be delivered by July, 1873, and the fourth by January 1st, 1874. The firm, having received the contract, fortified itself by a thorough investigation of the ship yards of the Clyde, IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. 431 and an examination of the best types of foreign iron ships. At the time that the contract was taken, American iron ruled low in consequence of the heavy importations, and the prices for material upon which the contract was based were at least thirty per cent. below what the iron actually cost subsequently. It is to the credit of the firm, however, that the work was completed to the letter of the contract and in the time specified. These ships were named the Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and the fourth and last went into service in January, 1874, the Pennsylvania, the first of the line, having been cleared for Liverpool in July, 1873. These ships have made better average time in their passages than the foreign lines, and have thus far carried full cargoes of freight and passengers without damage or accident, and are commercially as well as mechanically a success. The following are the principal dimensions of the steamships Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois of the American Steamship line. The vessels are exactly alike in every particular: Length over all, 355 feet; length from forward part of stem to stern-post, 343 feet; from forward part of stem to propeller, 336 feet; beam, extreme, 43 feet; depth of hold, from top of floors to top of spar deck, 32 feet 6 inches; hold, moulded, from spar deck stringer-plate to top of keel, 33 feet 6 inches; depth of floor plates, 2 feet; hold, from top of floors to top of lower deck, 16 feet 8 inches; from top of lower deck to top of middle deck, 8 feet 4 inches; from top of middle deck to top of spar deck, 7 feet 6 inches; from top of keel to top of spar deck, 34 feet 6 inches; tonnage, 0. MI., 3,016; capacity of bunkers, 720 tons. Cargo space: middle between decks, 65,101 cubic feet, at 40 cubic feet per ton, 1,627 tons; after-hold, 24,107 cubic feet, 602 tons; forward, 42,082 cubic feet, 1,052 tons; upper between decks, 22,946 cubic feet, 573 tons; total, 154,236 cubic feet, 3,854 tons. Capacity for a cargo of compressed cotton, at 30 cubic feet per bale, 5,141 bales. The draft will not exceed 20 feet 6 inches in fresh water, with coal bunkers full, and a dead-weight cargo of 1,740 tons (2,240 lbs.) or a measurement cargo of 3,854 tons (40 cubic feet), also a full complement of saloon and steerage passengers, officers and crew, all necessary stores and outfit on board. The amount of iron tonnage built by this works in 1872 and 1873 was 24,800 tons, which represented an approximate consumption of plate and other irons used in the work, of 7,750 tons. During 1873, the works has, in addition to the last ships of the American line, been engaged in the construction of six iron steam colliers for the Reading Railroad Company, each 224 feet long and of 1,200 tons capacity; and have also completed and delivered, in 1874, the Columbus, the largest iron steamer for the coastwise trade yet built in this country. This ship is engaged in the passenger and freight traffic between New York and Havana, is owned by THoMAs CLYDE, Esq., and is running on the New York and Havana line of steamships. The Columbus is an iron screw of 1,850 tons, 285 feet long, 35 feet beam, and 23 feet hold. She has a compound engine with cylinders 34 and 56 inches diameter and 42 inches stroke, and is brig rigged, with wire standing rigging. Her cabins are elegantly fitted with American woods, and all her appointments luxurious, being designed both for a large freight carrier, and a favorite passenger ship. Peculiar facilities for receiving and discharging cargo are furnished by separate engines and cranes. During the excitement consequent upon the threatened war with Spain, in the fall of 1873, several iron-clads were sent to this works by the Navy Department, and refitted for sea. The works is completely and thoroughly equipped with the best machinery, and the 432 IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. firm possesses all the advantages of experience, practical acquaintance with the trade, pursued and indomitable energy. The usual working force is 1,200 men, although 3,000 hands can be employed if necessary. The Penn Iron Works.-Proprietors, NEAFIE & LEVY. This works has been engaged in iron ship building for some years, beside the production of marine engines, steamship forgings, etc. The specialty of the works is rather altering and repairing than new work, and the establishment, which employs some 400 hands in the various departments, is always fully employed. This works has constructed, during 1873, a number of tugs, some of extra size, two vessels for the Revenue Service, and one for the Lighthouse Bureau, and the docks are constantly occupied by steamships undergoing repairs and alterations. The blacksmith shop here is supplied with large steam hammers, and the heaviest forgings, such as propeller shafts, etc., are turned out. The total tonnage from the Penn Iron Works in 1873 was some 3,000 tons, which included the following vessels: Conroy, 200 tons, for Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. Quaker City, 175 tons, for Whitehall Transportation Company, New York. Knickerbocker, 220 tons, Knickerbocker Ice Company, Philadelphia. Dahlia, 450 tons, for United States Signal Corps. In addition to the yards named, the Reading Railroad Company is engaged in building a ship yard at Port Richmond, which will be finished and in operation in the summer of 1874. This works is to include an iron ship yard, machine shops, marine railway, etc., and work will be immediately commenced on the steam colliers of the company. As stated, the company has seven of these now in use with a capacity of 6,100 tons, and seven others, with a capacity of 9,100 tons, are being constructed. The fleet when finished will consist of 50 iron colliers. There were some 21,000 tons of iron and wooden ships constructed in Philadelphia, in 1873, and 14,000 tons more in the yards at Camden, New Jersey; at Chester and Wilmington 30,000 tons of iron and wooden ships were built, making a grand total of 68,000 tons for this locality in the last year. Some $3,000,000 are invested here in the business, and between 4,000 and 5,000 men employed. The total iron tonnage estimated for 1874, on the Delaware, is 80,000 tons. A new enterprise in n iron ship building, projected for 1874, is a line of iron tank steamers for carrying petroleum in bulk, from Philadelphia to Antwerp, at which latter point large storage tanks have been erected for the reception of oil. This, with the constantly increasing demand for iron vessels for our merchant marine, will keep the iron ship yards actively employed. At Buffalo, New York, the construction of iron vessels for the lake trade is progressing steadily, the total tonnage being for 1872 some 13,000 tons, which was increased in 1873 to nearly 20,000 tons. Several vessels have also been built at this point for sea service, and there can be no doubt that the industry is fairly established and progressing. The future carrying trade of the lakes must be done in iron vessels, and Buffalo has the advantage of having been the first city engaged in that trade to enter on their construction. At Wyandotte, near Detroit, Michigan, an iron ship yard has been located, and one or IRON SHIP YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. 433 more vessels built, showing that the people of that region are alive to the necessities of the trade. Such a review of the iron ship building trade as can be given here, is necessarily brief and restricted in detail, but we have shown that this branch of the iron industry is surely, steadily, and rapidly progressing, has reached that point at which it can successfully compete with foreign work, and bids fair to be the means in the near future of restoring the commerce of the United States. THE IRON ORE EEGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES; WITH A DESCRIPTION OF TIEIR LOCALITY, CIHARACTER OF THE ORES, EXTENT OF DEPOSITS, CHEMICAL PROPERTIES BY ANALYSIS, COMMERCIAL VALUE, AND FACILITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT. INTRODUCTION TO THE IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. SInCE the compilation of this work was begun, so numerous and frequent suggestions that it should include a description of the Iron Ore Regions of the United States, with the location and extent of their ore deposits, the character of the ores and their commercial value, have been received, that the following condensed account has been prepared. It is of course impossible, in the limits of a work like this, to enter into full details of the chemical analyses of all the iron ores of the United States; indeed, such a classification and analysis has never been thoroughly made, and is now proposed by a committee of the Iron and Steel Association, for publication at the Centennial Exposition in 1876. The mineral wealth in iron, of the United States, has never been appreciated either at home or abroad, and it may be safely asserted that at the present day no more judicious or profitable investment of capital can be made in the world than in the iron ore lands of this country. For centuries to come the abundance of ore cannot be exhausted, nor that of the fuels to reduce them. At the present prices of iron-prices which for a series of years cannot under ordinary contingencies decline-there is a lucrative and legitimate business in the manufacture of pig iron, where the proper localities are selected, and the control of sufficient ore is secured. The complaints of high cost in pig metal production are due rather to the advance in value of the land in the older iron-making regions, the decline in the supply of ore in those localities,-even yet, however, abundant,-and the increased cost of fuel caused by the growth of cities and of manufactures. To the ore regions of the North-west and West, and especially to those of the South and South-west, as yet comparatively virgin regions, must we look for the future supply of cheap pig metal. Iron can be made in the southern portions of the United States, within easy distance of tide water and on canal communications at a cost permitting of its being exported to Great Britain, and sold there with more profit than is to-day made from the manufacture of the same grade of metal in England. That this is not done is simply from the fact that the regions where cheap iron can be made, have not been developed, but await capital to engage in the manufacture. The advantages presented at this juncture for investments in iron ore lands as a commercial speculation, are generally overlooked. We speak by the card in stating that purchases have been made within the past two years at fifty cents per acre, of valuable ore lands, which have since been sold for five and for ten dollars per acre, now held at $150 per acre. It is not, however,in a speculative point of view that we would present the advantages of the iron ores of the United States. Development by the investment of capital, and labor by the colonization of sparsely-settled regions, are the desiderata of the country, and the prerequisites of the success which is certain to follow their exhibition. The United States 438 INTRODUCTION TO THE IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. contains in accessible localities sufficient mineral wealth, in iron ores and fuels, to supply the world with iron, both raw, in the form of pig metal, or manufactured into the myriad products upon which the comfort, civilization, and well-being of mankind depend. It would not be exaggeration to add that this is within the scope of possibility, were all the other iron-producing regions of the world at once blotted out of existence. Scarcely a State or Territory exists within the limits of the United States which has been at all developed, but in which iron ores to a greater or less extent have been found, and almost invariably in contiguity to fuels and fluxes of character suitable for their successful and profitable reduction. It has been estimated that the gold product of the world has cost double its value to obtain it. Upon the same basis, the iron ore product of the United States may be said to have added to the material wealth of the country, one thousand fold the cost of every pound raised and beneficiated. There is, moreover, no known variety of iron ore commercially used, of which the counterpart has not been found in some section of this country. The celebrated ores of Sweden are reproduced almost in fac-simile of analysis by those of Central North Carolina. The blackband ores of Scotland are found in abundance in Ohio, and exist in greater or less quantities in Virginia and Alabama. The titaniferous ores of Norway, now profitably treated in Great Britain, are in abundant supply and of like characteristics in Northern New York and Virginia. The Spathic ores, for steel purposes, are abundant in Connecticut and New York, while manganiferous ores, for the manufacture of spiegeleisen are found in quantity in Missouri. The whole Lake Superior region of Michigan abounds with magnetic and hematite ores of the choicest character, while the Iron Mountains of Missouri, including the Iron Mountain proper, Pilot Knob, Shepherd Mountain, and others, display deposits of ore unequalled in size and purity in the world. From the extreme eastern Atlantic coast in Maine to the waters of the Pacific Ocean, on the coasts of California and Oregon, ores of good merchantable character are to be found, and these extremes now meet each other in the production of iron, both localities having furnaces at work or erecting for the reduction of their ores. Throughout.the iron belt, with all the offshoots and sinuosities of its course, the blast furnace is to be found., A certain portion of the community has endeavored to create the belief that the producing capacity of the country has overtaken the demand, and deprecate the extension of the furnace industry. Such arguments are made with a view to benefit the individual rather than the masses, and are easily controverted by statistics alone. The existing number of blast furnaces is found to be some 735, with an annual productive capacity of over four million tons, the actual product never having yet reached three million tons. A majority of these are old furnaces, worked under disadvantages and expensively, and will not long continue in operation. The requirements of a population of forty millions, constantly increased in a ratio of ten per cent. annually by immigration, to say nothing of the natural increase, cannot be supplied with the most necessary article of industrial consumption under any such ratio of development as has heretofore existed. High-priced irons are not for the benefit of the people at large, and the object of the following notes on the iron ore regions of the United States, is to show the capabilities of the various sections of the country for the production of cheap iron; to lay before the capital of the English speaking races, the opportunities for legitimate trade and profitable investment, and by this means, so far as may be, to benefit the masses rather than to selfishly cater to the individual advantage of any class. With INTRODUCTION TO THE IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 439 such intentions, and in the effort to include in a necessarily brief space a large amount of information derived from the most reliable sources extant, to all of which reference is made, these notes have been prepared. In this connection it is proper to state that the compiler is greatly indebted to the iron trade press of the country for valuable items of information culled from its columns, and particularly to Tlhe American 2cfantfacturer of Pittsburgh, a paper devoted to the specialty it assumes, and which keeps its patrons thoroughly informed as to the progress of the industries and the development of the mineral wealth of the country. With this acknowledgment, these notes are submitted, with the statement that if any information contained in them shall result in the investment of any capital or the erection of a single blast furnace, the object of the writer will have been accomplished..In describing these ore regions in the various States, they will be treated in the classification usual in practical iron making, and which has generally been adopted by those who have treated of them. [No pretence is made to scientific description or explanation of the various formations, the intention being rather to give information to those desirous of engaging in iron making as to the location and commercial value of the ores, than to furnish a scientific treatise on the iron ores of the United States. Prof. LESLEY * has adopted the following classification, which will be used in the following notes. 1. Primary ores, including the specular, magnetic, and red oxides. 2. Brown hematites. 3. Fossil ores. 4. Carbonates, including those of the coal measures. 5. Bog ores. Under these heads the ore deposits of the various States will be classified. * The Iron Manufacturers' Guide: PROF. J.P. L ESLEY, 1859. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. Iron Ore Regions of Alabama. THE information as to the ores of Alabama, and the extremely valuable coal fields of that State, have been procured from a variety of sources, including an extensive correspondence with iron manufacturers now profitably engaged in the business. Objection has been made in some sections to the statements which have appeared in print regarding the richness of these ores and the facilities offered for making iron here. A careful investigation of the subject shows that these statements are reliable and correct, and that it is extremely doubtful if any section of the United States offers greater conjunction of the necessary materials of ore, flux and fuel, for the successful production of pig metal of a good quality, than the belt running from Maryland on the north, through Virginia, Georgia, Tennessee, and Alabama. Writing from a stand-point entirely unaffected by local interests, it is evident that there is and must be in the near future a demand for iron in the world which shall give ample returns for capital invested in cdl the iron-ore regions of the United States; and the argument that any one of the older sites of iron production, where ores have to be brought from various sections at high freights, to furnish the only proper admixture, should have any advantage save that of facility of obtaining capital and labor, is puerile, and unworthy of the patriotic people of a country so lavishly endowed by nature with mineral wealth as the United States. The published sources, from whence the information here given has been obtained, are Prof. Cotton's Report on the Coal and Iron Resources of Alabama; Tuomey's Geology of Alabcamca; Tle Alabamc ic anual anc d Statistical Register, edited by JosEPH HIODGSON, Esq., of the ilontgomery Daily fail*; and the report of the President of the Elyton Land Company, of Birmingham, Col. J. I. POWELL, a gentleman thoroughly conversant with the resources of the locality he has so successfully developed. From a publication in the interests of Alabama and the whole southern section of the country, but fairly and reliably representing them, The South, much valuable information has been obtained. Tuomey's Geology of Alabama says of this region: The principal iron ores of the State have been examined, and numerous deposits added to those already known. The red or fossiliferous ore is now known to extend almost without interruption from a point two miles and a half below Pratt's Ferry, in Bibb County, to the upper end of Wills' Valley, De Kalb County; anid on the east, in Cherokee, to the northern part of the county. On the west it runs up to Murphree's Valley. The thickness is variable, being in some localities twenty to thirty feet, and in others thinning down to one foot. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 441 North-east of Greensboro', and on the north-west side of the Red Mountains, a bed occurs ten feet in thickness. Southeast of Elyton the ore continues for a distance of three miles. It caps the mountain, and is fifteen feet in thickness. About Trussville beds of brown hematite occur, not far from the red ore beds. On the spurs of Cedar Mountain red ore is found, with numerous joints of crinoidal stems-hence the name button rock applied to the ore. In St. Clair County, south-west of Springville, the ore occurs in a stratum fifteen feet thick, but varying in quality in different parts of the bed. At Pierson's Mill, in the same county, the ore is about seven feet thick. The ore is composed of large glazed grains; the composition is as follows: Composition in 100 parts: Peroxide of iron......................................... 51.46 Silica........................... 27.74 Carbonate of lime......................................... 19.89 Alumina..................................................... 2.32 Oxide of manganese.............................................24 Phosphoric acid.............................................16 99.81 Metallic iron, 36.02 per cent. In Murphree's Valley the ore is found in a bed seven to eight feet in thickness. There is also a bed of brown hematite near this locality, one mile in length, composed of irregular masses. At ilanby's, on Turkey Creek, there is a bed of this ore, which is a continuation of the Murphree's Valley ore. It is about twenty feet in thickness, and as it occurs on the side of the mill-pond, it can be transported by water to the falls of the creek, where an admirable site for a furnace may be found. Ore from Hanby's8.-The ore is oolitic, with shining surfaces on the recent fracture. It is stratified. Composition in 100 parts: Peroxide of iron................................ 61.87 Silica.................................. 37.58 Alumina...............................................26 Lime...................................03 Oxide manganese............................05 Phosphoric acid...............................................03 99.82 Metallic iron, 43.31 per cent. I have not attempted to enumerate all the localities where this ore is found in quantity. It so happens that it belongs to one of the most persistent formations in the State, one which extends from the north-eastern boundary of the State to Pratt's Ferry, on the 442 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. Cahawba, and it seems only necessary to describe those beds most likely to come first into use. Brown, Ilematites. —In my first report I stated that it was probable that all the brown ores belonged to true beds, interstratified with the other rocks. A more extended observation has satisfied me that this is not the case with all the ores of this character in the State. The ores of Bluff Creek, North Alabama, and indeed all those in that part of the State, belong to the newer deposits, as may be seen from their admixture with the pebbles of the surface, and from their unconformable position. This fact is not so easily observed in the great iron deposits of Roup's Valley and Shelby, for here there are no pebbles, the ore being mixed with, and completely enveloped in, a red loam; and what makes this the more puzzling, these deposits follow, in direction, very nearly the strike of the rocks. In Roup's Valley, for example, the ore is found occupying a narrow belt, six to eight miles in length, having a course nearly north-east and south-west, almost coincident with that of the underlying rocks. This is the case with the beds from which the bloomaries on Shoal Creek are supplied. The deposits on Shelby's Creek, as well as those in Talladega, are also disposed in a similar manner. Brown iematite, Bluff Creek, Limestone County.-The ore is compact, with irregular cavities, and has a fibrous structure. Composition in 100 parts: Peroxide of iron.......................................... 80.65 Sesquioxide of manganese..................................... 26 Alumina..................................09 Magnesia.............................................. trace Phosphoric acid................................ o..........o.92 Water...................................................... 12.37 Insoluble matter............................................... 5.58 99.87 Metallic iron, 56.45 per cent. Fibrous Brown Heematite from McClanahan's Furnace; a part of the Bed not examined.-The specimen is from a bed near the furnace. It is of a structure distinctly fibrous and radiating. Composition in 100 parts: Peroxide of iron................................. 82.82 Sesquioxide of manganese..................77 Lime...................................................... trace Alumina..............................................35 Silica...........................................................29 Phosphoric acid................................................15 XWater............................................... 14.62 99.00 Metallic iron, 57.97 per cent. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 443 Cal/ou'n Iron Works.-Some difference seemed to exist between the ores from the two beds explored at this place; the upper one being preferred, while in the reduction of tle ore from the lower bed, or one nearest the furnace, some difficulty seemed to exist. Specimens from both beds were examined, with a view of throwing some light on the matter. 1. Specimen from the upper bed, porous, and containing much yellow ochre in the cavities. Composition in 100 parts: Peroxide of iron.......................................... 76.84 Sesquioxide of manganese...................................37 Alumina........................... 2.34 Magneia................................................... trace Phosphoric acid........................... 1.08 Water....................................................... 13.76 Insoluble matter............................................ 5.17 99.56 Metallic iron, 53.79 per cent. The considerable amount of phosphorus in this ore no doubt gives it the property of producing the sharp castings for which the hollow ware of this establishment is noted. 2. A more compact variety than the preceding, with minute specks of ochre in the pores. Composition in 100 parts: Peroxide of iron........................ 82.45 Sesquioxide of manganese....................................... 63 Alumina....................................... 77 Lime............................................... trace Magnesia.................................................... trace Phosphoric acid............................................... trace Water............................. 12.70 Insoluble matter, with a little alumina,............................ 3.21 99.76 Metallic iron, 57.71 per cent. The preceding are from the upper bed. 1. From the bed near the furnace. Partly compact, and composed of layers, with silicious particles derived from decomposed chert embedded in the mass. 56 444 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. Composition in 100 parts: Peroxide of iron....................................... 68.13 Altumina..................................................... 46 Sesquioxide of manganese.........................................46 Phosphoric acid................................................ 02 W ater........................................... 10.89 Insoluble matter............................................. 20.02 99.98 eetallic iron, 47.69 per cent. 2. From the same bed.-more compact than the preceding, with iridescent tarnish on the surface, and having embedded particles of chert in a chalky state. Composition in 100 parts: Peroxide of iron.................................. 73.64 Sesquioxide of manganese.................. 2............. 57 Alum ina..............................................1....... 1.41 Copper..................................................... trace Phosphoric acid................................................ trace WVater........................................................ 9.77 Insoluble matter........................................ 15.49 100.44 Metallic iron, 51.55 per cent. It is difficult to point out any difference in the composition of the ores of these beds, that could interfere with their reduction, unless it be the greater amount of insoluble matter in the beds near the furnace. And this can be detected by the naked eye, for the fragments of silicious minerals embedded in the ore are often large, and such portions should be rejected. The greater richness of the upper beds will doubtless compensate for the additional expense of hauling. As it is probable that these ores are derived from sulphurets, the trace of copper found here is not surprising, nor is it very uncommon in the brown ore of the State. Oxide of Zinc.-Masses of this mineral, of several pounds weight, are, from time to time, taken from the crevices in the stack; as no traces of zinc have been discovered in the ore, it is almost certain that it had been introduced into the furnace with the limestone used as flux. Sulphuret of lead is known to exist in the limestone at this locality, and zinc blends, being associated with it, is conveyed to the furnace with the limestone in which it is found. The mineral is of olive color, waxy lustre, and is disposed in concentric layers. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 445 Composition in 100 parts: Oxide of zinc......................................... 97. Protoxide of iron.................................... 1.21 Oxide of manganese................................. trace Silica............................................64: Carbon.....................08 99.70 The following is from Chambers County. It is found in deposits of some extent, wherever hornblende rocks are undergoing disintegration. It resembles bog ore, but contains scarcely iron enough to be admitted as an ore of that metal. It was looked upon with a great deal of interest during the period of the copper exploration, and for that reason it is introduced here. It seems to be made up of concretionary nodules, with shining points on the fresh fracture. Composition in 100 parts: Peroxide of iron........................................ 28.76 Sesquioxide of manganese................................. 2.57 Alumina................................................ 1.12 Lime and magnesia............................................ trace Phosphoric acid...............................................08 Water.......................................... 6.12 Insoluble matter............................................. 60.94 99.59 Ores from the Col MXeas2ures.-We need not expect to know much of these ores till the Warrior coal field is explored to a much greater extent. No mining, worthy of the name, has yet been done, and as the ore occurs in the overlying shale, it is but rarely that it can be detected on the surface. There are, however, some promising localities in Jefferson and Walker counties, as will be seen from the following analyses: Iron Ore from Jefferson County.-A compact, dark-colored ore, containing vegetable impressions. Composition in 100 parts: Carbonate protoxide of iron................................... 86.85 Carbonate protoxide of manganese.....................3.04 Carbonate of lime......................................... 2.12 Carbonate of magnesia..........................................12 Peroxide of iron...........................43 Alumina......................................06 Water.......................................... 1.17 Carbonaceous matter.................................. trace Insoluble ingredients......................................... 6.37 100.16 Metallic iron, 42.23 per cent. 446 IRON ORE REGIONS OF ThE UNITED STATES. Specimen from TWaalker County.-Compact, bluish-gray on fresh fracture, yellow on the outside, and exfoliating in concentric layers. Composition in 100 parts: Carbonate protoxide of iron................................. 70.84 Carbonate protoxide of manganese......................... 1.53 Carbonate of lime....................................... 2.31 Carbonate of magnesia........................................ 7.64 Peroxide of iron............................................ 1.20 Alumina o................13 Water...............................................84 Insoluble matter.............................. 14.94 99.43 Metallic iron, 35.04 per cent. The Coal and Iron of, the Red Mountain Region of Alabama.* The mineral lands of the Red Mountain iron region lie in Shelby and Jefferson counties, in the State of Alabama, from three to fifteen miles south of Elyton, the county town of Jefferson County. Shade's Mountain, Red Mountain, and several smaller elevations, with a general direction parallel to the Cahawba River, and lying on each side of it, were formed by volcanic action, which lifted up the stratified crust of the earth from the south-east toward the northwest. The strata dip to the south-east, at an angle of about thirty-five degrees; and the ascent of the hills from that side is very gradual, being generally less than the dip of the strata, from the accumulation of soil in the valleys and on the slopes. On the north-western side the strata are broken, and the ascent is generally precipitous, rising in some places to several hundred feet above the valleys. These valleys are generally level, and all the ranges are frequently intersected by gaps, through which roads, either turnpike or rail, can be made with much less difficulty than is usually met with in broken countries. The coal is bituminous, and varies in quality and in different localities. On the lands over which the South and North Railroad is now running, near where Buck Creek empties into the Cahawba River, seventeen veins have been discovered, eight of which are from two to four feet thick, out-cropping on and underlying these lands for miles. I am not aware that any of the veins in these coal fields have been worked beyond a few hundred feet, the system of mining being to begin at the out-crop and follow the vein; but as far as they have been worked the coal improves in quality, and, in some instances, in quantity also INo one, as yet, seems able to conjecture the extent of the deposits. Some of the veins have been worked to a limited extent, and coal in considerable quantities is now being mined from the same veins at the Cahawba coal mines, on adjoining lands. This coal is shipped by the South and North Railroad to Limekliln, on the Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad, and thence to Selma, Mobile, Montgomery, and other points. It is well adapted to smelting iron, and it is no exaggeration to say that the supply is inexhaustible. * COL. D. S. TROY, President Red Mountain Coal and Iron Company of Alabama. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 447 A few miles to the north of the coal fields is the iron stratum of Red Mountain; this stratum out-crops on the south-western slope of the mountain, one or two hundred feet only above the level of the valley.: It is a solid stratum of iron ore, about thirty feet thick, composed of a number of substrata, which yield from twenty-five to sixty per cent. of iron; some of the substrata, many feet thick, and apparently unlimited in extent, have been found by actual working to yield regularly over fifty per cent. of pig iron. The ore is red hematite, and the iron made from it is pronounced by competent judges to be equal to any made from ore of that description in any part of the world. The ore is quite soft, and remarkably free from dampness and earthy matter. No mining skill is required to get it out, and it is not necessary to dry or cleanse it for the furnace. A common laborer, with no instruments except a pick and a crowbar, can get out a ton of it ready for the crusher in a few hours. This stratum of ore out-crops on the lands of this company. It dips to the south-west at an angle of about thirty-five degrees, and underlies several square miles of the company's land. A heavy stratum of limestone, containing nearly all qualities of limestone from marble downward, underlies the stratum of iron ore, and out-crops a few hundred feet higher up Red Mountain, in many places forming, with the stratum of iron ore, the top of the hill, and a large part of its north-western face. It is quarried on the surface, and many of the substrata, unlimited in quantity, have been found by experienced ironmongers to be of the very finest quality for iron making. The valley between Shade's Mountain and Red Mountain is only from two to three miles wide, the former lying to the south-east of the latter. The north-west face of Shade's Mountain, fronting this valley, is formed of stratified sandstone several hundred feet thick, the substrata ranging from a few inches to several feet in thickness. It can be quarried with great facility, the strata being so uniform that in many places the blocks taken from the quarry require no top or bottom dressing to fit them for building purposes. It is admirably adapted for building of any description, some of it being beautifully variegated; and it is pronounced by those who are acquainted with such matters to be the best material in the world for building furnaces. Shade's Creek, on the iron lands, and Buck Creek, on the coal lands, two fine, neverfailing streams, and many beautiful springs, furnish abundant water for ordinary purposes. The Nashville and Decatur Railroad passes centrally through the principal tracts of both coal and iron lands. This railroad is designed to run from Nashville, Tennessee, to Limekiln, on the Selma, Rome, and Dalton Railroad. The South and North Alabama Railroad from Montgomery to Limekiln is a part of the same line. The Montgomery and Eufaula Railroad, intended to connect with roads in Georgia, and forming with them the shortest practicable route from the coal and iron fields of Alabama to the Atlantic, at Brunswick, Georgia, is also in progress, and will probably be completed in time to meet the wants crea-ied by the development of the coal and iron deposits of Central Alabama. The Wills' Valley Railroad and the North-east and South-west Alabama Railroad form a continuous line to Meridian, Mississippi. These companies have very recently been consolidated into the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad Company. Capitalists of Boston, Massachusetts, have purchased the entire line, and, with ample means for the purpose, have agreed to complete it as fast as money and energy can accomplish the result. The route of 448 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. this road, as originally projected, is said by competent engineers to be shorter and less expensive, and by this route the railroad will pass for miles only a short distance from the out-crop of the Red Mountain iron ore, and immediately by the furnaces already erected and to be erected in Shade's Valley; any one of these furnaces will furnish more business to the railroad than the whole of Jones' Valley. The two routes are at no point distant from each other more than a few miles, but the Red Mountain, and its iron ore, as well as the facilities for its manufacture, are in Shade's Valley. By reference to the department of Blast Furnaces in this work, will be found the number of furnaces in operation and building in the State of Alabama. The Red Mountain region around Birmingham has within the past few years been visited by many foreigners, among whom were Messrs. JONES & SNELUS, of the British Iron and Steel Institute, who were members of the commission sent to the United States by that body to examine the workings of the DANKs rotary puddling machine, an American invention, now in successful operation in both countries. These gentlemen expressed themselves surprised at the mineral wealth of the section, and their reports on the value of the property have resulted in large purchases of ore lands by English capitalists. Purchases have also been made to a considerable extent by Northern men, among whom are prominent iron manufacturers of the Lehigh Valley of Pennsylvania. The BESSEMER steel manufacturers of Troy, N. Y., of the firm of Messrs. Jorr A. GRISWOLD & CO., have also examined these lands with a view to the manufacture of iron for BESSEMERE steel purposes, and reported favorably, which would appear to controvert the statements made by some Northern manufacturers that these ores contain too much phosphorus for the production of BESSEMER pig metal. Iron ore lands with magnetic, hematite or fossil ores, on or near to railroad, with abundant water, limestone and superior coal adjacent, are offered for from $8 to $25 per acre. The cost of making coke irons is stated at not over $18 per ton, while splint coals capable of making iron in their raw state are said to exist, but have not yet been used in iron making. Charcoal irons cost from $16 to $18 per ton, but the supply of fuel near railroad is said to be declining, and the iron making of Alabama for the future will depend on the supplies of coal, which are abundant. Coal legions of Alabama. This section occupies the north-east corner of the State, and extends in a south-west direction about 160 miles into the State. On its eastern side, and in its middle part, it measures north and south 90 miles, and on its western side it is T0 miles wide, north and south. The south-east corner of this mineral region is occupied by the rocks of the metamorphic formation. Gold and copper have been found in them; not, however, in abundance. White marble of remarkable brilliancy, some of it equal to Carrara marble, occurs abundantly, and has been successfully worked. Soapstone, flagstones, graphite or plumbago, and granite of very good quality have likewise been obtained in this region. The Silurian and carboniferous formations possess the remainder of this mineral region. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 449 There are three distinct coal fields in the carboniferous formation in Alabama, viz., the Warrior, Cahawba, and Tennessee fields. The Warrior coal field covers that section of the State drained by the Black Warrior River and its tributaries, and also extends to the north-east corner of the State, between Lookout Mountain and the Tennessee River. It has an area of 3,000 square miles. Its beds are horizontal, or nearly so, and are from one to four feet thick. The coal is bituminous, rather soft, but well adapted to the manufacture of gas and coke, and making steam. The following is an analysis of the coal from the southern extremity of the Warrior coal field near Tuscaloosa, by Prof. MALLET, contained in the second report on the geology of Alabama, by IMr. TUOMEY: Volatile combustible matter........................... 40.60 Fixed carbon............................................. 54.07 Ashes..................................................... 1.09 Moisture............................................... 1.18 Sulphur.............................................. 1.06 100.00 The Cahawba coal field, occupying the country drained by the Cahawba River and its tributaries, and extending thence in a north-east direction to the Coosa River, has an area of 700 square miles. Its beds are from one to eight feet thick, and are highly inclined. The coal is bituminous (haider, and therefore better adapted for transportation than the Warrior coal), and is excellent for generating steam and for the manufacture of gas, coke, and iron. Although the area of the Cahawba coal field is comparatively small, yet the quantity of workable coal in it is immense. The following is an analysis of this coal, also by Mr. I\MALLET, given in Mr. TUOMEY's second geological report: Volatile combstible matter.............................. 36.68 Fixed carbon......................................... 5T.23 Ashes....5................................................. 5.30 M oisture...................................................... 0.79 Sulphur...................................................... trace. 100.00 The Tennessee coal field lies in the north-east corner of the State, north of the Tennessee River. The coal is also bituminous, and is extensively used in Chattanooga. The total area in the State of Alabama of the three coal fields is 4,000 square miles. In juxtaposition with these coal fields are extensive beds of excellent iron ore, and also of limestone and sandstone. There are five immense beds of red and brown hematite iron ore near the coal fields, extending in a north-east and south-west direction for many miles. 450 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. The value of coal for generating steam depends on the amount of carbon and hydrogen it contains. By the following table, drawn by the celebrated geologist, Sir CHARLES LYELL, and published in the Journal of the Geological Society of London, it will be seen that the Alabama coal, if not superior, is not inferior to the Maryland coal, noted as the best in the United States, by Professor WALTER t. JOHNSON, in his report to the Navy Department: NAMES OF COALS. Carbon. Volatile Matter. Ashes. Alabama coal....................... 80.96 12.96 6.08 Pennsylvania coal...................... 62.80 12.80 6.20 Maryland coal, George Creek............. 70.76 16.03 13.22 Maryland coal, Frostburgh............... 74.38 15.13 10.34 Virginia coal, Blackheath................ 58.79 22.57 8.64 Virginia coal, Midlothian................ 53.33 33.25 14.14 The Alabama coal must therefore rank in the first class of fuel for producing steam. In fact, experiments have proved its superiority over all others in an irrefragable manner. Ore Regions of Arkansas. No development has yet been made of the iron ores or other minerals of this State evidently extremely rich in various kinds and well supplied with choice fuels. Railroads are fast opening up these resources to the market, and the present condition of the State offers excellent opportunities for investment. It is in the cheap purchases made in such undeveloped localities that the large fortunes are made by the rapid appreciation of values of real property after they are brought into market. For the following comprehensive, brief review of the mineral resources of Arkansas we are indebted to the Americazn liiaznufacturer of Pittsburg: This State can, without exaggeration, boast of her mineral deposits, especially when we take into consideration the various parts, their general rich quality, and enormous quantity. Here are magnetic, hematite, specular, calcareous, and other varieties of iron ore, lead, zinc, and coal, manganese and associate metals, together with marble, gypsum, salt, kaolin, whet and hone stone, slate, limestone, granite, marl, paint and nitre earth. The coal fields of the State embrace an estimated area of twelve thousand square miles, and in the valley of the Arkansas River, where the most coal mining has been carried on, the beds are from four feet to six feet in thickness. This coal is similar in structure and appearance to the Cumberland coal of Maryland, and its quality, by analysis, very similar. It is also an excellent steam and manufacturing coal. The Arkansas River runs for 150 miles through the coal formation. The advantages that Arkansas possesses in this respect must shortly enlist the attention of coal mining capitalists of the Eastern States. The hematite iron beds in some places cover acres of surface, where there is abundance of the best kind of timber for making charcoal and limestone of good quality for fluxing purposes. Never-failing, large water powers also are contiguous to the iron ore deposits. IR1ON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 431 Saward's Cocal Trade Journal furnishes the following interesting information in regard to the semi-bituminous coals and carbonate ores of Arkansas: ANTHRATCITE SPADRA COAL OF ARKANSAS. This is the name given to a deposit of semi-anthracite coal, found at Spadra, Johnson County, Arkansas, and now being worked by the Spadra Coal and Iron Company. The company owns 1,800 acres of land, of which 1,550 are underlain with coal, by actual workings, thorough prospecting, and the reports of eminent geologists, such as Mr. L. C. BIERWITH, of JNew York, Prof. D. D. OWEN, State Geologist of Arkansas, and D. LEsQUEREUX, of Columbus, Ohio. The estate contains, some 30 feet under the surface, a perfect and regular vein of anthracite coal. It lies almost horizontal, with a slight dip to the north. It crops out on the river bank, and is traceable for over a mile along the river front and along the west and east lines of the property. On digging anywhere in the tract, the same vein, from three and a half to four feet thick, is invariably struck within 35 feet of the level of the river front. This proves the existence of a true unbroken vein of coal underlying 1,550 acres of the estate. The existence of a second vein, which is, as near as can be ascertained, about 30 feet below the one working now, is a matter of development. The analyses made by BIERnITH, OWEN, and LIEBIG, prove the coal to be a semi-anthracite. It contains 85 per cent. fixed carbon, is free from sulphur and smoke, and, according to Prof. OWEN, superior in quality to the richest semi-anthracites of Pennsylvania (Lyken's Valley and Zerbe's Run). The mine is fully equipped. The company have a tipple, tramway from the mine to the tipple, a sufficient supply of coal cars, five barges of about 600 tons capacity, a splendid new steam tug-boat, built three years ago at Pittsburg, expressly for the Arkansas River trade, and able to tow from 4,500 to 5,000 tons, eight to ten miner's houses, all necessary mining tools, horses, mules, engines, steam pumps, etc. The land is favorably located for economical and easy working. The Big Spadra Creek runs nearly due north and south through the property, emptying into the Arkansas River about the centre of the tract. This creek has steep, high banks, and, for 450 yards from its mouth, an even depth of eight feet in the lowest stage of water. There is little, if any, current; hence, it furnishes a safe and commodious harbor for from 70 to 80 barges. The tipple is about 250 yards from the mouth of the creek, and 350 yards from the main entrance to the mine. All the entrances that it will ever be necessary to open to the mines can be nmade within half a mile of the creek. The company owning the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad, have given assurance that the remainder of this road shall be located according to the original survey. If so, the track will pass close by the present main entrance to the mine, so that without the least difficulty, the coal can be loaded direct from the mine wagons into the railroad coal cars. Inclusive of the cost of mining, at say seventy per bushel, the coal can be placed at Little Rock for 13 cents per bushel, $3.25 a ton; at the mouth of the Arkansas River 57 452 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. for 15 cents a bushel, or $3.75 a ton; at New Orleans for 20 cents a bushel, or $5.00 a ton. These are outside figures. The only coal to compete with on the lower Mississippi-from the mouth of the Arkansas to New Orleans, 600 miles, which section of country consrumes about 1,000,000 of tons per annum-is the bituminous coal, principally furnished by Pittsburg. The Spadra mines are 1,100 miles nearer New Orleans than Pittsburg. While the delivery of Pennsylvania coal is often subject to various obstructions from ice and low water in the Ohio. An open river all the year round, and usually during six or eight months of the year sufficient water in the Arkansas River for all purposes, gives a decided advantage, which will enable this company to furnish, a superior coal regularly, and at low figures. Professor OWEN gives an analysis of the coal in the First Geological Report on Arkansas, page 130. It was also analyzed by Mr. 1. A. LIEBIG and by Mr. L. C. BIERWVTH, with the following results: Owen. Liebig. Bierwith. Moisture................................ 0.5 1.524 0.680 Volatile and combustion gases............. 7.9 7.527 10.521 Fixed carbon............................ 85.6 85.081 83.719 Ashes..................................6.0 5.468 5.080 Total.............................. 100. 100. 100. Specific gravity,............ 1.335 1.3408 1.3412 The amount of fixed carbon in the Pennsylvania anthracite is given by Prof. JonNSON as 87.49, ashes, 7.37, and specific gravity, 1.60. The average of the three analyses of Spadra coal given above is 84.8 per cent. of fixed carbon. Mr. L. LEsQUEREUX, of Ohio, declares it to be " the best coal in the West." Between the two coal veins there is a bed of about 30 feet of shale, containing horizontal seams of carbonate of iron ore, three to six inches thick; and the quantity of these ores per acre will reach at least 10,000 tons, if not 15,000; being free from phosphorus, and the coal containing no sulphur, steel can be obtained without coking the latter. There is also fire-clay, potters-clay, and sand of best quality for glass-making, on the property, and lime (for fluxing the iron) is found within 20 miles of Spadra (at Pirey) in any quantity. The Spadra Coal and Iron Company intend erecting a 10-ton furnace at Spadra, Johnson County, Arkansas, during the summer, for smelting iron-ore, and would like to get some eastern parties interested in the building of rolling mills. Iron Ores of Connecticut. In Connecticut few magnetic ores occur, but some exist which have been rather noticed geologically than commercially. In the brown hematites, however, Connecticut possesses the famous Salisbury ore beds, producing an iron celebrated for its quality previous to the Revolution, and with the march of progress retaining its reputation in latter IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 453 years as a car-wheel iron. The various deposits, all similar in quality and character of ore, are described as follows, and have been the subject of numerous reports. The Salisbury ore hill, which still supplies the furnaces of the BARnuUM-RICIARDSONs Company,j is situated twro miles west of Furnace Pond, extended over a number of acres, and for 40 years yielded an average of 5,000 tons per. annum. This ore supplied some nine charcoal furnaces, the iron from which was in high repute for anchors, axles, tires, etc. It was worked in many pits locally named after lessees or owners. Near the Salisbury ore hill was Chatfield's bed, formerly extensively worked, and abounding in fibrous brown hematites. North-east of these, but now abandoned, were DAVIES', SCOVILS', and CHAPINS' beds. Indian Pond was also a locality furnishing the same ores. At Limerock the Ore Hill ore was worked in bloomaries, according to Professor SHEPIIERD, 135 years ago. At Lakeville was a furnace which cast shot and shell for the British troops in revolutionary days. At Limerock a furnace still uses this ore, the product of which, in a different form, crosses the ocean still for British use. At Kent was a very important ore bed, lying in a low mountain and very abundant, although yielding poor iron generally. At Mine Hill, in Roxbury, a vertical vein of spathic ore occurs. The hill is 380 feet high, and the vein is traceable with a width of six or eight feet completely through it. The ore furnishes by analysisProtoxide Iron............... e60 per cent. Carbonic Acid...................................... 36 Manganese.......................................... 1.05 " Lime.05 " " Lime..........................................05." " Magnesia............................................05 c " The history of this ore is curious. In 1780, it was worked as a silver ore by H-IELBUT & HAWLEY, and again in 1764 by a company under the superintendence of a German jeweller named FEucTTTE, who furnished the company from time to time with small ingots of silver, showing that the process of "salting' a mine was known before the Revolution, as well as in later days in the California gold mines, the Arizona diamond field, and the Otter Head tin mines. This company sunk a shaft 125 feet deep in their vain quest of silver. A New York company followed this failure and mined scientifically, running adits to strike the vein. Not daunted by the numerous failures, a Goshen company took up the lead, and with like result, after considerable expenditure. Finally a shrewd inhabitant of the locality named ASAHEL BACON tried the ore for iron, sending several tons to the old Kent furnace, where, mixed with the local hematite, it made a very tough iron. Then a furnace was erected at the mine to smelt the ore on the spot, but this was in turn abandoned. DAVID J. STILES converted some of this pig-metal into superior steel, and at last the true value of the ore was discovered. Then came further efforts to work it, and tedious litigation as to title,.since which the ores have been the subject of many ineffectual steel processes, and furnished the material for many more unsuccessful companies. The belief in * See Blast Furnaces of Connecticut. 4554 IRON - OE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. the existence of a silver mine here, however, still lingers in the minds of old residents. The ore could be advantageously used if properly treated for steel-making, as the raw steels of Germany are made from almost precisely similar ores. The Iron Ores of Delaware. Iron ore was mined in Delaware in 1814, and continued up to 1841 and a little later, but of late years has been abandoned. The ores are exclusively bog ores, and some 200,000 or 300,000 tons in all were raised in the period named, of a value of $600,000. The origin of these ores is the overflow of chalybeate springs in a sandy loam. In Sussex County, on Deep Creek, and in Green Branch, vest of Millsborough, ball ore was found, and on Burton's Branch a cold short ore. Iron I-ill, on White Clay Creek, has an ore mine showing hard argillo-silicious ore in ochre. Near Georgetown are the most extensive beds of bog ore, found under a stratum of black mould. This ore analyzed: Peroxide of iron............................................ eee 80.00 W ater...................................................... 15.00 Silica......................................................... 5.00 Alumina.............................. trace. Metallic iron, 55- per cent. raw, increasing to nearly 66 per cent when roasted. Although consuming thousands of tons of both pig and manufactured iron, and with many rolling mills and extensive iron works engaged in ship, car, and carriage building, Delaware has not a blast furnace. The contiguity of the splendid ores of North Carolina and Virginia with water communication, and the excellent rail facilities to the coal fields of Pennsylvania, invite to this enterprise, and it would be a profitable investment. The Iron Ore Regions of Georgia. The iron ores of Georgia, which are principally primitive ores, and include magnetic, specular, and hematite, are found in very extensive deposits, and have been more or less worked for many years, particularly in Cass, Floyd, and Dade counties. With the active demand for attainable sources of ore which has sprung up within the past few years, these ores have attracted much attention, and especially during 1873, have been investigated by the engineers of foreign companies seeking investment. The principal iron mines of Georgia are found in the northern section of the State, adjoining North Carolina, among the spurs of the Blue Ridge. Among these, in the metamorphic slates and quartz rock, are large deposits of hematite ore. And in the gneiss are found veins of magnetic ore. In the vicinity of the hematite beds, specular ores very similar to the Iron Mountain ores of Missouri occur. * * Iron Manufacturer's Gui de: Prof. J. P. LESLEY. P. 465. IltON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 455 These hematites have been worked in charcoal furnaces in I-labersham, Cass, and Cherokee Counties, in the latter two of which very extensive deposits of ore are found in the Alatoona hills, along the Etowah River. Through this region the railroad from Augusta extends. These iron ores are found on both sides of the Etowah River in Cass County, and extend into Floyd and Murray counties. On the south-west, they reach into Paulding County, and in the opposite direction run through Cherokee County. Near the silicious limestones of Cass County, in the sides of hills from 300 to 400 feet high, are found hematites extending to unknown depths. Here are also veins of a close-grained peroxide of iron (specular ore), found in quartz rock in great quantity, and resembling the Iron:Mountain of Missouri. Charcoal or timber fuel is still abundant here, and the ores lie near to or on the line of the railroad, which is a branch of the Georgia Railroad, uniting with it at Atlanta. This road has also two branches into Tennessee, one of which brings the Tennessee coal field within 80 miles of these ores, and provides abundant fuel to replace the charcoal when exhausted. Some of the deposits here appear to be almost unlimited in extent, and the quality is generally good. Manganese ores are also found under the iron ore, and limestone is everywhere adjacent. The water-power of the river is good, and may be depended upon. On and near Sharp's Mountain are also large deposits of ore found, generally in a micaceous state. In Floyd County magnetic ores are found near Rome, which is the seat of an extensive iron industry. Many new companies have been formed in this State, and considerable foreign capital invested during 1873. The price of ore lands varies from $5 to $25 per acre, as to location and character. The railroad facilities of the State are good, the soil fertile, and the region unusually healthy. Limestone and water are abundant, and every inducement offered for the investment of capital. A fine opportunity is offered in this State for the establishment of co-operative colonies, and the attention of emigrant associations is earnestly invited by the State government, which will furnish full information on application. Appended will be found a number of analyses of the characteristic ores of Georgia. Iron Ore Regions of Illinois. The ores of Illinois are confined, so far as known, to the coal measures, and are generally contaminated with sulphur to an unworkable extent. Formerly, some lower coal measure ores of the honeycomb and pipe varieties were worked, but run out. These yielded about 56 per cent. of iron. The furnaces of Illinois are built to run upon Lake Superior ores, and principally anthracite fuel from Pennsylvania, or coke from the same State, as in the case of the North Chicago furnaces at Chicago, which, from their geographical location on the borders of the great water highway of the lakes, they may well do. In the case of the Joliet furnaces in Will County,* they are naturally so located as to use either Missouri or Superior ores, both coming to them by water via the Illinois Canal in either direction. Here also a very excellent plant for the washing and coking of the Illinois coal has been erected, as heene ehas been also the case East St. Louis, to supply the * See Blast Furnaces of Illinois. 456 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. Carondelet furnaces with coke. In view of the quality of coke now made from these coals, the universal condemnation of Illinois coals in the text-books of comparatively late date, and the statements of its utter worthlessness for iron nmaking, are only evidences of the folly of denying the unknown possibilities of the future. The Iron Ore of Indiana The iron ores of Indiana are few, and generally poor in quality. But while nature seems to have denied this State the deposits of mineral so general in others, the State is yet a very successful iron-making locality. This is owing to the abundance of superior Block coal, the only fuel excepting the Splint coals of Virginia, and Anthracite, capable of making iron without coking. To this coal the State of Indiana owes, without question, its rapid and continuous progress in manufactures. It has been so often and thoroughly described, and is so fully treated of by analysis by Prof. E. T. Cox, the State Geologist of Indiana, in his interesting reports, that it is unnecessary to allude further to it here. The iron ores principally smelted in Indiana are those of the Lake Superior region, the Missouri ores from Iron Mountain, and those from Kentucky, bordering on the Ohio River, the principal dependence being on the two former. Here the ore emphatically comes to the fuel, and comes long distances; than which nothing can more fully attest the great value of this fuel. The iron ores as found in Indiana, and reported by Professor Cox, are here noted, not as of especial value, but occupying a position in these notes. At Leopold, in Perry County, there are deposits of hydrated oxide of iron, which cover considerable deposits on the sides of the hills, and extend to some depth. An analysis of Prof. RICHARD OWEN*x gave Sesquioxide of iron............................................. 69.5 Protoxide of iron........................................... trace Alumina........................................................ 3.0 Lime......................................trace Insoluble silicates............................................... 16.0 Water........................................................8.0 M]agnesia, alkalies, and loss......................................3.5 100.0 Giving, Metallic iron..............................48.6 per cent. Silica.............................16. per cent. Similar ores are found near Shoals, in Martin County, and are used in admixture here with the specular ores of Missouri. The same ores are also found in other places in Perry County. In Pike County, silicious ores are found in the conglomerate sandstones, but are worth* Geological Reconnoissance of Indiana. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 457 less for iron making. There are also argillaceous iron ores in the south-western section of the county. In Jasper County, bog ores are abundant, covering an area in the aggregate of 6,000 acres. These beds are generally a foot and a half below the surface, and but a few inches thick, increasing in some localities to two feet. The same ore is found in Starke County, and has been mined to some extent. This ore is a remarkably pure bog ore, and for adminixture with Lake Superior ores is very desirable, should cheap freights permit its utilization. In Carroll County are large beds of bog ore, which were formerly worked at Logansport in a forge, being transported a long distance by wagon. In Raccoon Valley, Parke County, kidney ore is said to be abundant, as also in many localities in Jackson Township, especially in Clear Creek, and in Union Township. In Washington Township there are both kidney and blackbanld ores, the latter having been pronounced by Prof. FOSTER, of Chicago, the richest ore in the Indiana coal fields, but have never been developed by mining to any extent. The band and kidney ores of Parke County are abundant, and good clay ironstones are also found in Mill, Roaring, Sand, and Little Raccoon Creeks. These ores have been classified by Prof. FOSTER, of Chicago, as follows: I. ThIe Impure Ccarbonactes of JIon, including clay ironstone, in flattened spheroidal masses, and in bands more or less continuous, associated with argillaceous shales. II. The Brown Sesqaioxides or limonites, intermixed with potter's clay, a modification of No. 1. III. The Si7icious Oxides, at or near the base of the heavy bedded sandstone, the result no doubt of permeating waters highly charged with protoxide of iron. These ores indicate sufficient richness to justify smelting, when facilities can be had for cheap and ready transportation. They are particularly desirable for admixture with the ores brought to Indiana from Missouri and Michigan. In Dearborn, Ohio, and Switzerland Counties, good bog ores occur in many parts of the broken upland. These are in ledges of generally only a few inches thick. As yet it has not been found in sufficient quantities for working profitably. The foregoing constitute the ores of Indiana of which we have any note. The people of the State are especially energetic and enterprising, and have made their advantages in coal widely known, thus attracting a very considerable capital to them, and building up a highly prosperous manufacturing community in a purely agricultural region. The Iron Ore Regions of entucky. The iron ores of Kentucky comprise brown hematites and kidney and block ores, carbonates principally. In Western Kentucky they have been worked for years with charcoal, and in Eastern Kentucky and along the Ohio River with coal from the Eastern Kentucky coal field. The iron region of Western Kentucky is a northern extension of the Tennessee brown hematites, and is between the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers, in Calloway, Trigg, Lyon, Caldwell, Livingston, and Crittenden Counties. Here are numerous 458 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. furnaces * and many old forges. The ores found in this region, by analysis made for the geological survey of the State, range from twenty-five to fifty per cent. iron, generally rather low in chemical impurities, and with a considerable quantity of silicious matter. In Crittenden County and in Livingston County are beds of brown hematite ore, near furnaces built for its reduction. In Lyon County is the Iron Mountain bank, a hill 70 feet high, yielding a fifty per cent. ore by furnace working, and producing an iron formerly highly appreciated for boiler plate at Cincinnati, and for steel in Pittsburg. On Little Hurricane Creek in this county, are also hematite beds. Trigg County has also been the site of an extensive iron industry for many years, and has hematite ores near Centre and Laurel furnaces. In Eastern Kentucky, in Bath County, iron was made at an early day from the o6litic found in the magnesian limestone. Slate furnace here was built in 1791, and continued in blast on these ores until 1838.t In Bullitt and Nelson counties are beds of kidney and sheet ore (carbonates).'Along the waters of Cane River considerable bodies of this ore are dug from the bluffs of the river. These are analyzed as follows: Iron, 32.62; magnesia, 11.75; lime, 6.28; manganese, 1.32; phosphoric acid, 0.71; sulphur, 0.29; potash, 0.75; silica, 11.18. In Bath, Rowan, Powell, and Estill, the kidney and knob ores of the same general character are found, in the latter county in subcarboniferous limestone. In Lincoln and Boyle counties these ores are also found in greater or less quantities. In Carter County, on the waters of Tygert Creek, hydrated oxides occur, yielding 50.07 per cent. iron, according to Dr. OWEN. This is a subcarboniferous ore, and was used at Kenton and New Hampshire furnaces. In the southern portion of Pulaski County, are found these carbonates also. In Bath, Rowan, and Estill counties are the same ores upon which, in the latter county, Cottage Furnace was run. According to Dr. OWEN, blackband ores are found in the upper coal measures of Muhlenberg County. The eastern coal field in Greenup and Carter counties is rich in ores, principally limonites and protocarbonates of iron, yielding from 2T to 60 per cent. metallic iron. In many cases difficulties have been found in reducing these ores, which Dr. OWEN attributes rather to their high percentage of iron and low amount of silicates, and recommends their admixture with leaner ores. On the east fork of Little Sandy, near the Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad, is a bed of blackband ore, containing 11 per cent. bitumen and 32 per cent iron. At Mount Savage furnace, Carter County, kidney and block ores of the coal measure are used. In the Hanging Rock region of Kentucky, were numerous furnaces, now being superseded by the extensive and new stacks of the Norton Iron Works Company.4 Opposite to and above Ironton, on the Kentucky side of the Ohio River, is found a blue block ore, and through here kidney ores are also found. From the foregoing, it may be understood that the ores of Kentucky are abundant, and indeed the State has for many years conducted an important iron industry. That portion of it lying on the Ohio River is well situated to receive the ores of Missouri by water freight, which is done to a greater or less extent. * See Blast Furnaces of Kentucky. f Iron AlManufactstrer's Guide: Professor J. P. LESLEY. P. 631.: See Blast Furnaces of Kentucky. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 459 The Iron Ore Regions of Ohio. Although one of the greatest iron-making States in the Union, Ohio depends rather upon Michigan and the Lake Superior region for the great bulk of her ore supply. The native ores of Ohio are confined to the carbonates of the upper and lower coal measures. The largest known supply of true blackband ore in the country is found and extensively worked in Tuscarawas County, while the kidney and block ores are extremely abundant in the Hanging Rock Region of Southern Ohio, on and adjacent to the Ohio River. The early history of iron making in Ohio is distinctly traced in another portion of this volunme, and before the development and shipment of the Lake Champlain and Lake Superior ores, the industry in this State was precarious and uncertain. Since the introduction of these ores, however, the abundant and superior coals have firmly established and developed one of the most thriving and profitable iron industries of the country. Not only is the State a very large producer of pig and rolled iron, but was the first of the country to introduce the BESSEMER steel process west of the Alleghanies, and is, moreover, second to none in the production of agricultural and miscellaneous machinery. In North-eastern Ohio, the furnaces mix the Lake ores with the nodular and blackband ores of the coal measures. Near Youngstown, on the Mahoning River, most of the numerous furnaces pursue this course. In this locality, the blackband and kidney ores, everywhere abundant, are used about one-fourth each with the best Lake Superior ore. In Tuscarawas County, near Canal Dover, are blackband and nodular ores extensively worked by the Tuscarawas Coal and Iron Company, and also along the banks of the Tuscarawas River, above New Philadelphia. Large beds of these ores await further development, and have been overlooked in the superior richness and abundance of the foreign ores. In Jackson County, near the Jackson furnace, are beds of kidney ore yielding 48.75 per cent. metallic iron. In Mluskingum County are a variety of coal measure ores, argillaceous, calcareous, and silicious. In Licking County also the same classes of ore exist. In Southern Ohio, throughout the counties of Perry, Athens, Hlocking, Jackson, Lawrence, and Scioto, are very many furnaces running almost entirely on the native ores, which are varying in character, but all of the same geological formation. Dr. HAYES describes these ores as " not the clay iron stones of the bituminous coal measures, such as are found in England, but in percentage of iron they closely approach the magnetic oxides of the primary rocks, but can be more easily smelted; they will generally contain, mixed with flux, the proportion of iron which reduces with the greatest economy to gray iron; they all contain traces of manganese oxide, but in no case enough to give character to the iron.' This Professor LESLEY disputes, and says that these ores only resemble the magnetic oxides of the primary ores as subjects of analysis. These ores have, however, supplied many furnaces for a long time, are in heavy deposits, especially in this Hanging Rock Region, and will continue to be worked for many years to come. The ores of Ohio, therefore, while they do not present the commercial interest of some other States, are extremely valuable as admixtures, and in the case of the true blackband ores, will be extensively developed in the future. * See Blast Furnaces of Ohio. 58 460 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. The Iron Ore Regions of laine. In 3faine there are deposits of the primary ores, principally red hematite, of which the most extensive deposit is found in the Aroostook River, fifty miles above its mouth. This ore contained considerable manganese, and was found in the metamorphic slates. WHITNEY says that thin magnetic ore veins occur in numerous localities along the coast. Near the Piscataquis Iron Works, the old Katahdin furnace, which was built in 1845, and rebuilt, after a long rest, in 1872, and put in blast, iron was made for some years from bog ores with charcoal fuel. Late in 1873, a discovery of ore to considerable extent was reported here by the newspapers, but no particulars are given. This is the only blast furnace of Maine, and there is no record of other ore deposits. The Iron Ores of laryland. The iron industry in Maryland has been conducted since a very early day, indeed, long before the Revolution, and somle of the same furnaces, or their successors at the same localities, are still engaged in the business. The ores are not as extensively found as in some other States, but are of good quality and easily worked. The principal magnetic ores mentioned are the Tyson and Carroll mines near Sykesville, while at the Point of Rocks in the Blue Ridge, on the Potomac, twelve miles west of Frederick, are enormous masses of fine limonite, a hydrous oxide of iron in soft slates. At Frederick are splendid beds of brown hematite, and at the old Catoctin Furnaces, in Frederick County, are beds of an argillaceous oxide of iron with a considerable percentage of carbonate of zinc. On the M/onocacy Creek and near Sharpsburg, at the old Antietam Furnace, one of the earliest iron-making sites in the country, are also argillaceous oxides and brown hematites. In Carroll County are argillaceous oxides, and near Westminster are manganiferous ores. Fossil ores are found at Cumberland, and are the supply of the furnaces there. In Alleghany County it was supposed formerly that very extensive deposits of ore existed, and close examination was made at the instance of the George's Creek Coal and Iron Company. These ores were the carbonates of the coal measures interstratified with fire clay and shales, and representing a workable thickness of some 7 feet in a depth of 55 feet. Bog ores exist also to some extent in the tide-water counties of the Peninsula, and have been and are worked on the affluents of the Chesapeake Bay. Reference to the Furnace Department of this work will show the number and capacity of the furnaces of the State, most of which are now on native ores. The Iron Ore egions of eassachusetts. The primary ores of Massachusetts are not numerous, but both magnetic oxides and micaceous specular ors are found in Franklin County. These occur in beds two feet thick and almost adjoining each other, a curious geological formation not easily explained. The brown hematites occur in the north-western portion of Massachusetts, and are the IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 461 same ores which adjoin in Vermont on the one side and in Connecticnt on the other, extending thence into Eastern New York. These ores are all, as in Vermont, more or less manganiferous. These ores are found near North Adams, Cheshire, Lanesboro, at West Stockbridge, Lenox, and Itichmond, and also at West Pittsfield. These ores have been worked from an early date, in some cases prior to the Revolution, and charcoal furnaces are still conducted at Lanesboro, Richmond, and Cheshire, with one, the only anthracite furnace in Massachusetts, at West Stockbridge.* These ores have been very abundant, and although the furnace industry has never been very greatly extended, the regions named have always produced iron. The Iron Ore Regions of New Hampshire. This State was formerly the site of a considerable charcoal iron industry, of late years almost entirely abandoned. The magnetic ores of New Hampshire were of considerable importance and good qual ity, and were found in various localities, principally in the White Mountains. In the town of Winchester a massive steel-gray ore in beds from 5 to 40 feet thick was worked, in 1795, at Furnace Village. On Thorn AMountain in Jackson, and at Piermont are specular ores. Bald Face Mountain, in the town of Bartlett, a mile from the Saco River and 1,400 feet above it, contains large veins of magnetic ore (peroxide, protoxide, and manganese), found in granite and green stone. This is said to be the largest deposit of magnetites in New Hampshire. Near the village of Franconia, in the Franconia Notch of the White Mountains, the N'ew Hampshire Iron Company, composed of Boston and New Bedford capitalists, worked a vein of magnetic ore found in granite walls. This ore was worked in the Franconia Furnace in the village, and the product cast into stove plates. Steel was also made here from this ore to some extent previous to 1800. The vein first worked was wide, being some 6 feet, but at a depth of nearly 150 feet " pinched " to a width of 1 foot. The old excavation has caved in, but at the last blast, previous to 1860, an adit was run in the side of the mountain to reach the vein. The writer obtained here, in the summer of 1872, a piece of an old pig which had been made in the first furnace, carried away by a flood many years ago. This pig had been unearthed from the bed of a creek, formerly the site of the old furnace, by a similar flood to that which buried it, and by the statements of reliable inhabitants of the village had been buried over forty years. It was broken with great difficulty on an anvil, and showed many peculiar features of malleability, the iron drawing cold almost like wrought iron, before fracturing, and the fracture presenting rather the appearance of steel than iron. What effect its long rest under the bed of a running stream may have had upon the structure of the iron, or on its chemical properties, we leave to the scientists to discover. The present furnace, almost a ruin, was abandoned in 1858 or'59, and the ore lands are now the property of Messrs.. Em. ECOFFIN & Co., of Boston. Charcoal timber is scarce in this region, but as the furnace has hot blast and is within some six miles of the Boston, Concord and Montreal Railroad at Littleton, and a branch road is projected, if not * See Blast Furnaces of Massachusetts. 462 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. under construction, to connect Franconia and the Profile Mountain with Littleton, it is probable this ore may be again worked. It would certainly offer advantages for the production of very fine iron. The Iron Ore Regions of Miohigan. To thoroughly describe the immense masses of iron ore found in what is known as the Lake Superior region of Michigan, is simply impossible within the limits of a work like this. Those who are interested in the geological and chemical formations here displayed will find this region the subject of numerous scientific treatises. The mines of the Marquette and Escanaba regions, and later, of L'Anse, have been fully described by A. P. SWINEFORD, Esq., of Marquette, and the geology and mineralogy of the whole region are ably represented by Major T. B. BRooKs, Assistant State Geologist, whose Annual Reports are carefully and thoroughly made. As a matter of interesting history in regard to the first use of Lake Superior ores, we append the following, which gives the record of the first trials of this ore in 1854, only twenty years since, in which time the shipments from the region have grown from nothing to over one million tons annually. The authority from which we quote this bit of history is the lcarquette inieng Journal: The first Lake Superior ore submitted to a thorough test in a blast furnace, in competition with the hematites of Pennsylvania, was run through the old Sharpsville, Penn., furnace, in 1854. Previous to this time, as is well known, iron from the ores of the Jackson mine had been made at the Carp forge, near Negaunee, and afterwards at the Marquette forige; and some indifferent experiments were made with the ore in some other localities, but not upon a scale which could give character to the ore or the region in which it was mined. Mr. DAVID AGNE —now interested in the Sharpsville furnaces, with General PIERCE, on the spot where the first real furnace tests were made-was then the principal owner of the " old Sharpsville Furnace " before alluded to. This ore, first tested, had been packed around the Sault in wagons, and after going through lake transportation to Erie, was taken from that place to Sharpsville, on the old Erie-or CIIAS. M. REED's-canal (now defunct), and laid down on the bank of the furnace, where it was received with great reluctance, as Mr. AGNEW has told us. But being determined to make the best test possible, under the encouragement of the most substantial pioneer iron men of the region, who had based their hopes and fortunes on the lean ores of the Shenango district, among whom were DAVID EIIAIROD, IIMROD & Co., GEORGE BOYCE, and some others whose record is not at this moment available, Mr. AGNEW charged his furnace with Lake Superior (Jackson) ore. But he found his furnace was not adapted to the use of this ore, and his experiments did not prove satisfactory. Besides, his company did not manifest a disposition to permit him to make expensive experiments with this or any other ore for which the furnace was not supposed to be purposely constructed, although Mr. AGNEW was, as he now is, one of the most careful men who ever attempted to handle any such experiment. There was, at the same time, a few miles distant, a furnace known as the Clay Furnace -a lame, impotent thing, which was dragging out an existence which did not promise the IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 463 first sign of substantial life. The I{IMnODS-DAVID and WILLIAM, if we remember rightand B. B. VINCENT, were interested in this stack, as also some Eastern capitalists, indirectly. At all events, FRANK ALLEN, then in charge of the furnace, was called upon to test the Jackson ore. lie was not an expert iron smelter, and was not quite prepared to undertake the task assigned him. Hle had, besides spending his time with a furnace, been engaged in keeping a country store at Waterford-the present place of residence of DAVID HIMIXODand he failed to make pig iron out of Jackson ore. But in 1856, the Clay Furnace came into possession of the Sharon Iron Company, and was blown out for repairs, and the company resolved to have it reconstructed, with an especial view of giving further test to the Superior ore. Mir. ALLEN, still in charge, proceeded accordingly. There was much discussion among the members of the Sharon Iron Company as to the best mechanical means to be adopted to conquer these refractory ores. But through their deliberations they concluded to change the curved angle of the lining of the furnace above the boshes, and carry the lining up from the crucible to the tunnel head in a straight line, omitting the curve before used at the boshes and contracting the space at that point. The location of the tuyeres, and that of the gas exit, was also changed-both of them being raised a trifle. Considerable anxiety was manifested when the furnace was blown in. Doubt was mingled with fear, and ALLEN was the most anxious man among them, but somehow, whether on account of skill or fortune, history does not say, the furnace doubled her capacity at once, while the largest proportion of her ore was from the Jackson mine. This is, in all probability, the initial point of furnace work with Lake Superior iron ore, so far as furnishing a general market with pig iron is concerned. The indifferent experiments made elsewhere did not show such success as attended this one; but soon afterward the Eagle Furnace, at Youngstown, and then the lHimrod Furnace at Youngstown, Ohio, led off with a satisfactory use of the ore, from which time its success has been without interruption. The importance of this section of the country as an ore-producing region to the general iron industry may be appreciated from the statistics of ore mined and shipped, which are as follows: IRON-ORE SHIPMENTS, 1873. Tons. Marquette district, from 17 mines.............................. 526,264 Escanaba district, from 24 mines............................... 49,712 L'Anse district......................................... 60,899 1,066,875 PIG-IRON SHIPMENTS. Tons. From Marquette...................................... 25,997 From Escanaba.......................................... 9,248 35,245 These figures are as officially reported in the iarqubette iiining Journal. The total ore shipment from the three districts named, in 1872, was 896,889 tons, showing an increase 464 IRON ORE REGIONS OF TIE UNITED STATES. in 1873, of 169,986 tons, while that of pig iron shows a slight decrease, owing probably to the financial troubles for the last two months of navigation. The production of the various mines will be found tabulated herewith. A very interesting condensed description of the Lake Superior Iron Region has been communicated by Mr. OGDEN HAIIIIT to the Iron Age, which we republish, as furnishing the most desirable commercial information possible. The Lake Superior Iron lRegion. The rock formation of the Lake Superior Iron Region is of the oldest geological age, being made up of the Laurentian and Huronian systems, which contain no remains of animal life, and are hence termed "Azoic." The Laurentian system is here represented by the granite beds, whilst the iHuronian, in which the ore beds occur, is made up of a series of strata, differing in composition, the character of which is well illustrated by the following section, taken across the country at iichigamme by B13ooKs: Mica schist............................................. 2,500 feet Pesheka schist................................ 2,500 " Limonitic schist........................................... 2,500 " Clay slate.......................................... 2,500 " Gray quartz........................................... 300" l[Magnetic ore.............................................. 40 " Mixed ore....................................... o........ 100; M ixed specular............................................. 100 " Diorite ("greenstone ").................................. 200 " Mixed magnetic ore................ 1,000 to 1,300 " "Soft hematite" ore..................................... Granite............................................... As is thus apparent, the ore beds occur between the quartz and diorite, the former constituting the " hanging," and the latter the "' foot," wall of the seam. The diorite is composed of feldspar and hornblende. Thin layers of chloritic and talcose schists often intervene between the ore and its walls, or lie in the centre of the seam itself. According to the opinion of those geologists who have recently examined the formation with great care, the ore was originally dissolved out from the pre-existent strata by chemical agency, and deposited by precipitation in horizontal beds, which were afterward exposed to great heat and pressure, resulting from the great upheaval and disturbance which characterized the Azoic age-by which the strata were upturned, pressed into folds, and displaced, in a similar manner to the formation along the line of the Allegheny Mountains. By subsequent erosion, the tops of these folds were removed, giving to the ore beds the general appearance of fissure veins, although, upon careful investigation, none of the phenomena accompanying veins of this class can be discovered. Only two general classes of ores have as yet been found in the region,-the hematites, or sesquioxides, containing two equivalents of iron to three of oxygen, and yielding, when absolutely pure, seventy per cent. of metallic iron; and the magnetic ores, or proto-ses IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 465 quioxides, consisting of three of iron to four of oxygen, which yields 72.41 per cent. of metallic iron, when equally pure. There are, however, a number of varieties belonging to each class; thus, under the general name of hematite, are found the "specular," "specular slate," "slate," "massive," and other forms; also, the soft red and brown ores containing water, to which alone the name of "hematite " is technically applied in this region. Among the magnetic ores the difference is chiefly one of structure; thus, there are coarse and fine-grained and steely ores, differing merely in hardness and fusibility. It is difficult to account for the variations in the character of the ore at different points along the line of the deposit. At the eastern end of the line the slate and hard hematite ores are found exclusively, while further to the westward the specular and magnetic come in; and, indeed, in every mine several dissimilar varieties of ore are found, showing how varying and intricate must have been the conditions under which they were formed. Thus, in the Jackson, veins of soft hematite are found running through the main body of hard ore; in the Champion, a seam of specular ore coming in, cuts out entirely the magnetic, which had, until then, formed the entire body of the seam, and the ore is specular from thence westward. At the point of junction of these two chemically different materials, many curious specimens, showing their mechanical admixture, may be obtained. The magnetic ore deposits seem to occur in a more regular form than the others. In their case the hanging and foot-walls are usually well defined, and the seam is of constant width. The large hematite deposits, such as those of the Jackson, Cleveland, and Lake Superior mines, are more in the form of lense-shaped masses, with "fins " or "leaders" stretching out through the inclosing rock in different directions. Some of these deposits hold immense quantities of ore, as in the case of the mines mentioned above, where they have been worked for years, and are still not exhausted. In the same mines, however, may be seen seams of hematite ore which are well defined, having a regular width, dip, and strike, and which are being worked downward upon the incline. In the vicinity of Negaunee and Ishpeming, and at Cascade, about five miles to the south of them, are situated the largest deposits of hard and soft hematites. At Negaunee, about 13 miles west from Marquette, are the mines of the Jackson Iron Company, first opened in 1846, though no ore was shipped from them until ten years later. They are located upon a series of lense-shaped deposits of great extent, one or two of which have been entirely worked out. The whole system is intersected by a tunnel, driven at the lowest possible level, through which the cars are drawn from the railroad by a small locomotive. The ore is loaded into skips, and hoisted up inclines from the pits by engine power, and dumped into pockets above the tunnel, from which it is loaded into the cars. The production of these mines from 1856 to the present time has reached the enormous amount of 1,125,882 tons, of which 67,736 tons have been shipped during the present season. The Jackson ore is considered one of the standard ores of the region. It is a hard slate ore, very pure and rich, yielding about 65 per cent. of metallic iron, and great pains are taken in its selection. Some veins of soft hematite traverse these deposits, but the largest proportion of ore of that nature produced by the company comes from their " southside " mines, located on a parallel seam to the south of the main deposit. There are now four openings upon it, and a large quantity of the ore is mined, 14,000 tons having already been extracted. Analyses of several samples of it gave the following results: 466 IRON ORE REGIONS OF TIHE UNITED STATES. Metallic iron.................................. 52 to 55.50 per cent. Silica........................................... 5.50 " Manganese (determined in only one sample)......... 10. " Sulphur..................................... 0.10 to 0.20 " Phosphorus...................................... 0.10 The stockholders of this company have two furnaces at Fayette, Mich., and two more at Sharon, Penn., and propose hereafter to utilize almost their entire production to them. The Jackson ore has been used satisfactorily in the manufacture of BESSEMER iron. At Negaunee, also, are the MCooMBEuI mines, operated by several of the stockholders of the Cleveland Iron Mining Company. These are situated upon the same range of ore as the south side Jackson, the ore being a soft hematite, evidently containing considerable manganese, as crystals of the oxide of that metal are often visible in streaks through it. Over 20,000 tons of this ore have been sent to market during the present season. It lies in lense-shaped masses, and is mined by open pits. Between Negaunee and Cascade are a number of soft hematite mines. The Marquette and Pacific Rolling Mill Company have one quite extensive and well-located mine, the ore being apparently of good quality. The TILDEN, OGDEN, and FOSTER mines, the property of the Iron Cliffs Company, are all located upon beds of soft hematite. Operations at the two former have now been abandoned, as the ore proved too silicious, but the FOSTER is still worked, the deposit there being of better quality, though still somewhat silicious, and much mixed with quartz. The same company have a very large extent of property in this region, over a considerable portion of which immense deposits of a hard silicious ore, which rings like a bell when struck, have been found. A report was made upon these deposits many years ago by FosTER, upon the strength of whose representations extensive preparations were made by the Pittsburg & L. A.ngeline Company to open up a hill-apparently entirely composed of the material-which was named the " Iron Mountain." A branch road was built to it, and a large number of dwellings erected for the miners, but the ore proved too silicious to be profitably worked, and operations have been discontinued. It was tried at the furnaces of the Iron Cliffs Company, at Negaunee, and is said by them to yield about 40 per cent. of iron, and to contain manganese and cobalt. It required a very large amount of flux. The ore of the Cascade region is a hard slate, occurring in layers interstratified with red quartz. These layers are usually quite thin, there being very few seams of pure ore of any size, so that all the material thrown out by a blast has to be hand-picked, and the quartz removed by the use of hammers. By this means it is possible to produce a clean bright ore, mostly in small lumps, which is, however, considered to be somewhat silicious, although no analyses of it have yet been published. Some seams of ore of the very best quality have been found, but they are usually quite limited in extent. It is to be hoped that more extensive deposits may be discovered in the future. The mines at present in operation in this region are those of the Cascade Iron Company, and the Watson, Pittsburg and Lake Superior, and Wilcox & Bagaley, which, together, have shipped over 30,000 tons during the present season. The ore lays in such a way as to be easily mined, but it is necessary to take out about as much rock as ore. The hand-picking is also a costly process, yet it pays to extract this ore. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 467 The ores found in the neighborhood of Ishpeming are very similar in character to those at Negaunee, consisting of hard and soft hematites, no magnetic ores having been so far discovered. A little to the east of the town are the Cleveland mines, worked by the Cleveland Iron Mining Comlpany, which are located upon a series of large deposits of massive and slate ores lying in the main ore belt. The ore here seems to have been segregated into a series of lense-shaped masses of great extent, from the under side of which the main seam dips off. This latter is in many places as much as 80 feet in thickness, and will average nearly 50 feet, so far as it has yet been developed in the main workings, which consist of five separate excavations, the main one being 400 feet long, 250 feet wide, and 60 feet deep. At the eastern extremity of this the seam makes a bend to the north, and another large deposit opens out, which is several hundred feet in length and width. A main shaft has been sunk in the angle between the two to the seam, which dips toward it from the under sides of each. The mining is now being carried on down the incline at these points. Several hundred feet to the south-west from the main workings is the " Schoolhouse" opening. Here the seam varies from 8 to 32 feet in thickness, averaging over 20 feet. It dips to the westward at a considerable angle, and the stoping is being carried on down the incline, leaving pillars in some places 14 feet square, and 25 to 30 feet high. A shaft has also been sunk at a short distance from this opening, and a drift made from it to the seam, so that in three or four years the workings of the Cleveland will be almost entirely underground. As the seam is in many parts of too great width to allow of the use of the ordinary system of mining, it is proposed to leave a certain thickness of strata in the centre intact, and thus to work it as two separate seams. The ore is throughout of equal quality with that of the Jackson and Lake Superior mines, although somewhat different in appearance, being coarsely or finely granular, compact, or of slaty structure similar to the JACKSON. Some of it is also closely intermingled withdiorite. That of the Schoolhouse opening is of extreme hardness, 60 or 70 drills being often dulled whilst cutting a hole in it three feet in depth, the time occupied being an entire day. It is, however, of magnificent quality, being entirely free from quartz or other impurity throughout the extent of the seam. In the main workings occasional knobs of a mixture of ore and quartz (known as "mixed ore ), and masses of chlorite and diorite, have been encountered, but the main body is composed entirely of pure ore. In the exploitation of this, the use of nitro-glycerine is general, a man being engaged for the express purpose of handling it. At the Jackson mine, the' nitro-glycerine man " was recently killed by an unlooked for explosion of the material, since which its use has been abandoned there. It is said that the miners surrounded and attempted to kill the agent who first endeavored to introduce the article here, and he only escaped by threatening to scatter amongst them the contents of a flask of it which he held in his hand. In spite of the many accidents which have attended its use, it is still in constant demand here, on account of the great economy with which it can be employed in many cases, particularly with hard ores, and in " block-holing," or splitting up the large blocks thrown out by blast, such fragments as are too small for such treatment being broken up with sledges. The material, thus prepared, after careful separation from rock and inferior ore, is loaded into skips, and hoisted up inclines at angles from 45 to 90 degrees, dumped automatically into pockets on the surface, and from thence loaded into 59 468 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. the cars as required. The hoisting machinery for several inclines is here, and at most of the other mines, located in one building, the powQr being transmitted through several hundred feet of wire cable passing over guide pulleys to the top of the incline. Both clutch and friction gearing are in use here. The latter is now coming into general use throughout the region, the grooves being V shaped. All of the machinery in use at this mine is of a good order. Two new pumps have been put in, having a diameter of 12 inches and stroke of 10 feet, geared on to the same engine. A Hall's pulsometer has also recently been introduced. Most of the workmen employed here are Swedes. They work right along throughout the winter, and pile up an immense stock of ore for shipment during the ensuing season. The shipments of this company for 1872 were over 150,000 tons, and will reach about the same amount for this year, 84,000 tons.having so far been shipped, which is considerably more than any other company has done. Having their own ore docks at Marquette, with a capacity of 5,000 tons, and their own vessels and transports, they are enabled to handle this vast product with perfect facility. The total production of these mines up to the present time has amounted to about 1,100,000 tons. Upon a 40 acre tract adjoining the Cleveland workings, is situated the New York mine. The deposit of ore here is precisely similar in character to that of the Cleveland, being simply a continuation of the same seam. The workings comprise two main excavations, in the more southern of which the seam dips to the southward at a regular angle, and in many places presents a face of clean ore fully 50 feet in width. It is directly overlaid by a stratum of chloritic schist about three feet thick, which is in turn overlaid by a heavy bed of quartzite. The ore at this point very much resembles that of the Schoolhouse opening of the Cleveland mines, being an exceedingly fine-grained or steel ore very difficult to drill. Many different forms of drills have been tried upon it, among which were the Burleigh and Diamond, but the common hand-drill proved the most efficient when well handled and made of good material. The seam is being sloped down the incline, pillars being left for the support of the strata above. In the north opening the ore is softer, and occasional streaks of highly crystallized specular iron are found pervading it, as well as cavities or " vugs," containing quartz crystals. About 488,000 tons of ore have been produced at this mine since the opening in 1864, of which over 37,000 tons were shipped during the present season. THE LAKE SUPERIOR IRON COMPANY. This company contests with the Cleveland Company alone, for the supremacy in the production of ore, over all the other mining companies in the region. It operates a large number of mines, all of which are situated in the vicinity of Ishpeming, upon deposits of hard or soft hematites. The Lake Superior mines proper are situated in the western extremity of the town, upon a series of deposits of hard ore of immense extent, which were opened in 1857. The workings consist of a succession of excavations, the largest of which is nearly 500 feet in length and considerably over 100 in width, and has reached a nearly uniform depth of 100 feet, showing a deposit of wonderful richness and purity-there being visible at the 100 foot level, a width of nearly fifty feet of pure slate ore. The other deposits are also of very large size, and all are lense shaped like those of the Cleveland, with leaders projecting IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 469 into the encompassing strata, making it necessary to remove a large amount of waste material. The majority of the ore is slaty in structure, similar to the Jackson, and is remarkable for containing crystals of martite, the octohedral variety of peroxide of iron, distributed throughout its mass. It is very rich and pure, yielding about 65 per cent. of metallic iron, and containing but a small amount of sulphur, and practically no phosphorus. A sma7l proportion of the ore is granular in structure, the deposit differing in this respect from the Cleveland, where by far the largest quantity is granular. The accompanying rocks are, as usual, quartzite, diorite, talcose and chloritic schists, and'" mixed ore." The latter material invariably accompanies the best deposits of ore. In the rock upon the north side of the main workings a shaft has been sunk to a depth of 150 feet, at the foot of which tunnels have been cut in different directions to the deposit, and are connected with the 100 foot level above by winzes or subordinate shafts. The greater part of the ore mined above is thrown into these, falling into the tunnels, through which it is carried to the shaft. In due course of time, these winzes are widened so as to form stopes, such being the system of mining at present in use. Considerable open quarrying is done upon "leaders," at points above the 100 foot level, the ore being hauled to the surface by teams, over a winding road along the sides of the excavation. The ore being quite soft, and easily torn asunder, the use of the more powerful explosives is unnecessary, and ordinary blasting powder is alone employed. The mining is apparently done quite cheaply, as very large masses of ore can be thrown down with a single shot, and in a large portion of the deposit there is no rock to be separated. During the entire year the work is carried on unceasingly both day and night, all shots being fired at intervals of three hours, at which times the mines are deserted by all. Rock tunnel work is accomplished, by the use of BURLEIGn drills, with an accompanying great saving in time and expense. Seven hundred feet of tunnel have been driven with them here in seven months. Three grades of ore are produced by this company. The second-grade ore, of which there are many thousand tons in stock, consists of masses of slate ore intersected by seams of quartz. The third-grade ore contains a still larger quantity of the latter material. These ores are to be smelted in the company's furnaces at Marquette and Ishpeming. The machinery in use at these mines is about the best to be seen in the district. The hoisting engine for the main shaft is horizontal, having the following dimensions: Diameter of cylinder....................... 20 inches. Length of stroke..................................... 36 inches. Diameter of winding drums............................. 6 feet. The most improved form of friction gearing is used in connection, involving the use of steam levers. A plunger and bucket pump are worked by the same engine. About 450 skip-loads, of from 2 to 3 tons each, are hoisted per day. To prevent overwinding, the following arrangement is employed: A line of wire is attached at one end to a reel upon the main shaft, from thence passing over a pulley above, and being provided at the other extremity with a sinker with pointer attached, running in a vertical groove on the side wall of the room, upon which points are marked corresponding 470 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. to the different levels in the shaft. By suitably adjusting the arrangement, the pointer shows when the ship has reached the top of the shaft, at which instant the driuns are thrown out of gear. This arrangement is in general use throughout the region. But a short distance to the south-east from the hard-ore workings is a deposit of soft hematite, which has been extensively worked, the excavation being at present about 400 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 100 feet deep. A shaft has been sunk to the north of it, and tunnels driven from its foot to the seam in the same manner as at the hard-ore workings. The deposit is doubtless of great extent, and apparently of good quality, yielding, it is said, about 55 per cent. of metallic iron, and so soft as to be easily mined with picks when loosened by an occasional shot. About 1- miles to the south-west from here are the Section 16 and Parsons mines, worked by the company. The deposit at both places is composed of slate and granular ore, considerably mixed with rock, and usually not of the very highest order. The latter mine has only been opened a short time, and will not produce over 5,000 tons this season. The Section 21 and New England mines, upon deposits of soft hematite, adjoin each other, and are believed to be on the main range of that material. The latter mine has been worked for a number of years by its former proprietors, producing over 100,000 tons, a large part of which was slate ore, of which there is a deposit upon the property, of like nature with the Parsons or Section 16. Further to the westward is the recently discovered deposit of hard ore adjoining the Saginaw property, which has been named the " New Superior." The indications at this point are very promising. Two good-sized openings have been already made, from which a large quantity of first-class ore has been extracted. Both the slate and granular varieties are found, and the ordinary quartzite hanging wall is replaced by a peculiar variety of quartzose conglomerate. The total production of the Lake Superior Company since 1858 has amounted to 1,349, 630 tons, of which 73,611 were shipped during the present season up to August 20th. Upon the westward continuation of the hard-ore deposits of the Lake Superior Company at Ishpeming, and directly contiguous to them, is the Barnum Mine, the property of the Iron Cliffs Co. The ore is of precisely the same character as that of the former mine, and fully equal to it in quality. The present opening is about 1,000 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 70 feet'deep. The production to date has been 158,556 tons, of which 31,559 tons is the product for 1873 up to August 20th. Adjoining the Section 21 Mine of the Lake Superior Co. is the Winthrop Mine, of soft ore, owned by a number of Chicago capitalists. The ore is. dark red and black in color, and considered one of the best of the kind in the region. The workings are quite extensive, about 41,000 tons having so far been extracted, of which 16,000 during the present season. The property on which is situated the Saginaw Mine, consisting altogether of 200 acres, was leased for a number of years by the Cleveland Rolling Mill Co., the price paid being $300,000. The present openings immediately adjoin those of the New Superior Mine, the ore being of nearly the same character. Further to the westward, on the same range, are the Goodrich and Albion mines, which are as yet but little developed. The production of the Saginaw for 1872 was 19,160 tons; for 1873, 18,882 tons. The others have, as yet made no shipments. IRO N ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 471 PITTSBURG AND LAKE ANGELINE COMPANY. The mines operated by this company are the Iron Mountain Mine, near Negaunee, which is not worked at present; the hard and soft hematite mines, at Lake Angeline, near Ishpeming, and the Edwards Mine, of magnetic and specular ore, at Huimboldt. The hard ore mine, upon the south side of'Lake Angeline, consists of an excavation over 500 feet long, with an average width and depth of 40 to 50 feet. The seam dips in under the lake at a high inclination, and the mining is conducted under rather unfavorable circumstances at present, the foot wall being in part composed of a weak talcose schist, much of which has cracked up and slid into the excavations. The ore is both slaty and granular in structure, and of fair quality, though not up to the standard of the Cleveland and Lake Superior. The soft hematite deposit is but a short distance to the westward from this, forming the side of a low ridge. In the opening already made a curiously mixed formation is visible, consisting of a number of seams of different qualities of ore, intersecting each other at varying angles. Much of it is of an ochreous nature, varying in color from silvery gray to red and brown. A large proportion consists of the brown variety, containing considerable kaolimite, some is black and maganiferous, and, as a whole, the deposit may be stated to be of a very good quality, and unusually free from silica. A deposit of similar nature adjoining it is worked by the Iron Cliffs Co. Between Ishpeming and Humboldt, a distance of 12 miles, no deposits of any importance have as yet been discovered. The country is exceedingly wild, swampy, and difficult to explore, showing but few surface indications; so that while there is every reason to believe that the ore belt is continuous throughout that section of the county, it is probable that careful magnetic and geological surveys will have to be made before its course can be definitely traced. A complete change in the character of the ore takes place at some point in the intervening space, for at I-umboldt we no longer find the slate, granular and soft hematites, nor do they occur at any point to the westward of this, being entirely replaced by specular and magnetic ores. At the Edwards Mine the two latter varieties occur together-the deposit consisting of a number of well defined seams of magnetic and specular ore, inclined at a high angle, and separated from each other by talcose schist. Of these only the two middle seams are at present worked, the mining being now carried on at a depth of 300 feet from the surface. This mine is peculiarly interesting, from the fact of its being really the only one in the district where the underground system is thoroughly carried out. Shafts are driven 200 feet apart along the outcrop of the seam, and levels are made every 60 feet as they go down. At each level a drift is cut from the shaft on each side for a distance of 20 feet, connecting with a winze sunk from the level above. When the connection is made the latter is widened so as to form a stope. That portion of the seam between the two shafts is then entirely worked out, leaving only an "arch " or pillar, about 10 by 15 feet, half way between them. This, together with the shaft pillars suffices for the support of the " hanging." Both varieties of ore occurring here are of the best quality, and present many types of structure. They are sent to market together, owing to the inconvenience of separation and classification. The total production of this mine up to Aug. 20, 1873, was 144,450 tons, of which 20,376 were shipped during the present season. The entire production of the 472 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. Pittsburg and Lake Angeline Company during the same year was 478,808 tons, and for the present season 45,390 tons. A short distance to the eastward from the Edwards is situated the well-known Washington Mine, which has been worked for nearly eight years, and during that time shipped over 300,000 tons. The deposit is similar to the Edwards, consisting of four parallel seams of magnetic and specular ore of varying thickness, having a general eastern and western direction, and separated from each other by talcose schist. The whole formation is overlaid by 75 to 100 feet of quartzite, and underlaid by ciorite. This mine was a very expensive one to open, the main or north seam being covered by a considerable thickness of mixed ore, constituting a sort of cap, all of which had to be removed. A very high and wide tunnel was also driven from a point at the level of the railroad to the seam, a distance of 450 feet, making the total cost of opening about $1,000,000. After reaching the seam the tunnel follows its course. That portion of the seam above it has mostly been worked as an open' quarry, the cap of mixed ore being entirely removed, but the workings are fast being carried below its level, and will eventually assume more of a subterranean character. The Burleigh drills are also used at this mine for drifting and tunnelling. About 200 men are employed. The magnetic and specular ores occur together, as at the Edwards, and are not classified. Pyrites, when present, is usually segregated, restricted to certain points in such a way as to be readily separated. The Washington is a standard ore, and has a favorable reputation for cleanliness. A large quantity of ore, slightly mixed with quartz, has been extracted, but none shipped as yet. The company owns 1,220 acres of land, and claim to have three miles of iron range. The total production for 1873, was 20,678 tons. Leading from Huimboldt in a southerly direction, a branch road, 8 miles in length, has been constructed to the famous Republic M/line, at Smith Mountain. This mountain has been for some time past a familiar feature in the topography of the country, but was, until recently, thought to be composed entirely of the same worthless " mixed-ore " formation which constitutes the well known Cleveland Knob. It is situatecupon the south side of the Michigamme River, at a point where it widens into a small lake, and stands out boldly from the surrounding scenery, at a height of nearly 500 feet above the water level, its sides and upper surface being perfectly bare and smooth, presenting, at first sight, the appearance of a solid mass of iron ore, and even upon a near approach it is difficult for the ordinary observer to realize that the greater portion of what he looks upon is so much contaminated with quartz as to be practically of no value at present. Although the main body of the ridge is thus constituted, a very large deposit, entirely free from quartz, has been discovered resting against its north face, which in richness and purity will surpass anything of the kind elsewhere in the known world, consisting of separate seams of the purest specular and magnetic ore, of which only the former is at present mined. Entering one of the openings now in operation, one is confronted by a face of this specular ore, as glittering and splendid as a wall of metallic silver, the virgin purity of its surface unblemished by seams of rock or inferior ores, but as uniform throughout as the most carefully refined metal. Here are specimens for the mineralogist by the car-load, and really it seems almost like vandalism to surrender it to the insatiable cravings of the devouring furnace. IRON ORE REGIONS OF TIHET UNITED STATES. 473 In attempting a more technical description of the deposit, it may be stated that the whole accompanying formation dips to the north, at a nearly vertical angle, the overlying rock, which forms the bed wall of the lake, being a quartzite, below which comes the magnetic ore seam, then a narrow seam of talcose schist, next the specular ore seam, which is divided in the centre by a thin seam of schist, absent in places, then the mixed ore formation of considerable thickness, and, finally, the diorite. A gradual erosion has carried away the upper part of the material, from the margin of the lake to the face of mixed ore, thus giving the latter prominence. At the western extremity of the lake the whole formation turns sharply around to the northward, forming a horseshoe curve, in the centre of which the ore seams attain their greatest width, about 75 feet for the specular, and 25 feet for the magnetic. From this point they narrow rapidly in both directions, a few hundred feet to the eastward, the former being only about 6 feet wide, and farther on apparently thinning out entirely, connecting, however, at one point by a leader, with a deposit of the pure material, some 6 feet wide and 25 feet long, lying in the mixed-ore formation. At the north-western extremity they grow thinner gradually, until the bluff is entirely cut out by the river. One of the most important points to be noted in connection with the deposit is its extremely favorable location, by which its value is enhanced beyond measure, on account of the little expense involved in opening it up. The ore seams outcrop at nearly the summit of the ridge, at a height of 200 feet above water-level, or 150 feet above the grade of the railroad. By driving tunnels to them at various points, at a slight elevation above the railroad, it is obvious that they may be worked for many years to come, with no expense for hoisting and drainage. This is now being done at one point, though the greater portion of the ore now quarried is taken out at the top of the hill, and run down inclined planes to the railroad pockets. The ore can also be exploited with great facility. It lies in a compact and well-defined seam, free from rock, and is so soft as to be easily drilled. Owing to its conspicuous appearance, it is readily freed from foreign material, and is therefore sent to market in a far cleaner state than any other in the region, commanding a greater price on that account. It is also considered to surpass them all in excellence of quality, being almost perfectly free from sulphur, phosphorus, and other ingredients of a deleterious nature, and therefore much sought after for the manufacture of BESSEMER metal. The total shipments up to October 4th, this season, were 74,162 gross tons, over 1,000 tons having many times been shipped in a single day. The stock of this mine now commands a premium of 500 per cent., there being 20,000 shares, valued at $125 apiece. Across the river, to the eastward from the Republic Mine, and some distance away, is the Kloman property, where the ore seams outcrop at the general level of the country, and are now being opened up. The same ores occur here, and are nearly equal in quality to those of the Republic, but the deposits as yet developed are not so well defined, and free from admixture with quartz. The property is, nevertheless, considered to be a very valuable one. The shipments for the season, up to October 4, were 16,112 tons, mostly consumed by the Lucy Furnace, of Pittsburg. Going back to the main line of the M. II. and 0. R. R., we travel westward for a distance of five miles, before reaching the next developed property on the belt, that upon which the celebrated Champion Mine is situated. At this point the seam outcrops in a 474 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. nearly east and west direction, at the surface of an elevated plateau, about a mile to the south of the railroad, dipping to the north at a nearly vertical angle, and having a comparatively uniform width of 50 to 60 feet, but, like the Republic, divided in places by a central seam of talcose schist, The underground system of mining was at first attempted here, but has been only partially carried out. Four shafts have been sunk upon the seam, at intervals of 300 feet or more, and levels made every 60 feet in descending, worked in the same manner as at the Edwards, but in most places the seam has been worked out entirely to the surface, leaving arches at various points, and timbering where necessary. Some of the shafts are now down to the fourth level. In the eastern portion of the workings the seam is composed entirely of magnetic ore, varying in structure from coarse to fine grained and steely, the fine grained being most abundant. Recently a soft, bluish variety of the latter has been found. Considerable bisulphide of iron, or pyrites, is found in places lying near the foot wall, but is usually restricted to a certain well-defined area. Between shafts Nos. 2 and 3 the magnetic ore is entirely cut out by a specular seam, or perhaps it may be said to become suddenly changed in character, passing into the form of specular ore, as by many scientists the latter material is believed to be but a modified form of the first, containing a larger percentage of iron than is justified by the formula of the hematite class. The'two are considerably intermixed at the point of junction, but farther on the specular is entirely pure and of the finest quality. Some very finely crystallized garnets have been found in this mine. Dynamite is the explosive in use. The shipments since the opening in 1868 have amounted to 288,484 gross tons, of which 53,61T tons were shipped during the present season, up to October 4. The two varieties of ore are sent to market in admixture. Upon an eastward continuation of the Champion seam, at Champion Station, a new mine, called the Keystone, is being opened up, where the prospects are quite promising. We now travel seven miles farther to the westward, through an exceedingly picturesque region, along the banks of Lake Michigamme, to the village of that name at its western extremity, destroyed by fire last June, but since entirely rebuilt. The mines of the Miichigamme Company, here situated, are upon the opposite side of a synclinal basin from the Champion, the extremity of which is some distance to the westward. The seam is here entirely magnetic, having an extreme width of 50 feet, with the same central division as at the Champion. It outcrops at a short distance from, and a slight elevation above, the railroad, lying in a general east and west direction, and dipping to the south at a high inclination, having been traced for nearly half a mile to the westward. Cuts have been made to it from the railroad at seven or eight different points, and the underground system of mining will eventually be adopted. The greater part of the ore is of extremely fine grained or steely structure, though some soft ore is obtained. Very little pyrites has been encountered as yet, but some of the hornblende (silicate of iron and lime or magnesia) minerals occur in combination. An analysis of a sample of the ore by BRITTON, gave: Metallic iron................................ 67.32 Oxygen.......................................... 25.70 IRON ORE REGIONS OF TIIE UNITED STATES. 475 W ater................................................. 57 Silica...................................................... 3.06 Alumina.............................. 2.12 Lime...........................................12 Phosphoric acid.................................05 Protoxide of manganese................................ 1.01 99.95 This mine was opened about a year ago, and the shipments for the present season, up to October 4, were 26,497 tons. The Spun Mountain Mine is situated upon a continuation of the seam, about one and one-half miles to the westward. The ore here, as thus far developed, is soft and granular, and of a bluish or black color. The hanging wall of the deposit is quartzite, separated from the ore by about two feet of chloritic schist. The foot-wall is diorite. In many places one-half of the width of the seam on the foot wall side is composed of a mixture of ore and quartz. Considerable pyrites is found, but is mostly segregated. A large quantity of the ore is mixed with white fibrous hornblende, causing it to rank as second grade. The deposit is, however, undoubtedly a very large and valuable one. There are four or five openings now in operation, work having been commenced about a year ago. The underground system will be used eventually. An analysis of the ore by Dr. CHANDLER gave: Metallic iron............................................. 64.60 Oxygen............................................ 24.61 Oxide of manganese....................... trace. Alumina........................................ 2.67 Lime....6T Magnesia.......................................... 19 Silica........................................................ 6.28 Phosphoric acid.......................................... trace. Sulphur......................................................35 99.37. The shipments for the season, up to October 4, were 31,470 tons. To the westward of this, in the neighborhood of L'Anse, several discoveries have been made recently, and new companies organized, but this completes the list of the mines at present worked in the Marquette district, a district which contains the largest deposits of rich ores in the known world, and in remarkable variety. Their general characteristic is the presence of silica, a moderate quantity of which serves simply to bind ferruginous partides firmly together, but which, when in excess, entirely ruins their quality, rendering them unfit for smelting. A large number are pure enough for BESSEMER purposes, and some, like the Republic, would serve admirably for use in the direct process, such as those of BLAIR and SIEMENS. It is very important that all should be analyzed and classified, and this has been done to a great extent under the direction of Major T. B. BnooKs, the Assistant State Geologist, in whose forthcoming report a more detailed description of the region may be obtained. 60 476 IRON ORE REGIONS OF TIIE UNITED STATES. In the neighborhood of L'Anse, the mines worked are those of Spurr Mountain and Michigamme. Many properties have been pnrchased in this vicinity during the last two years, which await development. The following tables exhibit the production for the years 1872 and 1873: PRODUCTION OF ORE FOR 1872. MINE S. Gross Net Value. to.n tons.. V u Jackson...................1........... 118,842 133,103 $ 713,052 New York...................................... 68,950 77,224 413,700 Cleveland......................................... 152,607 170,919 914,442 Lake Superior..................................... 185,070 207,279 1,110,420 Champion......................................... 68,405 76,613 410,430 Lake Angeline..................................... 385,221 39,407 211,326 Barnum........................................... 38,381 42,992 230,186 Washington....................................... 38,841 43.506 233,046 Edward................................ 26,026 29149 216,026 Saginaw........................................... 19,1.60 21,461 114,960 New England..................................... 17,465 19,560 104,790 Cascade........................................... 35,069 39,78 210,414 Silas C. Smith..................................... 1,445 15,058 80,670 McComber........................................ 21,153 27,051 144 918 Foster..................................... 18139 20,316 108,834 Winthrop......................................... 14,8239 15,946 85,434 Winathrop..14,239 15,040 85,434 Negaunee......................................... 6,807 7,725 41,382 Marquette....... 11,924 13,355 71,544 Republic...................................... 117024 12,348 66/150 Marquette and Pacific Rolling Mill................... 6,772 7,583 40,632 Allen..................... 8,707 3,751 52,242 Grand Central..................................... 9,25 11,61 59,950 Wilcox & Bagley................................... 4426 4,957 28,556 IMather.................................. 2.... 2,288 2,512 13,368 Green Bay................................ 7,633 8,548 45,798 Franklin.......................................... 2,007 2,248 12,042 Albion..................................... 1,100 1,232 6600 Pittsburg and Lake Superior........................ 1,160 1,298 6,960 Michigan......................................... 1,227 1,374 7,362 Quartz....................................... 718 804 4,308 Excelsior........................................ 756 846 4,536 Williams...........447 555 2,682 Iron Cliffs Red Ore........................... 545 610 3,270 Shenango......................................... 197 217 1,182 Pendill............................................ 127 142 762 Michigame...........................141 158 846 Carr.............................................. 18 21 108 Shelden......................................... 7 8 42 Total........................................ 952,055 06,297 $5,71,330 IRON ORE REGIONS OF TIHE UNITED STATES. 477 SHIPMENTS OF 1873. IRON ORE. Previously Company, reported. Total. Cleveland......................................... 73,673 73,673 Lake Superior..................................... 125,386 125,386 Champion........................................ 65,165 65,165 Lake Angeline.................................... 15,361 15,361 Washington............ 37,216 37,216 Edwards.......................................... 37,348 37,348 McConber........................................ 28,258 28,258 Winthrop....................................... 6,232 6,232 IRepublic..................89,027. 899027 89,027 Albion........................................... 1,186 1,186 Keystone......................................... 10372 109372 Shenango....................................... 7,323 7,323 Himrod Hematite..... 2,065 2,065 Rolling 3M/Iill...................................... 4,462 4,462 Kloman.......................................... 21,271 21,271 Hungerford..................................56 56 New York................................1,863 1,863 Total...............................,..... 525,939 526,264 PIG-IRON. Champion Furnace................................. 3,678 3,712 Morgan Furnace................................... 4,560 4,585 Michigan Furnace............................ 3,083 3,275 Greenwood Furnace................................ 2,440 2,642 Bancroft Furnace..... 3,313 3,927 Grace Furnace..................................... 5,486 5,684 Collins Furnac.................................... 1,830 1,830 Iron Cliff Furnace.............................. 60 60 M. & P. Rolling Mill.................... 282 282 Total...................................... 24,732 25,997 Total ore and pig-iron........................ 550,671 552,261 The following is a statement of the shipments of iron ore and pig-iron from the port of Escanaba up to and including the 19th day of November: IRON ORE. Mine. Gross tons. Jackson..................................................... 104,482 N ew York.................................................. 61,554 Cleveland................................................... 50,432 Angeline................................................... 28,531 Barnum............... 48,073 Foster............................... 27,363 Cascade....................................... 16,241 McComber,................................................. 7476 478 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. Mine. Gross tons. Grand Central......................... 6,627 Smith................................................ 9,328 Green Bay................................................ 932 Allen........................................... 510 Winthrop........................... 21,952 Bagaley................... 12,775 Section 18............................................. 1,404 Emma.................................... 136 P. & L. S................................................... 21,496 Carr......................... 1,441 Gribben......................................3........... 3,541 Saginaw........ 0..................................... 35,404 Rolling Mill....7........................... 7,446 Goodrich.................................. 3,258 Howell Hoppock........... 1,239 Home.................................... 1,091 Total iron ore................................... 479,712 PIG-IRON. Pioneer..................................................... 3,817 Deer Lake............................................... 3,256 Escanaba Furnace....................................... 2,175 Total pig-iron.....92....4...................... 9,248 Total ore and pig-iron......................... 488,960 The following is a statement of the shipments of ore from the port of L'Anse for the season: Gross tons. Spurr Mountain............................................. 31,933 Michigan ore................................................ 28,966 Total............................................... 60,899 The amount of wealth added to the country by this region may be appreciated from the fact that since 1856, when the production of ore was some 7,000 tons, valued at $28,000, the total value of ore and pig-iron shipped from Lake Superior ports has exceeded $50,000,000, the value in 1872 being $9,188,055, or a total of $44,373,833 for sixteen years' development. The price of ore for 1872 from the Superior Region, delivered at Cleveland-which is the great entrepot and distributing point for this mineral-was $8 per ton. In 1873 the price was $12, but for 1874 it is said it will not exceed $9 or $10. The spirit of economy which the reverses of 1873 created in all classes of the community rules alike here, and the general attention has been turned toward reducing all extravagant expense, and to economically working the mines. Freights will also rule lower than has been the case for some years past. Concerning the prospects for 1874, the ic6rJuette Mining Jozcrnal says: So far as the Lake Superior miners are concerned, they not only have good stocks of ore IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 479 on hand-nearly one-third of that which was mined with the expectation of realizing on it this season-but they are prepared to take out and put upon the market an unlimited supply, at a rate which will prove tolerably remunerative, and yet be able to compete with other localities. The financial panic has developed so far a much cheaper means of mining than has before been practised. Labor and materials will be less expensive, whilst the expense involved in opening mines has, for the most part, been already paid. So that all the old companies will be well prepared to meet a decline in prices, and the contingency, cheerfully. We hope, therefore, that the ore trade will not be compelled to succumb to the effects of the panic. Care, prudence, and an anticipation of the facts as they seem now to be written for the future, will set all these things right before the opening of another season of navigation. In short, there seems to be the best of reasons for believing that the ore trade of next season will be as good, in the aggregate, as it has been this season. There will be sufficient increase in the shipments to compensate for all decline in prices. Of the shipments of Lake Superior ore in 1873, Cleveland received 334,956 tons. The total receipts of ore at Pittsburg in 1873 were 346,380 tons, of which probably at least two-thirds were of Lake Superior ore. In an able article upon the subject of the price of Lake Superior ores in the American AManufcwturer of Pittburgh, we find some valuable tables of the cost of raising the ores in this region, compared with production, which we extract: TABLE OF EXPENDITURES. ESTIMATED PRODUCTIONS.'A BF MINE a*AA;A OMTons of ore to Value of lNfAME OF MI~N~E. N o e K NAME OF MINE. be produced same at,.I^ _^............._._..in 183. mine. Alien....................... 15$ 900$ 1,500 Alien...................... 5,000 $ 20,000 Barnum.................... 200 12,000 15,000 Barnum.................. 50,000 375,000 Champion................... 300 22,000 31,000 Champion................ 90,000 585,000 Chenango..... 32 1,800 4,233 Chenango................. 22,000 99,000 Cleveland................... 600 40,000 60,000 Cleveland.................. 150,000 1,100,000 Edwards.................... 100 7,000 14,200 Edwards................... 35,000 262,000 Foster................... 100 6,000 7,000 Foster..................... 20,000 100,000 GrandCentral.............. 25 3,000 6,000 Grand Central.......... 7,000 17,500 Gribben................... 50 3,000 4,000 Gribben........... 16,000 80,000 Himrod.................. 35 1,900 3,100 Himrod............. 15,000 67,500 Jackson..................... 250 15,000...... Jackson.................... 100,000 800,000 Jefferson.............. 20 1,200 1,800 Jefferson............... 5,000 20,000 Keystone................. 80 5,000 11,000 Keystone.................. 14,000 92,000 Kloman.................. 100 7,000 11,000 Kloman.............. 25,000 210,000 L. Angeline........... 110 6,500 15,800 L. Angeline............... 45,000 302,500 Lake Superior.......... 550 43,000 60,000 Lake Superior.............. 160,000 1,100,000 McComber................. 140 10,000 15,000 McComber................. 45,000 250,000 Michigammi................. 250 17,000..... Michigammi............ 3,000 206,250 New York....3........ 350 19,000 28,500 New York................. 80,000 520,000 Republic................... 325 22,000 35,000 Republic.................. 120,000 900.000 Rolling Mill................. 70 4,500 6,500 Rolling Mill................ 30,000 120,000 Spurr............. 80 6,400 20,000 Spurr........40,000 0,000 Washington............... 200 16,000 20,000 Washington................ 50,000 325,000 Winthrop................50 3500 5000 Winthrop........40,000 00,000 Total.................. 4,032 273,700 374,633 Total............. 1,197 000 8,012,250 480 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. Appended will be found a series of analyses of the various characteristic ores of the Lake Superior region of Michigan. These figures are instructive, and invite close examination. The time for which the mines are worked is estimated by the editor of the lcnrzufactu'rer at nine months, and the value of the ore is computed at the mine, no note being made of handling or freight. The total disbursements given, and which include all the mines except the Jackson and Michigammi, are $374,633 per month. At this rate for nine months, the total disbursements would be $3,371,697. The total value of the product at mine, less the value of product of Jackson and Michigammi mines, whose disbursements are not given, is $7,006,000, leaving a profit of $3,634,303 for the nine months' business, or over 100 per cent. The following table of approximative cost of iron ore extracted has been compiled by Major T. B. B.ROOKs, Assistant State Geologist, and is official: APPROXIMATE COST PER TON OF IRON ORE EXTRACTED. Proportionate cost of Each item in a ton in percentage of Cost in cents. total cost price. Labor. Stores. Explorations........................ 1.5 Sinking shafts........................ 1.5 4.0 Preparatory lDrifts and levels 60 ~ ~... 6 28.1 |17 74.2 62.0 12-2 Uncoverng' rock............................... 1.2, 35. work. Uncovering roc3.. 32 35.0 fMiscellaneous...................... 6. 16.0 Blasting Holes in stopes................... 4.2 11.0 II. Bst Holes in fragm.ents.................... 4.9 13.0 Mining Sledging, sorting, etc.13.3 39.8 5. 105.0 105. proper Other J Loading ) 5.0 (labor). I work. 1 Handling rock...................... 9.5| 25.0 1 i Miscellaneous........................ 7.9 21.0 ( Explo- i Powder and fuse...................... 3.60 9.5 II sons. Nitro-glycerine...................... (?) (?) one Tools. Steel drills........................... 0.7 119 1.8 313 0.3 2.0 stores and- Othertools........................... 1.6 4.3 tools. epairs. Blacksmith's supplies.................. 1.8 4.7 t epars ( Blacksmith's labor.4................... 4.2 J 11.OJ IV |HTorse (Drivers and grooms................... 5.7 15.0' ore andg w Carts, sleds, harness, etc.............. 0.2 15. 0. 21.3 27.2 14. Manual labor, loading ore..........................3 3. pumping- Steam power, labor, repairs, materials............ 4.2 1.2J. Salaries and office expenses 4.0 4.6 12.2 12.2.2 6.0 Taxes, all kinds................. 100.0 $2.64 $2.107 0.533 Using these figures of cost, viz., $2.64 per ton, as the multiplier of the figures of production in the first table, the result is $3,160,000. The previous estimate was $3,371,697. By Major BROOKS' computation, the profit on the season's business must have been 3,846,000, an amount which shows that Lake Superior ores may be reduced very considerably in price, and yet return a handsome profit on the investment. IRON ORE RPEGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 481 The Iron Ore Regions of Missouri. The mineral wealth of Missouri is, perhaps, as well, if not better, generally known to the world than that of any other section of the United States. The celebrated Iron Mountain, probably the largest single deposit of ore in the known world, has attracted the attention of geologists, metallurgists, and both scientific and practical men from all countries. The ores of Pilot Knob, Shepherd Mountain, Cedar I-ill, and Buford Mountain, are next in interest, and present curious features to the geologist. The development of these ores has been going on for some years, and the total shipments from the State have reached some 400,000 tons annually. A newer, but almost as valuable, ore region is found in Phelps, Crawford, and Dent Counties, the lands of which have but lately been brought into marklet, but have attracted the investment of large amounts of capital, especially from the iron manufacturers of the Ohio Valley. Although the leading deposits of Iron Mountain and Pilot,Knob are in the hands of old and wealthy corporations, opportunities are daily offered for purchase of extremely valuable iron-ore lands on the line of both the Iron fAountain and Atlantic and Pacific Railroads, which latter road cuts through the centre of the State to the Western frontiers, and its chief stations for ore and iron are Moselle, Leesburgh, Iron Ridge, St. James, Taylor, Bucklaw, Beaver, Kelly, and Iancock. Near all these stations fine deposits of various kinds of iron ore are found, and ore lands may still be purchased for from $5 to $50 per acre, according to locality, contigiLity to railroad, and amount of development. The Iron Mountain Railroad traverses the south-eastern portion of the State, and derives its name from the celebrated Iron Mountain, for which it was built as an outlet to the ores. It also brings the ore from the Pilot Knob district, and the principal ore and iron shipping-stations are Carondelet, Irondale, Iron Mountain, Pilot Knob, Cornwall, Marquant, Belmont, Marble Hill, Fort Richtown, and Bessville. Unfortunately, the State of Missouri does not possess the coal fields of many of the other iron ore regions. If she did, it is questionable if any State in the Union would equal it in advantages for iron making. Fortunately, however, there are large coal fields in Illinois, the coal from which is now successfully coked, and furnishes a good fuel for blast-furnace purposes. There are, moreover, said to be large deposits of anthracite coal in Kansas, from which, in time, the Missouri ores will draw their fuel. Charcoal timber, for the present and many years to come, is, however, abundant, and the industry is progressing rapidly in all sections. Missouri has fully appreciated the valuable mineral wealth within her borders, and by a liberal expenditure obtained full information of its character. Rlecognizing also the value of educating her youth in the scientific and technical knowledge necessary to the successful development of this wealth, she has established and supports a thorough school of mines at Rolla, where, under the tuition of Prof. CIAS. P. WILLIAMS, formerly of Philadelphia, and a metallurgist and analytical chemist of no little note, they are thoroughly instructed in the duties which may devolve upon them as managers of mines and furnaces hereafter. Prof. WILLIAMS has also made some valuable contributions to the knowledge of tile more lately discovered ores of Missouri, analyses of which are quoted herein. Prof. RAPHAEL PUMPELLY, late State Geologist, and Dr. ADOLPH SCIHMIDT, his assistant, have each year added to the knowledge of the ores of the State. During 18T3, a scientific 482 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. commission under their auspices has developed the existence of extremely extensive deposits of a highly magnetic specular ore on the Gasconade River. From the latest reports of the officials named we have obtained the following valuable and interesting notes on the iron ores of Missouri. The following condensation will give a very thorough general idea of these ores: Two principal mineral species are represented in the Missouri iron ores, the hematite and the limonite (sometimes called brown hematite), the former occurring in two distinct varieties, namely, specular ore and'red hematite. The first variety is found in the midst of broken and partially disintegrated porphyry, and in the (geologically) overlaying lower silurian sandstone. The red hematite forms strata in the carboniferous system. The limonites occur chiefly as deposits on the second and third magnesian limestones, except in the Osage River district, where they lie on subcarboniferous limestone. Besides these four classes of original deposits, Dr. SCHMIDT recognizes wit h each a secondary class of disturbed or drifted ores, making in all eight distinct classes of deposits. The region of workable iron ore reaches north of the Missouri River at one point only, in Callaway County, where red hematite occurs in the subcarboniferous. South of the river, deposits are frequent throughout the whole southern part of the State. That portion richest in iron ores, however, is comprised in a broad belt crossing the State in a direction about parallel to the course of the Mlissouri River, between the 30th and 40th township lines. This belt is divided into three distinct regions. The first and more easterly embraces the deposits of limonite in the counties of Ballinger, Wayne, and Madison, and the small but immensely productive Iron Mountain district, with its two enormous deposits of specular ore in porphyry, Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob, besides numerous smaller deposits. The second or central region comprises the deposits of specular ore in sandstone, chiefly in the counties of Crawford, Phelps, and Dent. The third region contains the limonite and red hematite deposits of the Middle and Upper Osage, a district too remote from present markets to add very much to the immediate wealth of the State. The oldest as well as richest deposits are in the iron-bearing porphyries of the eastern district, a formation regarded as a near equivalent, in point of age, to the iron-bearing rocks of Lake Superior, New Jersey, and Sweden. The deposits occur in the most variable shapes, and of every variety of size. There are regular veins, as in Shepherd Mountain and Iron Mountain; regular beds, as in Pilot Knob and in some localities east of it; irregular deposits, some of which approach veins by their shape, as in Lewis Mountain; while others have proved to be but isolated pockets, as on Hlogan Mountain. In all cases, however, the mode of their formation is thought by Dr. ScHMIDT to have been practically the same, that is, by precipitation from iron-bearing waters, as ore deposits are still forming in numerous localities from the waters of chalybeate springs. The geological history of Iron Mountain affords a fair illustration of the manner in which the formation of all these beds of specular ore may be interpreted. Originally the mountain was composed of porphyries, which also filled the valley east and south. In process of time the porphyries became fissured, by contraction or otherwise, and during long periods these fissures were kept filled with constantly renewed chalybeate waters, which slowly deposited the oxides of iron which they contain. As the fissures were gradually filled, the flow of the iron solutions was lessened, and finally stopped. Then the ore dried, undergoing thereby a small contraction, which cracked and broke most of the IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 483 veins without displacing the parts. Subsequently the porphyry was acted on by atmospheric or other waters, probably containing carbonic acid, which decomposed the rock, removing the alkalies and leaving a silicious clay. By the after-erosion of the softened masses by rain and flood waters, the cracked and disjointed ore veins lost their support and fell to the ground, thus forming the beds of surface ore which cover the slopes of the hill and fill a part of the valley. In the main body of the hill the ore masses remain undisturbed, with more or less decomposed porphyry between, the ore constituting but a small percentage of the entire volume of the hill. The surface layer of ore boulders, pebbles, and ore sand, with very little clay, was originally from four to twenty feet thick, and must have represented a vast amount of erosion. The Iron Mountain ore may be taken as a type of all the Missouri specular ores. It is nearly pure peroxide, containing about seventy per cent. of metallic iron, and is nearly free from mechanical admixture of foreign matter. Color, bluish-black to steel gray. The surface ore is a little richer than the vein ore and has less phosphorus; both are nearly free from sulphur. Dispersed through all the Iron Mountain ores are magnetic particles, which can be separated from the mass with a magnet when the ore is reduced to powder. No ore with active magnetism, constituting a natural magnet and attracting iron filings, is found on the mountain. The Pilot Knob ore is slightly peculiar; color, steel gray to pearl gray, with a marked tint of sky-blue. Its structure is crystalline to granular, with a very fine grain. None of these ores affect the compass-needle, though all are slightly attracted by a magnet when ground fine. The quality is less uniform than that of the Iron Mountain ores, the principal impurity being silica. The proportions of sulphur are very small. The ore from Shepherd Mountain is a little more like a magnetite than any other ore in Missouri, but in the main is a specular ore, very similar to that of Iron Mountain. Its magnetic qualities are much more pronounced than those of either of the ores above described, many specimens being strong natural magnets. The ore is very uniform in chemical composition, very rich in metallic iron, and almost entirely free from phosphorus and sulphur. It is nearly as rich as the Iron Mountain ores, and much purer than either those or the ores of Pilot Knob. At Buford Mountain the ore is rich in both iron and manganese, and is likely to prove a very valuable material for the manufacture of spiegeleisen, now so extensively used in the BESSEMER process. The specular ores in sandstone differ from those in porphyry chiefly in their tendency to change, on exposure to atmospheric influences, into brown and yellow limonites and red hematites; rarely into spathic ore. Generally these deposits are of a lenticular shape, with circular or elliptical outlines, and may have been formed either by deposition from chalybeate waters in depressions in the sandstone, or by a gradual replacement of lenticular limestone deposits. When inclined, the beds dip with the slope of the hill. The disturbed deposits of specular ore are of two kinds: masses of ore which have been removed from their original position by underwashing or otherwise, and deposited elsewhere in a more or less irregular manner; and the remaining portions of original deposits, from which other portions have been removed. Ore banks, having the appearance of drifted deposits, are numerous in the central ore district, but they have not been sufficiently opened to be satisfactorily studied. 61 484 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. The red hematites of the carboniferous formation differ from all the other ores of the State in that they do not occur as deposits with definite limits, lying as independent and foreign developments between and across other rocks, but form and compose in themselves regular geological strata. These iron-bearing sandstones frequently extend over large areas, with varying richness. None, however, have been sufficiently opened to make it possible to decide whether the ore was formed directly after and on the surface of the underlying sandstone, or whether it was infiltrated afterwards, gradually replacing beds of limestone, or the sandstone itself, as it happened to be more or less readily soluble. The deposits of limonite occur neither in veins, nor in beds, nor as strata, nor in pockets of regular shape, but in irregular cracks and crevices on or near the surface of the various limestones. These cavities sometimes have very large dimensions, both in depth and width, and are generally near the present surface of the ground. So far as opened, these deposits afford a denser, harder, and richer ore in the upper part than in the lower, where it is more inclined to be light, porous, ochrey, and clayish. This fact and the invariably stalactic structure of the ore are proofs that the solutions from which the ore was deposited was infiltrated from above. One of the largest and most coherent of these banks is the Ford Bank, in the eastern district. It extends some 1,500 by 500 feet along a low, flat hill. The thickness is irregular, ranging from 10 to 30 feet. The disturbed and drifted deposits of limonite have not been sufficiently opened to enable a judgment to be formed in regard to their character. The more important deposits in the entire list are as follows, the most of them being described at length in the report: 1. Containing more than 2,000,000 tons of workable ore: Iron Mountain, in St. Francis County (specular ore). 2. With less than 2,000,000 tons, and more than 500,000 tons: Pilot Knob (quartzose specular), in Iron County; Benton Creek (specular in sandstone), Crawford County; and Simmons Mountain (specular in sandstone), Dent County. 3. Estimated to contain between 100,000 and 500,000 tons: Shepherd Mountain (specular and magnetic), Iron County; Scotia:No. 1 (specular and red hematite in sandstone), Iron County; Cherry Valley No. 1 (specular in sandstone), Crawford County; Laub Bank (specular in sandstone), Phelps County; Pomeroy Bank (specular in sandstone and limonite), Dent County; Iron Ridge No. 1 (specular and red hematite in sandstone), Crawford County; and the Meramec Bank (specular and red hematite in sandstone), Phelps Jounty. The Pilot Knob property owned by the Pilot Knob Iron Company,* includes 41,000 acres of land. Seven ore mountains are owned by this company, of which the Pilot Knob has been worked for 25 years, but Shepherd and Cedar Mountains only of late. The ores from Pilot Knob, Shepherd and Cedar Mountains are mixed for furnace uses, and make a nearly neutral iron, with a slightly redshort tendency; that from the Shepherd Mountain being a black oxide, and of Pilot Knob a blue specular. 11,000 tons of this ore mixture in 1872, made 6,300 tons of pig iron, showing its richness in metallic iron. Of the geological structure of the Pilot Knob region, Prof. PUMPELLY states t that the region rep* See Blast Furnaces of Missouri. f Report of Explorations and Surveys of Lands of the Pilot Knob Iron Company, Missouri, by Prof. RAPHAEL PUMPELLY, State Geologist of Missouri. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 485 resented by a topographical map of Pilot Knob and its vicinity, consists of a group of four masses of porphyry separated from each other by valleys of the lowest silurian limestone known in Iron County, Missouri. The porphyry forms the entire substructure of the region. It had been eroded into hills and valleys before the deposition of the limestone. Generally the limestone does not rise above the 200 foot contour line, but in places, as in the north-west extension of Cedar Hill, there are heavy deposits of clay with cist and mammellated quartz (" mineral blossom ") and sandstone lying over the limestone. The porphyries are older than the silurian, and belong to the azoic formation of which they are probably the youngest member in Missouri. On Pilot Knob the strike of the formation is south 50~ east from the true meridian, and throughout the southern half of the map, the strike varies between south 40" east, and south 60~ east, and the dip of the strata is to the south-west. There are three well defined varieties of porphyry within this area, viz.: A.-Flesh-colored, with or without minute grains of quartz, and only very isolated, and small crystals of pink feldspar. Where this rock has been weathered, it loses its lustre, becomes pink and gray, and continues a little porous; it then also contains small particles of a soft green mineral (chlorite). B.-Dark brown, with crystals of light feldspar and no quartz. C.-Dark to light brown, abounding in crystals of light feldspar and grains of quartz. There are also varieties intermediate between these. The ores of this region, viz., from Pilot Knob, Shepherd MIountain, Cedar Hill, and Buford Mountain, belong by their general mineralogical qualities, in that class of hematite which is known as " specular," but vary considerably in their mineralogical and chemical properties within certain limits. Those from Shepherd Mountain somewhat approach magnetite, while from Pilot Knob and Cedar Hill they are silicious; and those from Buford Mountain are distinctly manganiferous ores. The following analyses made by Mr. ANDREW A. BLAIR, of St. Louis, give valuable information as to the chemical composition of the Pilot Knob ores: 486 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. ANALYSIS OF ORES FROM PILOT KNOB. ORES IN THE MAIN ORE BED, BELOW THE ORES ABOVE THE SLATE SLATE SEAM. SEAM. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Insoluble Silicious Matter........ 14.75 5.57 Peroxide of Iron..................8 3.28 84.33 90.87 67.38 77.02 62.88 52.18 Protoxide of Iron..................... 0.15 1.67............ Alumina........................ 0.75 0.53............ Lime......................... 0.21 1.76....... Magnesia............................ 0.14 0.13........ Manganese....................... 0.00 0.00..... Sulphur...................... -..... trace. 0.078 0.006.... 0.079 Phosphoric Acid............. 0.035 0.069 0.092.... 0.101.... 100,365 100.677 Metallic Iron.................. 61.03 58.29 59.15 64.91 47.16 53.91 44.01 36.52 Phosphorus........................... 0.015 0.031 0.041.... 0.044.... INSOLUBLE SILICIOUS MATTER. Silica.... 13.7 5............18 0.0.... 28.16.... Alumina (with a trace of Peroxide of Iron)....... 1..44 0.36.. Specific gravity....................... 4.386 5.019........ 1. Average sample of ore from the niain ore bed, below the slate seam, in the lowest or western cut of the mine. 2. Hard ore from the central portion of the main ore bed, below the slate seam, west of the soft ore (analysis 3), in the central cut of the mine. 3. Soft ore from the same place, a little east of the hard ore (analysis 2), and west of the ore (analysis 4). 4. Hard ore from the same place, west of the soft ore (analysis 3). 5. Average sample of ore from the main ore bed, below the slate seam, in the upper or eastern cut of the mine. 6. Ore in conglomerate, five feet above the slate seam, in the central cut. 7. Average sample of ore from the strata above the slate seam in the eastern cut. 8. Average sample of the better ore on the refuse heaps of the eastern cut. This ore is not smelted, nor shipped, but thrown away with the rock refuse. Of this ore the principal impurity, as stated by Dr. SCIIMIDT, is the silica, which is either chemically combined or intimately mixed with the oxide of iron. This silica makes these ores hard to smelt, and causes a silicious pig iron. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 487 The amount of phosphorus present is smaller than that of the Iron Mountain ore, and in this respect the excellence of the Pilot Knob ore is not surpassed by any ore in Missouri, except the Shepherd Mountain ore. The siliciousness of these ores and the small proportion of phosphorus makes them highly desirable for the production of BESSEMER pig metal, for which indeed the resulting iron is already largely used. The Cedar Mountain ore, while like the Pilot Knob ore, is much richer. The following analysis from the same source gives its properties: Insoluble matter........................................... 5.62 Peroxide of iron........................................... 93.54 Sulphur...................................................... 0.00 Phosphoric acid.............................................. 00.90 Metallic iron........................................... 65.47 Phosphorus................................................. 0.039 This is counted among the richest and best ores of Missouri. The Shepherd Mountain ore is less dense and silicious than the foregoing, is easier reduced, more uniform, and both richer and purer than those given. The following series of analyses, by Mr. BLAIR, clearly prove the worth of this magnificent mineral: 1 2 3 4 Insoluble Silicious Matter........................ 5.15 6.76 Peroxide of Iron............................... 94.84 88.56 96.70 79.39 Protoxide of Iron............................... 1.80 2.97.... 24.22 Alumina........................................... 1.55........ Lime....................................... 0.35........ Magnesia................................. 0.04....... Manganese......................................... 0.00...... Copper..................................... trace..... 0.00 Sulphur................................ 0.00 0.00.0 0.000 0.00 Phosphoric Acid............................... 0.025 0.039 0.032 0.038 100.269 Metallic Iron................................ 66.52 64.31 67.69 66.63 Phosphorus.................................... 00.017 0.014 0.017 INSOLUBLE SILICIOUS MATTER. Silica.......................................... 4.05 5.98.... Peroxide of Iron................................... 0.07... Alumina................................ 0.46....... Lime................................................ 0.12........ Magnesia........................ 0.05.... - Specific gravity.................................. 4.714...... 488 IRON ORE REGIONS OF TIE UNITED STATES. 1. Average sample of ore from the upper part of the central vein. Miagnetic. Streak dark red. 2. Average sample of ore from the lower part of the central vein, about 80 feet below the out-crop. Slightly magnetic. Streak dark red. 3. Soft, friable ore from the same place. 4. IHard, black ore from the northern vein. Strongly magnetic. Streak black. An analysis made of Pilot Knob pig iron, made from the admixture of these ores, fully demonstrated its value for BESSEMEr, purposes. This gaveSulphur.................................................... 0.017 Phosphorus................................................ 0.062 Silicon.............................................. 2.24 This sample was made from two-thirds Pilot Knob, and one-third Shepherd Mountain. While practically, for manufacturing purposes, free from sulphur and phosphorus, the amount of silicon is exactly that desired in BESSEMER pig metal. The Buford Mountain ore may, however, be looked upon as the rarest, and intrinsically the most valuable, ore of the region, in view of the demands of the future. The following analyses, made by Mr. IEGIS CIIAUVENET, of St. Louis, from an average sample, give its peculiarities: Insoluble matter.................................... 8.54 per cent. Peroxide of iron.................................. 68.30 " Peroxide of manganese.......................... 19.46 " Sulphur............................................. 0.011 Phosphoric acid...................................... 0.102 Giving: Metallic iron...............4.................. 47.8 per cent. Metallic manganese............................... 12.3 " Phosphorus........................................ 0.0-4 Here we have the exact requirements for spiegeleisen, the species of pig metal now largely imported for the recarbonization of the BESSEMER metal, after the oxidation of the carbon by the pneumatic process. Spiegel is described as a pig metal, formerly produced by charcoal out of manganiferous iron ores, and which breaks into more or less large mirror-like facets; hence the name "looking-glass iron." This singular peculiarity is due to the presence of 10 to 12 per cent. of manganese (note percentage of metallic manganese in above analysis, 12.3 per cent.). On this metal the BESSEMER process depends for its success, and this iron commands always from $15 to $20 above the price of the pig metal from which the BESSEMER steel is made. The only spiegel made in the United States is at Newark, by the New Jersey Zinc Company, but it is of less purity than that imported, which comes principally from IRhenish Prussia, the original site of its production having been at the Musen-Stahlberg Iron Works. Here it IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 489 was produced in small charcoal furnaces 35 feet high with 9 feet boshes, worked with hot blast at a temperature of from 3000 to 480~ Fahr., the tuyeres being 21- inches in diameter, and the blast pressure about 1~ to 1 lbs. per square inch. The consumption of charcoal was 108 to 120 lbs. to the 100 pounds of pig metal, the spathic ores yielding from 38 to 40 per cent. iron. Later, spiegeleisen was produced with coke, and has since been. But we are thus particular in speaking of the earlier production of spiegel with charcoal, because in this locality, here noted, would appear to be the exact site designed by nature for the erection of BESSEMEn works. Here are abundant supplies of ore for making the requisite pig metal, with 2 per cent. of silicon; here also are supplies of the manganiferous ores, only possible to be used in the production of this necessary recarbonizer, since the production of the alloy known as ferro-manganese, the only substitute for spiegel, is costly and uncertain. In connection with these ores is also a general supply of timber for charcoal; and while we earnestly call the attention of foreign capital to the grand opportunity here offered for an extremely profitable manufacture of a specialty, we also note for the benefit of the owners of these or similar ores, the exact dimensions of the stacks of the Musen-Stahlberg Works, where spiegel was so successfully made with charcoal, viz.: Height of stack................................35 feet. Height of tuyeres above bottom...................... foot 3 inches. Height of hearth...........................5 feet. Height of boshes......................................9 feet 5 inches. Diameter of tunnel head.................................3 feet. Diameter of boshes................................9 feet. Diameter of upper part of hearth.................. 2 feet 8 inches. Diameter of lower part of hearth........................ 1 foot 11 inches. Diameter of tuyeres............. to 2- inches. No. of tuyeres.................................... Temperature of blast..................300~ to 480~ Fahr. Pressure of blast.........................1 to 13 lbs. per square inch. Consumption of charcoal.............. 118 to 120 lbs. to 100 lbs. pig metal. This was done with spathic ores yielding by furnace working 38 to 40 per cent iron. For the benefit of other owners of manganiferous ores in any section of the United States-and they are more or less numerous-we append to the description of the ores of this State an account of the present and most successful method, now in vogue in Rhenish Prussia, for the production of spiegeleisen with coke, including the dimensions of the furnace and proportions of the charge of ore and flux. If we can thus induce our iron manafacturers to engage in the production, at home, of this prerequisite of the pneumatic process of steel making, we shall be amply repaid for the labor of collecting the necessary information. The Iron Mountain ore is, as previously stated, a nearly pure peroxide of iron, containing about seventy per cent. metallic iron, and almost free from any mixture of impurities. It is owned by the Iron Mountain Company, of St. Louis, the officers of whom are: President, EDWARD HARRISON; Vice-President, CHONTEAU MAFFIT; Secretary, CHAS.. A. PILLEY. The property embraces 36,000 acres of land, of which the Iron Mountain forms the main iron de 490 IRON ORE lOEGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. posit so far as known. The Iron Mountain has eight cuts, and is worked regularly by 965 men as miners; extra hands and common laborers increase the force engaged to 1,286. Heretofore the shipments from this deposit have been made via the Iron Mountain Railroad to Carondelet, the shipping point on the Mississippi River. Within the past year a railroad has, however, been commenced, to run from a point on the river opposite Chester; Illinois, to the Iron Mountain. Chester is sixty-five miles distant from St. Louis and fortyseven miles from Iron Mountain, and the railroad will furnish additional facilities for shipment of the ore, which have been restricted over the Iron M/ountain Railroad. The oie shipment in 1871 from the Iron Mountain Company was 262,447 tons. In 1872, 371,474 tons were shipped, or an increase of 108,997 tons over 1871. This ore in 1872, was distributed as follows: Tennessee............................................... 1,660 tons. Missouri.......................................... 143,431 " Illinois............................................... 5,025 " Indiana................................................. 32,011 " Virginia, by rail......................................... 53,626" Ohio and Pennsylvania, by river...........................135,21 " 371,474 The product for 1873 did not exceed, if quite equal, that of 1872, owing to the falling off in demand for the last quarter of the year, caused by the panic in September. The product of the Missouri iron mines for 1873 is stated at 368,794 gross tons. In 1872 the price of Iron Mountain ore was $5.50 per ton at Carondelet. January 1st, 1873, it was advanced to $10.00 per ton at Carondelet, which, with river freight, made this ore cost fromt $16 to $17 per ton at Pittsburgh. Since the panic, and the lessened consumption attendant thereon, the price for 1874 has been reduced, and will not, it is said, rule above $8 at Carondelet. This ore is largely used among Western rolling mills as fettling for the puddling furnace, under the title of" cold fix." This cold fix is the subject of a patent to two iron-workers of Pittsburgh, and consists in the ore ground to a powder in an ore mill, and mixed with water to the consistence of mortar. It is applied to the lining of the puddling furnace some three inches thick, generally at the completion of the "turn" of five heats, and with slight additions keeps the furnace in good fettle for the next turn. The quantity used varies from 800 to 1,000 lbs. of fix to the ton of metal puddled; and it is in general favor with mill men, as furnishing a reliable body on which to puddle, or rather boil, the iron, the former style of puddling being no longer in vogue. The advantages claimed for it are economy of coal consumed, as against the method of fettling with lumps of ore, and melting them into place, superior duration of the furnace, owing to better protected plates and a better quality of iron compared with either lump ore or soapstone lining, the latter becoming sometimes mingled with the iron to its injury. Moreover, it is claimed that loss of iron is lessened, and in some cases a gain made, as is natural from the quantity of ore used, and that the iron reduced from the lining during the boiling process is more thoroughly smelted and mingled with the charge than in lump ore fettling. The expense is, however, considerable, when as at Pittsburgh the ore costs $17 per ton at mill, or say $18 in the furnace, but IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 491 when properly fettled the furnace will occasionally stand without refettling for two turns or ten heats. Allusion has been made to this process here, since the subject of puddling in ore has lately attracted much attention in Great Britain, where " cold fix " has never yet been introduced. In addition to the Iron Mountain ores and others named, some good hematites are found at the Irondale Works.* In this region, on the line traversed by the Iron Mountain Railroad, is the Lewis Mountain, owned by JOHN HOGAN, R. ALLEN, and J. M. LEEDS. This includes 300 acres of land in Arcadia, and contains specular ore very similar in character to Swedish ore. This mine is thought to be of great value. Near it, and owned by the same company, is Leeds Mountain, containing veins of both specular and hematite ores. South of the Iron Mountain Railroad, on the Arkansas Branch, there are numerous deposits awaiting development, and which are accessible to the railroad. Many of them belong to individuals, who would sell at a fair price, as they lack the means to work them. A large deposit of hematite ore lies in Township 36, Range 3, which has recently been acquired by a company in St. Louis. They paid only about two dollars an acre, and will commence work immediately. This property lies between Annapolis and Des Arc, south of Des Arc and north of Poplar Bluff, on the same line of road, and sufficiently near to make available the large deposits of iron. Immense quantities of ore are found on the St. Francis River, at the north of Indian Ford. Wayne and Bollinger counties in South-eastern Missouri are known to contain numerous and extensive deposits of iron, lead, and copper. Excellent clay for making queensware lies all through that section of country, awaiting the miner and mechanic, labor, brain, and capital. On the main line of the Iron Mountain Railroad there are, besides the great zinc mines at La Motte, various deposits of iron, as at Frederickstown, Marqnand, Glenallen, Cornwall, and other places too numerous to mention. Along the line of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, previously alluded to, there are very rich and abundant although less known deposits of iron ore, because of later discovery. The first of these is at the Moselle Furnace in Franklin County, fifty miles from St. Louis. These mines produce blue specular and red and brown hematites. There are four mines in all worked in the Moselle tract, with numerous veins giving indications of good ore, but as yet undeveloped. At the Scotia Iron Works,* situated seven miles from Leesburg, there are red oxide and blue specular ores mixed, and known as Maramec ore, to distinguish it from the Iron Mountain ore. This is taken from a bank within 1,000 feet of the furnace, and is said to contain 66 per cent. metallic iron. Another bank owned by the same company, three miles distant, indicates a deposit similarly rich. The Maramec Mines are one-third of a mile distant from Maramec Iron Works, which are located six miles south of the railroad at Maramec Spring. This is, the same as at the Scotia, a red oxide and blue specular. The same owners work other mines, viz., Beaver Mines, 120 * See Blast Furnaces of Missouri. 62 492 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE- UNITED STATES. miles from St. Louis, on the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad; Buckland Mines, 119 miles from St. Louis, on same railroad; Hancock Mines, 144 miles from St. Louis, three miles from same railroad; and Moccasin Bend Mines, 135 miles from St. Louis, two miles from the railroad. Some 50,000 tons of ore are shipped from these annually, the character being the sane as Maramec. It makes a soft, strong, tough, neutral iron, in high favor for car wheels, boiler plates, wire, and steel. The same owner, Mr. WM. JAMES, leases the Benton Creek and Cherry Valley Mines to the Maramec Iron Mining Co. These mines are supposed to be next in importance, as to quantity of ore, to the Iron Mountain deposit, and the iron made from any of these ores for general uses is claimed to be superior to any made elsewhere in the United States. The iron region on the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad extends as far as Richland, this side of Springfield, and beyond Springfield it sets in again. The Buckland Mine, which lies between Rolla and the Gasconade River, five miles from Rolla, is connected with the main line by a narrow gauge railroad. A track is now built to the Beaver Mines, four miles from the road. The Moselle bank is eight miles from the Beaver switch. About 30 tons a day are now hauled by wagons, but its fullest capacity has not yet been developed. A fine deposit of ore, three miles south-west of Jerome, only partly opened, indicates red oxide, which lies generally in the same banks with blue specular. The Gasconade River has been surveyed by the Government, with the view of making it navigable, and the engineer speaks favorably of the contemplated improvement, as it would enable small steamers to bring down the ore to the Missouri River, ten miles above Iermann. As previously stated, immense deposits of specular ore, highly magnetic, were discovered in the Gasconade River, during the summer of 18T3. The Grover bank is situated on the Cuba and Saline branch, and shows 14 feet face of blue specular. The Jerome and Arlington bank, 80 acres in extent, is already opened. The ore is brown hematite. Five miles below Arlington is another excellent bank, claimed to contain blue specular. This property, 40 acres in extent, was recently sold for $1,000. One iron ore mine was opened in St. James, in 1866, which yielded 62,000 tons, but it is not mined now. In his exploration, Prof. WHITE found that the iron ore in Crawford and Phelps Counties is more generally diffused than in Dent, but the deposits in Dent (among others the Mount Range) are of larger dimensions. Prof. C. P. WILLIAMS, Director of the School of Mines, at Rolla, Missouri, has furnished some highly valuable analyses of ores found in Phelps County.* Of these we extract the following: SEC. 20, T. 37, R. 8. Mixed spathic iron and limonite, with some blue specular ore; powder slightly magnetic, but less so than any.of the previous specimens. Sample dried at 102~ C. yields: * Contribution to a knowledge of the Iron Ores of Missouri. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 493 Ferric oxide............................ 45.968 per cent. (yielding metallic iron, 32.177). Ferrous oxide....................................... 18.988 " (yielding metallic iron, 14.767). Phosphoric acid.............................. 0.281 (containing phosphorus, 0.122). Lime.......................... 0.289 " Magnesia........................... trace. Silicic acid........................... 1.159 " Sulphur............................. trace. Carbonic acid and combined water................. not estimated. Total percentage metallic iron........................ 46.944 SEC. 30, T. 37, R. 7. Brownish-red ore, mixed with the blue specular, and containing brown hematite with some little spathic iron. Analysis of the dry ore (No. 14): Ferric oxide......................................... 76.521 per cent. (containing metallic iron, 53.564). Ferrous oxide....................................... 0.880 " (containing metallic iron, 0.684.) Alumina................................ 0.857 " Manganous oxide.................................... 0.569 " Lime............................................ 1.659 " Magnesia............................................ 0.183 Silicic acid.....................13.7I1 " Phosphoric acid..................................... 0121 (containing phosphorus, 0.052). Sulphur............................................ 0.004 Carbonic acid.<............................... trace. Combined water................................... 5.348 " 99.913 Total per centage of metallic iron................... 54.248 SEC. 15, T. 37, R. 8 (No. 15). Mixed blue specular, spathic iron and limonite; magnetic particles. Specific gravity, 4.164. Result of dried sample: 494 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. Ferric oxide.................................... 82.272 per cent. (yielding metallic iron, 57.590). Ferrous oxide........................................ 5.985 " (yielding metallic iron, 4.608). Alumina.................................. 0.148 " Manganous oxide..................................... 026 0. Lime......................................... 82 Magnesia......................... none. Silicic acid *...................................... 6.316 Carbbnic acid........................................ 4.356 Sulphur........................................... 0.020 Phosphoric acid...................................... 0.327 " (containing phosphorus, 0.142). Combined water........................................ 0.881 102.363 Total percentage metallic iron.................................. 62.198 SEc. 1, T. 35, R. 9 (No. 16). Brownish-red, soft ore, showing pyrolusite. Analysis of ore dried at 102~ C.: Ferric oxide.................................. 91.705 per cent. (yielding metallic iron, 64.194). Ferrous oxide........................... 0.492 " (yielding metallic iron, 0.383). Alumina.............................. trace. Lime................................. 0.881 " Magnesia............,........................... none. Manganous oxide..................................... 0.92 Silicic acid........................................ 6.494 Carbonic acid..................................... none. Sulphur........................................... 0.061 Phosphoric acid........................... 0.376 (yielding phosphorus, 0.177). Combined water................................... trace. 100.936 Total percentage metallic iron......................... 64.577 The silicic acid in this analysis is excessive, from the fact that the alkaline carbonates used in the fusion con* tained a small amount of silica. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 495 SEc. 26, T. 36, R. 7 (No. 17). Blue specular mixed with brownish-red hematite, and containing some limonile and spathic iron: Ferric oxide..................................... 89.684 per cent. (containing metallic iron, 62.779). Ferrous oxide..................................... 0.684 " (containing metallic iron, 0.527). iManganons oxide................................. 0.252 " Alumina.......................0.199 " Lime............................................... 09 " Lime..2.097 MVIagnesia......................................... trace. Silicic acid.................................... 2.951 Phosphoric acid........................ 0.249 (containing phosphorus, 0.109). Sulphur.............................................. trace. Carbonic acid.........................not estimated. Combined water.................... Total percentage metallic iron........................ 63.306 SEC. 33, T. 38, R. 6. Mamillary and concretionary, with concentric layers, the central one being the blue specular variety, the second of tJhe brownish-red hematite, and the outer one a thin coating of brown hematite, probably limonite. Analysis of the ore (No. 18) dried at 102~ C.: Ferric oxide................................84.463 per cent. (yielding metallic iron, 59.124). Ferrous oxide................................... 0783 (yielding metallic iron, 0.609). Alumina..................................278 " Manganous oxide...................... 0.360 Lime................................. trace. Magnesia............... 0.114 Silicic acid..................................... 6.686 " Phosphoric acid......................... 0.153 (containing phosphorus, 0.066). Sulphur............................................. 0.050 Carbonic acid................................. trace. Combined water.................................... trace. 99.987 Total percentage of metallic iron...................... 59.733 496 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. SEC. 29, T. 38, R. 6 (No. 19). Finely granular, compact, brownish-red ore. Dried at 102~ C., the ore yields: Ferric oxide..................................... 49.245 per cent. (containing metallic iron, 34.471). Ferrous oxide..................................... 1.203 " (containing metallic iron, 0.926). Alumina............................................. none. Manganous oxide.................................... 0.213 " Magnesia......................................... none. Phosphoric acid...................................... 0.109 " (yielding phosphorus, 0.047). Sulphur....................................... 0.022 Carbonic acid..................................... 0.530 " Combined water..........................0.087 " Silicic acid........................................... 46.330 " Lime............................................... 0.34 " Lime....... 0.374 98.113 Total percentage metallic iron........................... 35.397 RELATION AND INFLUENCE OF THE CONSTITUENTS. PER CENTAGE OF METALLIC IRON. In the present undeveloped condition of most of the beds furnishing the specimens which have been analyzed, no samples could be obtained that might be relied upon as representing an average of their respective deposits. Necessarily, therefore, the results cannot be taken as absolutely safe guides to the formation of an opinion on the matter of the furnace or assay yield of the ores from the different beds. But it should be stated, that the specimens were casual ones-taken irrespective of the apparent richness or poorness in iron; so that, bearing this in mind, the analyses may be of some value as indices to the availability of the deposits as sources of ores either for local use or for transportation. CONDITION OF OXIDATION, ETC. All the ores analyzed are essentially ferric oxide, containing, when pure, 70 per cent. of metallic iron. The variations below this are to be ascribed to the admixture or combination of the other constituents named. However, most of the specimens contained a small amount of ferrous oxide (protoxide, containing, when pure, 77.77 per cent. metallic iron), which has the effect of proportionally increasing the yield. This protoxide exists in combination with the ferric oxide-forming a chalcolite (copper pyrites). In the superfi IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 497 cial portions of the beds, when the ores have been measurably hydrated-as before described-the chalcolite has also been superficially changed, and is found coated with azurite and malachite (blue and green basic carbonates of copper). In one or two instances these cupriferous occurrences are of sufficient extent to promise a yield of copper great enough to constitute an incidental product of some considerable commercial value, though in no one case yet known are the deposits of sufficient extent, or so promising in continuity as to warrant special mining operations thereon. Fortunately for the reputation of the ores from the district, the segregation of the copper into distinct veins or masses seems to have been most complete. In but one instance did the ores whose characters we have examined, yield even a trace of copper, though operating in each case (specifically for copper) with amounts of 20 grammes and upwards. If this fact holds good throughout, hand-sorting, somewhat carefully conducted, will be either a provision against the influence of copper in the iron produced from these ores, or will reduce the active effects of this foreign matter to a scarcely note-worthy degree. It must, however, be borne in mind that copper to the amount of 0.2 per cent. is generally regarded as being not injurious to cast iron; while a limited quantity, even greater than that, is said to render the iron stronger and tougher. Puddling does not remove it, but even in malleable iron, as is contended by some, its injurious effects are over-rated.* ARSENIC. The limited amount of time allowed for these investigations, and its fragmentary character, prevented any extended investigation into the presence or absence of arsenic in the ores analyzed. Thus far only two samples have been satisfactorily and carefully examined qualitatively, and no arsenic was detected. Pyrites, from a segregation in the deposit from which samples Nos. 8 and 13 were taken, showed arsenic in small amounts, and would warrant the expectation of finding at least traces of this metal in some of the ores. The subject of the iron ores of Missouri would furnish material for an extended treatise, and their quality and characteristics would not be exhausted. There are very many inducements in favor of the investment of capital in this State in iron-making. The soil is rich and fertile, timber, water, and limestone abundant, fire clay and building stone also. Great mineral wealth in lead and zinc ores, possibly tin ores, china and porcelain clays, manganese, etc., all exist. Most of these minerals are profitably worked. St. Louis is the key of the south-western river navigation, and holds almost as important a position to railroads as Chicago. The whole of the Great Basin, lying this side the Rocky Mountains and beyond them, the territory to and including the Pacific coast, is to be supplied with iron and steel. If better ores, or as good, exist, they have not yet been discovered further west. For the production of BESSEMER steel, it is not exaggeration to say that no similar advantages are offered elsewhere in the world, while the market for rails in the future must be constant and active here and both east and west, at prices which offer remunerative profits. All these advantages combined merit the attention of foreign capital desirous of engaging in profitable and uninterrupted iron-making. * Consult on this matter Kerl's " Handbuch der Hullenkunde," Vol. 3, pages 53 and 54 (2d edition). 498 IRON O1E REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. THE MANUFACTURE OF SPIEGELEISEN WITH COKE FUEL IN PRUSSIA.@ In Rhenish Prussia are some large and well-conducted iron-manufacturing establishments (in the vicinity of Dusseldorf and Duisberg), where, during 1860, the first trials were made of producing spiegeleisen with coke as the fuel. These first trials were a total failure, but by the skill of highly experienced men the problem was at last solved, and there are at the present time some eight or ten large blast furnaces, each producing daily some 30 tons of this valuable and peculiar pig metal. The iron ores used are of four different kinds-First: Red hematite, a very pure ore from the beds existing on the Lahn, a large tributary of the Rhine, in Nassau. Of this ore there are two varieties, a harder and compact mineral associated with a calcareous gangue, and a softer and pulverulent hematite. Both varieties are entirely free from sulphur and phosphorus, containing from 3 to 4 per cent. of manganese, a small percentage of alumina, water, and silica. The presence of carbonate of lime in the body of the compact ore gives it a pecular character, and renders it eminently fitted for mixing with other silicious ores, there being in the ore 50 per cent. of iron and from 10 to 15 per cent. of carbonate of lime. This ore is very economic in smelting, owing to the presence of lime flux in the most favorable conditions. The soft, pulverulent ore is richer, yielding 55 to 58 per cent. of metallic iron in the practical working of the furnace. Both kinds are easily reduced. Second: The products from decomposition of the specular ore-the German " brauneisenstein "-of similar favorable constitution, and equally free from obnoxious admixture. It contains some water chemically combined (2Fe2O', 3HO), is porous in structure, yields about 50 to 54 per cent. of iron, and is more easily reduced than any other ore. Third: Excellent spathic iron ore from the vicinity of Musen (Stahlberg), in which a certain proportional part of the iron-from 8 to 14 per cent. -is replaced by manganese. All the spathic ores (FeO, CO') contain a trace of sulphur, and therefore require calcination. The calcination is effected in kilns. By distributing it in alternate layers with waste coal, the ore is rendered porous and easily broken into small pieces, whereby it is more easily acted upon in the smelting furnace. The chemical constitution of the ore in the crude state is MnO, CO2 +4 FeO, CO2 oxide of iron, 49.01; oxide of manganese, 12.43; carbonic acid, 38.56. The oxide of iron represents 37.85 per cent. of metallic iron. By the calcining process the ore is changed into-sesquioxide of iron, 81.89 (representing 56.78 metallic iron), and sesquioxide of manganese, 18.11 per cent. Fourth: An aluminous ore used for admixture with the others to make a good-natured slag. These deposits of ore are from 80 to 100 miles distant from the works, and are easily accessible by navigation and byrail. The flux used is a very pure carbonate of lime, obtained in the vicinity of the iron-works from the borders of a small creek, the Dussell, the constituents of which are-carbonate of lime, 98.00; silica, 1.50; hygroscopic water, 0.50. As a reducing agent coke is used, the bituminous coals being purified prior to their application to the blast furnaces. The coals are from the vicinity of the iron-works, and the ores are brought thither, for it is always cheaper to bring the iron ores to the coal than the coal to the ores. They contain a good deal of slate, and from 5 to 1 per cent. of sulphur; and to eliminate these noxious adherents, they are subjected to a very careful process of grinding (to the size of a hazel nut) and separating by means of water, there being a difference between the specific gravity of pure coal on the one hand, and the slate and * Manufacture of Spiegeleisen (specular or glittering iron, by Hugh Hartmann. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 499 sulplur on the other-that i>, the coal is 1.21 to 1.51; the slate, 2.64 to 2.7; and the sulphur, 1.96 to 2.05. Having been subjected to this process, the coals are coked in closed furnaces, the charge of each furnace consisting of 120 scheffel (bushels), covering the bottom of the furnace to a height of 18. or 20 inches. The coking process lasts 36 hours, and furnishes from 57 to 60 per cent. of coke by weight of porous cellular character sufficiently firm to hold up the burden of the furnace, and containing 8 to 10 per cent. of ashes of a reddish-white or gray color. The volatile carbonic matter of the coals, after having been used to heat the partitions and floors of the coking furnaces, are sufficient to heat the steam boilers. The air blast is supplied by two 80 horse horizontal engines, manufactured by the Seraing Works, maintaining four blast furnaces, and one vertical 100 horse engine for fifth furnace, and for reserve. The blast is regulated by being passed through a reservoir 200 ft. long and 6 ft. diameter-4,654 cubic feet. The principal dimensions of the horizontal engines are-diameter steam cylinder, 3 ft. 3 in.; diameter blast-air cylinder, 7 ft. 6 in.; length of steam cylinder, 6 ft.; each revolution of the fly-wheel would therefore give 1,060 cubic feet only; 18 or 19 revolutions per minute, allowing 12 per cent. for loss by leakage, 16,800 cubic feet. The vertical engine has-diameter of steam cylinder, 3 ft. 3 in.; length of cylinder, T ft. 9 in.; diameter of blast-air cylinder, 8 ft. By 13 revolutions per minute, there will be 18,000 cubic feet of air, less 10 per cent. for leakage. Before being forced into the furnace, the blas air is heated by means of the gases escaping from the mouth of the furnace, and collected there by means of a special apparatus. It is found that two heating apparatuses are sufficient to heat the blast air of each furnace. There are 52 pipes in each apparatus of the shape represented, each pipe being divided, as will be seen, by means of a partition into two parts, so that the blast air may ascend and descend in each pipe. The latter are each from 10 ft. to 12 ft. long; the surface exposed to the fire is 2,420 square feet, and the cubic contents of the 52 pipes is 460 cubic feet. The dimensions of the blast furnaces, there being two groups of stacks, are: No. 1. No. 2. Height of furnaces............................. 54 ft. 0 in. 54 ft. 0 in. Diameter of tunnel head......................... 8 8 9 6 Diameter of boshes............................. 15 2 15 3The bottom and lower parts of the hearth up to three feet above the tuyeres are built with pudding-stone from Marchin, in the Ardennes, Belgium; and for the upper hearth, boshes, and tunnel of the furnace, Ardennes fire-clay bricks are used. It must be remembered-for this was what caused so much trouble and meditation to the iron masters-that spiegeleisen is chemically composed of four parts iron with one part carbon (Fe4 ), and that the combination is only formed during the period of the smelting process which follows immediately after deoxidation of the iron ores. To fulfil the conditions under which this combination of iron and carbonic matter can take place, it is absolutely necessary that the mixture of ores and flux be of the most fusible nature, so as to allow of the accumulation of the charge-in proportion to a fixed amount of coke-to such a degree that the smelting and. separation of the iron from the slag occurs at a point as near as possible to the tuyeres. It is safe to say that this separation, when resulting at a higher place in the hearth, would give too great an opportunity for the carbonic acid gas to carry off some of the carbonic 63 500 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. matter from the iron, changing itself into carbonic oxide, and reducing at the same time the constitution of the spiegeleisen (Fe4C) to a lower grade of carbonization. The temperature at which the specular iron melts is calculated —3582~ Fahr. It is, therefore, found necessary that the charges should be composed of red hematite, 30 per cent.; spathic ore, 38 per cent.; decomposed brown ore, 20 per cent.; and aluminous ore, 12 per cent., yielding 40 to 50 per cent. metallic iron in the practical working of the blast furnace, and to create the needed fusible slag there was added from 32 to 40 per cent. of lime. Each charge consisted of 1,860 lbs. coke, 2,800 to 3,200 lbs. of mixed ore, and 800 to 960 lbs. of carbonate of lime. The furnace carries 35 to 40 charges in the 24 hours, and yields an average of 60,000 lbs., or 30 tons a day. For one ton of pig metal there was used two tons of iron ores, nearly 13 cwt. of fluxing materials, and 1- tons of coke. The blast air, with a temperature of 630~ to 660~ Fahr., is forced into the furnace at a pressure of 22- to 3 lbs. per square inch at the engine, and of 2.2 to 2.6 at the tuyeres. Out of the five tuyeres two are on opposite sides, and one at the rear of the furnace, each one declined a few degrees from the centre of the hearth, so as to force the blast air into a kind of whirlwind, which is considered the best way of distributing the compressed air through the smelting and combustible mass. Owing to the high temperature in the hearth, the tuyeres, and even the mass of stone forming the hearth, would not endure for any length of time, but for being provided with a circulation of water. The signs of a good working condition of the blast furnace are-the slag is nearly stony, showing a superamount of lime, only the edge being somewhat glassy; the color of the interior stony part is a light green, or greenish yellow, covered on the outside with a thin brown coat; the slag flows steadily and easily over the sandstone, even to a considerable distance, proving thereby not only its own fluidity and warmth, but also the existence of the desired and necessary heat in the hearth of the furnace. The furnace is tapped every eighlt hours, and the forepart of the hearth, as far as the tuyeres, is cleaned once during the time. The tuyeres are always clean and bright, and very seldom require a mechanical cleaning. The flame escaping from the tunnel head of the furnace is without any smoke, not very hot, and of a light reddish-blue color, a hot red flame indicating a change in the working of the furnace. If the mouth of the furnace be closed by means of an apparatus for utilizing the gases to heat the blast air, they never show a temperature greater than between 140~ and 170~ Fahr. The metallic iron runs into large channels formed in sand, which are covered as soon as possible with a layer of dry sand, to retard its cooling, thereby producing facets of a larger and brighter form, sometimes as large as the palm of the hand. The cold pig metal is very brittle and sonorous; the surface of the casts are concave, the fracture representing the silvery facets and its mean specific gravity of 1,500~ Fahr. If the slag be too infusible, there will not be heat enough in the furnace to produce Fe4C, or even to reduce the ores. The signs of a coming disaster like this, are indicated by a slag which bears a glassy appearance throughout the whole mass. This crude slag is at first very fusible, cools very quickly, and, after a few hours, flows very slowly and thickly over the damstone, the tuyeres become darker, and the flame at the tunnel head is very red and hot. The best remedy in such a case is less blast air, a few charges of coke only, and smaller charges of ore. If the mixture of flux and ore be too fusible, then the ores will melt before they are entirely reduced; the slag cannot protect the iron from combustion in IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 501 the vicinity of the tuyeres, and it will, therefore, be reduced to FeO, which renders a dark black slag. The tuyeres will be clear, but not clean, requiring frequent mechanical clearing. The forming of a mass of unreduced ores and slag takes place in the centre of the furnace, which one cannot see on account of the bridle tuyeres, but which can be easily observed by means of an iron bar thrust into the furnace through the openings in the tuyeres. The first indications of such a crude working state of a furnace are found in a quicker irregular going down of the charges at the mouth of the furnace, and in this case the remedy is less blast air, but at a higher pressure, folrcing the charges to go down more slowly until there is found opportunity to change the mixture of fluxing materials. The constitution of the mixture, where it is not fusible enough, produces a black slag, indicating that the same takes up iron in the vicinity of the tuyeres, hindering its reduction, the heat decreasing in the furnace. The best remedy for this state of affairs is more blast air, with the same width of nose pipes, less ore and flux. The first development of spiegeleisen manufacturing, by means of coke, was attended by many difficulties, which at times seemed insurmountable, and when at last it was definitely known that the science of metallurgy had overcome the greatest obstacles, there still remained in the minds of iron masters an aversion to the new metal. The iron had to be introduced into the markets and its merits made known, and iron masters, reluctant to experiment with a material of such a different quality from that which they had been accustomed to use, required very great inducements to try it. The first thing was to test its value and bring it to the favorable notice of the iron masters; experiments were nlade, and proved that its freedom from sulphur and phosphorus on the one hand, and the presence of manganese on the other, produced a metal unequalled in value by any known to commerce, except the small quantity produced by means of charcoal. Quantities of the new iron were soon introduced into the rolling-mills and other works, and the unanimous verdict of all who tried it was to the effect that it was preferable to the best iron previously known, and the only kind that would enable BESSEMER steel manufacturers successfully to carry out that process. Ever since that time the demand has exceeded the supply. Iron Ore Region of Nw Jersey. New Jersey is rich in iron ores; which have been worked from pre-revolutionary dates, and still furnish the main dependence of the great furnace companies of the Lehigh Valley for admixture with the hematites of their region. The ores of New Jersey are almost entirely magnetic oxides with some specular peroxide, and some lifmonites, but even these rather mingled with the magnetic ores than as separate deposits. The magnetic oxides are similar to those of Lake Champlain but of finer grain, compact, smooth and lustrous. These ores lie in the counties of Sussex, Passaic, AMorris, and Warren, and are included. within an area of less than four hundred square miles. Some of these mines have been worked for over a century and a half, and formerly furnished the ores for the largest proportion of iron made in the United States. They are in many cases still worked in the same localities as originally opened, with no sign of exhaustion. The principal magnetic oxides worked by the Lehigh Companies of Pennsylvania, are located near Rockaway and Dover. About three miles north-east of Rockaway is the Hibernia AMine, producing some 24,000 tons a month, 502 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. and employing some 500 men. This mine is worked at one part by the Bethlehem Iron Company of Pennsylvania, and in another by the Glendon Iron Company, of Easton, Pennsylvania, and the Andover Iron Company, at Phillipsburg, New Jersey.* The Mount Hope Mine is located three miles north-west of Rockaway, and produces an average of 20,000 tons a month, employing 400 men. This mine is worked by the Lackawanna Iron Company. Near Dover are the Dickerson and Baker Mines, both worked by the ) lientown Iron Company. The Huff Mine is also in this locality. In the same region are the Irondale and Richmond Mines, formerly worked by the Sussex Iron Company, now by the Thomas Iron Company, of Hokendauqla, Pennsylvania. Two hundred men are employed at these mines. The Crane Iron Company, of Catasauqua, Pennsylvania, works six mines, the Randall Hill, Pequest, Danville, Schofield, Baker, and Irondale. Of these several are very productive mines. From the Danville Mine for the three months ending with September, 1873, 5,700 tons of ore were taken and shipped to the company's furnaces at Catasauqua, viz.: in July, 2,200; in August, 1,737; and in September, 1,759. In October the production was curtailed to 1,600 tons, on account of the financial troubles. The Oxford Furnace ores are black magnetic, yielding from 45 to 60 per cent., and have been worked since before March, 1743, at which date the old furnace of this company, n1w a limekiln, was blown in. Pigs of the early iron, bearing date 1745, are still kept at this furnace. The deposits of ore here are very extensive, and the iron produced from thlce ores has always been celebrated for quality. The Andover Mine (specular ore) formerly largely worked by the old Andover Iron Company, is situated at Waterloo. The ore analyzed: Peroxide iron................................ 7..6.99 Silica....................... 8.04 Carbonate of lime...................................... 8.14 Carbonate magnesia............................................ 3.74 Alumina...................................78 Manganese...... @ -- O.............................. trace. MIetallic iron............................................... 53.89 The old Andover Company became broken up, and this mine was neglected until 184T, when ABRAM S. HEWITT and PETER COOPER, of New York, with EDWARD COOPER, son of PETER COOPER, built the furnaces of the present Andover Iron Company, at Phillipsburg, to run on these ores. New Jersey contains in addition to the ores mentioned here, one of the most curious and refractory ores of the country in the Franklinite Magnetic ore of the Walkill Mountain. This ore is a black ore, with 66 per cent. peroxide of iron, 16 per cent. of zinc and 17 per cent. red oxide of manganese. This ore has been a mystery to many smelters, and the subject of several patent processes. The Franklin Iron Company works a magnetic ore near here, and the Franklin ore above mentioned is used by the New Jersey Zinc Company, which also makes a grade of spiegeleisen from it, which is not considered as pure as that imported. The Franklinite * See Blast Furnaces of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 503 iron made from this ore is used for purposes requiring great strength and hardness, as burglar proof safes, etc. New Jersey has not engaged as extensively in the iron business as would have been supposed from the great extent and purity of her magnetic ores, but this is rather from the fact that they worked better as admixtures than alone. The mixing of these ores has brought large amounts of capital into the State, and will continue for years a source of great profit. The iron mines of New Jersey yielded in 1873, 670,000 tons of ore, of which 150,000 were manufactured into pig iron in the State. The value of the product is about $3,000,000. In 1867, the product of the mines was only 300,000 tons. The Iron Ore Rgions of eow York. This State has been celebrated for the variety and quality of various ores in very numerous localities, but especially for the magnetic and specular ores of the Lake Champlain region, which have supplied not only the furnaces of her own but other States, and furnished to all of the rolling mills east of the Alleghanies the material requisite for fettling or lining the plates df the puddling furnace. So important have these ores become to the rollingmill owners of the east, that they are contracted for at the opening of each year, and orders not in the hands of the ore-bed owners by a certain date receive no attention. The shipments amounted to very considerable quantities, as is shown by the following table of the production of 1872, viz.: Tons. Witherbees, Sherman & Co. from their own mines, and as agents of Port Henry Iron Ore Co........................ 270,000 Cheever Ore Bed Co................................. 60,000 Witherbees & Co. (New Ore Bed)......................... 15,000 Mark Smith......................... 15,000 Fisher Ore Bed Co.......................................... 10,000 Pilfershire Mine.................................. 5,000 Total................................................. 3 5,000 Corresponding very nearly to the shipments from the Iron Mountain of Missouri for the same year, which were 371,474 tons.* For 1873, the shipments from Lake Champlain were somewhat lighter, the panic in the fall having suspended work in most of the rolling mills and many of the furnaces of the East. The price of this ore has been steadily advancing until it culminated in 1873 at $8 per ton on board boat at the mines, costing the mills of Eastern Pennsylvania from $12 to $14 per ton, and when it is considered that from 800 to 1,000 lbs. of this ore is used for every ton of iron puddled, the addition to the cost of what is commercially termed " manufactured iron," may be imagined. For 1874, the price of these ores has been, it is said, somewhat reduced, but it is probable that with any new demand it would again advance to * See Iron Ore Regions of Missouri. 504 IRON ORE REGIONS OF TIIE UNITED STATES. or beyond former figures. Iaving noted the commercial value of the magnetic ores of Northern New York, it becomes necessary to notice them geographically and geologically. This has been thorou ghly well done by Priof. J. P. LESLEY, in whose treatise on the primary ores of New York * will be found a detailed description of each vein. To condense these we can only state the location and general characteristics for reference in a commercial point of view. The most extensive deposits of magnetic and specular ores of 2New York are in Essex and Clinton counties, but they are also found in Franklin, Jefferson, and St. Lawrence counties. In Essex and Clinton they occur in vast cliffs and ledges, in masses and veins, both as a red powder and, as now familiarly known elsewhere, as a steel-bright crystalline mass. At Crown Point, Essex County, the black magnetic oxide is 40 feet wide, and at one point 160 feet wide, and worked in an open quarry. Extensions of this bed have been opened both north and south of it. The old Crown Point vein, near Cedar Point, has been worked for nearly one hundred years, and is celebrated for its iron product. Near Port Penry the Craigharbor vein is worked, of which an analysis gives: Peroxide of iron.................................... 64.80 per cent. Protoxide of iron....................................... 24.50 " " Silica and alumina................................... Metallic iron.................. 65.23 " " North of and also near Port Henry, and a short distance from Lake Champlain, are the Cheever ore beds, yielding a very pure magnetic oxide. West of Port Henry are what was formerly known as the Sandford Ore Beds, now the property of the Port HIenry Iron Ore Company. These are located in the side of a hill 1,000 feet above the lake. Here the ore is 60 feet thick, and was formerly worked in an excavation 100 by 300 feet, and 100 feet deep. This ore is mixed with phosphate of lime, and it is a curious fact that works were once built for the manufacture of this fertilizer to the neglect of the iron ore. This is the ore which is the favorite with the rolling mills, and besides supplies many furnaces on the Hudson and elsewhere. West of this is the old Barnum vein, very soft and fine. Near these are the Hall, Everest, and Green mines, as originally known, but in late years called after present owners. These properties as may be readily supposed are in the hands of few and wealthy capitalists, and have indeed proved mines of wealth to their owners. The beautiful and romantic scenery of Lake Champlain attracts the attention of the tourist, while the foreign metallurgist or iron manufacturer desirous of forming an intelligent conception of the mineral wealth of the United States, should not fail to visit these wonderful ore deposits. The Adirondack Region, in Warren County, formerly a dense wilderness, is practically full of ore, the existence of which was revealed to a M]Tn. DAVID HIENDEPRsON, of Jersey City in 1826, while at the Elba Works. IHere is a magnetic ore bed stated to be 800 feet thick (I), but in fact of immense extent. The discovery of this ore was expected to lead to great profit, but difficulties were found in working the ore, and the region fell into discredit. Here we may be permitted a digression, as upon the workings of these ores in the future * Iron.anufaccturers' Guide, Prof. J. P. LESLEY, p. 387, etc. IRON ORE REGIONS OF TIHE UNITED STATES. 505 depends the success of many similar ores in the country. Moreover, the region has within a year or two attracted the attention of foreign capital, and it is said large purchases have been made for Sheffield account, for steel making. The entire bugbear of these ores has been the presence of titanic acid in varying quantities, but in no case in amount comparable to the titanic ores of Norway, which have been and are successfully and very profitably worked at the Norton Iron Works, in England. The Norwegian ores contain as high as 40 per cent. titanic acid, while no ores yet found in the United States equal this amount. The truth is that titanium has been a bogey to the American iron manufacturer, because of ignorance in its working, and an idea that the only way to smelt titanic ores is at the expense of the iron. At the Norton Works, in England, under Mr. JOHN PLAYER'S direction, the Norway ores with their 40 per cent. of titanic acid were worked in proportions of 2 tons of coal to 2- tons ore, with 15 cwt. of limestone and 10 cwt. of basalt rock, and with a blast temperature of about 1,000~. Mr. PLAYER was not thoroughly successful at the Norton Works, and the conduct of the smelting was later in charge of Mr. WILLIAM M. BowroN, an English metallurgist and engineer of ability, now in the United States, engaged in the introduction and construction of the Whitwell Firebrick I-Iot-blast Stove. This gentleman worked out a system of fluxes and charges by which these extremely titaniferous ores were and are successfully worked with great profit at Norton. He has frequently expressed to the writer his surprise that American iron masters shrunk from beneficiating the titanic ores of this country, and expressed the opinion that they could be worked at no greater expense than ordinary ores, with a resulting iron worth at least double the price of ordinary pig metals. It will be noted that the irons smelted from the Norway titanic ores in England command threefold the price of ordinary pig, and are used for armor plates and purposes requiring great strength, the tensile strength being, in bar sections tested, over 100,000 pounds to the square inch. It is, moreover, to be remembered that titaniferous ores are always totally free from phosphorus, and hence furnish the most desirable material for BESSEMER pig metal, while the resulting BESSEMER steel from such a pig would probably be the most valuable and strongest metal produced in the world. Titaniferous ores are abundant in the United States, not only in INew York, in the immense masses here noted, but in Virginia, North Carolina, and probably elsewhere. Heretofore entirely neglected, they present an inviting field for the profitable investment of capital. Hence we need make no apology for the digression here made, any more than in the space occupied in treating of the manganiferous ores of Missouri and the subject of spiegel making. These two specialties, that of working titaniferous ores and producing spiegel, offer to-day the greatest opportunities for profit of any branch of the iron industry in the United States. To return to the magnetic ores of New York. In Washington County there are also immense deposits of magnetic ores. Of these the Fort Ann, or " Podunk' Mine, as it is familiarly known, is very notable. This mine is situated about five miles from railroad and canal, but to connect which with it, a branch railroad is projected. It is situated 60 miles nearer the market for ores than Port Henry, and the deposit is of wonderful proportions. From recent examinations of this deposit by reliable authority, we have been informed that the mine presents a breast of ore of over 300 feet, and from 15 to 20 feet in thickness to work on, from which it is estimated 100 tons of ore can be taken daily, while there is apparently no limit to the deposit. Near these magnetic ores are fine beds of hematite ores, offering 506 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. all the requisites for admixture. Surface ore is abundant, although not so rich as that mined, but it can be put in the furnace, if one were erected on the spot, for fifty cents per ton, and it is estimated by competent parties that iron can be made here for $18 per ton, which is certainly cheaper than can be cone in any of the older regions where ores of similar quality exist. An analysis of this ore by Prof. CHANDLER, of the School of iTine-, Columbia College, gave: Magnetic oxide of iron....................................... 87.11 Silica...... -................6.16 Alumina............................................. 0.82 Lime..................................................... 1.80 M agnesia..................................................... 0.53 Chlorine and fluorine...........................traces. Phosphoric acid.............................................. 0.63 Sulphur............................................ 0.12 Moisture............................................. 2.08 100.00 Equivalent to: Metallic iron e.................................................. 63.08 Manganese....................................... 0.37 Sulphur............................................... 0.12 Phosphorus............................................. 0.27 Prof. CHANDLER said of this ore, " It is very rich in iron and very free from sulphur and phosphorus. It must be one of the very best ores of the Champlain District." Certainly the percentages of sulphur and phosphorus are so low as to indicate value for BESSEMER pig metal, and as this district is about the only portion of the Champlain Region where such ore lands can still be purchased, it deserves the earnest attention of foreign capital. Near Westport, in Essex County, and at Keene, are veins of magnetic ore. Clinton County is extremely rich in very pure magnetic oxides, which have been and are extensively worked. No less than twenty different and distinct localities are noted in this county where these excellent ores occur in large and well-defined veins. In Franklin County the magnetic ores are not so numerous, but here occurs one of the most peculiar ores of the country, so far as steel making is concerned. This is the steel ore bed four miles east of Duane, and known as Duane ore. This ore, although a magnetic oxide, has produced cast-steel tools, chisels, plane-irons, knives, etc., which, tempered in oil, make a highly useful metal, possessing most of the characteristics of steel, but not to be entirely depended on like well-made steel.' In St. Lawrence County but few magnetic ores occur, the primaries being mostly specular or peroxide. Here are magnificent specular ores and peroxides nearly pure. Some nine or ten localities are worked, principally red oxides. Numerous forges were run on the ores of Northern New York from an early day, and some fine furnaces have replaced. them, among the latest of which are the Crown Point and the Cedar Point furnaces, now just finished. * lron 3lianufacturers' Guide, page 897.. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 507 In Southern New York magnetic ores abound in Putnam, Orange, and Westchester counties, in the Highlands of the Hudson. These ores have every facility of location, water carriage, and abundant timber for reduction, but have never been as extensively worked as they deserve. Of late years, however, they have received the attention of capiital, and are in many cases yet held idle as investments or reserves by furnace companies owning other and nearer deposits of magnetites. Some of these ores have been early worked, and the ore transported long distances in south-east Putnam County. MATHER calculated a million tons were still above the water level of the Croton River, after some 150,000 tons had been taken out. Some eighteen or twenty different mines are noted with immense deposits. Near Philipstown, at the Gouverneur Mine, are titaniferous magnetites. On the Harlem Railroad, between Croton Falls and Brewers, is a splendid deposit 30 feet thick, and analyzing: Protoxide iron........... 26.30 Peroxide iron................................................ 57.00 Silica............................................ 13.10 Titanic acid................................................ 1.25 Oxide of manganese.......................................5 Sulphur............................................ 1.20 Phosphate of lime..................................40 Metallic iron............................................... 59.80 On the other side of the Hudson River, in Orange and Rockland Counties, are the continuations of the magnetic ores, which extend into New Jersey. These are found at numerous localities, and have been worked for years. Of these, the Forest of Dean Mine is said to be one of the oldest in the State, as it supplied a furnace in 1756, and for twentyone years later, until 1t77, when the furnace was abandoned. This bed is 150 feet wide, and for 70 feet down said to be solid ore. 40,000 tons had been taken from it previous to 1842. Another old mine lies south-west of Southfield Furnace, in Orange County, and was worked in 1761. This is a good ore, with 70.50 peroxide, 25.40 protoxide, 1.60 oxide manganese, and 2.50 silica. It ought to make good BESSEMER pig. The mountain mines in the same county were discovered in 1758, and worked before the Revolution, the iron being sent to England, where it was noted for its strength and polish. The Stirling Mines were discovered in 1750, and named after Lord Stirling, the owner. A furnace was erected in 1751 by WARD and COLTON, since which they have been worked, the present owners being the Stirling Iron and Railway Company, of New York. Mr. A. W. HuMPHREYs, the treasurer, must have many interesting historical records in connection with the early workings of these ores. This ore was also used for years in casting cannon. In abundance it is practically unlimited. The Clove Mine, near Monroe, is also one of the earlier and extensively worked mines, as is the O'Neil Mine, a tremendous deposit south-east of the Clove, and formerly owned by Gouverneur Kemble. In this region are the celebrated Ramapo Works, the successors of old bloomary forges of the same name, but now entirely devoted to the manufacture of railway material. By reference to the department of blast furnaces in this work, those stacks using these ores will be found. The Brown Hemzatites.-Eastern New York has a continuation of the brown hematite 64 508 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. beds of Connecticut similar to the Salisbury ore, while there are also some particularly choice deposits in Columbia and Dutchess counties. At Copake, Boston Corners, America, liopewell, and other localities, fine hematites abound, these ores supplying numerous furnaces.' The Amenia ores analyzed: Peroxide, 82.90; silica and alumina, 3.60, with a trace of manganese. In Columbia County, on the IIudson River, at a point nearly opposite Catskill, is a deposit of hematite and spathic ores closely associated, which for superior quality is unsurpassed anywhere. This is a hill of ore rising from the Hudson about 600 feet, and including some fifty acres, apparently all ore. An analysis of surface ore gave as follows: Peroxide of iron....................................... 66.37 Silica................................................ 21.71 Alumina................................................... 2.19 Lime....................................................42 W ater loss.................................................... 9.31 100.00 Subsequent analyses, made late in 1873 by Dr. WENGELL, chemist to the Rensselaer Steel Works of Messrs. JOHN A. GRISWOLD & Co., Troy, gave of sample from east opening: Metallic iron, 57.42; sulphur, 0.39; and phosphorus, 0.055. Sample from west opening: Iron, 48.22; sulphur, 0.033; and phosphorus, 0.042. The latter is a spathic ore, and both valuable BESSEMER ores. The facilities for working and shipping here are superior. The ore can be mined and put on board boats of 1,200 tons capacity for $1.50 per ton, and either taken to the Erie Railway Docks, at Newburgh, for rail transportation, or via the H-udson River to any locality. This ore commands readily $4 to $5 per ton on board at mine, and the property offers a fine opportunity for investment. It is wonderful, with such ores on the waters of the IHudson, to see English BESSEMER pig metal passing them on its way to Troy, after paying the high cost of importation. In Western New York fossil ores are found in St. Lawrence and Wayne counties, but in no very marked abundance, although they supply furnaces at Ontario and elsewhere. Carbonates are scarcely visible in New York, as may be expected from the geological formation, nor are bog ores found. The wonderful abundance of magnetic, specular, red oxide, and limonetic ores of the localities here noted are enough to attract the attention of the student as well as the capitalist. Had the iron industry occupied more of the attention of her people, New York would to-day be even more prominent and wealthy than she is; or could but a small proportion of the capital daily jeopardized in stock gambling in Wall Street be legitimately employed in developing and reducing some of these wonderful ore deposits, the material wealth and prosperity of the whole country would be vastly increased. Although the ore lands of New York State are generally owned by large corporations, and are not for sale, instances occur where valuable investments may be made; and in evidence of this, we have noted the prop* See Blast Furnaces of Columbia and Dutchess Counties, New York. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 509 erties at Fort Ann, and in Columbia County, on the Hudson, both of which are, we believe, or lately were, in the market. Iron Ore Regions of North Carolina. The iron ores of North Carolina are principally, in fact, almost exclusively, magnetites and compact red or brown hematites. They have been worked since and during the Revolution, but generally in a rude way, in Catalan forges and primitive furnaces, but always with a superior and highly tenacious iron as the result. Of late years the attention of northern capital has been drawn to the great advantages offered by these ores for the manufacture of BESSEMER pig metal, fine irons, and crucible steel, and large purchases have been made. The opinions of scientists, experts, and practical iron manufacturers, in regard to these ores, has been unanimous as to their great purity and astonishing similarity to the celebrated ores of Sweden. Dr. EMMONS, Prof. CHANDLER, of Columbia College, New York, Prof. KERR, State Geologist of North Carolina, Profs. GENTI, J. P. LESLEY, and FESQUET, of Philadelphia, and J. F. ALEXANDER, MI. E., of the same city, all write enthusiastically of their quality; while the superior tensile strength of the resulting iron is attested by WM. ROGERS TAYLOR, U. S. Inspector of Ordnance, Washington, D. C., and C. H. AsirBIRNER, Vice-President of the Abbott Iron Company, of Baltimore, Acd. We shall have occasion to refer to the statements of all of these gentlemen in our notes on the ore regions of North Carolina. The central region of North Carolina is traversed by three belts of magnetic ore, changed in some places to specular.* The first passes six or seven miles east of Lincolnton, Lincoln County, and is prolonged into King's Mountain, Gaston County, S. C. The ore here is in a thin bed of talc states, and is usually near the crest of a ridge or of parallel ridges, or cuts these ridges obliquely, bearing north 20" east. This ore is usually finegrained, soft, readily crushed in the hand, strongly magnetic, easily smelted, and with the upper portions of the vein disintegrated into a loose, red mass, powdery, with the interior black and granular. These ores have been worked for many years, always producing a strong, tough iron. In Lincoln County, two miles from Lincolnton, is a fine bed of hematite. Numerous old forges and furnaces ran on these ores, locally named Leiper's Creek ore. In Gaston County is a nickeliferous magnetic ore, formerly worked by the Columbia Furnace. In Cleveland the gray magnetic ores of King's Mountain and Ormond's Bank have been largely worked. The second belt of the primary ores in North Carolina begins in Montgomery County, and runs through Randolph and Guilford, west of Greensborough. The strike is here north 30~ east, the ore silicious at the surface, with seams of heavy pure peroxide, breaks in angular fragments, and is non-sulphurous. Specular and magnetic ores are found near Troy on the same range, side by side. In Davie and Stokes counties are the same ores as near Lincolnton, and near Deep River there are an abundance of heavy black magnetic ores. In Stokes County, near I)anbury, are magnetic ore beds six feet thick, with 77 per cent. iron. The Dan River coal * Dr. EMMONS' Report on North Carolina for 1858, in ron Malnmufcaturers' Guide, p. 447. 510 IRON ORE REGIOlNS OF THE UNITED STATES. field is within ten miles of these ores, and is now nearly, if not quite, connected by rail. Upon this coal, in a measure, depends the future development of these ores. Here is a belt of magnetic ores, six miles long by two or three wide, found in gneiss or micaceous slate. In Surrey and Yadkin counties black magnetic ores are abundant. Specular ores are found on Trogden M[ountain, in Catawba County, and were for solme time worked. Heavy black magnetic ores, very valuable, exist in Guilford County. The third belt of the primary ores in the State is locally termed the Chatham Belt, and according to the same authority is the least regular. The ores of this belt have been the subject of much late investigation, and many investments with great promise. Specular ores crop out near the Deep River, and near by is Ore Hill, of great celebrity. This is a hill of hematites in tale state, some 300 feet high. Here are the old pits worked during the Revolutionary War. In Johnston County, near Smithfield, are magnetic ores, and in Wake County, near Raleigh, is a bluff of hematite in clay slate. In the Red Mountain Range, of Orange County, are also extensive ore beds. In Ashe County, in the extreme north-west corner of:North Carolina, along the backbone of the Blue Ridge Mountains, there are numerous hematites, formerly worked in bloomary forges. In Wautauga County, on Elk Creek, are superior 80 per cent. magnetic ores, with 60 per cent. ores of the same class near them. This is the celebrated Cranberry Ore Bank, of which analyses will be given hereafter. In Cherokee County are brown hematites also. Having traced the geography of these ores, and found the localities of their appearance so numerous, it will be well to note their chemical properties and characteristics. Of the Cranberry Ore Bed last mentioned, Mr. JoIN ALEXANDER, M. E., after a visit in 1867, reported: "' This ore is found lying on the eastern side of Yellow Mountain, and in purity corresponds to the celebrated Arundel ore. From the pits formerly worked it is seen that the ore lies in beds one above the other, with the same synclinal arrangement. No ore is purer-none so easily rid of its impurities." This ore is a magnetic oxide of iron, and the following is an analysis of the outcrop: Peroxide of iron.......................................... 68.05 Protoxide................................................. 25.07 Silica.................................................. 4.83 Limne..................................................... 1.01 Waste...............................1.04 100.00 An analysis of the interior of thepuere ore taken from the pits gave: Peroxide of iron....................................... 69.02 Protoxide................................... 30.98 100.00 Representing-iron, 71.78; oxygen, 28.22; or a yield of nearly 72 per cent. pure iron. This iron works well, and if properly manufactured may be made to rival the best Swedish iron in quality. From experiments its tenacity was in one piece, 67,000 lbs. per IRON ORE REGIONS OF TIHE UNITED STATES. 511 square inch; in another, T4,000 lbs., and the average tenacity from several lots was found to be T1,000 lbs. per square inch. Another analysis of Cranberry magnetic ore, by Professor CHANDLER, of the School of Mines, Columbia College, New York, gave as follows: Magnetic oxide of iron............ 91.89 Sesquioxide of manganese............................ 0.32 Alumina................................................... 1.03 Lime..............1........................................06 M agnesia..................................................... 0.23 Sulphur...................................................... 0.25 Phosphoric acid.......................................... trace. Silica... o4~......................................... 4.02 Moisture.................................................... 1.15 Equivalent to metallic iron.................................. 66.53 Of this ore Professor CHANDLER says: " This is the best iron ore I have ever analyzed. It is very rich in iron, and very free from sulphur and phosphorus." Professor KEuR, State Geologist of North Carolina in 1869, suggests the desirability of this ore for the manufacture of BESSEMER pig metal. In addition to the Cranberry ore beds, Professor FRED. A. GENTH states' that a number of ore beds are found in Mitchell County, the most valuable of which are about one and a half miles south of Cranberry, near the Tennessee line.- These ore beds have not yet been sufficiently explored to show their geological character and size, but appear to be inclosed between horneblende slates and a peculiar micaceous slate. The size of the beds is large, the outcrops being 300 to 400 yards wide, and extending for half a mile, the whole side of the hill being covered with large blocks of the finest quality of magnetite, which evidently exists there in inexhaustible quantities. An analysis of an average specimen showed it to be entirely free from sulphur and phosphorus, and containing 65 per cent. of iron. A test of the iron made from this ore of Mitchell County, by order of the Bureau of Ordnance at the Navy Ordnance Yard, Washington, D. C., January 16, 1866, by WM. ROGERS TAYLOR, Inspector of Ordnance, was conducted as follows, and so officially reported to the Bureau: " A portion of the bar was bent cold and hammered till the ends closed, then opened, when it broke in two. The fracture looks remarkably well. " A piece was taken and punched with a one-inch pin, which is more than should be required for iron to stand at a low heat. " Same piece was made moderately hot, drawn, and cooled in water, and bent double while cold; cracked, but did not break. This is as severe a test as iron can be put to. "It works well under the hammer, and in my opinion is of excellent quality. * " Mineral Resources of North Carolina," by FRED. A. GENT, Nov., 1871. 1 The prolongation of these ores into Carter County, Tennessee, is noted in the Iron Ore Regions of Tennessee. -ED. MANUAL. 512 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. "And a third piece was submitted to mechanical tests, and gave the following results: "Density................................................ 7.835 " Tenacity, per square inch.......................... 70.290." Very few iron manufacturers would care to submit their product to such tests, if its use depended on the result. Perhaps, however, the most scholarly, thorough, and interesting contribution to our information of the quality of the ores of North Carolina is that of Professor A. A. FESQUET, of Philadelphia, a French metallurgist of great scientific knowledge and much practical experience in iron making in Europe. This communication was made to the writer in December, 1872, by Professor FESQUET, and published in the Gcazette of the Xcational Association of Iron WanuCfacturers. This communication, as it is of real value to all interested in the manufacture of BESEMER pig metal from American ores, is here republished. Professor FESQUET says: If we examine the history of the BESSEMER process in America, we will see that it has passed, and is still passing, through the same stages and difficulties it had to encounter in England. In that country, the first attempts made with ordinary kinds of pig iron resulted in irregular working, and in a steel of inferior quality. The first successful results were obtained from imported Swedish metal, high in price, and the supply of which was insufficient. Later, when the requisites of a suitable pig iron were better known, when the various British metals were thoroughly analyzed and tried, and especially after the great development of the iron manufacture in the Cumberland District, then only was the success of the B)ESSEMER process entirely established in England. We might have profited by the experience of the English iron masters, and availed ourselves of the knowledge they had gained as to the metals to be used; but it would appear that the American steel maker considered that it was the process, the BEssEMEn process," which was all that was essential for successful results. Therefore, BESSEMER steel works have been erected in various localities of this country, at great cost, and perfect in construction, but, to say the least, with indifferent success, for the reason, as we believe, that the proper metal has not been employed. The real success of the BESSEMER process in this country will date from the time when the purest kinds of American ores shall be smelted in blast furnaces working for BESSEMLER pig only. Then will the steel manufacturers be certain of a sufficient supply, constant in quality, and the treatment of which will not bewilder the operatives. A personal examination of many samples of iron ores from North Carolina, and the analyses made by Dr. GENTH of similar ores from the same State, convince us that they are singularly well adapted to the manufacture of BESSEMER and tool steel, and also of Swedish iron. We base this belief upon facts derived from the composition of the best known qualities of pig metal used abroad for the BESSEMER process, and from that of the ores employed. The following analyses are of BEssEMERI pig metal, made at: * American Pig Metal for BESSEMER Steel: A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer, Philadelphia.- Gazette of National Association of Iron Mlanufacturers, January and February, 1872. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 513 1. Cleator (Cumberland District. Red hematite). II. llarrington (Cumberland District. Red hematite). III. Workington (Cumberland District. Red hematite). IV. From English hematites, mixed with titanium ores from Norway. This pig is said to answer well for the BEssEMER process. V. Askam. Furness Iron and Steel Co. (Red hematite). VI. Fagersta (Sweden. Magnetite). VII. Neuberg (Styria. Spathic ores). I I. II I. II. V. V. VI. VII. Metallic Iron.............. 93.552 93.100 92.850 93.47 93.191...... 90.507 Graphitic Carbon........... 3.082 2.952 2.997 3.928 3.527 3.180 Combined Carbon......... 1.265 1.235 1.134 3 0.109 1.012 0.750 Silicium..............,... 1.389 2.286 2.706 1.86 2.640 0.854 1.960 Sulphur..................... 0.068 0.075 0.068 0.071 0.004 0.010 0.018 Phosphorus................. 0.027 0.055 0.028 0.076 0.014 0.031 0.040 Manganese................. 0.216 0.288 0.140 0.50 0.093 1.919 3.460 Titanium.................... 0.06 0.006 0.007 1.15.............. Copper.................................. 0.085 99.605 99.997 99.930 100.437 99.979.. 100.000 All of these samples show that the proportion of graphitic carbon largely predominates over that of the combined. Direct experiment in the converter has proved the necessity of such an excess of graphite, since pig metal with a large percentage of combined carbon, and good for puddling, did not give satisfactory results in the BESSEMER process. As the per cent. and nature of the carbon in pig-iron are especially due to the ratio between the fuel and the burden, they depend more on the mode of working the stack than on the nature of the ores, although some persons assert that the metal from silicious ores is more readily permeated with graphite. The proportion of silicium is also uncommonly large, and the knowledge of its effects is of comparatively recent date. Like carbon, it acts as fuel for supporting the heat during the blast; it makes the charge work hot. This is its only advantage, because, although the greater part of the silicium is oxidized at the beginning of the blast, and even before the carbon, there still remains a small proportion of it sufficient to render the metal hot-short, and requiring the addition of spiegeleisen, to be entirely eliminated. This red-shortness of metals made from silicious materials, and free from sulphur, has already been ascertained several times. Cumberland pig, puddled alone, gives a red-short iron. Cast steel, rich in silicium, is also red-short. We have ourselves noticed similar results, in connection with the presence of a slight proportion of iron oxide, in experiments made with the MARTIN process, when all red-shortness disappeared after the addition of 514 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. spiegeleisen, or Franklinite, which would not be the case should the metal be sulphurous. Moreover, Mr. CARON has already observed that, under the influence of a high and oxidizing heat, manganese aids in the transformation of silicium into silica. The effect of spiegeleisen is thus manifold: it restitutes to the decarburized metal the desired proportion of carbon; it cleanses it from oxides and thick slags, its manganese taking the place of iron and forming very fluid slags; and lastly, it removes all the silicium. We need not dwell on the pernicious effects of sulphur and phosphorus; they are too well known. Although these substances are found in all the samples of BESSEMER pig metal indicated, and which are of superior quality, their proportion is so small as to amount practically to nothing. Nevertheless, in ores, sulphur is the less objectionable of the two, since by careful roasting it may be nearly entirely removed. In Styria, for instance, four per cent. of sulphur in the ores is not considered a bar to their employment. Manganese, found in variable proportions in the above-named pig metals, is a valuable substance; so much so, that spiegeleisen may be dispensed with in the treatment of certain pigs rich in manganese. To sum up, we may say, that provided the ores are practically free from phosphorus and sulphur, they are suitable for the manufacture of BESSEMER pig; and such is the case with the iron ores of North Carolina referred to, which have the additional important merit of containing a notable percentage of manganese and chromium. Red hematites are not, as some people state, the best or only ores for the manufacture of BESSEMER pig. It should be remembered that the BESSEMER process was first rendered a success in England through the use of Swedish pig, made from magnetic ores; and that at the present time Sweden is still ahead in regard to the quality of its B3ESSEMER steel. The development of the red hematites of Cumberland made a cheaper metal, good indeed, but not better than the Swedish ore. The great advantage for England was a home product, of which a large supply could be had at a reasonable price. Next after Sweden in the quality of its products comes Styria, with its metal from spathic ores. At the same time, we do not wish to convey the idea that pure red hematites are inferior to pure magnetic or spathic ores. We believe that the superiority of the Swedish or Styrian products is due to a greater care in the roasting process, and to the purity of their fluxes and fuel (charcoal). The ores which we have examined as coming from North Carolina are of the primary kinds, that is, principally magnetites and compact red hematites. In places as in Sweden they become mixed, the hematites running into magnetites, and conversely. The magnetites are either pure or mixed with titanic acid. All the pure magnetites which we have examined are sufficiently rich for the blast furnace, yielding from 40 per cent. to 50 per cent. and over of metal. Should it be desirable to enrich them further for the bloomary fires, this may easily be done by means of magnetic machines, for, unlike many of the magnetic ores of northern New York, the grains of quartz do not strongly adhere to the magnetic portions, and are completely separated by the crushing process. Many kinds of the titaniferous magnetites may be treated in the same manner, and the titanic acid left behind. Some of the pure magnetites examined contain manganese, and they are remarkably free from sulphur and phosphorus. The titaniferous magnetites are especially worthy of consideration; they are said to exist in great abundance, and are free from sulphur and phosphorus. They produce the most excellent quality of tool steel, and average 55 per cent. of metal, from 10 to 12 per IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 515 cent. of titanic acid, and from 1 to 2 per cent. of manganese and chromium. They are superior to other kind of ores for the lining of puddling furnaces. They will, mixed in proper proportions with other ores, and with suitable fluxes, greatly increase the quality and toughness of the metal. The fluxes to be preferred for such ores are the multiple silicates, holding metallic bases, and these are abundantly found in the immediate vicinity. We have personally examined metals cast directly from titaniferous ores, without admixture of other ores; and there are analyses of slags from Swedish blast furnaces holding about 10 per cent. of titanic acid. Several of the samples of BESSEMER pig above given show the presence of titanium; one especially, where the proportion is quite large. The per cent. of titanic acid in the ore must have been considerable, since it is well known that the greater part of that substance goes into the slags. The compact red hematites of this part of North Carolina are also remarkable for their purity, abundance, and considerable yield of metal. They are silicious, like the Cumberland hematites. This is an advantage for the manufacture of BESSEMER pig which requires silicium; but should these ores be desired for other purposes, the excess of free silica may be neutralized with aluminous magnetites found in the vicinity. Spathic ores, crystallized or compact, have also been found, but their development has not yet been sufficient to determine their extent. The fluxes necessary to the smelting of all these varieties of ores are said to be abundant. They are granular limestones, clays, ochres, garnets, and the gangues of the ores themselves. Charcoal is abundant in the immediate vicinity of the ores, and will be so for many years to come. Moreover, the important coal fields of the Dan and Deep rivers are there to supply any deficiency in vegetable fuel. On pig metal manufactured from iron ores, such as we have described, in whatever locality they may be found, depends, in our belief, the profitable success of the steel, and of the first-class bar iron manufactured in this country. The titaniferous ores of this region, as stated by Prof. FESQTUET, are highly desirable for fettling puddling furnaces. Frequent attempts have been made to obtain these ores from the NTorth Carolina Central Iron Co., of Philadelphia, but the difficulty of communication owing to unfinished railroads has prevented their shipment. Trial was made of them in 181 or 1872, at the Kensington Iron Works of Messrs. JAMES ROWLAND & Co., Philadelphia, and the report was that they " stood up " as fettling equal to the best magnetic ores from Lalke Champlain, New York, the exclusive fettling used east of the Alleghenies. The amount of magnetic ore used as fettling is not less than 800 lbs. to the ton of iron boiled, and in most cases advances to 1,000 lbs. The Lake Champlain ores cost, delivered at mill in Philadelphia and vicinity, not less than $12 per ton, and'a very considerable proportion of the expense of manufacturing bar iron is to be found in the cost of ore used for fettling. The magnetites of Central North Carolina ought to be delivered in Philadelphia at a profit for $7 per ton, and would thus save some $7 per ton on the amount now paid for fettling ores, which in a rolling mill producing some 20,000 tons of iron yearly, reaches an enormous figure. The ores of North Carolina invite capital both from their purity and contiguity to established iron markets. 65 516 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. The Iron Oe Regions of Pennsyl vania. Pennsylvania has been frequently spoken of as the greatest iron producing State of the Union, and in figures of iron manufacture she is pre-eminent, but this is due rather to the wonderful wealth in fuel of this State and to the patient industry of her people, than to any mineral abundance. Indeed, there is scarcely one of the States noted for iron ores but which surpasses Pennsylvania in ore wealth, and be it added, not one of them that has made the use of what she possesses that Pennsylvania has. In magnetic ores New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, Missouri, and Michigan far surpass her. M]assachusetts, Vermont, Virginia, and Tennessee far exceed her in brown hematites. The fossiliferous ores of Pennsylvania are not to be mentioned with those of Alabama; the carbonates cannot compare with those of Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia, and yet Pennsylvania produces more pig-iron than all the other States conjoined. It has been patient industry, hard work, frugality, and plenty of coal that has made Pennsylvania the great iron-making State she is. The magnetic ores of New York and New Jersey almost disappear in Pennsylvania, but some magnetites were formerly worked near Easton, mixed in quartz and feldspar. Near the Durham Furnaces are considerable veins of magnetic oxides. At Bethlehem are small quantities of magnetites, and also just south of Allentown, and south of this again in Colebrookdale they are found at the Mount Pleasant Mines.'In Berks County magnetic ores are found in numerous localities, though to no very great extent. Some of these ores are, however very pure and rich, and have been used in admixture by the furnaces of their location for very many years. Near Morgantown, Berks County, on the lands of the Warwick Iron Company, is a very rich magnetic oxide, analyzing 97.61 magnetic oxide, 1.69, silica, and only a trace of alumina, yielding 70.90 pure iron, according to Dr. ROGEnS. The great Cornwall Mine of Lebanon County, which is to the furnaces of Pennsylvania what the Lake Champlain deposits are to New York, although in a lesser degree, lies on the south side of a hill six miles south of Lebanon. An analysis of this ore, which is nearly black, dull surface with glittering points mixed with a white mineral, gave, according to Dr. ROGER: Magnetic oxide...................................... 98.00 Alumina....................................................... 0.84 Silica............................. 0.24 Metallic iron.................................................. 70.34 Copper ore is also found in the Cornwall Mine, but not mingled with the iron ore to its injury. The mine is an open quarry. The Cornwall ores have been worked from a very early date in the settlement of the region, and continue to be the main-stay of a large group of furnaces in their vicinity. Magnetic ore similar to that of Cornwall is found in York Counity, near Dellsburg, and at Chestnut Grove Furnace, in the South Moluntain, between Carlisle and Gettysburg. Titaniferous and chromiferous ores are found on the Susquehanna River and on the Maryland line. The principal mines are on the Octarara Creek. Titaniferous ore also oc IRION ORE ILEGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 517 curs on the east branch of Branclywine Creel, near Isabella Furnace, in Chester County, which gives T6.86 per cent. protoxide iron and 22.39 titanic acid. BuowN HEMATTITE OnES are found much more generally in Pennsylvania than magnetic ores, and form the principal dependence of the very numerous furnaces of their location, which is general throughout Eastern, South-eastern, and Middle Pennsylvania. In Southeastern Pennsylvania, west of the Schuyllill River, several inlportant beds of brown hematite are found. TNear Yellow Springs these ores were formerly largely worked. In Montgomery County, at Spring Mill, the belt of ore, about a mile wide. runs north of Barren Hill on the east side of the Schuylkill, and from here towards Norristown is considerably worked. On the other side of the river are numerous banks that supply the Mierion and Conshhohockon Furnaces. Above Columbia, in Lancaster County, are the locally celebrated Chestnut Hill Ore Mines. This ore is worked to a depth of over 100 feet, and over many acres. In Eastern Pennsylvania brown hematites are worked in Lehigh, Berks, and Northampton counties, and have been, and are still, worked near Bethlehem, Allentown, Emaus, and Millerstown. The MBoselem Ore Bed is one of the oldest in the country, and is some five miles west and south of Kutztown. The group of furnaces here located in an area of some twenty-five miles all run on native ores, and now make excellent irons. In Chester County another group of furnaces uses local ores. Between the Delaware and Lehigh rivers are the ore beds noted above as near Bethlehem and Allentown, and in the district between the Lehigh and Schluylkill rivers are the ores which furnish the Catasauqua, Iiokendauqua, and Easton group of furnaces with hematites. These beds are numerous, the quality good, and the supply abundant, and with the wonderfully abundant anthracite fuel and the neighboring magnetites of New Jersey have made the Lehigh Valley the great iron-producing region it is. In MIDDLE Pennsylvania, west of the Susquehanna River, and in the Cumberland Valley, brown hematite ores are found in abundance; pipe ore is also found here near the mountain. Near Shippensburg are also productive beds, and particular attention has been turned to them within the last two years. Several new banks have been opened lately, and all promise to be rich and productive. The leading banks at present are known by name as follows: Clever's, Rupy's, Kelso's, Nelkirk's, Hippensteel's, and Calico. They are all within one to three miles of three towns, and the ore produced by them is delivered to the railroad by farmers' teams at a cost of fifty cents to one dollar per ton. It is said that wherever in this valley the ore is found in red clay it is of a very superior character. This whole region, including the South Mountain, abounds in fine ores of the hematite and pipe varieties, and has within a few years attracted the attention of capital very generally, although always more or less worked for the local furnaces from a very early day. In Fulton County these ores occur again, and near Orbisonia, in HIuntingdon County, are abundant, having lately caused new furnace construction. In the valleys of the lower Juniata, including the Kishicoquilis, Nittany, IMorrison, Sugar, and'rush Lvalleys, brown hematites are more or less abundant, though not to such an extent as farther east. On the Upper Juniata are very numerous beds of good ore, very generally worked formerly in charcoal furnaces. The most important FOSSIL ORES of the State are found in Middle Pennsylvania, although extensive deposits, which are noted hereafter, occur in the Broad Top region of 518 IRON ORE REGIONS OF TIHE UNITED STATES. Southern Pennsylvania. In the middle portion of the State they are found in quantity near Danville and Bloomsburv, and at Milton and Wilkesbarre to the north. Fossil ores are found and worked in Columbia, Dauphin, Perry, Union, Juniata, Franklin, Huntingdon, and Bedford counties, with a yield of metallic iron ascending from 21.03 per cent. as the poorest, to 60 per cent. as the best, and averaging about 51 per cent. Near Altoona, Hlollidaysburgh, and Frankstown they are also worked, and from thence pass into laryland. Of the fossil ores of Huntingdon and Bedford counties, of the Broad Top iron and coal region, Prof. SILIMAN has furnished within a year a very interesting and valuable contribution to the general knowledge of this section of the State. As this region has of late been the subject of close examination by foreign capital with a view to increased development, we extract from the monograph the following facts of interest. After treating the geology of the region, with which we are not here especially concerned, Prof. SILLIMAN says: The chief points of interest in this section are: 1st. Tussey's Mfoumntain, with its iron ores. 2d. The Broadc Top Coal region, with its excellent fossil fuel, repeated again in the Cumberland coal region. 3d. Wazrrior's Ridge, wilth its ffemazites, and Toodcock Valley, in which are the Raystown branch of the Juniata River, and the line of the IHuntingdon and Broad Top Railroad. In this valley (and its congeners) are the limestones of the scalent and premeridian number VI. and VII., so important as the flux for the iron ores of this region. Tussey's flountain rises for seventy miles like a gigantic rampart of these old sediments thrown up to the height of 1,000 feet. Its crest is as level as the horizon, and its structure as regular as masonry laid in courses. The top of the ridge is formed by the Levant sandstone (number IV., equivalent of the Medina or Caradoc sandstone), upon which rest, in perfect conformability, the Surgent shales number V., equivalents of the Clinton or Wenlock. In the Surgent shales exist, as has already been stated, the iron ores which have given fame to the Juniata region. The twin beds of the fossil ore have, in the Bedforc region, an average thickness of over three feet, reaching in some places even five or six feet. It is, especially in the northern portions of Tussey's and Will's mountains, subdivided into two beds, giving it the twin character. In the lower portions of the same ranges, this twin-like character is subordinated by the thinning out of the intermediate shales, often bringing the upper and lower seams together. The upper bed is often designated as " soft fossil ore," when it has by percolation of atmospheric waters become hydrous. Both beds abound generally in various forms of organic life, encrintal stems and fossil shells, but these sometimes give place to an oolitic and lenticular structure, with minute grains resembling flaxseed; where the atmospheric influences have been less prevalent, these beds are more or less calcareous. The softer and more hydrous forms of this ore yield in the furnace an average of 42 per cent. of metallic iron. The "h IarZd Fossil Ore," or lower stratum, is usually about one foot in thickness, and is often separated from the soft fossil by an intervening bed of sandstone of variable thickness, from a foot or two up to eight feet. It has generally in its structure an abundance of well-mark!ed fossils, all converted to hematite. Sometimes it takes on the form and appearance of red hematite, which ore is not to be confounded, however, with the so-called hema* On the Fossil Iron Ore and its. Associates in Southern Pennsylvania, by Prof. B. SLLIMAN, M.A., M.D., F.G.S.E., New Haven, Conn., 1872. IRON ORUJ REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 519 tite of the adjoining limestone beds of number VI., which is brown hematite, or limonite. The blood-red powder of the hard fossil ore, following the blows of the hammer, immediately betrays its true character. This variety often has over 60 per cent. of metallic iron. Both of these twin beds of the fossil ore are probably due to the decomposition, by atmospheric influences, of beds of carbonates of lime and iron. The lime has been removed and the iron converted at the same time to the state of peroxide or red oxide. This view was first suggested by.Professor ROGERS in his report on the geology of Pennsylvania. It follows, as a result of this view, that the valuable deposits of the fossil ore should be limited in depth by the horizon of surface drainage. Experience has, however, shown this view to be only partially true, for in some localities these beds have been mined much below water level. It is these twin beds of fossil ore which have given celebrity to the " Juniata iron" and the Clinton ore beds of INew York, from which vast quantities of these ores are annually transported to the furnaces of Northern and Eastern Pennsylvania. Wherever this bed of ore crops out, it is highly esteemed and eagerly sought after. It is sometimes mined when reduced to no more than six inches in thickness, and is often transported to great distances. Brown Ielmatites. —The brown hematite of this region occurs in the limestones, numbers I. and VII., in front of the fossil ore. This ore exists in pockets, or bunches, sometimes of large size, scattered through the croppings of the limestone, as is usual with hematites. These ores have been extensively mined for the Ilopewell furnaces, where for many years they have been used in connection w-ith equal parts of the fossil ore, yielding about 50 per cent. of metallic iron of excellent quality. Levcnt ron Ore. —The Levant ore, locally known as the " back vein," exists from 700 to 1,000 feet below the fossil ore, and but a short distance below the white sandstone of the Levant series, number IVY., which forms the crest of Tussey's Mountain, Will's Mountain, Dunning's AMountain, etc. This bed of iron ore, which sometimes assumes gigantic proportions, is also at times represented by a bed of ferruginous sandstone. It has a tendency to assume a lenticular form, now enlarging and again thinning down to a narrow seam, and while it is occasionally of vast proportions and great value (as on the north part of Tussey's Mountain), it is not so trustworthy as the thinner but more uniform and richer fossil ore of which we have already spoken. The Levant ores of the northern portion of Tussey's Mountain form a mass of iron ore of iimost surprising thickness, well deserving the term by which it has been distinguished, as the "' amllmoth Vein." I measured it over 20 feet in thickness on the slopes of Tussey's AMountain, at an elevation of 300 feet vertical above the fossil ore openings, and probably with about 1,000 feet of shales intervening between them. Its water line is fully 600 feet above drainage. The dip is 44~ to 45~. The outcrop is completely hidden by the debris of sandstone fallen over it from the outcrop of number IV. The ore mass is extremely regular in its bedding at this place, and is perfectly conformable to the including rocks. The upper edges of the ore seams had been bent over by the denuding force which has scoured down the face of the mountains. This was well shown in a section measured by Mr. FULTON. The whole ore mass has a purplish, brick-red, and reddish-brown appearance, sometimes dark brown and blackish. The upper bed of about 6 feet of heavy block ore, of purplish color, contains over 40 per cent. of metallic iron, while the middle bed of soft, brick-red ore, which is esteemed the best, yields about 47 per cent. of metallic iron. Considering the facility and economy of mining, and its nearness to the fuel, the whole of this 520 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. great ore mass will undoubtedly go to the furnace. The cubic contents of such a bed as this are of course immense, and might properly be called inexhaustible. As it is liable to open out at any part of this entire region, it must always be sought for with interest. Its position is never doubtful, but its outcrop is often so covered with a mass of fallen debris of white sandstone, from number IV. of the Levant series, that its search is laborious, and can never be considered complete until a cross-cut has been driven through the s-uperinclumbent masses of loose material. The wonderful outcrop of this ore on the Powel Estate was found only two or three years since, as the result of a systematic search, guided by an instrumnental survey, by Mr. FULTON, to whom we are chiefly indebted for our knowledge of the Levant ore. COAL. OF THE COALS AVAILABLE FOR THE REDUCTION OF THESE ORES. The semi-bituminou8 coals of Broad Top, and of the Cumberland region in Maryland, are admirably placed with reference to the reduction of these iron ores. It is impossible to conceive anything in the order of nature more perfectly indicating means to an end. Here is a fuel yielding 60 per cent. of a hard, sonorous, metallic-looking coke, the value of which, for reducing these very ores, has been abundantly demonstrated by the operations of the Kemble furnaces at ERiddlesburg, and of corresponding furnaces at Mountain Savage in the Cumberland region. The supply of this fuel is practically inexhaustible, and obtainable at a reasonable royalty. It will be remarked that the Broad Top coal-field is about 80 square miles in area, with over 10 feet of available coal. Fifteen hundred tons of coal, one foot thick, per acre, is considered by coal viewers as a moderate estimate for bituminous coal. The coal of Broad Top is somewhat heavier than ordinary bituminous coal. On this basis 15,000 tons of coal exist in each acre, or 9,600,000 tons per square mile. But to provide for coal denuded and removed, or otherwise unavailable, it will be safe to diminish this estimate by one half, giving 4,800,000 tons per square mile, or in 80 square miles there would be on this basis of estimate 384,000,000 tons of coal. Portions of this coal-field are now held by private parties, as for example, by the KIemble Coal and Iron Company, by the Powel Estate, and others; but much the larger part is open to purchase upon a royalty. The chief value of the calculation just made is the affirmative reply it offers to the inquiry very properly put:-" Is there coal of the right quality and in ample quantity to smelt all the vast reserves of iron ores existing upon the flanks of the mountains of this region?' In the Cmberclcd region of lacarylcand we have over 500 square miles of the same coals which are found on Broad Top, and, fortunately, placed conveniently to approach from the lower ends of the valleys which head upon Broad Top. No estimate is attempted of the coal reserves of the Cumberland region, where the available thickness of coal is considerably greater than it is in Broad Top. If any doubt yet remained as to the supply of an adequate quantity of coals, at a cheap rate and of suitable quality, from these two conveniently situated coal-fields, we have only to turn our eyes upon the great western fields of bituminous coals in the immediately adjacent counties of Pennsylvania, to see an area of coals of the most excellent quality, covering more than 12,000 square miles,-an area considerably greater than the total coal-bearing area of the UTnited Kingdom. IRON ORE REGIONS OF TIHE UNITED STATES. 521 Of the quantity of coal available, we may, therefore, rest assured that it is most ample, and at a moderate cost. Of the quality we have the best evidence possible, in the good results of the actual use of the Broad Top coals at the Kenmble Co's. furnaces, at Riddlesburg. The CArBONATE ores occur in Perry and Mifflin counties, but generally of poor quality. In Huntingdon and Bedford they are also found. In Franklin it again occurs, and in Blair County. In Northern Pennsylvania, in Tioga and Bradford counties, and in Lycoming County, north of Williamsport coal measure, ores are found, and again near Lockhaven. At Scranton this ore is worked for the Lackawanna Iron and Cqal Company. In Bradford County, at Ralston, on Towanda Mountain, it is found as a white, crystalline proto-carbonate of iron. In Somerset and Fayette counties this ore is reported, and in McKean County bog ores exist to great extent, but are not worked. On the east side of Laurel Hill, and southwest of the Conemaugh, carbonates exist in enormous quantities. Near Blairsville, in Chestnut Ridge, it is found and worked. Near Dunbar Furnace, Fairchance, and the Old Union Furnace, these ores are worked to great advantage, and with much metallurgical skill, by the Dunbar Iron Company. In the Anthracite coal basin carbonate ores have been found, and around Pottsville much capital has been spent in search of Blackband ore, which, however, was never found in quantity sufficient to be commercially profitable. Blackband ore is said to have been found in Elk County. The foregoing notes, necessarily brief and condensed to a fault by want of space, will show that, while Pennsylvania cannot boast of the extremely rich ores of Northern New York, or of Michigan, Missouri, or the South-west, there is an abundance of good workable ore sufficient in quality and abundance to thoroughly sustain the very extensive iron industry conducted. Pennsylvania hematites are, moreover, again coming into favor with the large Pittsburg furnaces, formerly debauched, if the term may be used, by the rich ores of Michigan and Missouri, the extravagant cost of which has of late lessened their popularity. Constant discoveries of ores are made in all sections of the State, and the increasing population and demand for ores clearly indicate the necessity of a new geological survey. Prof. LESLEY, from whose works we have drawn much of what is valuable in these notes, has urged this matter upon the State legislature for some time; as yet, however, without success. No one individual in the State' is more thoroughly fitted for the charge of such a survey than he is, both from previous experience and general knowledge. The importance of the case requires prompt action, and it is humiliating to confess that this great State should be far behind the younger and poorer States in the knowledge of her geological and mineralogical formations. Iron Ores of Rhode Island. Rhode Island has never been noticed as an iron State, but nevertheless contains very valuable ores. An interesting account of these is the following, from correspondence of the New York Tribane during the present winter: Rhode Island has probably more iron, in proportion to her population, than any other State in our Union, and yet, with some unimportant exceptions, she has never produced any, although ore of superior quality, both magnetite and hematite iron, is found in unlim 522 IRON ORE REGIONS OF TIIE UNITED STATES. ited quantities in the State. Recently GEORGE F. WILSON, Of the Rumford Chemical Works, has made some excellent cast steel from the native ores, and he purposes, it is said, to extend the business and to erect furnaces for cast iron. Samples of the steel have just been sent to market. The process is an invention of Mlr. WILSON'S, whose exertions in this direction may arouse the people to the importance of the subject, though Rhode Island seems exclusively devoted to the manufacture of cotton and woollen goods. Cotton spinning was begun in this State as early as 1790, and water privileges being abundant, the business has become a specialty to such an extent that all large expenditures for other than cotton or woollen mills are usually regarded as speculative, manufacturing being considered the only legitimate and staple business for this little State. Three miles from the wellknown and thriving town of Woonsocket is " Cumberland Iron Mountain," so called, one of the wonders almost of the State. The mine is three miles east of the line of the Providence and Worcester Railroad, and about the same distance from the Boston and Erie Road. A charter has been obtained and the route surveyed for an independent road to pass the mine, though a branch road can be readily built, or a tram road can be laid. Cumberland Iron Mountain is nearly the highest land in the State, being 550 feet above tide-water at Providence. On clear days Wachusett Mountain and Mount Tom can be distinctly seen from the top of the mine. The rock rises to the very vortex, and can be blasted in almost any direction at a very trifling expense. The whole hill is one vast bed of ore. There have been many analyses made of the ore; that made by Dr. CHILTON, of New York, is below: Peroxide and protoxide of iron.................... 58.55 per cent. SiliciC acid......................................... 26.33 Titanic acid..................................... 3.66 " L.65 c Lime.....................................................65 " Maganesia............................................ 6.80 W7ater and loss...................................... 1.91 " Total........................................ 100.00 This gives a rather larger percentage of iron than some others; but all the assays have been made from surface rock, and it seems to be a universal rule that all mines grow richer in mineral as they descend. The titanic acid has been considered an objection, but later experiences prove it not to be so; and now we learn that English steel makers have even imported titanic sand from Australia to improve the quality of their steel. The mine has its history also. During the French war, as early as 1755, the inhabitants of this colony made from the ore from this very mine, mixed with a hematite ore from Cranston, R. I., cannon which were used in the service against the French and Indians, and thus it has aided in carrying out the far-reaching policy of the great Pitt. In 180Q, also, cannon were again cast from these ores at Iope, a small village on the Pautuxet River, in this State, for JOHN BROWN, of Providence, who had a contract with government at this date to furnish it guns; and what is singular, the guns were cast hollow, a supposed modern invention, and only a few weeks ago the Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry (meaning IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 523 cotton and woollen goods), to whom has been presented one of these early guns, duly mounted, had it on the fair grounds on exhibition. At the foot of the mine is a meeting-house, with the date A.. 1700 over the door, the beams and joists of which would to-day be too unwieldy even for ship timber. The gallery of the building, which would be crowded with one hundred people, is supported by oak timbers mortised into the frame, which are so huge that they occupy nearly half the interior. I doubt if a California earthquake could ever disturb the serenity of this sacred edifice, which certainly bids fair to defy the tooth of time for many a year to come. Though Rhode Island people have not appeared to recognize the importance of this possession, still many places, such as Easton, in Massachusetts, which early entered into the production of iron, have regularly carted from this mine their supply, and a large firm in Philadelphia takes thousands of tons annually of this ore. Iron Ores of Virginia and West Virginia. The manufacture of iron in Virginia was first essayed at an early date upon the bog ores and brown hematites, which were contiguous to the sea and the water courses leading directly to it. The magnetic and specular ores were little known, and believed to exist il but small quantities. These ores, however, were later worked in several localities east of the Blue Ridge at an early date, and more or less continuously until the war. There have been deposits of magnetic ore worked near Louisa Court House, and formerly at Elk Creek Furnace, twenty-five miles north of Lynchburg, where an eighty per cent. ore is found. Buckingham, Appomattox, Campbell, Franklin, Wythe, Floyd, and Grayson counties all contain these ores, as is witnessed by abandoned furnaces built to work them in connection with the brown hematites, which are so abundant.* It is within a very brief period that the resources of the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge have been explored, but every effort at examination has produced information of the most valuable deposits of magnetic and red oxides, with similarly rich brown hematites. This is especially the case with the James River Valley, near Lynchburg, where large deposits of magnetic, specular, and hematite ores, in close contiguity to the canal, have been found, and also in the midst of charcoal timber sufficient still for many years. The existence of an iron belt through this section of the State is clearly determined, although the developments have been slight. Of this region, which is some ten miles below Lynchburg, on the south side of the James River, and an average of a mile from the canal, a report has been made by C. R. BOYD, C.E., which gives valuable information. The veins trend generally from north-east to south-west, with a cip of from 80~ to 90~. On the north a hematite vein averaging 15 feet thick is found, and south of this a vein of magnetic ore of 25 feet thick, the two making 40 feet. The elevation of these is 150 feet above the waters of Joshua Creek, and -they have an average length of one and a half miles, giving for these two veins above water level some 2,000,000 tons of workable ore. Near these is a vein of magnetic ore 50 feet wide, within fifteen feet of a vein of carbonate of lime 40 feet wide. To the south-east of these are beds of red hematite and limonite, aggregat* lron Manufacturers' Guide. 66 524 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. ing 135 feet in width; and in the same locality are beds of magnetic sand and well-defined veins of manganese, thus affording the requisites for steel making in the future. Asbestos and fire-clay also abound in these lands, and it is said the ores can be mined and placed on canal boats for $1.50 per ton, a price which would enable their delivery in Philadelphia and New York far below the cost of magnetic ores from sources nearer to those markets. This iron belt has also been somewhat developed at two other points near the Lynchburg and Danville Railroad in Campbell County. Here the topography of the country is marked by a succession of long high ridges and narrow valleys, running parallel with the railroad, with convenient outlets formed by small streams which cut across these ridges and flow into Flat Creek. It is in these ridges that the largest deposits of ore are found, at distances varying from a half mile to three miles from the railroad. The explorations made here disclose well-defined veins or ledges of rich limonite and red hematite ores from 10 to 20 feet and more in width, while the elevation above water is from 50 to 100 feet. Excellent limestone, sandstone, soapstone, fire-clay, and an abundance of timber are easily accessible. Explorations already made show this great iron belt to extend over a distance of 75 miles or more through the counties of Campbell, Appomattox, Amherst, Nelson, and Albemarle, the best portion of which lies along the James River, south and east of Lynchburg. The quality of the ores found here is pronounced superior, analyses showing them to carry from 58 to 70 per cent. metallic iron, while they are practically free from sulphur and phosphorus. The evidence of the furnace owners of this vicinity is to the effect that a very superior charcoal iron is made, in high favor for car wheels, boiler plate, and bridge purposes. Gen. BARTLETT, of the Powhatan Iron Works of Richmond, the only anthracite furnace of Virginia,* states that the pig metal made in his furnace with anthracite coal is extensively used in New England mills as a substitute for Scotch pig. Indeed, the evidence is conclusive that the iron made from these ores, whether with charcoal or stone-coal, is of the very best. The most abundant of these ores are classed as spectula or peroxide, including red and brown hematite; limonite or hydrous peroxide; and black or mcgnetic oxide. Some of these ores contain more or less manganese, and may be valuable for making BESSEMER steel. The different varieties of ore for mixing in the furnace can be obtained here for from $1 to $1.50 per ton, if mined by the furnace owners, or delivered in Philadelphia for $4 per ton. The best bituminous coal can be delivered with the ores for $6 per ton, and anthracite coal for $7. Charcoal can be had at from eight to ten cents per bushel, and with the completion of the branch of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad down this valley, or of the James River Canal-should that work receive national aid-the splint and cannel coals of West Virginia can be put here for $4. Labor is cheap, and furnace hands can be had for less than $1 per day. Limestone is abundant, and the region here noted presents very great advantages for iron making from these facilities, and from its contiguity to canal and tide-water freights. * Sea Blaast Furnaces of Virginia. IRON ORE REGIONS OF TIlE UNITED STATES. 525 Professor Rodgers,in speaking of the ores of the counties of Amherst, Buckingham, Campbell, Wilson, and Albemnarle, and of the primitive formations east of the Blue Ridge,* says: The brown and ochreous iron ores contain the metal in the state of an oxide, and are made up of the oxide together with silex, alumina, and water. The oxide contains 70 per cent. of metallic iron, so that, were the ore composed of this alone, each 100 pounds ought to yield 70 pounds of metal. In the ochreous ores as much as 85 per cent. of the oxide is sometimes found, the remaining 15 per cent. consisting principally of water. This would correspond to about 60 pounds of iron to the 100 of ore, and is an amount scarcely ever obtained in the operations of the furnace. The ores in question are uniformly found associated with micaceous or talcose slates, or gneiss, in which the sulphuret is or has been present in great quantity. In the immediate vicinity of the bed, these rocks are seen in a decomposing condition and impregnated with ochreous matter, which is the material of the ore. In fact, with a little attention the various graduations may be traced from the unchanged rocks, at some distance from the bed, to the softened and decomposing material in which the sulphuret has disappeared, and the dark-brown stains of oxide are represented, and thence to a mixed substance consisting of matter of the rock with a proponderance of the oxide, from which we pass into the massive and comparatively pure ore. Of the stages of chemical changes by which this conversion would seem to have been brought about, the first is obviously the decomposition of the sulphuret of iron, an effect continually witnessed when moisture and air have access to the sulphuret; and the second, the separation of brown oxide from the copperas, probably in some measure by the action of the manganese and potash present in the mica, talc, and feldspar of the adjacent rocks. Beside the brown ochreous ores, there occur also two other varieties, viz., the micaceous oxide and the magnetic oxide. The former is not unfrequently associated in small quantities with the ores first mentioned, but most commonly occurs in small veins, included inll quartz. It is distinguished by its glittering, scaly crystals, not unlike those of dark-brown mica, but, unlike those, it yields a bright reddish powder when bruised, and will stain the fingers of this hue when rubbed. Though of common occurrence, it is not found in large quantities. The composition of this ore is the same as that of pure brown oxide, but, unlike that variety, it is never united with water. The mnzcgetic oxide when pure is richer in iron than either of the preceding, containing within a small fraction of 722- per cent. of mnetallic iron; it is distinguished by its nearly black color in mass as well as when reduced to powder, and its strong action on the magnetic needle, attracting one extremity and repelling the other. It is from ore of this description that nearly all Swedish iron, so celebrated for its excellent qualities and so suited for the conversion into steel, is extracted. This variety of iron occurs at several points in the southern region, in the form of beds or strata of considerable thickness and of good quality. In Buckingham County an extensive bed of brown ochreous ore has been traced for many miles in a direction south-westerly of the furnace near New Canton. Omitting further details at this time, I would merely remark that from continuity and thickness, and from the general richness of its contents, this bed deserves to be considered of high economical value. The iron made from it is for many purposes regarded as of good quality, though, like most of the metals manufactured from the ores of the blue ridge, it re* Report of Prof. W. B. RODGERS. 526 IRON ORE REGIONS OF TT-HE UNITED STATES. quires the admixture of a softer material in converting it into bar iron. The position of this bed between micaceous slates and the gradations of the ore in slate along the sides of the bed, affords good illustrations of what has been said in regard to the origin of these ores. Near Elk Island, in Amherst, is a vein from 4 to 8 feet of this ore. In Buckingham County, one mile east of Whispering Creek, is a vein of specular ore from 6 to 8 feet. Of the ores of Virginia and West Virginia, M. F. MAurPY, JR., a very high authority, states as follows: * The iron to be found within the Virginias may be divided into two classes: first, those ores which belong to, and are found in, the Appalachian Coal Measures; and second, those which belong to the great iron formation lying between the Alleghany Mountains and the Blue Ridge. The first is by no means so rich or so abundant as the second. It consists of the brown oxide and carbonate of iron. The following analyses, made by Prof. RODGERS, indicate the chemical properties of those ores previously mentioned, v.z., those of the primary formations. NO. I.-ROSS FURNACE. Peroxide iron....................................... 81.11 per cent. Alumina.............................................28 " Silex and insoluble matter............................ 6.54 Water. -. *., 11.10 " Loss..................................................9 " " Loss. ~.~O~~e,,,~.97 100.00 Metallic iron, 56.77 per cent. NO. II.-ELK CREEK. Peroxide iron................................. 84.00 per cent. Alumina.....................................85 " Silex and insoluble matter............................60 " Water.............................................' " Water.... 7.10 Loss..........................................45 " 100.00 Metallic iron, 58.80 per cent. NO. III.-CARBONATE ORES ON THE KANAWHA. Carbonate of iron................................ 82.55 per cent. Alumina.............................. 1.00 " Lime.......................... trace. Silex and insoluble matter........................ 12.05 " Water.............................................. 3.05 Loss.............................................90 " 100.00 Metallic iron, 39.88 per cent. * Resources of the Coal Field of the Upper Kanawha, with a Sketch of the Iron Belt of Virginia, 1873. IRON ORE REGIONS OF TIE UNITED STATES. 527 In the northern portion of West Virginia they have been developed to a certain extent, but in the lower half little notice has been taken of them. The second class of ores mentioned are a part of that great iron belt of the United States which, beginning in New York, runs through Pennsylvania, furnishing many of the largest furnaces of that State with their stock; crosses Maryland; passes through the entire width of Virginia; constitutes the iron region of East Tennessee, Western North Carolina, and North-western Georgia, and ends in the -unparalleled and magnificent deposits of Alabama. In this belt the ores for the most part are the brown oxides, yielding in Virginia from 40 to 50 per cent. of iron. They are usually worked in open quarries, and though fine in the northern portion of the State, increase both in quality and quantity as we follow the belt in its south-westerly course, till in the last counties to the south they are very rich. In treating of the geology of this portion of the State, Professor ROGERS says: "Of the twelve rocks, each marked by certain distinctive characteristics, composing the mountains and valleys of this region, it has been determined that at least eight are accompanied by beds of iron ore." d General HAJUPT,t in speaking of the minerals along the line of his road, which runs in this iron belt across the whole State, says: " The iron deposits are very numerous and of superior quality. Pennsylvania, rich as she is, is poor in iron ores as compared with Virginia." Scattered throughout this belt are many charcoal furnaces, some of them producing metal of such quality that in 1871 it was bringing $55 to $56 per ton in Philadelphia, while the Pennsylvania iron on the Lehigh was selling for $35. On the eastern edge of this iron country, on both sides of the Blue Ridge, are the magnetic and red hematite ores. In the northern part of the State I know at present but little of them, but beginning about the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad they are good, increasing as we go south-west. On the James River, in the counties of Bedford, Amherst, Nelson, Buckingham, etc., the magnetics are exceedingly fine, and would be brought into communication with the West Virginia coals, either by means of the James River and ZKanawha Canal, or by what is known as the " straight shoot " of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, from Clifton Forge down the James, on the short cut to Richmond. In Patrick Henry, Floyd, Carroll, and Grayson counties, both classes abound, and,. together with the rich brown oxides fronm Wythe, Smyth, Washington, Giles, Tazewell, etc., would best come to West Virginia fuels by a railroad constructed up New River from the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad from the mouth of the Greenbrier. Thus there are in Virginia all the classes of iron ores required to make metal of good quality. The completion of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad has brought into notice and also given an outlet to extremely valuable and extensive deposits of ore, and naturally induced the investment of capital to a considerable extent. This railroad: is the result of a consolidation of the Virginia Central Railroad with the Covington and Ohio Railroad, authorized by the legislatures of Virginia and West Virginia in 1866. Its route is from Richmond via Gordonsville, Charlottesville, Staunton, the * Geology of Virginia, 1836. W. B. ROGERS, State Geologist. f Chief Engineer of the Shenandoah R Report of Richmond Chamber of Commerce. Valley Railroad. 528 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. White Sulphur Springs, and by the valleys of the Greenbrier, New, and Kanawha rivers, to a point sixteen miles west of Charleston, and thence by a direct line to the mouth of the Guyandotte, in the Ohio Valley, which it follows for twelve miles to the mouth of Big Sandy River, its chartered western terminus. This distance is about four hundred and twenty-seven miles. The company also have the right to construct a branch road from near Clifton Forge, on Jackson's River, the main fork of the James, to Richmond, by the valley of the James, or any other route which may be preferred. Also the right to construct a branch from a point not east of Charlottesville, nor west of Staunton, to Washington City. Also a branch from Richmond down the Peninsula. The road runs through a fine agricultural region, but is peculiarly endowed with mineral resources. It is stated on authority considered reliable that there is more iron and coal which will be tributary to this road than exists in the whole of Great Britain, and the amount of coal (about 6,000 square miles) exceeds that of any other portion of the United States. Nor is this all. The splint coal exists in large quantities along the line of the road-a coal which is said to be superior to any other mineral coal for smelting iron, and which does not require coking, while it is free from sulphur and phosphorus. The cannel coal also exists in exhaustless quantities and of superior quality. Cannel coal is now imported from Great Britain, and sells in New York at from $18 to $20 per ton. Many tons of this coal, now mined in Kanawha, are carried in barges down the Kanawha, and up the Ohio, 120 miles to Parkersburg, and thence by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to Baltimore, and thence by water to ZNew York. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad will save the whole of the river navigation, and offer a grade of 30 feet per mile as against 116 feet, and also a shorter portage by rail. It is expected that this coal can be laid down in New York at less than $10 per ton. Iron ores of excellent quality exist in exhaustless quantities east of the Alleghanies, and some beds have been found west of them. It has been stated by practical iron manufacturers from Pennsylvania, who have examined the ore beds along the line of this road, that iron can be manufactured there and delivered in New York $10 a ton cheaper than the same can be done from prominent iron centres in Pennsylvania. The following analyses show the quality of ores and coals found on the line of this road: IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 529 ANALYSES OF IRON ORES OF VIRGINIA FOUND NEAR TO THE LINE OF THE CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO RAILROAD, IN THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. LOCALITY. ANALYST. Jackson River...... 35 39 Metallic iron only.......................... Bluff ore. J. B. Britton. Panther Gap..... 59 53 Metallic iron only..............,...... Fossil ore. J. B. Britton. Peter's Mountain... 52 47 Metallic iron only.......................... Fossil ore. J. B. Britton. Kelly's Creek....... 39 85 Metallic iron only..C.................... Carbonate. W. B. Rogers. Nicolas County... 56 52 Metallic iron only....................... Carbonate. W. B. Rogers. Augusta County.... 58 32 Metallic iron only............................ Bluff ore. J. IHeinrich. 3Metallic Phos- Protoxide Iron. Silica Water phors. Sulphur. of Manganese. Anthony's Creek.... 52 23 13 72 6 26 36 Fossil ore. J. B. Britton. Anthony's Creek.... 61 75 2 82 1 72 01 19 Pipe ore. J.B. Britton. Anthony's Creek.... 57 17 6 91 1 68 27 02 09 Hematite ore. J.B. Britton. Anthony's Creek.... 36 69 40 88 1 76 51 Trace Bluff ore. J.B. Britton. ANALYSES OF BITUMINOUS COALS FOUND ALONG THE LINE OF THE CHESAPEAKE AND OIHIO RAILROAD, IN THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. Cubic feet Locality. Carbon. Moatite Ash. Water. Sulphur. of Gas Coke. Chemist. per ton. Fayette............. 75 06 23 48 1 46 34 76 52 J. B. Britton. Fayette.......... 68 50 24 49 7 01 17 75 51 J. B. Britton. Fayette............. 71 88 26 20 1 92 W. B. Rogers. Kanawha........... 60 92 37 08 2 00 W. B. Rogers. Cannelton........... 74 55 21 13 4 32 W. B. Rogers. Campbell's Creek.... 64 16 32 24 3 60 W. B. Rogers. Coalburg............ 56 00 40 50 1 50 2 00 Levitte. Coalburg............62 61 33 26 1 81 2 14 18 L evitte. Campbell's Creek.... 57 77 37 67 2 06 2 09 21 WEST VIRGINIA CANNELS. Cannelton....... 41 03 46 05 12 2 7 96 11.648 Cresson. Cannelton........... 53 5 46 05 10 2 7 96 12.588 Peytona............. 41 0 46 0 13 0 13.200 Manhattan Gas Co. 530 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. ANALYSES OF LIMESTONES OF VIRGINIA NEAR TO THE LINE OF THE CGHESAPE AKE AND OHIO RAILROAD.,^ - Aluminum Carbonate Carbonte Silica. MIagnesia. and oxide Water. of iron. 79 20 19 60 Trace. 80 40 Near Gordonsville................ W. B. Rogers. 73 68 15 60 9 28 80 64 Rawling's Quarry....................... WB. Rogers. 86 52 2 96 9 52 52 48 Dunlap's Creek......................... B. Rogers. 98 20 40 48 24 Carboniferous (Oolitic).................. W. B. Rogers. 9592 1 88 Trace. 56 40 Monroe County, near Union.............. W.B. Rogers. 83 92 1 76 2 80 80 72 Kanawha River........................ W. B. Rogers. 83 96 1 68 13 20 48 68 Coal River.............................. B. Rogers. Some of the above analyses were kindly furnished by Prof. M. F. MAURY, JR., Mineralogist, etc. Charleston, Kanawha, West Virginia. The report of Hon1. HIOWELL FISI-Er, C.E., of Pennsylvania, also a practical iron manufacturer, furnishes valuable information as to this section.* I-le says: The Ciesacpectce and Ohio PRcilroad in its course west crosses three distinct belts of iron ore before reaching the coal formation. The first, that of the primitive rocks, east of the Blue Ridge, containing the magnetic ores. There are many reported beds said to be of great value. The difficulty of working this kind of ore in the charcoal furnace, and the want of a harder fuel, have prevented attempts at smelting and hindered that keen search which demand always leads to, and which will probably develop workable beds. At present this belt is simply of prospective and uncertain value.t The second belt is in the palaeozoic strata, on the western slopes and foot-hills of the Blue Ridge, crossed by the railroad just after passing through the long Blue Ridge tunnel. The ores are what are known as hydrated peroxides, or brown hematites, and give a brown border to the eastern side of the Great Limestone Valley for its entire length. The most persistent bed of ore is where the limestone, slates, and shales meet the sandstone. The well-known " Cornwall Bank " of Pennsylvania is in this range. In Pennsylvania this belt has been the chief dependence of the anthracite furnaces, and two-thirds of the anthracite iron of the State is made from its ores. In Virginia it has supplied a range of charcoal furnaces extending its length through the State, making an iron which is mostly used for the manufacture of boiler plate, and for other purposes requiring excellent qualities. It has been asserted that, notwithstanding the vast deposits of magnetic ore found at Lakes Champlain and Superior; in 1Missouri, and at other points in the United States, more available ore exists in this belt than in those deposits; " that the brown oxides of the limestone are more than equal in quantity and quality to the magnetic and specular ores." While this assertion seems extravagant, certain it is that wherever fuel is available for the manufacture of iron on this belt, it lias never failed to furnish any quantity of ore demanded, and its development in. Virginia shows it to be quite equal in quantity in that' Report on the Agricultural and Mineral Resources of Virginia and West Virginia, by Hon. HOWELL FISIER, Civil Engineer, Geologist of Pennsylvania, and a practical iron manufacturer, 1872. [1 This report was written before the discoveries of the magnetic ores of the James River Valley. — COMPILER, IRON ORE REGIONS OF TIE UNITED STATES. 531 State to any other place where worked. It is quietly awaiting coal from the Kanawha to give growth to a large trade. Fifteen miles west of Staunton the railroad passes out of the limestone valley and approaches the Great North Mountain, composed of the Medina sandstone (the No. 4 of Pennsylvania geologists), and gets into the series of rocks lying between the limestone and the coal formations. The rocks of this series are broken into numerous mountains and valleys, which run into each other in curious zigzags, " doubling like hares." At the Little North Mountain the railroad meets in that mountain the first deposit of the third belt, everywhere in Virginia noted for its iron ores, which have been worked from before the Revolution. Zanes, Van Buren, Columbia, Newmans, Elizabeth, Estaline, Bath, California, Australia, Lucy Salina, Catawba, Rebecca, Jane, and other furnaces in Virginia, are on the line of this deposit, and draw their supplies from it. Most of them are located on or within a few miles of the line of the 6CYesapecRke and Ohio -Railrod. The railroad from Buffalo Gap to Clifton Forge, a distance of forty miles, is almost within sight of these strata, and within easy reach of the furnaces located upon them. The Estaline, Australia, and Lucy Salina have been sold to Northern men. At the Clifton Forge we strike, in the Rich Patch Mountain, a stratum of iron ore of many miles in extent, which in appearance seems to correspond to the celebrated fossil ore of Danville, Penn. This stratum is said to be traceable for a distance of ten miles, most of the time in sight of the railroad. At this point (Clifton Forge) the road meets Jackson's River, or the Upper James, down which a branch road of twenty miles would pass near sixteen different banks or deposits of iron ore, counting only those near the river, while short laterals would open as many more. Just north-east of the town of Covington, about two miles from the road, a vein of ore of wonderful development occurs at the Dolly Ann Furnace. This furnace has also been purchased by the same party of Pennsylvanians who bought the Lucy Salina, and who regard this bank as of great value. While the value of the first iron belt or primitive range in that part of Virginia crossed by the Chesapeake and Ohio Rcailroad Cornctpany is not yet known, and while the second or Blue Ridge belt of brown hematites (the Allentown, Reading, Lebanon, and South Mountain range of Pennsylvania) is known in Virginia to be fully equal in quality and quantity to its condition at any other points, the third belt or range of iron ores-that lying between the valley limestone and the coal formations, and therefore the nearest of the three to coal, and through and along which the railroad runs sixty miles-in its present imperfectly developed condition, is known to be of far greater magnitude than the same strata in Pennsylvania or elsewhere. After leaving the White Sulphur Springs the railroad, in 7 miles, gets out of this series of strata into the valley of the Greenbrier River, down which it runs 37 miles, most of the distance in the carboniferous limestone, which, from a seam of six inches, on the borders of the anthracite coal-fields, has here thickened into several hundred feet, and forms a valley of 12 miles in width and 100 in length. The cost of making pig-iron in Alleghany County, Virginia, the locality of the Lucy Salina Furnace heretofore named, has been reliably stated as follows: 67 532 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 2 tons Blhuff ores at furnace, at $1.50 per ton................... $3.00 2- tons splint coal on cars at mouth of Gauley River, at $1.50 per ton 3.38 Transportation 13T miles via C. & 0. IR. R., at 11 cts. per ton per mile 3.08 - ton limestone, adjacent to furnace.............................. 1.00 Labor per ton........................................ 3.00 Interest (calculated on cost of furnace with capacity of 20 tons per day) per ton.................... 1.00 Total cost at furnace, per ton................................... 14.46 This cost is compared with that of making pig-iron at Indianapolis, Indiana, as reported by Prof. COXE, State Geologist, January 20th, 18T4, is as follows, it being understood that the "block" coal of Indiana and Ohio and the " splint " coal of West Virginia are the only bituminous coals known in the United States, which can be used in their raw state for making pig-iron: 3 tons block coal at $2.T5.................................... $8.25 II tons Clark County (Ind.) ore at $3............................ 4.50 8 ton hematite ore (L. S.) at $9................................ 7.87 Limestone.................... 1.00 Labor, contingencies, etc................................ 4.00 Total cost per ton............................ 25.62 or a difference in favor of Virginia of $11.16 per ton, in the cost of making pig-iron. Taking the cost of the Virginia stone coal iron at $14.46 per ton, the cost of delivering it to New York or western markets is as follows: Cost of iron at furnace per ton................................. $14.46 Freight to shipping port 200 miles, at 1~ cts. per ton per mile by rail. 2.50 Water to New York......................................... 1.50 Cost in:New York....................., o......... 18.46 FOR WESTERN DELIVERY. Freight to Huntington, west 200 miles by rail, at 1k cents per ton per mile..................................... $2.50 Boat to Cincinnati or Pittsburg per ton.................. 1.50 Cost of iron in Virginia at furnace.......................... 14.46 Cost in Pittsburg per ton....... e......................... 18.46 No grade of good stone coal pig metal can be bought at this writing, February, 1874, either in Eastern or Western markets at less than $30, while $35 is the quotable price for No. 1 foundry iron. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 533 The following estimate of the cost of making charcoal iron, both hot and cold blast, in this locality, was furnished by an experienced iron master, the owner of seven charcoal furnaces in Ohio, and who has thoroughly examined the Virginia localities named, and purchased largely of ore and coal lands, with a view to immediate development: Cost of a charcoal furnace with a capacity of 16 tons daily: With water to run blast....................................... $30,000 With steam to run blast, $8,000 more, or........................ 38,000 COLD-BLAST CITARCOAL IRON. 2: tons ore at furnace, at $1.00................................. $2.25 130 bushels charcoal, at 6e........................80 Limestone, adjacent........................................... 1.00 Labor...3.............................................. 3.00 Interest, contingencies, etc., per ton......................... 1.00 Cost at furnace per ton..................................... 15.05 HOT-BLAST CHARCOAL IRON. 2~ tons ore at furnace, at $1.00...................... o.v..... $2.25 180 bushels charcoal, at 6c...................................... 10.80 Limestone, adjacent............................... 1.00 Labor...................................................... 3.00 Interest, etc............................................. 1.00 Cost at furnace per ton..................................... 18.05 This estimate is made for a furnace six miles from railroad. FIEIGHTS TO EASTERN DELIVERIES. Hauling six miles to railroad per ton........................... $1.50 Freight to Alexandria, Va........................ 4.00 Freight thence to Philadelphia, Penn........................... 1.50 Cost of iron at furnace (cold blast)............................ 18.05 Cost of cold-blast charcoal iron in Philadelphia.................... 2505 Cold-blast charcoal iron suitable for car wheels is quoted in Philadelphia, in February, 18T4, at $55, and during 1873 ruled at $60 to $65 per ton, the decline having been due to the restriction of consumption caused by the panic of the fall of 1873. It would be unfair to the valuable iron ores of Virginia to close the account of them without mentioning the splendid fuels supplied by nature for their development, in the coal-fields of the New River and Kanawha Valleys. Of these, the report of I-Ion. HOWELL FISHER, before quoted, says: 534 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THIE UNITED STATES. The coal area naturally depending upon the New River and Kanawha valleys for its outlet (in fact by its contour inaccessible by other passable outlets) embraces a territory of over six thousand square miles, the extent of which is more readily comprehended when the fact is stated that it is quite equal in superficial extent to the whole productive coal area of Great Britain, from which is now mined over one hundred million tons per annum. The great variety and fine quality of the coal of the middle section of this field are well known, and frequently tested. The fine, fatty bituminous, the splint, and the cannel are the principal varieties. The work " Coal, Iron, and Oil," by DADDOW & BANNAN, edition of 1866, page 340, speaking of this location and its coal, says: GCoal River, Elk River, and Gauley, diverge from the Great IKanawha and spread their branches over one of the richest and most mancnificent coal regions in the world, and bring down their wealth to one common centre on the Great Kanawha. The coals of this region generally are better, purer, and more available for all the requirements of trade and manufacture than the coal from any other portion of the Alleghany coal-field. The seams of coal are more numerous and their thickness greater than in any other portion of this coal-field; it can be mined cheaper and with more economy generally, under the same rates of labor, than in any other region in this country without exception." The peculiar splint coal of this section is a superior fuel in its raw state for the manufacture of pig-iron. The coal of the eastern edge of this basin is also of remarkable purity. In Taylor's "Statistics of Coal " (edition of 1855), in which the analysis of over four hundred specimens of American coal is given, there is on page 604 an analysis of the " Deem IBed," opened on the south-east flank of Big Sewell Mountain, in which the impurities, or earthy matter and ashes, are put at 1.14 per cent., or less than that of any other American coal of which an analysis is given, not excepting the best Lehigh anthracite, the finest of which from the Summit lh[ines of the Lehigh he gives at 1.28 per cent., and another specimen from Beaver Meadow 1.28 per cent. The other two veins on the Big Sewell Mountain that were analyzed, the' IRogers' Seam " and " Tyner's Bed," show almost equal purity. The number of workable beds is variously stated at from seven to fourteen. The last is the number given in "' Coal, Iron, and Oil." There are four items that affect the value of a coal-field: First-Quality of the coal. Second-Quantity. Third-Accessibility of the coal itself. Fourth-Market. The last, one of the most essential, will be given to this region by the railroad. The facts already stated have demonstrated its value in the first and second of the above conditions. In respect to the third item, the most essential to cheap and profitable working, this region stands unrivaled. It has been stated before that the chasm of the river renders its most peculiar service in its relation to the coal. Cutting all the coal strata for nearly its whole length entirely through, and getting down among the shales under the coal, the river has caused the numerous streams which pierce this whole coal region to cut down through most of the coal IRON ORE REGIONS OF TIHE UNITED STATES. 535 bearing strata on their courses, leaving the coal entirely above water-level, accessible at hundreds of points by simply scraping off the surface soil; so that, so far as the mere getting of the coal is concerned, two thousand dollars will open a mine ready to ship one thousand tons per week. There is no region in the world where less physical labor will prepare a mine for delivery of coal at the drift's mouth. This will be made clearer by a comparison of the position of coal here and in Great Britain in this respect. In Great Britain, and in fact in almost all of the European coal-fields, the coal is deep below the water-level. To reach the seams requires the expenditure of years of labor and vast sums of money in sinking shafts or pits, and in erecting pumping and hoisting machinery, to be maintained and renewed at heavy annual expense. It is authoritatively stated that the cost of sinking shafts in the Newcastle region of England to the depth of one thousand feet has been, in many instances, one thousand dollars per yard. In the great northern coal-field of Great Britain, producing twenty million tons per annum, there are two hundred pits or shafts, costing, in first outlay, for sinking and machinery, fifty millions of dollars, to which must be added the necessary expense of constructing and maintaining proper air-courses and their accessories requisite to the safety of the employes. There is now invested, simply in pits, and machinery for pumping and hoisting the one hundred million tons produced in Great Britain, two hundred million dollars; and this vast sum is destined to utter destruction in serving the purpose for which it was used. These pits and machinery being constructed, they involve a certain amount of labor for every ton of coal got, in addition to their cost and renewal. Now, in this great coal-field, crossed by the Chescpecae and Ohio Railroad, lNature has already sunk all the necessary pits and shafts, which need neither repair, renewal, nor labor to work them. The laws of gravity have provided the most perfect, permanent, and costless pumping machinery; and the most perfect ventilation of the mines and safety of the employes, instead of requiring scientific knowledge and anxious thought, is simply a matter of the most ordinary care, the alnmost perfect freedom from noxious gases being the natural result of the position of the coal strata. In Pennsylvania there has occasionally been found, between the carboniferous limestone and the coal conglomerate, a vein of iron ore of workable thickness arid quality. On the New River, just before reaching the coal, evidences of the presence of this vein exist, and the amount of ore which it sometimes leaves on the surface is considerable; but there has been no opening which demonstrates its permanent value. The buhrstone ore lying above the first workable coal vein-the Johnstown ore of Cambria County, Pennsylvania-is known to exist in its proper geological level, and is said to be opened in many places in its best condition. Higher up in the series a second seam of ore is found, which can occasionally be profitably worked, furnishing a fine argillaceous ore, but it is much more uncertain in its yield and thickness than the other. While furnaces should not be erected to depend entirely upon these ores, they are a most valuable and desirable addition to the richer and differently constituted ores of the East. With the facts now at hand, a fair consideration of the prospects of the line of the Chesacpeae and Ohio iRailrocad, as an iron manufacturing centre, can be had. 536 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. Analyses of Coal. The following analyses of the coal of Virginia, by Prof. RODGERS, give an evidence of its value as a fuel: NO. I.-FROM LITTLE SEWELL MOUNTAIN. Carbon............................................... 80.24 per cent. Volatile matter...........................48 Ash........................................ 2.28 " 100.00 NO. II.-FROM BIG SEWELL MOUNTAIN. Carbon............................................... 75.88 per cent. Volatile matter..................................... 22.32 " A sh................................................ 1.80 Ash.es***o~ee@Xe@***s@**Xee~e@@@*~@ osss 1.80 " 100.00 NO. III.-FROM MILL CREEK, FAYETTE COUNTY. Carbon............................7............ 1.88 per cent. Volatile matter.................................... 26.20 " Ash................................................. 1.92 100.00 NO. IV. —FROM STOCKTON MINES, KANAWHA COUNTY. Carbon............................................. 4.55 per cent. Volatile matter.................................... 21.13 " Ash................................................ 4.32 100.00 NO. V.-FROM CAMPBELL'S CREEK, FAYETTE COUNTY. Carbon.............................................. 65.64 per cent. Volatile matter............................... 31.25 " Ash.................................................3.11. " Ash.......3.11 " 100.00 In his report on the iron belt of Virginia, 3M. F. MAURY, JR., thus summarizes the natural resources for iron making, and the investment of capital, as follows: 1st. A very large area of nearly horizontal coal-bearing deposits of unusual regularity, great thickness, and excellent quality. 2d. There are in this coal field numerous seams of splint, cannel, and bituminous coal which rank with, and sometimes excel, the best coals of the United States. 3d. It has railroad connection with the Eastern markets, as well as communication with 40,000 miles of Western river navigation and railroads, along which are many large and manufacturing towns. IRON ORE REGIONS. OF THE UNITED STATES. 537 4th. Coal can be shipped to the West for many months in the year, when that from Pennsylvania and Northern Ohio, which now supplies by far the largest part of this market, is kept back by the difficulties of navigation on the Ohio, above the mouth of the IKanawha. 5th. Mnuch of this area is covered by virgin forests, containing nearly all the principal American trees. 6th. It has the advantage over Pittsburg, the chief coal-shipping port of Pennsylvania, of being nearer Cincinnati, and the other Western cities, by about 240 miles. 7th. The deposits of iron ore are of fine quality, in great profusion, and of all the varieties necessary for the manufacture of first-rate iron. The iron belt and coal-field are within less than 100 miles of each other. In addition to these statements it is only necessary to add that iron-ore lands in Virginia can be bought for from 50 cents to $25 or $50 per acre, according to contiguity to railroad, and amount of development. Coal lands, including the best gas, cannel, and splint coals, on the Gauley and New rivers, for from $10 to $25 per acre, and charcoal lumber rights, covering the coaling right to all lumber for charcoal, at $1.00 per acre. No one of the older States with such contiguity to the large markets of the East offers any such advantages for the profitable production of iron. West irginia. In this State, according to the best authority,* two prominent seams of iron ore exist; one, in its proper geological level, as found and worked at Johnstown, Cambria County, Pennsylvania, and which exists in variable quantity and quality wherever this seam of coal is found. In some places it is rich and productive, while in others it is lean and worthless. Here, however, it appears at the surface as a brown oxide of great richness, yielding 60 per cent. of metal in the furnace; but the bed is naturally a calcareous ore where not oxidized, yielding here from 40 to 45 per cent. of metallic iron. Its size is from 3 to 4 feet when in its best condition, accompanied, however, by leaner shales or argillaceous ores. On the banks of the New River the brown oxides of the limestone are found, as also the red and brown oxides of the copper region are penetrated by this stream. It runs for fifty miles through the rich limestone valley abounding in iron and lead, and then enters the azoic formations to the east where immense masses of red and brown ores exist. Below the valley or west of the valley limestones, the river enters the mountain ranges of the formations overlying the Matinal. These mountain-ranges are made up of heavy sandstones, slates, and limestones, and contain numerous masses of brown ores, as developed in Giles, Craig, Monroe, Alleghany, Mercer, and Tazewell counties. These ores may not be of any great value for the production of iron locally, because the timber to produce charcoal will not be adequate or in proportion, though the mountain or azoic region in Floyd, Carroll, and Grayson counties is almost an unbroken primeval forest, and the counties before named, to the west of the valley, also possess an abundance of timber; but these resources are insignificant, when compared with the resources of this region in iron ores. But the Alleghany coal-field is in available proximity, and the coals of the Great Kan*" Coal, Iron, and Oil: " DADDOW & BAnNAN. 538 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. awha and the ores of the New River, in Virginia and North Carolina, are both on a scale of equal magnitude. We will not exaggerate if we compare the resources of the Kanawha in this respect to the most favored localities in Pennsylvania, not even excepting the Lehigh region, with its coal and iron. The only requirements are enterprise and capital to develop these resources and to combine the coal and the ores by rail.* The principal site of the iron industry in West Virginia is at Wheeling on the Ohio River, and here the facilities for obtaining the rich ores of Lake Superior by rail and water and the iron. mountain ores of Missouri by all water freight, have been so great that comparatively little attention has been paid to the development of the native ores of the region. With the influx of capital and the higher prices of the ores now used, prices which must advance, owing to increased consumption at the point of exportation of these ores, the native ores of West Virginia will come into market. The State has everything to be desired in climate, fertile soil, and fuels and fluxes, and only needs population and capital to thoroughly develop its capabilities. The following interesting correspondence of the Iron Ageq in December, 1873, gives valuable information of the Kanawha coal-field and the iron ore region of Putnam County: The Great Kanawha River, running off at right angles from the Ohio, traverses the richest portion of the great Alleghany coal-fields, cutting the coal measures of the region, 2,000 feet thick, to their base, and developing their exhaustless mineral treasures in the most available manner for practical production. Although the coal beds are too far below the surface for immediate working, the iron deposits more than doubly make this section of the great coal-field valuable. The exact depth of the coal in this country I am not prepared to state, but should judge it to be, from the general dip of the Alleghany coal-fields, some 60 feet below low-water mark of the Kanawha River. There crop out in several parts of this country, about 250 feet above low water of the Kanawha, several veins of coal, which are commonly known as the "Raymond seam." The thickness of the several openings which I have seen do not exceed 24 to 30 inches, rendering it not a profitable business to work it. The quality is of a very superior splint nature, and I understand it to be the intention of parties located here, who contemplate a stone-coal blast furnace, to entirely use the coal of their property, they having several outcrops of the seam above mentioned lying immediately under a large bed of iron ore. In this case I should judge it would pay to mine, but otherwise coal mining in this county would not allow of large outlays in developing. It is too near the great coal deposits in Kanawha County, only some fifty miles up the river from this point. There exist in the highest hills 6f Putnam county four prominent seams of iron ore, consisting of brown and red hematite, yielding by analysis 50 to 58 per cent. of metallic iron. The seams vary in thickness from 21- to 4 feet, and are easily mined, as they command such a position in the hills as to render stripping possible at a trifling expense. And when drifting is necessary there is no rock to contend with. These heavy deposits are three to four miles from the K[anawha River, at an elevation of 350 feet for the highest vein. [* The completion of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad across this belt of mineral territory supplies the medium desired for the most extensive interchange of ores and fuel; and at the same time opens these wonderful deposits, and their mianufactured products, to the markets both East and West.-ED.]I IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 539 CHARLES WVITTLESEY, an eminent geologist from Ohio, has examined the ores as they lie in this county, and concludes his report with the following remarks: "The ores already known in Putnam County are abundant in quantity, and more beds will, on examination, be brought to light. As to quality, the analyses show they are equal to the Ohio furnace district, in Lawrence, Jackson, and Vinton counties, known as the' Hanging RockRegion,' and that the percentage of iron is greater." By permission, I am allowed to copy the following analysis, made by Mr. WHITTLESEY, of the ores of this region known as the brown hematites of Putnam County, West Virginia: INSOLUBLE MATTER. Bed Bed Bed No. 1. o.. 2. No. 3. Silex and alumina.......................... 16.35 8.84 7.42 Lime................................... none. 6.08 0.20 Sulphuric acid............................ none. none. none. Phosphoric acid............................ not given. 0.90 0.17 Oxide of manganese......................... 0.25 2.50 0.42 Loss by heating....................... not given. 9.71 10.56 Metallic iron............................. 58.10 50.15 56.80 The Number 1 ore has been used by CYRus MENDENHALL, of Cincinnati, and in reporting upon it he states: "The ore you refer to, brown hematite, we used with Iron Mountain, Missouri, onethird West Virginia, without any marked effect on the working of the furnace, or in quality of iron produced. It was evidently very easily smelted, and the most desirable native ore we tried. We used it without calcining, having too limited furnace area to do it. The amount of phosphoric acid is certainly too small to be any injury to foundry metal, and for bars can, by HENDERSON'S new process, long being successfully practised near Glasgow, Scotland, be entirely removed." The parties who are now in possession of the best portion of these deposits are pushing the railroad connecting the mines with the Kanawaha River with all possible speed; and I look for grand results when these ores shall be generally worked by the furnaces of Ohio and Pennsylvania. There also exist throughout Putnam County large quantities of what is commonly known as kidney ore, yielding by analysis 85 to 90 per cent. metallic iron. So far no discovery of a regular deposit of this ore has been brought to light, it being found in large quantities on creek bottoms, and imbedded in the clays throughout the hills. No doubt there exists somewhere a deposit of this extraordinary rich ore, but it remains to be discovered whether this is a fact. It is the present intention of the parties who own these valuable tracts to erect a charcoal cold-blast furnace on the banks of the Kanawha. There is timber enough in the immediate neighborhood to run a 20 ton furnace thirty years. It has been carefully estimated that car-wheel and foundry iron can be manufactured here at a figure not exceeding $20 per ton. The same metal is worth to day in Cincinnati $60 to $65 per ton. This seems almost incredible, but it is undoubtedly a fact, as it has been estimated by numbers of experienced iron men, that pig-iron, without doubt, can be made 68 540 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. at such a low figure, when such special advantages are offered in duality and quantity of ore, cheapness of mining, and almost the entire original growth, yet standing, of timber. I should be pleased to devote yet more space and time to this subject, and will state in conclusion that Putnam County presents finer openings for enterprise and capital than the best of the Kanawha Valley, or, in fact, than any of the other undeveloped mineral regions of our whole country. I omitted to mention the great advantage it possesses over many other localities for shipment in all directions. It is distant from Cincinnati by river 226 miles, and from Pittsburg 219 miles. The cost of transportation should also be taken into consideration, as it is so far below that of other iron manufacturing centres. Pig metal or ore can be shipped to Cincinnati for from 50 to 75 cents per ton, and to Pittsburg for $1.00 per ton. Iron Ore Regions of Tennessee. The iron ore regions of Tennessee have been the subject of very considerable investigation and of large investment of foreign capital within the past few years. The advantages are numerous. Extensive deposits of brown hematite (limonite) ores, ranging from 38 to 50 per cent. of metallic iron, in the great valley of East Tennessee, have invited the manufacture of charcoal irons for years, as is attested by the numerous furnaces of this region. Farther west are equally extensive deposits of red fossil ores, lying in strata of from 30 to 50 feet down to a few inches in thickness. While highly silicious, and in some cases so much so as to render them difficult of reduction with the charcoal fuel of the region alone, they are notably free from phosphorus, the average being not over five hundredths of one per cent. When mixed with other local ores, and smelted with coke, these fossil ores, however, make an excellent quality of metal. Specular and magnetic ores also exist in considerable quantities on the line of the Selma, Rome and Dalton, and the Western and Atlantic railroads. These are extremely rich in iron, and very free from phosphorus. To supply these ores with fuel there is, in addition to the very heavy timber of the country, an unlimited endowment of bituminous coal. The principal deposits of fuel are the Cumberland, Sand Mountain, and Walden Ridge, with beds running from 20 to 100 feet in thickness, without an intervening stratum of slate or rock. This coal is both coked and used raw, and in about equal admixtures of both forms is found to be a highly satisfactory fuel. Chattanooga is the natural as well as the geographical centre of these ores and fuels, being the terminus of five finished railroads traversing these fields of ore and fuel, and will very shortly have three more railroads, now building, in addition to the above. A very extensive iron industry is conducted in Tennessee, as will be seen by reference to the blastfurnace and rolling-mill departments. The cost of iron making in, and the chemical properties of the ores and fuels of, Tennessee will be hereafter noted. The objection made, that the ores of some portions of the State produce cold short-irons, is entirely overruled by the excellent rail and water facilities for transportation of suitable admixtures. For the production of charcoal irons Tennessee has offered superior facilities, and actual figures of the year 1872 show that cold-blast charcoal wheel iron made in East Tennessee, after paying a freight of $15.75 per ton from the point of production to Philadelphia, paid a profit of $25.25 per ton at the current prices of that quality of iron at that date. The brown hematite ores of the great valley of East Tennessee occur in the lower IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 541 Silurian, while the north-west border of this valley contains the red hematite fossil ore of the upper Silurian limestone formation. TuoOST says that the richest and purest of the brown hematite ores of Eastern Tennessee were at one time rejected by the miners under the impression that it was the Black Jack of the English, a sulphuret of zinc.* These ores are found in Johnson County, where formerly some ten or twelve bloomary forges were run on them. In Carter County there are banks of red and brown hematite on Stony Creek and vicinity, averaging 40 per cent. of metallic iron. lumerous old forges were worked here at an early date, and succeeded by the blast furnaces of the present.t In Sullivan County there are brown hematites and fossiliferous ores, which have been worked for sixty or seventy years. Very old forges and furnaces exist here, and an admixture of these ores yielded 61 per cent. of iron. In Washington County, on the Nolichucky River, there are immense deposits of limonite. Of these ores in the vicinity of Embreeville further notice will be made. In Green County both brown and red hematites occur, and were worked in bloomary forges at an early date. Cook County has honeycomb hematites of from 50 to 60 per cent. iron. Sevier, Blount, and Munroe counties likewise all indicate by the old forges the presence of the same ores. The fossil or dyestone ores of Tennessee lie on the west side of the great valley, and fanking the Cumberland Mountains a portion of the Alleghanies. These ores were called dyestone, from the fact of the early settlers of the regions where they are foulnd using them as dyes; and as will be seen hereafter, run from the extreme north along a well-defined belt, with branches north-west, from [New York to Alabama. In Claiborne County, Tenn., is the celebrated Cumberland Gap, a passage into Kentucky through the Cumberland Mountain, by which all the early settlers from Virginia and the Carolinas penetrated to the then western wilderness.4 H-ere, near the Cumberland Gap Furnace,~ is an extensive deposit of fossil ore, while within five miles are great quantities of bituminous coal. In Campbell County, near Fincastle, are fossil ores, generally ranging from 25 to 35 per cent. Many old and abandoned forges and furnaces are here, and others in operation. In Union County the same ores are found, and in Roane County this ore runs along the south side of the Tennessee River in generally large deposits, yielding 60 per cent. iron. An analysis by Prof. TROosT gives for this ore: Peroxide of iron............................................. 93 Carbonate of lime.................................. 3.5 Alumina....................................................... 2 Silica................................................ 2 The advantages of the region of Roane County have been fully set forth by General J. T. WILDER, of the Rockwood Furnaces, whose statements are given in full hereafter. In Rhea County the fossil ores occur in large deposits, and were formerly worked in numerous forges. English capital has been invested largely here in 1873. In MLeigs, McMinn, and Hamilton counties, the latter the county in which Chattanooga is located, 50 per cent. fossil ores are abundant, and cost generally not to exceed $2 at the furnace. * Iron Manufacturers' Guide, Prof. J. P. LESLEY, p. 593. f See Charcoal Furnaces of East Tennessee. t Iron Manufacturers' Guide, Prof. J. P. LESLEY, p. 630. ~ See Blast Furnaces of Tennessee. 542 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. It has been frequently doubted whether there were magnetic ores in East Tennessee suitable for the manufacture of BESSEMER pig metal, and in some cases entirely denied. In Carter County there are quite extensive deposits of magnetites, which are a continuation of the famous Cranberry ore beds of Mitchell, formerly Yancy, County, North Carolina. These ores, while of superior quality, are very free from sulphur and phosphorus, as witness the analyses appended. The iron made from these ores in North Carolina has been pronounced by high authority showing an average tenacity of 71,000 lbs. per square inch. Of this ore, Prof. CHANDLER, of the School of Mines, Columbia College, who made the accompanying analysis, says: " This is the best iron ore I have ever analyzed. It is very rich in iron, and very free from sulphur and phosphorus." This ore gave by his analysis: Magnetic oxide of iron.........9.............. 91.80 per cent. Sesquioxide of manganese.......................... 0.32 " Alumina...o.................................. 1.03 Lime...............1.............................. 1.06 Magnesia......................................... 0.23 Sulphur............................... 0.25 Phosphoric acid................... trace. Silica............................................. 4.02 " Moisture.............................. 1.15 Equivalent to metallic iron, 66.53. Of a sample of this ore from Tennessee, in Carter County, now in the cabinet of the writer, Prof. VWUTH, of Pittsburg, made the following analysis: Peroxide of iron.................... 5.71 Magnetic oxide of iron....................................... 73.49 Alumina................................................... 5.92 Protoxide of manganese.........................16 Lime....................................................1.64 Magnesia........................................82 Silica.................................................. 11.17 Phosphoric acid................................................ 057 Water..................................................... 1.03 Metallic iron, 57.21. This sample was taken from the surface, and fairly averaged. Taken from the solid vein, the ore yields over 60 per cent. Of this ore Dr. WuTH said: " It will produce a splendid iron for the BESSEMER process." Blooms made from this ore have been analyzed and worked by competent parties, and found equal to the best Swedish iron. The magnetic ores of Western North Carolina and Eastern Tennessee indicate by their purity that they will be soon sought for the manufacture of fine irons and steels. In 1872, 20,000 acres containing this character of ore in abundant quantity was sold for $2 per acre, and many similar properties are yet offered at no great advance on these figures. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 543 The brown hematite or limonite ores of Washington County, in the vicinity of Embreeville, on the Nolichucky River, a stream navigable for boats, are not only in great quantity, but possess many characteristics of interest. Prof. J. P. LESLEY, in a report made on this region in 1873, says: * " The brown hematite or limonite deposits of Bumpass Cove exactly resemble those of IMiorrisson's Cove, Nittany Valley, IKishicoquilis, and other lower Silurian limestone valleys of Pennsylvania and Virginia; and those of the long line of the north flank of the South Mountain, Blue Ridge, Smoky Mountain Range, from the Hudson River to Alabama." These ores are irregular masses of ochreous clays and loose sands, full of shot and balls and pipes of the hydrated sesquioxide of iron; with coatings of the black oxide of manganese, and traces of the original sulphide of iron, sulphide of lead, and sulphide of zinc, held by the limestone strata before these were dissolved and made cavernous by the drainage waters which have packed the clay sand ore into all the holes and crevices, caverns and water-courses, thus made. There mu'st be many millions of tons of iron ore in the more central part of the cove, in the low hills composed of the almost horizontal ore-bearing limestone strata, which everywhere shows the dissolving action of the ore-collecting waters, and are covered in many places with ore ground. The books of the furnace show that after the ore has been washed and the large lumps roasted, to make them more easily broken to pieces, the lowest percentage of ore to pig metal is 49, and the highest 59. The practical average of pig iron obtained from the thus prepared ore is 55 per cent. The weight of the washed ore when dry is 1 tons to the cubic yard. The weight of the lump ore is about i ton to the cubic yard. An analysis of this limonite from Bumpass Cove, by Prof. FISHER, of the U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., gave as follows: Water and organic matter....................................... 13.15 Phosphoric acid......0.............................09 Silica......................................................... 3.05 Alumina..................................................... 1.28 Sesquioxide of manganese........................................27 Sulphur......................................................203 Peroxide of iron................. e.............. 82.27 100.313 82.27 peroxide of iron equals 57.6 per cent. pure iron. As the cost of iron making in this vicinity is a matter of great interest, from the fact that it is a locality prominently before capital for investment in ore lands, the following particulars are given. Profs. MAYNARD and VAN RENSSELAER, of New York, state on these points, after an examination of the region, as follows: The mountains t are for the most * Report on the Embreeville Iron Property, Prof. J. P. LESLEY, 1873. - Report on the Embreeville Iron Property, MAYNARD and VAN RENSSELAER, Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, New York City, 1873. 544 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. part covered with heavy growths of timber to their summits. The average yield of timber to the acre is 80 cords, and the average yield of all woods, coaled without selection, is 33 bushels to the cord, or 2,640 bushels to the acre. The charcoal costs, delivered at furnace, 64 cents per bushel, contract price. Wood is cut at 50 cents per cord; colliers receive 1cents per bushel, including setting, covering and firing pits, burning down, and drawing the coal ready to load into wagons, the coaling ground "' boss " receiving $1.50 per day. Limestone, quarried and delivered, costs 10 cents per ton of iron made. The analysis of this flux shows it to contain: Carbonate of lime........................... 91.20 per cent. Carbonate of magnesia................................ 3.40 " Insoluble matter............................... 5.40 " " 100.00 A very refractory sandstone abundant in the vicinity, and which stands remarkably for furnace lining, presents the following properties by analysis made by Prof. PERSIFER FRAZER, JR., of the University of Pennsylvania: Silica..................................... 76.98 per cent. Alumina and iron (the latter under 2 per cent. sesquioxide of iron)..................................... 16.12 " Magnesia.................................. 2.63 Lime......................................... 1.44 " " Undetermined........................... 2.83 " 100.00 The ore is delivered at furnace by contract at $1.00 per ton, made up of one-third lump and two-thirds washed ore. The washed ore is washed in sluices at small cost, two men at $1.00 to $1.25 per day being able to wash 25 tons. Transporting ore from the washer to the furnace is 45 cents per ton. Roasting the lump ore costs 15 cents per ton. The furnace has the following dimensions, and owing to insufficient blast and bad management, makes but five or six tons of iron daily, although of capacity for greater product: Ileight of stack............... 32 feet. Diameter of bosh................................ 8 feet 3 inches. Diameter of hearth at bottom...................... 22 Diameter of hearth at top......... 30 " Diameter of tunnel head.................. 30 Diameter of tuyeres at nozzle...................... The blast is furnished by two wooden blowing cylinders of 36 inches diameter and 4 feet stroke, which are actuated by an overshot water-wheel with a speed of 17 revolutions per minute. A more primitive plant cannot well be cited. The following figures show the workings of this furnace for the months of November and December, 1872: IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 545 NOVEMBER. Iron made.................................. 135.67 tons. Charcoal per ton iron........................ 143.25 bushels. Limestone " "............ 345 pounds. Average yield of ore................................. 53 per cent. DECEMBER. Iron made....................... 130.67 tons. Charcoal per ton iron................... 144 bushels. Limestone "............... 329 pounds. Average yield of ore.................................. 58.5 per cent. The product is a superior cold-blast car-wheel iron, formerly used by the Tredegar Works of Richmond, Virginia, for that purpose, and since entirely contracted for by Messrs. A. WIITNEY & SONS, of Philadelphia,* at $57 cash per ton. The iron is said to possess superior strength and chilling properties. The cost of this iron at furnace is 116 per ton, and it is hauled to Jonesborough at $3.25 per ton, and thence goes by rail via East Tennessee and Virginia R. R. to Norfolk, Virginia, and thence by steamer to Philadelphia at $12.50 per ton, or a totalfreight of $15.50. The total cost of the iron laid down in Philadelphia is $31.75, and at the contract price above stated, $57 per ton, it leaves a profit of $2.5.25 per ton, or a net profit of $45,000 per year, on an average yield of but 5 tons daily. We have been thus particular in quoting the workings of this furnace and cost of the iron produced as a type of charcoal-iron production in the Southern States. It may be above or below the average cost; of this we have no information. The figures are, however, beyond controversy, being actual transcripts from furnace books made by the gentlemen on whose authority we quote, and it is certain that the States of Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, and Alabama afford numerous locations where iron of equal quality can be made, at least at the same cost. The property embraced with this furnace, some 50,000 acres in all, has passed into the hands of English capitalists by purchase in 1873, so that we are further saved from the possible accusation of aclvertising it. Lands in this vicinity have been bought from 10 cents to 50 cents per acre by thousands of acres, and can still be bought for from 60 cents to $10 per acre as to character and location. It is quite evident to any one that if this iron will pay a profit to the car-wheel manufacturer after adding a freight of $15.50 to its cost of $16 at furnace, and a profit of $25.25 per ton, or $40.75 more than its cost at furnace, that a car wheel works in the vicinity connected with the furnace, and with proper facilities, could realize this profit of $40.75 per ton with whatever additional gain the market price of car wheels would legitimately give. In view of the abundant railroad facilities here found, it would appear rather more business like to pay freight on the finished car wheel to its market, even the same distance, than on the pig metal. And right here is the opportunity for capital. The south-west will in a few years increase in population and trade as rapidly as the north-west has, and the raw material, be it pig metal, ore, charcoal, coke, or coal fuel, can be had or made at prices which cannot be competed' with at the older * See Car Wheel Works of Pennsylvania. 546 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. and more densely settled localities. Capital and energy are alone needed to obtain results which shall satisfy the demands of even the most ambitious. Of the cost of stone-coal iron (hot blast, of course) in Tennessee, Mr. GEO. T. LEWIS furnished a very accurate account in 1869, for which he was taken greatly to task; his figures of cost having been used by the free-trade party in Congress as an argument against the protective system. Mr. LEWIS has contributed greatly to the information we have of south-western ores, and should not be decried because his statements show that iron can be made cheaply in favored localities. The protective system in the United States has developed the iron industry and supported the high-priced labor and dear capital incident to the organization and development of any trade. It did the same in earlier days for Great Britain. As we take it, the object of protection is toprotect an industry while it needs it; when the necessity shall have passed, the protection will die with it from the nature of business laws. Great Britain outgrew the necessity, and proclaimed free trade, with possibly a little too much moral unction and unneighborly business greed. The United States will shortly outgrow the necessities of protection-will in turn proclaim free trade, and if South America or Tasmania become iron-producing regions, they in turn will demar-d protection from our cheaper labor and low-priced iron, just as Great Britain would now thankfully accept protection against Belgium, and assuredly will in the near future propose it against the United States. Mlankind may progress in education, moral and religious character, but the nerves which centre in the pocket-book-and they form the most sensitive ganglion in the body politic-throb the same responses, under certain conditions, century after century. Mr. LEWIS says, in several very interesting letters published at different dates, that Tennessee has abundant hematite and fossil ores yielding from 40 to 65 per cent. of iron, equally abundant coals showing by analysis from 55 to T70 per cent. carbon, with less sulphur or earthy matter, as shown by tables, than the furnace coals of England, Wales, Scotland, Western Pennsylvania, and Ohio. These minerals lie directly on finished railroads. He tabulates the cost of making one ton of hot-blast stone-coal iron at this point at $16.95 per ton, presuming a furnace located where coals, flux and ores are contiguous, of a capacity of 6,000 tons per annum, and to cost $100,000. Having been attacked as incorrect, he quotes the following letter from General J. T. WILDERI, of the Roane Iron Co., Rockwood, Tennessee, in 1872, to the editor of the American IManufacturer, of Pittsburgh, giving the actual workings of his furnace: which letter we give as follows: ROANE IRON Co., Rockwood, Tenn., November 22d, 1872. JOSEPH D. WEE1S, Editor: DEAR SIR,-Your favor of November 14th reached me here. In answer I have to say that the paper spoken of has not come to hand; as soon as received it shall receive attention. We are working here a vein of dry semi-bituminous coal, varying in thickness from 10 to 40 feet, and in some places much thicker. The vein is very much disturbedone entry is three-fourths of a mile long. We work the lump coal raw, and coke the slack. Have been running four years with one twenty-ton furnace; will blow in our second stack in February, of forty-five tons capacity. The vein of coal lies on top of the conglomerate sandstone of the lower coal measures. Will only coke when pulverized and wet; works splendidly in the furnace when raw. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 547 We use the red fossiliferous ore without mixture. It is found in a ridge running parallel to and close at the foot of the Cumberland Mountains; have two veins, one varying from two to five feet thick, and the other from three to fifteen feet thick. The limestone for flux is between the ore and coal, and is two hundred feet thick, sub-carboniferous. Ores, cold short; coal and lime very pure. Coal costs at furnace $1.50 per ton; ore, $1.00 to $2.00 per ton; lime, 85 cents per ton. It required last year 2.85 tons coal mined for each ton of pig made. Ore at surface yields about 42 per cent.; underground or mine ore, 62 to 66 per cent. We use 20 per cent. of lime for flux; these are the working results in the furnace by the year. The ore veins begin down in Central Alabama, and run continuously up through Chattanooga into Virginia. In Alabama they yield from 35 to 45 per cent. There is also another vein of ore, not so rich as these used by us, near here, varying in thickness from six to twenty feet. The company are running a narrow-gauge road to it. For four hundred miles from Central Alabama, up through Tennessee into Virginia, the ore, coal, and limestone are contiguous and persistent-some sections of it better and thicker than others. With the Cincinnati Southern Railroad finished to Chattanooga via Emory Gap, Pittsburgh can get her cheapest supply of ores from this region, as the road will run along the ore beds for eighty miles of its southern end. Mr. DELVIN, of the firm of DELVIN & MCCULLA, of Pittsburgh, went over a large section of this country in September last, and can verify these statements. I am, very respectfully, J. T. WILDER, Superintendent I. I. Co. The actual cost of hot-blast stone-coal pig metal per ton, at the Roane Iron Works, is as follows: Two tons iron ore at $1.50 per ton......e.................. $3 00 2.85 tons coal (79 bushels) at $1.50 per ton.................... 4 27~ Limestone per ton of iron.................................. 85 My estimate of superintendence and labor per ton is............... 4 00 My estimate of incidentals per ton is.......................... 50 My estimate of interest on investment per ton is.............. 1 00 My estimate of wear and tear per ton is................... 50 $14 12 Or less than my estimate in 1869 per ton.......................... 2 82 Or, according to the cost of labor as estimated in Central Pennsylvania by W. E. S. BAKER, Secretary of Iron Masters' Association, ore, coal, and limestone at Roane Iron Works, per ton of metal. 8 121 Labor per ton, according to Mr. BAKER'S figures.................. 3 54 All other contingencies, interest, etc............................. 2 77 $14 431 The actual copy from furnace books of Roane Iron Co. will be found in another part of this work, and is not here republished.* * See introduction to Blast Furnaces of Tennessee. 69 548 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. In commenting on this letter the editor of the American Wc6nztfacturer of Pittsburgh says: " These facts are worthy of consideration by our iron men. Iron can be produced in Tennessee at from $5 to $6 per ton less than Lake Superior ore is selling for in this market.* In other words, iron can be produced and delivered in this city, including the cost of transportation, at the ruling price of this kind of ore. We do not mean that it can be done at a profit, but simply that the cost of the iron to the manufacturer here would be the same as he is now paying per ton for the ore. * * * Further, if a good quality of ore can be mined and delivered by the railroads at Knoxville, Tennessee, and Charlestown, West Virginia, for $2 per t n, we ought not to pay $20 here." Mr. LEWIS, in a later communication to the Iron Age,f expresses the conviction that these ores can be shipped Tor export to Great Britain at a profit in the near future, and for this he has been derided by other iron manufacturers. We can only agree with Mr. LEWIS. During the whole of the winter of 1873-4 coal has been shipped at the rate of 100 tons per day to the Atlantic, at Port Royal, S. C., for the supply of the British naval vessels in the West India Station. If coal can bear this freight in competition with more northern bituminous coals, ores costing $1 on the cars, and at a rail freight of 1~ cents per ton per mile, and an ocean freight of not over $4 per ton, can be shipped to England now and leave a margin of profit to the shipper. But neither the laws of political economy, business prudence, nor common-sense make ore shipments desirable. The ores of Tennessee demand the surplus capital and labor of Great Britain to come to them, and that accomplished, the product may be exported when the home demand is supplied. We have devoted this much, perhaps too much, space to the valuable minerals of this State, because,satisfied of its great advantages for iron making, and because it is the locality of large investments of foreign capital already. Alabama, Georgia, and Virginia offer, no doubt, equal facilities with Tennessee for cheap and profitable iron making. In either of these States purchases can now be made at prices which within five years will have advanced five-hundred-fold, and yet not represent the value of the land. One point in defence of Tennessee ores from the charges made against them. Silicious irons are not necessarily cold-short irons, as witness the silicon steel rails now coming so generally into favor, and if one Tennessee furnace makes cold-short iron to be used in rails or for admixture with red-short pig in the puddling furnace, this does not necessarily stamp the ores of a State as cold-short." Iron Ore Regions of Vermont Vermont contains magnetic ores in small quantities in the talcose and chlorite slates of the Green Mountains. Mixed magnetic and specular ores are found in Plymouth, and in Brandon a vein of magnetic ore in hornblende is found. Specular ores have been found also in Crittenden, Brandon, Middlebury, and Lincoln. Red oxide was formerly mined in Milton, and chrome iron. Titaniferous magnetic ores occur in veins four feet wide, two miles east of the Misisco River, and are traceable for two miles. This ore analyzed: * This was in 1872. f January, 1874. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 549 Peroxide iron............................................. 81.20 Protoxide iron....................................... o 13.37 Titanic acid............................................. 4.10 Silica................................................... 1.33 Equivalent to metallic iron, 66.62. This is a rich ore, and with the small percentage of titanium, and the present knowledge of utilizing titaniferous ores, ought to make an iron of superior strength and quality. The brown hematites of Vermont occur in Chittenden, Addison, and Rutland counties, in the latter of which is the Brandon deposit, and all more or less highly manganiferous. At Brandon there is mingled with the ore, manganese, kaolin, and lignite. This ore was formerly used for car-wheel iron, the kaolin made into fire-brick, and the lignite consumed for generating steam in the works, for which it was found satisfactory. At Pittsford, in Rutland County, are large beds of hematite, formerly worked in a furnace. In Chittenden County 45 per cent. ore, injured by manganese, was formerly mined. Near this bed was a vein of manganese nearly two yards wide. In North Dorset, Bennington County, is a vein of ochreous ore associated with manganese deposits. Efforts were made to reduce this manganese in the furnace, but in casting it created such quantities of flame, consuming the iron, that the experiment was quickly abandoned. These manganiferous deposits should attract the attention of the votaries of ferro-manganese, MUSHET's alloy of iron and manganese, as a substitute for spiegel in steel making. The alloy could here be made economically, and a market found for it, if suitable, at the Troy BESSEMER Steel Works. Iron Ore Regions of Wisconsin. The ores of Wisconsin were until a comparatively recent date very much underrated, or rather possibly misunderstood. The State is extremely rich in ores of good quality and average richness, including magnetic oxides as found in Northern Wisconsin in the Pinokee Range; some brown hematites, fossiliferous ores in quantity in the Iron Ridge region, and bog ores in extraordinary abundance in Wood, Portage, and Juneau counties. The iron industry is well and thoroughly established, profitably conducted, and advancing rapidly. Like most of the North-western States, the people are fully alive to the value of their mineral resources, and both by State appropriations for geological surveys, and personal effort, have induced the investment of large amounts of capital in their development. Moreover, an excellent element of Scandinavian labor is abundant in Wisconsin, and constantly added to by immigration. The future of this State must undoubtedly be highly prosperous, and although it does not offer the opportunities for investment presented by the south-western ore field of the United States, there are numerous inducements to attract capital, while large profits have invariably attended judicious purchases of ore lands in this State. The magnetic oxides of the Pinokee Range, in Northern Wisconsin, were described 550 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. as long ago as 1852, by Col. CHARLES WHITTLESEY. These ores are found in metamorphic slates, and are in very great extent, and analyzing: Peroxide of iron............................................ 51.5 Protoxide of iron,..................................... 27.1 Silica...................................................... 20.8 Magnesia..................................................... 00.6 Alkali................o...................................... 0.02 Fluoric acid.................................................. trace. Equivalent to 56.3 metallic iron. The limonite ores on Tower's Creek are found in the form of a hydrated brown oxide, quite pure, generally massive, but frequently stalactite and mammillary, and yield about 45 per cent. metallic iron. The fossil ores of Wisconsin, or the Iron Ridge ores, as they are locally termed, are in enormous quantities, practically unlimited. When first used, these ores were pronounced worthless from cold-shortness, but since they have come into high favor and are extensively worked. An analysis of this ore gave: Peroxide of iron.............................................. 75.20 Alumina............................................... 8.40 Silica......................................................... 7.75 Oxide manganese.............................................. 1.40 Magnesia.....................................................64 Lim e.................................................... 5.60 Water.............................................. 0.75 These ores occur in Dodge County, near Mayville, 40 miles from Lake Michigan, and on the line of the Chicago and North-western Railroad at Hubbard and other localities. Here is a bed 10 feet deep, over 500 acres, and estimated to contain 27,000,000 tons. In Washington County, at Hartford, beds 6 to 7 feet thick, and 15 feet below the surface, are found. Near De Pere, Brown County, are large deposits utilized by several furnaces; also near Green Bay, where developments of great magnitude are projected for the near future. Prof. MurmRISH, State Commissioner of the Survey of the Mineral Regions of Wisconsin, reported in 1872 that he finds rich ore of excellent quality in Vernon, Richland, Sank, Juneau, and Wood counties. At Ironton, in the north-west part of Sank County, is a mine from which at that date 27,000 tons of excellent hematite ore, yielding from 50 to 55 per cent. of iron, had been taken. In Richland County, near Richland Centre, he found ore of good quality, and also at Reedstown, Vernon County. At Black River Falls, and above, he found unlimited supplies of ore. Of Wood County he says: "I know of no place on earth where there are more favorable conditions combined to produce extensive deposits of rich bog ore than here." He found beds of it there extending into Portage, and also in Juneau County. From the Iron Ridge and the Trenton mines 93,500 tons of ore were taken in 18T2. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 551 Iron Ores of the Rocky Mountains and of the Pacifio Coast. There has been little exploitation of the ores of iron west of the Missouri River, but they are known to exist in large quantities and of great purity. The mining of the precious metals so abundant in the Rocky Mountain region and on the Pacific coast have heretofore absorbed the attention alike of metallurgist and capitalist. As in California the value of the agricultural productions have far surpassed those of the gold mines, since attention has been turned in that direction, so will in time the development of the iron ores of this section assume its true proportions when properly conducted. At the prices paid for iron on the Pacific coast, and the extraordinary demand for mining and other machinery which must exist there, the intelligent prosecution of iron manufacture could not fail to be highly profitable. Passing westward from the Missouri River, the first notice we have of ores is in Colorado, a region where great enterprise and capital are combined, and which cannot long remain undeveloped as to its iron ores. Of this region, Mr. ROBERT H. LAMBORN, of the Pennsylvania Steel Co., writes in 1873, in a letter descriptive of the coal-fields of Colorado and the superiority of the fuel as tested for locomotive uses, the following in regard to vast ore deposits found in the Rocky Mountain region: " I wish I had the time to describe to you a wild journey that I made among the red granite peaks of the first range of Rocky Mountains, to explore a new iron region about twenty miles west of this coal-field. Suffice to say that I found a mass of ore inexhaustible in amount, more abundant than at the Iron Mountain of Missouri, the Iron Mountain of Marquette, or the Cornwall Hills of this State, all of which deposits I have carefully examined, and which show by analysis made by an experienced chemist scarcely a trace of sulphur or phosphorus. " This Iron Mountain is but twenty-five to thirty miles from the coal, by a route a portion of which I examined on horseback and found entirely practicable for a railway. It costs fifteen dollars per ton to transport iron from the nearest manufactory to Denver, and the railway iron used on the numerous roads being built on the Rocky Mountains is charged with from twenty-five to thirty-five dollars per ton in freights. " A thousand miles of railway is already much nearer this point than any other so well adapted to the manufacture of iron, and by the time works could be erected here, over a thousand additional miles would be ready to consume the material of the pioneer furnaces and rolling mills, while a population that is doubling every three or four years already furnishes a local market where high prices are gladly paid for the luxuries as well as the necessities of life." In Utah there are iron ores in considerable quantities hitherto overslaughed by the greater attractions of the silver mines, but reported as about to be developed by private capital, which has been associated for the establishment of an iron works at Ogden, on the Central Pacific Railroad. In the summer of 1872, A. B. STONE, Esq., President of the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company of Ohio, informed the writer that he had received carload samples of iron ores from Utah, which he should test in the furnaces at Newburg, with the view of erecting an iron works for their development, if satisfactory results were attained. Prof. RAYMOND notes the existence of iron ores in Utah in his reports on the mining region of this section, and BRIGHAM YOUNG has frequently alluded to extensive de 552 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. posits in his addresses to the Mormon people, without, however, specifying localities for the information of the " Gentiles." Since the foregoing was in type, we find the following interesting information relative to the ores of Utah, contributed to the American iManufacturer, of Pittsburgh, by J. BLODGETT BRITTON, Esq., of Philadelphia. This information includes extracts from a letter from ]lMr. E. D. WASSELL, general superintendent of an iron manufacturing company recently formed in Utah. MIr. WASSELL says: Utah Territory is abundantly rich in mineral wealth. We have the ores of gold, silver, lead, zinc, copper, and iron; but it is of those of iron I wish to speak particularly. So far as the quantity of this mineral is concerned, it probably equals, and maybe surpasses all discoveries yet made. The principal deposits are found in the southern part of the territory, where they form some twenty-eight mountains, the largest of which covers an area of three miles in length, by about one mile in width, and reaches an altitude, as near as I can recollect, of 4,700 feet, and the smallest covers an area ascertained by actual measurement to equal that of the Iron Mountain, of Missouri. The ore on the sides of the mountain is in broken masses, from the size of a man's fist to, as near as I could judge, from 10 to 15 feet through, the size of the fragments increasing as the mountains are ascended. The ore on the top is found in vast ledges, and has a glossy appearance on the surface, bearing evidence of having been formed by volcanic action; the large broken masses lie piled up one upon another. There is no one at this time, perhaps, who can give more than a mere outline of the vast iron mineral wealth of this region. It is certain, however, that it is only a matter of time for Utah to equal any other iron manufacturing district on this continent, or any other in the world. The principal deposits are in Iron County, about 300 miles south of Salt Lake City, but between these points there are also large quantities of ore. The kinds found are the magnetic, specular, red hematite, pipe ore, etc., and are variously rich, yielding from a low per cent. up to 68 of metallic iron. The writer states that coal, both bituminous and anthracite, has also been found in Southern Utah, in seams from 7 to 25 feet in thickness, running into the mountains. Nothing but the outcropping is now used. It is not of uniform quality, but will probably improve as the mining is carried farther inward. Also is found in abundance for all purposes, limestone, sandstone, and fire-clay. Utah, it is claimed, has all the elements for manufacturing iron, and the company with which Mr. WASSELL is connected has been formed for that purpose. A small blast furnace has been erected at Iron City; it is now undergoing repairs, and will be in blast some time this month. The company have also erected a foundry and machine shop to be carried on in connection with the furnace, and are now making arrangements for the erection of another furnace and a rolling mill, for the manufacture of rails, with a daily capacity of 100 tons. The works are to be on the line of the Utah Southern Railroad. In order to ascertain the true metallurgical value of the ores and limestone to be used, various samples were forwarded to Philadelphia for analysis, and subjoined is a statement of the results that were returned. IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 553 THE IRON-MASTEIS' LABORATORY, PHILADELPHIA, March 30th, 1874. Results of analyses of five samples of massive magnetic iron ore, and one of limestone marked " from Utah Territory." 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Metallic iron................................6....6.96 64.52 68.79 67.48 52.18 Oxygen with the iron.................................. 25.77 25.06 26.74 26.19 20.16 Moisture.............................................. 6 1.37..22.13.70 Silica................................................ 5.48 4.71 2.25 4.27 25.51 Sulphur...........................none.. none. none. none. none. Phosphoric acid........................................27.44.21.27 Alumina....................................56.60.16.84.86 Lime.................................................38 2.09.73.21.16 Magnesia.......................................22.47.56.51.04 Protoxide of manganese.............................. trace..44.20 trace. trace. Alkali, undetected matter, and loss.....................30.04.16.12 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Phosphorus....1........................................... 9 9 09.12 Results of analysis of a sample of limestone labelled " Utah Limestone": Carbonate of lime........................................... 80.35 Carbonate of magnesia................................. 3.51 Insoluble silicious matter..................... 10.92 Alumina.............................................. 2.86 Protoxide of iron........................................... 1.82 Water, matter not searched for, and loss......................54 100.00 The ores were labelled respectively: No 1, " Duncan Ledge;" No. 2, "Blow Out Mountain; " No. 3, " Pot Metal Mountain; " No. 4, " Chesapeake Mountain," and No. 5, "Brown." It will be seen by the oxygen determination that the mineral was nearly theoretical magnetite. J. BLODGETT BRITTON. In Oregon are to be found very superior ores, and in some considerable quantities near Salem, and in the bed of the Tualaton Canal. Prof. CHANDLER, of the School of Mines, of Columbia College, New York, is reported to consider the finest specimen of the mineralogical collections of that college, which is said to be the finest collection of American ores in the world, a piece of iron ore from Oregon. In California there are abundant evidences of the existence of iron ore. These exist in quantity in Mendocino County, near the coast, and also near Santa Cruz, South of San Francisco, between the Coast Range and the Pacific. Other localities contain ores in greater or less quantity, which will be soon brought before the public. An iron mining company, lately organized in Sacramento, has secured a large deposit of ore near Silverthorn's Bridge, on the McCloud River, Shasta County. They have worked on Iron Mountain, above Shasta, enough to entitle them to hold the land, and soon expect to ship and work the ore. 554 IRON ORE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. Two furnaces are now being constructed in Philadelphia to be shipped to California and erected there, which will be run on California ores with charcoal fuel, the ores of the locality designed being adapted to the production of a hard, white iron highly desirable for the ore-crushing machinery of the silver mines. So little is definitely known of the iron ores of the Pacific section, beyond the valuable contributions made by Prof. RAYMoND, U. S. Mining Commissioner for the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Coast, that any notes made here are not to be considered as at all full, the mere fact of the existence of ores being quoted as inviting further investigation. Of the region near Santa Cruz, the Santa Cruz (Cal.) Sentinel says: On the coast cliffs north of Laguna Creek may be seen large bodies of magnetic iron ore cropping out amid shale and chalk rock, as if blistered by the hot sun. We have never seen better indications of a good iron mine than in that vicinity, especially inside the creek basin on the northern bluff. There are also beds of bog ore in the basin, as indicated by the ochre-yellow or dense red-iron rust scum which oozes up through the boggy soil. We noted several of these springs. The whole coast along, above and below Pebbly Beach, is veined with rich iron ores. At the Yellow Bank dairy the sulphurets of iron have discolored the rocks and clay-hence the name. We believe that there is iron enough in the San Vincente Ranch to build all the railroads required in the State, if worked up into rails, ties, frogs, and spikes. Prof. BLAKE reported the existence of chromic iron ore near the mission of San Juan, and in considerable quantities. DIRECTORY OF THE STEAM ENGINE AND MACHINE WORKS, IRON FOUNDRIES AND GENERAL IRON WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. ARRANGED BY STATES, COUNTIES, AND TOWNS. INTRODUCTION. IN carrying out the design of the IRON TRADE MANUAL, which shall furnish to all branches of the trade a means of information and communication, it becomes necessary to add to the departments already noted in this work some notice of the STEAM ENGINE and MACHINERY BUILDERS, the IRON FOUNDERS, and that large class of consumers which, without naming each specialty, can only be included as GENERAL IRON WORKERS. This can only be done in the limits of an ordinary publication as a Directory, in which the various works shall be classified by States, counties, and towns, and which in individual cases shall give a concise statement of the owners, location, and character of product of each. This has been done as thoroughly and completely as time and space would permit, and while it is not pretended to be absolutely full or to take the place of local directories, it embodies most of the works in the specialties named. In future editions the editor hopes to be able to give the exact capacity and value of product of each works enumerated, and from these data to compile statistical tables of the consumption of iron in the country, which cannot fail to be of great value. It is to be noted that in this Directory of Steam Engines and Machine Works, Iron Foundries, and General Iron Works of the United States, the names of manufacturers only are given, and in no case those of dealers or simply vendors of the manufactured article. In the large cities the addresses of the agents of the various works are appended for the convenience of those seeking their services. The information here furnished cannot fail to meet an openly expressed want, and completes the work which conducts the reader from the ore regions of the country in which the oxide is mined through the various stages of blast furnace, rolling mill, and machine works, to the finished tool or article of hardware, including the various branches connected with Railroad, Locomotive, Car, Bridge, and Ship construction, into all of which iron enters as the chief article of consumption. DIRECTORY OF THE STEAM ENGINE AND MACHINE WORKS, IRON FOUNDRIES, AND GENERAL IRON WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES. Stationary Engine Builders. steam engines, boilers, machinery, general iron work. 1,000 hands. ALABAMA. VULCAN IRON WORKS.-Location, 137 Fremont -Barbour County. Street, San Francisco. Established 1850. SpecEUFAULA IRON WORKs.-Proprietor, J. W. ialty, engines, boilers, mining machinery. Young. Location of works, Eufaula, Barbour Sa Joaquin County. County. Steam engines, circular saw-mills, etc. STOCKTON IRON s.-Propritors, arring-, to ) ^v. STOCKTON IRON WORKS.~Proprietors, Farring-Dallas County. ton, Hyatt & Co. Location of works, Stockton. CENTRAL CITY IRON WORKS.-Proprietors, Engines and iron foundry. Gregory & Coe. Location of works, Selma, Dal- GLOBE IRON WORKS.-Proprietors, Kelp & las County. Steam engines, boilers, saw and grist Bargion. Location ofworks, Stockton. Engines, mills, iron and brass foundry. machinery, and foundry. ARKANSAS. CONNECTICUT. None. CALIFORNIA. Ansonia, Nezw RHaven County. Sacramento County. FARREL FOUNDRY AND MACHINE Co.-F. FarSACRAMENTO IRON WORKs.-Horace Adams. rel, President. Location of works, Ansonia. Location of works, Sacramento. Engines and Engines, chilled rolls, general rolling-mill machifoundry. enry, cartridge machinery, etc. UNION IRON WoRKs. —Proprietors, Williams & PACIFIC IRON WORKS.-Proprietors, Skidmore Co. Location of works, Sacramento. Engines, & Morse. Established 1853. Steam engines and iron and brass foundry. general machinery. San 2Francisco County. -Danbury, Fairfield County. PACIFIC FOUNDRY.-Proprietors, Goddard & JOHN HI. FANTON.-Location of works, DanCo. Location of works, First and Fremont bury, Fairfield County. Engines, machinery, and Streets, San Francisco. Specialty, the "Hart- iron foundry. ford" steam engine. F. A. HULL & Co.-Location of works, DanDEACON & Co. —Location of works, 120 Main bury. Specialty, " The Danbury" Universal Street, San Francisco. Specialty, steam engines Jaw Drill Chuck. and machinery. ETNA FOUNDRY.-Proprietors, Hanscom & Co. |Hartforc, Hartford County. Location of works, Fremont and Tehama Streets, PITKIN BRos.-Location of works, Hartford. San Francisco. Specialty, steam engines, and General iron work and machinery. Product valmining machinery, iron founders. ued at $300,000 per annum. GEO. T. PRAcY.-Location of works, 109 Mis- BILLINGS & SPENCER Co.-Location of works, sion Street, San Francisco. Specialty, steam en- Hartford, Conn. Specialty, machinery, forgings, gines and machinery. dies, sewing machine attachments, etc. THOMAS H. SELBY & Co.-Location of works, This firm are manufacturing dies for the Prus116 California Street, San Francisco. Specialty, sian needle gun, 4 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. NATHAN BENHAM.-Location of works, Hart- etc. Location of works, New Haven. Engines, ford. Engines and machinery. machinery, and iron work. WOODRUFF IRON WoRKs.-Location of works, Hartford. Office, 223 State Street. Steam en- Ne Lonon New London County. gines, machinery, boilers, and general iron work. ALBERTSON & DOUGLASS MACHINE CO. PresPH(ENIX IRON WORKS.-Proprietors, George S. ident and Treasurer, E. F. Morgan. Engines, Lincoln & Co. Machinery and machine tools. boilers, machinery. Location of works, New THE PRATT & WHITNEY Co.-Location of London. works, Hartford. Lathes, presses, machinists' Norwalk, Fairfield County. tools, organ blowing machinery. ARNOLD & HAUSCHILDT.-Riverside Foundry. Xiddletown, Middlesex County. Location of works, Norwalk, Conn. Machinery and foundry. W. & 3. DOUGLAS.-Pu mps and hydraulic NORWALK MACHINE SHOP.-Location of works, machinery. Established 1832. New York of-. General machinery. fleNorwlk.e, 87 John Street.machinery. fice, 7 JoLhn MANUtreet. C.-NORWALK IRON WORKS. —E. Hill, President. W tNKLE & LrYON MANUFACTURING C.. S. Location of works, Norwalk. Engines, portable WHBhite, reasurer C. Swing machinesb, and stationary, steam-pumps, boilers, etc. HUBBARD HARDWARE Co. —C. C. Hubbard, President; F. W. Hubbard, Treasurer. Chisels, Norwich, Xew London Co. plane irons, etc. JOHN E. BARBER & CO.-Location of works, MIDDLETOWN TOOL Co. —T. B. Cowles, Treas- Norwich. Engines, machinery, etc. urer. Plane irons, etc. NORWICH IRON FOUNDRY.-Proprietor, A. H. SANSEER MANUFACTURING CO. —C. F. Brown- Vaughn. Location of works, Norwich. Founing, President. Butts, and builders' hardware. dry and general machinery. WILCOX, CRITTENDEN & Co. —Malleable iron. PEQUOT MACHINE WORKS. —C. B. Rogers & WARNOCK TOOL CO.-C. C. Hubbard, Treas- Co. Store, 109 Liberty Street, N. Y. Machinurer. Tools, drills, and light machinery, ery, foundry, etc. ieaznus, Fairfield County. N. UPHAM & SoN —Location of works, Norwich. Cotton machinery, specialty. G(JREENWICH IRON WoRKS. —Location of works, Meanus, Fairfield County. Engines and general Portland, lMiddlesex County. iron work. PICKERING & DAVIS. —Location of works, Portlcaugzatuck, Ne~w Hcaven County. land. Machinery, foundry, etc. NAUGATUCK MACHINE Co.-President and Roccville, Tolland County. Treasurer, John L. Isbell; Secretary, Eli Smith. ROCKVILLE MACHINE WoRKs.-Proprietor, J. Engines and machinery. Naugatuck.. l J gine and machinery. Naugatck. J. Synger. Silk machinery, specialty. New Haven, New cHaven County. T-T, *.-o~~~~ TD/cSeymour, NVew IEaven Co(onty. HOBART B. BIGELOW.-(Successor to Bigelow N C Manufacturing Co.) Location of works, New DOUGLAS MANUFACTURING Co. Location of Haven. Engines, boilers, tools, and machin- works, Seymour, Conn. Machinery, tools, etc. ery. Taterbury, New Hcaven County. MCLAGAN & STEVENS.-Established 1848. Lo- cation of works BLAKE & JOHNSON MACHINENeo.Location of cation of works. Ma chine and works, Waterbury. C. 1-. Stevens, Secretary and iron foundry. 50 hands. PANEL MACHINE o.-Location of works, New Treasurer. General machinery. HPavT Machiney et. ^.-oti' Er FARRELL FOUNDRY AND MACHINE CO. —F. LHaven. MCachoinery, eotf. FarrelRollPresdent. Ros, rolling-mill machinery. MILO PECK & Co.-Location of works, New Also at Ansonia. Also at Ansonia. Haven. Machinery, drop presses, etc. YALE IRON WORKS.-Proprietors, M. & T. WVest Meriden, New Haven County. Sault Co. Location of works, New Haven, Conn. PARKER BR. —Location of works, West MerPresident, M. Sault. Treasurer, W. B. Pardee. iden. Engines, boilers, iron foundry, and maEstablished 1848. Steam engines, machinery, chinry, uns etc. and general iron work. E. STANNARD & Co.-Location of works, New Willimantic, Windham County. Haven. Engines and iron foundry. ATWOOD MACHINE Co.-Location of works, RIMmION IRON WORKS Co. —C. S. Bushnell, Willimantic. Shafting and silk machinery. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 5 SMITH, WINCHESTER & Co. —Location of works, WINSHIP BROTHERS.-Location of works, AtWindham. Paper mill machinery. lanta. Machinery, cotton gins and presses. WITHERS & JONES.-Location of works, AtWTindsor Locks lffartford County. isor ocs, rtford C y. lanta. Machinery and iron foundry. GEO. GLOVER & SON.-Location of works, BRUNSWICK FOUNDRY. —Proprietors, P. Hurtel Windsor Locks. General machinery. &Co. Location of works, Brunswick. MachinE. HORTON & SoNs. —Location of works, Wind- cry and iron foundry. sor Locks. Tools, screw-chucks, and machinery. EST POINT. R MACHINE SHOPS. —LOation Winsted, Litchfield County. Atlanta, Ga. Locomotive and car repairs. WINSTED IRON FOUNDRY AND MACHINE CO.- WESTERN & ATLANTIC R. R. MACHINE SHOPS. Established 1851. Charles Alvord, Treasurer. -Location, Atlanta. General machinery. Augusta, Richmond County. D~ ELAWAREPe CENTRAL R. R. MACHINE SHOPS.-Location, DELAWARE. Augusta. Wilmirngton, Newcastle County. BRUNSWICK & ALBANY R. R. MACHINE SHOPS. R. H. BARR & Co.-Steam engines. Columbus, Muscozeo County. HILLES & JONES. —Location of works, Wil- OLMBUS IRON WORKS C. —W.. Brown, mington. Engines and machinists tools. 100 COLUMBUS IRON ORS CO. —I. R Bron, mington. Engines and machinists' tools. 100 President. Engines, iron, and machinery. Locahands. tion of works, Columpbus. E. & A. BETTS.-Location of works, Wilming- EOI IRON Wo -Pater & Tell. Locaton. Machinists' tools, etc. This works covers t ion of works, Colu s. tion of works, Columbus. Machinery and iron six acres, and employs near 100 hands.work HARLAN & HOLLINGSWORTH Co.-Location of or -/Dalton, WhiiteyiecM County. works, Wilmington. Machinery. (See also Carlon, W ee County. -Works of Delaware and Iron Ship Yards.) DALTON MACHINE Co.-L. B. Crosby, PresiWorks very extensive. dent and Treasurer. General machinery. Location LOBDELL CAR WHEEL AND MACHINERY CO.- Of works, Dalton. Geo. G. Lobdell, President; P. W. Brennan, Super- lMacon, Bibb County. intendent. Paper mill and other chilled rolls E. CROCKETT.-Location of works, Macon. and machinery. Car wheels the specialty. (See Engines and iron foundry. Car Wheel Foundries of Delaware.) FINDLEY BRos.-Location of works, Macon. CHAS. E. MARCHAND. —Location of works, Wil- Established 1832. Engines, boilers, circular saws. mington. General machinery. Very large wors. PUSEY, JONES & Co.-Location of works, Wil- E. NESBITT. —Location of works, Macon. Enmington. Engines, paper and rolling-mill ma- gines, boilers, iron foundry. chinery, general machinery, iron ships. (See SCHOFIELD IRON WORKS.-Proprietors, John Iron Ship Yards of Delaware.) S. Schofield & Son. Established 1859. CottonM. B. STOTZENBERG & Co.-Location of works, presses and machinery. Wilmington. General machinery. Savannah, Catha County. Savcccannah, Chcathamn County. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. CENTRAL MACHINE SHOP & BOILER WORKS.WSNGTON IRoN Wo.-P r, Gy Proprietor, Paul J. Bulger. Boilers, engines, and WASHINGTON IRON WORKS-ProprietorS, Gray 11-13' Steam& Noyes Loation of works, gton. W. GLEASON. —Location of works Savannah. Steam engines, boilers, etc. Engines and iron foundry. GEORGIA. IOWA. OUIJA Lt1.IOWA. Athens, Clarke County. I -~ Bellevue, Jacksokn Counlty. ATHENS FOUNDRY AND MACHINE Co.-Location L aon o of works, Athens. Iron foundry and cotton ma- WILLIAM WiLSON.-Location of works, Bellechinery. vue. Specialty, steam-engines, sorghum machinAtlanta, PFulton County.ry, etc. ATLANTA MACHINE WORKS.-Proprietors, Birmingham, Van -Buren County. Porter & Butler. Location of works, Atlanta. MOSES SHOLT & Co.-Location of works, Engines, cotton-presses, grist and saw mills. 75 Birmingham. Agricultural machinery and implehands employed. ments. 6 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. Boonsboro, Boon County. Davenport, Scott County. CUMMINGS & Fox. —Location of works, Boons- J. S. DAVIs. —Location of works, Davenport. boro. Agricultural implements, wagons, etc. Iron foundry and threshing machinery. Capital, BooNSBORO MANUFACTURING Co. —Location $100,000. of works, Boonsboro. Agricultural machinery, LECLAIR FOUNDRY.-Proprietor, Michael Donawagons, etc. hue. Iron foundry and threshing machinery. C. HENNERMANN.-Location of works, DavenBur~irngton, lDes Jfoiones County. port. Threshing and other agricultural maBARKER & FAWCETT.-Location of works, chinery. Burlington. Boilers only. RAFF, COCK & Co.-Location of works, DavenW. A. BRANNAGAN. -Location of works, Bur- port. Iron foundry and agricultural machinery. lington. Boiler maker. Miscellaneous castings, etc. BURLINGTON IRON WoRKs.-Location of works, Winne k T-,. a i i,. -lecorah, W'nneshieck VCounty. Burlington. General and car machinery. MURRAY IRON WORKS Co.-Geo. H. Iigbee, DECORAH AGRICULTURAL WoRKs.-ProprieSecretary and Treasurer. S. R. Bartlett, Super- tors Ammon, Greer & Co. Agricultural and genintendent. Iron foundry and machinery. eral machinery. Number of hands, 45. Capital, C. SNoWDEN.-Location of works, Burlington. $100,000. John Ammon, President; George W. Iron foundry. Scott, Secretary; James Hunter, Treasurer. JAMES WHITTAKER.-Location of works, Bur- Des Moies, Polk County. lington. Iron foundry. ligton. Ironfoundry. AINESWORTH & BoNWRIGHT.-Location of Cedar Falls, GBlack ITawk County. works, Des Moines. Agricultural implements ELIAS OvERMAN.-Location of works, Cedar and machinery..ENSWINGEa ]BRos. —Location of works, Des Falls. Iron foundry and general machinery. os oion o ors es Established 1868.. Boilers only. Established 186 8. I BROOKS, LENDMAN & WILSON.-Location of VANSAWN & BENJAMIN.-Location of works, o eMo. Iron foundry, miscellaneos Cedar Falls. Iron foundry and miscellaneous ~ ~ ~castingc~s. ~castings. ~~~casti~ngs. p ~DES MOINES IRON WORKS.-Proprietors, WaldCedar -Rapids, Lynn County. ron Brothers. General iron work. PATTERSON & Co.-Location of works, Cedar LOUGHRAN & IILLES.-Location of works, _...,Des Moines. Machinery, and iron foundry. Rapids. Iron foundry and agricultural imple- Machinery andiron foundry. ments. MCDONALD & WARD.-Location of works, Des STAR WAGON FACTORY.-Location of works, Moines. Boilers only. Cedar Falls. Capital, $100,000. Specialty, C.D. PLATT.-Location of works, Des Moines. ^ ^~~ ~~wagons. " t Agricultural implements. TSDALE & Co.Location of works Cedar SKINNER & BRO.-Location of works, Des Falls. Specialty, carriages. Falls. Specialty, carriages. Moines. Ploughs, etc. Established 1868. ZDt~ " "'EAST DES MOINES IRON WoRKS.-General iron Clinton, Clinton County. work. F. N. [oYEs.-Location of works, Clinton.ewit Clinton Coun Iron foundry and machinery. Number of hands A. B. CuMMING.-Iron foundry, miscellaneous employed, 40. castings. Chicago and Northwestern R. R. machine shops Dubuque, Dubvque County. employing over 50 hands, are also located at IOWA IRON WORKS.-Proprietors, Rouse & Clinton. Dean. General iron works and machinery. Council Bluffs, Pottawottamie County. Number of hands employed, 100. J.. DICKINSON & Co.-Location of works, COUNCIL BLUFFS AGRICULTURAL WORKS. — Dubuque. Steam-engines. President, E. I. Paige; E. L. Shugart, Treas.; WM. MARSHALL.-Location of works, Dubuque. C. B. Wait, Secretary. Agricultural machinery Boilers. and implements. The machine shops of the Dubuque & Sioux COUNCIL BLUFFS IRON WORKS.-C. F. Hend- City R. R. Co., are also located at Dubuque. rie, Superintendent; R. J. Cory, Secretary and Treasurer. Steam-engines, boilers, saw and grist Eadyille, Wapello County. mill, and general machinery. Capital, $75,000. CALVIN HOMADAYr.-Eadyville. Iron foundry. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. T JAMES R. THOMPsoN. —Eadyville. Boilers Lyons, Clinton County. only. J. C. HEULE.-Location of works, Lyons. Eldora, IJcardin County. Iron foundry. Machine shops of Central R. R. of Towa. C. MoEsINGER.-Location of works, Lyons. Fairfield, Jefferson County. foundry. ANTHONY DEMAREE.-Location of works, Fair- Mc Gregor, Clayton County. field. Steam-engines, boilers, sorghum machinery. JOHN HELLwIG.-Location of works, McGregor. J. C. KECK & Co. —Location of works, Fair- Iron foundry. field. Iron foundry, threshing and general ma- GEO. KEENE.-Location of works, North Mcchinery. Gregor. Iron foundry. Farmington, Van -Buren County. C. G. DIBBLE.~Location of works, Farming- Mararshalltown, ]Marshall County. ton. Machinery. FREDERICK & WEBER.-Location of works, to. rMa -ci, Wstyr Marshalltown. Iron and brass founders. Fort _Dodge, Webster County. N. N. SMITH & BRo.-Location of works, Fort Monticello, Jones County. Dodge. Iron foundry and machinery. HENRY CARNE.-Location of works, Monticello. -FZort Madcison, Lee Cbounty. Agricultural machinery. G. S. EASTMAN.-Location of works, Monticello. JOHN HOEMER.-Lo cation of works, Fort Madi- General and agricultural machinery. son. General iron work. DEXTER & GAGE.-Location of works, MontiSOULE, DAVIS & Co.-Location of works, Fort cello. Iron foundry and machinery. Madison. Agricultural machinery and imple- S.P. WARNER.Location of works, Monticello. ments. Ion foundry and machinery. S. D. MORRISON & SON.-Location of works, Fort Madison. Specialty, ploughs. it. Plecasanr, Henry County. Guttenburgh, Clayton County. CHARLES PRINCE.-General machinery. TUESTER & BRo.-Location of works, Gutten- Miuscatine, iMluscatine County. burgh. General and agricultural machinery. ARMENT & BRO.-Location of works, Muscatine. Indepenenence, Buchanan County. Agricultural implements, ploughs, wagons, etc. JAMES ROGERS & Co.-Location of works, In- BAKER & PURCELL.-Location of works, Muscadependence. Iron foundry, miscellaneous cast- tine. Boilers, tanks, and general iron work. ings. J. KLEINFELDER & Co.-Location of works, G. B. ROGERS.-Location of works, Independ- Muscatine. Iron foundry, general castings. ence. Iron foundry. JOHN ZIEGLER & SoN.-Location of works, Muscatine. Iron foundry. Iowa City, Johnson County. ALFRED JoNEs.-Location of works, Iowa City. Nevinville, Adams County. Iron foundry and machinery. IRA A. SPRAGUE.-Location of works, NevinBARN'S HARVESTER Co.-J. Borland.-Loca- ville. General machinery. tion of works, Iowa City. Agricultural ma-itchl chinery. Osage, 2Mitchell County. hieokuk, Lee County. KELLY, MORGAN & Co.-Location of works, CSTOCK BROS. & Co.Location of works, Osage. Iron foundry and machinery. Established COMSTOCK BROS. & Co.-Location of works' 1855. Keokuk. Iron foundry. 1 J.. BLE.-eokuk. Iron foundry. OSAGE FUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOPS.-SpecJ. R. MILER & eo.-k Location f works, ialty, ploughs, mill and agricultural machinery. Keokuk. Boiler makers. SAMPLE, ARMITAGE & Co.-Location of works, Oskaloosa, lMiahaska County. Kedokuk. Iron foundry, general castings. HARVEY HUNT.-Location of works, Oskaloosa. C. P. WESTCOTT.-Location of works, Keokuk. General machinery Iron foundry and general machinery. ROBERT RSE.-Location of works, Oscaloosa. Le Claire, Scott County. General machinery. KALTENBRACKER & WEITH.-Iron foundry and OSKALOOSA FOUNDRY.-J...HARRINGTON.machinery. Machine and stove castings. b 8 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. WALLACE & LEWIs.-Location of works, Oska- Chicago, Cookc County. loosa. Iron foundry, general castings. VULCAN IRON WORKS.-Proprietors, Atkins & Ottuwa, Telo out. Burgess. Location of works, Chicago. Engines, machinery, mill gearing, steam shovels, dredges, DRAKE & SPIVEY.-Ottulmwa. Iron foundry etc. and machinery. H. & F. BLANDY.-Location of works, Chicago. Engines, portable and stationary, saw mills, etc. igourey, eokkWM Couty. BARAGWANATH. -Location of works, A. CoBY.-Location of works, Sigourney. Chicago. Engines, boilers, etc. General machinery. EXCELSIOR MACHINE WORKS.-Burkhardt, Van Seyck & Co. General machinery. Product, TVinton, iBenton Counrty. $400,000. 160 hands. CRANDALL & FULTON. —Location of works, CHICAGO STEAM BOILER MANUFACTURING Co.Vinton. General iron work. Proprietors, A.E. Bushwick. Boilers only. Product, $200,000. 70 hands. Washington, Vashington Coounty. EAGLE WORKS MANUFACTURING Co.-PresiCHAS. MCPHERSON.-Iron foundry,. general dent, P. W. Gates. Engines, etc. 70 hands. castings. TRUST & BRADLEY.-Location of works, Chicago. C. & J. OGHNGEMIACH.-General iron works. Agricultural machinery. 20,000 plows, 8,000 WILDE & Co.-Agricultural implements. cultivators, besides general machinery. FRANKLIN IRON WORKS. —Proprietor, G. CharlWcTverly, Bremer County. ton. Location of works, Chicago. General iron J. Q. A. RUSSELL.-Iron foundry, general cast- work and machinery. ings. AMERICAN STEAM ENGINE WORKS.-PropriILLINOIS. etors, E. & J. Good & Co. Engines and machinery. Product $90,000. Hands, 45. Alton, Jcfadison Cozunty. MARINE ENGINE WORKS. —R. Tarrant, proprieDUNFORD & Co. —Location of works, Alton. tor. Location of works, Chicago. Engines, etc. DUNFORD & Co. Location of works, Alton. o t40^00. 55 hands. Machinery and iron foundry. Product, $140,000. 55 hands. acJOHN S aTN.-Locaton of Altfou. J. G. MERRIMAN.-Location of works, Chicago. JOHN SEATON. — Location of works, Alton. e. Machinery and iron foundry. - Engines, etc. PHILIP M. GRINDLACK.-Location of works,.-Proprietor, A. Plaim-ne Belleville. Machinery and agricultural imple- ond. eneral machinery. ents. 50 b tands. WILLIAM SMITH. —Location of works, Chicago. ments. 50 hands.. n ec Engines, etc. Cairo, Alexander Cointy. WALWORTH, BROOKS & Co. —Location of works, N.- tion of w, Chicago. Machinery and wrought-iron pipes, etc. D. A. REUTAN.- Locatlon of works, Cairo. ^CRANE BROTHERS MANUFACTURING Co. —LocaMarine, stationary, and locomotive boilers and tion of wor, Chc M Fresident,. T. Crane, tion of works, Chicago. President, RI. T. Crane, machinery. Albany, N. Y.; Vice-President, C. S. Crane, JOHIN T. RENNIE & Co.-Location of works, Paterson, N. J.; Secretary, S. W. Adams. ChiCairo. Steam-engines, marine and stationary. cago offce, 10 North Jeferson Street. Carrollton, Greene County. This company has a capital of $600,000, and CARROLLTON MACHINE SHOP.-Proprietors, G. produces work to the value of $2,000,000 annually. W. Winn & Bro. Location of works, Carrollton. The number of hands is over 700. The firm was General machinery. General machinery, established in 1855, with only five hands, and now has a trade extending over the entire NorthChampai2gn, Champaign County. west, and as far east as Cleveland, Ohio, with freCHAMrPAIGN IRON WoRKs.-Proprietors, L. C. quent orders from Boston, New York, and other Chaddon & Co. Engines and machinery. eastern cities. The products manufactured include elevators, hoisting engines, steam warpming Chester, BRandolph Couznty. and ventilating apparatus, steam and gas fittings, CIIESTER FOUNDRY & MACHINE SHOP.-Propri- brass goods and wrought-iron pipe, the latter a etors, Pelton & Muerer. General machinery, and specialty, and of which they manufacture over 300 iron foundry. I tons per month. The latter branch of their trade J. BARONOWSKY & Co.-Location of works, is rapidly increasing and will extend the Eastern Chester. Machinery and iron foundry. business of the company largely. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 9 A NEW COAL SHAFT AND BLAST FURNACE ELE- means of the throttle or operating valve the moVATOR. tion of the engine can be immediately reversed, thus dispensing with all links, hooks and other old After much study and numerous experiments, appliances in reversible engines. But one eccenthe Crane Brothers Manufacturing Company of tric is used with each engine. To the stem of the Chicago has designed and perfected a new Coal throttle or operating valve is adjusted a sheave, Shaft and Blast Furnace Elevator, a thorough ex- with which is connected a small cable, which can amination of which has convinced us of its great be conveyed through the hatchways by means of practical value and unquestionable superiority other sheaves to any- desired distance. At certain over all others heretofore used for like purposes. points or distances upon the cable are formed The leading advantages secured by this Elevator stops or buttons to act as safety stops, so arranged are: reduced expenses of operating, more perfect that the slides attached to the cage and sliding on safety, greater facility of operation, economy in the cables, will at the point of elevation desired, space occupied, and its adaptation to any position come in contact with the stops or buttons, and by from which it may be desirable to work. force of the contact act upon and close the throtThis Elevator dispenses entirely with the ser- tie valve and apply the brakes, instantly stopping vices of an engineer, and at the same time pro- the engine. vides with the most perfect and absolute certainty The Automatic Stop, another and independent against over-winding or falling of the cage, even arrangement to secure perfect safety, is original if the cable is entirely broken or cut away. Oper- and unique. This provides for stopping the enating expenses are here reduced to the extent of gine and cutting off steam at any point desired. the pay of an engineer. The entire space occu- A disk is formed fifteen inches in diameter, with pied by the machine is only seven by four feet, a surrounding flange prepared to receive an outand as before stated, it can be worked in any po- er plate. Upon the inner face of the disk is cut a sition, and at any distance from the shaft desired. worm, or scroll, surrounded by the flange; beThe machine consists of two vertical engines, tween the threads of the worm or scroll, runs a having ten inch diameter of cylinder and twelve steel traveller, which easily slides in a slot upon inch stroke. The cylinders and steam chest are a plate arranged to fit inside the flange. The cast in one piece, and securely bolted to the top motion of the disk is positive with that of the of a heavy iron frame, which is secured to a mas- drum, both turning upon the same axis. The resive iron bed; the winding drum is also adjusted volution of the drum revolves the disk, and the to this iron bed. The girders or slides for cross revolution of the disk carries the worm or scroll head are cast in the frame to which the cylinders over the traveller; this slides in the slot on the are bolted, thus securing all in a firm and compact inner plate, until the traveller has arrived at the position. Both cylinders and guides are bored end of the scroll, in the direction for which it is with a machine especially constructed for the pur- adjusted; then, of necessity, it stops, and locks pose, giving the most perfect exactness. the plate containing the traveller to the disk conPower anrd lrbtion are communicated to the taining the scroll, thus uniting the plate and disk winding drum by means of a full crank with and locking them firmly together; then the movery heavy bearings on either side, at the end of tion of the disk acts upon the throttle lever and which is a nine-inch pinion with two-inch pitch, automatic cam, which instantly applies the brake running in an internal gear of fifty-five inches and shuts off the steam. The Automatic Stop can diameter, which is cast as a part of one of the be adjusted at pleasure, and so arranged that there drltm heads. The outward crank is located at shall be a perfect stop at any point desired. right angles in the usual manner of double en- The Triple Tooth Safety Pawl differs very gines. The Winding Drum is fifty-five inches in materially from the old appliance of the single diameter, and to prevent unnecessary wear of tooth. The old arrangement consisted of a spring cable is lagged with hardwood, grooved to corres- and cranks in the centre of the cage, giving mopond with size of cable; it is held firmly in posi- tion to the horizontal bars and forcing the teeth tion by means of heavy bearings secured to the into the rack. This, in many instances, has iron bed-plate. proved unreliable, and serious accidents have ocThe Valve ]lotion is an original and ingenious curred from the failure of the spring to force the device. The main valves in appearance resemble teeth firmly and securely into the rack. The the plain slide valve, but in construction they are Safety Pawl instantly shoots three teeth instead different; while they combine all the advantages of one into the rack upon either side, and the of the plain slide valve, in point of wear, they force of the spring is sixteen times greater in its have this important superiority: that, simply by application through the Safety Pawl than through 10 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WVOKS, ETC. the horizontal bars. This additional force is se- Capital, 8100,000. 100 hands. Annual product, cured from the peculiar construction of the Safety $200,000. Pawl. The spring in the centre of the cage, ETNA IRON WORKS.-Clarke & Raffeen, Prounder the beam, is applied to two levers con- prietors, Ohio and Kingsbury Streets. Architecnected with the Safety Pawls, and the point of tural castings. Capital, $75,000. 130 hands. connection is so far below the axis of the Pawl, Annual product, $260,000. on which it swings, that the least catching of the J K LIvEsAY.34 West Quincy Street. Iron first orupper tooth near the axis of the Pawl foundry. Specialty, jackscrews. 25 hands. (the distance being but three and a half inches from a vertical line drawn through the axis, odry General castgs. and a parallel line drawn from the outer COLUMBIAN IRON WoRKS.-Elmes, Thurber & edge of the upper tooth) turns the Pawl Co., Proprietors, Twenty-third and Paulina and forces all the teeth into their proper Streets, and 65 South Clinton Street. Iron founplaces in the rack, operating as a rolling cam. dry and machine shop, steam engines, shafting, Thus the least action of the spring at the centre rolling-mill work. Annual product, $125,000. of the cage gives a power at the Pawl equal to 75 hands. sixteen times the power communicated through GLOBE FOUNDRY.-R. M. Eddy, Proprietor, 76 the old direct, horizontal motion. In experiment- Illinois Street. Architectural castings. Annual ing with this Pawl, 8,000 lbs. was placed upon the product, $100,000. 25 hands. cage, and the cables cut, but the loaded cage was UTNION FOUNDRY WORKS.-N. S. Bouton, Pressecurely held. ident; E. F. Hurlburt Vice-President and SuperThe machine, as now constructed, will lift 4,000 intendent; C. B. Bouton, Secretary and Treasurer. lbs. at a speed of 250 feet per minute, allowing Fifteenth and Dearborn Streets, Chicago. Cast for friction, etc., with a speed of piston of 216 and wrought iron buildings. Annual product, feet per minute, or 108 revolutions. The cor- $1,000,000. 400 hands employed. Works cover pact and neat appearance of the machine is at 5 acres. once noticeable, and it can be used in iron and COLUMBnAN IRON FOUNDRY.-J. Featherstone. other mines as well as in coal mines and blast Specialty, railroad castings. 36 Front Street. furnaces, for which it was first constructed. Annual product, $200,000. 70 hands. EXCELSIOR IRON WORKS.-Proprietors, Carlisle, CHICAGO IRON WORKS. —Letz & Co., ProprieMason & Co. Location of works, Chicago. Pro- tors, Desplaines and Carroll Streets, Chicago. duct valued at $600,000. Number of hands em- Building work. Annualproduct, $300,000. 190 ployed, 160. Character of product, marine and hands. stationary engines, grain elevators, pumps, CHICAGO NOVELTY FOUNDRY. —Kurtz Bros. & quartz crushers, tanks, smoke-stacks, blast fur- Buhrer, Proprietors, 828 Hubbard Street. Light naces, gas and water valves, etc. castings, shelf hardware, etc. Annual product, U. S. BRICK MACHINE WORKS. —T. C. Wells. $50,000. 30 hands. Location of works, 116 South Clinton Street, MASON & DAVIs.-347 Illinois Street. Iron Chicago. Value of product, $1,500,000 annually. foundry, light castings. Number of hands employed, 150. Specialty, ILLINOIS IRON WORKs. —A. Bolter, Proprietor, brick machines only. Fifth Avenue and Van Buren Streets. Iron safes, J. ScHNEIDER & Co.-Location of works, Chi- vaults, etc. cago. Specialty boiler-making. Value of pro ALLING & ELLIOTT.-86 Wayman Street. Mill duct $250,000. Number of men employed 75. machinery, and brick machines. 20 hands. LIBERTY IRON WORKS.-Fraser, Chalmers & WM. HAAYTHORN & Co.-25 Michigan Street. Co. Location of works, Chicago. Specialty, Steam engines, pumps, etc. engines, boilers, etc. Value of product, $200,000. RICHARDS IRON WonKs.-J. C. Richards, SuNumber of men employed, 140. perintendent, 47 South Jefferson Street. SteamWASHINGTON FOUNDRY AND MACHINE WORKS. engines, portable and stationary, fire-engines, ele-Proprietors, Holmes, Pyott & Co., 19 & 21 vators, and foundry. Annual product $250,000. North Jefferson Street, Chicago. Specialty, 100 hands. architectural iron work. Annual product, $350,- A. V. PITTS & Co.-11 South Jefferson Street. 000. 200 hands employed. Harris rotary engines, agricultural implements, CHICAGO ARCHITECTURAL IRON WORKS.-Pro- printing presses, etc. prietor, J. McArthur. Manager, D. AM. Ford, VARIETY FOUNDRY.-E. B. Gardner, Proprietor, 70 Erie Street, Chicago. Architectural iron and 24 North Jefferson Street. Light castings and castings for gas and water works, bridges, etc. Diamond hay forks. DIRECTORY OF GCENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 11 SAVAGE BROTHtERS.-42 Michigan Street Es- CONTINENTAL BOLT WORKS. —-Cregier, Clarke, tablished 1854. General castings. 25 hands. & Co., Market and Hunn Streets. Bolts and NOVELTY STEAM BOILER WORKS.-114 North screws. Annual product, $80,000. Jefferson Street. Boilers, tanks, plate and sheet CHICAGo BOLT WoRKs. —Locke & Co., Propriiron work. etors, 29 North Jefferson Street. Bolts and bolt NATIONAL BOILER WoRKs.-Joseph Bell, Pro- machines. prietor, 56 Fulton Street. Boilers, tanks, etc. 30 C. E. ROBERTS & Co. —7 and 9 South Jefferson hands. ~~~~~~~~~~hands. Street. AMERICAN STEAM BOILER WORKS. —McFarland, 3 S Hamler & Co., Proprietors, 895 South Halsted KIKWOOD & DUNKEE.- 303 Soth Canal Se. Boilers6 ok tet, tanksr etc.y.Street. Wood working machinery. 50 hands. Street. Boilers, tanks, etc. P. iDEVINE. —63 Polk Street. Boilers only. GREENLEE BROS. & Co.-229 WVest Twelfth 75 hands. Annual product, $150,000. Street. Wood-working machinery. 25 hands. SCOVILLE IRON WORKS. —H. H. Scoville, Pro- Specialty, blind clamps. prietor, 173 South Clinton Street. Steam-en- EXCELSIOR WORKS. —372 South Canal Street. gines, shafting, mining machinery, etc. 20 hands. Wood-working machinery. CONAN & BRAUMELLER.-149 Van Buren Street. L. B. WALKER.-67 South Canal Street. SawIron railing, etc. ing and slitting machinery. GLOBE IRON WORKS. —H. A. Streeter & Co., 80 J. W. REEDY. —83 Illinois Street. Elevators, Illinois Street. Wrought iron building work, and hoisting machinery. 70 hands. Annual jacks, etc. Annual product, 600 tons. product, $200,000. CHICAGO STEAM FORGE.-Pinchon & Willard, J. KENNEDY. —188 Illinois Street. Platform Proprietors. Office, 200 La Salle Street. Car hoisting machines. axles, heavy forgings, etc. 50 hands. Annual BROWN & VANARSDALE MANUFACTURING Co. product, $250,000. — C. B. Brown, President; T. F. Brown, SecreILLINOIS STEAM FORGE.-E. P. Woodruff, Sec- tary. 28 Kingsbury Street. Thimble skeins for retary. (late) North Avenue, and North Branch. wagons, sad irons, etc. Annual product, $510, Car axles, forgings, etc. Removed to South 000. 150 hands. Chicago. S. H. HARRIS. —23 Randolph Street. Safes, BARNUM & RICHARDSON MANUFACTURING Co. vaults, etc. -W. H. Barnum, President, Salisbury, Connect- HERRING SAFE Co. —Fourteenth and Indiana icut; A. Ailing, Manager and Treasurer; R. H. Streets. Safes. 75 hands. Mlason, Secretary. Specialty, car-wheels. Works M. Y. CADY & CO. —70 West Monroe Street. on Madison and South Jefferson Streets, new Safes. 25 hands. works building. (See also Car Wheel Works of CHICAGO CUTLERY MANUFACTURING Co. —D. Illinois.) Simon, Superintendent, 157 Market Street. CutCHICAGO CAR WHEEL Co.-N. S. Bouton, Pres- lery. Annual product, 175,000. 125 hands. ident; J. J. Simmons, General Manager; C. B. G. KNECHT.-190 Madison Street. Table and Bouton, Secretary. Specialty, car weeels. 40 pocket cutlery. hands employed. Annual product, $200,000. VAUGHAN & BUSHNELL. —-11 South Halsted NORTH-WESTERN HORSE NAIL CO. —N. Corwith, Street. Tools and shelf hardware. Specialty, President; A. W. Kingsland, Secretary. Van post hole augers. Buren and Clinton Streets. Annual product, J. MCWADE & SoN.-115 West Monroe Street. 750 tons horse nails, valued at $300,000. 75 Grates. hands employed. N. W. SPAULDINGS & BROS.-20 South Canal WESTERN CHAIN WORKS. —C. H. Lane & Co., Street. Saws. Under Spauldings' patent. Proprietors, 54 North Franklin Street. Specialty, J. H. HARRIS.-103 South Canal Street. chain. Annual product, $100,000. 35 hands. Saws. Increasing capacity. H. DISTON & SoNs. —261 East Randolph Street. CHICAGO CHAIN WORKS. —S. G. Taylor, Propri- Branch of Philadelphia works. Saws of all kinds. etor, 98 Indiana Street. Chains of all kinds. 20 CHICACO SCALE Co. —W. W. Nutting, Propriehands. tor. Scales of all kinds. Annual product, CHICAGO VISE AND TOOL Co.-H. A. Warner, $150,000. 30 hands. President; Z. S. Iastin, Superintendent. Spec- CHICAGO FILE' WORKS.-C. M. Smith, Presiialty, vises. Annual product, $100,000. dent, 114 West Van Buren Street. M. KLEIN. —237 Dearborn Street. General MECHANICS FILE MANUFACTURING Co. —32 iron work. West Quincy Street. Files. 12 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. NORTH-WESTERN FILE WoRKS. —C. Eades, Pro- ILLINOIS STEAM FORGE Co.-E. P. Woodruff, prietor, 55 North Desplaines Street. Secretary. 40 hands. Removed from Chicago in CHICAGO GALVANIZING WORKS. —Benton & 1873. Capital, $75,000. 40 hands. Specialty, Cook, Proprietors, Lake and Francisco Streets. heavy forgings. BOOMnER & JENKS.-771 South Clark. Galvan- KENT, BALDWIN & Co.-Woollen and cotton ized iron work. 52 hands. mill machinery. 20 hands. Annual product, A. KINSELY & Co. —72 West Monroe Street. $200,000. Galvanized iron. 40 hands. Chicago has 127 manufactories of every kind in DEWEY, JONES & Co.-140 North Desplaines iron, with an aggregated capital of $13,500,000, Street. Galvanized cornices, etc. 40 hands. and which give employment to 9,623 operators, Annual product, $100,000. who receive in wages annually, 17,250,000. The R. GRIFFITIS. —Nineteenth and Grove Streets. value of the annual product of these works is Galvanized iron. about $32,003,000. But 26 of these works were PHOENIX GALVANIZED IRON WORiKS. —McFar- in operation in 1860, while 41 have been establand & Price, 87 North La Salle Street. 20 hands. lished since the beginning of 1870. TURNHOLD & PRESKE. —164 North Clark Street. Aurora, ane Co, Galvanized iron. KALTENBACH & WAGNER. —91 West Pandolph I-OYT d& BROTIHER ]MANUIFACTURING COMPANY. Atreet. GEalvized iron. ~ _Location of works, Aurora, Ill. Foundry and Street. Galvanized iron. A. FRIEDLY.-337 North Clark Street. Gal- machine shop. Specialty, wood-working machinvanized iron. ery. Number of hands employed, 40. NATIONAL WIRE CLOTH MILLS. —281 East Mad- clayctonz, Adanms County. ison Street. Steel wire cloth for locomotives, wire CURRY, DAVIS & Co. —Location of works, Clayfencing, etc. ton. General machinery. JONES & BOOTI. —41 La Salle Street. Wire D Cou cloth, etc. Dacnvile, Vervmillzo County. J. R. PALMENBERG. 200 East M] adison Street. WESTERN MACHINE WORKS.-Location of ire works. 40 hands. works, Danville. Engines, portable and stationWire works. 40 hands. ILLINOIS WIRE WORKs.- W. Starke, Proprie- ary, machinery, etc. tor, 206 West Randolph Street. Springs and D)ecatur, Mafcrion County. wire work. C. C. BURROUGHS & Co. Location of works, GREAT WESTERN WIRE WoRKS.-T. Spargen- Decatur. Engines and iron foundry. berg, 102 West Madison Street. WILSON & DRAKE. —Location of works, Decatur. GEORGE M1ITICHELL.-39 South Canal Street. Boilers, etc. Wire work. Dixon, ee County. M. C. ISAACS & Co.-49 Congress Street. Steel BROwN & EDWARDS. —Location of works, Dixon. wire brooms, etc. General machinery. CHICAGO WIRE WORKS.-H. McManus, Proprietor, 78 State Street. J)uquo2, Perry County. ILLINOIS WIRE WORKS.-W. R. Boerner, 310 BLAKESLEE & BRO.- Location of works, DuWest Randolph Street. quoin. Engines and iron foundry. A. W. OBERMAAN.89 West Randolph Street. Elgin., -cKane Counzty. Wire work. ELGIN IRON WORKs.-Proprietor, Marcus MalP. GRAFF & Co.-23 North Jefferson Street. lory. General machinery. Steel brooms, etc. PH(ENIX FouNDRY.-Proprietors, Philo Sylla & Son. Foundry and general machinery. LocaSouth Ch/icago, Cook C6ounty. tion, Elgin. CHICAGO IRON & STEEL WORKS.-J. D. Decreet, Frcnkfort Station, Will County. Manager. Annual product, 1,000 tons steel bars, D. & E. C. STEVENS & Co.-Location of works, etc. 30 hands. Frankfort Station. General machinery. NES-SILICON STEEL ROLLING MILLS.-J. W. Hilmer, Superintendent. Works also at Rome -Feeport, Stephenson Coonty. and Elmira, N. Y., and Sandusky, Ohio. Works JOHN ESTWICK.-Location of works, Freehere building will employ 250 hands. Capital, pt. Engines and iron foundry. $400,000. Gcalena, Jo. D)aviess County. REDFIELD, SARGENT & Co.-Mill machinery, G. D. COLTON & Co.-Location of works, Galena. (and smut mills. General machinery. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 13 DILLON & MENTZEIMER. —LOcation of works, FORBES, OWEN & KILPATRICK.-Location of Galena. General machinery. works, Peoria. Boilers, etc. alesburg, Knox onJOHN SHIELD.-Location of works, Peoria. GalesMburg, Knox Cobznty. Boilers, etc. FROST MANUFACTURING Co.-J. P. Frost, Pres- SAMUEL VORIS & Co. —Location of works, Peoident. Engines and machinery. 100 hands.ria. Steam-engines and mill work. Location of works, Galesburg. STEWART, GEER & BRo.-Location of works, Peru, La Salle County. Galesburg. General machinery. FOOTE & BRUNNER.-Location of works, Peru. Machinery and iron foundry. ]tighland, Mcdlison Cozunty. CASPER BIRCHER.-Location of works, High- Pontiac, Livingston County. land. General machinery. S. 0. PILLSBURY. —Location of works, Pontiac. Machinery and iron foundry. Jonesborough, Union County. IGNATIUS BROOKS.-Location of works, Jones- Quincy, Adams County. borough. Carding machinery. GARDNER & ROBERTSON. —Location of works, ankakee ankaee Cout Quincy. Governors, low-water detectors, etc. czankee, cnee County.M. F. GREENLEAF. —Location of works, Quincy. LEY & HANSEN.-Location of works, Kankakee. Machinery and iron foundry. General machinery. JOHN H. MICHELMAN. —Location of works, PETER WEBBER.-Location of works, Kankakee. Quincy. Boilers, etc. Machinery and iron foundry. JoHN WAILLIAMS & Co. —City foundry and maKTewanee, Henry County. chine shop. Quincy. General machinery and iron foundry. ANDERSON UNIVERSAL STEAM BOILER MANUFACTURING Co. —Location of works, Kewanee. _Rockford, Winnebacgo County. Boilers and machinery. JACOB BEIIEL. —Location of works, Rockford. Litchfield, Miontgomery County. Mill machinery. H. IH. BEACH & Co.-Location of works, Litch- W. D. TRAHERN.-Location of works, Rockford. field. General machinery and iron foundry. Machinery and iron foundry. Jfarseilles, La Salle County. Rock Island, c Rock Island County. MARSEILLES MANUFACTURING Co. H. A. Til- BABCOCK, READY & FLEMING. —Location of lotson, Secretary. Location of works, Marseilles. works, Rock Island. Machinery and iron foundry. Iron foundry and agricultural machinery. VULCAN FOUNDRY.-William IT. Thompson & H. A. PITTS & SoN. —Location of works, Mar- Co. Location of works, Rock Island. Mill seilles. Threshing machines. Employ 150 hands. machinery and iron foundry. Mfoline, Rock Island County. St. Charles, Kane County. BARNARD, LEAS & Co.-Location of works, JOHN LLOYD & Co. —Location of works, St. Moline. Mill machinery, etc Charles. eneral machinery. JAMES & WHITE.-Moline Iron Works. Engines, etc. Sandwich, DeKalb County. Ottawa, La Salle County. SANDWICH MANUFACTURING Co.-Location of OTTAWA MACHINE SHOP AND FOUNDRY.-W. works, Sandwich. Threshing machines and heavy H. W. Cushman, Proprietor. Engines, portable agricultural machinery. 150 hands. and stationary. Location of works, Ottawa. SANDWICH ENTERPRISE Co. —Location of works, REID & GIBSON.-Location of works, Ottawa. Sandwich. Mill machinery. Machinery and iron foundry.n WM. STORMONT.-Location of works, Ottawa. Sangamn Machinery and iron foundry. BERRYMAN & RIPoN. —Location of works, SCHILLINGER & TRUMBULL. —Location of works, Springfield. Machinery and iron foundry. Ottawa. Boilers, etfc JOHN C. LAMB. —Etna Foundry. Location of Peoria, Peori.. works, Springfield. Engines and iron foundry. Peoria, Peoria County. HALL, BURR & Co.-Location of works, Peoria. Wenona, lrshall County. Machinery and iron foundry. WENONA FOUNDRY.-Proprietors, Patch & 14 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. Swift. Location of works, Wenona. General nellton, Perry County. Iron foundry and mamachinery and iron foundry. chine shop. Wilmington, VW7ill County. Columbus, Bartholomew County. IRVING BARKER.-Location of works, Wilming- COLUMBUS MACHINE AND MILLWRIGI-IT Co.-Loton. Machinery and iron foundry. cation of works, Columbus, Bartholomew County. Yorung America, TW arren County. President, B. F. Jones; Treasurer, John Story; Aeric, Ware Secretary, Norval Wilson. Specialty, mill maHENRY CRISWELL & Co.-Location of works, chinery. Young America. Steam engines, machinery, etc.',B _ Elchart, Elkhart County. }Woodstock, ca.lenry County. oostocl, ce C 7-ELLIS S. CONLEY.-Location of works, Elkhart, I-, ECKERT. —Location of works, Woodstock. Elkhart County. Machinery and agricultural iraIron foundry and agricultural implements. plements. Sycamore, -De Kalb County. N. LIGHTHALL.-Location of works, Elkhart. MARSH MANUFACTURING Co.-Location of Iron foundry and machinery. works, Sycamore, De Kalb County. Specialty,. T. NILES & Co.-Location of works, Elkagricultural implements. Number of hands em- hart. Iron foundry and machinery. ployed, 100. The machine shops of the Michigan Southern INDIANA. and Northern Indiana R. RI. Co. are also located Anderson, 3adison County. Tat Elkhart, and are supplied with good water Anderson, M1adicson County. power. MICHENER MACHINE WORKS.-Proprietors, S. vasvil, 1 r J n E. Stratton & J. B. Michener. Character of pro- duct, steam-engines, flouring and saw mill machin- CITY FOUNDRY.-Proprietor, William Heilman. ery, castings, etc. Location of works, Anderson, Location of works, Evansville, Vanderburgh Madison County. Iron foundry and machinery. CHRISTIAN KRATZ.-Location of works, EvansAngola, Steuben County. ville. Steam-engines, boilers, agricultural impleDAY & PIERCE.-Location of works, Angola, ments and general machinery. Stueben County. Character of product, iron F. LEICHNER.-Location of works, Evansville. castings and machinery. Iron foundry and machinery. FREYGANG, PHELPS & Co.-Location of works, J. P. LAURENT.-Location of works, EvansAngola, Steuben County. Iron founders and ma- ville. Specialty, boilers. chinists. REITZ & HANEY, CRESCENT FOUNDRY.-LocaAttica, Fountain County. tion of works, Evansville. Engines and boilers. A. B. COUSE. —Attica, Fountain County. Iron SCHULTZE, THURMAN & Co., MECHANICS FOUNDfoundry and machinery. RY.-Location of works, Evansville. Engines and boilers. Aurora, Dearborn County. THoMAs SCANTLIN & SoNS.-Location of works, COCHRAN MACHINE SHOP.-William Loftus, Evansville. Sugar machinery. Proprietor. Location of works, Aurora, Dear- Evansville & Crawfordsville R. IR. Machine born County. Character of product, general ma.- shops are also located at Evansville. chinery. ~~~~~~~chinery. /Fort Wayrne, Allen County. STEDMAN & Co.-Location of works, Aurora, Dearborn County. Character of product, iron L. BARSTELLER.-Location of works, Fort foundry and steam-engines. Wayne, Allen County. Iron foundry and maBrazil, Clay County. chinery. JOHN H. BASS, FORT WAYNE MACHINE MCBETH, CRAWFORD & Co.-Location of works, WoKs.-Location of works, r Fort Wayne. (See Brazil, Clay County. Iron foundry and general also Car Wheel Works of Ind.) Specialty, car machinery. wheels, steam-engines, and machinery. Works -Butler, De,K-alb County. cost near $500,000, and the largest in the State. E. LEONARD.-Location of works, Butler, De J. C. BOWSER & Co.-Location of works, Fort Kalb County. Iron foundry and machinery. Wayne. Steam-engines, boilers, and general maSpecialty, iron planers and fath machines. chinery. MURRAY & BAKER.-Location of works, Fort Cannellton, Perry County. Wayne. Steam-engines, iron foundry, and maWILLIAM HACKETT. —-Location of works, Can- chinery. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 15 SCHULTZE, THURMAN & Co.-Location of works, WESTERN MACHINE WORKS. —Proprietors, SinFort Wayne. Engines. ker, Davis & Co. Thos. Davis, President. A. The extensive shops of the Pittsburg, Fort D. Sinker, Secretary. Capital, $250,000. NumWayne and Chicago R. II. are also located at Fort ber of men employed, 150. Steam-engines, Wayne, as well as the machine shops of the Tole- boilers, mill machinery, and circular saws. Esdo, Wabash and Western RE. R. Co. tablished 1850. UNION MACIINE WORKS.-Location of works, Goshen, Elkhart County. Indianapolis. Boilers and machinery. WILLIAM A. BARNES & Co.-Location of works, The machine shops of the Indianapolis, Peru Goshen, Elkhart County. Iron foundry and agri- and Chicago R R., and Bellefontaine IR. R. car cultural implements. shop, are located at Indianapolis, and employ a V. & J. GORTNER.-Location of works, Goshen. large force of hands. Specialty, threshing machines. D. KREPo. —Location of works, Goshen. Ma- effersonville, Clark County. chinery and agricultural implements. CHARLES ANDERSON.-Location of works, JefALLEN, SMITH & Co.-Location of works, Gosh- fersonville, Clark County. Iron foundry and en. Iron foundry and machinery, machinery. OHIO FALLS CAR COMPANY.-(See also Car Hcgerstown, Wcayne County. Works of Indiana.) President, James W. TEETOR & Co.-Location of works, Hagers- Sprague; W. Cruchton, Jr., Secretary. Steamtown, Wayne County. Steam-engines, portable engines. Car building the specialty, in which the and stationary. works is the largest in the country. _Tuntington, iHuntington County. The machine shops of the Jeffersonville, Madison LEES & WALLACE.Location of works, Hunt- and Indianapolis R. R. are located at Jeffersonville. LEES & WALLACE.-Location of works, Huntington, Huntington County. Iron foundry and Kendalville, _Noble County. machinery. FLINT, WALLING & Co.-Location of works, MOFFIT & ROCHE.-Location of works, Hunt- Kendalville, Noble County. Iron foundry and ington. Steam engines, plows, stoves, etc. machinery Indiranapolis, facrrion County. Lafayette, Tippecanoe County. BUTSCH, DICKSON & Co. —Location of works, UNION MACHINE Wr, John UNION MACHINE WoRKS. —Proprietor, John Indianapolis. Barnett. Location of works, Lafayette, TippeCAPITAL CITY IRON WORKS. -Specialty, car wrsCAPITAL CITY N WORKS.-Spcial cr canoe Co. Steam engines, machinery, etc. woks and general machinery. LAFAYETTE MANUFACTURING Co. —Location of PE(ENIX MACHINE WoRKS. —Proprietors, ChanPH( NIX MA NET oi s-P rtos Cha-' works, Lafavette. Specialty, agriculturalmachindler & Taylor. Iron foundry and general machin- r r r ery. MWer ICA OVNO WORKry. WABASH FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SIOP.-ProAMERICAN GOVERNOR WORKS.-Proprietors, C. Location of A. Conde & Co. Steam governors. prietors, R. M. McGrath and Co. Location of A. Conde & Co. Steam governors..Conxd & OBERTS. —Loc. io ofS g works, Lafayette. Iron foundry and general Cox & ROBERTS.-Location of works, Indian- mChnr machinery. apolis. Boilers only. DEAN BRos. —Location of works, Indianapolis. LaC GCrange, La GCrange County. Iron foundry and machinery. Wood-working. M. BULLOCK. —Location of works, La ~machinery, specialty. Gra LrangLarange Co. Mill machinery. SpeEAGLE MACHINE WORKS. —Location of works, cialty, turbine wheels. Indianapolis. F. Rushaupt, President. Specialty, DURAND & CUTTING.-Location of works, La portable and stationary engines and boilers. Es- Grange. Steam engines, agricultural implements, tablished 1848. tablished 1848. and miscellaneous castings. GREENLEAF MACHINE WORKS Co.-C. A. and miscellaneous castings. Greenleaf, President. Morris Roes, Secretary. LLa Porte, La Porte County. Steam-engines, iron foundry, and machinery. JAMES N. BROOKS.-Location of works, La LINKER & DAVIs.-Location of works, Indian- Porte, La Porte County. Mill machinery and apolis. Steam engines and boilers. turbines. A. W. McALLISTER. — Location of works, In- J. W. & S. A. BROOKS.-Location of works, dianapolis. Boilers only. La Porte. Iron foundry and machinery. RUSSELL & SoN.-Location of works, Indianap- E. B. BRooKs. —Location of works, La Porte. olis. Iron foundry and machinery. Turbine water-wheels. c 16 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. Al. & J. RUnELY. — Location of works, La Porte. NEW ALBANY STEAM FORGE Co. —Jacob Losey, Specialty, steam-engines and threshing machinery, President; Seth Woodruff, Secretary; Sam'l K. with general castings. Number of hands, 25. Duff, Superintendent. The machine shops of the Chicago, Cincinnati Newville, De Kdab County. and Louisville II. R. are situated at La Porte. MILLER & GIBON.Location of works, NewMILLER & G(IBSON. —Location of works, NewLima, La Grcange County. ville. Iron foundry and agricultural machinery. TAYLOR & KEITH.-Location of works, Lima, Orland, Steuben County. La Grange County. Iron Foundry and machinery. RSE & HUNTLY.-Location of works, Orland. Logansport, Cass County. Iron foundry and agricultural implements. W. S. & E. LINCOLN.-Location of works, Lo- ANGOLA MANUFACTURING WORKS.Location gansport, Cass County. Steam-engines, plows, etc. of works, Orland. Steam engines, portable and KNOWLTON & DIKEMAN.-Location of works, stationary, and agricultural implements. Logansport. Steam-engines, turbine water-wheels, Peru, Miami County. iron fomndry. A.'Airon f -oundry.T Mno okL DAY & PIERCE. —Location of works, Orland. A. N. McALLISTER.-Location of works, Logansport. Boilers only. Agricultural machinery. gHOWE MANUFACTURING Co. —Location of works, ladison, Jefferson County. Peru. Specialty, the Howe sewing machine. NumCOBB, STRIBLING & Co.-Location of works, ber of hands employed, 195. Madison. Iron foundry and machinery. Num- F. S. HACKLEY. —Location of works, Peru. ber of hands, 50. Iron foundry and machinery. MCKENNA, WALSH & CO., INDIANA FOUNDRY. RICHIARD THOMPSON.-Location of works, Peru. -Location of works, Madison. Steam engines Iron foundry and machinery. and mill machinery. The machine shops of the Peru and IndianapN. WINTER & Co. —Location of works, Madi- olis R. R. Co., employing 40 hands, are also located son. Boilers. at Peru. Milton, tWyne County. Richmond, Waryne County. HOOSIER DRILL Co.-Location of works, Mil- BAYLESS, VAUGHAN & Co. —Location of works, ton. Specialty, grain drills, plows, and generalRichmond. Portable and stationary engines, sawmachinery. Number of hands employed, 50. ills,etc. Establishe. Nmberofhands employed, 40. isishawaka, St. Jose2ph County. EMPIRE PLOW WORKS.-Proprietors, S. Homey P. C. PERKINS & Co.-Location of works, & Co. Specialty, plows, cultivators, and agricultMishawaka. Wind-mill machinery, pumps, etc., ural machinery. Established 1856. Number of also edge tools. hands employed, 50. ST. JOSEPH MANUFACTURING Co.-Location of ROBINSON MACHINE WORKs.-Location of works, Mishawaka. Iron foundry and machinery. works, Richmond. Saw-mill and threshing maNumber of hands, 130. chinery. Number of hands, 80. fMunacie, Delaware County.'A. N. HADLEY & CO., QUAKER CITY MACHINE W5ORKS.-Location works, Richmond. (About to PHELPS & BUDD.-Location of works, Muncie. remove.) Specialty, saw mills, steam engines, etc. Specialty, steam engines, boilers, etc. ORAN PERRY.-Location of works, Richmond. WILSON, JACKSON & Co.-Location of works, Iron foundry and general machinery. Muncie. Specialty, plows and agricultural ma- S. SINIx.-Location of works, Richmond. chinery. Boilers only. A. R. MoRRISON & Co. —Location of works, YEO & SHOEMAKER.-Location of works, RichMuncie. Steam engines, boilers, saw-mill ma- mond. Iron foundry and general machinery. Eschinery, and hedge trimmers. tablished 1847. Number of hands employed, 60.. lCew Alba-Lny, otoyd Coufnty. NRochester, Fulton County. D. C. HILL & CO.-Location of works, ew ROCHESTER FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.Albany. (See also Car Wheel Works of ndi- Proprietor, F. Gilman. Location of works, ana.) Boiler makers, general machinery, and car Rochester. General machinery. wheels. JOHNSON & WEBSTER.-Location of works, New Salem, Washington County. Albany. Steam engines, machinery, and iron C. W. MOBLEY.-Location of works, Salem. foundry. Iron foundry and machinery. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 17 South Bend, St. Joseph County. equal to those of Eastern or English manufacture, BIRDSELL MANUFACTURING Co.-Location of amount to 1,500,000 per day. This amount conworks, South Bend. Specialty, agricultural ma- sumes 450 lbs. of brass wire daily, which is made chinery and implements. in Connecticut. All the machines used were E. J. BEACH & Co.-Location of works, South made in the works by the company themselves, Bend. Manufacturers of machinery. and each machine will make 120 pins a minute. JACOB STRAYER.-Location of works, South The capacity of the works is shortly to be doubled. Bend. Agricultural machinery and implements. n.?T -TT - / Vernon, JenninQgs County. SOUTH BEND IRON WORKS.-Location of works, South Bend. Iron foundry and machinery, agri- VERNON FOUNDRY & MACHINE SHOP.-Procultural implements. prietors, J. H. & N. Wagner. Location of SINGER MANUFACTURING Co.-Location of works, Vernon. Specialty, plows and agricultuworks, South Bend. Specialty, the Singer sew- ral machinery. ing machine. c\ ~1.1 r~i i piitn' Vsincennes, JKnox County. South Bend also has one of the largest, if not i e, ox Cuy. the largest, Wagon Factory in the country, of WABASH VALLEY FOUNDRY.-Proprietors, which Studebaker Bros. are proprietors, and Clark & Buck. Location of works, Vincennes. which employs 300 men, turning out a complete Mill machinery, architectural iron work, etc. wagon every twenty minutes. Number of hands employed, 25. ENSMINGER & Co. —Location of works, VinTell City, Perry County. cennes. Boilers. TELL CITY AGRICULTURAL MACHINE Cou. Location of works, Tell City. Specialty, as per Warsaw, Kosciusco County. title. JOSEP CARTY.-Location- of works, Warsaw. ZINS & HAPPELER.-Location of works, Tell Iron foundry and machinery. City. General machinery. C. SMITH.-Location of works, Warsaw. Iron WIDMER & OBONSSIER.-Location of works, foundry and machinery. Tell City. Iron foundry and general machinery. rWashington D aviess County. Terre ITcaute, Fiyo Count-y. Terr t, V u Iy HTARTNESS, BRUNER & Co. —Location of works, J. A. PARKER.-Location of works, Terre Washington. Agricultural machinery and wagHaute. Steam engines and general castings. onS. WR. CLIFT & SON.-Location of works, Terre SPIN & VEALE.-Location of works, WashingHaute. Boiler makers. ton. Iron foundry and machinery. PHCENIX IRON WORKS.-Proprietors, McElpest & Barnard. Location of works, Terre Haute. Waterloo City, -De KTalb County. General iron work and machinery. J. BOAG.-Location of works Waterloo City. SEATH & IHAGER.-Location, Terre Haute. Iro foundry and machinery. Iron foundry and machinery. (See also Car J. B. TAYLO & Co.-Location of works, Wheel Works of Ind.) Waterloo City. Safes, etc. SPRACKLEN & BoBIEERG.-Location of works, SINCLAR Co.-Location of works Waterloo Terre Haute. Specialty, boilers; also gas meters ity. Iron foul cry and machinery. and machinery. City. Iron foundry and machinery. arnd~cl machilner~y. W. WILLIAtMS.-Location of works, Waterloo Union City, Randolph County. City. General machinery. A. W THITE.-Location of works, Union City. inaac, PulasU County. Iron foundry and general machinery. HValparaiso, Por C y. OCK, GINKINS & Co. —Location of works, alpiso, Porter Conty. Winamac. Iron foundry, general castings. KELLOGG & SONS. —Location of works, Valparaiso. Iron foundry and machinery. WFolcott's Mills. THE NATIONAL PIN Co,-President, Geo. E. EWING.-Location of works, Wolcott's Mills. Powell; Secretary, A. Waring; Treasurer, Iron foundry. William Powell; Superintendent, E. Fontaine. This is a new industry in the West in 1873, and Wolcottille, La Grange County. notable as the only pin factory west of Con- COCHRANE & HUTCIINSON.-Location of works, necticut, except a small one at Cohoes, N. Y. Wolcottville. Iron foundry, general castings, The pins made here, and which are said to be fully etc. 18 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. Steam Engine and Machine Works and foundry, machine shop, millstone filling room, forge Iron Foundries of Kansas. with seven fires, and two store-houses. The works Atchison, Atchisonemploys 200 hands, with a pay-roll of $10,000 tso, c monthly, and uses forty horse-power to drive the P. PLAMONDON & Co.-Mill and general macbin- machinery, which consists of nine lathes, three ery. planers, three drill presses, one punch, one shearer, N. H. MAHER. —Mill and general machinery. one screw cutter, and two cupolas. The capital J. HIGLEY.-General machinery. is $200,000 with a product of from $400,000 to The shops of the Kansas Union Pacific Rail- $450,000, and a consumption of 2,000 tons of iron. road Co. are located at Atchison. They have lately built a fifty horse-power steam Baxter Sprinygs, Cherokee Cowunty. engine for the St. Joseph Flouring Mill, and built -Baxter Springs, Cherokee County. Zn n the large engines for the Leavenworth coal mines, B. F. CROWELL.-General and jobbing machin-besides saw-mills for Salt Lake City, and the archiery. tectural iron work for the Leavenworth court H. PALMER & Co.-General and jobbing machin- house. The success of this company shows what ery. enterprise and energy may accomplish in our far Elwood, Doniphan County. Western States. St. Joseph and Denver City Railroad machine JOSEPH NEWSOME.-Boilers only. shops. Fort Scott, Bourbon C:ounty. Ottawa, Tranklin County. FORT SCOTr FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.- Machine shops of Lawrence and Galveston Proprietor, Geo. A. Crawford. Superintendent, Railroad. F. J. Nutz. Steam-engines, wind-mills, saw-mills, and general machinery.ek, KN Sawnee County. EAGLE FOUNDRY.-Proprietor, Henry Bowen. C. P. KIN & SoN. —Ion foundry, bridge and Stove and general castings. general castings. J. M. CONELLY. —General machinery..Lawrence, -Douglass County. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad LAWRENCE FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.- machine shops. Kimbal Bros., Proprietors. Steam-engines, general machinery, etc. The King Iron Bridge Manufactory and Iron WILDER & PALIN.-Agricultural implements. Works of Iola, finding their orders increasing MILLER & STEVENS. Stove, furnace, and gen- beyond their capacity to manufacture, and also eral castings. that the facilities for transportation at Iola were inadequate, reorganized the past summer by incor[Leavenworth City, Leavenworth Cournty. porating the King Bridge Company, of Topeka, P. C. FARRISTER & SON.-General machinery. and immediately commenced the construction of GREAT WESTERN MANUFACTURING COMPANY.- shops on a grand scale. The foundry is 76x146 President, E. P. Wilson; Vice-President, P. feet, is 22 feet high in the clear, contains two Estes; Secretary, D. F. Fairchild; Treasurer, cupolas with stack 80 feet high, and will run John Wilson. Iron foundry and machinery. twelve tons of iron per day. Adjoining this on The works of this company is situated on the the north is the machine shop, 80x158 feet and corner of Second and Choctaw Streets, Leaven- two stories high, the second story to be used for worth, and was established by E. P. Wilson and a pattern shop. The lower story will contain two P. Estes in 1858. These gentlemen commenced steam engines of forty horse-power each. Immewith a small iron lathe, a wood lathe, and a drill, diately beyond this is the blacksmith shop, of same and claim to have made the first steam engine and size as foundry; while, off the machine shop, to to have cast the first stove in Kansas. They now the east, giving the whole building the shape of manufacture Estes' patent steam engines, which the letter T, is the arch shop, 125x300 feet, through have the advantages of the Corliss engine, Tre- which crosses a railroad track, running over two main's balance valve, flour and quartz mill of Fairbanks' scales of the capacity of 35 tons machinery, and have a special trade for the gold each. This shop will contain all the machinery machinery of Colorado and Montana, iron frame for completing the bridges, including heavy shears, saw-mills, water-wheels, pumps, architectural iron, punches, etc. It is proposed to build the King and generalmachinery, besides stoves and hollow- Patent Bridge, used for highways only, which is ware. Their works occupies an area of 250 by made entirely of iron; the Pratt Truss Bridge 300 feet, and includes a machine foundry, stove (iron) for highways and railroads; the Howe DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 19 Truss Combination, which is of wood and iron, HERMAN FLETCHER.-Location of works, Louisall the members that bear strains of compression ville. General machinery. being of wood, while those that bear strains of FULTON MACHINE SHOP. —Proprietor, John tension are made of iron; and in short, any re- Keyt. Location of works, Louisville. General quired pattern, besides iron piers, both cast and machinery. wrought, and all kinds of heavy castings generally. FORD, WARREN & Co. —Location of works, Louisville. Iron foundry. General castings. GRANGER & Co.-Location of works, LouisSteam Engine and Lachine Works of ville. Steam engines, iron foundry, etc. Kentucky. HYDRAULIC FOUNDRY. —Proprietors, J.. Barbroux & Co. Location of works, Louisville. Bowling Green, Wacrren County.on fody, p etc. Iron foundry, pipes, etc. J. ESPER & Co.-Location of works, Bowling KENTUCKY MACHINE WORKS.-Proprietors, J. Green. Iron foundry and general machinery. 0. Campbell & Co. Location of works, LouisGRAHAM & DAVY.-Location of works, Bowling ville. General machinery. Green. Iron foundry and general machine cast- LOUISVILLE ARCHITECTURAL FOUNDRY.-Speings. cialty, architectural iron. Covington, Kenton County. MARKET STREET ARCHITECTURAL FOUNDRY.IGNATIUS DORGE & Co. Location of works, Proprietors, Snead & Co. Architectural iron Covington. Iron foundry, general castings. work. G. W. BALL & Co.-Location of works, Cov- G. MARTIN & SON.-Bolts and nuts. J. MEIKLY & Co.-Bolts and nuts. ington. Iron foundry, general castings. J. MEIKTLY & CO. BoltS and nus. FOULDS & WRIGHT.-Location of works, Cov-. ETROOLITAN F & WoR.-Forgington. Machinery. ings and castings. CHARLES WIRsING.-Location of works, Cv- F. W. MERZE.-Iron foundry and safe manuington. General and jobbing machinery. facturer. Kentucky Central Railroad Machine Shops PHILIP METZER.-Machinery and jobbing. are also located at Covington. JOEP MITCHELL.Boiers only PATTERSON & RIE. —Steam- engines and maLexington, Fayette County. chinery. JOHN PEARCE.-Boiler maker. BROWN & TIMMING.-Location of works, Lex- R. W. RAMSEY.-Boiler maker. ington. General machinery. CHARLES F. SCHLEICHER.-General machinery. SONCKART & MENTELL.-Location of works, CRESCENT FOUNDRY.-Proprietors, Sneed, Sayre Lexington. Iron foundry and machinery. &Co. Iron foundry. STAEHL & SIMICOx-Location of works, Lexington. Steam engines. aysville, Mason County. W. H. BALDWIN & Co.-Plows and agricultural -Louisville, Jefferson County. machinery. Number of hands employed, 50. LOUISVILLE AXLE WORKS. —Proprietors, Aiken THOMAs K. BALL.-Plow manufactory. & Drummond. —Iron foundry and machinery. G. S. JUDD.-Steam engines and machinery. Specialty, axles. Number of hands employed, 50. J. H. HALL & Co. —Plows only. Number of AINSLIE, COCHRANE & Co. —Location of works, hands employed, 100. Louisville. Iron foundry, and boiler makers. Newport,.Campbell County. B. F. ABERY & SoN.-Location of works, E. BEEHER a achiery. Louisville. Specialty, plows. E. BEECHES~General machinery. Louisville. Specialty, plow~s. - GAYLORD IRON AND PIPE CO.-Iron foundry. BILLINGS, WAYMAN & Co. —Location of works, Office, Cincinnati, 0. Specialty, pipes. (See Louisville. Iron foundry, general castings. Ps of en BRENNAN & Co.-Proprietors South-western e and Tube IForks of Kentuy.) Agricultural Works.-Location of works, Louis- Paducah, JMc Cracken County. ville. Agricultural machinery and implements. JONES & LENHARD.-Boilers only. J. B. DAVIS.-Location of works, Louisvile. J. H. JoHNSON. —General machinery. Iron froundry, general castings. MORAN, LOVE & Co. —Boilers only. FISHER, LEAF & Co., HIGH STREET FOUNDRY. JORDAN, LINNING & Co. —General iron work -Location of works, Louisville. Iron foundry. and machinery. FERGUSON & SON. —Location of works, Louis- SOUTHERN IRON WORKS. —L. S. Trimble, Presville. General machinery. dent; W. C. Gates, Secretary. 20 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. Paris, Bourbon County. D. H. COLEMAN.-Mill machinery. R. C. STEWART. —-IrOn foundry. Specialty, L. DUFFY. —Iron foundry. General castings. railings. SOUTIERN IRON WORKS. —W. T. Ebert. GenB. F. SHAw. —General machinery. eral iron work. D. & J. D. EDWARDS.-Iron and brass foundry. Provrcdence, W;}ebster County. SHAKESPEARE FOUNDRY.-Proprietors, ShakesLELAND WOODSON. —General machinery. peare, Smith & Co. Iron foundry, miscellaneous work. 50 hands. Steam Engine and Machine Works D. GRAAM. —Boilers only. of Louisiana. NOVELTY IRON WOR.KS. —Proprietor, William GA, O s. Golding. General iron work. Algers, Orleans csh J. W. HARRISON & Co.-Cotton-press machinJ. THOMPSON.-Iron foundry. General cast- ery. ings. Machine shops of Louisiana and Texas L. JOHNSON.-Iron foundry and machinery. Railroad Co. LAGAN & MACKISON.-Steam machinery and Amity City, St. ffelena Parish. boat work. LEEDS & Co.-Steam engines, boilers, sugar D. B. GULLET & Co.-Cotton gin machinery. LEEDS & CO. —Steam engines, boilers, sugar machinery of all kinds, saw-mills, gins, grate -Baton.Rouge, East -Baton -Rouge Parish. bars, and ordinary castings. Established in J. & O. ARBOUR & Co.-Iron foundry and gen- 1825. Employ 250 hands. eral machinery. D. MCCANN & SoN.-Steam engines and maHART, ARBOUR & Co. —Plows. chinery. Number of hands employed, 50.,. ^. ^-Tl/r T)' J MAI-IAI & BBoO.~Boilers only. Brashecar City, St..l'ary's Parish. MAI-IN & Bo.-Boilers only. aM/. & J. MEAGHER.-Boiler makers. JOHN P. WALTEnR.-General machinery. REYNOLDS IRON WRKs. —Proprietor, W. H. IHENnRY WATKINS.~-Generala machinery. Reynolds. General machinery and iron work. CGarrollton, Jefferson Parish. JOHN WARD. —Steam engines and boilers. GEORGE BROOIKS. JAMES WALKER. —General machinery. FJOHNR DUBM1AN.' General mach'inery. WTTYYNNE & TARR. —Steam engines and boilers. GEORGE PURSGLOVE. ) Shevreport, aCcddo Parish. Jefferson City, Jefferson Parish. O. L. CIAMBERLAIN.-General machinery. W. H. PHELAN. —General machinery. SHREVEPORT FOUNDRY.-Proprietor, T. W. HENRY SATcHELL. —General machinery. Jones. Iron foundry. HENRY SATCHELL —General machinery. y J. A. MONTGOMERY.-Steam engines and ma[cladisonville, St. Tammany Pacrish. chinery. MILES B. HAND. —Iron foundry, general cast- Thibocleaux, Lcafoureche Parish. ings. T. B. BODLEY.-General machinery. /capoleonville, Claiborne Parish. BYRNE & HolCGAN.-Iron foundry and boilers. JOHN FULLER. ] BEATTIE & HARE.-Iron foundry, miscellaneE. GOULD. I General and jobbing machin- ous castings. ID. W. KELLY. ery. GEARY & MCNEIRE.-Iron foundry. HORACE MAYN... GUILLOT.-General machinery. LARKEN & GRISSMORE. —General machinery. N2ew Iberia, Iberiac Paarish.f e Pi D. ERDEWAN.-Iron foundry. Miscellaneousillnlle, yee castings. E. GuIoN. —~General machinery. New Orleans, Orleans Parish.'Washington, St. Louis Parish. W. J. J. ARMSTRONG.-Steam engines and iron JOHN McNICHOLS.-Machinery. foundry. LEIGH 3 CNICHOLS.-Machinery. J. BAUMILLE. —— Iron foundry and railings. JAMEs CARTON. —PumpS. SteamL Engine and Machinery Works JOIHN CLARK.-Iron foundry and general ma- and Iron Foundries of Mo aine. chinery. Augusta, Kennebec County. D. CRONAN.-Iron foundry. General castings. WV. L. CusHING —General machineryand ma- ALLEN, SMALL & Co.-Stationary engines, and chinery agent. planers, and shafting. Established 1867. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 21 WM. GAGE.-Shingle machinery, etc. Bridgeton, Cumberland County. THOS. LOMBARD.-Iron foundry and machinery. BAILEY & MILLER.-Works at Forest Mills. (See also Car IForks of Maine.) Number of Iron foundry and machinery. hands, 50. L. CANNON & SONS.-Iron foundry and machinMOORLEN & NURSE.-Steam engines, shafting, ery. etc. WM. CANoN.-Iron foundry. Bangor, Penobscot County. J. FOGG.-Agricultural implements. SAMUEL CLEMENT.-General jobbing machinery. Burlington, Penobscot County. D. M. DUNHAM & Co.-Agricultural imple-. Fox.Machinery. m~lenlts, t. Fox.-S~ Machinery. ments. DINSMORE & BRACKETT.-General machinery. Calais, Washington County. HINCKLEY & EGERY IRON Co.-Steam engines, WM. McDONALD.-General machinery. saw-mill machinery, and boilers. Established PEABODY & CRANGLE BRos.-General machin1831. 50 hands employed. ery. (See also CarWorks of Mlaine.) Hands emHINCKLEY & HOLT.-Iron foundry, miscellan- ployed, 25. eous castings. Wm. E. STAYTON.-Iron foundry. MUZZY IRON WORnK.-Iron foundry, steam Machine shops of St. Croix and Penobscot engines, saw-mill machinery. Established 1842. Railroad Co. Employ 50 hands. C. V. & J. W. RAMSDELL.-Fire-arms. Camden, Knox County. I. W. STRANGE. —Machinery. Dies princi- H. E. & W. G. ALLEN.-Anchors and forgings. pally. 20 hands employed. M. SCHWARTZ.-Iron foundry and saws. GEO. U. BARSTON & SONS.-Patent heading machines. Bath, Sagadahoc County. D. KNOWLTON & Co.-Railroad Spikes. (See BATH IRON FOUNDRY.-Proprietor, T. W. also Car Works of lMaine). Hyde. Iron foundry. Canton, Oxford County. CROOKER & LILLY.-Heavy forgings, anchors, A. & R. A. BARROWS.-Iron foundry and maetc. ~~~~~~~~etc. ~~chinery. G. MOULTON & Co.-Machinery. 15 hands em- J B. FULLER.Machinery ployed. Belfast, Waldo County. Denmark, Oxford County. BELFAST FOUNDRY Co.-President, J. P. White; L. A. BERRY.-General machinery. Treasurer, J. C. Abbott. Ship and mill work. Dexter, Penobscot County. Established 1819. HOWARD, THORNDIKE & 0o.-General machin- C. FITzGERALD.-General machinery. HOWARD, THORDIKE &THOMAS E. ROGERS & Co.-Shingle and drill cry. machinery. Biddeford, York County. DEXTER MILLS CORPORATION MACHINE SHOP.ANDREWS & SON.-General iron work. Cotton mill machinery for the Dexter Mills. COCHECO LOOM PICKER MANUFACTURING CO.- V. S. PALMER. —Iron foundry, principally Cotton mill machinery. stoves. EVERETT SEWING MACHINE Co. —C. A. Shaw, Dover, Piscataquis County. President; T. Shaw, Jr., Treasurer. Capital, PISCATAQUIS IRON FOUNDRY.-General castings. $100,000. Sewing machines. HARDY MACHINE Co.-C. HARDY, Agent and Eastport, Washington County. Treasurer. General and mill machinery. Estab- STANDISH & PIERCE. —Iron foundry and machinlished 1865. Capital, $75,000. ery. WM. T. HARROLIN & Co.-Machinery. Falmouth, Cumberland County. PERKINS & EMERY.-Machinery. J. G. LEIGHTON.-Machinery. SACO WATER POWER MACHINE SHOP. —S. W. PRESUMPSCOTT IRON Co. —Iron foundry. Richardson, Treasurer; J. H. McMullan, Agent. Cotton and woollen machinery. Capital, $300,000. Farqmington, Frtanlin County. PEPPERILL MANUFACTURING CO.'S MACHINE R. J. MORTON.-Plows. SHOPS.-Mill machinery. A. G. WHEELER. —Machinery. THOS. WOODMAN.-General machinery. Machine Shops of Androscoggin Railroad Co. 22 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC, Foxcroft, Piscataquis County. North Berwick, York County. PISCATAQUIS FOUNDRY Co.-Shingle, clapboard, T. B. HUSSEY.-Agricultural implements. water-wheel, mill, and agricultural machinery. or r Stove and general castings. B. B. Vaughan, ry, Oxbd Cznty. Treasurer. R. EVANS.-General machinery. J. J. HAYDEN.-Iron foundry. Gardiner, ienznebec County. Old Town, Penobscot County. W. E. ATwooD. —General machinery. O T P ELDRIDGE DBAKE.-General machinery. THOS.. CHAPMAN-Machinery. GARDINERSPRINGWoRK.-Specialty, springs. Bangr and Piscataquis Railroad machine PHILIP C. HOLMES & Co.-Iron foundry and shops. machinery. Established 1830. Lairge works. European and North American Railroad maJ. E. LADD & Co.-General machine shops. KENNEBEC STEAM IRON WoRKs.-Proprietors, Paris, Oxford County. C. A. Robbins & Sons. Established 1832. Foun- F. C. MERRILL.-Machinery. dry and general machinery. H. SCRIBNER, JR.-General machinery. Pembroke, Washington County. ALEX. McFALL. —Machinery. ]irallowell, Kennebec County. HALLOWELL IRON FOUNDRY.-General castings. Portland, Cumberland County. EAGLE IRON WoRKs. —Proprietor, Geo. B. Me- JOHN E. CoEFIN.-Bookbinders' machinery. Glinch. Steam engines, boilers, iron and brass KENDALL & WHITNEY.-Agricultural implecastings. ments. arrison, C berland onty. E. M. LANG. —Machinery. PORTLAND Co.-Jacob McClellan, Treasurer. S. H. DAWES.-Machinery. General machinery and iron work. 400 hands emT. H. RICKER & SONS.-Iron foundry, miscel- ployed. Capital, $300,000. laneous castings. PRESUMPSCOTT IRON Co.-F. McDonald, PresiC. C. W. SAMPSON.-General machinery. dent. G. E. B. Jackson, Treasurer. Works at P. TOLMAN & Co.-Wire mills. Long estab- Dening. Forgings and iron work. Hands employed, lished, and with large products. 40. ennebunk, York County. UINN & Co. —Machinery and boilers. JREIDEY & KELLY.-Iron foundry. General J. H. FERGUSON.- General machinery. castings. J. & G. VARNEY.-Iron foundry, general cast- C Iron o r r ings. GCHAS. STAPLES & SON. —Iron foundry. General ings. castings. Lewiston, Androscoggin County. JOHN STINCHCOMB.-Iron foundry. LEWISTON MACHINE Co.-J. W. Danielson, D. WINSLOW & SoN.-General machinery. Treasurer. -Rockland,.Knox County. E. H. CUMMINGS, AGENT. —Capital, $100,000. C. W. MILLIKEN.Machinery. Cotton and woollen mill machinery. THRSTON & -iron foundry and a E. E. WHEELER. —Iron foundry and machin- chinery. ery. J. A. WHITEMAN.-Iron foundry and machin- Sacarappa, Cumberland County. ery. J. R. ANDREWS. —Machinery. Liberty, Waldo County. KNOWLTON BROTHERS.-Machinery, iron founR. H. GILMAN.-Iron foundry. Agricultural dry, etc. Knowlton's improved turbine water implements. wheels. JOHN N. GILMAN.-Machinist. WARREN & PENNEL.-Wire drawers. O. B. WALKER.-Iron foundry. Lisbon, Androscoggin County. ANDROSCOGGIN WATER POWER Co.-General co, CoN. iron work. SACO WATER POWER MACHINE SHOP. —S. W. Richardson, Superintendent. Machinery. Mfiacwhias, ]Washington County. YORKE ANUFATURING CO.-Iron and machinGETCHELL & SARGENT.-Iron foundry and ma- ery. chinery, ship and mill work. JAS. FREEMAN —Machinery. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 23 H. WooDMAN.-Machinery. Steam Engine and MlVachine Works and Iron Foundries of Miaryland. Skowhegan, Somerset County. AM. WILLIS. —Water wheels, agricultural and Baltimore, Baltimore County. general machinery. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Machine Shops. Skowhegan is also a celebrated axe man-ufactur- Build and repair locomotives, cars, general iron ing town, having three axe factories of large pro- work, etc. duct. BARTLETT, ROBBINS & Co.-Iron foundry, misSprinCfield, Penobscot County. cellaneous castings. LOMBARD & JOHNSON.-Machinery. BALTIMORE STEAM BOILER WORKS. —Boilers M. S. SCRIBNER. —Machinery. only. JAMES BATES. —Iron foundry, general castings. Thomaston, Knox County.. L. BATES. —Machinery. WM. E. CRAWFORD. —Iron foundry. General B. S. BENsoN.-Machinery. castings. J.. BLAKE.-Iron foundry, miscellaneous Uinion, KNnox County. castings. GEO. E. GAY.-Machinery. BROCKMEYER, WALTZ & Co. —Iron foundry. JONES BROTHERS. —Iron foundry. Miscellan- CAROLINE IRON WORKs. —H. C. Larrabee, proeous castings. prietor. General iron work. Unity, Waldo Coun. CLARK, CAHILL & Co.-Machinery and boilers. Unty, aldo CountyJAMES CLARK & Co.-Machinery. J. B. HussEY.-Specialty, plows. JOSEPH CLARKSON & SoN.-Machinery..T.. HUSSEY & SONS. —Iron foundry. Agricul- E. G. CODD & Co. —Steam engines and boilers. tural castings. COLMAN & TAYLOR. —Boiler makers. Waldoborough, Lincoln County. DENMEAD & SON. —Iron foundry and machinery. J P. B.-Iron and brass foundry. G. W. DEPEW & Co. —Iron foundry. J. P. BOYD.~Iron and brass foundry. DUFUR & Co. —Iron foundry and railings. W7arren, wnox County. DUVALL & Co. —Steam engines and iron founMARSTIN HusE.-Machinery. dry. G. W. TINKEN.-Machinery. FLIN & EMERICK. —Iron foundry and machinery. Wateqford, Oxford County. E.H. FRAZIER.-Machinery, nuts and washers. WM. DOuGLAS.-Machinery. GRIFFITH & MARQUETTE.-Machinery. S. A. MILLER. —Iron foundry and machinery. F. W. HEATH.Iron foundry. GEO. W. IRWIN.-Machinery. cWaterville, Kennebec County. J. JoNE. —Spikes. BENJAMIN & ALLEN.-Iron foundry, general KILGUM & SON. —Iron foundry. castings. J. G. KREAMER. —Machinery. JOSEPH PERCIVAL.-Iron foundry. LACY & Co. —Iron foundry. WEBBER & HAVILAND.-Iron foundry and T. J. LAPSLEY.-Steam engines. machinery. LITCHFIELD & McMILLAN.-Machinery. Maine Central R. R. machine shop. MURRAY, CLARK & Co.-Machinery. Waterville is also celebrated for scythes and MURRELL & KEIZER.-Machinery. axe factories located here. Northern Central Railroad machine shop. GEO. PAGE & Co.-Steam engines, machinery, Wayne, Kennebec County. and iron foundry. L. W. FILEBRowN. —General machinery. POOLE & HUNT. —Steam engines, machinery, Welton, Frankltn County..and iron foundry. W7e~lton, _r~ankhlin Counzcrty. CHESAPEAKE IRON WoRKs.-Proprietor, Amos A. HOBBs. —Agricultural implements. Price. General iron work. L. C. STOCKIN. —Machinery. CHAS. REEDER & Co.-Machinery. Winthrop, Kennebec County. CASPER RIEGG.-Machinery. LUTHER WHITiAN. —Iron foundry, general JAMES RUSSELL.-Iron foundry, iron and brass astingsAN. Iro foundry, general castings. c as roth eingdsCo. ScHIULTZ & WILSON. —Iron foundry, general Yarmouth, Cumberland County. castings. G. P. THOMPSON. —General machinery. HERMAN SCHULTZ. —Iron foundry. d 24 DIRECTORY OF GIENERAL 3MACHINE WORKS, ETC. S. B. SEXTON & Co. —Iron foundry, mis- CALVIN PAGE.-Iron works and machinery. cellaneous castings. STEWART & PRICE. —Agricultural implements. ISAAC SHEPARD & Co.-Iron foundry. Spe- Frostbrg Alleghany Count. cialty, stoves. (See Stove Wiorks of Mafrylacnd.) R. PAer Number of hands employed, 150. Consumption. PAUL.-Man nnery. of iron 6,000 tonlls annually. - PA ~. SNowDoN & CONoMIAN.-Iron foundry, mis-.* SNOWDoN & GoNOMAN."-lronI foundry, mis- CONSOLIDATION COAL Co. —Foundry and machinery. cellaneous castings. SAMUEL G. TALOR. —Machinery. Galena, Kzent County W. H. THOMAS & Co. —Iron foundry. W. A. HYLAND & Co.-Iron foundry and MONUMENTAL FOUNDRY.-Proprietors, Towers machinery. Bros. & Co. Iron foundry, miscellaneous cast- icgerstown Washington County. ings. UNION MANUFACTURING CO.D. B. Banks, BATCHEL, COCHRANE & CO.-Iron foundry. President. General machinery. President. General machinery. HAGERSTOWN AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT Co. — A. WEISKETTEL — Iron1 foundry. John HI. Cook, Superintendent. Agricultural GEO. H. WHITNEY. —General machinery, implements and machiery. W3M. WOOD & Co.-Steam heating apparatus. HALL & RoLLINS.-Agricultural implements. JONES & MILLER.-MachinYery. Boonsborough, Washington County. Port D i Cecil County D. McGINLEY -Iron foundry, general castings. ARSTONG &.- fodry and machi, ZD ARMSTRONG & CO. —Iron foundry and machinCambridge,.Dorchester County. ery, plows and hollow ware. W. FOUNTiAIN~.-Machinery. S. R. CARsoN.-Agricultural implements. T. E. WRIGHT.-Agricultural implements. -Rising Sun, Cecil County. Cumberland, Alleghany County. J. T. BOWDEN.-Iron foundry, general castHILL, GEPHART & Co.-Steam engines and iron ings. foundry. foundry. E. HANEs.- Machinery. W. W. McKAIG & SoN. —Steam engines and B. C. & I. REYNOLDS.-Iron foundry. iron foundry. JACKSON & DAVIS.-Iron foundry. CUMBERLAND FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.- J M. HUNT.-Machinery. Proprietors, Mill, Oliphant & Co. Machinery Unzion Bridge, Carroll County, and castings. T. W. RUSSELL.-Machinery. Easton, Talbot County. Western Maryland R. R. machine shop. T. J. Jones.-Iron foundry, general castings. Westminster, carroll County. TUTTHILL & AVERY.-Agricultural implements W. H. HARIAN & CO.-Iron foundry and and iron foundry. threshing machinery. Number of hands emMaryland and Delaware Railroad Machine ployed, 22. shops. WVAGNER & MATHEWS.-Iron foundry, general Elkton, Cecil County. castings. McCULLOUGH & Co.-Iron and machinery. P. J. SMITH & Co.-Elkton steam engine works. Steam Engines, Machine Works, and Steam engines and machinery. Iron Foundries of Massachusetts. E1licott Cit, I1oward County. E~limcott City, Howard C(ouznty. Abington, Plymouth County. JOHN G-AW & Co.-Machinery. E. A. KIMBALL & Co.-Machinery, principally R. GAMBOIL & SON. —Agricultural implements. shoe achinery R. H. REYNOLDS.-Iron foundry, general cast- J.. YoUNG-General machinery. ings. IAbington is also celebrated for the manufacture inmmettsburgh, _Frecerick County. of nails and tacks, having four establishments doTHos. FRALEY & SON.-Machinery and iron ing a large business. foundry. Adams, Berkshire County. NATHANIEL Row. —Machinery. D. D ALLEN-Machinery. _Frederick, Frederick County. JAMES ALLEN.-Machinery. H. PANIPLER.-Iron works and machinery. BURLINGHAM & DARBYS. —Machinery. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 25 JAMES C. CHAMPNEY.-Machinery and iron Beverly, Essex County. foundry. B. RAYMOND.-General machinery. J. B. & E. P. SARGENT.-Machinery. D. WHEELER.-Iron foundry and machinery. BernarLston, Franic in County. E. S. HULBERT.-Agricultural implements and Amresbury, Essex County. tools. WADLIN & PETTENGILL.-Machinery. Blctckstone, Worcester County. J. B. SARGENT.-Axles. AMERICAN TWIST DRILL Co.-Machinery and Amherst, friampshire County. lathe tools. P. DICKENsON.-General machinery. E. S. HALL. -General machinery. NATHAN OLNEY.-General machinery. J. C. SCOTT & Co.-Machinery. E. W. OsGOOD.-Machinery. E. W. OscooD.-~Mfachline~ry. Boston, Sutofflk County. Andover, Essex County. ENGINE AND MACHINE WORKS. JOHN R. LORING.-General machinery. ALLEN & ENDICOTT.-Steam engines. CamArlington, Mliddlesex County. bridgeport. AMERICAN STEAM SAFE Co.-President, A. JackJ. C. IHOBBS & SoN.-Machinery and edge tools. son; Treasurer, S. J. Ballon; General SuperinAthol, Worcester C(ounty. tendent, G. L. Damon. Specialty, steam fire-proof safes. ol and 53 Sudbury Street. ATHOL MACHINE Co.-J. P. Parmenter, Treas- AMERICAN T3 AND MACHE CO.. B. Cobb urer; L. S. Starrett, Agent. Meat and vegetable Treasurer, 84 Kinston Street; B. F. lford, chopping machinery. Number of hands em- Treasurer, 84 Kingston Street; B. F. Radford, chopping machinery. Number of hands em- ploy^oed, 40h. ubn em- Superintededent. Lathes, pulleys, hangers, shaftD. W. HOUGHTON. —Iron foundry. Product ings, etc. 1 M. MI. ArlmoIDowN.-Drill press machineryT and valued at 25,000. Specialty, small castings and M.DON-Drill press machine tools. novelty printing presses. noet printin pres. AMIERICAN STEAM GAUGE Co.-A. N. Clark, J. & A. OLIVER.-Machinery. 1Treasurer, 38 Chardon Street. Steam engines and C. F. RICHARDSON.-Machinery and jobbing. gauges. Attleboro, Bristol County. ATLANTIC WORKS.-Marine and stationary enT. BLAKLEY. —Machinery. gines, boilers, etc. Works, 72 Border Street, BoswoRTH MACHINE SHOP.-General machinery. East Boston. This works has now in hand a W. M. STONE.-Machinery. government contract for steam engines for revWILCOX & BURNETT.-Jewellers' lathes and enue cutters, amounting to $600,000. tools. E. H. ASHcROFT. -Steam gauges and low water H. WEST.-Hat and bonnet pressing machin- detectors. 55 Sudbury Street. ery. BATES, HYDE & Co.-Cotton gin manufacturers. Ayre, Mliddlesex County. 136 Washington Street. AMES PLOW Co.-Office, Worcester. Capital, GEORGE BAYNTON. —Machinery. Sanford, near $400,000. Hands employed, 350. President Cedar Street. Works, Milton Lower Falls. L. L. BARBER.-Sewing1 machines. 9 Green Oliver Ames; Treasurer, E. K. Simon. Ware-.Sewig machines. 9 Green houses, Beekman Street, New York, and Quincy e r Hall, Boston. Plows and agricultural machinery. B.LD & LA.Eleto htig achin ery. Baldwinsville, WMorcester County. GEORGE MI. BIRD & Co.-70 Lewis Street, East JAMES SAMPSON. — achinery. Boston. Marine, stationary, and portable engines, Barre, Worcester Cou nty. hoisting machinery, and boilers. Established 1850. GEOxRGE B. BRAYTON.-Specialty, gas-engines. STEPHEN HEALD & SONS.-Iron foundry and 1 Pemberton Square. machinery. Planes, screws, carriage and match- GEORGE F. BLAKE & Co.-Causway and Friend ing machines, keg machinery, turbine wheels, iron Streets. Specialty, steam pumps and meters. fences, etc. BRAMAN, Dow & Co.-3 Haymarket Square. Bedford, Middlesex County. Steam heating apparatus, valves, etc. MOSES PAGE.-General machinery. BOSTON MACHINE Co.-Steam engines and geni' eral machinery of all kinds. W. H-. Oliver, JBellingyham Norfolk Cou?nty. Treasurer; 8 Oliver Street, and Granite, corner EMERY B. COOK.-General machinery. of West First Street. 26 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. Boston & Maine R. R. Machine Shop. Em- GEORGE MCLAUTHLIN.-120 Fulton Street. ploy 100 hands. Mill, water wheel, elevator machinery, safes and Boston & Lowell R. R. Machine Shop. boilers. BOSTON FORGE Co.-James Smith, Treasurer. CHARLES R. McLEAN. —Engines and mill maIRailroad work, locomotive frames, anchors, axles. chinery. 100 Lewis Street, East Boston. Number of hands, 50. Established 1856. Foot A. G. MEAD. —Light machinery, jewellers' of Maverick Street. lathes, etc. 90 Utica Street. CABLE SCREW WIRE MACHINE MANUFACTURING JAMES A. MAYNARD. —East Boston. Boilers, COMPANY.-133 Summer Street. 50 hands. valves, engines, tanks, car wheel hubs, etc. CAMPBELL, WHITTIER & Co. —Steam engines, J. S. NEWELL & Co. —General machinery. 53 boilers, steam heating machinery and pipe. 1176 and 55 Haverhill Street. Tremont Street. NEW ENGLAND PUMP MANUFACTURING Co.F. P. CANFIELD.-Hoisting machinery. 96 J. M. Tarbox, Secretary. 24 Friend Street. Utica Street. Louis OSBORN.-74 Lewis Street. Stationary S. E. CHUBBUCK & SONS.-971 Tremont Street. and portable engines, boilers and boiler fittings. Steam hoisting apparatus and pipe. Old Colony & Newport R. R. Machine Shop. COOK, RYMES & Co.-17 Court Street. Steam PARKER & GANNATT.-Agricultural implements. portable enginesandboilers. Works, Charlestown. 40 New Market Street. CHEMICAL FIRE ENGINE Co.-75 Kingston PLATT BROS. & Co.-Cotton gin manufacturStreet. L. M. Child, President; C. Blacke, Treas- ers. 60 Devonshire Street. urer. R. W. PRATT & Co. —Engines, elevators, and J. M. DUNCAN.-Millwrights' and general mill boilers. machinery. 3 Eastern Avenue. S.. ROPER. —Roper's Caloric engines and maDEANE & Co.-Steam and screw presses. chinery. 82 Hampden Street. FEARING, BODTMAN & SWIFT.-Anchors, chains, RAWSON & HITTINGER.-Cambridgeport. Macranes, and heavy forgings. 23 and 25 Commercial chinery. Street. N. B. SHERMAN.-Agricultural implements. CHARLES M. FIELD.-General machinery. 19 38 Old State House. Plympton Street. H. N. STONE.-Machinery, vises, and ship work. C. E. GIBBS.-Dies and punches, steel rolls, etc. 132 Commercial Street. HIDE & LEATHER MACHINE Co.-C. Guild, Jr., S. F. SUMMERS & Co.-Boilers and machinery. Treasurer. Established 1867. Leather dressing 63 Beverly Street. machinery. 198 Congress Street. SPAULDING & STAPLES. —Light machinery, workG. C. HAWKINS.-Engines and shoe machinery. ing models, etc. HERSHEY BRos.-Steam engines and machin- B. F. SURTEVANT. —Sturtevant blower machinery. 2d, corner E Street. cry. 72 Sudbury Street. HINKLEY & WILLIAMS.-439 Albany Street. C. TUFTS & Co.-Elevator manufacturers. 37 (See Locomotive TVorks.) Iron foundry, machin- Foundry Street. ery, boilers, tanks, etc. President, Adams Ayer; S. A. WOODS & Co.-Planing machinery. 67 Treasurer, F. L. Bullard; Superintendent, H. L. Sudbury Street. Leach. Harrison Avenue. C. WOOLEY & Co. —Dredging machines. 92 HOLMES & BLANCHARD.-35 Haymarket Square. Commercial Street. Portable mills and mill gearing. JOHN WOOLEY. —Vises and machinery. 37 C. & G. HoLLIs. —Garden and portable (small) Salutation Street. engines. PEET VALVE Co. —Steam, water, and gas valves. HYDRAULIC METER AND MOTOR ASSOCIATION. 152 Hampden. -H. F. Wheeler, Treasurer. 71 Lincoln Street. DEARBORN, ROBINSON & Co.-Shafting, R. R. Hydraulic machinery. work, etc. GEAR MACHINE Co.-A. S. Gear, 56 Sudburv BOSTON IRON FOUNDRIES. Street. W. P. HUNT.-Vises and tools. (See also Stove Foundries of IMassachusetts; T. H. LEAVITT.-27 Central Street. Peat Cast and Wrought Pipe WYorks of aliassachusetts.) mills and stone cutting machinery. BIRD & GREEN.-General castings. H. LORING.-City Place. Engines, boilers and BESBEE, ENDICOTT & Co.-General castings. machinery. Works, South Boston. BAY STATE MOULDING MILLS, J. F. PAUL & AUG. J. LYNCH & Co. —-8 Oliver Street. Hun- Co. —Miscellaneous castings. toon governor for stationary and marine engines. GORHAM, BLAKE & Co. —Malleable and general DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 27 castings, sewing machine works, etc. Works at vaults, steel safes, iron doors, shutters, etc. EsDedham. tablished 1850. 394 Harrison Avenue. CENTRAL IRON FOUNDRY. —Dyer & Gurney. JAS. W. WILSON & Co. —ron fences, railings, 202 Border Street. etc. 100 Lowell Street. CHELMSFORD IRON FOUNDRY Co. —G. T. Shel- BOSTON CORRUGATED IRON CO.-5 Pemberton don, 48 Beverly Street. Square. CITY IRON FOUNiDRY. —Proprietors, Vance & BOILER MAKERS. Co., 198 Second Street, South Boston. Nlumber (See te nge Yoks ad Jacinery.) of hands employed, 50. Established 1866. ATLANTIC Wonirs.-72 Border East Boston. EUREKA IRON FOUNDRY.-J. D. Howard, Earl CMPBEL ITTIER & Co-1176 Tremont near Dorr Street. Number of hands employed, 30. Street FULTON IRON FOUNDRY Co.-C. A. Thacher, S. E. CHUBBUCK & SONS.-971 Tremont Street. Treasurer, 39 Broad Street, South Boston. These T. S. CLOGSTON & Co. —80 and 82 Sudbury works are extensive, and cover an area of over two Street. acres. There are three cupola furnaces, consum- COOK, RYMES & Co.-Cornler Water and Chaming over 3,000 tons of iron annually, and employ ber Streets, Charlestown. over 100 hands. overU100 hanTds. CUNNINGHAM.-29 Water Street, CharlesALONZO JOSSELYN.-General castings. 164 town. Ruggles Street. town. 3 ~Ruggltles Street. ^ EXETER MACHINE WORKS.-76 Portland Street. JOSEPH L. ROBERTS & Co. —Ornamental iron. HANFORD.-8 Oliver Street. ivork. wHAMT IO W s-H L. DATN ork.P HILL, CLARK & Co.-Corner Milk and Oliver. SHAWMUT IRON WORKS. —. L. DALTON, Presi- E. HODGE & Co.-160 Liverpool Street, East dent; W. J. Bride, Treasurer. Office, 24 Oliver Boston. Street. Works, Cambridgeport. Steam, gas, and J.W.LALLY.First and Granite Streets. lead pipes, and light iron castings. HARRISON LORING.-City Point. SOUTH BOSTON IRON Co.-Cannon and heavy G. T. MCLAUTHLIN & Co.-120 Fulton Street. castings, statuary, etc., of iron and bronze. Works MELLEN WILLIAMS & Co.-55 Sears Building. South Boston. W. P. Hunt, Treasurer. 55 ME.- t, ne B. GEo. MILES..'First, near B. Foundry Street. L. OSBORN & Co. —74 Lewis Street, East Boston. TREMONT IRON FOUNDRY Co.-Hampshire and ROBINSON BOILER WORK. — ew Street, East Culvert Streets. WALWORTH MANUACTURING CO.-J. J. Wal-1 Boston. Office, 28 State Street. WALWORT~H M}ANUFACTURING C!o.-J. J. Wa- {ROBINSON BOILER WORIKS. —New Street, East worth, Treasurer; M. S. Scudder, Secretary; C. Boston. Office, 28 State Street. C. Walworth, Manager. Iron and brass foundry JOHN SOUTHER & C Foot of A Street. and machinery. Employ over 300 men. Works, HINCKLEY LOCOMOTIVE WORKS.-439 Albany Cambridgeport. Specialty, wrought iron pipe, Street. valves and fittings, gas and steam fitters' tools. —. A. WooDs MACHINE Co.-67 Sudbury (See also Pipe WVorks of assachusetts). Chi- Street. cago office, 243 and 245 Lake Street. WHITING'S IRON FOUNDRY.-L. F. Whiting, Bridgewter, Plymouth County. Proprietor; B. E. Whiting, Agent. Miscellan- BATES, HYDE & EAGLE.-Cotton gin machinery. eous castings. Kemble, near Hampden Street. Office, Boston. BRIDGEWATER IRON MANUFACTURING Co.-(See IRON FENCES AND FRONTS. also Pipe and Tube Works.) N. Stetson, TreasBUBIER & Co. —Ornamental iron work, fences, urer and Agent. Castings, machinery, forgings, builders' hardware, etc. 23 Exchange Street. tubes, tools, tacks, and general iron work. E. A. BABB & Co. —130 Harrison Avenue. Established 1810. Works very extensive, emOTIS BRAMIALL-.56 Cove Street. ploying 500 hands. A. HR. CHADwICK.-Fences, railings, etc. LAZELL, PERKINS & Co. —General machinery GOLDIE BRos. —Fences, railings, etc. and nails. Connected with Bridgewater Iron R. GRAVES & Co. —Fences, railings, etc. Manufacturing Co. L. M. HAMI. —Iron fronts, pillars, bridge work, HENRY PERKINS. — ron foundry. General and etc. 158 Portland Street. special castings. L. MASON.-Iron fences, railings, etc. SOUTHERN COTTON GCIN Co.-J. E. Carver, A. E. ROBINSON.-Iron fences, railings, and Agent. Cotton gin and other machinery, and iron carriage work. 185 West Second Street. foundry. SMITI- & VAN NORDEN. —Iron fronts, bank SILAS BURGESS.-General machinery. 28 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. E. CARVER & Co. —General and specialty ma- Chicopee Falls, Icz1mpclen County. chinery, tools, etc. Very heavy work and large BELCHER & TAYLOR. —Proprietors Agricultural trade. Tool Co. Agricultural implements. SAMXUEL KENN & Co. —General machinery. This establishment was founded by Mr. Bildad -Brookfielc, Vorcester 7County. B. Belcher in 1852, who at that time purchased of an ingenious Vermont mechanic the right to J. & M. HOBBs.-General machinery. make and sell a feed-cutter known as the " Yankee J. MOULTON.-Iron foundry. Miscellaneous Blade." Mr. Belcher commenced improving the castings. machine from the first, and soon brought out the Camlbridge, 3iiddlesex County. remodelled machine as " The Self-sharpening Feed ALLEN & ENDICOTT.-Iron foundry and boilers. Cutter," so named from the fact that it would BOSTON GCAR WHEEL CO.-Iron foundry. (See sharpen itself on reversing the motion and applyCcar /Whieel TWVorks.) uing oil and emery. At first a room was hired of 0. S. B~uLLoCK~-General mnachinery, ^the Massachusetts Arms Company, and a force of BROADWAY ION FOUNDRY. —H. M. Bird, Pro- five men employed. prietor. General castings. Mr. B. determined to produce the very best KENDALL & ORBERTS. —Iron foundry and boil- feed-cutter in the market, and so well did he succeed that it soon led all others in the trade. RAWSON& HITTiNGER. -Steam engies and iron His tools were so neatly finished that dealers in foundry. enines agricultural implements took all the cutters he SHAWMUT IRON WORKS. —-(See Pie andc Tube could make, and called on him to extend his busiWorks of _1Mass.) ness and furnish them other tools of like finish Aros WHIT:ORE. —-Iron foundry and machinery. and workmanship. Accordingly he began the manufacture of his Improved Clinton Sb heller, Cc~anto~n~, N~orfolk Czounty. which culminated in the Right I-and Sheller, now THOS. BLANGCIARD. —Machinery. very favorably known. In 1859 he built a shop C. BELCHI-IER-Iron foundry. Small castings. 104 feet long and one story high, on the site now K.INsLEY IRON AND MACINE Com-Oliver ames, occupied by the company's works, and purchased KINSLEY IRON AND MACHINE Co.-Oliver Ames, of iMfr. krrsby, of Worcester, all his patterns for President; E. IR. Eager, Treasurer. Forings,. rr Preident; E. i. Eager TTreasurer. Forgi his improved plows. The business now grew axles, and castings. Works employs over 300his improved plows. The bsiness now gre hands. (See isolings 2fills of eMpass.) 3 rapidly, and in 1861 Mr. Belcher associated with hFRANKIN RSEED. —Machilnery and hardware himself Mr. Taylor, under the name of Belcher & manufactrurers. Taylor. In 1864 the firm found it necessary to L. R. WATTLES & Co. —General machinery, obtain more extended accommodations, and the present extensive works were erected and a stock Charlestown, Middlesex County. company organized with 850,000 capital, when CODDING & DAvIs. —-Iron foundry. General the shop was lengthened to 260 feet and a foundry castings, steam-engines, etc. and smith-shop built. The list of manufactured COOK, RYMES & Co. —Iron foundry. General articles was gradually extended, until now it comcastings. 80 hands. prises almost everything needed in carrying on T. CUNNINGHA.. — Boiler maker. Hands em- farm operations. In 1867 Mr. Belcher, who up ployed, 50. to this date was Agent, retired from connection Fitchburg R. R. Machine Shop. with the company, and Mr. Geo. S. Taylor was E. KELLY. —Boilers only. elected Treasurer and Agent, which position he has filled ever since. Mr. John Wells is PresiChelmsford, Middlesex County. dent, and Mr. Jas. E. Taylor, Secretary. ROBY MANUFACTURING Co. —J. W. Abbott, The present force of men employed is 70. Treasurer; C. Cobwen, Agent. Agricultural im- Their illustrated catalogue contains 58 octavo plements. pages, descriptive of their agricultural implements, SILVER & GAY.-Machinery. comprising 30 patterns of feed-cutters, over 70 patterns of plows, a large nmniber of corn-shellers, C6helsea, Suffol County. harrows, cultivators, mowers, rakes, tedders, CHELSEA IRON FoUNDRY.-General castings. hand-threshers, store and warehouse trucks, garMAGEE FURNACE CO. —S. Bowman, President; den barrows, tobacco cultivators and ridgers, and'W. E. Smith, Treasurer. Warehouse, Boston. the like. Prominent among the implements made (See also Stove TVorks qf WM/ass.) Iron foundry. is the Lion plow, first manufactured by Mr. RobSpecialty, stoves and furnaces. inson, in Concord, N. H., 30 years ago. Some DIRECTOEY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 29 time since they purchased of the Greenfield Cylin- become one of the most extensive and important der Plow Co. the patents, patterns and stock of of its kind, not only in the United States but in their plows, and supply the' "Cylinder plow," or the world, begins in 1829, when Mr. Nathan P. parts for the same. Ames, then a young man of twenty-six, started a They have lately brought out a new feed-cutter small cutlery in the blacksmith shop of the Chicalled "G Gale's Copper Strip Junior." It is self- copee Manufacturing Company, at Chicopee Falls, feeding, does not clog, cuts straw, corn stalks, employing at the outset nine workmen. The shucks or butts, pea vines, etc., either wet or dry, next year he commenced to make swords, which faster and easier, by hand or power, than any other had until this time all been imported, under the of like price cutting short as this. This company impression that they could not be made in this has the exclusive right to make the Copper Strip country, and secured contracts at once to supply Junior for the United States, and the exclusive them to our army and navy. What was the surright for New England for every kind of copper prise of our English cousins to find, in a short strip feed-cutter, and sole control of the Gale time, that Chicopee blades surpassed the best of patents. Not only are their goods sold in New their own production in practical value, and to see England, but to quite an extent in the West and it repeatedly demonstrated in the severest tests. on the Pacific Coast. Numerous fine castings This branch of the business grew rapidly, and are made at the foundry for outside parties, includ- in 1833 three times the original force of workmen ing all used by Lamb Knitting Machine Co. and were employed. During that year a new shop Chicopee Manufacturing Co. This company has was built at Cabotville, and in 1834 the Ames kept steadily in view the principle adopted by its Manufacturing Company was organized with founder,-to make the very best agricultural tools $30,000 capital, and opened business in the new to be found anywhere. We need more manufac- works with thirty-five men. The first officers tories, not only in this, but in other lines of pro- were: Edmund Dwight, President; N. P. Ames, duction, that will carry out a like principle. Treasurer and Agent. LAMB KNITTING MACHINE MANUFACTURING Co. Gradually the business increased, and new de-E. O. Carter, Treasurer. Knitting machines. partments were added, until 1841, when the capital stock was enlarged to $75,000, and the workChicopee, ffampdevz County. Chicopee, H~amipden Counaty. ing force to 100 men. They also bought at the AMEs MANUFACTURING Co. —Machinery, ma- same time from the Chicopee Falls Company the chine tools, cannon and statuary of bronze, swords, shops, machinery, dwelling-houses, and water and steel work, water-wheels, turbines, etc. power at-Chicopee Falls, and at once removed the Hands employed, over 200. President, Emerson business to that location. In 1845, having sold Gaylord; Manager and Agent, Geo. Arms; Treas- this property to the Massachusetts Arms Comurer, T. W. Carter; Superintendent, Albert S. pany, and further enlarged its capital to $200,000, Alden. the Ames Company bought the property of the The following interesting description of these Springfield Canal Company, at Cabotville (now works appeared in the American MJfanufacturer, Chicopee), where their works have ever since been of Pittsburg, Penn.: located. In 1849 the capital stock was increased to its present proportions, 1250,000. AMES MANUFACTURING COMPANY... ~ AMES INUFACTURIN CO. Mr. Ames made a visit to England in 1840, in This establishment has stood for many years as connection with a board of officers appointed by the representative and exponent of American art the government, and after gaining, from careful in the production of elaborate and tasteful bronze examination, all possible information regarding statues that rival the choicest pieces from the armories and manufactures of general machinery foundries of Germany, France, and Italy. So, and cutlery, returned in 1841 and immediately too, may it justly claim a national reputation from made effective use of the results of his visit. In being one of the two only concerns ever employed 1845 Mr. Ames was obliged by continued ill by our government to cast its bronze cannon, and health to give up his active agency of the company, the first to manufacture and furnish to our army which he had held since its organization. He and navy American made swords. Besides was succeeded as agent by his brother, Mr. James bronze statuary and swords, the manufactures of F. Ames, who was connected with the company the Ames Company embrace machinery, of the until January, 1872, either as president or agent, heaviest and strongest kind (which has recently when he retired on account of failing health. In been greatly improved), and a variety of elegant 1845 the iron foundry was erected, and the prosilver-plated ware. duction of heavy machinery of all kinds begun, The history of this establishment, which has and has steadily increased, until from 4 to 12 30 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. tons Pennsylvania and Scotch pig are now con- relief, called Instruction, for the Appletons, New sumed every day. A large amount of machinery York. Among the most expensive and important has been turned out for cotton combing and silk statues that have been cast here are the statue of combing; also machinery for the manufacture of Benjamin Franklin, in front of the Boston City plate glass, paper-collar machines, machinery for Hall; the colossal statue of De Witt Clinton, in the construction of sewing machines, fire arms, Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn; the colossal and for various other purposes. Many light-house equestrian statue of George Washington, in Union lanterns have been made here. One specialty is Square, New York; the colossal equestrian statue the manufacture of the Boyden turbine wheel, of Washington, in the Public Garden, Boston; the large numbers of which have been sent out. doors of the Capitol building at Washington; the Prior to 1853 every gun made in England had bronze work for the large fountain in Central been made by hand, and there was great doubt ex- Park, New York, and a large number of monupressed as to the possibility of making them by mental and memorial statues for cities and towns. machinery. The royal commissioners visited Chi- The work for the National Lincoln monument at copee with specimens of the Turkish wood from Springfield, Ill., now under way, will be one of which their gun-stocks were made, and the Ames the grandest productions ever made in bronze. company quickly showed them that the same The colossal figure of Lincoln is now completed. work which had cost eleven shillings sterling by It represents him holding in one hand the Emanhand could be done in twenty-two minutes by ma- cipation Proclamation, and wreathed with laurels. chinery. And not only that, but a stock once There will be three emblematic groups, representturned out would fit any one of ten thousand bar- ing the infantry, cavalry, and artillery branches of rels instead of the single one to which under the the land service, and a fourth representing the English system, it had been laboriously fitted by naval service. The modelling of the whole is hand. The commissioners were satisfied that done by Mr. Larkin G. Mead. It will require there was something in the interchange system considerable time to complete this monument. worth availing themselves of, and an order was at The casting of a colossal bronze has to be done by once given to the Ames company for the manufac- very skilful hands, and not less than a year is ture of a full outfit of stocking and interchange required to complete one. They are now at work machinery for the Enfield armory. Similar ma- on a beautiful statue for Cedar Hill Cemetery, chinery was also soon ordered for several private Hartford, designed by Conrads of that city. arms manufacturing establishments in England. The silver plating department of the Ames The Spanish and Russian governments were al- Company's works was started in 1851, and in this so furnished with this machinery. During the department a specialty has been made of ware past year a set of stocking machinery was made designed for hotels and steamers. The plating is for Greenwood & Batley, Leeds, England. all done upon German silver, rather than upon For two years preceding the rebellion the britannia, and the ware turned out is heavy and works were run to their fullest capacity day and durable. night, making arms for the South. At the out- GAYLORD MANUFACTURING CO.-E. Gaylord, break of hostilities orders came rushing in from President; A. T. Gaylord, Treasurer. Machinery, our government for swords, bronze cannon, shot, locks, iron and brass castings. Number of hands shell, and gun making machinery. Orders could employed, 100. not be filled fast enough, and to meet the exigency L. B. TAYLOR & Co.-Hardware manufacturers. the capacity of the arms department was doubled. WHITTEMORE, BELCHER & Co.-Agricultural The force was augmented to from 700 to 900 implements. men. When the company were approached by a party who desired to contract for all the swords Cliton, Worcester County. they could make for a year with a view of mono- G. M. PALMnER.Iron foundry, general castpolizing and controlling the market, they firmly ings. refused to entertain any such proposition, or to JOSEPH B. PACKER & Co.-Machinery. Speciadvance their prices. The home demand, of alty, carpet looms. course, fell off since the close of the war, but CLINTON WIRE CLOTH Co. —C. A. Whiting, some large orders for swords have recently been Treasurer; C. H-. Waters, Agent. Capital, $300,filled for foreign powers. 000. Specialty, iron and brass wire cloth, netAn important part of their business is the ting, fencing, &c. These works make over 300 casting of bronze statuary. The first successful different varieties of wire work, employing 200 casting of bronze statues in the United States hands and building its own machinery. Estabwas done by this company in 1851. It was a bas- lished in 1856. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 31 Coleraine, _Fc'ran/cin County. Ecst Pepperell, Micidlesex County. A. L. THoMAS.-Iron foundry, general castings. BLAKE, BROS.-Machinists. BARBER BRos.-General machinery. OLD COLONY IRON COMPANY. —Shovels, forks, Cohasset, Nofrfolk Cobunty,'&c. Specialty, nails. SAMUEL BATES.-Iron foundry. Specialty, Easton, Bristol County. stoves and hollow ware. New York office, 86 D. BELCHER. —Iron foundry and malleable iron Beekman Street. works. Cumminmgton, Hi-amnpshire County. DRAKE LINCOLN IRON FOUNDRY.-Specialty, CHAS. P. BRowN.-Iron foundry, tires mis- school furiture castings. celltaneous castings. E. G. GILMtORE & Co.-Iron foundry and malcellaneous castings. GILBERT RICHARDS.- IrOn foundry, general leable iron works. csGILngERT RiCIARDS.Iron foundry, general Easton is also the location of the celebrated casting s. DUNLAP & LYMAN MANUFACTURING CO.-Pres- Oliver Ames Shovel Works, employing 500 hands. ident, J. Anno; A. E. Lyman, Treasurer; B. F. Est Wcreham, Plymouth County. Sears, Secretary; C. W. Dunlap, Agent. New AGAWAM IRON FOUNDRY-J. F. Sherman York office, 118 Chambers Street. Works here Agent. and at Northampton. Tools, handles, machine Egcarstown, Drake County tools, and agricultural implements. W W. BRADLEY.-Machinery. Curtisville, Berkshire County. W. P. CHADWICK & SoNs. —General machinery. BURGHART & BRO. —Iron foundry and machin- CHAS. MAYHEW. —Iron Foundry. Specialty, ery. stoves. Dalton, Berkshire County. cFairhaven, Bristol County. E. N. PILLIPS. —General machinery. BOSTON AND FAIRHAVEN IRON WORKS.-Pres-Dighton, -iBristol Couznty. ^dent, Reuben Nye; Treasurer, J. C. Tripp. Iron,, implements. foundry and machinery; principally printing ALBERT BRIGGS.-Agricultural ilmpleents, presses and nail machines. N. LEONARD & SONs.-Tacks and brads. cFall -River, Bristol County. Dorchester, l orfolk Cocunty. Dorchester, orfolk ounty. RAS. AsHwoRTH.-Mill and general machinery. GEO. BOYNTON-General and mill machinery. FAL ER FURACE Co.-R. Borcen TreasDEARBORN, RoBmisoN &; Co.- HeaLvy forgings urer; L. Ripley, Superintendent. Castings and and machinery. machinery. East Bridgeewater, Plymouth County. FALL RIVER FOUNDRY COMPANY.-L. K. Eddy, DEAN & PERRY, Proprietors, OLD COLONY Treasurer and Agent. Specialty, stoves and FOUNDRY.-General and special castings. hollow ware. E. CARVER & Co.-Cotton gin manufacturers. GIFFORD & IHOUGHTON.Steam engines and MOUNT HOPE IRON COMPANY.-J. A. Leonard, general machinery. Treasurer. Heavy forgings and drop work. WM. M. HAWES & Co.-General machinery STANDARD CHAIN WORKS. —L. Rodway, Pro- and machine tools prietor. - KAY BROS. & Co. —Mill machinery. -prieto B d WretrCur.d Wy KILBURN, LINCOLN & Co.-Mill and general Ecast Brookfield, Worcester County. machinery. M. CAREY.-Shingle machinery. MARVOL, DAVOL & Co.-Mill and general maM. & J. HOBBS. —Leather cutting and general chinery. machinery. A. G. THURSTON.-Mill and general machinery. J. MOULTON.-Iron foundry, general castings. MECHANICS FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY..East Hampn?2ton, Hamp2shire County. -Works, Bowenville. President, James T. r /-Westgate; Treasurer, W. F. Warner. VALLEY MACHINE COIPANY.-Specialty, steam Westgate; Treasurer W. F. Warner. pumps. Wright's Bucket Plunger Steam Pump. Fiskclale, Worcester County. Works lately enlarged by addition of a brick N. D. LADD.-Shoe machinery and tools. building, 162 by 36 feet, with an L 25 by 30 feet, SNELL MANUFACTURING Co.-E. L. Bates, and supplied with new machinery. Some forty Agent. Augers, bits, tools, etc. men are now employed, and the establishment CHAS. VARNEY. -Pegging machines, shoe tools, averages one large steam pump daily. etc. e 32 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. Fitchburg, Worcester County. J. J. GRANT & Co.-General machinery. C. H. BnowN & Co. —Steam engines only. GREENFIELD TOOL Co. —Edge tools, planes and BAY STIATE ]ACHIrE Co.-General machinery. plane machinery. D... ILILON &a Co. —Boilers only. MILLER'S FALLS MANUFACTURING Co. —Edge Boston & Clinton Railroad machine shops. tools in great variety, and light machinery. FITCHING MIACHINE Co.-S. C. Wright, Presi- R. N. PORTER.-Bolt-cutting machinery. dent; A. Whitman, Treasurer; J. Chapman, J. RUSSEL MANUFACTURING Co.-F. Clapp, Secretary. Specialty, machinists' tools. President; M. Chapman, Superintendent. EsFITCHBURG NOVELTY WoRKS.-Tobacco cutters, tablished 1835. Specialty, edge tools and cutlight machinery, etc. lery. W. HAYWOOD & Co.-Iron foundry and ma- S. SIMONDS.-Rakes, etc. chinery. THOMPSON MANUFACTURING Co.-Specialty, tools NEW ENGLAND MACHINE Co.-Sewing machines, and hardware. etc. Number of hands, 30. cHanover, Plymouth County. NEEW ENGLAND VISE Co.-C. Hastings, Treas- E. M. BARSTOW. —Iron foundry and machinery. urer. Vises and chucks. urr ie n hcs M. S. BATES. — General machinery. PUTNAM MACHINE Co.-S. W. Putnam Presi- M. S. BATES.-General maciner c. G. CURTIs. —Iron foundry, general castings. dent; B. Snow, Treasurer. General machinery, and machine tools. Eartsville, Berkshire County. ROLLSTONE MACHINE WORKS.-E. G. Miles, HARTSVILLE MACHINE SHOP.-G. L. Sheldon. President; C. T. Crocker, Treasurer. General Mill machinery. machinery, planers, etc. Works has large orders, moth Conty..Xingham, _Plymouth Coubnty. and ran full time during the panic. SIMONDs MANUFACTURING Co.-G. F. Simonds, JOHN. GOARDINER.-General machinery. President; A. A. Simonds, Superintendent; H. HA. HOWARD & Co. —Iron foundry and genW. Page, Treasurer. Agricultural implements. erl ron works. SMITH, PAGE & Go.-Iron foundry and machn- W. THOMAS.-Iron foundry, miscellaneous ery. castings. IH. P. EATYELL.-General machinery. UTNION MACHINE Co.-F. Sheldon, President; WESTON & THOMAS.-Iron foundry. R. R. Conn, Treasurer; G. F. Sabin, Secretary. finsdale, Berkshire County. Specialty, steam fire-engines. Established 1867. A. & M. A. WATKINS. —Iron foundry. Vermont & Massachusetts Railroad machine J JORDAN.-Machinery. shops. SILAS BINGHAM.-Agricultural implements. A.D. D. WAYMOUTH & Co.-General machinery. L. D. WHEELER.-Specialty, fans and blowing Holyoke, flampden County. machinery. HOLYOKE STEAM BOILER WORKS. —Proprietors, WHITIMAN & MILES MANUFACTURING Co.-A. Coughlan and Mullin. Boilers only. Whitman, Treasurer; J. K. Miles, Secretary. HOLYOKE MACHINE CO.-S. Holman, TreasSpecialty, mowing and reaping machine knives. urer; S. F. Stebbins, Agent. General machinery oree, cpsire out. and castings. Product valued at $300,000 anFlorence llampshire County., I nually. FLORENCE SEWING MACHINE Co.-W. B. Hale, ually President; Sidney Strong, Treasurer. Sewing Hocale, Worcester County. machines. 300 hands. GEO. DRAPER & SON.-Cotton machinery, etc. Established 1820. -Freetaownr, Biristol County. DUTCHER TEMPLE Co.-Loom temples and ASSONET MACHINE Co.-General machinery. cotton machinery. ELISHA BASSET.-Specialty, drills and nails. HOPEDALE FURNACE Co.-W. F. Draper, TreasGloucester, Essex County. urer; J. A. Presh, Agent. Iron castings. 30 CAPE ANN ANCHOR TWORKS.-G.. Bradford, hands employed. Treasurer. Anchors ol HOPEDALE MACHINE Co.-Wm. F. Draper, Ne. RIHADSON.-o Machinery and steam en- Treasurer. Lathes ad cottonmachinery. Hands gines. P H O a n t e employed, 125. Greenfield, Franklin County. Hudson, Middlesex County. B. N. BAXTER & Co.-Light iron work and J. G. BASHFIELD. —Steam engines and boot hardware. and shoe machines. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 33 F. S. DAWES.-Dies for boots and shoes, edge CAREY & HARRIs.-Wood-working machinery, tools, etc. water wheels. GEO. O. BRADLEY.-Iron foundry. Specialty, COLBURN SHUTTLE Co.-D. Churchill, Treasurer. stoves. Shuttle irons. H. A. STONE.-Boot and shoe machinery. A. DAVIs.-General and mill machinery. TOWERS Bnos. —Boot screw and pegging ma- LOWELL STEAM BOILER WORKS.-Boilers and chines. steam press plates, rotary bleachers, tanks, etc. HIyde Park, Norfolk County. ELLIOTT & SMITH.-Machinery and lag screws. VE C..T. C r J. P. GROsvENoR.-WVood-working machinery. UNION VISE Co. —C. T. Child, Treasurer; GEO. W. HUNTOON.-Machine wrenches and A. HI. Brainard, Agent. Vises and milling ma- tools. chines. AMERICAN BOLT Co.-IHOPE, BUTCHER & Co.Hyannis, Bcarnstable County. Bolts and nuts. GEO. W. BENT.-Iron foundry. LOWELL MACHINE SHOPS.-J. T. Stevenson, Cape Cod Railroad machine shop. Treasurer; Geo. Richardson, Superintendent. Captal, $600,000. This works includes six large Lawrence, Essex County. shops, besides blacksmith shops and foundry, the A. BLOOD & Co.-Pulleys, shafting, mill machinery in all of which is driven by three turbine gearing and heavy machinery. 25 hands em- water-wheels and one breast wheel. The number ployed. of hands employed is 800, and the product inFLIER SPINDLE WORKS.-H. P. Chandler, eludes turbine wheels, shafting, mill gearing, maSuperintendent. Flier spindles, cotton mill ma- chinists' tools, boilers, hydraulic presses, and chinery, etc. cotton and paper mill machinery. The works was BEE HIVE AND SPINDLE WORKS.-Proprietor, established in 1845. R. Hall. Cotton mill fliers, etc. DAVID LANE.-Woollen machinery of all kinds. HOADLY STEAM ENGINE WORKS.-J. C. Hoadly D. LOVEJOY & SON.-General machinery and & Co., Proprietors. Portable steam engines. Es- edge tools. tablished 1856. Number of hands employed, 50. S. G. MACH.-Iron railings and-fences. JOSLYN & KING.-Iron foundry, general cast- W. MURKLAND.-Mill machinery, looms, etc. ings. PEVEY BROs.-Iron foundry, light machine LAWRENCE STEAM BOILER WORKS.-Boilers castings. only. PEABODY & Co. —Machinery and lag screws. LAWRENCE FLIER AND SPINDLE WORKS. —J. P. F. S. PERKINS.-Machine tools. 40 hands. Battles, Treasurer. Fliers, spindles, cotton mill W. ROBINSON & Co.-Planing machines. machinery. MT. VERNON BOLT WORKS-T. C. SMITH. McKAY SEWING MACHINE Co. —Geo. McKay, -Bolts, nuts, screws. Treasurer; T. A. Dodge, Agent. Sewing ma- B. F. STEVENS.-Saw mill and other machinery. chines. JOSEPH TURNER.-Machinery and ship screws. MCCABE & Co.-Boiler makers. C. H. & D. WESTON.-Machinery, press plates, MERRIMACK IRON FOUNDRY.-M. A. Bennett, etc. Treasurer; E. Joslyn, Agent. General foundry S. I-I. WRIGHT.-General machinery. work. 30 hands. WHITEHEAD & ATHERI1TON.-General mill maMERRIMACK MACHINE SHOP. —A. Blood, Pro- chinery. prietor. Mill shafting, gearing, wheels, etc. Lynn, Essex County. C. R. & J. P. PILLSBuRY.-Shafting and mill EXCELSIOR POWER Co.-Proprietors Brown & machinery. Co. Machinery. SLADEN & LORD. —Mill harness machines. OO & GLAZIE Shoe machinery. S. M. STEADMAN & Co.-Mill machinery, card E. -1OLIES & SON.-General machinery. clothing, etc. AMOS HOLBRo K, JR.-General machinery. J. E. WALLS.-Patent steam traps and valves.. IENOX & Co.Shoe and leather machinery. WILLIAMS & WILSON.-Mill machinery. TRIPP & EDDY.-Shoe and leather machinery. WOODWORTH & BOOTH.-Spindles and mill S. A. WOOD. —Engines, general machinery. work. Lowell, Jidcllesex County. Jffarlborough, ]Jficdlesex County. A. G. BATCHELDER & Co.-Hardware and mal- S. F. DRAPER.-General machinery. leable iron. SANDIFORD & WATSON. —Steam engines and D. C. BROWN.-Mill machinery. shoe machinery, 34 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. PARSONS & ExLEY.-General machinery. Northampton, icalmpshire County. iMillbury, Worcester County. BAY STATE HARDWARE MANUFACTURING Co.B. & J. BRIERLY.-General machine Cutlery and ware. CHAPMAN, HU.MPHREY & FLAGG.-Machinists' WM. R-. CLAPP.-Tron foundry and machinery. ^~~~~~tools, etc.i CLEMENTS & HIAWKES MANUFACTURING Co.-W. JOHN MARTIN & Co.-Iron foundry, general T. Clement, President; C. A. Maynard, Treascastings. urer. Hoes, rakes, and machinery. DUNLAP & LYMAN MANUFACTURING Co.-(See filler's Falls, Franklin County. also Cumnington.) B3ACKUS VISE Co.-H. L. Pratt, President; L. HAYDEN FOUNDRY AND MACHINE Co.-ProprieJ. Gunn, Secretary; M. Newton, Treasurer and tors, Munn & Miller. Iron foundry and maAgent; Q. S. Backus, Superintendent. New York chinery. office, 78 Beekman Street. Vises, etc. W. HERRICK. —Circular saw mills. MILLER'S FALLS MANUFACTURING Co.-H. L. INTERNATIONAL SCREW Co. —J. Hedden, TreasPratt, President; L. J. Gunn, Agent. Bitts, urer. Screw manufacturers. braces, and tool hardware. 75 hands. A. E. LYMAN & SON. —Garden implements. NORTHAMPTON PEGGING MACHINE CO.-D. C. New Becdforc, Bristol County. Rogers, Treasurer. ACUSHNET IRON FoUNDRY.-Proprietor, W. A. RIVERSIDE CUTLERY Co.-J. Stone, Treasurer. Greene. General foundry work. Employ 100 WILLISTON & ARMS MANUFACTURING CO.hands. Hardware and malleable iron. J. DURFEE. —Iron fences, railings, etc. J. G. GRINNELL.-Iron foundry. N-orth Acdover, Essex Counly. INDUSTRIAL IRON WORKS.-Proprietor, S. T. DAVIS & FURBER.-Woollen machinery. Vial. MORSE TWIST DRILL AND MACHINE Co.-E. S. orth Chelmsford, Mliddlesex County. Faber, President. Established 1864. Chucks, SILVER & GAY.-Worsted machinery. drills, and machinery. Number of hands em- CHELSMFORD FOUNDRY.-G. T. Pheldon, Agent. ployed, 80. General castings. NEW BEDFORD MACHINE SHOP.-Proprietor, SWAIN TURBINE Co.-A. T. Nichols, Treasurer. John A. Gifford. General machinery. 20 hands. Turbine wheels. UNION BOILER Co. —J. C. Bradford, Agent. B l Boilers only, North Ecston, Bristol County. Boilers only. FABER PLANE Co.-J. P. Knowles, President. E. W. A. GILMORE Co.-Wrought-iron straps Patent planes. and T hinges. IMill employs 60 hands, and proTaunton Branch Railroad machine shop. duces 500 dozen pair daily. Newburyport, Essex County. Orange, _Franklin County. BROWN MANUFACTURING Co.-G. Merrill, Treas- GOLD MEDAL SEWING MACHINE Co.-J. W' urer; J. Balch, Agent. Warehouse, 136 Cham- Wheeler, Treasurer; Stephen French, Ageqlt. bers Street, New York. Rifles, guns, and pistols. Sewing machines. Number of hands, 500. HUNT, WAITE & FLINT.-Wool0 machinery and GEO. A. CHENEY. General machinery. turbine wheels. MERRIMAC ARMS AND MANUFACTURING CO.- W. & A. J. JOHNSON.-General machinery. Fire-arms and machinery. ORANGE IRON FOUNDRY.-Rlodney Hunt, PresiA. RUSSELL.-Iron foundry. dent; A. J. Clark, Treasurer. Light and heavy C. R. SARGENT.-General machinery. castings. 35 hands. Newton (Lower Falls), Miiddlesex County. TURBINE WATER WHEEL Co.-L. Kilburne,' > B -M in -Treasurer. Turbine wheels and machinery. 20 EATON, MOLTON & BECK.-Machinery. hands OTIS PETTEE & Co.-Iron foundry and machin- ery. 150 hands. Otter -River, Worcester County, cry. 1 Andas Ber. C t NICHOLS & ADAMS.-Chair-making machinery. Nfort7h Adarms, Berkshire C0ounty. ALBERT T. YOUNG.-Chair-making machinery. JAS. HUNTER & SoN.-Woollen and cotton machinery. Pittsfield, Berkshire County. HODGE MACHINE AND FURNACE WoRKs.-Saw F. A. BROWN.-Iron foundry. mills and water-wheels. Boston and Albany Railroad machine shops. DIRECTORY OF GENEPRAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 35 CLAREY & RUSSEL. Steam engines, boilers, ma- A. P. THAYER.-General machinery. chinery, and iron foundry. 40 hands employed. A. & E. CLARK.-General machinery. W. CLARK.-General machinery. DUCKWOlHii & SoiS.-Loom and cotton ma- Sale, Essex County. chinery. L. GOODELL.-General machinery. A. LoNG.-Boilers only. GEO. L. NEwcoMB.-Steam engines and machinMAY, CHAPEL & Co.-General machinery. ery. Pittsfield and North Adams Railroad machine H. B. PHILIPS.-General machinery. 50 hands. Shlop. SALEM FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP. —P. O. RICE, ROBBINS & Co.-Steam-engines, boilers, Safford, Treasurer; J. T. Carter, Superintendent. etc. iron foundry and machinery. 50 hands employed. Plymouth, Plymouth County. SALEM BOILER WORKS.-Boilers and machinery. MANTEN & BLACKMER.-Hardware manufac- JOHN R. SMITH.-Foundry and general iron turers works. works. MORTON & WHITING.-Iardware manufactur- STERRY SMITH.-Iron foundry. ers. aJ. W. WEsTON. —General machinery. PLYMOUTH IRON FOUNDRY.-W. R. Drew, South Adamns. Treasurer. Specialty, stoves and hollowware. Em- J. A. ALLEN.- Cotton and woollen machinery. ploy 100 hands. PLYMIOUTHI HAMMIER WORKS.-Hammers and outh rc^kln, Noolk County. hardware. Jos. W. CLARK. —Shoddy pickers, machinery, PLYMOUTH MILLS.-J. Farris, Treasurer. Rivets etc. and water wheels. A. H. & M. MORSE. —Bonnet machines. Quincy, Norfolk County. Sabgus, Essex County. BADGER BRos.-General machinery. W.. EHOLLIDAY.-General machinery. BRandolph, Norfolk County. Sheffield, Berkshire County. LITTLEFIELD BRos.-General machinery. EARL, SMITH & Co.-Iron foundry and machin-Readville, Norfolk County. ery. Somerset,.Bristol County. MOSELEY IRON BUILDING WORKS.-F. E. Hat- Somerset, Bristol County. ton, Superintendent. General iron works, fronts, F. BARBER. —General machinery. girders, etc. C. DUBBS. —General machinery. NEW ENGLAND IRON Co. —Wrought-iron bridges, H.. HILL —-General machinery. trusses, girders, etc. Has contract for Gilbert. P. HOOD. —Iron foundry. Elevated Railway of New York. Number of men OPE IRON C.-J.. Leonard, Agent. employed, 400. employed, 400. Machinery and nails. SOMERSET CO-OPERATIVE IRON FOUNDRY.oochclale, Worcester County. Stoves, etc. A. HANKEY & Co.-Paper-mill, and splitting, RI. LEINs. —Machinery. veneer, etc., machinery. Hands employed, 20. N. TILsoN. —Machinery. ~ oxbury, NoArfolk County. A. WILsoN-Machinery. NR^"bzyg orfolk tzounty. ^J. N. WORTHINGTON.-M achinery. AMERICAN NUT AND ARMs Co.-Geo. H. Fox, Superintendent. Iron foundry. Shelburne Falls, Frcnkclin County. CGAMPBELL, WHITTIER & Co.-Boilers only. G. FORSTER. —Machinery. E. CrUBBOCK & SONs.-Boilers only. A.L. GARLTON. —Iron foundry. A. JOSLYN.-Iron foundry. R. L. PATTON.-Machinery. HUNNEMAN & Co.-Fire engine builders. LAMSON & GOODENOW MANUFACTURING Co.-F. WILLIAIMS IRON WoRKs.-L. T. Whiting. Iron A. Ball, Treasurer. Table cutlery. number of foundry. hands, 400. Annual product, near $1,000,000. MOUNT PLEASANT FORGE Co.-Forgings and H.. SSHEPARDSON & Co.-Hardware and tool drop work, iron foundry. manufacturers. Value of annual product, $50, Boston and Providence Railroad machine shops. 000. Hands employed, 40. Rocille, Nofolk Couy.N. SPRAGUE.-General machinery. -Rockcville, Xoof olk Uo2~nty. ANSON HARDY CUTTING MACHINE WORKS.- Somerville, Middlesex County. Card and paper cutting machinery. W.. BRADFORD. —-Iron foundry. 36 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORES, ETC. South Hcadley, Hcampshire County. Proprietor. (See Locomotive Works of McassaW. F. HARRIs. —General machinery. chusetts.) General machinery and locomotives. THOS. JUDD & SoN.-General machinery. OLD COLONY IRON Co.-C. Robinson, Treasurer. Shovels, spades, etc., etc. 2Sprmin gfiel, fclfampdcen County. PERKINS, SAMPSON & Co.-Plows, stoves, etc., AGAWAM FOUNDRY.-Wright & Emerson. Gen- iron foundry. eral machinery. TAUNTON IRON WORKS Co.-Wrought pipes, W. H. ALICE.-Steam press brick machinery. stoves, etc. AMERICAN CORRUGATED IRON Co.-George WHITTENDEN MANUFACTURING CO. —Ironworks, Dwight, Jr. President; Albert M. Day, Trea-s- etc. urer; J. W. Hoyt, Secretary. Capital, $150,000. Templeto, Worcester County. Iron corrugated roofs, buildings, etc. Established. 1868. These works are very busy on large orders JAS" SIMSON. for the specialties made. NI L & ADAMS General machinery. Boston & Albany R. R. Car and Machine shops. CHO& AD BEMIS & CALL HARDWARE & TOOL Co. —iMis- A.. OUNG. cellaneous hardware. Turner's Falls, Franklin County. Connecticut River R. R. Machine shop. CLARK & CAPMAN. —Iron foundry and machinGEO. CURTIS & Co.-Machinery. ery. E. L. DICKINSON.-Machinery. GREEN RIVER WORKS. —S. B. Root, Treasurer. B. C. ENGLISH.-Machinery and hardware. Cutlery. Employ 700 hands. GILBERT & BARKER MANUFACTURING CO.-J. JAS. HEDGES.-Machinery. F. Barker, Agent; Springfield gas machine. S. PENNOCK.-Machinery. GRIMES & ELLISON.-Steam engines, boilers, etc. JAS. SIMPSON. —Machinery. D. L. HARRIS. —Machinery. R. F. HAWKINS.-I-ron Foundry. Wakefield, siddlesex County. HAMPDEN CARD Co. —W. E. Montague, Treas- BOSTON & MAINE FOUNDRY Co.-Iron foundry; urer. Machine and hand cards. specialty, stoves. HAWKINS, HERTHELL & BURRELL. —Iron bridges, W, e etc. etc. Wcales, IcGonpden (County. JOHNSON & RANDALL.-Machinery. SHAW MACHINE Co. —General machinery. MARSHALL & SWATLAND.-Iron foundry. Waclpole, Norfolk County. WM. RosHE. —Bollers and M-achinery. C. J. DONOVAN & Co.-Iron foundry. RUSSELL & DAY.-General machinery. Wr. HART —Machinery R. A. RUSSELL & BRo.-General machinery. E. S. STACY.-Machinery and drills. Waltham, Mtidclesex County. N. W. TALCOTT. —Iron works. CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING Co.-J. C. E. TRASK.-Iron foundry. Chapman, Agent. Gas, steam, and water valves. WASON CAR MANUFACTURING CO. —(See Car GEo. W. DANIELS. —Cotton-batting machinery. anld Car TWhel W]orks of Massachusetts.) DAVIS & FARNHA. —Iron foundry. Employ JAMES D. WoOODS. —Machinery. 200 hands. RStockbridge, B Jerkpshire County. GEO. A. HOBBS.-General machinery. rTeB, T eK&sire founty. a J. STARK & Co.-Watch-making machinery. BURGHART, BOSTWICK & Co. —Iron foundry and machinery. Warren, Worcester County. Stoneha Kidlesex Count. KNOWLES & SEBLEY. —Iron foundry; specialty,. Stonehie, liddleset County. steam pumps. 125 hands employed. J. C. PAGE. —Pipes, etc. L. D. HAWKINs.-Boot and shoe machinery. Watertown, MTiddlesex County. T. H. SPENER. —Machinery. PRATT, MILES & Co.-Iron foundry, stoves, etc. Taunton, Bristol County. West _Boylston, TForcester County. DEAN COTTON MACHINE Co.-R. S. Dean, D. E. MURDOCK.-Machinery. Treasurer. Cotton machinery. WEST BOYLSTON MANUFACTURING Co. —MaFINKHAM & LE BANN.-Iron foundry. chinery. FOUNDRY AND MACHINE Co.-J. E. Sanford, West Fitchburg. Treasurer. Steam engines and railroad machinery. BUCKEYE MOWING MACHINE Co.-Mowers and MASON MACHINE WoRKS. —William Mason, reapers. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 37 WHITMAN & MILES MANUFACTURING Co.-A. E. H. BELLOWS.-Steam engines and boilers. Whitman, Treasurer. Reaping and.mowing ma- BLAKE BRos. —General machinery. chines. C. F. BRIGIAM.-Lathes and milling machines. IT-es^feld, 7 -amden UCounty. YALZIRUS BROWN. —Mowing machines. A D.AWestf^ Y lacpher County.W. -H. BrowN.-Machinery. A. & D. AVERCY.-I achinery...M. CHAsE.-Stone-cutting machinery. DEWEY TOY Co.-Toy steam engines. F. F. PHELPS.-Tron foundry. A. H. HALLADAY.-Machinery. CoEs, LORING & Co. —Machinery for cutting E. SIGOR. —Machinery. shear blades, screw wrenches, etc. Product of H. B. SMITH & Co. —Iron foundry and main- wrenches, 500 per cay. ery. CALEB COLVIN-Iron foundry. L. WHEELER. —Generai machinery. C. & J. A. COLVIN.-Iron foundry. 30 hands. Westford, Middlesex County. A. G. COES & Co.-Wrenches only. 40 hands. FORGE VILLAGE HORSE NAIL Co.-A. H. Caryl, COMPTON LOOM WoRKS.-Proprietor, George Treasurer. Horse nails. Employ 80 hands. Compton. Looms and mill machinery. 200 hands C. G. SARGENT. —General machinery. employed. CURTIS & MARBLE.-COttOn machinery. TVWitinsville. DENNIS & LEE.-Moulding machines. WHITIN MACHINE WoRKS. —Cotton machinery. L. D. FAY.-Machinery and machine tools. A. W. GIFFORD & Co.-Machine screws. WTrinckendon~, ]fiddlesexz County. GILBERT Loon Co. —Tapestry carpet loom GOODSPEED & WYMAN. —Machinery and saws. machinery. Hands employed, 60. J. G. FoLsoM.-General machinery. J. GOODING, JR. —General machinery D. P. PIPER.-General machinery. J. I. GRAY & Co. —Machine screws. D. B. WHITNEY.-Iron foundry and machinery. T. J. HASTINGS & Co. —Hardware and malleaWinchester, Middlesex County. ble iron. JOEL WHITNEY.-General nmachinery. H:EALD & BRITTON. —Iron foundry. 35 hands. JOE aA. F. HENSHAW & Co.-Machinery and Woburn, Mlidcdlesex County. machine tools. JAS. BUEL & Co.-General machinery. Employ H. H. HoUGHToN.-Machinery and machine 75 hands. tools. LEVI BUTLER.-General machinery. Employ. J. P. HouGTON. —Water-wheel machinery. 70 hands. JOHNSON & BASSETT.-Woollen machinery. 24 T. T. COFFIN.-Machine tools. hands. L. W. COOPER.-General machinery. JONES, WILLARD & Co.-Iron foundry, machine E. R. EMERY.-General machinery, castings. 30 hands. PARKER, HOLDEN & Co.-General machinery. S. W. KENT.-Card-cutting machinery. WOBURN IRON Co.-C. H. Shute, Superin- KNIFFEN MOWING MACHINE Co.-S. Copeland, tendent. Iron foundry and machinery. President; C. Warren, Treasurer. Mowing T, r n. machines and horse rakes.,Worestert Worcester County. L.J. KNOWLES & B3R.-General machinery. ARCADE MALLEABLE IRON Co.-Malleable iron 45 hands. castings. W. McFarland, Treasurer. Hands LATHE & MORSE MACHINE Co.-Machinery and employed, 80. machine tools. 60 hands. ETHAN ALLAN & Co. —Rifles and pistols. Em- N. A. LOMBARD & Co.-Woollen machinery. ploy 60 hands. 40 hands. Established 1828. AMES PLOW Co.-Plows and machinery. Works Jos. F. LoRING.-Iron foundry. Specialty, also at Ayre, Mass. Oliver Ames, President; E. stoves. K. Simon, Treasurer. New York office, 53 J. D. MATTHEWS. —General machinery. Beekman Street. Boston, Quincy Hall. Hands H. MINTER.-Machine screws, employed 350. MALLEABLE HEEL PLATE Co. —Iron foundry, I. BALL & Co.- Wood-working machinery. light castings. Hands employed, 75. This works is said to be NEW WORCESTER MACHINE Co.-Shuttles and the oldest in its specialty in the United States. loom machinery. C. H. BALLARD & Co.-Machinery. D. W. PoND. —Machinists' tools. 30 hands. P. BLAISDELL & Co.-Machine tools. 45 hands. L. J. PEASE & BRo.-General machinery. AsA Ross.-Spindle and cotton machinery. JOIIN S. PERKINS. —Splitting machines. 38 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. L. W. PoND. —General machinery. 135 hands MICHIGAN (specialty, railroad car-trimmings, lanemployed. terns, locks, iron and brass work, and machine A. F. PRENTICE & Co. —Smiths' tools, etc. work), have their works at Adrian, Michigan, and QUINSIGAMfOND IRON WIRE WORKS. —-Pro- an office and salesroom in Chicago, at No. 51 prietors, Washburn & Moen Manufacturing Co. Fifth Avenue, their Chicago branch being under REVERE & HEWETT. —Machinery. the charge of Mr. John S. Brewer. RICE & WIITCO.MB. —-Machinery. Adrian, Michigan, is a prosperous city on the RICE, BARTON & FALES. —J. E. Fales, Manager. line of the L. S. & M. S. Railway, between Paper machinery and castings. Hands employed, Toledo and Chicago, numbering about twelve 200. thousand inhabitants. A. P. RICHARDSON MowING MACHINE Co.-60 The works of the Illinois Manufacturing Co. are hands. close to the main track of the L. S. & M. S. RailRICHARDSON, MERRIAM & Co.-Wood-working way, and have a side track of their own passing machinery. 75 hands employed. their door. The building is an imposing threeTHos. SMITI & Co. —Mowing machines. story-brick, 191 by 52 feet, with one-story brick WORCESTER BOILER WORKS.-Proprietor, Chas. additions, 113 by 66 feet, for the engine and Stewart. Steam engines and boilers. 25 hands. boiler rooms, and brass and iron foundries. D. TAINTER.-General machinery. 30 hands. The company also own several acres of ground UNION WATER METER Co. —Machinery and adjoining their works, and contemplate adding meters. materially to their buildings at no distant day. J. W. UPHAM. —Turbine wheels. The power is furnished by a 100 horse-power WASHBURN STEAM ENGINE WoRKS.-Steam engine, supplied by two proportionate boilers engines, boilers, etc. Branch of Washburn & built by Klots & Kromer, of Sandusky, Ohio. Moen Manufacturing Co. The main floor of the company's extensive buildWETHERBY, RUGG & RICHARDSON.-Wood- ing is taken up by their iron foundry, brass working machinery. foundry, pattern room, engine and boiler rooms, WASHBURN & MOEN MANUFACTURING Co.-W. bronzing department, silver and nickel plating E. Rice, Treasurer; C. E. Washburn, Secretary. department, stamping-press rooms, grinding and Capital, $1,500,000. Rails, wire, car-wheels, polishing rooms, an extensive store-room, the tyres, engines, boilers, etc.-(See Rolling M1ills packing room, sample room, and the offices of the and Car tWheel Works of Mllass. company. W. F. WHEELER. —Iron foundry. Their principal machine room is on the second C. WHITCOMB & Co. —Chopping press machin- floor, and is 125 by 52 feet. This room is splendidly ery. lighted and ventilated, and heated by the exhaust JOSHUA S. WHEELER & Co. —Tools, etc. steam from the engine, and contains every conveD. H. WHITTEMORE.-Light machinery, apple nience for the accommodation of the employes and parers, etc. the successful prosecution of the business. The JOHN WTILLIAMS. —General machinery. room is filled with expensive machinery espeWOOD, LIGHT & Co.-Machine tools, machin- cially adapted to the labor required of it, is in perery, etc. This works is 320 by 60 feet, and em- feet order, and an object of especial pride to the ploys 200 men; with a very extensive trade, and managers of the company. The third floor is oca high reputation for quality of product. cupied as a lantern manufactory, and presents a Worcester & Nashua R. R. Machine Shops. busy appearance with its immense piles of tin lanWASHBURN STEAM PUMP Co. —Pumping ma- terns, in every stage of completion, stacked from chinery. the floor to the ceiling, its noisy presses, stamps, JEROME WHEELOCK. —Wheelock's patent steam and buffs, glowing soldering furnaces, and its many pumps and steam-engines. Hands employed, 25. busy hands stamping, cutting, soldering, buffing, cleaning, and papering the many dozens of lanSteam Engine and Machine Works terns this company daily turns out for the nuand Iraon Fouandries of Michigan. P merous railroad companies in all parts of the Union who are its patrons. Adrian, Lawrence County. Adjoining this room is the glass department, J. FARRAR & Co. —Iron foundry and machin- where glass engraving, cutting, and embossing of ery. every description is done by skilled and accomLake Shore and Michigan Southern R. R. plished workmen and artists. machine shop. The Illinois Manufacturing Company manuThe ILLINOIS MANUFACTURING Co. OF ADRIAN, facture every description of railway-car trim DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 39 mings used in the country, from the trimmings for LAMB MANUFACTURING CO.-Locks, etc. the ordinary freight caboose to the most elegant SANFORD & CARPENTER. —Machinery. drawing-room or palace sleeping coach; and have TRIPP, AILES & PRICE. —Machinery. obtained a high reputation for the standard quality of goods they supply, their readiness to originate Argentie, Genessee County. new designs to meet the views of their different GEO. G. SUTHERLAND. —IRON foundry and macustomers, and their determination to keep at the chinery. head of the car-trimming business of the country. Armada, Bacon County. Their lamps and chandeliers for passenger carsro f ry a r.1 M. S. -LIYON. Iron foundry and machinery. are especially celebrated throughout the country, and there is scarcely a railroad in the United Athens, Calhoun County. States but what has them in use. The company CHANDLER, BROWN & PALMER.-Iron foundry, also manufacture every kind of locks known in general castings. railroad use, from switch and freight car locks to the most elegant bronze and silver palace-car Augusta, Kalamazoo County. door locks; and their lock department alone is a MEAD & PALEMETER.-Machinery. large and prosperous business. Battle Creec, calhoun Cozonty. The company also manufacture lanterns for B A & Y, onouny. railroad use, fancy silver and nickel lanterns for em loyed. conductors' use, fine iron castings for use in pas- V. D. BEACH.-General machinery. senger cars; and, in addition to their railroad J. FONDA.-Iron foundry and machinery. customers, have a large trade with jobbers and J. D. LEFEVRE.-Machinery. dealers throughout the country in lanterns, brass Peninsular R. R. machine shop. goods, iron work, machine work, etc., etc. NICHOLS, SHEPHARD & Co.-Iron foundry and The company issue yearly a catalogue illus-agricultural machinery. Number of ands emtrating a large portion of the goods they manu- loyed 50. facture, which they will be pleased to mail to any & ELLOG tea engines. address free, upon application. MERRITT & KELLOGG. —Steam engines. address free, upon application. -UPTON, BROWN & Co.-Iron foundry. 20 hands The officers of the company are: President, em lo ed P. L. Sword; Vice-President and Superintendent, James E. Cross; Secretary, Henry C. Hart. Bay City, Bay County. Principal office and address, Adrian, Michigan. BAY CITY IRON Co.-Steam engines, machinery, Chicago office and salesroom, 51 Fifth Avenue. etc. Albion, Calhoun County. Jos. T. KIRK. —Boilers only. JAS. LIKE.-Boilers only. C. GALE & Co.-Iron foundry and machinery. JAS. LIKE.-Boilers only. C. GALE & C-Iron foundry and machinery. NORTH-WESTERN GAS & WATER PIPE CO.Gt-. W. MAKER. -— Ma~chinery. (See Pipe and Tube Works.) Allegan, Allegan County. MCDOWELL & Co.-Steam engines, machinery EAGLE FOUNDRY.-Proprietor, A. W. Calkins. and iron foundry. General castings. Bellevue, Eaton County. FEEK & HEATH. —Iron foundry. MIX & TOMLINSON. —Portable and stationary engines, machinery, etc. Beuona, Oceana County. Almont, Lapeer County. W. BANKS.-Machinery. CHAS. CASHWAY. — Machinery. A. H. CURRIER & BRO.-Iron foundry, general castings. Birmingham, Oakland County. Alma, Grctiot County. M. SMITH.-Iron foundry and machinery. J. MONTEGLE. —Iron foundry. Brighton, Livingston County. Alpena, Alpena County. DAVID TnOMPSON.-Iron foundry and machinDAVID CRIPPEN.-Iron foundry. ery. GEO. W. THOMPSON.-Iron foundry, general Ann Arbor, Wcashtenaw County. castings. ANN ARBOR AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-Agri- cultural machinery. Bridgeport, Centre County. HAVILAND & RxHODES.-General machinery. JAs. DOYLE. —Machinery. G. HULIN.-Machinery. A. GuuRDY. —Machinery. - 40 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. MI. C. Mix. —Machinery. Corunnac, Shiawassee County. Byron, Shawacssee County. H. E. AIKEN. —Agricultural implements. A. CLARK-Iron foundr. PETTYBONE & LAYMAN.-Iron foundry and maA. CLARK. —Iron foundry. COOK & CLARK. —Iron foundry. chinery. LELAND & SHELDON. —Iron foundry. cDavidsonville, Genessee County. WHITNEY & ROSETTER.-Iron foundry... - E. A. ROCKAFELLOW. — Iron foundry. Burr Oaks, St. Jeoseph County. J. WATSON. —Iron foundry and machinery. Dansvlle, Inham County. Bronso~n, Branch County. THOMPSON & HOLT.-Iron foundry. VAN EVERY & FOWLER. —Iron foundry. Davidsburg, Oakland County, Camden, zillsdale County. W. J. HICKEY.-Iron foundry and machinery. CHAS. BRowN.-Iron foundry and machinery. Decatur, Van Buren County. Cacro, Tuscokla Corunty. MASON & REED.-Iron foundry. J. J. PARKER.-Iron foundry..Detroit, Wacyne County. Centreville, St. TJoseph County. ALLISON & KEASEY.- n f. J. P. BENOIT.-General machinery. 18 hands ALLISON & KEASEY. —Iron T ou ndry... v KEASEY, BONNER & Co. —Iron foundry. employed. ASYoNNER& -Jon founry. BRENNAN.-Boilers only. 15 hands emChaurlotte, Eaton County. ployed. COLLINS & WTISNER.-Iron Foundry. MICHIGAN BOILER WORKS. Proprietor, W. C. W. & G. W. FOSTER.-Iron foundry. Buchanan. Boilers and machinery. J. B. MAY.-Agricultural implements. BURT MANUFACTURING COMPANY IRON FOUNDRY. J. A. MILLER.-Iron foundry. -(See Car Wheel Works.) Number of hands PERKINS, WATERSDORFF & Co.-Iron foundry. employed, 30. BOYLE & BROS.-Iron foundry. 15 hands Chelsec Washtenaw ounty.employed. employed. L. BOYD. — Iron foundry. J. CARRoLL.-Boilers only. Clarkson, Oakland County. DEWTELL & HUTTON.-Boilers. 30 hands emL. BINGHAM.-Iron foundry. ployed. Detroit & Milwaukee RI. R. machine shop. Clinton, Lenawcee County. DETROIT LOCOMOTIVE WORKS.-President, C. H. 0. F. CUTTING.-Machinery. H. Buhl. Secretary and Treasurer, D. It. Pierce. D. WOODWARD & Co.-Plows. (See Locomotive Works of lMich.) Number of Clyde, St. Clair Codunty. hands employed, 150. DETROIT BRIDGE AND IRON WORKS.-Wm. C. WM. ATKINS, JR. Agricultural implements. Colburn, Secretary and Treasurer; Willard S. (oldwater, Branch County. Pope, Engineer. (See Iron Bridge Works.) GEO. S. FOSTER & Co.-Agricultural imple- These works cover an area of twelve acres, and ments. employ 300 hands. Iron foundry and machinery, D. S. HARRINGTON & Co.-Iron foundry. besides bridges. S. H. NYE.-Iron foundry. DETROIT CAR WHEEL Co. —Iron foundry. L. B. TITUS.-Iron foundry. Employ 80 hands. (See Car Wheel Works.) DETROIT SAFE Co.'s WORKS.-T. T. Bayley, C(olon, St. Josepih County. President. Safes and machinery. Number of D. C. RICIARDS & Co. —Iron foundry and hands employed, 60. machinery. DETROIT STOVE WORIKS.-Iron foundry. Wm. Commerce, Oakland Connty. H. Tifft, President. (See Stove 2canufacturers W. D. & S. KIN.-Iron foundry and machin- of U. S.) DETROIT DRY DOCK ENGINE WORKS.-Pro~~ery. prietor, S. F. Hodge. Steam engines, etc. Employ Constantine, St. Joseph County. 50 hands. GEORGE & TWEEDLE.-Iron foundry and ma- DETROIT AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-Agricultural chinery. machinery. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 41 DETROIT STEAM FORGE.-Heavv forgings, etc. Farmtington, Oaklcnd County. A. W. ELMER. —Iron foundry and machinery. T. S. KENT.-Iron foundry. J. H, & J. N. FoRD. —Heavy forgings. FULTON IRON & ENGINE WORKS. —J. R. Fenton, Genessee County. Wayne, Treasurer. Saw-mills and machinery. PARKHURST & JACKSON. —Iron foundry and ma80 hands employed. chinery. D. W. GLENDINNING. —Iron foundry. Ferrysburg, OttawaCounty. HAMTRAMCK IRON WORKS.-E. C. Walker, OTTA. Ferry, Jr. President; G. B. Russell, Secretary and Treasurer. M. Ferry, Jr. (See Blast Furnaces, etc., of _ich.) 60 hands. oundry and general ron wor S. F. HoDGE. —Iron foundry and machinery. Flint, Genesee County. 40 hands. KIMBALL & Co.-Iron foundry and agricultural JACKSON & WILEY.-Steam engines and iron machinery. foundry. 40 hands. THOS.'VWARREN. —Iron foundry and machinery. JAMES JENKS.-Steam engines and machinery. KENNEDY & GREGG.-Steam engines, iron Franklin, Oakland County. foundry, etc. SHELDON, WANZER & CLEAVES.-Iron foundry, J. & T. McGREGOR. —Boilers only. general castings. MICHIGAN BOLT & NUT MANUFACTURING CO. -50 hands employed. Flushing, Genessee County. MICHIGAN IRON FOUNDRY.-General castings. HEATH & GALLUP.-General machinery. Michigan Central Railroad machine shop. JAMES SUMMER.-Iron foundry. S. PRATT, JR. —Boilers only. Goodrich Genessee Cotnty. Goocrich, Genessee County. D.E.E. RICE.-Iron foundry and machinery, f scales. SPRENGER BROS.-Boiler-makers. chinery. JOHN B. WILSON.-Steam engines and iron GE. PATRICK.-Iron foundry. foundry. A. P. WHITMER. —Iron foundry. Dowagiac, Cass County. Grand cHaven, Genessee County. Wm. M. Ferry.-Machifiery. P. D. BECKWITH.-Iron foundry and machinery, M ey-ac ery. agricultural, stoves, etc.Machinery. CHAPPELL & Co.-Iron foundry and agricul- Grand Ledge, caton County. tural machinery. ELI NICHOLS.-Agricultural implements. STOW & Co.-Drills, etc. REED & BREACH.-Iron foundry. EFagle cHarbor, Kveweenaw County. Grand cRpids, Kfent ou^nty. EAGLE HARBOR FOUNDRY.-General castings. BUTTERWORTH & LOWE.-Machinery. East Saginacw, Saginaw County. 9CHUBB & LUTHER.-Iron foundry and machinery. G. F. BARTLETT & Co.-Foundry and iron J. DALE.-Machinery. work. G. S. DEAN & SoN.-Iron foundry. F. A. KOEHLER PIONEER IRON MANUFACTORY.~ HATHAWAY & LYON.-Tools and machinery. General iron work. Jos. JAcoBoICE.-Iron foundry and machinery. G.. W MERRILL & Co. —Steam engines and VALLEY CITY IRON WORKS.-A. Leitelt & iron foundry. Bro. General machinery. THos. STEELE.-Boilers. A. PLATTE.- Iron foundry. WICKES & BRos.-Steam engines, machinery, JAS.. SIMONDS. —Iron foundry. and iron foundry. GRAY & MASEY.-Boilers. Greenbush, Clinton County. Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad machine shop. W. T. & R. E. DAvIS.-Agricultural impleEaton, Rapids, Eaton County. ments. "Tatoqn acpidcs, Facton County. S. ROSWELL.-Iron foundry and machinery. JAS. GALLERY.-Iron foundry and machinery. Greenville, Montcalub County. Ecdwardcsburg, Cass County. MAXTEL & MOORE. —Iron foundry and machinMARSH & SON.-Iron foundry, general castings. ery. 42 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS' ETC. Hiadley, Lapeer County. Kalamazoo, K4alamazoo County. WM. H. COLLARD.-Iron foundry. GEO. DODGE. —Agricultural machinery. J. H. HEMINGWAY.-Agricultural implements. T. DODGE. —Iron foundry and machinery. HARTWELL & McINTOSH.-Iron foundry. GEO. F. GREEN.-Iron foundry. fHancock, -floughton County. WILSON & Bno. —Iron foundry and machinery. HODGE & o.-Irton foundry. KIMBALL, AUSTIN & TOMLINSON.-General maHODGE & CO.~Iron foundry. chinery J. B. & H. B. ORMSBY.-Iron foundry. Lansing, ]inghamn County. fHastings, Barry County. BEMENT & SON.-General machinery; specialty ALLEN BENNETT.-Iron foundry. plows. C. F. DWIGHT & Co.-Agricultural implements. WM. H. HARRIS.-General machinery. VWHl. W. HILDRETH & BRO.-General machinery. ITillsdale, Hillsdale County. METLIN & Co.-Agricultural implements and BUNT & LAWRENCE.-Agricultural implements. machinery. PHELPS & PETTIS.-Agricultural implements. lcapeer, Lapeer County. 40 hands. F. E. HATCH.-Iron foundry. H. SPARROW.-Iron foundry and machinery. MCDONALD & SON.-Iron foundry. Holland, Ottawa County. MORTON & MCDONALD. Iron foundry and maA. THOMPSON.-Iron foundry. chinery. SE6I^,FELSHAW & Co.-ITon foundry. Lawton, Van B3uren Count'ly. SMOKE, FELSHAW &Go.-ron foundry. ELMIRE & Co.-Iron foundry. Hfoughton, Houg'hton County. D. ROBINSON & Co.-Iron foundry. F. S. HODGE & Co.-Iron foundry. Lowell, Kent County. SHELDON, WANZER & CLEAVES.-Iron foundry. BOYCE & NASH.-Machinery and edge tools. Hudson, Lenawee County. JOHN TAYLOR.-Iron foundry. N. LANE.-Iron foundry. animstee, Manistee County. S. MORELAND.-Iron fovrndry, general castings. WM. CRIPPEN.-Machinery. WEAVER & BENEDICT.-Iron foundry and agri- KIRCH & JACK.-Boilers only. cultural machinery. Marquette, ]i-larquette County. Ionia, lonia County. IRON BAY FOUNDRY.-Proprietor, D. H.AMerrit. N. H. BATSON.-Iron foundry. Steam engines and general iron work. CHUBB & BAYNALL.-Steam engines and agri- Marquette and Ontonagon Railroad machine cultural machinery. shop. THOS. S. SEW.-Iron foundry and agricultural SUPERIOR FOUNDRY Co.-Machinery and castimplements. ings. Ithaca, Gratiot County. Maple Rapids, Clinton County. WELLS & SUTHERLAND.-Iron foundry, etc. WINANS & WHITAEW. —Iron foundry. WINNS & DEWITT.-Iron foundry. Jackson, Jackson County. WHITAKER & GCo.-General machinery. Fort Wayne, Jackson & Saginaw R. R. ma- Marshall, Calhoun County. chine shop. MARSHALL MACHINE Co.-General Machinery. Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw R. R. machine shop. MARSHALL WIND ENGINE AND PUMP CO.J. RoBBINs. —Boilers only. Windmills and pumps, agricultural machinery, MOSES McGREGOR. —Boilers only. etc. JACKSON FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.-H. A. Mason, Ingham County. Hayward, President; E. A. Sumner, Secretary; BEACH & McROBERTS.-Iron foundry. E. H. CAMP, Treasurer. Steam engines, tubular A. D. KINGSBURY.-Agricultural implements. furnaces, and general cast and wrought iron work. H. DRAKE & Co. —Iron foundry, general cast- Matherton, fonia County. ings. IRISH & TOOKER.-Iron foundry. LUISK & Co. —Iron foundry and machinery. Mead's fills, Wayne County. Jonesville, fHillsdale County. RAMSDALE & Co.-Iron foundry. L. MILLER & Co. —Foundry and machinery. Mendo.n, St. Joseph County. WM. W. PLATT. —Agricultural implements. BOWM & BROWN.-Iron foundry. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 43 RICHARDS & MCMURTTRIE.-Iron foundry. Port lfuron, St. Clair County. ]Metamnzora, LZgap.eer Coty R. BARNETT.-Steam engines, machinery, X a -Lopeer County. and iron foundry. DANIELS & PITCEIER.-Iron foundry. and iron foundry. DANIELS & PITCHE. —lron foundry. PHPENIX I RON WORKS.-W. S. Jenks, Agent. Wm. H. VARNum. —-Iron foundry. M..VAN. Steam engines and iron foundry. Montague, i~uskegon County. Port Huron and Lake Michigan Railroad maCOOPER & RoDGERS.-Machin chine shops. MONTAGUE IRON WORKs. —Proprietors, Wilson Portland, lonia County. & Hendric. General iron work. 20 hands. S. R. GATES.-Iron foundry. IXonroe, Mornroe Coqunty. T. HILL.-Iron foundry. 21~onroe, _ontroe County. JOHN ALEXANDER. —Iron foundry. Qcincey, Branch County. J. & D. McLAREN. —Iron foundry. 0. H. HARDING.-Iron foundry. WM. STEINER.-Agricultural implements. Romeo, Macomb County. Muskegon, iMuskegon County. J. HAMBLIN.-Machinery. J. DAvIs. —Steam engines and iron foundry. KETCHUM BRos. —Iron foundry. A. ROGERS. —Iron foundry. SELPIDGE BRos. —Iron foundry. T. TtMNBuLL.-Boilers only. SHELP & THOMPSON. —Iron foundry. _Nashville, Barry County. St. Clair, St. Clair County. D. C. GRIFFITHS.-Iron foundry. ST. CLAIR FOUNDRY. —J. E. Kitton. New ldaven, Macomb County. St. Johns, Clinton County. CHAS. FULLINGTON.-Iron foundry and machin- GEO. ARNOLD. —Machinery. ery. L. B. MATTISON. —Agricultural implements. Niles, Berrien County. A. H. McCABE. —Iron foundry and machinery. C.. DODGE.-Iron foundry and machinery. J. W. PAYNE.-Iron foundry. R. J. FINcH.-Iron foundry, machine castings. St. Joseph, Berrien County. W. Z. WELLING.-Iron foundry and machinery; Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore Railway specialty, plows. machine shop. M. WOOLOVER.-Machinery. J.W.. HAIILTON. —ron foundry. Nashville, Wayne County. Saginaw City, Saginaw County. G. P. HARRINGTON.-Iron foundry and machin- N. B. KINSEY.-Iron foundry and machinery. ery. J. OLDHALL & SON. —Machinery. Owasso, Shiawassee County. Washtw Sacltne, Washtenaw Count'y. C. W. CLAPP & Co.-Iron foundry. Detroit and Michigan Railroad machine shops. J.. GRsS- ron foundry OSBORN, HOWELL & KIRBY.-General machin- NFANK LL foundry. ery. Saranac, fonia County. Oxford, Oakland County. DAVID EHLE.-Iron foundry. J. GIBSON.-Iron foundry. Smyrna, Ionia County. D. S. McKiNSEY.~TIron foundry. GEO. W. Bush. —Iron foundry. Paw Paw, Van Buren County. Springpcort, Jackson Cotunty. W. H. RANDALL. Iron foundry and sewing B & CR i y machines. BELL & GOODYEAR.-Machinery. machines. M. SNOW.-Iron foundry. Sturgis, St. Joseph County. Pinckney, Livingston County. A. DENSIER.- Agricultural implements. M]ANN & TEMPLE-Iron foundry and machinery. DRAE, HENDERSON & Co-Iron foundry. THos. MCCULLOUGH.-~Iron foundry. Tecaumseh, Lenawee County. A. O. WHITCOMB & Co.-Iron foundry and H. BREWER & SoNs.-Machinery. machinery. STRETCH & WELLING.-Machinery. Pontiac, Oakland County. MCCONNELL, RAYMOND & Co. —Foundry and J. W. DAWsoN.-Iron foundry and machinery. agricultural machinery. W. D. KING & Co.-Iron foundry. AW. SLAYTON & Co.-Machinery. 44 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. E. TINDALL.-Agricultural implements. stationary engines, iron and brass castings, and 1Three Rnivers, St'. foseqph County. general machinery, in addition to the specialties noted. CALDWELL, TWITCHEL & Co.-Foundry andRice Co agricultural machinery. Cox & THROP.-lron foundry. FARIBAULT PLOW Co.-Specialty, plows and ROBERTS & THROP.-Foundry and threshing agricultural machinery. machinery. 25 bands. LIME & PRESCOTT.-Plows and agricultural machinery. Vandcctia, Cass County. A. A MOTT. —Agricultural implements. J. & E. REIFF.-Iron foundry. WINKLEY & MOORE.-Iron foundry and maVcassar, Tuscola County. chinery. F. MEEHAN.-Iron foundry. LFarmington, cDakota County. Vernon, Shiawasee County. RICE, W ING & KOUNCE. —Iron foundry and machinery. PINNEY & JONES.-Iron foundry and machin- C. R. ROLLINs.-Agricultural implements. ery. SALMON WEBSTER.-Agricultural implements. Wcaylcancd, Alleyca Corunty. ayland, Allegan County. astings, cDakota County. HOYT BROS. & SHERWOOD.-Iron foundry. JOHN BATEMAN.-Specialty, plows. Williamstown, Ingham County. CHURCHILL & CHAMBERLAIN.-Iron foundry. GRATTAN BRos. —lMachinery and foundry. JOHN F. REHSE. —Iron foundry. JOHN H. STEELE.-Machinery and foundry. STAR WORKS MANUFACTURING Co.-Steam Whitehacll, ibuskegon County. engines, boilers, and iron foundry. A. B. TYRELL.-Agricultural machinery. COOPERA & ROGERS.-Machinery. DUCEY & CLEGHORN. —Iron foundry. Kingston, Meeker County. Ypsilanti, aclamactzoo County. JAMES KLINE. —Iron foundry and machinery. PHILO FERRIER. —Iron foundry. Lake City, TWabashaw County. W. J. MCCuLLoGI.- Iron- foundry. DOUGHTY & NEAL.-Plows and agricultural machinery. Steam Engine and MIffachine Works H. GILLETT.-Iron foundry and machinery. and Iron Foundries of Minnesota. ffankato, tBlue cEarth County. C. W. BARNEY & Co.-Iron foundry and agriAustin, Miower County. cultural machinery. W. W. BRONSON.-Iron foundry and machinery, JOHIN H. BARR. —Agricultural implements. jobbing. MoHIR & DAUBER.-Agricultural implements. Claremount, Dodge County. Minneapolis, fIennepin County. EDWARD BUcIRING.- Machinery. C. H. BUTLER.-Mill picks, etc. JOSEPH CnRO.-Machinery. FERGUSON & HOLBROOK. —Agricultural impleDodge Centre, Dodge County. ments. C. ATHERTON & SON.-Machinery. C. M. HARDENBERGH & Co. —Iron foundry and BARRETT & SON.-Machinery. machinery, steam engines, etc. Number of hands employed, 40. Duluth, St. Louis County. LARAWAY, KING, & PERINE.-Agricultural imDULUTH IRON WORKS. —George K. Shoenber- plements. ger, President. (Shoenberger & Bryant.) This NORTH STAR IRON WORKS.-Proprietors, Harworks includes Duluth Blast Furnace (see JBlast rison, Gorton & Co. Steam engines, machinery, ET;rnaces of Minnesota), Duluth Car Works etc. 50 hands employed. (see Car Works of MFinnesota,) and Duluth Juew Ulmrt, Brown County. Stove Works (see Stove lanu facturers of'Jin- HAER EKLdry nesota). The product of the blast furnace, 6,000 machinery. tons charcoal pig iron, will be consumed in the er works. The furnace was blown in late in 1873. NTorthftelc, Rice Cozunty. The works manufactures marine, portable, and Fox & BEACH. —Iron foundry and machinery. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 45 Owatonna, Steele County. W. J. McAFEE. —General machinery. LOWTH & HOWE.-Agricultural tools and ma- ST. PAUL FOUNDRY & MACHINE SHOP.-Iron chinery. foundry and machinery. J. M. PATCH.-Agriculturals tools and machin- ST. PAUL IRON WORKS.-Proprietors, Bailey, ery. Howson & Co. Iron foundry. Miscellaneous Red -Wing, Goohue County.castings. 50 hands employed. St. Paul and Sioux City R. R. machine shop. DINSIORE BRos.-Iron foundry and machinery. St. Paul and Pacific R. R. machine shop. PETERSON, IHOELMBERG & Co.-Machinery. ST. PAUL STEAM BOILER WORKS.-M. J. GalliRED WING IRON WORKS.-Iron foundry and gan, proprietor. Steam engines and boilers. machinery. WELLES & Co.-Bridge iron works. Riceford, Houston County. WILSON & WORLEY.-Specialty, stoves. BROWN, WILCOX & SHERWOOD.-Iron foundry. St. Peter, Nicollett County. SHERWOOD & CLT. —Iron foundry. MOORE & BRO.-Iron foundry. Rochester, Olmstead CounAty. G. M.ILLER & Co.-Agricultural implements and machinery. CHAPMAN, PURVIS & Co.-Steam engines, boilers, iron foundry, and machinery. Sauk Centre, Stearns County. NELSON & GUNDERSON.-Agricultural imple- J. I. CLARK. —Iron foundry, plows, and ments. agricultural implements. _ockford, ~[right County. Rockford, Wright County. Vabashaw, Wabashaw County. G. D. GREI-iS.~Iron foundry and machinery. G. D. GEG.-ron foundry and machinery. COCHRANE. —Agricultural implements. G. D GEGE.-M y. T. KuHF. —Machinery.. F. AMES.-MaSOUTH & Co. —Agricultural implements. Rushford, Fillmore County. Winona, Winona County. E. G. CIHAE.-Iron foundry and machinery. A. BALDWIN. ron foundry H. E. CRANDALL. —Agricultural implements. FOSTER & HURLBURT. Iron foundry. JOHN IIAEmAOND.-Agricultural implements. JOHN HAMMOND. Agricultural implements W. C. HUEY & Co.-Agricultural implements. HART, NORTON & Co.-Agricultural implements. N. M. HURLBURT & Co.-Iron foundry. St. Anthony's Falls, Hennepin County. C. LORNEY.-Iron foundry. GEO. W. PAYNE & Co. —Agricultural impleCHARLES BROWN.-Plows and agricultural ma-. C Agicltul implechinery.ents C. R. BUSHNELL &Co.-Iron foundry and ma- W. H. STEVENs.-Agricultural implements. chinery. ELISHA BROAD.-Tools, etc. Steam Engine and Mlachine Works and ST. ANTHONY'S IRON WORKS.-Foundry, ma- Iron Foundries of Miississippi. chinery, general iron works. Corinth, Alcorn County. St. Cloud, Stearns County. W. W. WILLIS & Co. —Iron foundry, general A. GALES.-Iron foundry. castings. N. LAHR.-Plows and agricultural machinery. Goodman, Holmes County. STEVENS & Co. —Iron foundry, agnicultural.. castings. castings. I ) D. BUSTAMENTE.~Machinery. J. B. VAN RENSSELAER.-Agricultural imple- Hansboro, Hlarrison Cownty. ments. J. N. BRADFORD.-Iron foundry. St. Paul, Ramsey County. J. V. BRADFORD & Co.-Machinery. M. BURKLEY.-Machinery. fHolly Springs, Marshall County. CORNING BROS. & DEPUIS.-Engines, machin- J. B. MATTISON.-Agricultural implements. ery, and foundry. Number of hands employed, 60. o6ackSon, Jtinda County. CITY IRON WORKs.-McAfee & Burdic. Gen- CHARLES WILLIAMS. —Iron foundry, plows, and eral iron works. machinery. T. KENNY & BRO.-Boilers only. J. MCDONNELL & Co.-Iron foundry and maA. LEAMING —Plows. chinery. 46 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. Xossuth, Alcorn County. CHAS. P. Williams.-Agricultural implements. CATES & HINTON.-Iron foundry, miscellane- Brookfield, Linn County. ous castings.. ~ou~s castings. Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad machine MoIonticello, -Lawrence County. shop. M. KING.-Machinery. Calhoun, Henry County. Meridian, Lauderdale County. DAVID H. RIGG.-Machinery. E. W. Nix & Co.-Iron foundry and agricul- C, e i e y tural implements. WHITELAW & GARRETT. —Looms and mill mancNatchez, Adams County. ufactory. E. B. BACKER & SON.-Agricultural imple- J. WANN & Co.-Iron foundry and machinments and machinery, ery. SMITH, TAPPEN & Co. —Machinery. WANN, MOLLINEAUX & Co.-Plows and agriJ. C. ScHWARTZ. —Agricultural implements. cultural machinery. 1Rienzi, Alcorn County. Chillicothe, Livingston County. G. W. WILLIAMS & SON.-Iron foundry, R. S. MCLEOD & Co. —Iron foundry, general plows, and mill machinery. and machine castings. Vricksburg, W'arren County. Vcksburg, TWarren County. ~ Clarkeville, Pike County. J. P. FOLEY.-Boilers only. FLETCHER & Co. —Iron foundry. HENO, SMITH & TAPPAN.-Iron foundry. S. M. GooDMAN.-Agricultural implements. MULDOON & McKAIN.-Boilers only. W. WATTS.-Agricultural implements. A. M. PAXTON & Co.-Iron foundry, general castings. D)e Witt, Carroll County. Vicksburg & Meridian R. R. machine shop., ro MARTIN & G-OODALE. —Iron foundry. Water Valley, Grenada County. JOHN BELL. —Boiler maker.,rann Coty. Mississippi Central R. R. machine shop. South Pacific Railroad machine shops. SHAW & SON.- Iron foundry. Greenfield, Dade County. Woodville, Wilkinson County. W. B. CASWELL.-Agricultural implements. I. C. BRowER. —Machinist..cannibal, M/carion County. Yazoo City, Yazoo County. Yazo City-M, yoo ut CARTLEDGE & Co.-General machinery. I. BRowN. —MMIachinery. Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad machine THOMAS MURRAY~.-Machinery. Gshop. Car and repair shop. There are 500 men employed here engaged in car work, of which the Steam Engine and Machine Works shops have a capacity for three freight cars per and Iron Foundries of Missouri. day and fifteen passenger cars per annum. 4bany, Gentry Count. C. M. PURNELL. —Boilers only. lbny, Gentry CocntyMURPHY, GARVIN & Co.-Steam engines, maCHAS. GILBERT.-Iron foundry, general cast- chinery, and iron foundry. ings. Alshley, Pike ounty. fIronton, Iron County. Ashley, Pike County. SHEPHARD & Co. —Iron foundry. S. M. & WM. H. PURsE.-Machinery. Au-zburn, Linicoln CouJnty. Jefferson City, Cole County. BODINE, HLL &lCo.-Iron foundry and maL. D. M. VERDIER.- Agricultural implements. BODINE, HILL & CO.-roll foundry and machinery. Bethany, flarrison County. JEFFERSON CITY FOUNDRY.-Iron foundry, S. E. DUIGIN.-Foundry and machinery. general castings. Booneville, Cooper County. Kansas City, Jefferson County. D. ANDREWS.-Agricultural implements. GOODMAN, KING & MASON.-Iron foundry. BOONEVILLE FOUNDRY.-Proprietors, Kneedler KANSAS CITY FOUNDRY.-McKnight, Green & & Zimmer. Iron foundry and machinery. Co., Proprietors. Iron foundry. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 47 HOME IRON WORKS.-Proprietors, McFarland Paradise, Clay County. & Lord. Foundry and general iron works. W. H. BRECKENREDGE.-Plows and agriculLELAND & WOODLEY. —Iron foundry. tural implements. Missouri River, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad machine shops. Pleasant Hill, Cass County. KEYSTONE IRON WORKs.-Steam engines and BROWN CLAY & Co. —Agricultural implements. general iron work. HULL & LEASE.-Agricultural implements. J. C. MURRAY, EAGLE FoUNDRY.-General HUMPHREYS & CORDELL.-Agricultural implecastings. ments. MURRAY & ARTHUR.-Iron foundry. Randolph City, Randolph County. THOS. PRATT.-Iron foundry; specialty, stoves. and ag PURNELL & STOCKTON.-Boiler makers. implements. Works at Renick. PIJRNELL & STOCKTON.-Boiler makers. MARTIN & WILLIAMS. —— Plows and agricultural SIINN, FOSTER & Co.-Iron foundry. SmIINN, FosTER &Go CO.Iron foundry, implements. Works at Renick. STATE LINE MACHINE WORKS.-General ma- _Richmond, Ray County. chinery. RICHMOND FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.AUG. WITTE.-Machinery and brass castings. Proprietors, Mehl & Pirner. La Plata, Jiacon County. Saint (harles, St. Charles Coounty. SPENCER & RAY.-Agricultural machinery. ALDERSON & BRUERE.-Iron foundry. Lexington, La ayette Cnty. Saint Genevieve, St. Genevieve County. WM. JORDAN.-Iron foundry, miscellaneous P. WILDER.-Machine and agricultural implecastings. ments. CHAS. A. MORRISON.-Iron foundry and ma- Saint James, helps County. chinery. MARAMECK IRON WORKS. —-(See Blast _Furnaces Liberty, Clay County: of Missouri.) Iron foundry, also hollow ware and general castings. J. J. ARMSTRONG. —General machinery. Saint Joseplh, _Buchanan County. Louisiana, Pike County. W. J. AMBROSE & Co.-Iron foundry and W. ELLIsON.-Machinery. machinery. S. ROGERS.-Machinery. BECKER & BRO.-Boilers only. THOS. F. WHITNEY & Co.-General machinery. BOMBECK & ZIPH.-Boilers only. Macon City, acon. BUMSIDE, CROWTHER & ROGERS.-Machinery E.,,,, CityCAlRT on Cofoundr ty. and iron foundry. E. CARBERRY.-Iron foundry. L. G. Cox. —General machinery. J. R. MLLs. —Plows, wagons, and agricultu- Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs R. R. ral machinery. machine shop. Mexico, Andrian County. North Missouri R. R. machine shop. DILLARD & FIELDS.-PlOWS, agricultural ma- J. H. ROBINSON. —Agricultural implements. chiner, etc. D. G. ScHIvERs.-Plows and agricultural implements. Miami, Saline County. J. V. W. WHITEHEAD.-Machinery. GUTHREYS & VAUGHN.-Agricultural imple- WILLIS & Co.-Agricultural implements. ments. Saint Louis, St. Louis County. Middletown, Montgomery County. G. B. ALLEN & Co.-Proprietors, Fulton Iron JONES & PAxoN.-Machinery. Works. Iron foundry, heavy castings, engine R. W. J. TRAINER.-Agricultural implements. work, etc. FULTON SHEET IRON AND BOILER WORKS.Oregon, lolt County. Proprietors, Allison and Rohan. Boilers, smoke LOHMAR & BASKINS. —Agricultural implements. stacks, sheet-iron work, etc. AMERICAN GATE CO.-R. D. Green, President; Palmyra, Mfarion County.A. Isaacs, Treasurer; L. Friedman, Secretary. NORTH MISSOURI MANUFACTURING COMPANY.- Iron gates and railings. President, Samuel Logan; Secretary and Treas- Atlantic & Pacific R. R. machine shop. urer, J. C. Thomas. Agricultural machinery. BEARD & BRO.-Safes, bank vaults, locks, etc. ROHRER & Co. —Iron foundry and machinery. PHOENIX BOILER AND SHEET IRON WORKS.-J. 9l 48 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACIIHINE WVORKS, ETC. HI. Bettis, Proprietor. Boilers, smoke-stacks, J. E. OXLEY & Co.-Stoves, ranges, fire-proof furnace iron work, etc. doors and windows, etc. BRIDGE, BEACI-I & Co.-Iron foundry; specialty, Pacific R. R. of Missouri machine shop. stoves and hollow ware. Product, 6,000 tons P. P. Pauley & BRO.-Cast and wrought iron per annum. work, heavy hardware. BUCK & WRIGHIT. —-Iron foundry; specialty, M. PAULEY & Co.-Iron foundry and agriculstoves. tural implements. CAs. BOERCKER. —-Safe manufacturer. PAULEY & COVELL, PACIFIC FOUNDRY.-General M. M. BUCK & Co.-Machinery and machinists' castings. supplies. A. S. PETTIGREW. —Steam engines and machinCOLLINS & HOLLIDAY.-Iron foundry. ery. CRONENBOLD & Co.-Plows and agricultural T. R. PULLIS & BRO., MISSOURI IRON WORKS.implements. Iron foundry; specialty, ornamental iron work. EAGLE IRON FOUNDRY. —Proprietors, Alex. PIHENIX IRON WORKS.-Proprietor, Wim. ElliCrozier & Co. Foundry. son. Steam engines and general iron work. M. & E. C. CURTIS & Co.-Iron foundry; spe- PEARSON & CO., MISSOURI SCALE WORKS.cialty, stoves. Scales, etc. EXCELSIOR M[ANUFACTURING Co.-Giles F. ROSEWELL, STEVENSON & Co.-Steam gauges Filley, President; J. W. Bell, Secretary. Iron and fittings. foundry. (See Stove lczTnufacturers of Alis- ST. Louis RAILWAY SUPPLY Co.-Car springs, souri.) etc. JACOB FELBER. —Machinery. ST. Louis MACHINE Co. —President, J. H. CHAS. GAGE, MISSOURI STOVE FOUNDRY.-(See Godman. General machinery. Stove Alanufactur6ers of MXissouri.) ST. Louis STOVE AND PLOW Co. —L. G. Pratt, J. F. GELFIRT.- -Iron foundry. President. GERST & BaR.-Iron railings, etc. ST. Louis STEAM FORGE AND NOVELTY IRON H. GEYER. —Iron railings, etc. WORKS. —W. E. Raynor, Proprietor. Specialty, EAGLE STEAM PIPE WORKS.-Proprietor, John railroad axles. Goodin. (See Pipe and Tube Works.) SOUTHERN BOILER AND SHEET IRON WORKS.HILLIAN, BRO. & SONs.-Machinery. Proprietors, Garstrug & Newmeister. Boilers and JEFFERSON- MACHINE SIHOP. —John Holland, smoke-stacks. Proprietor. Machinery. EXCELSIOR IRON WORKS.-Proprietors, SchicINDUSTRIAL PLOW MANUFACTURING WORKS.- kle, Harrison & Co. Iron foundry and general Proprietors, Itapsgood & Co. Plows and agri- iron work. cultural machinery. J. BEGGS, SMITH & Co., LAFAYETTE FOUNDRY.D. KERwVIN.-Bolts and nuts.' Cotton-presses, heavy castings, etc. ST. Louis BRASS AND HARDWARE MANUFACTUR- St. Louis & Iron Mountain R. R. Co. ING Co.-Brass castings and malleable iron ST. Louis AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY CO.goods. Miscellaneous agricultural machinery. KINGSLAND, FERGUSON & Co.-Steam engines, ST. Louis CAR WHEEL CO.-John IR. Bass, agricultural implements, and saws. President. Iron foundry. (See Car Wheel MANNING & Co.-Agricultural implements. Works of JMissouri). MARSHALL & Co.-Stean engines, boilers, and SMITH & PHILIPS, PACIFIC FOUNDRY. —General machinery. Number of hands employed, 150. foundry works, and iron boats. Value of product, $300,000. ST. Louis HOT-PRESS NUT AND BOLT MANUFACA. MCDONALD & Co.-Steam forge and iron TURING CO.-W. H. Storm, President. Nuts and works; specialty, car axles, locomotive crank pins, bolts. Very extensive works and product. and heavy forgings. Number of hands employed, ST. Louis MACHINE WORKS.-Proprietors, G. 60. H. Zimmerman & Co. General and special maMCMURRY, SMIITH & JUDGE.-Iron foundry. chinery of all kinds. CITY SCREW BOLT WORKS.-Proprietor, Wn. JOSEPH WRANGLER.-Boilers and smoke-stacks. Moran. Bolts, etc. NOVELTY IRON WORKS. —Proprietors, Westlake MIssouRI STOVE FOUNDRY.-B. Horton, Propri- & Button. Car iron work, and bolts. etor. (See Stove Jfanufacturers of Missouri.) WHITMAN AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-Proprietors PACIFIC IRON FouNDRY.-Nixon, Smith & Whitman Bros. Agricultural machinery. Philips. General castings. Salisbury, Clinton County. North Missouri R. B. machine shop. A. J. HORTON. —Agricultural implements. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 49 Seclalia, Pettis County. UTNION IRON WTORKS.-Proprietors, Tyrrel & MISSOURI IRON WORKS.-Proprietor, J. M. Culmmings. Machinery and iron foundry. Donelson. Iron foundry and brass work. Austin, Lander County. J. H. BAILEY & Co. —Plows and agricultural Austin had formerly a foundry, machine shop, implements. and boiler shop, but it is uncertain if they are conMissouri, Kansas and Texas Railway machine tinued. shop. SEDALIA FOUNDRY.-J. G. Tesch, Proprietor. S m E a a W Iron foundry. Steam Engire and Wachin orks and TESCH & GLEAHILL.-Iron and brass foundry. Founr o am h Alstead, Cheshire County. Sprringfield, Greene County. Astad, esre nty. EDDY, THOMPSON & Co.-Steam engines, boilers, CHA. E. COK.-Iron foundry and agricultural saw and grist mill machinery, threshing machinery, l plements. etc. W. H. WEssER. —Agricultural implements. Warrensburgh, Johnson County. Allenstown, /errimack County. HALL, CRESS & WILSON. —Iron foundry. GEO. WORSTER.-Machinery. F. KIRKPATRIK. —Agricultural implements. M. R. EVANs. —Machinery. B. & B. ROBERTS.-Agricultural implements. A. STEWART.-Machinery. Washington, Franklin County. Amherst, Hillsboro County. GEORGE BERGNER.-Machinerv. E. HARRISON.- Iron foundry; specialty, stoves. Waverly, La Fayette County. - Andover, Merrimack County. WV. T. MooRE. —Iron foundry. HATHAWAY & PILSBURY. —Machinery. BAREFOOT & McCoY.-Agricultural imple- Antrim, Ilillsboro County. mierts. mLent^s.''(!E~~ GCHAS. H. CARTER-.Machinery. Weston, Platte County. D. H. GooDELL.-Agricultural machinery. Chicago and South-western, Rt. R. machine AMEs & Co.-Shovels, etc. shop. S. A. PEASLEY.-Machinery. Wheeling, Livingston County. D. STEELE.-Machinery. CODY & TALCOT.-Agricultural implements. V. J. THOMPSON. Machinery. Ashland, Grcfton County. Steam Engine and Machine Works L. W. FLETCHER.-Machinery. and Iron Foundries of Nevada. Bennington, HZillsborough County. C7. J. KIrBALL.~Tools. Gold Hi:ll, Storey County. C. WALJ. KIB a.- hinry. W. WALKER.-Machinery. GOLD HILL FOUNDRY.-General and mill cast- BELVIDERE MANUFACTURING CO.-H. S. Johnings. son, President. Agricultural machinery. A. L. GILL.-Iron foundry. W. D. & E. F. WooDs.-Tools. W. MAXWELL. —Iron foundry. MOORE & RIORDEN.-Boilers only. Beton, Grafton County. PIONEER FOUNDRY. —Quartz-mill castings and C. F. SIITH.-Machinery. miscellaneous work. C.. Wi-iTCHER-Machinery. Ihamilton, White Pine County. Berlin Falls, Coos County. GODDARD & Co. —Iron foundry and machinery; D. GREEN.-IMachinery. silver-ore crushing machinery, specialty. -Bristol, Grcfton County. Silver City, Lyon County. D. P. ALEXANDER & Co. —Machinery. TEDGERLY & HWAMMOND. — Machinery. J. MCCosNE.-Iron foundry. Steam engine EDGERLY & H NIo-ND.-Mahinor j. ob bigL. C. GURDY.-Iron foundry, general castings. jobbing. v y J. TAYLOR & Co.-Boilers only. _Brentwood, BRockingham County. Virginia City, Stor'ey County. M. M. MORRELL —Machinery. A. L. GREELEY. —achinery. Canterbury,.ierrimack County. J. McCuE. —Iron foundry. P. C. CLOUGH.-Agricultural implements. 50 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL M1ACHIINE WORKS, ETC. Canaan, Grafton County. President; W. Burlingame, Agent. Steam enDAY & CRANDALL.-Agricultural implements. gines and machinery. W. WELCIH.LMachinery. E. W. FOLSOM & Co.-Gas and steam pipe fitN. JONES.-Hardware and malleable iron. ings. Fishersville, lJerrimack County. Colebrook, Coos County. Wm.GoRA Io untry CONTOCOOK MANUFACTURING Co.-Iron foundry WM. A. GRAHAM.-Iron foundry and maand machinery. cinery. D. A. BROWN & Co.-Machinery. C. STODDART. -Machinery. YT,.^ 77~~Fr-ccanconiac, Grafton County. Charleston, Sullivan County. C. BOWLES. —Machinery. S. M. TYRELL.-Machinery. CHAS. EDSON.-Machinery. Concord, iMerrimacck County. Franlin, n fierrimack County. A. D. BROWN & Co.-Iron foundry, boilers,. AIKEN.-Machinery. and axles. J. B. AIKEN.-Machinery. BADGER & ABBoTT.-Machinery. E. COLLEY.-Machinery. DUNKLEE & TILTON.-Machinery. FLANDERS, CLARK & 0o.-Machinery. GEO. W. BROCKWAY.-Car springs. D. & C. GILCHRIST.-Iron foundry. JOHN M. FARRAR.-Machinery. & H. RoswELL.-Iron foundry. Concord R. R. machine shop and iron foundry.. THoMPsO.- ricultural implements W. P. FORD & Co.-Iron foundry.. L. THOMPSON —Aoricu W. P.FORD & ao.-lron foundry. B. M. PRESCOTT.-Car axles, forgings, etc. J. SMITH. —Tools and cutlery. FORD & KIMBALL.-Iron foundry; specialty, Grantham, Sullivan County. car wheels. E. M. CLoucH.-Machinery. GEO. H. MANSFIELD.-Machinery. Gc, os (ounty. Graham, Coos County. Northern (N. H.) R. R. machine shop. J. PALMER & Co.-Car springs. HRSEY. chie RUEL WEBSTER. —Machinery. Great Falls, Strafford County. J. S. WEBSTER & SoNs.-Machinery. GREAT FALLS MANUFACTURING Co.-Iron Claremont, Sullivan County. foundry and machinery. SULLIVAN MACHINE Co.-R. W. Love, Treas- SoMMERSWORTH MACHINE CO. —. I. Lord, Treasurer. Iron foundry. urer. Machinery, tools, etc. SMITH, COLLINS & Co.-Machinery and edge Groton, Grafton County. tools. N. WILToN.-Machinery.. L. N. KEMrPTON.-Machinery. HEYWOOD & Co.-Iron foundry. Gfod, Be C ty. SMITH, CLAREMONT & Co.-Machinery. S. K. BALDwIN.-Machinery. 2Durham, Straffordc County. B. J. COLE & Co.-Machinery andiron foundry. L. HAL. —Machinery.. PEPPER. —Macinery. WM. R. HOBBS. —Machinery. W.. PEPPER.- Machinery. Dover, Strcaford County. C. P. H. WARDWELL. —Machinery. DOVER IRON FOUNDRY.-O. H. Lord. General Gilmarton, Belknap County. castings. GILMARTON IRON WORKS.-A. H. Emerson R. 0. RoTHwELL. —Machinery. Proprietor. Agricultural machinery. Enfield, Grafton County. JOHN F. HUSSEY.-Agricultural tools and maP. T. CuMMINGS.-Machinery. chinery. D. M. CUMMINGS.-Machinery. Gilsum, Cheshire County. PLUMMER & COLLINS.-Agricultural imple- D. W. BILL.-Agricultural implements. ments. Eeement. chngGam Cn. rHamstead, 1Rockingham County..Exeter, Rockinghavm Czounty. D). TNICHOLS. —Machinery. JACOB & JAS. N. CARLISLE. (Exeter Iron Foundry).-Iron foundry.:Hinsdale, Cheshire County. CHOATE MANUFACTURING Co.-Iron foundry. HOLLMAN & MERRIMAN.-Machinery and EXETER MACHINE WORKS. —WI. W. Stickney, screws. DIIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 51 C. E. HUNTER. —Bolts, nuts, and washers. F. A. CUSHMAN.-Machinery. (Lebanon MaEAGLE IRON FOUNDRY.-Howe & Sabin. Iron chine Works.) foundry. GRANITE AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-C. B. NEWHALL & STEBBINS.-Agricultural imple- Mahan, Agent. Agricultural machinery. ments. C. M. HILDRETH.-Iron foundry. T. W. SABIN. —Iron foundry, general castings. MARSTON, STEARNS & Co.-Agricultural imWELDER & HOPKINS.-Tools, etc. plemlents. GEO. S. WELDER. Edge tools. MASCOMA EDGE TOOL Co.-Tools and cutting implements. Iillsborough, flillsborough County. implements. A. M. BEARD & Co.-Machinery. MOORE & BURNHAM. i Agricultural implements, Lake Village, Belknap County. iron foundry. Boston, Concord & Montreal R. R. machine W. WELLINGTON. -Machinery. shop. lolderness, Grafton Cunty. CRANE & iREPPER.-Machinery. S. W. FL R.-y. WARDELL & WEBSTER.-Machinery. S. W. FLETCHER. — Machinery. WM. EvANS. —Machinery. Littleton, Grafton County. Jeferson, Coos County. J. KILBOURNE & SoN.-Machinery and iron M. WooDWARD.-Machinery. foundlry. A. PADDLEFORD. —Machinery. JHollis, Hlillsborouogh County. D. P. SANFORD. —Planes. W. PARKER.-Machilnery. Lymanz, Grafton County. Hfooksett, Merrimack County. JuLIUS SMITH.-Machinery. D. W. PEASLEE. —Machinery. D. Manchester, Tillsborough County. Jfeene, Cheshire County. AMOSKEAG AXE Co.-M. Currier, Treasurer. Cheshire R. R. machine shop. Boston office, 20 Union Street; N. Y. office, 97 M. ELLIS & Co.-Iron foundry, general cast- Chambers Street. Edge tools, axes, etc. Number ings. of hands employed, 70. H. W. COOPER.-Agricultural implements. AMOSKEAG MANUFACTURING Co. —Wm. Amory, J. HUMPHREY.-Wood-working machinery. Treasurer. Cotton and woollen machinery, steam SANBUN & HUBBARD.-General machinery. fire engines, also cotton goods. Boston office, 60 J. C. TOLMAN. —Machinery. State Street; New York office, 5 Beekman Street. Cheshire and Ashuelot R. R. machine shop. This works was established in 1842, and em-Laconia, Belk.nJa) Coun ty. fmploys in all branches 4,000 hands, male and Laconia, Belknap County. fem.le BELKNAP IRON FOUNDRY.-Machinery and iron C. S. BAKER & CO.-Machinery. foundry. Proprietor, G. S. Rollins. H. M. BAILEY & SON.-Ir1 foundry, stove BRANLETT MBANUFACTURING C(o.-J. Ranlett, manufacturers. President and Treasurer; G. C. Moulton, Agent. BIsco & DENNY. —Crding machinery. Iron foundry; specialty, car wheels. (See ar B ron founry; speci, stoves. J. C. BucK. —Iron foundry; specialty, stoves. Wheel Foundries of N2ew lacmpshre.) J. C. FoRSATH.-Machinery. N. Hi BALDWIN..-Machinery. H. FORSAITH & Co.-Steam engines, machinery, L. C. DIMOND. — Machinery,. and sewing-machine needles. Lancaster, Coos County. HARTSHORN & PIKE. —-Iron foundry; specialBULLARD & HOVEY.-Iron foundry. ty, stoves. A. THIOMPsON. —Iron foundry and general iron A. H. LOWELL & Co.-Iron foundry, general work, castings. 25 hands. J PRINCE_-_Machinery.Y MANCHESTER LOCOMOTIVE WORKS. —W. C. D. THOMPSON.M -Machinery. Means, Treasurer; A. Blood, Agent. 300 hands employed. (See Locomotive Works of Xew -Lebanon, Grafton County. 1lampshire.) AMERICAN PATENT SPRING Co. —Springs. F. PRESTON.-Machinery. C. M. BAXTER.-Machinery. JAS. SMITH. —Machinery. COLE & BUGBEE.-Agricultural machinery. B. S. STOKES. (Granite File Works).-Files. 5~~2 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. VANCE & GOODWIN.-Iron foundry; specialty, Wilton R. R. machine shop. stoves. sto ves. T.NXewburg, _~err'iack County. VARNEY & NICHOLAS. —Machinery and tools. Newburg, Merimack County A. A. DIuRGIN. IMachinery. l.Barlborough, Cheshire County. C. Buss & SoN. —Machinery.nty. - C. HODGENS. —Machinery. S. N. WAREN. -— Machinery. MARLBOROUGH MIANUFACTURING Co. —Ma- F. W. COBURN —Edge tools. chinery. T. H. FLETCHER. —Edge tools. Mlilford, Itillsborough County. XNew PBoston, Iiillsboro County. W. P. DUNKLEE & Co. —Agricultural imple- DAVID N. BUTTERFIELD. —Machinery. ments. EATON & KN-OWLTON. —Iron foundry; special- ew London, Merrimack County. ty, stoves. D. FLETCHER.-Agricultural implements. HALL & HEALD. —Machinery. PHILIPS, MESSER & Co. —Agricultural ma, A. HEALD. —Planes, etc. chinery. 0. N. PAGE & SON. —Agricultural machinery. Jiclddleton, Stracfford County. J. M. WAKEFIELD. —AAgricultural machinery. O. E. BROWN.-Edge tools, etc. Nvew Ipswich, -lillsborough County. ~Na~shua, Hfillsboroulgh CounCty. BELLOWS.-Harness-making machinery. AMERICAN MACHINE MANUFACTURING Co. —J'. E. BRUCE Machinery. K. Priest, Superintendent. Steam engines and COLUMBIA WATER Loom FACTORY.-E. 0. general machinery. Marshall. Looms and cotton machinery. AMERICAN FAN Co. —F. A. McKean, Treas- J. M. WIITE. —Machinery urer. Fans and blowing machinery. GEO. W. DAVIS & Co.-Steam engines and INewington, Roc/ckzham County. machinery. Number of hands employed, 50. J. H. HOYETT. —Iron foundry. C. P. EaERSON.-Pipes. (See Pilpe and Tube Works.) W~orks.) Nlew Jarlcet, IWockivnghaam Cozuezty. W. J. FLATHER. —M3achinery. L. HILL.-Bolts, nuts, washers, etc. GEO. R. JOHINSON.-Cotton machinery. W. R. HoBBS. —1Machinery. KENDALL & WOODS.-Locomotive tires, etc. J. HAZELTON. —Iron foundry. NASHUA IRON Co.-J. H. Burnham, President. N. D. MILLER.- lachinery and brass castings. Iron foundry, machinery, forgings, etc. SWAMPSCOTT MACHINE Co. —-W. M. Paul, J. D. OTTERSON.-Iron foundry. 50 hands Agent. Gas-pipe fittings, steam fittings, etc. employed. J. F. SHELLABER. —M1achinery. NASHUA LOCK Co. —A. C. Barstow, President; Jos. TAYLoR. —Machinery. C. B. Hill, Treasurer; F. O. Monroe, Superintendent. Boston office, 26 Broad street; New Newport, Sullivan County. York office, 100 Chambers Street. Locks only. N. O. PAG & SON. Agricultural implements. Number of hands employed, 150. Works estab- J. M. WAKEFIELD.-Agricultural implements. lished 1832. lC. Jished 1832. -- Northwood, 2errimack County. C. J. TowNEs, —Machinery. UNDERHILL EDGE TOOL Co. —C. B. Hill, Treas-. ConM.-Machinery. urer; G. B. Underhill, Agent. New York office, Pembroke, M7errimack County. 100 Chambers Street. Axes, hatchets, etc. J. R.MANN.-Machinery. WARNER & WHITNEY. —Steam engines, ma- GEGE WORCESTER.MaChinery. chinery, and machine tools. L. STUART. - Machnery. NASHUA IRON FOUNDRY Co. —Chas. Williams, T Agent. Iron foundry, general castings. Petersborough, Iilllsborough County. A. H. SAUNDERS.-Machinery. G. P. FELT.-Iron foundry and machinery. AMERICAN HORSE-CLIPPING MACHINE MANUFAC- A. FULLER. —Iron foundry; specialty, stoves. TURING Co. —W. Earle, Jr., Agent. Horse-clip- PETERSBOROUGH MANUFACTURING COMPANY.ping machines. Machinery, etc. J. HINTON.-Saws. C. W. ROYCE.-Machinery. S. SHEPHARD. —Machinery. L. T. RYAN.-Machinery. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACJNINE WORKS, ETC. 53 Piermont, Grafton County. Somersworth, Great Falls, Strafford County. GEO. DODGE. —Agricultural implements. E. HIGLEY. —Machinery. SOMERSWORTH MACHINE Co.-M. C. Burleigh, Pittsfield, Merrimack County. Agent. Iron foundry and general machinery. R. 0. RuNDLET.-Machinery. S C e Cn J. P. ROBY & Co.-Iron Foundry, stove, she Cnty. manufacturers. C. CuRTIS.-Machinery. Plymouth, Grafton County.tton, errimac County. PlymouV Graft o.. A. A. DURGIN. —Machinery. Boston, Concord, & Montreal Railroad machine shop. Temple, Hiillsborough County. Portsmouth, Rockingham County. M. M. BALcH.-Machinery. R. A. KILLAN. —Machinery. CRITCHLEY & WHALLEY.-Machinery. PORTSMOUTH IRON Co.-General iron work. Troy, Cheshire County. JOSEPH L. Ross.-Iron foundry. W. KNIGHT. —Machinery. SEAVEY & MASON.-Agricultural implements.ere, Iillsorough County. K. WATKINS.-Iron foundry. A. WILSON & Co.-Hatchets. A. CHASE & SON-Machinery. WooDS, DODGE & Co.-Cutlery and tools. 0. EDwARDS.-Machinery. Randolph, Cos. Whield, Coos County. J. M. KELSEY.-Machinery. CHAS. T. WHEDON.-Machinery. H. HI lRH.~HMachinery. TVilton, Hfillsborough County. Salmon Falls, Strafford County. J. BLANCHARD. —Machinery. E. R. BuRK. —Machinery. SOMERSET MACHINE Co.-Machinery and iron JAS. Bw. —Machinery. foundry. Co.-Machinery JAS. Dow.-Machinery. fouTndry. ^ _ ^,. IL. PETTENGILL.-Machinery. SALMON FALLS MANUFACTURING Co.-Machinery and iron foundry. Winchester, Cheshire County. A. G. HALEY.-Iron foundry; specialty, stoves. JAS. V. CoxETER.-Machinery. Strafford, Strafcord County. D. Foss, J.-Machinery. Steam Engine and Machine Works D. PEASE.-Edge tools. and Iron Foundries of New Jersey. A. WALDRON.-Machinery. Bu n Atsion, Burlinlgton County. Southampton, Rockingham County. G. M. GROOS. —Machinery. A. P. EATON.-Machinery. Jos. RIDUEAR.-Machinery. B. JEWELS.-Axles. Baymore City, Hudson County. A. S. JEWELS.-Machinery.. GEhi J. C. NO YES.-Machinery. Beaver -Run, Sussex County. South New Market,.Rockingham County. South m C y. CALEB JONES & SONS. Plows, cultivators, S. H. KENNARD.-Machinery. road-scraprs, etc. NEW MARKET IRON Co.-Foundry and general iron work. Belidere, Warren County. M. POND & Co.-Iron foundry. W. H. BAYLOR.-Tools. GEO. E. FIFIELD.~-Machinery. BELVIDERE MANUFACTURING Co.-Agricultural J. H. RIDER. —Machinery. implements. IR. HOWARTu,-Machinery. RB. HIowARTKH,~-Machi-nery.~ Belleville, Essex County. Sunapee, Sullivan County. BELLEVILLE WIRE WORKs.-Proprietors, G. J. B. SMITH.-Machinery. De Witt & Bro. Philadelphia office, 703 MarJ. TURNER.-Machinery. ket Street. This is one of the oldest wire works JAS. TROTTER.-Iron foundry. in the country, and makes iron, brass, and copper SUNAPEE FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.- wire cloth, wire rope, cord and paper makers' Foundry and machinery. machine wires. The number of hands employed 54 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. is 150. This works is noteworthy as the point established in 1824, and engaged in wrought-iron at which the wire for the first telegraph line in work, and in Camden in 1850. The establishment the world, that of Prof. Morse, from Washington covers an area of seven acres, and is located in to Baltimore, was made. South Camden, on Cooper Creek, which affords wharfage for a length of 1,800 feet, and water Blackwoodtown, Camden County, connection with the Delaware River, a track from RIDGEWOOD IRON WORKE.-Proprietor, J. the Amboy Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad Ladd. General iron work. furnishing rail communication in all directions. A. N. BALDWIN & SONS.-Machinery. The foundries occupy eight buildings, of which J. FEGUSON. —Iron foundry and sewing ma- the largest are 190 by 60 feet, and 24 feet high. chines. - n the pipe works the capacity, when running Bloomingdale, Passaic County. full, is near 150 tons per day, and the working M. J. RYERSON. —Iron foundry, machinery, force, 1,300 hands. Additional works are being etc. constructed of stone, to be finished in the spring Bordcentown, Burlington County. of 1874, and will be used for machine and pattern BORDENTOWN MACHINE WoRKs. —Foundry and shops. This building is 279 feet long by 66 feet machinery. wide, and two stories high, with a wing, 67 by 66 DUGLAS TOMePSON. —Iron foundry and ma- feet, of one story, designed for core ovens, etc., chinery. 50 hands. and which will be extended 180 feet, as a loam MACPHERSON, WILLIARD & CO., UNION STEAM shop for castings. The whole works is gradually FORGE.-Car axles, locomotive frames, etc., with being rebuilt, and when completed is intended to heavy forgings. This establishment has produced be the most extensive works of its kind in the some of the heaviest forgings ever made in the world. The Messrs. Starr & Sons have another United States, and is celebrated for quality of foundry in Camden proper, consuming some forty work. 60 hands employed. tons of iron daily. The firm has furnished gasMachine shops of Amboy Division, Pennsylva- holders and machinery for many cities in all secnia Railroad. tions of the country, and shipped water-mains and L. C. CLAYPOLE.-Machinery. heavy pipe throughout the country. A train of cars loaded with heavy pipe left these works in Bricksburg, Ocean County. 1873 for San Francisco, where the freight was deBRICKSBURG MANUFACTURING Co.-W. W. livered without breaking bulk. Sherman, Treasurer; A. Jameson, Superintend- CAMDEN TOOL AND TUBE WORKs.-Proprietors, ent. Machinery, vises, railroad tools, etc. Num- Seyfert, McManus & Co. Philadelphia office, ber of hands employed, 30. 631 Chestnut Street. Machinery, tools, and tubes. R. A. BRICK & Co.-Iron foundry and iron (See Pipe and Tube Works f New (,ersey.) work. Established 1833. 130 hands employed. DARBY & WEATHERBY.-Steam engines, machinery, etc. Number of hands employed, 25. Bruidgeton, Cumaberlacnd @County. FULLERTON & HOLLINGSHEAD. —Machinery. Cox & Co.-Machinery. M. A. FURBUSI.-Woollen machinery, pulleys, CUMBERLAND NAIL & IRON WORKS.-Presi- hangers, etc. dent, R. C. Nichols; Secretary, William Stokes. A. A. KANE.-Iron foundry, general castings. Philadelphia offices, 44 N. Delaware Avenue. (See EASTBROOK STEEL PEN MANUFACTURING COMRolling Mills of New keersey.) PANY.-Steel pens, specialty. D. W. LANING. —Iron foundry. DIALOGUE & WooD.-Machinery, general iron FERRACUTE IRON WORKS.-O. Smith, Propri- works, iron ships, etc. etc. Works extensive and etor. Works at North Laurie. Light machinery, product large. (See iron Ship Yards of the tools, and castings. United States.) Burlington, Burlington County. S. B. JoBES.-General wrought-iron work. CARBON IRON AND STOVE Co.-Iron foundry, Cctrlstadt, Bergen County. specialty, stoves. VULCAN HARDWARE Co.-H. Gerecke, PresiCamden, Camden County. dent; Aug. Gerecke, Secretary; Jacob Stahl, CAMDEN IRON WO.-P, Jee W Treasurer. New York office, 84 Chambers Street. CAMDEN IRON WORKS.-Proprietors, Jesse W. Starr & S ) -on s.- h il ad ele TTT oe, Wa Locks, tools, and shelf hardware. Starr & Sons. Philadelphia office, 403 Walnut Street. Gas works, machinery, holders, etc.,' Charlottenburg, Passaic County. and cast-iron pipe, boilers, etc. (See Pipe and E. J. ROCKOVER & Co.-Iron foundry, general Tube Works of New etersey.) This works was castings. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 55 Chatham, lIorris County. Freehold, 3onmouth County. E. P. EDWARDs.-Machinery. CORNS & BOWDEN. —Agricultural implements. Chester, iMorris County. SHANCK & BowNE.-Agricultural implements. W. K. OSBORN.-Machinery. Glassboro, Gloucester County. A. VANDORAN.-Machinery. W. CORNELL.-Iron foundry. J. WEsBB.-lron founldryl. Gt Gloucester, Camden County. Clayton, Gloucester County. GLOUCESTER IRON AND MACHINE Co.-D. S. C. B. DECKER.-Iron foundry. Brown & Co., Philadelphia, Proprietors. This T. H. SATTERTHWAITE.-Agricultural imple- works includes extensive iron and machinery shops, ments. cotton mills, terra-cotta works, etc. GLOUCESTER IRON WORKS.-W. Sexton. Maleckertown^ Sutssex County. D eckertown, Sussex County. chinerv and general iron work. GEO. W. COE.-Iron foundry, plows, cultiva- LAFFERTY BRS. —Steam engines, locomotive tors, scrapers, etc. work, machinery, etc. ODELL & Co. —Iron foundry, general castings. Greenwich, Cumberland Couboty. D)over, MIorris County. JAS. AYRES & Co.-Machinery. A. ELLIOT. —Iron foundry. A. ELLOT. —-~IrO foundry. ITackcettstown, W'arren County. MORRIs COUNTY MACHINE AND IRON CO.n Dover is also notable as the site of iron-ore. Q. BOWERS & BROS.-Iron foundry. mines owned and worked by most of the Lehigh Hcainesport, _Burlington County. Valley iron companies, for which see Iron Ore J. D. JOHNSON.-Iron foundry..PFegions of _ew Jersey. ctRgamburgh, Sussex County. Egg ffarbor City, Atlantic County. R. E. EDSALL & Co.-Iron foundry. H. E. WOLF.-Machinery. C. JONES & SON.-Iron foundry. Elizabeth, and Elizabethport, Uniion County. Hfightstown, Miercer County. E. W. BRETTELL & Co.-Locks, etc. W. S. REGGS & Co.-Agricultural implements. Central Railroad of New Jersey machine shop. SHANGLE.-Iron foundry. ELIZABETH IRON Co.-E. J. Brown, President; High Bridge, Ifunterdon County. E. M. Dunn, Superintendent. (See Rolling yMills TAYLOR IRON WoRKs.-President, L. H. Tayof New Jersey.) lor; Secretary,,Jas. H. Walker; Treasurer and ELIZABETHPORT MANUFACTURING Co.-Tbos. Manager, W. J. Taylor; General Agent, E. L. Driver, President; Wm. Shive, Secretary. Mal- Brown. New York office, 93 Liberty Street. leable iron work. Car wheels, axles, and railroad forgings. (See C. HEADEN.-Wrenches. catr TVheel Foundries of New Jersey.) HARRIS sBEROS.~Machinery. HARRIS Bos.-Machinery. oboken, HIudson County. S. HARRIs.-Machinery. J. HICKSRI.-T1Siner. UNION IRON FOUNDRY.-Proprietor, Geo. J. HIcKs.-Tools. Focht. General castings. S. L. MOORE & SON.-Machinery, steam engines, w Yk is, enens a cail and iron foundry. 20 hands employed Pennsylvania Railroad, WORRALL & CO.-Iron foundry. New York machine shops. 100 hands. of xnn &Q Cr fo u nd. w'oERGUSON & Co.~Iron foundry. Estaboffice, 28 Elm Street. Saws. This works was. FERGSON & C.-Iron foundry. Esta established in 1775, and now employs 100 hands. UNION IRON o -ans & Co. Ge -^ ^ FT T f ^^^' ^UNION IRON WoRaKs.-Mansfield & Co. GenMUNSELL & THOMPSON.-Iron foundry; spe- i cialty, stoves. e BRAY & RICE.-New York office, 20 Cort- HOBOKEN IRON WoRKS.-Jas. Kirkpatrick. landt Street. Iron foundry and machinery Iron foundry, machinery, engines, boilers, etc. ]andt Street. Iron foundry and machinery. Z. UNION MANUFACTURIN o.-Screws and I~. A. VANDERBECK.-Iron railings and genUNIo ANUFACTURING Co.-Screws and ~wrenches,~~. o~~eral wrought-iron works. wrenches. n JOHN H. MCLAREN.-Stationary and marine -Florence, Burlington County. engines, millgearing, shafting, etc., etc. 50 hands FLORENCE FOUNDRY.-R. D. Wood & Co. employed. Iron foundry. (See Pi2e and Tube Works of Ifolmdell, Mfonmouth County. New Jersey.) Water and gas pipes, hydrants, JAS. W. HEGER. —Machinery. etc. 250 hands employed. JOHN H. HEGER.-Machinery. h 56 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL M1ACHINE WORKS, ETC. topge, Warren County, JERSEY CITY CAST STEEL TOOL CO. J. C. BEWERS.-Machinery. PETER HOFFMIAN.-243 Green Street. Boilers Jersey City, H[udson County. only. 20 hands. ersey City, dson C tyJESEY CITY FORGE Co.-North Third, near ADIRONDACK STEEL MANUFACTURING Co.-Pro- Grove Street. Axles and forgings. prietors, Gregory & Co. H. J. Hopper, Superin- JERSEY CITY LOCOMIOTIVE WoRKS. —Steuben tendent. Cast steel. 75 hands employed. (See & Warren. Operated by Pennsylvania Railroad Co. Crucible Steel Works of New Jersey.) Foot of J. M. KEEP MANUFACTURING Co.-J. M. Keep, Warren Street. President; H. P. Hunt, Superintendent. Works, JERSEY CITY SPIKE AND RIVET WORKS. —W. Grove and North Second Streets. New York Ames & Co., 178 Washington Street, Proprietors. office, 8 Dey Street. Specialty, stationers' hardSpikes, rivets, etc. Established 1849. Number ware. of hands employed, 40. W. BAILEY, LANG & Co.-Locomotive tires, ALLYN CAR SPRING Co.-Geo. Cecil, President, etc. 48 Morgan Street. Car springs. H. LESLIE.-Boilers only. AMERICAN WATER & GAS PIPE Co. —(See TIOSs. LOGAN.-98 Hudson Street. Steam enPipe and Tube WVorks of New Jersey.) gines, shafting, pullies, hangers, machinery. AMERICAN SPIRAL SPRING BUTT CO.-C. S. MCTIGHE & WARDLEIGH. —BOlts and screws. Van Wagner, President. New York office, 27 R. S. MARTIN.-Iron foundry. Park Row. MCKAY IRON AND LOCOMOTIVE WORKS. (See JERSEY CITY BOILER WORKS.-David Birds- Locomotive Works of New Jersey.) dale, Proprietor. Foot of Munroe Street. 25 W. MCCANN.-66 Hudson Street. Engines, hands employed. and boilers, tanks, sugar pans and machinery. J. L. BLACKMORE.-40 Railroad Avenue. Iron METROPOLITAN LOCK VALVE Co.-Steam valves. foundry, general castings. 20 hands. MOORE CAR WHEEL Co.-H. W. Moore, PresiBROWER & TILLYER. —79 Mercer Street. Iron dent; F. Perry, Secretary and Treasurer. Works, foundry. corner Greene and Wayne Streets. (See Car JERSEY CITY MACHINE WORKS.-Cushing & Wheel Foundries of New Jersey.) Ribon. Foot of Warren Street. Machinery, boil- B. McLouGHLIN. —Foot of Essex Street. Eners, copper and brass work. gines, boilers, smoke-stacks, tanks, machinery, CUMMINGS CAR WORKS.-(See Car Works of and iron foundry. NIew Jersey.) New Jersey Railroad and Transportation ComA. DEROCQUIGNY & SoN. —Machinery and brass pany's machine shop. 250 hands. work. Shops, Hudson City. PATENT WATER AND GAS PIPE Co.-Wm. H. D. D. DAVIs.-Machinery. Talcott, President; N. Stephens, Vice-President; DICKSON BROS.-120'York Street. Machinery. W. Harris, Secretary and Treasurer; M. Swift, THOMAS EIERSON & Co.-Boilers, bolts, nuts. Engineer and Superintendent. New York office, Erie Railroad machine shop. 91 Liberty Street. (See Pilpe and Tube Works of VULCAN IRON WoRKS.-John A. Falconer, New kersey.) Proprietor. 44 Hudson Street. Steam engines, WM. RADFORD.-126 Hudson Street. Radford's saw and sugar mill machinery, boilers, etc. patent steering apparatus, and pumps. NORTH POINT FOUNDRY.-Peter Fields & Son, PHCENIX WORKS. —Proprietors, John Savery's Proprietors. Works, corner of Green and Mor- Sons. 251 Railroad Avenue. Iron foundry; gan Streets. Iron foundry, general iron works. specialty, stoves, hollowware, and fine castings. 75 hands employed. New York office, 97 Beekman Street. 100 hands C. H. FRANKLIN & SONS.-Foot of Morgan employed. Street. Boilers. Jos. SACK.-169 Newark Avenue. Iron founGAUTIER, PARKER & Co.-Warren Street, near dry, stoves. river. Cast steel. (See Crucible Steel Works of SIMONDS MANUFACTURING Co.-Steuben and New Jersey.) 45 hands employed. Green Streets Iron Foundry. —Specialty, hot air G. C. GoRDoN.-Iron railings. 159 South and water heating apparatus, ventilators, etc. Eighth Street. New York office, 52 Cliff Street. THOS. GANNON.-112 Hudson Street. Machin- SMITH & BRo. —Machinery. ery, sugar vacuum pans, brass work, etc. STEELE & CoNDICT. —Proprietors, Titan Iron W. C. HUTTON.-.94-100 Hudson Street. Steam Works. —Iron foundry and machinery, steam enengines, boilers, oil tanks, stills, etc. gines, stationary and portable, castings, forgings, J. HACKET.-Machinery. railroad work, etc. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 57 JERSEY CITY STEEL WORKS.-Proprietors, Jas. lullica Hill, Gloucester County. R. Thompson & Co. Works, Warren Street. HOFFMAN & REESE.-Iron foundry. Cast steel. 80 hands. (See Crucible Steel TWorks of New Jersey.) jewark, Essex County. UNION CAR SPRING MANUFACTURING Co.-New L. ALLEN. —Machinery. York office, 4 Dey Street. F. G. Rhinelander, THOMAS ALLEN.-Machinery. President; S. V. Mann, Secretary and Treasurer; D. ALMOND.-Wood and iron working machin. F. G. Saltonstall, General Agent. Works also at ery. Cincinnati, Ohio, and Springfield, Massachusetts. AMERICAN STANDARD TOOL Co.-F. H. Smith, Specialty, patent car springs. President. Tools, twist drills, chucks, etc. -AMERICAN EAGLE STEAM GAUGE Co.-190 Jo]nsonborough, Wcarren Count. Market Street. Market Street. WM. SHAFFER.-Tool manufacturer. OSCAR BARNETT.-34 and 36 McWhorter, and fTuinction, cHunterdos n County. Railroad Avenue, corner Johnson. Malleable iron works. 140 hands employed. New Jersey Central Railroad machine shop. BLESS & DRAKE.-173 Railroad Avenue. Sad Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad d tailors' irons. machine shop. BOLEN & CRANE.-23 Plane Street. Steam Lafayette, Sussex County. engines, hydraulic presses, shaping machines. 50 COLLVER & HUSTON. —Iron foundry. hands employed. J. M. HAGAIIAN. —iron foundry. BOSH Bnos.-Locks. J. I. HAAAN.i- n fndry. A. H. BOMELL.-254 Market Street. Axles. _Lambertville, iluntercdon County. BURNETT & LEONARD.-450 Ogden Street. A. BURNETT.-Machinery. Boilers and pipe. (See Pipe and Tube Works of LAMBERTVILLE IRON WORKS. —Proprietor, Wm. Ne Jersey.) Corwin. Iron foundry and general iron work. G. G. BRUENMUER & Co.-Hardware, cigar machines, etc. 11 Mechanic Street. Mfantua, Gloucester County. R. C. BREESE.-52 Mechanic Street. Axles. Jos. DANIELS. — ron foundry. GEO. A. BYLES. —-63 New Jersey Railroad Avenue. Machine models. 3aitawcan, lJonmzouth County. BELCHER BROS. & Co. —Rules, scales, etc. N. D. H. WYCKOFF & SoN. —Agricultural imple- Y. office, 73 Beekman Street. ments. A. BUERMANN. —10 East Mechanic Street. Mlay's Landing, Atlantic County. Saddlery hardware. BLANCHARD, BOYLAN & Co. —45 and 47 LawR. KING.-Machinery. rence Street. Saddlery hardware, etc. lillville, Cumberland County. CAMPBELL & MITCHELL.-Iron foundry and S. P. SPEER. —Machinery. machinery. R. D. WOD & SONSJron foundry, gas and. CHARLETON.-40 Arch Street. Tools. 40 R. ID. WooD & SoNs. —Iron foundry, gas and water pipe. Philadelphia office, 402 Chestnut hands employed. Street. GEORGE W. COLLARD.-Iron foundry. CYRUS CURRIER.-21 Railroad Place. Steam EMILE GREYLINE.-Turbine wheels. engines, Fourdrinier and other paper machinery, Jloorestown, _Burlington County. rag-mill machinery, and pumps. Established 1836. W. D. BRocK.-Machinery. JACOB CONRADE.-Iron foundry. E. ROBERTS.-Agricultural implements. V. T. CRANE & Co. —50 Mechanic Street. Bolts, nuts, etc. Morristown, fforris County. B. CONLAN & Co.-45 Lawrence Street. C. M. DALLY.-Sa mill, and grist mill machin- Trunk and bag mountings, tools, and model ery, coffee and hulling machines, and general machinery. machinery. 60 hands employed. S. H. COWLES.-Coach and harness mountings. 61 Railroad Avenue. lMount Hiolly, Bgurlinigton Couqnty. CONDICT & WHEELER.-72 Mechanic Street. THOMAS C. ALCOTT & SoN.-Iron foundry. Saddlery hardware. A. T. BAILEY.-Iron railings. J. DANE, JR.-Machinery. 61 Hamilton C. L. BRANSON.-Agricultural implements. Street. RISDEN BROS. & Co.-Machinery, E. H. & J. H. DAwsoN.- Bank Street. Axles, 58 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. D. & G. DELANY.-83 Mechanic Street. Car- S. E. IvEs.-294 Market Street. Axles. riage springs. W. S. JEssu. —75 Nesbit Street. Iron founA. J. DA.VIS.-93 Railroad Avenue. Steam dry and malleable-iron works. 35 hands emengines, machinery, etc. ployed. DICKINSON & ROWDEN.~-61 H3amilton Street. J. F. JOHNSON.-1 Commercial Street. Files. Lathes, presses, machinery, etc. W. JOHNSON. — Hedenberg works. Tools and WM. F. DUERR.-39 Mechanic Street. Ma- cabinet hardware. chinery, dies, etc. IR. IEINISCH. —205 Bank Street. New York, DUNCAN & BRADNER.-13 Mulberry Street. 301 Broadway. Shears and scissors. Machinery. W. H. KING. —69 New Jersey Railroad AveEDWARDS & SMITTH. —53 to 57 New Jersey Rail- nue. Maclinery. road Avenue. Iron doors, shutters, railings, etc. C. & T. LowERRE. —13 Alling Street. Sewing JOHN ELY.-117 Mulberry Street. Iron and crimping machines. foundry. Iron bedsteads, gratings, railings, L. J. LYONS & Co. — Steam boilers, tanks, etc. doors, and shutters. 50 hands. ESSEX MANUFACTURING CO.-A. M. Chase, PEIrENIX WORKs.-P. Lowentraut. Tools, President. 173 Railroad Avenue. Bolts, nuts, hardware, etc. etc. LANGSTROTH & CRANE.-14 M}echanic Street. GEORGE L. FRIED.-24 Mechanic Street. N. Y. office, 100 Chambers Street. Builders' and Steam fittings and heating apparatus. heavy hardware. FURNESS, BANNISTER & Co. —48 Sheffield C. N. LoCKwooD & Co. —20 Mechanic Street. Street. Tools, dies, cutlery, and hardware. 30 Car hardware. hands employed. D. M. MEEKER. —87- Clay Street. Iron founC. & S. B. GREUCEN. —53 New Jersey Railroad dry and malleable-iron work; specialty, coach Avenue. Carriage hardware. and gun castings. M. GARRIGAN.-28 Mechanic Street. Saddlery O. MEEKER & Co.-Iron foundry and castings. hardware. 50 hands. M. GOULD'S SoNs.-65 Hamilton Street. Stair- MiORRISOi,, SINCLAIR & Co. —14 James Street. rods and trunk hardware. New York office, 96 Iron foundry and machinery. 30 hands emChambers Street. 100 hands employed. ployed. GREEN, BODWELL & Co.-124 Green Street. MIOCKRIDGE & SoN. —58 Mechanic Street. Wire ferules. Sole manufacturers in United Builders' hardware. States. G-M.M. MITTNACIIT.-60 Mlechanic Street. J. GREVILLE. —21 Mechanic Street. Saddlery Safes. hardware. F. MEYER. —61 New Jersey Railroad Avenue. VIATHIAS GiABRIEL.-21 Green Street. Gen- Scales. eral iron work. J. S. MUNDY. —7 New Jersey Railroad Avenue. E. & R. J. GOULD.-97 Railroad Avenue. Steam engines, hoisting machinery, and general Steam fire engines, fire department work, etc. machinery. J. GEIGER. —29 Railroad Avenue. Files. D. C. MCMILLAN.-254 larket Street. J. R. GRIFFITH.-Iron foundry. Axles. JOSEPH HARPER. —Vises. W. T. & J. MEERSRAU. —27 New Jersey RailHAWKINS & DODGE. —56 Morris and Essex Ave- road Avenue. New York office, 62 Duane Street. nue. Machinery. Specialty, wood-working ma- Stair-rods and trunk hardware. chinery. MCFARLAND & MCINTYRE.-Opposite Market A. & E. C. HAY. —9 Alling Steet. Iron foun- Street depot. Iron foundry. dry. Specialty, machine castings. 30 hands em- NEWARK MIANUFACTURING Co.-Tools and ployed. machinery. HELLER & BROs.-Files. 73 New Jersey Rail- NEW YORK FILE CO.-C. W. Griffith, Presiroad Avenue. dent. 88 Warren Street. New York office, 11 HEWIS &.PHILLIPS.-~Machinery. Spruce Street. Files. A. HERMSTADTER.-Locks. 7 New Jersey NOYES & HIERSCIEL.-Safes. Railroad Avenue. C. S. OSBORNE.-Saddlery tools, HUNTINGTON MACHINE WVORKS. —123 Halsey M. ORTEL.-Railroad Avenue. Springs. Street. General machinery. 70 hands employed. G. E. PARKER.-23 River Street. Light HADEN & OSBORN.- 28 Orange Street. Steam machinery. engines and general machinery. PASSAIC SAW WORKS. —Saws, DIRECTORY OF GE-NERAL MACHINE WORIKS, rEC. 5 9 PELLITT & CONOVER. -Agricultural imple- Avenue. Axles and springs. Works also at ments. Bridgeport, Conn. J.A. Gifford, President; T. PREVOST & WILLIAMs. —Edge tools. Grace, Secretary. JAMES A. PRIcE.-Corner Mechanic and Ex- CHAS. TAYLOR & CO. (Washoe Tool Co.).-166 change Streets. Files. Chambers Street, N. Y. Picks, miners' tools, M. PRICE. —334 Mulberry Street. N. Y. office, etc. 54 Beekman Street. Edge tools, etc. J. THEBOLD. —45 Lawrence Street. Saddlery ICIHARDSON & HALL. —32 Mechanic Street. hardware. Saddlery hardware. 15 hands employed. J. THIELMANN & Co.-154 Mulberry Street. J. H. RocK.-Car springs. Coach hardware. ROALESS & GRAIHAM.-Iron foundry. UNIVERSAL TRUNK HARDWARE Co.-T. L. RITCHIE & BUYDEN.-15 New Jersey Rail- Rivers, Agent. 17 Mulberry Street. Trunk road Avenue. Locks. hardware. RICI-ARDSON BRos.-Foot of Market Street. VANDORAN & RIELY.-Machinery. Sarws. B. VAN NOSTRAND. —6-3 Railroad Avenue. ROFF & HUNTINGTON.-General machinery. Light machinery. ROMER & Co.-141 Railroad Avenue. Locks. C. WALSI, SON & BRO. —Hamilton and Rail25 hands employed. road Avenues. Trunk frames, etc. T. C. RICHARDS. —10S New Jersey Railroad T. M. WARD & Co.-456 Market Street. Iron Avenue. N. Y. office, 47 Murray Street. Car- foundry, agricultural iron work, builders' castbuilders' and fancy hardware. 60 hands em- ings. ployed. PAssAIc MACHINE WVoRKS. —VTatts, Campbell NEW JERSEY WIRE MnILL.-H. Roberts, Pro- I& Co., Proprietors. Passaic, corner of Ogden prietor. Works, New Jersey Railroad Avenue Street. General machinery. 60 hands. and Chestnut Street. Telegraph and other wire. WV. VHITE. —10 Commercial Street. Edge SAUERBIER & SoNS.-35 Mechanic Street. tools. Mechanics' tools, special tools, etc. C. V. WILSON. —69 Railroad Avenue. Files. SEYMOUR & WHITLOCK. —43 Lawrence Street. WRIGHT & SMITH.-9 Alling Street. Steam Steam engines, Baxter portable engines, iron and engines, machine tools, wooc-working machinery, wood working machinery. etc. N. Y. office, 93 Liberty Street. W. SHIVE & Co.-Iron foundry. WRESTHOFF, WRIGHT & KUENIHOLD.-303 THOMfAS SLAIGHT. —11 New Jersey Railroad Railroad Avenue. General hardware. 60 hands avenue. Locks. employed. G. STEDENFIELD.-Locks and light machinery. G. A. WIEDMAYER & Co.-32 Mechanic Street. ~04 Market Street. Saddlery hardware. W. L. STARR & Co.-44 Lawrence Street. J. WNEIS.-26 Bank Street. Pruning shears. SaIddlery hardware. WIEDD & Co.-Green Street and Railroad PHINEAS SIMTITH.-N. Y. office, 116 Chambers Avenue. Smoothing irons. dtreet. Hardware, tools, mowers and reapers, WICHELHAUS & ROTHE.-Hedenberg Works. etc. 30 hands. Hardware and tools. SMITH & SAYER MANUFACTURING Co. 46 ZIEGLER & OTTO.-44 Mechanic Street. Coach Bridge Street. N. Y. office, 95 Liberty Street, hardware. &Seam engines, boilers, pumps, gas machines, etc. Z. WALSH-L-Locks. 25 hands employed. SPEACIH & GUELICHIE.-Hedenberg Works. WEINER & Co. —87 Mechanic Street. General Hlardware, tools, skates, etc. hardware. 125 hands employed. SKINNER, LEANY & LINDSLEY.- 23 Lawrence street. Stationary and portable engines, hoisting s iddesex Cout and pile-driving engines, and general machinery. W. DEELY.-Iron foundry. E. STEWART. —Machinery. NATIONAL IRON WORKS.-Wm. E. Kelly, E. & M. S:EWiART. —Machinery. Proprietor. Steam engines, rubber machinery, STANNIER & LAFFEY. —Works, East Newark. etc. T. Y. office, 53 Fulton Street. Fourdriner ma- NEW BRUNSWICK MACIHINE Co.-Geo. B. Munn chine wires, etc. & Co. General machinery. G. & T. SIMONSON.-34 Church Street. Sad- W. C. SMITH & SON.-Iron foundry and general dlery hardware. machinery. M. B. TIDEY.-Machinery. J. & E. WALDRON. — Steam engines, machinery. TOMLINSON SPRING Co. —New Jersey Railroad 40 hands. 60 DIitECTORY OF GNEItAL MA CIINE W-:ORS,'TC..NXew f~arkcet,, ilficicdlesecx Cou nty. -f. 1-f. IBAKIER.-A-achinerv. f NLe~w Ti7llagTgc~, T-'urren Coutmdy. KENNEY, CARTER & CO.-Iron foundry, general castings. ANewgton, 8mssex County. WTM. WOo DwRD.- Safes. GEO. l I. NELDEN. —Iron foundry, plows, etc. tl l IParsiplthpauny, Niforris County.\\I a A. D. ConB.-Iron foundry. -a th asscic, Passaic Cordiunty. e s' il PosT & DORAN.-iron foundry. anc wareroom, 98 Chambers Street, New York. j Is Managers: Charles A. Cheever, Treasurer; Geo. I Q. I)ow, Secretary. Location of the works, Passaic, N. J. This is one of the most coumplete establishments in the world for the manufacture of' machinists', locomotive, car builders', and railroad repair-shop tools. The works of the New York Steam Engiine Company were originally located at Worcester, [ gMass., but removed in 1869 to Passaic, N. I J., eleven miles distant from New York. For manufacturing purposes the situation is highly advantageous, the Passaic River affording exhaustless water power, and the Erie Railroad furnishingI _ facilities for transportation in any direction. K._ The new enterprise was actively prosecuted, and __ early in 1871 the company had completed the erection of one of the largest and most systemat_ ically arranged establishments of the kind in the United States, completely equipped with all the i requisite machinery and appliances for the build- i description, both light and heavy. The machinery is operated by a turbine water-wheel of one hundred horse-power, and the establishment affords employment to about one thousand workmmen. All the buildings are constructed in the most il substantial manner, of brick, with walls of great thickness, the floors heavily timbered, and the roofs covered with slate. The principal buildings I are heated by steam and lighted with gas. Every precautionary measure that experience could suggest has been adopted for protection against fire, and, in the opinion of competent undei writers, 1. 1 this is considered the safest machine-shop risk in the United States, the arrangements for extinguishing fire being of the most ample description. 36 INca ENcINE LATMM, The premises are traversed by the water mains Mlanufactured by New York Steam Engine Company, of the Passaic Water Works, and there are sev DIRECTORY OF. GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 61 eral hydrants for use in an emergency. Iron lad- by 40 feet in size, is fully equipped with all the ders are attached to the outer walls of all the usual requirements. The blacksmith shop, a principal buildings, and a hose carriage, with 600 building 40 by 80 feet in area, contains a number feet of 2~- inch hose, is in constant readiness for of forges, including two patent iron forges of the use. In the fire-pump house are two powerful most improved construction; also a powerful steam pumps, geared to connect with the water-wheel, hammer, capable of forging shafts eight inches in and surrounded by steam pipe to prevent freezing. diameter. In a detached building, strongly conAlong each floor of the machine shop and the pat- structed of brick and iron, and completely firetern shop and storehouse run large water pipes, proof, are the boilers which generate steam for with openings at intervals of forty feet, and to heating purposes. each stop-cock fifty feet of hose is constantly at- The machine shop is a fine structure, measurtached, for instant service, if required. ing 60 by 375 feet in area, and is two stories high, the first story being 16 feet, and the second 11 feet 6 inches in the clear. A portion of the first floor is appropriated to the general business offices and the office of the superintendent of the works. Space is also set aside for a storeroom for such ~~~i~~lljlill~~~tl~~illi~~i iil' nflt ll't Manufactured by New York Steam Engine Company. No. 4 CAR WHEEL BOiER. Mranufactured by New York Steam Engine Co. The company make all their own castings, both iron and brass. The iron foundry is 52 by 130 supplies as are in constant requisition, including feet in area, dand 22 feet in height. It is equipped belting files, oil waste, etc. The entire remainder with two of McKenzie's cupolas and blowers, of this floor is devoted to manufacturing purposes, three large core ovens, supplied with railways and specially the production of the larger classes of trucks, two cranes, each capable of lifting twelve machinery. tons, two of the company's gear moulding machines, For the handling of these heavy articles there rattlers, and all other requisite appurtenances for are eight cranes, each of the capacity of seven the production of work upon an extensive scale. tons, and an improved transverse crane capable In the yard adjoining the foundry is a powerful of lifting 25 tons. This crane is located in the drop, for the purpose of breaking up old iron, and central hoistway, which is 75 feet long by 20 feet inan j an adjacent building are stored coal, moulding wide. Rlunningthe entire length of the building sand, fire-brick, fire-clay, etc. is a railway, supplied with a turn table. This The brass foundry is 20 by 52 feet in area, sup- railway extends to the iron foundry, forty feet plied with four furnaces and all the requisite distant, terminating under the large cranes therein flasks and other appliances. The flask shop, 30 located. 62 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. The greater portion of the second floor is de- The draughting room, 16 by 60 feet in area, is also voted to the building of the lighter descriptions of upon this floor. Several skilful draughtsmen are machinery, the finishing of brass work, etc. On constantly occupied in the preparation of designs each floor are two lines of shafting, from 21 to 31 and working plans of machinery. inches in diameter, running on the "' improved The pattern shop and storehouse is a three story universal hangers," designed and manufactured by building, 40 by 100 feet in area. The second floor this company. A part of the second floor is ap- is devoted exclusively to the making of patterns propriated to the tool room, where all the small from original designs. It is well equipped with tools used in the works are made and repaired. all the necessary wood-working machinery, such 6I i''I FOUNDRY GEAR MiOLDING MACHINE. Manufatured by New York Steam Engine Co. as planing machines, lathes, circular saws, boring ing machines; bolt cutters, with revolving and machines, etc. The assortment of patterns is very stationary dies; horizontal boring and drilling extensive and valuable. machines, improved crank planers, patent chuckFor machinists' use the Company build engine ing and turning lathes, Chapman's patent slotting lathes, patent planers, slotting machines, compound tools, car-wheel borers, car-axle lathes and centreplaners, or shaping machines; upright, traverse, ing machines; driving-wheel lathes, with crank-pin suspension, radial and crank drills; milling and boring attachment; quartering machines; both slabbing machines; nut and bolt slabbing and fac- right and left, and double; car and driving wheel DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 63 hydraulic presses, of from 100 to 200 tons capa- TODD & RAFFERTY MACHINE Co.-Steam encity; three sizes of gear molding machines; corn- gines with patent cut-off, both portable and stabined punch and shears; also hand and wood lathes, tionary, flax, hemp, and general machinery. N. patent self-oiling counter shafts and hangers; pul- Y. office, 10 Barclay Street. leys and couplings; all descriptions of gearing; all UNION BOLT WORKS. —D. Harwood, Propriesizes and kinds of taps and dies; machine shop and tor; H. Emerson, Agent. Bolts and nuts. 45 foundry cranes, etc., etc. hands employed. Not less than six machines of a kind are built VAN RIPER MANUFACTURING Co.-Machinery at one time, and as the list comprises more than and mill work. forty distinct articles, averaging seven sizes each, J. E. VAN WINKLE.-Flax, hemp, and cotton there are frequently more than two hundred ma- mill machinery. chines building at the same time, some of them WATSON MANUFACTURING Co.-Wm. G. Watweighing more than forty-five tons. son, President; Jas Watson, Vice-President. The general business offices and warerooms of Iron foundry and machine works. (See also Iron the Company are located at No. 98 Chambers -Bridge Works.) This company manufactures street, New York city. iron bridges, turn-tables, roofs, and architectural Paterson, Passaic County. iron, employing 800 men, 500 of whom are engaged inside and 300 more in erecting bridges. E. ARCHER. —Iron foundry, light castings. addition, the company builds heavy and light GEO. ADDY.- Bolts and nuts. machinery, steam engines, bolt cutters, and does GEO. BROMHEAD.-Wire. general foundry work. The business of the works J. BROWN. Boilers oly. was not interfered with by the panic, the company ERIE iSAW WTORKS. H. Burton. Saws. 2having orders on their books amounting to over BENJ. BUCKLEY & Co.-Spinning machinery $600,000 in January, 1874. and spindles. THOMAS WRIGLEY.-Machinery, washers, and CURRAN & BOWERING MANUFACTURING CO.- rings. P. Curran, President; G. D. Voorhies, Secre- JOHN WRIGLEY.Locks and light machinery. tary; J. Bowering, Superintendent. Iron foundry, WEINMANN & KEARNEY.-Files and rasps. stoves, and copper work for locomotives, fire engines, etc. Perth Amboy, JMiddlesex County. JAMES DUNKERLEY & Co.-Cotton-spinning M.. SHAUTZ.-Machinery. machinery. DANFORTH LOCOMOTIVE AND MACHINE CO.- Pennington, ieercer County. John Cooke, President; Jas. Cooke, Superin- D.L. HATTIN.-.Mahinery. tendent; J. Edwards, Vice-President; A. J. Bixby, Treasurer. 750 hands employed. (See Petersburg, Cape fay County. -Locomotive Works of A. T) SL.ocIGrOative D-iWorks of N.e r.) F. N. ENTRIKEN.-Machinery. S. D. GOULD.o Machinery. T. VAN GILDER.-Agricultural implements. GRANT LOCOMIOTIVE WORKS. —D. B. Grant, President. (See Locomrotive Works of A..) Phillipsburgh, Warren County. HARRELL & HAYES. —Steam fire engines, metal PHILLIPSBURGH MANUFACTURING Co.-D. Runspinning, etc. kle, President and Treasurer. Hot-pressed nuts, MACIIINISTS ASSOCIATION. —J. Peel, Secretary; bolts, etc. Managers, E. Morehouse and W. Senior. Cotton, BEES LAKE MACHINE Co. —A. R. Reese, flax, and hemp machinery. President; Geo. Sweeney, Secretary. Machinery. C. MOSELY. —Silk machinery. DELAWARE BOLT Co.-A. H. Sage, President. R. H. ORRIS & C. —Gauges, mill work, etc. Bolts, nuts, etc. Jos. NUSSEY. —Flax machinery. JACOB TIPPETT.-Iron foundry. PATERSON IRON C. —F. C. Beckwith, Treas- WARREN FOUNDRY AND MACHINE Co.-D. urer; C. D. Beckwith, Secretary; J. A. Beck- -Runkle, President and Treasurer; Wm. R. Wilwith, Superintendent. Heavy forgings. son, Secretary. Machinery, castings, etc. PHCENIX BOILER WoRKs.-Proprietors, Rafferty, Smith & Co. Boilers only. 60 hands er- Porpton, Passaic County. ployed. POMPTON STEEL WORKS.-Proprietors, Jas. ROGERS LOCOMOTIVE AND MACHINE WORKS.- Homer & Co., N. Y. office, 47 Warren St. (See J. J. Rogers, President. (See Locomotive Works Crucible Steel Works of V. J.) 200 hands ofj. I.) employed. i 64 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. ~I. J. RYERSON.-Iron foundry. NEW JERSEY STEEL AND IRON Co.-Ed. Cooper VULCAN FILE WVoRKS.-Jas. Homer & Co., President; F. J. Slade, Secretary. N. Y. office Proprietors. Files. 17 Burling Slip. (See.Rolling ifiills of New _Raritan, Somerset County. J'ersey.) ENYON a anmr Cont i This works covers an area of 12 acres, and KENYON BROS.-Machinery and'agricultural. impm Ros.-'nats.nery a~ngrlcuiuurav employs, when full, 600 hands. In addition to ~~~~~implements. ^the rolling mills, it is noteworthy as having been REESE, STAUTS & MELICK MANNUFACTURING the first works at which steel was made by the Iron foundry and macinery. Siemens-Martin process, which was introduced okockawcay, lborris County. into this country by Abram S. Hewitt, Esq., UNION FOUNDRY AND MACHINE Co.-M. How- when Commissioner of the United States to the land, Agent. Iron foundry and machinery. Paris Exposition. TRENTON VISE AND TOOL Co.-Hermann Boker Saddle River, Bergen County. & Co., 99 and 101 Duane Street, N. Y., PropriePACKER & TERWILLIGER.-Iron foundry. tors. J. Howard Murray, Trenton, SuperintendSalemn, Scalemr Cozunty. ent and Manager. This works includes iron Jal Ao n founm d. foundry, forge with over twenty fires, machine J. ACTON.-Irol foundry. and finishing shops and brass foundry, and manuS. GAR-RISON.-Agricultural implements. ^ factures vises, sledges, hammers, picks, mattocks, J. HOBBS.-Agricultural implements. J. Ho.-gricut r implements. and miscellaneous tools, with castings, iron WM. PIERPONT.-Agricultural implements. general foundry bridges, and turn-tables, and general foundry Smithville, sBurslington County. work, with brass, composition, and Babbitt metal G. O. HALL.-Machinery. castings in the brass foundry. The shops are H. SMITH.-Agricultural implements. large, well-lighted and ventilated, and conveniI3I. B. SMITI.-Wood-working machinery. ently situated, giving employment, when running full, to about 100 hands. Under previous lSprying Mills, C'amden Couznty. owners, the Trenton Vise and Tool Co. was not THos. GUVERING & SoN.-Iron foundry. successful, but since the property of Messrs. HerStockJton, Ilunterdon County. mann Boker & Co., and under the management of H-. DEATS.-Iron fToundry. J. Howard Murray, Superintendent, it has done a profitable and increasing trade. Trenton, Miercer County. TRENTON LOCK Co.-W. Roome, President; L. AMERICAN SAW Co.-Jas. C. Wilson, President. Many, Secretary. N. Y. office, 48 Warren Street. N. Y. office, Ferry Street. Saws. 100 men em- Locks. ployed. JOHN WATSON.-Machinery and foundry. R. BUTTERSWORTH.-Iron foundry and agricul- WHITAKER & SKIREM.-Chains. tural implements. J. B. YARD.-Iron railings and general iron CHAS. CARR.-Steam engines, boilers, and iron work. foundry. Vienna, Y2arren County. L. CHEVRIER.-Chains. JOHN R. CARR.-Iron foundry. COOPER, HEWITT & Co.- N. Y. office, 17 S. A. CUMMINGS.-Iron foundry. Burling Slip. Iron and steel wire. Product, rrelle, rre nty. ~. n Wcarrenville, WFaerren (County. over 200 tons wire per month. 200 hands. EAGLE ANVIL WoRKS.-Fisher, Norris & Co, W. F. WIRE.-Iron foundry. Eagle anvils, double-screw parallel vises, etc., and Washington, Warren County. iron foundry. J. FILLS.-Machinery. T. HAYEs.-Machinery. SAYERS & Co.-Tools. KENDRICK & RUNKLE.-C Chain makers. W.HITE.-Tools. A. KESLER.-Locks. F. C. LOWTHORP.-Iron bridges. (See Iron Weeha wenR. udson County. Briadge Works.) F. BREMBAUELR.-Machinery. MCFARLAND, SAIMPLE & EvANS.-Foundry. F.B. ETZOLD.-Machinery. J. & C. MOORE.-Machinery and railroad Winslow, fHudson County. work. work. D. G. BARNARD.-Machinery. NATIONAL FOUNDRY AND MACHINE WORKS. D. BARNA -ac -Machinery and iron foundry. Woocdstown, Salem County. A. L. KINSLEY & Co.-Iron foundry. Plows. J. BUTCHER.-Iron foundry; specialty, plows. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 65 JNO. HAINES.-Iron foundry, general castings. THOS. DOBBS.-Steam engines and machinery. D. DONCASTER. Machinery. Toodbrilge, Midcdlesex County. D. o. GONPH R.-utlery. C. W. BOYNTON & Co.-Files. JAS. C. HAIGHT & SoN. —Boilers. ALBANY IRON and MACHINE WORKS.-H. C. YEcrdleyville, Mercer County. Haskell, Proprietor. Steam engines, boilers, GEO. H. MICCABE.-Iron foundry. ^iron railings, bridges, etc. 80 hands employed. Yorktown, Saclem County. R. HARDIE.-Steam engines and pumps. LIVINGSTON & SHERLIN.-Boiler makers. A. W. HAINES.~Files. SKINNER & ARNOLD. —Boiler makers. JAS. McKINNEY. —Iron foundry, general castings. EgStea h imeP anEgd iachmine WorkBs, D. MCDONALD & Co.-Gas meters. Iron Foundries, etc., of New York. S.. MIDLAM. —Machinery. J. PAGE & SoN. —Iron foundry. Adanms, Jefferson, County. W. PARNELL. —Tool. HOLMAN & WRIGHT. —Iron foundry. PRUN LANSING. —SaWS. Adam's Basicn, Monroe County. REYNOLDS, SMITH & Co. —Iron foundry. W. J. RiGSDORF. — Agri cultural implements. RUSSELL CLARK.-Agricultural implements. W. J. RIGSbo &. —A team engine, boilers, JOHN RODGERS & Co. —Steam engines, boilers, Addison, Steuben County. etc. O. A. HORN & BRO.-Iron foundry and ma- 0. C. & W. H. D. SWEET —Machinery. chinery. SLOSS & CLARK. —Iron railings. GAfton. GEo H. THATCHER & Co —Iron foundry. (See Car VWheel Foundries.) H. LAMPMANN. —Machinery. TOWNSEND & JACKSON.-(Townsend Furnace Akron, Erie County. and Machine Shop.) Steam engines, machlinery, PAXON, GOSLIN & MILLER. —Iron foundry and iron foundry. NEW YORK STATE AGRICULTURAL WoRks. — Albany, Albany County. Wheeler, Melick & Co, Proprietors. AgriculALBANY AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-E. Cornell, tural machinery and implements. President; N. B. Wood, Secretary and Treasurer; WANDS & PURDY.-Wire cloth. H. L. Emery, Superintendent. Iron foundry and D. S. WooD & Co. —Malleable iron works. agricultural machinery. 75 to 100 hands em- Albon, Orlecns County. ployed. A3:BANY FILE MWoRKS~.-Files. CURTIS MANUFACTURING Co.-Steam engines, ALBANY UNION CO-OPERATIVE FOUNDRY Co.- machinery, agricultural implements. 100 hands G. Gannon, Superintendent. Iron foundry. employed. ANTHONY & MCLAREN.-Machinery. Alden, Erie County. WM. ARNOLD.-Boilers only. C. R. DURKEE.-Smut machinery. AUBIN GAS WORKS Co. —Gas machinery.enee B. BOHER. —Files. lexandria, Genessee County. J. A. & W. S. BUCKBEE.-Machinery. A. D. PECK. —Machinery. E. C. BURGESS. —Machinery.ec Alleny outy W. R. BROWN. —Machinery. Pfrec, Allegheny County. BACKUS, BUTTON & Co.-Iron foundry. LACE & LANGWORTHY. —achinery. W. F. BENEDICT. —Iron foundry. A. B. SHERMAN.-Machinery. CAPITOL CO-OPERATIVE FOUNDRY Co.-Jas. H. Alma, Allegheny County. Carroll, President. Iron foundry. G. WILCOX.-Machinery. G. W. CARLOW.-Mill tools. C. WILSON.-Machinery. CLARK & Co. —Hardware, C. CoLLINs.-Boilers only. Alimnod, Allegheny County. S. CUNLIFFE.-Iron railings. ISAAC RAWSON.-Iron foundry and machinery; M. CRANNELL. —Planes and tools. specialty, mowing machines. J. Mc B. DAVIDSON & Co. —Safes and hollow- 0.. DWALLACE. —Iron foundry; specialty, ware. plows. P. K. DEDRICK & Co. —Machinery. J. B. STILLMIAN.-Plows. 66 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHIINTE WORKS, ETC. Altona, Clinton County. SWITZER COLLINS. —Boilers only. PALMER, WILLIAMS & Co.-Iron foundry and C. CURTIS.-Iron foundry. machinery. DANGERFIELD & LE FEVRE. —Breech-loading REYNOLDS, SMITH & CO. —Iron foundry and fire-arms. machinery. DODGE-STEPENSON MANUFACTURING Co. —Ohio reaper and mowers. Amrencia, Duztchess Couznty. E. C. TUTTLE MANUFACTURING Co.-Forks, A. P. BAYLIS. —Agricultural implements. hoes, and miscellaneous agricultural implements. E. BUCKLEY.-Iron foundry; specialty, plows. JOHN B. GAYLORD.-Iron foundry. GEO. MORGAN. —Agricultural implements. Goss, YOUNG & Co. —Machinery. Amsteram ontgomery ountyA. HOWLAND & Co. -Carpenters' tools..Arnsterdam, Jlontgomeery County. W V M. H. HALLIDAY. — achinery. H. S. McELWAIN.-Iron foundry and mill C. B. HUTCHINSON & SON.-Machinery. work. HAYDEN & LETCHWORTH.-Carriage hardware D. P. CoREY.-Steam engines, machinery, etc. and carriage iron work of all kinds. 250 hands Amity, Orange County. employed. GEO. HoPPrING.-Machinery. LEWIS BRos.-Iron foundry. O. NG.-Mchin D. -W. STRULER. —Steel springs. D. M. OSBORNE & Co.-Reapers and mowing machines. This is a very extensive works, with Andes, Delcaware County. trade throughout the United States. The prodTHOS. S. MfILLER._-Iron foundry. uct amounts to 8,000 reapers and mowers annuTHOS. MUIR.-_Machinery. -ally, employing in the manufacture 400 men, and consuming 2,500 tons of pig-iron, 200,000 lbs. of Anrcover, Allegheny County. malleable iron, and 500 tons of wrought iron and C. BOYD.-Machinery. steel. O'DONNELL & MORRIS.-Machinery. J. W. QUICK.-Hussey's reaper and mowing Amachines. Antwerp, Jefferson County. METALLIC PLANE CO.-E. G. Stork, Agent. Jos. NEWTON.-Iron foundry and mashinery. LEWIS & SONS. —Springs. PECKHAM, STERLING & Co.-Iron foundry. HAS. RICHARDSON. General iron work. Arcade, Wyoming County. Ross, GAYLORD & MELLOR.-Iron foundry and H. BARNES.-Mowing machines, machinery. R. SARGENT.-Carding machinery. Ashlcand Greene County. B. B. SNOW & Co.-Corn-shellers, etc. CHAS. CATE. —Machinery. STEVENSON MANUFACTURING Co.-Knife-grindAthens, Greene County. ing machines. SHELDON & Co.-Axles. HI. T. DERNELL.-Ice-cutting machines. WM. SCOTT.-Saws. Attica, Wyoming County. Southern Central Railroad machine shops. FAY & SON.-Machinery. J. K. TALLMAN.-Carriage bolts. ID. WADSWORTH & Co.-Scythes. Auburn, CGayuga County. ALLEN WOODRUFF & Co.-'Agricultural impleALLAN, Ross & Co.-Iron foundry. ments. AUBURN AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-Merrill, Augusta, Oneida County. Wilder & Co., Proprietors. Agricultural imple- -rr ments. 100 hands. BALLAD & GRIGGT. —Iron foundry. AUBURN FILE Co.-H. G. Thornton, Proprie- TMPN arg manery. tor. AUBURN HARDWARE MANUFACTURING CO. — ror, aga ounty. Bellows & Austin, Proprietors. Hardware. AURORA IRON WORKS.-H. Reynolds, ManaAUBURN TOOL Co. —Geo. Casey, President; ger. Hinges and butts. N. L. Casey, Treasurer. Carpenters tools. 50 N. M. MANN.-Plows. hands employed. A. BABBITT. —Iron foundry and bolt works. County. CAYUGA CHIEF MANUFACTURING Co. —Mowers, L. FARLAND.-Machinery. reapers, and agricultural machinery. 150 hands JAS. HOYLE.-Machinery. employed. J. OBRIST.-Maclinery. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. (; Austerlitz, Columbia County. Blackbrook, Clinton County. BRAINARD & HIGGINS. —Tools. N. DELANO. —Machinery. J. & J. RODGERS IRON Co. —Forge. Avon, Livingston County. J. STROUSE.-Iron foundry. Blc iver, Jfferson County WEYARD & HOUGH.-Agricultural machinery. HUNTINGTON & SONS.-Agricultural implements. -Bcinbricle, Shenango County. -Blooming Grove, Orcnge County. GILBERT BIXBY & Co. —Machinery. B J. S. BURNHAM. —5Machinery. Baldcoinsville, Onondaga County. Boonille, Oneida County. HEALD, Isco & Co.- Machinery, pumps, etc. BOONVILLE FOUNDRY.-Machinery and founMORRIS AXE AND TOOL Co.-Geo. F. Comstock, r President; H.D. Morris, Superintendent. RAZERMill work and gearing. JAS. C. FIRAZTER.-Mill work and gearing. Axes and edge tools.n udry. n f IsAAc GILBERT. —Iron foundry. OTSEGO FORK MILLS.-Hay forks, etc. -Brcsher Falls, St. Lawrence County. Bacllston, Saratoga County. DAVIs & BELL-Machinery and agricultural B. J. BARBEE.-Machinery. implements. J. BLOOD.-Axes and scythes. J TAYLOR. achiner JAs. G. TAYLOR —Machinery. A. ENICKERBOCKER.-Axes, hatchets, and BRASHER IRON WoRKS. —J.. Skinner, Proscythes. prietor. General iron-work, machinery and millBcatavia, Genessee County. owork, agricultural implements. 40 hands emP. T. BRADISH.-Iron foundry. ployed. T. IEURLBURT.-PlOws and agricultural im- W. BARLOW. —Mill machinery and jobbing. plements, sawing and grinding machinery. G. T. TAYLOR & Co.-Iron foundry, machilBath, Steuben County. ery, etc. HARDENBROOK & Co.-Iron foundry. Breckabeen, Scoharie County. J. B. WALDRON.-Iron foundry. Beekmantown, Clinton County. B, o Brockport, Monroe County. J. REEA.-Machinery and iron foundry. n SEYMOUR, MORGAN & ALLEN. —Mowers and Berkshire, Tioga County. reapers. CRoss & HOLCOMB.-Edge tools. Brockton, Chautauqua County. Belmont, Allegheny County. E. BAcoN.-Hay-rakes, etc. J. HAxLL. —/achinery. D. RAWSON & Co.-M-owers, reapers, horse ALL.Machinery. rakes, saw-mill machinery. _Brookfield, _fadison County. -Bennington, Wy nomi~ng County. iBASSETT GATES & Co.-Hoes, forks, etc. Bennington, Wyoming County., ST. JOHN & BABCOCK.-Works, Leonardsville. E. DAGGETT.-Works at Cowlesville. Iron Iron foundry. foundry and plows. Bronxville, Westchester County. Bringhcamton, Broomne County. GASMITH & CLARK.-Cutlery. New York office, ADAMS & MAYNE. —Iron foundry, general cast- 100 Chambers Street. ings. L. BOLLE.-Cat-ststeel hoes. Brooklyn, Kings Cocunty. E. F. JONEs.-Iron foundry and scale works. ACKERMAN & VOGH.-273 First Street. Boilers W. KNAPP.-Machinery. and bolts. J. S. MATTHEWS. —-POWS. GREEN POINT IRON FOUNDRY.-John AlexanSHARPLEY & WELLS. —Machinery and iron der, Proprietor. 86 Quay Street. Iron foundry, foundry. castings, grate-bars, etc. 75 hands employed. WM. SCOTT. —Machinery. R. L. ALLEN.-.,Agricultural implements. STEIWART'S SCALE WORKS CO. Scales. ATLANTIC FOUNDRY AND BASIN IRON WORKS. -Proprietors, Keithly & Beekman, 9 Imlay Bircsall, Allegheny County. Street, corner Ewen Street. Steam engines, ANSON MILLARD. —Machinery. machinery, boilers, iron foundry, etc. 68 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WOEKS, ETC. ATLANTIC STEAM ENGINE WORKS.-Proprietors, dent. 114 St. John Street. New York office, 62 Wm. Arthur & Co. Corner of Water and Adams John Street. Boiler and furnace rivets. Streets. Steam engines, machinery, and foundry J. BROOKS. —Iron railings, fences, etc. work. 250 hands employed. JAS. H. BROWN.-Flushing Avenue near HamilH. ADRIAN.-31 School Street. Machinery. ton Street. Tools. AMERICAN TOOL STEEL Co.-Chrome steel BROOKLYN WIRE WORKS.-East Twelfth Street. works. Kent Avenue and Keep Street. Crucible F. G. Richardson. Wire. steel. (See Crucible Steel Works of New York. JAS. BULGER & Co.-45 North Second Street. J. A. AUER.-205 North Fifth Street. Hooks, Steam engines, machinery, and iron foundry. 100 hinges, etc. hand employed. ATLANTIC DOCK IRON WORKS.-R. M. Galla- G. BUNGARZ.-Third near Bond Street. Boilway, President and Secretary. Dikeman and ers and jobbing. Ferris Streets. New York office, 98 Liberty Street. P. V. BURNS.-Foot of North Thirteenth Foundry and machinery. Street. Steel. J. E. ANDERSON.-81 South Second. Machin- BURKHOLDER & VANDERBILT. —108 John ery. Street. Meat-chopping machinery and tools. JAS. ATTKISS.-Tompkins and Flushing Ave- WM. CABBLE.-187 Unlion Avenue. Wire. nues. Machinery. BROOKLYN STEAM ENGINE WORKS.-P. Cassidy, JAS. ARMITAGE.-77 East Warren Street. Proprietor. Corner John and Bridge Streets. Saws. Steam engines, machinery, and boilers. WM. BADGER.-147 Union Avenue. Cutlery. CATHERWOOD & CHILD. -96 First Street. Iron BALL & JEWELL.-Franklin opposite Quay foundry. Street. Steam engines, machinery, and general COMPOSITE IRON WORKS Co —Ira Hutchiniron-work. son, President and Treasurer; J. Chase,, ViceA. BASS.-4 Conover Street. Iron foundry. President and Secretary. Works, Union Avenue BARNES & DIETZ.-62 Morton Street. Locks. near Green Street. New York office, 109 Mercer 30 hands employed. Fernald & Sise, Agents, Street. Patent composite iron-work, gates, railNew York. ings, iron furniture, stable fittings. PETER BEE.-74 Commerce Street. Iron CHAS. M. CLARKE.-231 State Street. Iron foundry. railings. GEO. BESSER.-Commerce and Van Brunt JAMES E. CONOR.-69 Adams Street. General Streets. Boilers only. machinery. J. W. BICKNELL.-Corner West and Quay JAMES CLAYTON.-24 Water Street. Machinery, Streets. Machinery. steam engines and steam pumps. New York M. BENTLEY & Co.-North Seventh Street. office, 52 John Street. Files. GEO. B. COLE.-8 North Second Street. MaBROOKLYN TUBE WORKS.-B. T. Buckley, Pro- chinery. prietor. (See Pipe and Tube TVorks of New C. COLLINS.-Boiler maker. 68 John Street. Tork.) CONTINENTAL IRON WORKS.-Proprietor, Thos. BOONE & PEREz.-Corner of Debevoise and F. Rowland. Foot of Colyer Street, Greenpoint. Smith Streets. Machinery. This works, established in 1859, is notable as W. BOHANNON & Co. —Broadway, corner of Kos- having built the original Monitor, which was desuth Street. Locks. signed and superintended by Captain Ericcson, the JOHN BREWER.-13 Adams Street. Pumps and noted Swedish inventor, but which was constructed blowing machines. under the personal supervision of the proprietor BLISS & WILLIAMIS.-118 Plymouth Street. of the works. This vessel may be said to have Presses, dies, etc. 50 hands employed. demonstrated the use of iron-clad turreted vessels JAMTES BINNS.-Machinery. of war, and to have decided the use of this system A. BORROWMAN.-47 Sixteenth Street. Iron of naval offensive and defensive vessels. Several foundry and gongs. others of the iron-clad fleet were also built for the THos. BOLLES.-246 Lorimer Street. Files. government at this works, which was of great BRADLEY & DEMAIN.-50 Bergen Street. Iron value to the nation during the war. The works foundry. is extensive, covering a large area, and thoroughly BROWN & PATTERSON.-Eighth near Grand equipped with machinery. The force employed Street. Iron foundry, piano castings, fender and when running full is near 1,500 men, a large numgrate work. being employed outside in erecting gas holders BROOKLYN RIVET Co.-D. W. Kissam, Presi- and machinery, now the specialty of the concern. DIIECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE ]WOEKS, ETO. 69 In this line a very extensive trade is done, work ally, were established about fifteen years ago, and having been done for most of the gas companies have gradually expanded to their present importof New England. ance. About eight years since there was added The Continental Works are located near the the construction and erection of gas work apparTenth Street ferry to New York, at the junction atus of every description, and upon any desired of West and Colyer Streets. The premises have scale of magnitude. Everything connected with a frontage of 300 feet on West Street, extend the manufacture and distribution of gas, such as along Colyer Street a distance of 800 feet to the holders, retorts, tanks, engines, boilers, condensEast River, and have wharf room for the simul- ers, exhausters, purifiers, governors, scrubbers, taneous accommodation of several vessels of the stop valves, etc., is furnished to order with the heaviest tonnage. The water front constitutes a utmost expedition and upon the most moderate spacious ship yard, and the remainder of the area terms. is covered with buildings devoted to manufactur- Plans and specifications are made and estimates ing and storage purposes. given for the entire gas work plant requisite for Among the principal buildings are the foundry, cities, towns, manufactories, public edifices and 75x225 feet in area, containing two furnaces, one private dwellings, and contracts are entered into capable of melting 25, the other 30 tons of iron for the prompt performance of the entire work. daily; the machine shop, measuring 60x150 feet, Special attention is given to the manufacture of and perfectly equipped with machinery of the best steam engines for the use of gas works. One of construction for the execution of heavy work; the the finest specimens of this class of machinery pattern shop, a three-story structure, 50x200 feet ever built may be seen in operation at the works in area; the engine and boiler house, storehouses, of the Nassau Gas Company, Brooklyn, N. Y. etc. It is of twenty-five horse power and runs so noiseThe machinery is driven by an engine of 125 lessly that one may stand close beside it and dehorse power, and the general equipment of the en- tect no sound from its swiftly moving and perfect tire establishment embraces all the latest improve- mechanism. ments in machinery and mechanical appliances The largest gas holder in the United States was for the production of first-class work of the heav- built at the Continental Works, for the New York iest description. The best quality of American Gas Co. It is 70 feet high and 168 feet in diainiron is exclusively used. A force of nearly 1,500 eter, and contains 1,500,000 cubic feet. For the workmen is required when the establishment is in Nassau Gas Co. of Brooklyn complete works have full operation, and every facility exists for ex- been erected, with capacity for the daily supply pediting their labor. of 1,000,000 cubic feet of gas. The holder differs A prominent specialty at this establishment iis from the usual mode of construction, bybeing enthe manufacture of the various castings pertaining closed in a brick building, the advantage of this to the erection of iron buildings, bridges, viaducts, arrangement consisting in lessened damage from etc. Columns, girders, trusses, roofs, dooring, exposure, and freedom from the danger of being shutters and other parts of buildings are furnished upset by accumulation of snow. A contract is in any quantity and of any dimensions, or con- now in process of fulfilment with the Union Gas tracts are taken for the construction of iron build- Co. at Harlem for complete apparatus, to manuings complete, railway bridges, etc. A'fine sam- facture 2,000,000 cubic feet. pie of iron roofing from these works can be seen This establishment has supplied a large amount on the splendid building erected by the Connecti- of gas apparatus for the New York Gas Light Co., cut Mutual Life Insurance Co., at Hartford, Brooklyn Gas Light Co., People's Gas Works, AlConn.-Another and most admirable piece of bany; also for companies in Troy, Buffalo, Clevework was the construction of the immense aque- land, Detroit, and the leading New England cities, duct which brings the Croton water across High including Boston, Providence, Manchester, SpringBridge to New York city. This gigantic tube is field, Lawrence, Charlestown, Dorchester, New made of wrought iron, put together in sections, its Bedford, etc. diameter being 7- feet and its entire length 1,400 The proprietor, Mr. Thos. F. Rowland, himfeet. Many other public works and noted build- self a very thorough mechanic, has lately invented ings, wholly or partially constructed at this es- an improvement on gas machinery which has attablishment, might be named, but the above will tracted great attention both here and in England. suffice to give a general idea of the character of This is a combination of machinery for elevating the work performed. and transporting coal, coke, or other materials, and The ship building department, and the manufac- for the charging and discharging of gas retorts, as ture of wrought and cast iron constructions gener- applied to the manufacture of illuminating gas. 70 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. This machine is designed to automatically re- tending to greater facility in the manipulation of ceive the coal outside of the retort house, trans- the materials and consequent reduction in the port and distribute it in proper quantities to the cost of producing it. pockets of the charging machines, measure it into The primitive method of bringing the coal into charging scoops, deposit it in given quantities and the retort house in wagons or barrows operated by evenly upon the floor of the retorts, and discharge hand and dumping it promiscuously on the floor, the coke from the retorts, the same having been then at the proper intervals shovelling it into the exhausted of its gas, into the basement of the retorts in the face of a heat so intense as to prebuilding or into wagons provided for the purpose. vent the operatives depositing it in equal quantiThe coal-charging machine, which also discharges ties and even layers, which obtained in the early the coke from the retorts, is locomotive and pro- history of gas making, is still in vogue with the pels itself upon a track in front of the retorts, and greater portion of the gas works in the counthe whole apparatus is automatic, requiring only try, through some of the works of our larger the services of an engineer and assistant. The cities have adopted the " long-scoop " method of advantages which may be expected to accrue charging, which facilitates the work to some exto the manufacture of illuminating gas-and any- tent. This method consists of using scoops as thing which will cheapen the production of arti- long as the retorts, and of capacity sufficient to ficial light is of prime importance —may be briefly contain one-half of a " charge." Two scoops are stated as follows: A large reduction in the num- brought into requisition at each time of charging, her of retort-house operatives; better distillation and having been filled (previous to the withof the coal, resulting from its being more evenly drawal of the coke), are manned by three operalaid in the retorts; longer life of the retorts, which tives, when each scoop is in turn lifted to the by this process are not subjected to the rough mouth of the retort, thrust in, dumped, and then usage that necessarily obtains when they are withdrawn, depositing the coal in a better condicharged and discharged by the ordinary hand scoop tion than the shovelling process, but still, in a and rake; better heats and less expenditure of measure, leaving it in " hills and furrows." Of fuel, resulting from the greater rapidity with which still greater importance is the disadvantage and the "benches" may be drawn and charged, lessen- loss which obtains from the accepted method of ing the interval of time which the retorts are sub- discharging the coke from the retorts. The coal jected to the detrimental action of cold air. As having been unevenly deposited, necessarily'inone of the most ingenious and interesting combi- volves an irregular distillation and loss, and often nations of machinery of the present day, this inven- a serious " banking up " and choking of the coke tion is here described and illustrated by very ele- in the retorts, entailing upon the operatives the gant plates. It is not surprising that this eom- most exhaustive labor in their efforts to withdraw bination should have attracted the attention of the same with the hand-rakes, and requiring the the leading gas engineers of England, where it retorts to be open so long as to greatly impair was introduced and demonstrated by a working the heat. model in the summer of 1873, or that it should be This crude and unsatisfactory manner of proseadopted, as is the case, by some of the leading gas cuting an industry of such vast importance to companies of the United States. The success of civilization (as the present means of producing the proprietor of the Continental Iron Works is artificial light), has recently attracted the attenan incentive to young American mechanics, as it is tion of some of the best engineering talent of due solely to energy, enterprise, perseverance, and Great Britain, resulting in bringing forward a thorough honesty, coupled with a determination number of very ingenious machines, designed to to be at the head of the profession adopted, and accomplish in a much cheaper and more expedifor which, in this case, the individual named re- tious method, that service by steam power which jected the offer of a collegiate education, and alone has heretofore been entirely dependent upon and unaided served his time in a New York ma- manual labor, the introduction of which bids fair chine shop. The products of the works is large, to materially reduce the cost of manipulation. and the consumption of iron equal to some 4,000 The inventions alluded to have mostly been tons per annum. confined to the charging of coal into, and the discharging of coke out of, the retorts, and have not encompassed the proposition to transport the IMPROVEMENT IN GAS WORKS MACHINERY. coal into the retort house and its distribution in proper quantities into the "pocket" of one or In the manufacture of illuminating gas, little more " charging machines," keeping up a conprogress has been made since its first introduction tinual supply, and from the said " pocket " of the '1:'otN ~[,T~'Z,,II~. ___,,_ I _ I.. ~~ __ _~~~~_ II~ -— i12- -~t ___________ _________________________ I ii _____________ ir"~ ~ — i~~-L~L —— ~~- c_~-I'-*= — I=I!I 11ll4~ ~ II' Iil I*I~ 111~1~,1 ___ll I1 I ________ I I~I- — ~iiiiI9~ Ii!1~11111 ~''"!,,~~ 2~ _ IiD~i~DulIIIII~:U I!l!III!II, i__._,- -,_-._...,,,,......__.. II "'" —— ~-~- [,I~ III~-i~ —le~-~ —— ~ [,'-~-~ —~i~ I III —- - _________________________________________________________________________ -~-~- i t I I I 1 1111 I II 11 I I I I I I I 11 I I I, M" I'I 11 it - ---- PLATE No. %.. 74 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. " charging machine," automatically measuring the one within the tower being caused to revolve out and delivering to each of the "charging by a suitable steam engine, performs the double scoops " in action, a definite amount of material. duty of causing the belts, with their attachments The desideratum is to produce machinery of pendent buckets, carriages, etc., to travel, and which shall automatically receive the coal outside affords an effective means by which the buckets of the retort house, or from the coal storage are successively filled with coal. The drum at building, transport it to the pocket of the the opposite end of the railway being simply an "charger," metre it into the " charging scoops," idler, transmits and gives a return direction to deposit it in given quantities evenly upon the the belt, to which at stated intervals the pendent floor of the retorts, and discharge the coke into buckets are attached. the basement of the building, or into wagons pro- The buckets are supported vertically, by being vided for the purpose. attached to suitable carriages, or suspended from For the accomplishment of this object the them, the carriages travelling on the "pendent mechanism herein illustrated is designed, and the railway " before described. following description will set forth its principal The distance asunder at which the buckets are features and the method of its operations: attached to the belts, is equivalent to the semiPlate No. I is a perspective view of the ma- circumference of the drum. Thus when the chinery as it appears inside of the retort house. drum revolves, one bucket comes in contact with Plates Nos. 2 and 3 are perspective views of the its periphery at the moment of time the precedcoal metre (detached from the charging and dis- ing bucket leaves the same. charging machine), showing the "cam motion" During the time a bucket is in contact with the for operating the inclined planes, and the gear "feeding drum" (the time of half a revolution), for revolving the metre cylinder. the speed of each being coincident, their relation Plate No. 4 illustrates the charging portion of to each other is equivalent to a state of rest. At the apparatus, and plate No. 5 the discharging this moment, the coal is conveyedfrom the upper portion; both views being shown in perspective, pocket into the bucket. detached from the main car or carriage, to expose The drum is provided with diagonal chutes the gearing through which the power is applied (one opposite the other), leading from a common to cause them to travel. centre above the drum to openings in its periphPlate No. 6 is an enlarged view of the pendent ery. The apex of these chutes is cylindrical in coal bucket. form, into which the spout of the upper receiving The portion of the apparatus designed for the pocket terminates. transportation of the coal into the retort house, Each diagonal chute is provided with two semiand the delivery of it into the pocket of the circular" shut-off" valves, the edges of which are charging machine, and which, for the want of a armed with steel blades, to shear any coal which better title, may be called the "pendent railway might otherwise tend to clog their action. These coal carrier" (see plate No. 6), consists of an end- valves are opened and shut by suitable connecless rail or track, secured underneath and to the tions, receiving their motion from cams secured tie rods of the roof frame of the retort house, or to the centre shaft; their office is to allow a to transverse beams, mounted on columns provided given amount of coal to enter the chutes at each for the purpose. This rail forms two lines of revolution of the drum, and at the proper moment way (parallel one with the other), ten feet asun- of time to deposit the same in the bucket which der, the ends of which are connected by semi- is in contact with the periphery. circles five feet radius. The portion of the bucket which carries the This system of rail extends the entire length of coal is cylindrical in form, and the plane of its the retort house, and is continued out beyond the travel is below the face of the drum. Attached buildings, terminating within a tower located at to the top of the cylindrical part is a portion of the coal storage buildings, or other convenient the bucket of " half cylindrical" form, the plane locality, and provided (for the purpose of raising of whose travel is directly in line with the plane the coal to a suitable height) with means for of the drum. This portion of the bucket is open elevating by the ordinary " bucket and belt" ap- upon its face, and when in contact with the drum paratus, and depositing it in a pocket at its top. covers the chute opening therein, and forms a Within this tower is located a horizontal drum, close connection for the coal to travel to the buckten feet diameter, and about three feet face, a ets. similar drum being located within the retort house, The machine for charging the retorts (to be at the opposite end of the railway. hereafter described) is provided with a "coal These drums are of two distinctive characters, pocket " to receive the coal from the " pendent JP^ATE NO. ^ 86 DPBIYPAIDEOTORY OF G(ENER AL MACINEm WtOBKS, ETC. buckets." There is a " tripper "mounted on the At a suitable point within the tower, and on a edge of this " pocket," which comning in contact line with the buckets, is a wheel, which, after the with the trip-latch of the " pendent buckets," as bucket has passed the chute alluded to, comes in they traverse the building, releases the bottoms of contact with the bucket bottom, causing the same said buckets as they arrive over the " pocket," to close and latch, leaving it in a condition to be allowing the coal to fall therein. again loaded with coal. The capacity of these When the "pocket" is full, the tripper is "pendent buckets" is about three hundred thrown from gear, allowing the buckets to pass pounds each, and they may be made to travel with untripped until they arrive over the pocket of a a velocity of one hundred feet per minute. second charging machine (should the number of Their distance asunder being about fifteen feet retorts in service be large enough to require two). six inches, the amount of coal which the "pendIf no coal is required for either charging machine ent railway " is capable of transporting is about for an interval of time, the buckets will pass on fifty tons per hour. It will be apparent that the round the "idler," and return into the tower, speed at which the "pendent buckets" travel, where, coming in contact with a fixed " tripper," may be regulated to suit the requirements of the their load is deposited in a chute, leading to a retort chargers. For instance, the "pendent pocket at the foot of the elevator. buckets" may run continually, delivering the i }iU iniririini, M,. i.ill PLATE No. 4. surplus coal to the foot of the elevator, as before revolving cylinder, communicating in turn with described, or by means of suitable signal bells the an opening in the bottom of the " coal pocket," engineer may be telegraphed to start and stop the and as the cylinder revolves, each division is in buckets, at the will of the railway conductor. turn filled with coal. The mechanism for charging the coal into and The edges of the openings, both of the cylinder drawing the coke from the retorts consists of a and " coal pocket," are armed with steel blades, carriage, arranged to traverse from end to end of which act as shears, to cut away any coal which the retort house, in front of the " benches " upon might otherwise tend to clog the revolving cylintracks secured to the floor for that purpose. der. Upon this carriage rests the " coal metre." This When the cylinder revolves a certain part of portion of the apparatus consists of a " coal its circumference, the coal deposited in the first pocket," directly underneath which is a horizon- division finds an outlet, and is dumped on an intal cylinder, arranged to revolve, having chambers clined plane, which leads directly to the top scoop within corresponding to the number of retorts of the " charger." A further movement of the the machine is designed to charge at one opera- cylinder deposits the contents of the second divition. There are openings in each division of the sion, which is prevented from following the course DIRECTORY OF GENiERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 7. of the first, and caused to travel into the second The charging portion of the apparatus consists scoop by means of an automatic arrangement of of a supplementary carriage, mounted on wheels, cams and levers, which at the proper time causes which traverses the top of the main car or carriage, a portion of the first inclined plane to be raised at right angles to the line on which said main to a vertical position, and thus presents the in- car travels. dined plane leading to the second scoop to the The carriage is provided with scoops, placed catch of the coal. one above the other, at distances corresponding to Still continuing the movement of the cylinder the vertical measure between the retorts. towards a complete revolution, the third division The scoops are in sectional form, similar to the deposits its load into the third scoop, by the au- shape of the retorts, and are provided with movtomatic removal of the second inclined plane, al- able bottoms arranged to be drawn by means of lowing the inclined plane leading to the third racks and pinions. When the scoops are filled scoop to be presented to the catch of the coal. with coal from the metre, the carriage is thrust The metre with its attachments for operating the forward, and while the scoops are within the reinclined planes as described, is illustrated by torts the bottoms are withdrawn, thus allowing plates Nos. 2 and 3. the coal to fall in even layers on the "retort PLATE No. 5. floor." The coal is prevented from coming back a supplementary carriage arranged to travel in a with the scoop bottoms, by means of cross parti- similar manner to that before described. Upon tions at intervals riveted into the scoops. this carriage is mounted a suitable frame proThe withdrawal of the scoops from the retorts vided with "pillow blocks" at its top and also causes the sliding bottoms to be replaced, by corn- near its base. These " pillow blocks" support ing in contact with a stake secured at the back horizontal shafts (in vertical line, one above the end of the main carriage, directly in line there- other), and attached to these shafts are levers of with, when again the scoops are in position and equal length. The levers have attached to them ready to receive a further charge from the " me- a " standard," to which is secured the " rakes " tre." Plate No. 4 illustrates the charger, with or " coke hoes." the gearing, hand lever, etc., for producing the The lower shaft is made to perform a portion operations above described, of a revolution, as the carriage moves, by means That portion of the apparatus which is designed of tractional sectors, keyed to its ends, and in for drawing the coke from the retorts, consists of contact with the carriage rail; the upper shaft T78 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACI-tINE WORKS, 3TC0. performs the same function, by virtue of being causes, through the sectors and levers, an upward connected through the " standard," and causes the and backward movement of the " standard " of the latter to always maintain a vertical position. same amount, producing thereby in effect simply As the carriage advances, the sectors communi- a vertical rise of the "standard " with its attachcate motion to the lower shaft, the levers raise ment of "coke rakes;" in this position the the " standard," and cause it (through their par- rakes are thrust into the retorts, when, by reallel motion) to recede; thus a motion of the car- versing the travel of the carriage, the rakes first riage towards the retorts of say seven inches drop into the coke, then effectually drawn to it.,I'I.= ENLARGED VIEW OF PENDENT COAL BUCKET. PLATE No. G. In other words, the' rakes " always rise over the also to enable the operative in charge of the macoke on entering, and fall into the same on reced- chine to encompass the entire surface of the " retort ing. floor" and thoroughly remove the coke thereThe rakes are arranged to move laterally, to from. They may be adjusted to draw from the compensate for any difference in the longitudinal middle line, or either side of the retorts, while distance between any two tiers of retorts, and they are in action, by simply moving the hand DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 79 wheel, which controls the radius bar, projecting B. CooK.-Flushing Avenue and Morrell St. from the " standard." Machinery. The platforms, upon which the operatives stand COTTON & HUGHES.-Suydam Street corner to manipulate the machine, are secured to the sup- Myrtle Avenue. plementary carriages, and travel with them. J. CRAWLEY.-24 Water Street. Model MaPlate No. 5 illustrates the "raking " apparatus chinery. (described above), detached from the main car- J. CoMLEY.-148 Ten Eyck Street. Printing riage for the purpose of exposing the underneath and embossing machinery. gearing which conveys the power to cause it to CONOIN & READ.-Iron foundry. Corner Jay travel. and Water Streets. The motive power for operating the " metre," Jos. CORBETT.-21 Dunham Place. Locks. the "charging scoops," and "coke-discharging DAY, FARRINGTON & CO.-71 North Ninth apparatus," is obtained from a pair of oscillating Street. Iron foundry and locks. cylinder engines, mounted on the main car. PH(ENIX IRON WORKS.-Demai and Bradley, These engines are also arranged to be geared to Proprietors. Machinery and general iron work. the car wheels for the purpose of moving the ma- EAGLE FOUNDRY.-Demarest and White, Prochine from bench" to " bench." Steam is ob- prietors. 30 Morton Street. Specialty, sewingtained for the engines from a portable boiler (not machine work. 70 hands employed. From 1,200 shown in the illustrations), mounted on a pair of to 1,500 tons of iron consumed per annum. wheels, and caused to travel with the machine WILLIAMSBURGH STEAM BOILER WORKS.-John by being coupled to it. Dolan, Proprietor. Boilers only. The steam and exhaust connections between D. ENSER.-15 High Street. Machinery and the engine and boiler are made flexible, to admit jobbing. of the variations in distance and level which will EAGLETON MANUFACTURING Co.-Atlantic obtain between the two. This method of arrang- Docks, South Brooklyn. Specialty, iron and ing the boiler is deemed preferable to having it steel wire. 350 hands employed. mounted on the main car, as it can be easily de- HI. C. ESLER & CO.-Boilers only. tached for cleaning or repairs, and a spare one ERIE BASIN IRON WORKS.-Corner Dwight and substituted without seriously delaying the action Van Dyke Streets. General machinery and iron of the machine. work. The economy of substituting mechanical power FINNEY & HOFriFMAN.-223 Water Street. for manual labor in the manufacture of gas, de- Steam engines, machinery, boilers, etc. pends upon the quantity of the daily production. IH. FIScHER.-Graham Avenue and Frost. While works of a daily capacity of two or three Iron foundry. hundred thousand cubic feet would receive little B. FOSTNER.-Bushwick Avenue and Scholes or no benefit from the change, no company whose Street. Iron foundry. production is double that amount can afford to JAS. FREEMAN.-39 Bridge Street. Machinmanipulate the coal and coke by other than ery and steam fittings. mechanical means. FULTON IRON FOUNDRY.-Thos. Cassidy. 11 Some of the advantages which will accrue by Furman Street. Foundry and general castthe introduction of machinery, may be briefly ings. summed up as follows: JAMES FORMAN, BROOKLYN WIRE WORKS.First.-A large reduction in the number of 127 Court Street. retort-house operatives. Fox & GORMAN. —53 Flatbush Avenue. Iron Second,.-Better distillation of the coal, re- railings, fences, etc. suiting from its being more evenly laid in the re- J. T. GODWIN. —205 First Street, E. D. Agritorts. cultural implements. Third.-Longer "'life" of the retorts, they F. M. GovE.-Machinery. not being subject to the rough usage that neces- GARDNER & Co.-108 Leonard Street. Masarily obtains when they are charged and dis- chinery. charged by the ordinary scoop and rake. GUILD & GARRISON.-26 First Street. Steam.Fourth.-Better heats and less expenditure of engines and machinery. Specialty,-steam plunger fuel, resulting from the greater rapidity with pumps. which the " benches " may be drawn and charged, M. HASTINGS.-Third Street near Bond Street. lessening the interval of time which the retorts Machinery. are subjected to the detrimental action of cold WM. IARSEN.-Franklin near Quay Street. air. Steam engines and pumps. 80 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. F. S. HAAs. —Scholes and Morrell Streets, E.D. ments, fire engines, horse cars, etc. 150 men Iron foundry, light castings, clock fronts, etc. employed. A. HARTON.-WValton near Marcy Avenue. Jos. LARGE.-86 Powers Street. Machinery. Iron foundry. H. LEE.-91 South Third Street. Machinery. C. B. HARDICK, NIAGARA STEAMI PUMP WORKS. W. LANTERS. —-66 Boerum Street. Scales. -9 Adams Street. Steam engines, steam pumps, LLOYD, HAIGHT & Co.mlay and William Streets. Wire. etc. 80 hands employed. S Wr etc. hans e. LYON & FELLOWS.-98 South Sixth Street. HEALEY IRON WORKS.-North Fourth corner Machine scews North Fifth Streets. Iron foundry. J. J. & J. H. MARTIN.101 Scholes Street. Cutlery. F. Healey, Proprietors. Specialty, ornamental E MULLER.-290 Atlantic Street. Cutlery. iron railings. MCCRACKEN & MOORE.-79 First Street. Locks. E. M. HENDRICKSON & SONS. —67 North Ox- MCGRATH & SULLIVAN. —76 Smith Street. Iron ford Street. Safes. railings. E. J. HOLDEN & Co.-38 Devoe Street. Saws WM. MULLON. —232 South Third Street. Iron and files. 100 men employed. New York office, railings. 54 Beekman Street. MASON & MARTN. —-Summit and Imlay Streets. GUY C. HOTCHKISS & FIELD.-74 First Street. Boilers only. 75 hands. Forgings and axles, Carriage iron work. 70 CHAS. MERRILL & SONs. —26 First Street. Iron hands employed. foundry and manufacturer's supplies. New York CENTRAL IRON WORKS.-Jas. Howell, Jr., Pro- office, 556 Grand Street. Vises, drills, etc. prietor. 289 Adams Street. Iron railing, grates, MILLER & ANDERSON. —North Thirteenth and fenders, etc. First Streets. Iron foundry. T. N. HICKEY & Co.-240 Wyckoff Street. MILLER & MARSDEN.-343 First Street, E. D. Machinery. Sugar-house machinery. BURDON IRON WORKS. -Hubbard and Whit- S. MONTGOMERY & Co. —Franklin and Comtaker, Proprietors. 102 Front Street. Steam mercial Streets. Boilers only. engines, boilers, general machinery, and iron McMURRAY & Co.-52 North Second Street. work. 250 hands employed. Wire. P. HUGHES.-Corner Myrtle Avenue and J. MOORE & Co.-Walton near Marcy Avenue. Hampden Street. Steam engines. Bronzed iron work. New York office, 75 WarW.V. M/. HUNNIFORD & Co.-Lock manufactur- ren Street. ers. PECK SLIP IRON WORKS.-Mertz, Lynn & Co., HOWARD & MORSE.-Iron railings, wire, etc. Proprietors. 96 First Street, E. D. Iron foun60 hands. dry, miscellaneous castings. 20 hands. INGERSOLL & DOUGHERTY.-Hay and cotton T. J. MooRE & Co.-Iron foundry, sash press machinery. weights. E. KETCHUM & Co.-289 Pearl Street. Gen- CHAS. MONK.-Sixteenth Street and Fifth Aveeral machinery. 200 hands employed. nue. Tools. R. KENT.-49 Jay Street. Machinery. M. MCKENNY.-29 Furman Street. Iron railC. W. KENNEDY & Co.-33 North Third Street. ings. Steam engines, machinery; specialty, shafting MILLER, DE FRECE & Co.-North Thirteenth and hangers. and Second Streets. Iron foundry, architectural IR. KNEELING.-4 Greenpoint Avenue. Saws. and ornamental iron work. New York office, 83 KNIGHT & BRo.-Portland Avenue, near Fulton Liberty Street. 300 hands employed. Product, Street. Iron railings, etc. over 6,000 tons per annum. ATLANTIC DOCK IRON WORKS.-Kennedy and F. NISHWITZ.-Agricultural implements. Co., Proprietors. Corner Ferris and Walcott NUGENT & FANNING.-16 Water Street. MaStreets. Machinery and iron work. chinery. R. KING.-246 Plymouth Street. Drills, pipe LONG ISLAND WIRE WORKS.-JOS. Norwood, cutters, etc. Proprietor. 154 Fulton Avenue. Wire. R. KLASPER.-Leonard and Skillman Streets. J. OUTWATER.-339 Adams Street. Iron railFiles. ings, etc. R. LAMB & SON.-Tenth Street, near Ainslie. PATTEN & POUGH.-61 Greenpoint Avenue. Cutlery manufacturers. Iron foundry and machinery. E. B, LEVERICH & Co.-Allen Works.-V. De PURITAN IRON FOUNDRY —Pearce & Mitchell, M. Upham, Superintendent, Agricultural imple- 18 Water Street, DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC, 81 C. B. PAUL & Co.-Tenth and Ainslie Streets. EXCELSIOR SHEET-IRON WORKS.-Smith, Burns Files. & Co., Proprietors. North Third Street, E. D. VULCAN SAW WoRKS.-Tenth and Ainslie New York office, 124 Beekman Street. Specialty, Streets. Harvey W. Peace, Proprietor. Saws, coal hods. 60 hands employed. moulding and planing machines, knives, etc. 80 SANDERSON & Co. —New York office, 117 hands employed. Chambers Street. Cutlery, etc. PIONEER IRON WORKS.-6 Conover Street. T. THOMAS. —574 Myrtle Avenue. MachinNew York office, Trinity Building. A. Bass, ery. Treasurer; H. Franke, Superintendent. Iron KINGS COUNTY STEAM BOILER WORKS.-Wm. foundry and steam boilers. 75 hands employed. R. Taylor, Proprietor, 345 First Street, E. D. C. C. PHELPS.-7 Fulton Avenue. Machinery. Boilers only. RICHARDSON, BOYNTON & Co.-Corner Van TAYLOR & SLOAT.-277 First Street. Iron Blunt and Imlay Streets. New York office, 234 foundry and boilers. Water Street. Stoves. 100 hands employed. COLUMBIAN IRON FOUNDRY.-Wm. Taylor & RILEY & COWLEY.-Corner Van Brunt and Sons, Proprietors. 25 Adams Street. Steam enBowen Streets. Steam engines, dredging ma- gines and iron foundry. 150 hands employed. chinery, etc. THOS. TERRY.-18 Powers Street. Iron founJAY STREET FOUNDRY.-Wm. Read, Proprie- dry; specialty, columns, girders, heavy castings, tor. Corner Water and Jay Streets. Castings, etc. railings. TILTON & MCFARLAND SAFE MANUFACTURING JOHN RABER. —65 Montrose Street. Wire Co.-C. E. Tilton, President; A. E. Tilton, cloth. Treasurer; J. G. Metcalf, Secretary. New York TUBAL CAIN IRON WORKS. —John Robertson & office, 95 Liberty Street. Safes. 60 hands emCo., Proprietors, 127 Water Street. Steam en- ployed. gines, hydraulic machinery, presses, etc. L. TILTON.-67 Clymer Street, E. D. MouldRAINBIRD & JOHNSON.-North Fifth near Sec- ing machinery. Ond Street. Horse nails. F. J. TIMMES. —Wrought iron work. F. ROEHOW.-1 Adams Street. Patent safety J.. UPTEGROVE.-Tenth Street and Second valves. Avenue. Machinery. G. RODENBURGER.-151 Court Street. Cut- J. UHL.-61 Scholes Street. Iron railing. lery. JAS. UDALL.-Washington and Quay Streets. B. RYER & SoN.-68 Doughty Street. Iron Nails. foundry. THOS. VANE.-251 Ewen Street; Boilers SAXTON & HOWELL.-263 Hudson Avenue. only. Iron foundry. VALENTINE & BUTLER.-Imlay near Summit S. J. SHERMAN.-42 State Street. Machinery. Street. New York office, 298 Broadway. Safes NORTH BROOKLYN IRON FOUNDRY.-H. B. and safe locks. 150 hands. Scholes, Proprietor, 710 Kent Avenue, foot of HENRY WAITE & SON.-66 North First Street, Rodney Street. Iron columns, etc. 40 hands E. D. Steam engines, machinery, etc. employed. A. WALTERS.-49 Jay Street. Machinery. SCHWEITZER PATENT BOLT Co.-Bolts and WILSON, BOHANNON & Co.-Locks. nuts. GOOD HOPE HARDWARE MANUFACTURING Co.S. L. SOMERS & BRO.-52 Columbia Street. Wilson &Naylor. Hardware. Dies and machinery. H. WATERMAN.-21 Dunham Place. Saws. WM. H. SHORT.-118 Hope Street. Iron J. WHITTINGHAM. —-No. 5 Broadway. Locks. foundry. WILLIAMS, VWHITE & CHURCHILL.-Builders' SMITH BRos.-Corner Jay and Plymouth hardware, locks, hinges, pulleys, etc. 100 hands Streets. Steam engines and boilers. 50 hands employed. employed. HENRY R. WORTHINGTON.-Imlay and Van JOHN SLACK.-22 Hicks Street. Machinery. Brunt Streets. Hydraulic work, steam pumping A. P. & M. STEPHENS & Co.-Vises, etc. engines, Worthington duplex steam pumps, water SAML. S. SQUIRES.-Third Avenue near Thir- works, machinery, etc. New York office, 59 teenth Street. Iron foundry, Singer sewing-ma- Beekman Street. 80 hands employed. chine castings. SOUTI BROOKLYN STEAM ENGINE WORKS. — Brunswick, ensseer County. Danl. McLeod, Proprietor, Imlay and Summit PLANTER'S HOE Co. —J. H. Allen, SuperintendStreets. Steam engines. 80 hands. ent. Hoes. Works at Eagle Mills. k 82 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. H. PHILLIPS.-Plows. Works, Cropseyville. Works). Steam engines, marine, portable, and staE. GRooM. —BrUnnswick. Scales and wrenches. tionery; general machinery; specialty, propellers. Over 100 hands employed. Brutuzs, Rensselaer County. BrBUFFALO STEAM ENGINE VWORKS.-Grott, Tifft, D. F. AUSTIN & Co.-Hay forks. Sons & Co., Proprietors. Steam engines and machinery. (See also Bridge Works.) Bufcfdo, Erie County..V HIEISER. —Machinery. J. AMESBURY.-Saws. I E. & B. HOLMES. —Steam engines and machinBAILEY & GILLETT.-Files. ery. GEO. M. BAKER. —Agricultural implements. OWARD IRON WORKS. —R. L. Howard, ProJ. A. BARTH.-Machinery. prietor. Mining tools and vises. BANGASSER & Co.-Iron foundry. GEO. JONES & SONS.-Iron railings and safes. DAVID BELL.-Steam engines, machinery, iron MAISCHOSS BRos. —Files. steamboats. (See Iron Ship Y'carcs of Buffclo.) F. MEHRPAHL. —Cutlery. CLINTON IRON WoRKS.-RI. Bingham & Son, J. H. MILLS.-Carriage springs. Proprietors. Iron foundry and general iron NOLAN BRos.-Tools. work. J.F. NOYES.-Files. BIRD & Co.-Iron foundry. Works, Black THos. PARKS.-Bolts and nuts. Rock. PRATT & CO.-(See Rolling MIills and Bridge J. BRAYLEY.-Agricultural implements. Works, also -Blast Furnaces, of New York.) BUFFALO AGRICULTURAL MACHINE WORKS.- A. REIF.-Saws. President, Geo. L. Squier; Agent, F. L. Squier; P. RITER.-Boilers only. Secretary, H. C. Squier; Superintendent, John J. ROBERTS.-Saws. Valentine. General agricultural machinery. W. RlIESTEE.-Machinery. BUFFALO BOLT AND NUT WORKS. —Plumb & J. Ross.-Machinery. Burdick, Proprietors. Bolts and nuts, and the ROCKWELL & ROCKWELL.-Iron foundry, genBurdick bolt machines. eral iron work. This is a very extensive works, employing over SEYMOUR & LACY.-Chains. 100 h ands, and producing a large amount of bolts J. C. SEIFFERT.-Cutlery. daily, beside the Burdick bolt cutter, claimed to KING IRON WORKS.-W. King, President; be the best machine of the kind extant. These Wm. King, Jr., Superintendent. Steam engines machines are also manufactured by the same firm and iron steamboats. (See also Iron Ship Yards.) at a works in Yorkshire, England, where they 100 hands employed. meet with great favor. JOSEPH H. SMITH.-Plows. BUFFALO SCALE Co. —-J. R. Linne, Manager. D. E. SMITH & Co. —Cutlery. Scales. SUTTON BROS.-Steam engines and machinery. BUFFALO STEAM GAUGE Co.-Ray & Marvin, G. W. TIFFT & Co. —Steam engines and maProprietors. Steam gauges, head-lights, signal chinery of every class. 400 men employed. lanterns, etc. 50 hands. J. VALENTINE.-Agricultural implements. BUFFALO STEAMS FORGE Co.-Childs & Saxton, A. WERNER.-Straw cutters, etc. Proprietors. Heavy forgings, railroad and boat L. & J. J. WHITE.-Coopers' tools and skates. iron work. DE LANEY FORGE & IRON Co.-Location, Ferry BUFFALO WIRE WoRKs.-Scheder & Barr, St. below Chicago, on Ohio Basin Slip, Buffalo, Proprietors. Wire. N. Y. Their shops have capacity and tools for CLARK & Co.-Builders' hardware. advantageously employing 200 men. Line of F. COLLEGAN.-Steam engines and brass cast- work varied, covering general forging, from lightest ings. to heaviest, and smithing of all kinds, and full COLLINSON & BUSCH.- Mowing-machine knives. water cut or tool finishing. Shops and tools are C. Y. DAVENPORT.-Boilers only. built and managed with view to making anything PHCENIX BOILER WORKS.-Donaldson, Sisson required of wrought iron, as cheap and well as any & Patterson, Proprietors. Boilers only. establishment in the country can produce it. W. H. DoPP.-Machinery. Works established in 1850 by C. D. De Laney, a FRANKLIN FORGE.-Drullard & Hayes, Pro- thorough mechanic and pioneer in developing the prietors. Forge and foundry. iron interests in this country. Mr. De Laney is EAGLE IRON WORKS.-Dunbar & Howell, Pro- still connected with the house, owning controlling prietors. Steam engines and iron foundry. interest; relations of his who have come up under FARRAR & TUFTS.-(Lafayette Bridge and Iron his instruction, and Mr. Joseph Howard, a gen DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 83 tleman who has had many years' experience in Camden, Oneida County. larger eastern forges with heavy hammering and TRIP & FIELD. —Fondry mill machinery smithing, constitute the firm, and embody in and agricultural implements. the working members a practical management. WOOD BRos. —Iron foundry and agricultural Early appreciating that it would be to the advan- machinery. tage of engine-builders to buy finished wrought iron work when they were busied with work or Canajoharie, Montgomery County. cramped for room or means of largely investing B LEMachi J. BUDDLE.-Machinery. in heavy machinery, they built a larger machine. J. STEENS.Agricultural implements. shop in connection with the forge. Later, this has been made more complete, and now any weight Canandaigua, Oneida County. or kind of forging may be fully finished here. However, it is the aim of the firm to as much as JAS. S. COOLEY.-Agricultural implements. possible run the tools only on tool finishing, and J. W. HAwTEY. —Agricultural machinery. taking surplus iron off work, as they can do this P. MACK.-Machinery. cheaper than machine shops of builders, and can.. OBINSON.-Iron foundry and machinery. control forging thereby. When parties have onlydor, ioga nt. a water cut to take off they gain much, and loss of metal turned to chips is thrown on a forge BOOTH & TuBBs.-Mowing machines. where it more properly belongs, for here metal S. HORTON. —Machinery. costs least, and chips or turnings are of greater S. PARMELEE.-Machinery. value, as they are cheaply re-manufactured with- St n ou muchhandling. C~~~cabnisteo, Steuben County. out much handling. In furnishing work for Pittsburgh, eastern cities, WV. W. CRANDELL.-Iron foundry, plows. and, in fact, all towns, De Laney & Co. pay all freight and assume all risk of transportation. During the war this house did intricate forged D. M. JONES.-Iron foundry and machinery. and finished work for 13 of the monitors; and A. C. SAWYER.-Machinery. since then of heavy work a 9 ton piston rod for JOHN JOSLYN & Co.-Machinery. National Armory, Springfield, some 3 ft. collar rolls for Union Mill, Bufialo, and a 10 ton main Carthage, Jefferson County. shaft for Cincinnati Water Works, are worthy of BROWN & RYTHER. —0Iron foundry. mention. eCastile, Wyoming County. Burlinrgton, Otsego County. HOAGLAND & CuMMiNGS.-Agricultural impleH. L. DYER.-Hay-forks. ments. Butternuts, Otsego County. Cato, Cayugca County. JOHN MAYNE.-Plows, water-wheels, etc. E. Q. DUTTON.-Plows. B. M. WILSON & Co.-Plows and agricultural Byron, Genessee County, implements. T. CUMvMINGS. —-Plows. Catskill, Greene County. Cairo, Green County. M. Fowls.-Iron foundry. E. PADDOCK.-Agricultural implements. A. &. B. WILTSE. —Iron foundry. GILBERT & BRO.-Stump extractors. Caledonia, Livingston County. Cayuga, Cayuga County. HATCH & BLACKMAN. Agricultural implements. NURSE & MERSERAU.~Reaping machines. A. McLAcdHLEN. —Threshing machinery and Ccenovia, Madison County. cultivators. J. D. & D. McCALL.-Agricultural imple- BURNS & PEET.-Threshing machinery. ments. JAS. DODGE. —Iron foundry. STONE & MARSHALL. —Machinery. Cambridge, Washington County. WARNER & HIGGINS.-Iron foundry and agri- Central Bricge, Scoharie County. cultural implements. J. K. CAMPBELL.-Machinery. 84 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. Centreport, Ccyuga County. S. W. WOODS & Co.-Steam engines, boilers, CHAS. CLOW & Co. —Agriculural implements. nd gricultural implements. Champlain, Clinto uty. mer, hata Cotunty. D. FINLEY & Co.-Steam engines, boilers, and AYER, DAYMON & BEECHER.-Machinery. mill work, iron planers, water-wheels, etc. J. B. KNWLTON.-Horse rakes. SMITH & MooRE.-Agricultural implements Cobleskill, Schoharie County. and iron work. M. HARDER.-Agricultural implements. Chase's Mills, St. Lawrence County. C, A Cohoes, Albany County. DEEKS & BRADLEY. Axes. GE. BROOKS.-Nuts and bolts. Chateaugay, Franklin County. CAMPBELL & CLUTE. —Knitting machinery. 30 LYMAN & KELLER. —IrOn foundry, plows, cul- hands. tivators, etc. COHOES IRON FOUNDRY.-Fuller and Safely, E. A. KEELER.-Iron foundry. Proprietors. Steam engines, machinery, and iron foundry. 50 hands employed. Chatham, Columbia County. W. T. HORROBIN.-Iron foundry. P. F. HERLBERT & SoN. —Iron foundry and J. HILTON & Co.-Iron foundry; hollow-ware, agricultural work. specialty. E. M. KRUM & Co.-Mowing machines. TENEYCK AXE MANUFACTURING Co.-D. Cowee, President; George R. Seymour, Treasurer; iR. Chazy, Clinton County. H. Thompson, Secretary. QUEEN OF THE HARVEST MANUFACTURING WEED & BECKER. —Axes, cutlery, etc. Co.-O. K. Wood & Co., Proprietors. Threshing C S and separating machinery, and locks. P pta, oty. WEST POINT FOUNDRY.-Paulding, Kemble & Cherry Valley, Otsego County. Co., Proprietors. Steam engines of all kinds, E. & L. JUDD.-Plows and malleable-iron blowing and pumping engines, general machinery, hardware. and heavy castings, including cannon. This works was established in 1817, and when running full Chittenango, Madison Counzty. employs near 1,000 hands. A large amount of WALWRATH & SKINNER.-Iron foundry and government work has been done here, and the machinery. orders on hand are always ahead. Clarkstown, Rockland Cont. lbi erir ounty. Comb emr Cont A. D. BROWER.-Steam engines. H. & A. GETMANS.-Agricultural implements. D. G. YOUNG.-Edge tools. Works at CedarCincinnatus, Cortland County. ville. BASSETT & WHITE.-Iron foundry and machin- Concord, Erie County. ery. C. J. SHUTTLEWORTH.-Mowing machines. Clarence, Erie County. Works at Springville. BLOCHER & METZ.-Iron foundry and machinConstableville, -Lewis County. ery. D. SHAVER.-Hay-forks. EAMES & BRIDGEMAN.-Hydraulic machinery and pumps. Clarendon, Orleans County. L. E. CoNE.-Water wheels and mill gearing. MILLER & PETTINGILL.-Iron foundry, plows. Capake, Columbia County. Clapville, Oneida County. H. ANDERSON.-Agricultural implements. N. ROBINSON.-Agricultural implements. J. H. CHAPMAN.-Agricultural machinery, N BINON.Agriltra implements. power forks, etc. Corning, Steuben County. S. A. MILLARD & Co.-Scythes. FALL BROOK COAL Co. —Machine and car shop. PARIS FURNACE Co.-Scythes. B. Avery, J. JOHNSON.-Shingle machinery. President; S. J. Look, Secretary and Treasurer. A. OLCOTT.-Machinery. CORNING FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP. B. W. Clyde, Wayne Coznty. Payne & Sons, Proprietors. Steam engines, maF. HUMPHREY.-Iron foundry. chinery, and boilers. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS) ETC. 85 Cornwall, Orange County. N. LOCKLING.-Plows. T. M. WILEY.-Machinery. SWEET, FAULKNER & Co.-Iron foundry, and:mowing and reaping machinery. Cortlcand Village, Cortland County. CHAMBERLAIN, S1TITH & Co. —Agricultural im- Delhi, Delaware County. plements. J S. BUSHROD.-Machinery. HALL & VAN BERGEN. —Steam engines, ma- N. O. FLINT.-Iron foundry, plows, and agriculchinery and iron foundry. tural implements. S. SEELEY.-Machinery. Coxsackie, Greene County. J. RoBINsoN. —Plows, horse-powers, etc. COXSACKIE, MALLEABLE AND GRAY, IRON Co.D. M. Hamilton, President; A. Dwight, Treas- Deposit, DelZaare Couty. urer; I. J. Peck, Secretary. Iron foundry and J. SYDER..-Axles. malleable-iron works. De Ruyter, Xctadc7isoy County. Croghan, Lewis County. D. T. CoON.-Agricultural implements. J. C. FooTE. —Machinery. J. H. CRUMB.-Iron foundry, general castings. J. B. MOUGET.-Tools. J. B. PHILLIPS.-Machinery and jobbing. Croton Falls, TWestchester County. Duncee, Yates County. G-ILMORE & SARGENT,-Iron foundry. JOHN E. BLIVEN.-Iron foundry. Crown Point, Essex County. Duncir7e, Chatauqua County. PENFIELD & HARwooD.-Forge, wire billets. BROOKS LOCOMOTIVE WORKS.-H. G. Brooks, 40 hands. President and Superintendent; M. L. Hinman, Secretary and Treasurer. (See Locomotive TVorks Dansville, mivingston County. of New York.) Foundry, and machinery, boilers, M. GILMAN & BRO.-Plows. tanks, cars, etc. General Description of the Brooks Locomotive Works, located at Dunkirk, New York. GROUNDS INCLOSED, TEN ACRES. Size of Buildings. No. of MJen employed Long. Wide. in each Departnzent. Machine Shop...............,....................... 300 feet. 100 feet. 118 Erecting Shop................................... 200 66 " 43 Boiler Shop........................................... 140 o 50 " 113 Smith Shop............................ No. 1... 100' 50 " Smith Shop.............................. No. 2.... 215' 40 "3 Forge Shop....................................... 0 47 8 Iron Foundry......................................... 100' 60 " 38 Brass Foundry......................................... 50 " 30 " 5 Store Room.......................................... 105 40 "' 2 Engine Room............................. 40 " 30 " 2 Copper Shop..................... 60 " 15' 5 Wood-working Shop............................ 181 " 46'" 23 Pattern Shop...................................... 100 " 50 " 6 Vise Shop.................................. 100 " 30 "' 29 Tank Shop...................... 66 " 60 "' 30 Paint Shop............................................ 200 " 40' 10 Tool Room........................................... 30 " 20' 3 Draughting Room................................ 50 4" 40 " 3 Offices.....40 " 30 9 Department and General Foremen..........................,,.... 11 Laborers, Watchmen, etc......................................... 17 Travelling Engineers...........................2.......... 550 86 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. DUNKIRK IRON WORKS.-Steam engines and New York office, 281 Broadway. Boston, 53 machinery. Kilby Street. Augers, drawing knives, bit braces, 0. F. DICKINSON.-Horse-power machinery. etc. T. FLESIER.-Machinery. REID & COOPER. —Iron foundry. East Albany, Rensselaer County NION IRON WoRKS.-John Vischer. General Ecst Albany, Rensselcaer CGoizty.. iron work. Hudson River Railroad machine shop. Esjperance, Scohairie County. cEast _Bloomfielcd Ontario County. EastBloomeld, Ontaio Count.. WOOLSON.-Agricultural implements. P. SEYMOUR.-Grain drills and agricultural machinery. ~Essex, Essex Cotunty. machinery. A. C. STILES.-Iron foundry and agricultural B. NOBLE.-Forge. 75 hands employed. implements. B. F. SPRAGUE.-Agricultural implements. CEaston, WTYashington UCbounty. W. H. STOWER -Forge and bloomery. J. W. WARNER.-Portable saw-mills. Etna, Tompkins County. C. BARTHOLOMEW.-Scale malufacturer. East Randolph, Cattaraugus County. BENEDICT & LAKE.-Iron foundry and agricul- Farmer Village, Seneca County. tural implements. RYNO & LONGSTREET.-Iron foundry, general castings. Eaton, Macdison County. castings. WOOD, TABER & MORSE.-Steam engines, ma- Fishkill Landing, Dutechess County. chinery, etc. DISBROW & HALLOWELL.-Iron foundry. G. & D. CnRss. —Iron foundry. Works, Wappinger's Falls. Edinburgh, Saratoga County. FISHKILL LANDING MACHINE Co.-M. Sage, President; W. Seller, Secretary; R. Hallegan, (C. D. BuTLER.-~Machinelry. Superintendent. Connected with West Point _Edmeston, Orange County. Foundry. Iron foundry, steam engines, and genT. BOOTMAAN.-Wire. eral machinery. 100 hands employed. N. L. GREEN.-Forge, blooms, and bar iron. Dutchess & Columbia Railroad machine shop. Elba, Genesee County. Florida, Orange County. W. CRAFT.-Threshing machinely. WARD, PER INS & Co. —AgTicultural impleFRENCH & RUGG.-Stave machinerv. ments. J. A. STAPLES. —Stave machinery. Fy reek, Otsego County. P. BARR, JR.-General machinery. W. SHEPHERD.-Agricultural implements. zEllicott, Erie County. Fort Plain, 3iontgomnery County. J. H. CLARK.-Mowing machines, Cardot J. R. FAILING & SON.-Iron foundry. mower. SHIPMAN SPRING AND AXLE Co.-Axles and C. JEFFORDS.-Axe manufacturer. springs. A. J. STEELE & Co. —Mowing machines. N. VANALTYNE. —Iron foundry Ellington, Chactauqua County. Fowlerville, Livingston County. WARREN ARNOLD & SoN.-Forge and foundry. B. F. Dow & Co. —-Machinery H. HARMON.-Horse-rakes. Franklin, Franklin Couznty. Elmira, Chemung County. N. J. ARNOLD.-Iron foundry. ELMIRA SAW MANUFACTORY.-Andrews & Bur- Franklin, Delaware County. bage, Proprietors. Saws. S. L. SLADE. -Agricultural implements. A. BLIVEN.-Machinery. J. G BURRITT. Agricultural implements. Franklinville, Cattaraugus County. ELMIRA AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-J. Arnot, SWINTON & MCKINLEY.-Agricultural implePresident; S. T. Reynolds, Secretary. New York ments. office, 77 Chambers Street. Hoes, forks, etc. _redonia, Chatauqua County. ELMIRA EDGE TOOL Co. —Edge tools. GEO. W. WILEY.- rOn foundry. G' EO. W. WILEY.~Iron foundry. NOBLES MANUFACTURING Co.-D. Decker, President; E. N. Frisbie, Vice-President; S.L. Fulto, Oswego County. Gillett, Secretary; J. S. Thurston, Treasurer. JOHN ATWOOD.-Chains. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHIINE WORKS, ETC. 87 F. DIETz.-Iron foundry and edge tools. SPEER & MANIEVILLE.-Agricultural impleTAYLOR BROS. & Co. —Paper-mill machinery ments. and edge tools. Go~uverneur, St. Lawrence County. Fultonville, Jiontgomery County. L. LITCHFIELD.-Iron foundry. WEMPLE BRos.-Iron foundry. Gowac ttargs Cunty. Galway, Saratocja CnGOwanca, Cattaraugus County. Gcalway, Sacractoga County. SELLEW, ADAMS & Co. -Iron foundry, and agriJ. JAMES. —Rakes, etc. cultural implements, mill work, etc. 50 hands W. CORNELL. —Iron foundry, plows, etc. employed. J. THOMPSON.-Iron foundry, plows, etc. Graby Centre, Osweo Conty. Geddes, Ononcdaga County. SCHENCK & Co. —Chains. WILLIAMS MOWER AND REAPER Co.-Office, AMERICAN CHAIN CABLE WORKS.-J. B. Carr Syracuse. Product large, including some 2,500 & Co., Proprietors. Office, Troy, N.Y. Chains. machines annually. machines annually.. Grassy Point, Rockland County. Geneseo, livingston County. Geneseo, Lvnston ot. A. M. & W. H. WILES.-Iron foundry. BLYTHE & OSBORN.-Iron foundry; specialty, plows. Green Bush, -Rensselaer County. J. D. SPRING & Co.-Wood-working machinery C. CALLAHAN.-General castings. and lathes. 30 hands employed. C. W. NoYEs. —Machinery. J. B. WEST.-Machinery. G'reerne, Chlenacjno CSounty. Geneva, Ontario County. LYON & ST. JoHN.-Iron foundry and machinA. CATCHPOLE.-Machinery. W. B. DuNNING.-Steam engines, machinery, PARKER & McMoRAN. —Machine knives. and iron foundry. H. G. MooRE. —Agricultural implements. Green Islandc, Albany County. Genoa, Cayuga County. SKINNER, GOULD & Co. —Iron foundry. J. HALSEY Iron foundry. T. S. SUTHERLAND.-Boilers. Office, Troy. C. JoINSON. —Machinery. C. JoHNsoN. —Machinery. TORRENCE & MERRIAM.-Malleable-iron works. G. K. MERRITT.-Machinery. Green River, Columbia County. A. W. STEVENS & Co.-Iron foundry and agri- BRAINARD & HIGGINS.-Machinery. cultural implements. Grotonr, Tompki ns County. Germvan _Flats,.Mohawk CounQ/t'. German Flats, oh. PERRIGO & Co.-Machinery. C. JOHNSON. —Iron foundry. PERRIGO & AVERY.-Threshing machinery. Gilboa, Scoharie County. Guilford, Chenango County. J. WRIGHT.-Iron foundry. A. BRADBURY.-Iron foundry. Glen, lMontgomery County. Hamilton, Mciadison County. W. B. WEMPLE & SON. —Iron foundry. JOHNSON & HOWE. —Iron foundry. Glen's Falls, Warren County. Hannibal, Oswego County. DIx & KNox. —Iron foundry. P. DUTCHER.-Iron foundry, plows. Gloversville, Fulton Comnty. Hanover, Chatauqua County. EATON & HARRIS.-Machinery.HA. A McSNEAL. —ASmut machinery and mill NEWTON & TITUS.-Steam engines, boilers, tools. presses, etc. E. BUEL.-Hay presses. Gorham, WTestchester County. HOWES, BABCOCK & Co.-Iron foundry, smut WM. E. STOKES.-Machinery. machinery, mill work, etc. 50 hands employed. Goshen, Orange County. HUNTLEY & HOLCOMB.-Iron foundry, flouring GEO. S. CONKLIN.-Machinery. machinery, and water-wheels. GEO. S. CONKLIN.-Machinery. CORWIN & MERRIAM.-Agricultural imple- IHarpersville, Broome County. ments. C. M. & G. RICHARDS.-Iron foundry and maW. V. RAY.-Agricultural implements. chine shop. 88 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. JCavana, Schuyler County. Hunter's Point, Queens County. HALL & WHITTEMORE.-Steam engines, boilers, Long Island Railroad machine shop. machinery. machinery. Ilion Jerkimer C6ounty. E. W. CooK.-Agricultural implements.n, r Go E. REMINGTON & SoNS.-President, Sam'l. RemHcaverstraw, ZRockland Countyt. ington; Treasurer, E. Remington; Secretary, W. R. A. & S. A. VERVALEN.-Iron foundry. C. Squire. New York, 281 Broadway. A. W. & W. H. WILES.-Iron foundry. This is one of the largest works in the United Bemnpsteacd, Queens County. States, and employs 1,000 men, manufacturing S. N. SNEDEKER & Co.-Iron and steel dies. firearms for military and sporting purposes, gun SNEDEKER & VALENTINE.-Agricultural im- materials, sewing machines, etc. The firm has I ~lements and dies-. ^filled large orders for the United States government, as well as those of foreign countries, and Hiighland, Ulster County. has always large orders ahead. J. M. AUSTIN.-Iron foundry, plows. REMINGTON AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-Agriculillsdale, Columba C tural machinery and tools. 300 hands emJillsdale, Colmbia (CTounty., i ployed. WILLIAMS & LooMIs.-Iron foundry; specialty, Ithaca, Tompkins County. 1plows..c ITHCA AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-McElhaney, R bIbarto, Delcware Coun ity. Biggs & Learn, Proprietors. Agricultural maJ. ROBINSON.-Iron foundry and machinery, chinery and wagon work. 30 hands employed. Homner, Cortland County. JAS. S. REYNOLDS & Co. —Iron foundry and R. BLANCHAN & Co.-Edge tools machinery, shafting, hangers, mowers, reapers, H. G. GILEs.-Iron foundry and machinery, plows, etc. turbine wheels. PHCENIX IRON WoRKS. —Bostwick & Williams. turbine wheels. J. VW. & A. STONE.- Iron fobundry, saw-mill Steam engines, boilers, machinery of all kinds. 60 hands. machinery, water-wheels, and agricultural imple- nd. + J & i ts. ~~~TREMAIN, VALENTINE & G-REEN. —Iron foundry. ments. 35 hands. Honeyoe Falls,'Monroe County. hands. J. VAN BUREN.-Plows. Jamestown, Chatauqua County. E. L. & W. R. YORKS. —Iron foundry and agri- J. H. CLARK.-Iron foundry. cultural machinery. J. F. WILSON. —Iron foundry. HLoosick Falls, Rensselaer County. Johnsonsville, Rensselaer County. W. A. WooD REAPING AND MOWING MACHINE JOHNSONVILLE AXE MANUFACTURING Co. —Lane, Co. —Reapers and mowers. Gale & Co., Proprietors. Troy, N. Y. Axes, The product of this works has always been eel- hoes etc. ebrated among agricultural machinery. ohnstown, Fulton County. fforwnellsville, Steuben County. PALMATEER & KINGSBURY.-Machinery; sewS. B. HATHAWAY.-Iron foundry. ing machines, specialty. NORWOOD BROS. —Machinery. C. N. STEWART. —Machinery. Horse Heads, Chemung County. CAYADUTTA WORKS. —Proprietors, Livingston Morse Meads' Utei s, eun onto. O v.i BOADS'Bo fo. & Cherritree Manufacturing Co. W. H. LivingsBOGARDUS & BENNETT. —IrOn foundry. ston, President; T. F. Cherritree, Secretary and ISRAEL P. GRANT. —Threshing machinery. Treasurer. New York, 113 Chambers Street. Jtudson, Columbia County. Specialty, saws and files. 150 hands employed. CLAPP & JONES.-Steam Engine Manufacturing JTordan, Onondaga County. Cak S. H. Rainey, Secretary. Specialty, steam A. D. PECK.-Iron foundry and machinery. fire engines. C. T. PHILLIPS & Co. —Machinery; specialty, HUDSON FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP. —Gif- smut machines ford Bros., Proprietors. (See also Stove TW- maorcns of New York.) Foundry work and machinery. Katonah, Westchester County. R. H. MILLER & Co. —Iron foundry. GRIGGS & HIOY.-Iron foundry. Hrumphrey, Cattaraugus County. IKeeseville, Essex ounty. M. BAKER.-Machinery. Au SABLE HORSE NAIL Co. —E. Kingsland, DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 89 President; E. K. Baber, Treasurer; J. RI. Rom-. Leroy, Genesee County. eyn, Secretary. Specialty, horseshoe nails, forged. ANDERSON & TAINTER.-Agricultural imple200 hands employed. ments. KEESEVILLE WIRE Co.-D. Dodge, President; J. SWIFT. —Iron foundry, E. K. Baber, Secretary. Wire. N. KINGSLAND & SoN. —Iron foundry and ma- Little Falls, Iterkimer County. chinery. I. CIENEY.-Hammers. 25 hands. PERU STEEL AND IRON Co.-Forge, iron and S. i. FARNAM. Tools. steel blooms, bars, etc. Works at Clintonville. J. MOTT. —Machinery. Jlinderhook, Columrbia County. T. N. MAGILL & Co. Machinery and mill wvork. W. KELLEIOUSE. —Plows, etc.. EDY f y. ]5M. I:EDDIY. —Iron -foundry. Kingston, Ulster County. W. STEIN.-Machinery. EXCELSIOR IRON WORKs. —Blackwell, Gross & WARRIOR MOWER Co. —Mowers, reapers, etc. Co.-Foundry and machinery, steam engines, 50 hands. shafting, etc. Lockpoort, Niagara County. HIERMANCE, NEWTON & Co.-Steam engines, ACKER & HUNT.-Machinery. boilers, general machinery, and water-wheels. T. R. AILEY & VAI-Wood-orking maJ. MILLANE. —Iron foundry. chinery of all kinds. RONDOUT IRON WoRKS. —John Dillon, Proprie- COCKER & TREVOR.-Saws. tor. Iron foundry and machinery. 40 hands em- L. GARDNER & N.ron foundry. L. GARDNER d SoN. —Iron foundry. ployed. G. W. HILDRETH & Co.-Iron foundry, agriIJnoxboro, Oneida County. cultural machinery, and school-furniture castings. NEW YORK LOCK Co.-Locks only. HOLLY MANUFACTURING Co.-T. T. Flagler, President; B. Holly, Superintendent; Chas. Lafayette, Onondagae County. Reet, Secretary; G. Hildreth, Treasurer. HyBAKER & HOYT.-Cultivators, etc. draulic machinery, pumps, engines, etc. FoundLncast er ers of the Holly system of waterworks, which has -Lancaster, Erie County. GABRILC& CSteri ER-e Co ernty. met with great favor. GABRIEL BROTHER. —Steam hammers. Works A. JOHNSTON. —Threshing and separating maat Williamsville. chinery. JOHN KREIHBIEL.-Agricultural implements. J. E. MERRITT & Co. —Threshing machinery. F. MAUTE. Agricultural implements. POUND MANUFACTURING Co.-L.. A. Spaulding, Laurens, Otsego County. President; A. Pound, Superintendent. Steam engines, dredging and general machinery. E. MuLLINS.-Lathes and machinery. n ^_ p JAS. RICHMOND.-Grain separating and bolting Laozna, Chatauqua County. machinery. E. T~oTAN.-Iron foundry. -TREVOR & Co.-Shingle machinery. P. B. RIED.-Reapers. Lansingburgh, Rensselaer Counzty. W. E. TATIELL. —Mill machinery. SOUT-IWICI & ARNOLD.-Iron foundry and E. WEsT. —Machinery. scales. J. J. WRDEN. —Fanning mills. Lawrenceville, St. Lawrence Coutnty. Long Island City, Queens County. G. EVERETT. —Mowing machines. McCoLLUMI & AUTENREITII.-Steam engines, P. NEWMiAN.-Horse-rakes. boilers, shafting, machinery, etc. Lenox, Madison County. W. YOUNG. —-Machinery. PATTEN, CLARK & Co-Agricultural imple- O'HARA, FRY & DAREY.-Boilers only. ments. H. A.A MAUGHAN.I — ron foundry. P. MITCHELL.-Machinery. Leonardsville, 2Madisono County. Long Island R. R. machine shop. F. CRUMB.-Horse-rakes.. ST. JOIIN & BABCOCK.-Machinery. ow e, L s Cnty. C. H. WILLIAMSON & Co.-Agricultural ma- S. B. BATCHELDER & SON. —Hay-forks, cradles, chinery. etc. B. J. ADAMS.-Horse-rakes. D. D. FOOT. —Agricultural implements. I 90 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. PFESTER & POWELL.-Iron foundry, plows, Matteawan, Dutchess County. etc. J. ELLIs.-Files. Luzerne, Warren County. F. McCREARY.-Machinery. CHAS. ROCKWELL.-Agricultural implements. JN B. SCHENCK'S SoNs.-Wood-planing and J. C. STILLWELL.-Agricultural implements, other wood-working machinery. Schenck's Woodp.lansCo tworth Planer New York, 118 Liberty Street. Lydonville, Orleans County. 70 hands employed. W. Gray.-Agricultural implements. H. N. SWIFT.-Lawn mowers. Lyons, tWayne County. J. &W. ROTHERY.-Files. 50 hands employed. WICKSON & VAN WINKLE.-Iron foundry and Mayville, ChataucuaR County. tools. S. BIXBY.-Iron foundry. A. CLASSON & Co.-Iron foundry and macbin- Buffalo, Corry and Pittsburg Railroad machine ery. shop. Macedon, Wayne County. Medina, Orleans County. BECKFORD & HOFFMAN. -Agricultural imple- J. W. MOUNT.-Iron foundry and machinery. ments. BIGNAL MANUFACTURING Co.-Iron foundry JlIalone, Franklin Cournty. and machinery. Ogdensburgh and Lake Champlain R. R. ma- Mendon, Munroe County. chine shop. Locomotives built and repaired. 75 hands. hands.J. B. YORKS & SON. —Agricultural machinery. MALONE FOUNDRY AND MACHINE WORKS.- lentz, Cayuga County. C. C. Whittlesey, Proprietor. Mowers, saw-mill CLOSE & ADAMS. Cultivators. machinery, machine-tools, etc. v. Meridian, Cayuga County. PERKINS BRos.-Iron foundry and machinery. Mer,yua uty. O. B. HALE.-Machinery. D. M. WILSON. Iron foundry. Mamaroneck, Westchester County. Mexico, Oswego County. AMERICAN SPIRAL SPRING BUTT HINGE CO. S. F. BEEBE.-Iron foundry. Hinges. H. D. SLACK.-Pumps. Manchester, Ontario County. liddleburgh, Scoharie County. BROWN, ADAMS & Co. —Agricultural imple- L. GILBERT. —Iron foundry. ments. N. & W. ToMPKINS.-Iron foundry. JESSUP & Co.-Agricultural implements. Mriddcleport, \aygacra Coaunty. Manlius, Onondaga County. D. VANBROCKLIN.-Iron foundry and hardBEARDS & PENFIELD.-Fayetteville Iron Foun- ware. dry. Middletown, Orange County. MooREHOUSE & DWIGHT. —Iron foundry. BRUNDAGE & Co.-Horse nails. R. MRGAN.-Agricultural tools. E. B. HNFORD & Co.-Agricultural tools.implePRESTON & CHENEY BRos.-Mowing and reap- ments ing machines. KING & MULocK. —Steam engines, mowing maC.. W. WooD. —Tools and cradle irons. chines etc. Mansfield, Dutchess County. ORANGE COUNTY FURNACE AND MACHINE L. B. EDDY. —Agricultural implements. WORKS. —E. P. Wheeler, Proprietor; J. Mackay, Manager. Steam engines, saw-mills, turbines, Marcellus, Onondaga County. ron railings and foundry work, steam pipes, etc. T. EGGLESTON.-Edge tools. WHEELER, CLEMSON & Co. —Files. J. B. VANVRANKEN.-Agricultural implements. WHEELER, MADDEN & CLEMSON.-SaWS. fMarion, -Wayne County. A. WILKINSON.-Agricultural implements. BrT-yne^~~~. ^ -r t.N. T. SMITHI & Co. Wire cloth. LAY, TREMAIN & CURTIs.-Iron foundry and fans. Millport, Chemung County. A. PARKER.-Iron foundry, plows. S. B. ROGERS & Co.-Iron foundry. L. SMITH & Co.-Agricultural implements.lton, ster County. McarlborougAh, Ulster Cou.nty R. S. ARMSTRONG.-Iron foundry. ARCHER & GEORGE.-Machinery. J. BooD. —Axes. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 91 Mitches lill, Rensselaer County. New Berlin, Chenango County. J. SANDERSON.-PloWS. H. L. HAIGHT.-Agricultural implements. rA. THOMPSON.- Machinery. M]Johawk, ferkimer Count y. H. RAMSEY. —Machinery. lNe lewburgh, Orange County. H. B. BEEKMAN & Co.-Machinery. Monticello, Sullivan County. A. CAULDWELL. —Boilers only. E. FAIRCIILD. —Iron foundry. CLARK & KIMBALL. —Iron foundry and agricultural implements. Morrisonville, Clinton County. tural iplements J. DELANEY. —Machinery. J. M. TAYLOR.-Iron foundry. HIGHLAND IRON WORKS.-Stanton, Upright & Morrisville, Madison County. Co., Proprietors. Iron railings, ornamental iron work, etc. D. GRAHAM.-Foundry; specialty, plows. SPIER & WILSON.-ron foundry. ]Iisherville, Saratoga County. WHITEHILL, SMITH & Co. —Steam engines and W. CONNELL & Co.-Iron foundry, plows, machinery. lt l 7-WRIGHT ENGINE WoRKs. —Wm. Wright & Co. Mott Hfaven, Westchester County.' Miott avenTs Iron foundry and machinery, steam engines, maE. DART & Co.-One hundred and forty-fourth chinery and general foundry work. Partners, Street and Fourth Avenue. Steam engines, etc. - Wm. Wright, J. Wilson Stratton; special, Chas. W. S. CARR & SON.-Iron foundry, plumbers, Wiley, 15 Astor Place, New York. castings. This firm are now manufacturers of Wright's JAS. M. STEDMAN.-Iron foundry. Patent Cut-off Steam Engine, illustrated here. MOTT HAVEN STEEL Co. —(See Crucible Steel The diagram below was taken from one of these TVorks.) Not in operation. engines, exhibited at the American Institute Fair, ]Jfottville, Onondaga County. New York, 1872, which may need some explanaE. B. HOYT.-Iron foundry; specialty, plows. tion to be fully understood and appreciated. The most important feature of this engine is the fact Mount lJisco, WTestchester County. J. F. I. LL.-Agricultural implements. ilEout Aforris, Livingston County. BODINE MANUFACTURING Co. —Forge. RJochester, Nunda & Pennsylvania Railroad machine shop. Nasfmnordt, J[onroe County. C. FEELY.- A gricultural implements. l2an-nzsv ille, irt-Adison County. STRINGER, BARR & Co.-Iron foundry. Nlvzuet, lRockland County. A. D. BRowER.-Steam engines and iron foundry. Nccanock, Ulster County. M. M. PILL s-URO.Axes and edge tools. that the steam pressure in the cylinder from the New York, 85 John Street. 50 hands. commencement of the stroke to the cut-off point, J. B. RUssELL.- Axes. is equal to the full boiler pressure, and it is claimed Nayles, Ontario County. to be that this is the first time this ever has been WELLS & CHEESEBRO.-Agricultural imple- thoroughly accomplished. Another feature (and of hardly less importance) is the fulness of the t. W. PRIcE. —Edge tools. expansion line above the theoretical expansion curve; the difference between these can readily Newark, Wayne County. be seen and understood from the diagram. This TRACY & GREENWOOD. Agricultural imple- is due to the temperature of the steam in the cylinn ents. der being kept up beyond the point of cutting off, J. C. WILBUR & Co. —Agricultural implements. j by a steam jacket which is constantly full of 92 DIBECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE SWOPRS, ETC. steam at the boiler temperature. The feature The cross-head is carried in cast-iron slides, of this jacket over those formerly constructed which are solid and cast on the bed. Tie featis, that the cylinder is charged at every stroke ure of the cross-head is its stablity, which is sefrom it, instead of the steam-pipe, making, as it cured by its having a very broad bearing on the were, a reservoir of steam of much more capacity bottom and sides, as also a top bearing with brass than necessary for each stroke of piston. gibs; on the bottom is a broad shoe, adj ustable The advantage to be derived from this form of with set screws. steam jacket is, that more power is obtained from Crank-shaft is made of the best hammered the engine with the same quantity of steam, and wrought-iron, and an entire brass bearing fitted more than if it followed a theoretical expansion to it in the main pillow-block. Crank-pin, crossline. In making this gain there is no perceptible head pin, piston-rod and side-shaft, of steel. loss, as the steam is always found in the jacket The engine includes one piece of steam-pipe with at the full boiler pressure. The engine from which elbow, and one steam stop-valve worked by hand the diagrams were taken has frequently, during wheel through a finished column and floor-plate; the fair, done the work of 100 horses-running, also, one piece of exhaust-pipe and elbow, reaching too, at very slow speed, making a gain of over to side of bed-plate. Whatever other steam and 25 per cent., which could be increased still more exhaust pipes may be necessary will be furnished if the engine was run faster. if required, and charged at customary rates. One The engines with steam jacket are more expen- large oil-injector of approved pattern fitted to sive than those without, but to those to whom steam-pipe close to cylinder. Oil-cups fitted to fuel is any object, this is enough to more than all parts where necessary. Also, a drip-pan fitted compensate for the increased cost, as a saving of to bed under packing-box of piston-rod. at least 25 per cent. is effected by the use of the Piston fitted with steam-packing, and has an adsteam jacket. justible brass-shoe to take up wear in bottom of cylinder. The out-board bearing for crank-shaft DETAILED DESCRIPTIOfitted with one half box of brass and chair for holding down-bolts, or a wall box, as desired. This engine is built upon a solid square cast-iron Foundation bolts, nuts, and plates, together with bed-plate. The cylinder is fitted with Wright's plan of foundation and templates, furnished at Patent Slide Valve Cut-off, worked by steel cams any time. upon a horizontal shaft, to which a longitudinal All the materials and workmanship are of the movement is given by the governor, very best quality. The small parts are properly The cylinder is connected to the main pillow- boxed, and the engine delivered on boat or cars block bearing by a strong wrought-iron brace rod. at Newburgh. About in the centre of this rod is located a castiron standard to steady the rod, and also to Ne0 Ohio, Broome Counzty. furnish a bearing for rock-shaft. The governor C. M. & G. RICHARDS.-Iron foundry. is located upon the top of this standard, and is driven by a belt from the crank-shaft. The governor-spindle passes down through this standard Steam Engine Builders and Boiler and gives a longitudinal movement to the cut-o:ff Makers of N'ew York City. shaft, through levers which vary the cut-off to any point in the stroke necessary to balance the W. D. ANDREWS & BRO.-414 Water Street. load on the engine. Patent oscillating engines, patent anti-friction The cut-off cams upon the side-shaft have a pumps, tubular boilers, etc. rocking motion derived from an eccentric on main WM. P. ABENDROTH.-Eleventh Avenue and shaft, communicating with a bell crank, and from Twenty-seventh Street. Boilers only. this bell-crank through a universal connection BABCOCK & WILCOX. —30 Cortlandt Street. with the side shaft. This one eccentric gives the BAKER, SMITH & Co.-151 Greene Street. motion, not only to the cut-off, but to the exhaust Specialty, portable boilers. valves. The concentrating of nearly all the valve BEHRENS MANUFACTURING Co.-23 Dey Street. gearing in one place adds not only to the beauty Steam engines, pumps, etc. Works, Mott and simplicity of the machine, but is much more Haven. convenient to adjust and handle. PROGRESS MACHINE WORKS. A. & L. Brown, An unhooking arrangement is fitted to the pin Proprietors. 57 Lewis Street. Patent oscillating in the bell-crank, whereby the engine can be stopped engines and boilers. (See also Mlachine WTorks.) and reversed by hand at pleasure. 30 hands employed. ~iliIIII1 I//x _______I_____X Wl. WRIGHT'S PATENT CUT-OFF STEAM ENGINE, 94 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. NEW YORK IRON WoRKS.-Cobanks & Theall, J. ROACH & SON.-Foot of East Ninth Street. Proprietors. Foot of Bethune Street, North Steam engines, etc. River. Stationary and marine engines and boil- G. PIERREZ.-358 West Street. Boilers, etc. ers. (See also Mlcachine TForks.) H. A. RoDGERs.-East River Iron Works. 334 WMV. CoLLINS.-Between Gansevoort and Little Front and 384 South Street. Steam engines, Twelfth Streets, North River. Boilers only. boilers. (See also Machine T~Vorks.) J. A. CARNIE.-223 West Street. Boilers ROPER CALORIC ENGINE Co.-I. A. Sherrill, only. President; T. Whitely, Secretary and Treasurer. DELAMATER IRON WoRKs. —Cornelius H. Del- 70 New Church Street. amater. Foot of West Thirteenth Street. Rider's WM. D. RUSSELL. —18 Park Place. Baxter governor cut-off engines, and boilers, caloric en- steam engines. gines. (See also Miachine TVorks.) This works ROOT STEAM ENGINE Co. —R. Lawrence, Presiemploys over 800 men, and consumes from 6,000 dent; T. C. M. Paton, Treasurer. Root wroughtto 7,000 tons of iron yearly. iron sectional safety steam boiler, engines, and J. T. DUNKIN. —5-56 West Twenty-seventh pumps. Street. Steam engines. (See also Ml'achine SAMUEL SECOR & SON.-Foot of East Twentieth Works.) Street. Marine engines. DENSMORE & Co.-616 West Forty-third Street. SLATER & OTTARA. —239 West Street. Steam Boilers only. engines, boilers, tanks, etc. FLETCI-IER, HARRISON & Co. —266 West Street. GEO. B. STETSON.-73 Pearl Street. Boilers. Steam engines and boilers. 200 hands employed. VULCAN IRON WORKS.-W. B. Allen, Manager. GEO. TRY & SoNs.-509 West Thirty-fourth 502 West Street. Street. Boilers, tanks, smoke-stacks, etc. J. & I. J. GRAY.-506 West Street. Boilers only. Machine Works of New York City. GRIFFITH & WUNDRUMI.-Eleventh Avenue and Twenty-seventh Street. Boilers only. H. B. ADAMIs. —43 Centre Street. IHeating D.A. GREENE.-326 Delancey Street. Upright machines. steam engines. G. D. ADREANCE & SON. —Rear 45 Ann Street. R.. W. GLEASON.-521 Water Street. Steam General machinery. engines and boilers. T. ALLCROFT.-94 Fulton Street. Steam WARD, STANTON & Co.-52 John Street. gauges. Works, Newburgh. Steam engines, boilers, etc. GEO. ALLEN.-160 William Street. MachinG. B.. YOUNG.-42 Cortlandt Street. Steam cry. engines. W. B. ALLEN (Vulcan Iron Works). —-506 West WESTON BOILER Co. —69 Liberty Street. Boil- Street. (See Engine -Builders.) ers only. W. ALLEWELT.-777 Tenth Avenue. General ED. P. HAMPSON.-38 Cortlandlt Street. Steam machinery. engines and boilers. (See also Mlachine WYor'ks.) J. ALsoP.-342 West Sixteenth Street. GenHANDREN & RIPLEY.-Albany Street Iron eral machinery. Works. 126 Washington Street. Steam engines AMERICAN POWE P RESS MANUFACTURING Co. and boilers. -A. Robertson, President; J. WV. Bennet, TreasFARRELL LOGAN.-55 Goerck Street. Boilers urer; J. Henry, Secretary. 36 Dey Street. and tanks. Printing presses. MURPHY, MCCURDY & WARREN.-276 West Win. D. ANDREWS & BRo.-414 Water Street. and 74 Beach Street. Steam engines and boilers. (See also Steam Engine _Builders.) Centrifiugal QUINTARD IRON VORKS. —Avenue D and pumps and hoisting machinery. Eleventh Street. Murphy & Co., Proprietors. L. ANKELL.-45 Rose Street. Steam engines, boilers, etc. ARNOLD MANUFACTURING Co. —336 West D. M. NICIIOLS. —2 GCouverneur Slip. Boilers Twenty-first Street. Gas burners. and plate-iron work. J. BANXKS. —157 West Thirty-second Street. NEW YORK SAFETY STEAM POWER Co. —30 Brewers' machinery, hop presses. Cortlandt Street. G. H. Babcock, President; T. BARBER.'-13 Howard Street. A. G. Nichols, Secretary; S. Wilcox, Treasurer. A. BARTHOLF.-33 Gold Street. Saw-toothing Engines, boilers, etc. machinery and shears. G. B. PALMER & Co.-19 New Church Street. J. BASSEMIR. 97 Cliff Street. Steam engines. C. BECER. —-6 Varick Street. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 95 CHAS. BECK. —-920 Sixth Avenue. Jobbing JULES DEBEAUVAIS.-2 Howard and 4 Centre machinery. Streets. Presses, rolls, tools, maccaroni machiP. J. BENDER.-59 Gold Street. Bottling ma- nery, and modelmachinery. chinery, presses, dies, etc. DEGENER & WEILER.-328 Delancey Street. BEHRENS MANUFACTURING Co.-23 Dey Street. Printing presses. General machinery. (See also Steam, Engine I. DELCAMBRE.-218 Centre Street. General Builders.) machinery. C. BERGERON. 128 Bleecker Street. C. HI. DELAMATER.-Foot of West Thirteenth P. BERNARD. —10 North William Street. Jew- Street. Heavy machinery. (See also Steam Enellers' tools gine Builders.) J. N. BLASI. —54 West Broadway. Hoisting R. DILLON.-Burling Slip. Cotton presses. machinery. C. DILY.-41 Greene Street. Model machinery. JAS. BOGARDUS.-White and Elm Streets. Ec- M/. B. DoDGE.-19 Broad Street. Gold-mining centric mills (patent.) machinery. BOISSET, P.-Rear 111 Greene Street. General P. J. DOWDALL.-52 West Broadway. Hoistmachinery. ing machinery, iron rolling shutters, screw presses, S. BoOTH.-545 West Thirty-fifth Street. Gen- trucks, etc. eral machinery. R. DUNcAN. —231 Elizabeth Street. General. WMi. H. BOWDEN. —155 West Twenty-ninth DUFF & KEATING.-14 James Slip. General. Street. Engines and general machinery. JoHN T. DUNKIN.-556 West Twenty-seventh R. BRADY. —631 Hudson Street. Presses, etc. Street. (See also Steanm Enzgine Builders.) A. & F. BROWN.-59 Lewis Street. Steam JAS. DUNSEITH.-350 West Forty-second Street. governors and gauges. General. E. BRowN.-330 Delancey Street. Rivet and C. H. DWYER.-313 East Twenty-second Street. eyelet presses. EHIRENBERG BROS.-523 West Forty-fifth BRINER BROS.-301 East Twenty-second Street. Street. Looms. Steel shanks. GEO. C. EHRSAM. —78 Elm Street. Engines and BUCHMAN & Co.-39 Greene Street. Hatters' fibre machinery. tools. T. EKMERICH.-414 Bleecker Street. General. J. BINSSON.-81 Wooster Street. Watch F. FEIDERLEIN.-462 Tenth Avenue. Mash screws. machinery. J. BURNS.-107 Warren Street. General ma- FIRST & PRYBIL.-465 West Fortieth Street. chinery. Band saw machines. L. P. BYRNE.-Rear 59 Ann Street. L. FRANK.-Franklin and Elm Streets. GenWMr. CAIRNS.-211 Grand Street. eral. WM. H. CARR.-136 Reade Street. Hot-air. C. FORSCHNER.-41 Rivington Street. Genengines and pumps. eral. C. M. CHIABERLAIN & Co.-123 Worth Street. FYFE BRos.-Metropolitan Machine Works. J. CASE. —414 East Nineteenth Street. Vises, 630 Forty-sixth Street, near river. General. anvils, etc. WMIr. GAST.-21 Ann Street. General. COBANKS & THEALL. —— Foot of Bethune Street, GODDARD'S BURRING MACHINE WORKS.-C. L. North River. (See also Steam Engine Buzilcl- Goddard. 3 Bowling Green and 301 East Twentyers.) General machinery. second Street. Burr machines. JAS. COLEMAN.-25 Centre Street. GEO. P. GoRDoN.-96 Fulton Street. Printing A. CONNELL.-15 Spruce Street. Ink-grinding presses. machinery. D.A. GREENE.-326 Delancey Street. General. COTTON & HEWES. —453 Water Street. J. P. GRUBER.-3 Mott Street. Pneumatic CONOVER & WOOLEY.-368 Canal Street. Grates machinery. and fenders. J. C. HAEFLE.-977 Third Avenue. Lifting R. & J. CROSS.-414 West Thirty-sixth Street jacks and general machinery. Silk machinery. C. HAGEN & SON. —White and Elm Streets. COTTRELL & BABCOCK. —8 Spruce Street. General. Printing presses. H. HAAS.-41 Greene Street. Piano tools, T. CURTIN & Co.-91 Washington Street. dies, punches, etc. General machinery. A. HANCOCK.-Rear 4 Liberty Place. General. J. H. DARLINGTON.-Centre and Franklin GEO. W. HARRIs.-510 West Twenty-fourth Streets. General machinery. Street. Fluting machines. 96 DIRECTORY OF GENEltAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. P. HEINE.-25 Clinton Street. General. LAFFAN & Co.-59 Ann Street. General. HERRING & FLOYD. —Foot of West Twentieth C. LANG. —447 West Forty-fifth Street. GenStreet. General. eral. GEO. L. HENZEL.-314 West Thirty-sixth A. 3. LAWRENCE.-38 Cortlandt Street. GenStreet. General. eral. HIGGINS & OSTRANDER.-103 Watts Street. F. LEHR. —62 Chatham Street. Dies, cutters, General. (See YEngines.) and lathe tools. F. J. HILL.-211 Centre Street. General. A. LEONHARDT.-Rear 104 Pitt Street. GenG. HILL.-122 Hester Street. General. eral. W. HILJLMAN.-251 William Street. Jeweller's GEO. LEIB. —97 Cliff Street. Jewellers' tools. tools. W. A. LIGIITALL.-5 Bowling Green. Steam A. HILTENBRAND.-602 East Sixteenth Street. condensers. General. LITTLE & IHUDNER-200 East Twenty-second HOLLAND & CODY.-6 Gold Street. Ratchet Street. General. drills. JOHN J. LOVE.-285 Monroe Street. General. HOHN & ZECKER.-545 Broome Street. Gen- K. H. LooMIs.-163 West Thirty-fourth Street. eral. Engines and general machinery. R. HOE & Co.-29 Gold Street and 504 Grand W. LYON.-796 Warren Street. Machine Street. Printing presses and saws. 400 hands tools. employed. Manufacture power printing presses J. & WV. LYALL. —37 Wooster and 510 West for all parts of the world. Twenty-fourth Street. General. HOLSKE MACHINE Co.-279 Cherry Street. MCADAMS & CARTWRIGHT.-113 Walker Street. Specialty, malt machinery. General. H. HoMER.-54 East Broadway. Screw presses J. McCoLLUM.-41 Eldridge Street. General. and jewellers' tools. A. McFARLAN.-49 Ann Street. General. Jos. E. -HOPPIN.-146 Centre Street. General. R. A. & E. B. MCINTosH. —182 Lewis Street. GEO. HOVEY & SoN.-321 East Twenty-second Oil and tobacco presses. Street. Copying presses, hay cutters. W. MCKENZIE.-532 West Street. General. J. INNES.-453 West Street. Engines and W. MCPHERSON.-326 West Fortieth Street. general machinery. General. GEO. JEFFERYS.-13 Baxter Street. Engines F. MARTIN.-427 West Thirteenth Street. Genand buff lathes, ruling machines, clamps, etc. eral. P. J. JENNINGS.-235 East Forty-first Street. F. MEYEn. —Franklin, near Elm. Model maGeneral. chinery. C. JORDAN.-246 East Houston Street. Gen- MIDDLETON & RITCHIE.-358 Pearl Street. eral. General. J. JUNGERMIAN.-155 West Twenty-ninth Street. MOREY & SPERRY.-95 Liberty Street. MowTools and agraffes. ing machinery. G. KAMMERE.-Hear of 214 William Street. J. MOST.-White, near Elm Street. LithoModel machinery. graphic presses. L. KATZENSTEIN & Co.-Metallic packing. NATHAN & DREYFUS. —-108 Liberty Street. J. M. D. KEATING. —113 Walker Street. En- Lubricating machinery. velope machines. J. NORTH.-520 West Twenty-second Street. M. M. KELTON & Co. —95 Cliff Street. Gen- Diamond drills. eral. J. NOTHACKER. —46 Eldridge Street. General. THos. KERIR. —1002 First Avenue. General. W. NOYES.-447 Broome Street. Damper W. KoDIscI-I. 46 Ludlow Street. General. regulators. A. KoiMP.215 Centre Street. Presses and NUTTING & GITIIENS.-632 West Forty-sixth eyelet machinery. Street. General. E. KoRBIL.-610 East Eleventh Street. Gen- O'BRIEN, HILL & MCMAIION.-45 Gold Street. eral. General. S. R. KRIoM.-210 Eldridge Street. Ore-crush- A. PARKS. —White, near Centre Street. Gening machinery. eral. A. P. KURTZ.-39 Greene Street. Jewellers' L. F. PERNOT.-127 Worth Street. Jewellers' machines and tools. tools. F. P. KURTZ & Co.-97 Cliff Street. Jewel- PHILLIPS & CALVERLEY, —444 Water Street. lers' machinery and tools. General. 50 men, DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 97 PICKERING & DAVIS.-44 Murray Street. W. STARRETT.-White and Centre Streets. Steam governors. General. J. T. & R. 1H. PLASS. —204 East Twenty-ninth STEVENS & McLEAN.-296 Monroe Street. Street. Band sawing machines. General. C. PLATT. —-229 West Fifteenth Street. Gen- E.B. STIPSON. —100 Gold Street. General. oral. V. STRITSKY-271 Third Street. General. L. W. POND. —98 Liberty Street. Machine. V. THoMPsoN. —Twenty-fourth Street and tools. Eleventh Avenue. General. TICE MANUFACTURING Co.-491 First Avenue. J. POWERS. —438 East Tenth Street. General. Water meters. PRENTICE & MCINTYRE. —427 West Thirteenth A. B. TAYLOR PRINTING PRESS AND MACHINE Street. Stone-dressing machinery. Co. — Hague Street. Printing presses. J. QUESNEL.-118 Centre Street. General. TODD & RAFFERTY MACHINE Co.-10 Barclay M. RAU.-41 Centre Street. Envelope and Street. General. paper-collar machinery. TOWLE & UNGER MANUFACTURING Co. —30 E. RAW & Co.-Rear of 120 William Street. Cortlandt Street. General. J. TOWNSEND. —-182 Centre Street. Brass-finREID & KINGHORN.-Franklin, near Elm Street. ishers' tools. General. J. UNSOELT.-530 Ninth Avenue. General. RAE & REID.-452 West Street. Mill machin- M. UEKER.-133 Norfolk Street. General. ery. VAN ALLEN, GUNN & Co. —-Rear of 59 Ann P. REILLY. —59 Ann Street. General. Street. Model machinery. G. REUTHER.-125 Worth Street. General. A. VAN IHoRN. —818 Fifth Street. General. H. RICHTER.-113 Walker Street. General. C. WAGNER. -415 East Twenty-fifth Street. W. S. ROWLAND.-White, near Centre Street. General. General. J. F. WERNER. —62 Centre Street. Model maJ. RUSHWORTHI.-258 West Twenty-eighth chinery. Street. General. G. & N. WESTERHAUSER. —215 Centre Street. C. ST. JoHN.-Franklin, near Centre Street. Dies and punches. General. WHITFORD & CORSCADEN. —15 Vandewater C. SANDFORD.-53 Ann Street. General. Street. Printing presses. A. SCHMlIDT & BRO.-41 Centre Street. Steam GEO. W. WICKS.-125 Eldridge Street. Jewgauges. ellers' tools. C. SCHORTAU. —39 Greene Street. Lath C. WIEBKE.-Rear of 159 West Thirty-first milling and gear-cutting machinery. Street. General. G. SCHRAMM. —Franklin, near Centre Street. WINTER & SON. —420 West Twenty-ninth Model machinery. Street. Band and scroll sawing machinery. GEo. B. SHARP. —33 Gold Street. Steel engrav- WOLFF & WETZLICH.-12 North William Street. ers' plates. General. SERGEANT & CULLINGSWORTH. -- 382 Second 0. D. & E. C. WOODBURY. 103 East Houston Avenue. General. Street. Light machinery. A. SHEDLOCK.-White and Centre Streets. WORRALL & Co.-28 Elm Street. Saws. Light machinery. C. WUTERICH. —White, near Elm Street. ConE. R. & F. W. SHERIDAN.-25 Centre Street. fectioners' machinery. Book-binders' machinery. W. F. WUTERICH.-Franklin, near Centre MINARD M. SMITH.-46 Eldridge Street. En- Street. Fluting machines, etc. gine dies and punches. J. ZUNDORFF.-106 East Houston. Models SMITH & GARVIN.-5 Hague Street. General and spring guns. machinery, drills, chucks, etc. G. ZURN.-39 Greene Street. General machinSMITH & SAYRE MANUFACTURING Co.-95 Lib- ery. erty Street. Cupola and smelting furnace.nufs F. SPEISS.-White and Centre Streets. Brew- Machine Tools Manufactu rers and ers and malt machinery. Manufa cturers' Agents J. STAINTHORP.-206 Broadway. Paint ma- AMES MANUFACTURING Co.-E. V. Haughwout chinery. & Co., Agents, 25 Park Place. General machine STALKER, SWIFT, & STALKER —517 West tools. Works, Chicopee, Mass. Twenty-fifth Street. General. W. B. BEMENT & SONS.-95 and 97 Liberty m 98 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. Street. Industrial Works, Philadelphia. General iETNA IRON WORKS. —104 Goerck Street. machine tools. W. L. Chase & Co., Agents. Architectural and ornamental iron work for EMMETT & Co. —105 Reade Street. Hammers, buildings. 300 hands. Chrome steel. W. J. & C. C. ALEXANDER.-48 Wooster FITCHBURG MACHINE Co.-91 Liberty. En- Street. Builders' iron work. gine lathes and machinists' tools. Works, Fitch- S. B. ALTHAUSE & Co.-144 Greene Street. burg, Mass. Architectural iron, wrought iron beams, buildFRAssE & Co. —62 Chatham Street. Machin- ings, corrugated iron roofs, floors, cornices, parists' tools. titions, shutters, doors, and general cast-iron work. A. M. FREELAND. —560 West Thirty-fourth ARCHITECTURAL IRON WoRKS. —624 East FourStreet. Machinists' tools. teenth Street. D. D. Badger, President; N. E. LYON.-470 Grand Street. Hydraulic Cheny, Treasurer; C. C. Gordon, Secretary. Iron jacks. buildings, doors, and shutters, etc. NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING Co.-Todd & A. AYRES & SoN. —625 Tenth Avenue. Iron Rafferty, Agents, 10 Barclay Street. Lathes, foundry, railroad castings.,planers, drills, etc. Works, New Haven, Conn. AYRES & MCCANDLESS. —-62 Bowery, and 504 NEW YORK STEAM ENGINE Co. —98 Chambers West Forty-fifth Street. Iron foundry, ornaStreet. Geo. Place, President; C. A. Cheever, mental castings. 75 hands. Secretary; G. Q. Dow. Works, Passaic, New BAILEY & DEBEVOISE, - 58 Park Street. Jersey. Engines, lathes, planers, bolt-cutters, Wrought and cast iron work, fronts, doors, shutupright drills, and miscellaneous wood and iron ters, etc. working machinery, cold rolled shafting, belting, BAGLEY & PARKER.-231 West Nineteenth drills, punches, wrenches. Street. Iron railings and builders' work. JOHN A. NEWBOLD. —121 Liberty Street. G. W. BARNES.-Manhattan Iron Railing C. PLACE & Co. —60 Vesey Street. Machine Works. 12 First Street. Iron railings and tools. house work. POST & GoDDARD.-98 Liberty Street. Agents J. BENEDICT. —624 West Forty-sixth Street. for New York Tap and Die Co., Centrebrook Man- Sash weights and pipe. ufacturing Co., Goddard Emery Wheel, Essex SAM'L S. BENT. —Globe Iron Foundry. 408 Screw Co. General machinery and railroad sup- East Twenty-sixth Street. Stable work, speplies. cialty. L. W. POND.-98 Liberty Street. Lathes, BOYCE & MCINTIRE.-706 East Twelfth Street. planers, drills, and gear cutters, Tafts' punches Atlantic Iron Foundry. General castings. and shears." A. C. Stebbins, Agent. Works, J. J. Bows & BRo.-242 West Twenty-ninth Worcester, Mass. Street. General ironwork. H. A. ROGERS & Co.-50 John Street. Ma- BEEBE & REDMAN.-413 East Fifty-third chinery tools and railroad supplies. Street. Wrought-iron shutters. A. P. & M. STEPHENS & Co.-91 Liberty BRAID BRos.-417 East Twenty-fifth Street. Street. Vises. Iron foundry, piano-forte plates, machine castSTOVER MACHINE Co.-H. D. Stover. 115 ings. Liberty Street. Wood working machinery and A. BRADY.-39 Greene Street. Plumbers' iron supplies. Works, Worcester. work. W. D. TAPrOUSE.-239 Ninth Avenue. Stone- BURNET, JACKSON & Co.-Excelsior Iron cutters' tools. Works. Foot of Fourteenth Street, East River. WARWICK TOOL Co.-Geo. B. Curtis. 76 Iron buildings, roofs, stairs, etc. Chambers Street. Works, Middletown, Conn. COLWELL & BROWIER.-Foot of West TwentyTools and light machinery. seventh Street. Iron foundry. WooD, LIGHT & Co.-107 Liberty Street. COMPOSITE IRON WORKS Co.-109 Mercer Works, Worcester, Mass. Engines, lathes, slot- Street. Works, Greenpoint. Iron railings, ting and shaping machines, planers, bolt-cutters, gates, furniture, stable fittings, etc., etc. etc. L. V. CONOVER.-336 East Thirty-ninth Street. Iron Foundries and Architectural Iron Sewing-achne csting W7o s O F Nw Yok Ciy.COOK & RADLEY.-218 East Thirty-seventh Works of New Y k City. Street. Murray Hill Iron Works. Builders' W. P. ABENDEROTIH.Eleventh Avenue and castings, malt-kiln floors. Twenty-seventh Street. Eagle Iron and Stove F. COOK.-122 West Thirty-fifth Street. BuildWorks. Also at Portchester. ers' iron work. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 99 J. B. & J. M. CORNELL.-141 Centre and 526 Works, Peekskill. (See Stove Mlanufacturers of West Twenty-sixth Street. Iron buildings, pat- New York.) ented mansard iron roofs, doors, etc. NICHOLL & BILLERWELL.-224 West HIouston JAMES CUMMINGS. COLUMBIAN FOUNDRY.- Street. Hammersley Foundry. Building works. 45 Duane Street. Iron foundry. NOYES & WINE.-44 Centre Street. DAY & NICHOLS.-199 Wooster Street. Build- J. O'DONNELL.-518 East Sixteenth Street. ers' work. ORIENTAL AND AMERICAN STOVE WORKS.J. DAVENPORT & Co. — Barclay Street and Perry & Co. 66 Beekman Street. Foundry, 953 Third Avenue. Scales and iron foundry. Albany. (See Stove Manvfacturers of New R. DEELEY & Co.-507 West Thirty-second York.) Street. Sugar-house work. PAULDING, KEMBLE & Co.-West Point FounC. H. DELAMATER.-Foot of West Thirteenth dry. 30 Broadway. Street. Iron foundry. PEFFSERS & GARRASH.-68 East Eighty-fifth J. G. DIMOND. —209 West Thirty-second Street. Street. General iron work. 75 hands. RAMAPO WTHEEL AND FOUNDRY Co.-24 BroadDOUGHERTY & BROOME.-145 Bank Street. way. (See Car Wheel Works.) Architectural work. 50 hands employed. J. ROACI & SONS. —Morgan Iron Works. J. W. FISKE.-99 Chambers Street. Ornamen- Foot of East Ninth Street. (See Engine Buildtal iron work. ers and Ship Yards.) Fox & WALTHER.-517 West Thirty-fourth JAS. RICHARDS. —Greenwich Iron Foundry. Street. Iron foundry. 145' Perry Street. Builders' work. W. FERGUSoN. —Sash weights. F. R. SANDERS.-430 East Nineteenth Street. A. FREUTEL & SON.-147 Elm Street. General Buildings. 100 hands. castings. JOHN SAVERY'S SONS. —97 Beeknan Street. W. J. FRYER, JR. —90 Centre Street. General (See Stove Mlanufacturers of New York.) castings. J. W. SHAY.~-488 Water Street. Ship work. GILMARTIN & THOMPSON.-50 Park Street. Gen- G.. SMITH & Co.-342 Pearl Street. eral castings. JOSEPH TAYLOR. —313 West Forty-first Street. J. F. J. GUNNING. —Railings and castings. General castings. C. R. HARVEY.-1287 Broadway. General D. L. TOWER.-20 Cortlandt Street. General castings. castings. HERRING & FLOYD. —742 Greenwich Street. WATSON & DELAPIERRE. —4 Benson StreetOregon Iron Foundry. Safes and gas-works cast- Building work. ings. W. H. WELLS & Co.-Eckford Iron Works. HEUVELMAN, HAVEN & Co.-77 Liberty Street. 110 Cannon Street. Ship work. HITCHINS & Co.-153 Crosby Street. Green- M. M. WHITE & Co.-5 45 West Thirty-third house work. Street. Car and track castings. 100 hands emR. H. HOAGLAND.-Foot of East One Hundred ployed. and Eighteenth Street. General castings. WARRALL & Co. 28 Elm Street. General JAS. L. JACKSON & BRo.-East Twenty-eighth castings. Street and Second Avenue. Iron fronts, and every description of iron work. Agricultural Implement:@anufacJANES & KIRTLAND.-12 Reade Street. Orna- t furers. mental work. Foundry, Morrisania. LYNN & AVERY.-488 Water Street. General ADRIANCE, PLATT & Co.-165 Greenwich Street, castings. Buckeye Mower and Reaper.. MCKINLEY & SMACK. —Clinton Iron Foundry. R. H. ALLEN & Co. —191 Water Street. Works, 502 Water Street. Building work. Brooklyn. 150 hands. L. MORGAN & SON.-650 East Twelfth Street. AMES PLOW Co. —53 Beekman Street. 50 hands. General castings. BAKER & HAMILTON.-88 Wall Street. J. L. MOTT IRON WORKS. —90 Beekman Street. CARR & HOBSON. 56 Beckman Street. (See Stove Manufacturers.) CLIPPER MOWER AND REAPER Co. —143 ChamMURPHY & Co.-Quintard Iron Works. 741 bers Street. East Eleventh Street. COLLINS & Co. —212 Water Street, Cast-steel NATIONAL STOVE WORKS.-239 Water Street. plows. W. Sanford, President; J. Truslow, Vice-Presi- S. G. CORLIES. —-6 Park Place. dent; S. 5. Utter, Secretary and Treasurer. L. B. CoxE. —197 Water Street. 100 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WOPRKS, ETC. J. T. GooDWIN. —31 Fulton Street. RYLANCE & GASKELL. —433 East Twenty-fifth C. D. GRAIAM. —88 Wall Street. Street. Screw bolts. H. B. GRIFFIN. —60 Cortlandt Street. UNION NUT Co. —78 Beekman Street. Works, H. C. HODGDON.-100 Wall Street. Unionville, Conn. GEO. HOVEY & SoN. —323 East Twenty-second VAN RENSSELAER & MOORE.-Wilmington Boll Street. and Nut Works. 104 John Street. J. B. HUDsoN & Co.-51 Cortlandt Street. GEO. B. WALBRIDGE.-55 Chambers StreeL JOHN MOORE.-193 Front Street. Plows. Manufacturers' agent. NASH & BROTHER.-110 Liberty Street. r -ara NEW YORK PLOW Co.-77 Beekman Street.gar lls agar ty. PEEKSKILL PLOW Co.-77 Beekman Street. W. LANaRETH.-Iron foundry. S. F. QUINBY.-165 Pearl Street. ooeld, Livnston Coty R. C. Reeves.-185 Water Street., L R. SAUSE.-159 Bank Street. J. BowN.-Iron foundry. SHEBLE & FISHER. —79 Chambers Street. Norwich, Chenango County. TUBULAR BARROW AND TRUCK MANUFACTURING S. L. AVERY.-Scales. Co.-266 West Street. THOMPSON & Co.-Saw-mill machinery and UNIVERSAL MOWER AND REAPER Co.-91 Lib- iron foundry. erty Street. W. C. RODGERS.-Iron foundry. W. A. WooD.-Mowing and Reaping Machine H. THOMPSON & Co.-Iron foundry. Co. 30 Cortlandt Street. _/Y'unda, ivinrgston County. CARTER & CROZIER.-Agricultural implements. Bolts, Nuts, Washers, and Screw GIBBS, RUSSELL & STERRETT.-Steam engines lanufacturers and Agents. and iron foundry. AETNA NUT Co.-97 Chambers Street. C L. Nyack, nRocklanc County. Campbell, Agent. MAGEE & St. PIERRE.-Boilers. 0. AHLSTROM.-313 East Twenty-second Street. Oakfield, Genesee County. Bolts. H. WIARD.-Iron foundry, agricultural impleB. H. BRADLEY.-713 East Twelfth Street. ments. Screw bolts. Oak7hill, Greene County. A. BRIDGES. 46 Cortlandt Street. Bolts. CHER E — Hardware an T —HERRITREE BROS. — Hiardw are and malleable H. D. Boss.-22 Cliff Street. Bolts, washers,. Iworks. iron works. lag screws. OAK HILL MANUFACTURING Co.-W. Paddock, D. CARPENTER,-402 Water Street. HotID. CARPENTER. 402 Water Street. Hot- Secretary and Treasurer. Iron foundry and pressed nuts. Tresse FAts. -XT ^r i oi -r~ IJmalleable iron. J. COcIiRANE.-New York Screw Bolt Works malleable iron..151 Avenue IOtD.orSewBt LIVINGSTON & CHERRITREE MANUFACTURING CONTINENTAL SCREW Co.-74 John Street. Co. —Also at Johnstown, N. Y. Saws and Files. CONTINENTAL SCREW Co.~74 John Street. DISOSWAY & GRUNDY.-82 John Street. Bolts Ogdensburgh, St. Lawrence County. and rivets. W. B. ALLEN & Co.-Iron foundry. C. DUCREUX.-93 Elizabeth Street. W. C. ALDEN.-Saw and shingle machinery. L. ENDERS.-62 Chatham Street. Screws. G. CURTIS.-Plows and agricultural machinery. SAMUEL HALL'S SON & Co.-229 West Tenth BIRDSALL & STROBRIDGE.-Threshing machinStreet. Screw bolts, and Doyle's patent differen- ery. tial pulley blocks. JOHN GLASS.-Saw-mill machinery. O. W. LEONARD.-25 John Street. Agent C. MORCEAU.-Machinery and boilers. American Bolt Company. A. FIELD & Co. —47 John Street. Agents for Olec, Cattaragzs Conty. manufacturers. J. CAss & SON. —Rakes. FULLER, LORD & Co.-139 Greenwich Street. G. CHAMBERLAIN.-Stump machinery. Bolts, nuts, washers. MYRICK BROS. & Co.-Steam engines and boilLOCK, NUT, AND BOLT Co.-61 Broadway. ers. R. S. PLACE & Co.-499 Water Street. Bolts. Oneida, Madison County. PIILIPSBURG MANUFACTURING Co.-93 Liberty ONEIDA COMMUNITY.-Steel traps, jack screws, Street. J. W. Gaskell, Agent. and iron foundry. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 101 Oneonta, Otsego County. Parmac, MJlonroe County. FORD BRos.-Iron foundry and machinery. D.W. M.ARTIN. —Plows. (Oneonta Agricultural Works.) ONEONTA FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.- Pawling, u2tchess County. Strait & Quackenbush, Proprietors. Steam en- W.F. F.ABER.-Agricultural implements. gines, plows, etc. F. CULVER.-Iron foundry; specialty, plows. Peekskill, Westchester County. (See Stove lfManu facturers of Xew York.) Ontario, c ayne County. Ontario, Vayne CounyANDERSON BRos. —Machinery. R. MACK.-Plows. MONTROSE, LENT & Co. —Iron foundry. G. PARNELL.-Feed cutters, etc. W.T.ORMSTON & C. —achinery. Oriskany, Oneida County. PEEKSKILL MANUFACTURING Co. Agricultural BALLARD & GRIGGS.-Iron foundry. implements. PEEKSKILL PLOW WORKS. —New York office, Ossinning, Westchester County. 77 Beekman Street. UNITED STATES RAILROAD SCREW SPIKE CO. DECATUR & COXE.-Agricultural hardware. Oswego, Oswego Cobunty. New York, 197 Water Street. W. SHELLY.~Hollow-ware, cutlery, etc. AMES IRON WORKS.-H. M. Ames, Proprietor. Steam engines. Pen Yan, Yates County. J. ING & Co.-Machinery. BI1SALL & STROBRIDGE.-Threshing machinNew York and Oswego Midland Railroad maery, chine shop. ~chi~ne shop. ^- IJ. WHITTAKER & Co.-Machinery. D. B. WATER{AN. — Machi1nery. D1). B. WATERMAN. -Machinery. YATES COUNTY AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-AgriEXCELSIOR PUMP FACTORY.-P. T. Perkins. cultural machinery. Iron pumps. Otto, Cattaraugus County. Perth, Fulton County. D. CARTER. foundry. J. STRron foundry. R. DEwEY. —Agricultural implements. Phes, Otario County. Ovid, Seneca County. BABCOCK & MILLER. —Steam engines and maH. OSGOOD.-Machinery. chinery. N. SEELEY.-Axes. A. TITUS & SoN.-Steam engines and machinOwego, Tioga County. ery. BRISTOL IRON WORKS.-W. H. Bristol, Pro- Philmont, Columbia County. prietor. General machinery and iron bridges. J. F. ELLSWORTH & Co.-Iron foundry. B. C. SPRINGSTEEN.-Machinery., O HI. WV. CAMP. —Iron foundry. P x, Oswego uty. H. W. CAP-Iron f. EMPIRE IRON WORKS.-T. G. MORSE & Co. Oxford, Chencango County. — General iron work. J. M. EDWARDS.-Iron foundry. OXFORD HOE AND EDGE TOOL Co.-Martin & Pittstown, Rensselaer County. Co., Proprietors. Hoes and tools. H. J. HERRINGTON & Co.-Mowing machines. Painted Post, Steuben County. Plattsburgh, Clinton County. A. WESTON & Co.-Steam engines, boilers, etc. BROWN & LIGNER. —Forge and bloomerv. Palmyra, Wcayne County. HARTWELL & MYERS.-Iron foundry and maJ. ALLEN, JR.-Agricultural implements. chinery. JONES MANUFACTURING Co.-Printing presses. NICHOLS, HULL & Co. —Forge and bloomery. 90 hands. P. TROMBLY.-Forge and bloomery. J. FosTER.-Drills. Plattekill, Ulster County. Palitine.Bricge, MJiontgomery County. CHAS. FROST.-Axes, etc. W. C. ORCUTT.-Iron foundry.mer onty. Poland, tEekimer County. Parishville, St. Lawrence County. A. STILLMAN. —Machinery. D. FLETCHER.-Iron foundry. TRASK & SoN. —Axes. 102 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. Port Byron, Cayuzga County. _Remsen, Oneia County. CORTWRIGHT, STEVENS & Co. —Mowillg ma- J. R. ELLIS.-Iron foundry and machinery. chines. -Rensselaerville, Albany Couznty. C. CLOW & Co.-Agricultural implements. H. B. WHTE. —Machiery. FRITZ & TIFFANY.-Iron foundry. P. HOLMES.-Iron foundry and agricultural imPortchester, Westchester County. plements. ABENDROTH BROS.-Plate iron, hollow-ware. JRhinebeck, -Dutchess County. 109 Beekman Street. MARQUET & HAINER. —Iron foundry and agriRUSSELL, BURDSELL & WARD.-Screws and cultural implements. bolts. UNION STEEL AND IRON WORKS.-C. B. Morse C. TRuMP.-Machinery. & J. A. Bennett, Proprietors. Morse's patent J. WILCox.-Tools. tubular steel, cast steel, etc. New York, 4 Dey Street. Port Jack]son, Montgomery County. Str R2iga, gMfonroe County. WARD, PERKINS & Co.-Iron foundry and ma- BHNELL.Iron fo y and ariculS.'.W. BUSHNELL. —Iron foundry and agriculchinery. tural implements. Port J7rvis, Orange County. Port ervs, Orange County.ochester Monroe County. (See Stove ManuRAY & Co.-Machinery. fxctzrers ofNew York.) ST. JOHN & MELVIN.-Iron foundry and mal- SleTble iron. ML - fodya ma D. R. BURTON & Co.-Carpenters' tools. A. BELDEN.-Plows. Port Richmond, Richmond County. H. BEIDSCHEIM.-Machinery. F. STANDRING & SoNs.-Weavers' irons, cards, H. BELDING.-Scroll-saw machinery. etc. JAMES BRAYLEY, ROCHESTER AGRICULTURAL WORKs. Potsdam, St. Lcawrence County. M. BRIGGS & SON.-Safes and locks, iron railC. D. PUTNAM. —Cutlery. ings, Burckman & Sons' safes. Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County. J. S. BURKE.-Machinery. F. S. BRETTELS & SoN. —Machinery. ADRIANCE, PLATT & Co.-Buckeye Mower and. H. CHENEY.-Iron foundry. Reaper, and agricultural implements. New York COURT STREET FOUNDRY.-N. H. Galusha office, 165 Greenwich Street. 160 hands em- Proprietor. Iron foundry. ployed. CONNELL, GLEASON & GRAHAM —Tools. and maALBERTSON & Co. —Edge tools. chinry. J. L. DISsROW. Agricultural implements. DOUGHERTY & DORSEY.-Barrel and shingle JAS. H. DUDLEY.-Iron foundry. machinery. C. FORSTER.-Machinery.. & E. EVANS. Planes. GALE & SPENCER.-Iron foundry. EMERSON & ELLIOTT.-Machinery. C. H. SEDGWICK & SONS.-Iron foundry and ERDLE & CLIER.-Mill machinery. machinery. J. HUNT & Co.-Saws. 50 hands. A. & E. H. SEDGWICK.- Iron foundry and ag- J GREENWOOD & Co.-Barrel nachinery. 30 ricultural implements. hands 1H. TRICKET~.- Cutlery. A. GOMMENGINGER & Co.-Iron roofs, furnaces, VAN ANDEN RAIL CHAIR Co.-W. Van An- etc. den, President; G. D. Hull, Secretary; J. M. B. GLENN & HALL MANUFACTURING Co.-ThreshSilliman, Treasurer. ing machinery. 30 men. WILBER EUREKA MOWER AND REAPER MANU- L. S. GRAVES.-Boot and shoe machinery. FACTURING Co.-Mowing machines. HUNTINGDON & LAVERTY.-Shoe dies. Pulaski, Oswego County. C. S. HALL.-Agricultural implements. FISHER & LING.~Machinery. HAMILTON & MCNEAL. —Printing presses. J. A. HUBBARD.-Agricultural implements. RIiamaypdo, Roc7lancd County. C. HORTON.-Edge tools. RAMAPO WHEEL AND FOUNDRY Co.-George J. IRWIN.-Files. Coffing, President; George Church, Treasurer. E. JONES & SON.-Iron foundry. 40 hands. New York, 24 Broadway. (See Car Wheel J. JUDsoN.-Patent steam governors and valves. Works.) 60 hands. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 103 KINGSBURY & DAVIS.-Machinery. G. A. PRESCOTT.-Edge tools, pruning shears, KIDD FOUNDRY & STEAM ENGINE MANUFAC- etc. TURING Co.-Wm. Kidd, President; J. Terry, WASHINGTON MOWING MACHINE Co.-L. MowSecretary. Steam engines and iron foundry. 40 ry, Agent. Steam engines, mowing machines, hands. saw mills, etc. H. LAMPERT. —SaWS. Saratoga Springs, Scactoga County. MiASON & PIERCE.-Machinery. n F. P. MICHEL.-Tools. F. P. MICHEL.~Tools. R. WARRINER. —Iron foundry and machinery. OTIS IRON WORKS.-Machinery. Schenectady, Schenectady County. THOS. G. PALMER.-Ornamental iron. BARHYAT & GREENHALGH.-Car springs. RICKER & BAINBRIDGE. —Machinery. J. COSGROVE. —ails. RICKER & GILL.-Machinery. CASE, LEVY & Co.-Locomotive spark catchers. ROCHESTER AXLE Co.-Foster, Klein & Co., CLTE & Bo. —Steam engines. Proprietors. Axles. SANFORD, NEAR & CLUTE. —Hollow-ware. ROCHESTER WOOD TOOL Co.-C. R. Tompkins. SCHENECTADY LOCOMOTIVE WORKS. —(See LoWood-working machinery. 60 hands. comotive Works.) ROCHESTER SCREW MANUFACTURING Co.-Steel SCHENECTADY FORGE AND IRON CO.-F. C. and iron machine screws. Beckwith, President. Heavy forgings, railroad J. & S. SNow.- Wire cloth. J. & S. SNOW.-Wire cloth, work, and patent anchors. STOTT BROS.- Files. VAN PATTEN & EGGLESTON.-Broom machines. SARGENT & GREENLEAF.-Locks. 40 hands. G. WESTINGHOUSE & Co.- Schenectady AgriW. TEAL.-Machinery,. cultural Works. Agricultural implements. J. TELFORD.-Machinery. G. G. TOWNSEND.-Shoe tools. Schaghticoke, Rensselaer County. WEAVER & HEMINGWAY.-Iron foundry. W. W. BRYAN.-Agricultural implements. WOODBURY, BOOTH & Co.-Steam engines and VIALL, GRANT & Co.-Agricultural impleboilers. 100 hands. ments. Rome, Oneida County. Schuylerville, Saratoga County. ROME FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.-S. CRAW & DENNIS. —Agricultural implements. Adams & Son, Proprietors. Machinery, turbinecotsrgh, ingson County. wheels etc.75hdsScottsburgh, Livingston County. wheels, etc. 75 hands. J. P. DAVISON & SON.-Agricultural imple- J. MCWiuH. —Iron foundry. ments. T. TRAXLER.-MaChinery. DEAN BRos.-Machinery. Seneca Falls, Seneca County. VAN BROCKLAND & ALAND.-Iron foundry and COWING & Co. —Fire engines and pumps. New agricultural implements. York, 78 Chambers Street. 200 hands. Rondout, Ulster County. ISLAND WORKS.-Silsby Manufacturing Co. RONDOUT IRON WoRKS.-Dillon & McEntee, Rotary steam fire engines, pumps, etc. 150 Proprietors. Iron foundry and machinery. hands employed. RUMSEY & Co. —Fire engines, pumps, and Rushford, Allegheny County. bells. New York, 55 Beekman Street. 150 WHITE & BLIANCHARD.-Iron foundry. hands. W. LEWIS. —Iron' foundry. Sag Hrarbor, Suffolk County. W. LEWIs.-Iron foundry. Sag arbor, Suffol County. ULDS MANUFACTURING Co. —Pumps, cornJ. FORDHAM.-Machinery. shellers, etc. Salem, Washington County. Sharon Springs, Scoharie County. W. MAXWELL.-Agricultural implements. G. W. Fox.-Iron foundry. St. Johnsville, ]Montgomery County. Sherburne, Shenango County. M. WILLIAMS.-Agricultural implements. L. D. BURcH. —Iron foundry and plows. rSandy Hill, Washizngton County. I. S. HINCKLEY.-Agricultural implements. S. DOOLITTLE.-Iron foundry, plows, etc. Silver Creek, Chatauqua County. J. CORNELL & Co.-Steam engines and machin- HOWES, BABCOCK & CO.-Smut machinery and ery. iron foundry. N. W. HoLBROoK.-Machinery. HUNTLEY & HOLCOMB.-Water-wheels. 104 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. MCNEAL & HIIYCK.-Smut machinery and PIICENIX IRON FOUNDRY.-Cobb, Herrick, and mill picks. Co. Boiler makers. Sing Sing, }Vestchester CountGRIF -Machinery. otEDMIONDS, ROTHEIY & SMITH.-Files. ARCADE FILE WORKS. —C. T. Draper & Co. D. WILLIAMS.-Locomotive cranks. Files. 60 hands. New York, 31 Beekman FORD, SMITH & Co. —Iron railings. Street. FEATHERLY & MVARSI. General iron works. E. G. BLAKESLEE & Co.-Iron foundry. New E. HINMAN.-Iron foundry. York office, 179 Grand Street. HUBBARD MOWER Co. —Mowing machines. S. G. HOWE & Co.-Files. I. PEARSON.-Files. J. Y. JOHNSON.-Files. PORTER & LUTHER.-Iron foundry and maSmithsboro, Tioga County chinery. C. FARNHAM.-Edge tools. A. C. POWELL & Co.-Iron foundry and machinery. Sodus, Wayne County. SWEET MANUFACTURING Co. —Steel tires, GRANGER & Co.-Fanning mills, springs, crowbars, etc. SHAVER & COATS.-Agricultural implements. SWEET, BARNES & Co. —eapers, mowing maSouth Corinth, Saratoga County. chines, etc. SYRACUSE BOLT WORKS.-J. H. Fiesinger. PRENTICE & Co.-Bolts and nuts. Bolts. South Valley, Otsego County. SCHOENECK & LEUPOLD.-Fancy iron works. W. H. DAILEY.-Agricultural implements. WILLIAMS MOWER AND REAPER Co.-Mowers E. GRIFFIIN.-Agricultural implements. and reapers. A. WEEKS. —Machinery. Spring Valley, locklcnd County. SLINN FILE MANUFACTURING Co.-Jas Slinn, Westchester County. Treasurer. Files. C. BROMBACHER.-Tools. Springwater, Livingston County. B. F. CORNELL.-Iron foundry. C. BREWER. —Iron foundry. Theresa, Jefferson County. N. A. KELLOGG.-Agricultural implements and RYTHER & CORNWELL. —Iron foundry. scythes. ^~~~~scythes. ^.Throopsville, Cayuga County. iSpuyten _Dzyvig, Westchester County. Spuyten Duyvil, We r C. H. LEWIS & SONS.-Carriage springs. J. G. JOHNSoN.-Iron foundry. Stamcford, Delacware County. Ticonderoga, Eyssex County. S. RoGERS.-Iron foundry and axles. PTE T AN & Co.-Iron foundry. Sterling, Cayuga County. Tonawanda, Erie County. STURGIS & CASEY.-Agricultural implements. S. A. VANBRoCKLIN.-Machinery. VICKERS & HICKLE.-Machinery. Stockbridge, Miladison County. Trenton, Onetdcl County. STRINGER, BARR & Co.-Plows. TRENTON IRON WORKS.-Steam engines, maStockport, Columbia County. chinery, and iron foundry. P. PHILLIPS.-Machinery. EMPIRE LooM WORKS.-R Reynolds. Looms. Troy, Rensselaer County. (See Stove Janurfcituyvesa^t,,oluna Counsty. ^turers of Neio York.) btuyvescamt, Columbia County. Albany & Vermont R. R. machine shop. T. W. GIBBS & Co.-Iron foundry. H. 0. BROUGHTON.-Files. Sufferns, -Rockland County. NUTTING, HALL & Co. —Agricultural impleR. BLAUVELT.-Iron foundry. ments and wire cloth. Syracuse Onondaa C. R. R. OGooD. —Dredging machinery. racuse, Onondca Couty. PLANTERS I-TOE COMPANY.-Hoe works. Eagle ALEXANDER IRON WORKS.-Alexander, Brad- Mills. ley & Dunning. Iron foundry and machinery. J. RICHARDSON.-Iron foundry. ARMSTRONG & MALTBIE.-Iron foundry. GEO. RICHARDSON & Co.-Patent safety valves. C. C. BRADLEY & SON.-Mowing machines. Rensselaer & Saratoga R. R. machine shop. DIRtECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 105 STARBUCK BRos.- Steam engines, boilers, and UTICA STEAM ENGINE Co.-Portable engines, machinery. machinery, etc. FRANKLIN IRON WORKS.-T. S. Sutherland. UTICA STEAM GAUGE CO,-E. A. & F. G. Boilers and iron foundry. Wood. Gauges. W. A WOOD REAPING & MOWING MACHINE Utica & Black River Railroad machine shop. Co.-Works, Hoosick Falls. EAGLE FURNACE.-R. Wheeler. Iron foundry. TOMPKiINS, CLARK & Co. —Reaping and knitting WaOOD & MANN STEAM ENGINE Co.'-N. Y. machines. office, 42 Cortlandt, Street. Steam engines. 200 TORRANCE & MERRIAM.-Malleable-iron works. hands employed. Troy & Greenbush R. R. machine shop. A. WICKS.-Tool Manufacturer. Troy & Boston R. R. machine shop. VALENCE & MCCuNE.-Butts. Voak, Yates County. WAGER & FALES.-Iron foundry. J. SUTHERLAND.-Reapers. L. S. BUNNELL.-Machinery. A. & G. H. WHEELER.-Files. Walden, Orange County. rTomk7 7Nrn s C. EW YORK KNIFE Co.-Thos. J. Bradley, Trumcansburgh, Tompckins County. President. Table and pocket cutlery. 175 GREGG, HASWELL & Co.-Mowers and agricul- hands. tural machinery. WALDEN CO-OPERATIVE KNIFE Co.-W. E. UPDIKE & RAMSEY.-Iron foundry, plows. Gowdy, President. Pocket cutlery. AUBLE, TOBEY & COOPER.-Iron foundry, plows.. DEWITT.-Iron foundry. Tucrin, Lewis County. SEYMOUR, WOOSTER & Co.-Iron foundry. R. T. CHURCH. Machinery. Washington Mills, Oneida County. R. RAY.-Iron foundry. BABCOCK & HuNTLY. —Hoes, etc. Unadilla, Otsego County. J. G. LANE & Co.-Iron foundry. H. K. THURBER.-Iron foundry. Walton, Delaware County. Union, Broome County. W. SEWAL.-Machinery. P. M. BADGER.-Iron foundry. W. N. NORTIH.Pumps. H. DAY & SON.-Iron foundry. Waterford, Saratoga County. Union Springs, Cayuga County. CAYUGA LAKE BENDING WORKS.-C. H.CJAYUGA LAKE BENDING WORKS.-C. H. IL. BUTTON & SoN.-Steam engines and maAdams. chinery. cMOHAWK AND IHUDSON IRON FOUNDRY AND W. & H. H. McFARLAND.-Agricultural im- MOHAWK AND HUDSGeo. W. Eddy, Propr lement MACHINE SHOP. —Geo. W. Eddy, Proprietor. -Pemn Car wheels. Iron foundry and machinery. Utica, Oneida County. G. GAGE & SON. —Steam engines and maG. ALLAND. —Files. chinery. M. ALLAN.-Machinery. W. HALROYD.-Screw plates. New York, 97 B. T. BABITT. —Pumps and engines. Works at Chambers Street. Whitesboro. J. M. KING & Co. —Screw plates. M. CHILDS & Co.-Mowers and reapers. LUDLOW VALVE MANUFACTURING CO. P. S. CURTIS.-Iron foundry and boilers. L. lon foundy. Waterloo, Seneca County. L. DEAN.-lron foundry. T. I)ENT, UTICA NOVELTY WORKS.-Light W. D. BURRELL. —Iron foundry, corn shellers, machinery. etc. FRANKLIN IRON WORKS. —Iron foundry. A. LATOURETTE, J. —Iron foundry. HAWLEY & Co.-Iron foundry. HART & MUNsoN.-Iron foundry. Wtertown, son Coty. T. HOLLINGSWORTH. —PumpS. DAVIS SEWING MACHINE MANUFACTURING G0. JONES, FAULKNER & Co.-Steam engines and BAGLEY & SEWELL.-Iron foundry. boilers. S. HADCOOK.-Axes and tools. J. LEWIS & BRO. —Cutlery. G. LoRD.-Plows. PH(ENIX IRON WORKS.-C. Palmer & Sons. PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE AND MANUFACTURING Iron foundry and machinery. Co.-C. A. Sherman, President. J. R. Powers, A. HI. SIMPSON & Co. —Saws. Secretary. Steam engines and car wheels. n 106 IRECTOPY 0OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg R. R. Yonkers, Westchester County. machine shop. BATES & WHITE.-Files. WATERTOWN LOCK WORKS.-Locks. J. S. BoYD.-Iron foundry. H. W. WOOD & BRo.-Planes. CLIPPER, MOWER AND REAPER Co.-(See N. Y. Watkins, Schuyler County. also.) HERALD & ANDREWS.-Agricultural imple- OSTERHOOD & EcKERMYRE.-Machinery. ments. OTIS BROS. & Co.-Elevators and furnace hoists. ANDREWS BROS.-Iron foundry. H. PARSONS. —Machinery. FRANKLIN & SCOFIELD.-Iron foundry. D. SAUNDERS & SONS.-Machinery. GLOBE MOWING MACHINE Co.-Mowing ma- York, Livingston County.'chines.'A. K. McDoNALD.-Iron foundry and threshCOOLEY, BOTTSFORD & KELLOGG.-Hinges and ing machinery. butts. TTB. F. Dow & Co.-Iron foundry. Works, Waverley, Tioga County. Towlerville. JAS. LEMON. —Iron foundry. H. MILLARD.-Machinery. Weedsport, Cayuga County. Youngstown, Niagara County. B. GROvE.-Iron foundry. M. C. BALCOM.-Agricultural implements. WestJielc, Chatauqua County. WESTFIELD LOCK WORKS.-F. B. Brewer. Steam Engine, Machine Works, Iron Locks and builders' hardware. Foundries and General Iron Manu-.Foundries, and General Iron ^lanuG. P. YORK.-Iron foundry and mowing ma- factures of North Carolina. chines. West Henrietta, Monroe County. Ashville, Buncombe County. WILLIAMS & SON.-Iron foundry and agricul- E. CLAYTON. Iron foundry, general castings. tural implements. T. L. CLAYTON. —Iron foundry, general castWestmoreland, Oneida County. ings. L. H. SHATTUCK.-Malleable iron. Western North Carolina R. R. machine shop. CLARK METCALF & Co.-Malleable iron. Battleboro, Edgecomb County. West Point, Orange County. J. & J. L. HOBGOOD.-Iron foundry. R. P. PARROTT & Co. —Iron foundry and ma- Charlotte, Mecklenburgh County. chinery. COOK & ELLYSON.-Agricultural implements. West Troy, Albany County. MECKLENBURGH IRON WORKS.-J. Wilkes, ProRoY & Co.-Butts and hinges. prietor; P. P. Zimmerman, Agent. Iron founWAGER & FORBES.-Iron foundry. 100 hands. dry and machinery. WEST TROY FOUNDRY Co.-C. T. Hall & Co. ~~Iron foundry.~ U~Company's Whop, Alamance County. Iron. foundry. Whites Corners, Erie County. R. R. machine shop. F. S. lNuT._-Iron foundry. Cranberry, Mitchell County. F. S. HUNT.-Iron foundry. -OKE & Co.-Iron foundry. Whitesville, Alleghany County. HOKE & Co.-Iton foundry. C. C. ALLEN.-Iron foundry. Elizabeth City, Pasquotankc County. Willett, Cortlcandt Cozunty. W. H. CLARK. -Agricultural implements. W. B. GRANT.-Axes and tools, Fayetteville, Cumberland County. BEAVER CREEK MANUFACTURING Co.-Iron Wiscoy, Alleghany County. manufactures. DODGE, MILES & Co. —Light ironwork.Forestve, W e County. Wood Haven, Queens Cownty. FORESTVILLE FOUNDRY AND PLOW FACTORY.LALANCE & GROSJEAN MANUFACTURING CO.- J. R. Dunn & Son, Proprietors. Iron foundry Tinned iron ware. New York, 89 Beekman Street. and plows. Woodhull, Steuben County. Franklin, Macon County. W. MORTON.-Edge tools. J. SYLER.-Machinery. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 107 MI. VANIHooK.-Machinery. WORKS.-Separk, Hicks & Co., Proprietors. Franklinville, Randolph County. Agricultural machinery and plows. J. M. TowLEs.-Agricultural implements. W. H. BURGESS.-l~Machinery. B. P. WILLIAMSON.-General iron works. Graham, Alamance County. alisbury,.Rowan County. NORTH CAROLINA R. R. WORKS.-F. M. S Worth & Co., Proprietors. Machinery. Western North Carolina R. R. machine shop. MERONY & Co.-Iron foundry and machinery. Greensboro, Guilford County. PIONEER FOUNDRY.-Sargent & McCauley, -RockTngham, Richmond County. Iron foundry. GREAT FALLS MANUFACTURING Co.-MachinOTIS PLOW MACHINE Co.-Sargent & Mc- ery. Cauley, Proprietors. In connection with Pioneer Roxboro, Person County. Foundry. Plows and machinery. J YOUNGER.-Iron foundry. NORTH CAROLINA CENTRAL IRON Co. —Office 224 South Third Street, Philadelphia. (See Iron Selina, Johnson County. Ore Regions of the U. S.) Iron ores. SELINA IRON WORKS. Hig1hpoint, Guilford County. Tarboro, Edgcomb County. RANDELMAN MANUFACTURING Co.-J. H. Fer- A. J. HINES & Co.-Iron foundry. ree, Agent. Iron manufactures. Tyro, )acvidson County. Iron Station,.Lincosln Coxunty. H. 1 THOMPSON.-Iron foundry and agricultural J. A. CARPENTER.-Machinery and mill work. implements. Lincolnton, Lincoln County. Warrenton, TWarren County. E. W. STUBBS & Co.-Machinery. J. COLLINS & Co.-Iron foundry. Milton, Caswell County. Weldon, Halifax County. J. J. YARBOROUGH.-Iron foundry. D. C. RICIHARDSON.-Plows. G. C. RICHMOND.-Iron foundry. Wilmington, New tHanover County. Newberne, Craven County. W. C. & R. R. R. machine shop and iron A. & N. C. R. R. machine shop. foundry. SARGENT & MCCAULEY.-Iron foundry and Wilmington & Weldon R. R. machine shop. machinery. HART & BAILEY.-Steam engines, machinery, MANWELL & BEARETH.-Machinery. and iron foundry. 50 hands employed. J. MANWELL.-Steam engines and iron foundry. Wilson, Wilson County. J. TRENWICK. —Iron foundry. FARMER & WAINWRIGHT —Iron foundry. ewo, Catawba Couny D.S. HARDY.-Agricultural implements. eewtonz, CVatawba County. H. R. WALKER. —Machinery. Steam Engine and Machine Works Neow Market, Randolph County. and Iron Foundries of Nebraska. NEW MARKET FOUNDRY Co.-Iron foundry. Ashland, Sautnders County. Oxford, Granville County. J. M. BOND & Co.-Agricultural implements. JoNEs & HOBGOOD.-Machinery. Iron foundry. Pittston, Chatham County. Bey A. W. CLARK & Co. —Machinery. S. BURNs.-Iron foundry and machineryv. Raleigh, Wcake County. Brownville, Tehama County. F. A. TISDALE & Co.-Agricultural impleChatham R. R. machine shop. ments Raleigh & Gaston R. R. machine shop. W. T. ADAMS & SON.-Iron foundry, plows, Trenont, odge County. and machinery. R.. MARSHALL.-Agricultural implements. NORTH CAROLINA MACHINE AND AGRICULTURAL NYE, COLSEW & Co.-Agricultural implements. 108 DIRECTORY OF GENETRAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. Nebraska City, Otoe County. T. L. PENNOCK.-Iron foundry, general castA. FRosT.-Machinery. ings. HALL & BRos.-Iron foundry. STARK MANUFACTURING Co.-Machine tools, HOLMES FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP. A. lathes, planers, drills, gear-cutters, etc. Holmes, Proprietor. Iron foundry and machinery. Amherst, Lorain County. Works also at Omaha. RUSSELL, DOOM & Co. Agricultural imple- IE & WEBSTER. Plows. ments. Ashland, Ashland County. Omacha, Douglas County. N. H. MANSFIELD.-Clover-hulling machinery. BISHOP & SoN. Agricultural implements., WHITING, SPRENGLER & Co.-Iron foundry, HALL & BRos. Steam engines, machinery, and agricultural implements. iron foundry. HOLMES FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP. A. Ashtabula, Ashtabula County. Holmes, Proprietor. Engines, machinery, and CROSBY & WETIERNAX.-Fanning mills and castings. Works also at Nebraska City. hardware. J. A. HORBACIH.Agricultural implements. W. A. ELLIS. Plows and cultivators. A. D. McAusLAND.-Machinery. L.. McNuT & Bilo. Steam engines and maOmaha and South-western R. R. machine chinery. shop. SEYMOUR, STRONG & SPERRY.-Phoenix FounUnion Pacific R. R. machine shop.-J. Cong- dry and Machine Shop. Iron foundry. don, Superintendent. OMAHA GALVANIZED IRON WORKS.-Proprie- Athens, Athens County. tors, Murphy & McGraw. General iron work W. W. LovE. —Steam engines, machinery, and and galvanizing, iron foundry. -Barnesville, -Belmont County. STAR FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.-AlexanSteam Engine and Machine Works, der & Buchanan, Proprietors. Machinery, iron Iron Foundries, and General Iron foundry, etc. Manufactures of Ohio. C. KUGLER. —Machinery and hay-rakes. BARNESVILLE FOUNDRY. —J. H. Watts & Bros., Akron, Summit County. Proprietors. Iron foundry; specialty, stoves and PERKINS & McGREGOR.-Forge, car-axles, etc. plows. AULTMAN, MILLER & Co.-Agricultural ma- Bedfor( Cuyahoga County. chinery, Buckeye rower and reaper. -B -n y C. BURDY.- Machinery. A. BRANTMAN & CO.-Wire. L. CHERVIER. —Chain. Bellaire, Belmont County. Cleveland, Mount Vernon & Delaware R. I. G. B. BARNEs.-Machinery. machine shop. BELLAIRE IMPLEMENT AND MACHINE WORKS J. C. IMCGNIELL.~-Boilers only. Co. —Iron foundry and agricultural implements. H. MARANVILLE. —Scales. J. F. SIEBERLING Co. —Excelsior mowers and Bellefontaine, Logan County. reapers. LOCKHARD & BRO. Steam emgines, machinery TAPLIN, RICE & Co.-Steam engines, mill ma- mill work, and iron foundry. chinery, and iron foundry. POLLOCK & STOKES.-Plows. BELLEFONTAINE AGRICULTURAL WORKS. —AgriAlliance, Stark County. cultural machinery. ALLIANCE TOOL CO. Tools. ETNA AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-Etna mowers Belleville, Richland County. and reapers L. HARRINGTON.-Iron foundry. COATES, GREY & Co.-Steam engines and Bellevue, Huron County. foundry, horse-rakes. 80 hands employed. -ron o J. & G. HASKELL.-Iron foundry and plows. INDUSTRIAL WORKS.-Steam engines and ma-..H. BAUCHMAN. Iron foundry. chinery. W. A. NIxoN.-Agricultural implements. Berca, Cuycahogca County. PITTSBURG STEAM HAMMER WoRKs.-Mar- VAN TYRE & STEARNS.-Machinery. chand & Morgan, Proprietors. Steam hammers. A. WILLIAMS & Co. —Boilers only. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 109 -Beverly,'Washington County. C. RUSSELL & Co.-Mowers and reapers. W. F. ROBERTSON & Co.-Iron foundry, gen- Works at Massillon also. 250 hands employed. eral castings. J. SCHNEIDER & Co.-Reapers and mowers. J. B. WILSON.-Agricultural implements. 30 Bridgeport, Belmont County. hands. HOWELL & NUGENT.-Agricultural implements. Cardington, JMorrow County. WOODCOCK & BROS.-Iron foundry. W. H. HARTMAAN.-Iron foundry. Bryan, Williams County. Carey, Wyandot County. MORRISON & FAY.-Iron foundry. JAS. CAROTHERS & Co. Bucyrus, Crawford County. Carrollton, Carroll County. BUcYRus MACHINE WORKS. —President,. G. BAXTER & POOLE.-Iron foundry. Rupp; Treasurer and Secretary, W. T. McDon- McGuIRE & POOLE.-Plows. aid; Superintendent, B. B. McDonald. Mowers and reapers. Chagrin Falls, Cuyahoga County. EAGLE FOUNDRY.-Fry, Shickler & Co. Steam A. GAUNT.-Machinery. engines, brick machines, etc. ROSE & ALLEN. —IrOn foundry. F. SCHABER.-Plows. J. W. WILLIAMS. —Iron foundry and machinSHUNK & BRO.-Plows. ery. FRANZ & PAPE. —Knitting machines. C. W. REED.-Patent forks. Cadiz, iarrison County.Chillicothe, oss County. HAMILTON, POULSON & Co.-Agricultural im- M. & O. R. R. machine shop. plements. WELSH, SON & Co. —Steam engines, boilers, Cambridge, Guernsey Cozunty. machinery, plows, etc. 40 hands employed. C. P. SIMONS & BRos.-Iron foundry, plows, Cincinnati, Hcamilton County. (See Stove and mill castings. Mlanufacturers of O0io.) Camden, Preble County. C. AHRENS & Co.-4 Commercial Street. SpeCONAROE & STEINFFER.-Machinery. cialty, steam re engines. ENGLISH & DIXON.-New Philadelphia Foundry.. ADAMS.-Iron foundry Threshing and mowing machines. 30 hands. AMERICAN BOLT AND NUT WORKS.-L. M. J. REX. —Iron foundry, general castings. Dayton, Proprietor. 170 West Second Street. Bolts and nuts. C(anton, Stark County. AMERICAN MACHINE Worms.-215 West Second C. AULTMAN & Co. —Agricultural machinery, Street. Wood-working machinery. Works also at Akron. 300 hands employed. BLYMYER, NORTON & Co.-116 Alain Street. AULTMAN STEEL Co. —C. Aultman, President; Agricultural implements and sugar machinery. P. S. Sower, Secretary; B. W. Nichols, Superin- W. S. BELT. —56 Third Street. Iron roofs. tendent. Steel and steel hoes. Nichols' process, BODE & BINDER.-697 Central Avenue. Plows. formerly Canton Malleable Iron Co. S. BOGGS. —Forge, heavy forgings. E. BALL & Co.-Mowers and threshing ma- A. C. BBowN.-Woollen and cotton machinchines. ery. J BALL & Co.-Plows. 75 hands employed. CONOVER & Co.-152 Cutter Street. Gas P. P. BUSI & Co.-Iron foundry, steam en- meters. gines, and machinery. R. W. CALLINAN.-123 West Second Street. BALLARD, FAST & Co. —Saws, springs, sickles, Scales. etc. CALDWELL & Co.-130 West Second Street. BUCHER, GIBBS & Co.-Iron foundry. Gibb's Iron roofs. patent plows. Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad maBEST & MARTIN.-Corrugated iron roofing. chine shop. CANTON. WOUG-HT IRON BRIDGE Co. —(See CINCINNATI STATIONERY ENGINE AND -HYDRAUBridge Works.) LIC Co.-Steam engines, hydraulic and general DIEBOLD & KIENZTE. —Safes. 300 hands em- machinery, cars, and car wheels. ployed. CINCINNATI MACHINE AND HYDRAULIC MANUJOHN LAIRD & SON, LAIRD MANUFACTURING A CTURING FACTU G Co.-Third and Lock Streets. MaCo. —Iron foundry. chinery and pumps. 110 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACIINE WORKS, ETC. M. CLEMENTs.-Bagmiller and Hathaway J. HATTERSLY.-Sixth and Walnut Streets. Streets. Safes, vaults, iron railings, etc. Saws. CLYER & BREX.-9 Providence Street. Files. JAs. L. HAVEN & Co. —56 Plum Street. Iron COPE & MAXWELL MANUFACTURING CO.-J. C- foundry, hardware, and agricultural implements. Morris, President; J. RI. Maxwell, Vice-Presi- HOLABIRD, HARLOW & Co.-335 West Front dent; J. R. Paddock, Secretary and Treasurer. Street. Machinery. Established 1826. 100 118 E. Second Street. Steam pumps and general hands employed. machinery, forgings, etc. HOGAN AND SNOWDEN. —213 West Second GLOBE FOUNDRY AND MACHINE WORKS.-Cor- Street. Saws. desmann & Dierker. 137 West Second Street. W. G. HYNDMAN & Co.-Forges and scales. Iron foundry and machinery. CINCINNATI FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP —S. CUMMINGS & SON.-204 East Front Street. Hoeffing, Hoff & Winchell, Proprietors. 2 LawIron and brass castings. rence Street. Steam engines, machinery, and J. DARLING.-367 West Court Street. Ma- foundry. 100 hands employed. chinery. JAMES & MAGILL. —Office, 8 Burnet House. DAY & RUssELL.-Semi-steel horseshoes. Iron foundry, mantels, grates, railings, etc. C. T. DUMONT.-109 East Front Street. River Junction (Cincinnati and Indianapolis) Railand stationary engines, and iron foundry. road machine shop. DUNN & WITT. —Galvanized iron cornices. R. JONES.-133 East Pearl Street. Boilers. EASTON & ROBERG. —Leather tools. L. JONES & Co.-448 George Street. Iron C. L. ENGLISH. —Forge manufacturer. foundry. P. EMRICH & Co.-Tanners' tools. KETTERLINUS & MESSERIE.-Front and Elm P. EVANS, JR.-Machinery. Streets. Machinery. J. A. FAY & Co.-Front and John Streets. Saw- J. KISTNER. —133 West Second Street. Scales. mills, planing machines, and wood-working ma- KNECHT & KEMPF.-195 Wade Street. Iron chines. foundry. FORSYTH SCALE WORKS.-W. Means, etc. J. KRIEGER & Co. —745 Central Avenue. Steam Scales. engines and machinery. FRITSCH, BURKHARDT & Co.-Vine and Mary LANE & BODLEY.-Portable and stationary enStreets. Iron foundry. gines, circular saw-mills, wood-working machinery, W. GEBHARDT.-Files. etc. Corner of John and Water Streets. CHAS. GRAHAM. —274 West Front Street. Bolts LEE & MORTON. —43 Broadway. Saw-mill and nuts, and iron foundry, bridge castings. machinery. J. & E. GREENWALD.-248 East Pearl Street. E. LEWIS & Co.-Tool manufacturers. Steam engines, machinery, and boilers. W. LOBENSTEIN. —620 Vine Street. MachinGREENWOOD IRON WORKS. —Miles Greenwood, ery. Proprietor. 123 Walnut Street. Builders' hard- CINCINNATI TOOL AND HARDWARE WORKS.ware and malleable iron. (See also Stove Mcan- Wm. Lomas, Proprietor. Vises, tools, etc. 30 ujacturers of Ohio.) hands employed. GREENWOOD PIPE Co.-Corner of Canal and Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad machine shop. Walnut Streets. (See Pipe Works.) Malleable MCGOWAN PUMP AND MACHINE Co.-McGowan iron works. M. Greenwood & Co., Proprietors. Bros., Proprietors. 124 Walnut Street. Steam 384 Walnut Street. engines, pumps, valves, tobacco machinery, and HALL'S SAFE & LOCK CO. Jos. L. Hall, Presi- iron foundry. dent and Treasurer; O. Y. CONE, Vice-President. MCILVAIN & SPIEGEL. —Boilers only. 69 West Fourth Street. Works also at Louis- CINCINNATI SAFE AND LOCK WORKS.-McNeal ville, Kentucky. 350 hands employed. & Urban, Proprietors. Pearl and Plum Streets. This works received orders in 1873 for burglar- Over 200 hands employed. proof safes from London. MATIN, KYLE & Co.-9 Vine Street. MachinQUEENS CITY IRON MANTEL, RANGE, AND GRATE ery, saws, etc. WORKS. —Hand, Whitehouse & Co., Proprietors. MEARS OLHABER & Co.-(See Stove.IanfacOfice, 263 West Fifth Street. 50 hands employed. turers of Ohio.) S. HowELL & Co. —Corrugated iron work. J. B. MOONEY.-138 East Street. Steam enHARRINGTON & SPINNING.-Pumps. gines, machinery, etc. C. H. HARRIS & SON, EAGLE STOVE PATTERN J. MORGAN.-268 Sycamore Street. Edge WORKS.-Iron foundry, stove patterns. tools. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 111 A. MOORE.-Front and Pike Streets. Machin- J. C. TAYLOR.-Planers. ery. TUDOR BOILER MANUFACTURING Co. —Boilers MORRIS & REITH.-Files and steel. only. MOSLER, BAHMANN & Co.-132 West Third UNION CAR SPRING MANUFACTURING Co.-F. Street. Safes. 90 hands employed. W. Rhinelander, President; S. V. Mann, Secretary J. NASH & Co.-289 East Pearl Street. Iron and Treasurer. Works at Springfield, Massachufoundry. (See Car Wheel Works.) setts, and Jersey City, N. J. W. H. NEFF.-Cutlery. GEO. B. VONPHUL. —201 West Fourth Street. W. F. NOLKER.-Nuts and bolts. Gas-works manufacturer. Ohio and Mississippi Railroad machine shop. A. G. VANDEGRIFT. —Smut machinery. AMERICAN BOLT WORKS.-Phillips & Jordan J. P. WALTON & Co.-404 West Sixth Street. Iron Co., Proprietors. Office, 58 East Second Iron railings. Street. Product, 100 tons bolts and nuts per J. WARWOOD. —Nuts and bolts. month. 150 hands employed. P. WEBER.-Shears. PERKINS & Co.-Creasing machines. J. WEST. —Boilers. C. S. RANKIN & Co.-Pearl near Plum. Ar- S. WILLIAMSON.-Iron foundry. 214 East chitectural iron works, iron railings. 100 hands Front Street. employed. J. J. WILSON.-170 Plum Street. Machinery. RAYMOND, HILSINGER & CO.-Plows. F. WOLFF. —144 East Front Street. Knitting REDWAY & BURTON.-22 Vine Street. Iron machines. foundry. WOODROUGH & MCPARLIN.-12 West Second H. J. REEDY. —oisting machinery. Street. Saws. REINSHAGEN & BUCHMAN. —87 East Eighth E. TEUSCHNER.-260 Walnut Street. MachinStreet. Machinery. ery. WM. RESOR & Co.-Front and Race Streets. irclevile Pi wy County. (See Stove Manfacturers of Ohio.) 200 hands. J. T. RITTER & Co.-224 West Second Street. HASWELL, WRIGHT & Co.-Steam engines and Saws. iron foundry. Ross, DAVISS & Co.-181 East Front Street. N. SPANGLER. Plows. Machinery C. SWARTZ.-Machinery. L. ROTH.-87 East Eighth Street. Mill picks, J. B. WELTZER -Plows, etc. coopers' tools, etc. Claridon, Geauga County. L. SCHREIBER.-521 Walnut Street. Iron J.. HATHAWAY.-Reaping machines. railings. SCHRODER LOCK Co. —16 East Seventh Street. Cleveland, Cuyahoga County. Locks. ARMSTRONG, LEWIS & COLWELL.-Carriage bolts. G. SCHRICHTER. —262 Main Street. Shears. A. M. BENSON.-Stave machines. W. SCHUMAKER. —521 Walnut Street. Iron GEO. BARRETT & SON.-Steam engines, marailings. chinery, etc. C. F. SCHWAB.-26 Hamilton Road. Locks. R. BEARDSWORTH.-Machinery. J. B. SCHRODER.-141 Third Street. Locks. BOURNE & KNOWLES.-Bolts, nuts, etc. CaG. STACEY & Co. —Ramsey and I Streets. Iron pacity, 10 tons daily. These gentlemen are now roofs, gas holders, etc. connected with the Union Iron Works Company, WESTERN MACHINE WORKS.-Steptoe, McFar- of Cleveland, of which E. H. Bourne is vice-presland & Co., Proprietors. 216 West Second Street. ident and treasurer. Wood-working machinery. CLEVELAND FOUNDRY.-Bowler, Maher & BrayL. STEIGERT.-492 Central Avenue. Machin- ton. Iron foundry. (See Car IWheel Works of ery. Ohio.) A. P. STRAUB. —145 Water Street. Steam en- L. BRADLEY & Co.-Bolts and nuts. 50 hands gines, portable grinding and bolting machinery. employed. This works has filled an order in 1873 for por- THOS. BRowN.-Grates. table mills for New Zealand. CALVIN CARR.-Galvanized iron cornices and J. STRAUB & Co.-John and Front Streets. roofing, cornice machines, etc. Mill machinery. CHAMPION MANUFACTURING Co.-Iron foundry, HAMILTON FOUNDRY. S. C. Tatum, Proprietor. sewing-machine castings. John and Water Streets. Iron foundry. (See T. M. CARsoN.-Machinery. Car Wheel Works of Ohio.) CLEVELAND CITY IRON WORKS.-S. F. Miller 112 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. & Co., Proprietors. Architectural and builders' Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad machine shop. iron work. CLEVELAND GRATE WoRKs.-Fire grates. Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indian- CLEVELAND IRON FENCE Co.-Iron fences, railapolis Railroad machine shop. ings, etc. CLEVELAND BRIDGE AND CAR WORKS. —M- SCALE WoRKS.-Jones and Lyman, ProprieNairy and Claflin Manufacturing Co., Proprietors. tors. Scales, etc. (See -Bridge and Car Works of Ohio.) CLEVELAND SCREW AND TAP Co.-Succeed CLEVELAND CAR ROOFING Co.-Iron car roofs. Morgan Manufacturing Co. Screw bolts, and Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad machine taps, light machinery, etc. shop. D. S. CRITCHLEY.-Pumps. CLEVELAND MALLEABLE IRON Co. —R. Hanna, DORNER, NOLTE & Co.-Agricultural implePresident; A. A. Pope, Secretary and Treasurer; ments, plows, etc. S. C. Warner, Superintendent. Malleable iron DuLEY & TwILLING.-Machinery. work. J. FENTON.-Cutlery. CLEVELAND CO-OPERATIVE STOVE Co.-W. S. ECLIPSE IRON WORKS.-Stoney, Chambers & Chamberlain, President; W. W. Baldwin, Secre- Macbeth, Proprietors. Rolling mill, car, and tary and Superintendent. (See Stove Mcanufac- bridge castings, patterns, etc. turers.) FOREST CITY SPRING WORKs. —Geo. Cooper CLEVELAND STEAM BOILER Co.-W. & J. A. & Co., Proprietors. Specialty, car springs. 50 Connelly, Proprietors. Boilers only. hands employed. CLEVELAND STEAM GAUGE Co.-D. W. Cross, FOREST CITY PIPE WORKS.-M. Hogan, PresPresident; WV. S. Dodge, Secretary and Treas- ident; T. R. Chase, Vice-President; J. Fairurer; J. P. Holt, Superintendent. Steam and mount, Secretary and Treasurer. (See Pipe and water gauges for locomotive and stationary en- Tube W]orks of Ohio.) gines. FULTON FOUNDRY.-S. M. Carpenter, SuperinCLEVELAND STOVE COMPANY.-Stoves and hol- tendent. (See Car Wheel Works of Ohio.) low-ware, and tinners' supplies. This company, Bridge and car castings also. which succeeded the Akron Stove Works, has GAECKLY & KRIEGER.-Steam engines and mabeen in existence nearly twenty-five years, and chinery. employs 100 hands, consuming some 1,200 tons, GLOBE IRON WORKS.-Steam engines, marine producing 15,000 stoves annually, with sales ex- and stationary, boilers, etc. Iron foundry. ceeding $300,000. F. J. GORRIS.-Iron railings. CO-OPERATIVE IRON Co.-T. J. McGarry. GARRY IRON ROOFING Co.-Iron roofs. Boilers only. R. H. GORDON.-Iron boats, etc. CLEVELAND CITY FORGE AND IRON Co.-Coe, P. GAERLICH & Co.-Saws and files. Ely & Harman, Proprietors. Forge; car axles, H.H. HAMBLIN.-Ironing machines, wringers, specialty; heavy forgings, etc. 120 hands em- etc. ployed. G. L. HAYWARD. -Mill supplies and machinCLEVELAND SPRING Co.-E. H. Bourne, Presi- ery. dent; W. K. Corlett, Vice-President; H. M.. V. HARTZ.-Light machinery, models, etc. Knowles, Secretary and Treasurer; B. C. Bourne, THos. HENRY. —Springs. Superintendent. Springs. E. H. Bourne, Vice- R. HOLMES.-Iron railings. President and Treasurer of Union Iron Works HOLT MACHINE Co. —D. & G. D. Holt, ProCompany. prietors. Steam engines and machinery. L. L. CRANE.-Late Crane, Sawtelle & Co. E. M. HITCHCOCK & Co.-Iron foundry, buildMachine tools, lathes, planers, drill presses, bolt ers' castings. cutters, etc.; steam hammers, shafting, etc. KRITCH & CRANE MANUFACTURING Co. —H. C. CRAWFORD.-Machinery. Harvey, President; J. Critch, Vice-President; H. A. CROSSLEY & Co.-Stave-jointing ma- E. J. Warner, Treasurer; J. R. Cowden, Secrechinery. This machine is meeting with rapid tary. Hammered axles. success in all parts of the country, there being no LAMSON, SESSIONS & Co.-Bolt and nut works. less than sixty in operation in Cleveland alone. This works has 40 bolt machines capable of proCUYAHOGA STEAM FURNACE Co.-W... Cas- ducing 5,000 bolts daily, and 5 nut machines, 60 tle, President; S. J. Lewis, Secretary; J. F. hands being employed. Holloway, Superintendent. Steam engines and W. LEWIS & Co. Cleveland Coil and Chain boilers. This works employs 150 hands, and manu- Cable Works. W. E. B. Jones, Manager. factures over $300,000 of machinery annually. Works, Newburgh. Chains of all sizes. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 113 LORD, BOWLER & Co.-Steam engines, machin- S.. YORK & Co. —Die sinkers. ery. Sales, $150,000. 50 hands employed. CLEVELAND AGRICULTURAL WORKS. —M. C. Low, CROWL & Co.-Stoves. (See Stove Mgan- Younglove, President; A. H. Massey, Vice-Presufacturers of Ohio.) ident; E. B. Chamberlain, Secretary and TreasTHOS. MANNING & SONS.-Steam engines, ma- urer. Agricultural implements. chinery, and iron foundry. Vulcan Iron Works, AMERICAN WRENCH MANUFACTURING Co.-PatMARVIN & Co.-Safes and safe locks. ent wrenches. MATHER & SMITH.-Boilers only. Clyce, Sandusky County. SILAS MERCHANT.-Iron foundry, car, bridge, H & A e locomotive, and job castings. 150 hands em- W. MA E.-Iron fou y. i 1 ~~~~~~~~J.W. WMtAYNE. —Iron foundry. ployed. NOVELTY BOILER WORKS AND BUCKEYE BRIDGE YAMAN& CHAPMAN.-Edgh tOoS. WoRKs.-Miller & Jamison, Proprietors. Boil- CLYDE P Co-Pumps hand and steam. ers and iron bridges. 40 hands employed. Columbiczna, Columbiana County. FOREST CITY FILE WORKS.-A. H. Moores. ENTERPRISE AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-W. W. Files. Wallace. Agricultural machinery, the works inNATIONAL SAW Co.-D. Price & Son, Proprie- eluding foundry, machine shop, and planing mill. tors. Saws. M. NiEWMAN.-Boilers only. Columbia, Hamilton County. M. NENWMAN. —BoilerS only. A. PARKER.-Wood-working machinery and WALKER, STILES & Co.-Iron measures. tools. Columbus, Franklin County. C. PADDOCK.-Boilers only. FRANKLIN FOUNDRY.-C. Ambos & Co., ProPETTENGILL, GLASS & Co.-Iron foundry. prietors. (See Car Wheel Works.) 120 hands employed. AMERICAN GATE Co. —Gates, hinges, bolts, etc. SAPP, KEITH & BALDWIN.-Sewing-machine AYRES, MITHOFF, DUNN & Co.-Hardware castings. manufacturers. H. SCHNEIDER.-Iron railings. BROWN, HINMAN & Co.-Agricultural impleG. W. SHAWK.-Machinery. ments. SMITH & RUPLE.-Boiler makers. P. BORGER. —Boilers only. J. G. STEIGER.-Tools. Columbus and Hocking Valley Railroad machine J. STOVERING & Co.-Steam engines and ma- shop. chinery. COLUMBUS MACHINE AND MANUFACTURING Co.H. TAYLOR & SON.-Iron foundry, light cast- Iron foundry and general machinery. 100 hands ings. employed. VARIETY IRON WORKS Co.-P. F. Olds, Presi- COLUMBUS DOMESTIC SEWING MACHINE Co. dent; B. F. Chamberlain, Secretary; L. M. Pit- COLUMBUS MANTLE AND GRATE Co.-Iron mankin, Treasurer. tles, grates, etc. UNION SCREW Co.-Screws of all kinds. COMSTOCK, BOOTH & Co.-Car seats of iron. J. A. WHEELER.-Picks and tools. 50 hands. WHITE MANUFACTURING Co.-T. H. White, L. B. DAVIUS.-Iron foundry and machinery. President; N. Howard, Secretary. Sewing ma- DIEMER, SMITH & HINDERER.-Steel plows. chines. EMERICH & PINGER. —Iron foundry; specialty, WINSLOW CAR ROOFING Co. —Iron car roofs. stoves. (See Stove Macnzufacturers.) Sewing maWILSON & BRO.-Saws. chines. WINSLOW BARB NAIL Co.-A. P. Winslow, FRANKLIN MACHINE Co.~-D. H. Royce, PresiPresident; J. W. Williard, Secretary; G. W. dent and Superintendent; J. G. Pulling, Secretary Woodworth, Treasurer. Manufacturers of patent and Treasurer. Steam engines, machinery, and barb nails, which have met with considerable sue- mill work. cess. UNION BOILER WORKS. —Ganon and Williams, WOOLSON, HITCHCOCK & CARTER.-Iron foun- Proprietors. Boilers, stacks, plate and sheet iron dry, stoves. work. A. F. WEAVER. —Wire. W. A. GILL & SoN.-Agricultural implements. J. R. WORSWICK & Co.-Brass work and iron COLUMBUS CAR AND WHEEL WoRKs.-John L. pipe. Gill, Proprietor. (See Car Wheel and Car Works WILSON SEWING MACHINE Co. —Sewing ma- of Ohio.) chines. PETER HAYDEN & SONS. — Saddlery and car WINSLOW CAR STOVE Co.-Stoves. hardware. o 114 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WVORKS, ETC. KAISER & BRO.-Iron foundry, stoves, malleable BROWN & IRWIN.-(See Stove Ilanufacturiron, etc. ers.) P. KINNELL. —Edge tools. DAYTON MACHINE WORKS.-Brownell, KielKINNEAR & BRO.-Galvarrized iron cornices. mier & Co., Proprietors. Steam engines, boilers, M. KRUMM.-Iron fences, railings, etc. machinery, and brass foundry. JACOBS BRos.-Sugar-mill machinery. DAYTON STEAM BOILER WORKS.-J. R. BrowOHIO BRUSH AND WIRE-WORK Co. —Wire goods. nell & Co., Proprietors. Boilers only. 40 hands OHIO TOOL Co. —Carpenters' and coopers' tools. employed. This works employs 200 hands, and covers an W. P. CALLAHAN.-Steam engines and oil-press area of nearly five acres. machinery. OHIO BUTT Co.-Iron foundry, butt hinges, etc. CHADWICK & FRANCISCO.-Iron railings. OHLEN & LANMAN. —Saws. 50 hands employed. DAVIES SCREW Co.-J. L. Wayne, President. GEO. POTTS & SoN. —Machinery and brass Screws. Capacity, 5,000 gross screws per day. work. 100 hands employed, and 500 screw machines. REVOLVING SCRAPER Co. —Railroad plows and DAYTON MALLEABLE IRON Co.-Malleable castscrapers. 40 hands employed. ings. J. SCHAEFLING & BRO.-Files. DAYTON CORNICE WORKS.-Cornices. P. SCHART.-Machinery. DAYTON GAUGE Co.-Steam gauges. H. TARBILL.-Boilers only. J. DODD & Co.-Agricultural implements, L. WEIMANN & Co. —Machinery, engines, etc. horse rakes, etc. onneaut, Ashtaba u. FISHER, SARTOR & DOUGHERTY.-Boilers. Conneau, Ashtabla FARMCER'S FRIEND MANUFACTURING Co.-Grain J. A. ELLIS.-Iron foundry. drills, etc. NOBLES & BLAIR.-Machinery. W. F. GEBHART.-Galvanized iron roofs. Coshocton, Coshocton County. J. GENN.-Files. COSHOCTON IRON AND STEEL CO.-Plows and GREAR & KING.-Iron foundry; specialty, stoves. machinery. KING, T2AYLOR & HAY.-Iron foundry. HOGLER & PEASE.-Tobacco machines. E. KIRK.-Iron foundry; specialty, stoves. J. H. JOHNSON. Iron foundry. WILSON, HAY & SoN.-Steel springs. 60 J. D JOHNSON & BRO.-Machinery and jobhands. bing. Crestline, Crawford County. LITTLE NOVELTY MACHINE WORKS.-W. McHose, Proprietor. Light machinery. G. W. DYER.-Iron foundry. LOEB, STEVENSON & Co.-Malleable and gray C. A. FAULKNER & Co.-Locks. castings. J. THOMPSON. -Macahinery. D. E. MCSHERRY & Co.-Agricultural impleCuyahogca Falls, Summit County. ments, drills, etc. ALFRED & PITKIN MANUFACTURING Co. —Ma- S. MARSHALL.-Iron foundry. chinery. MAUSE, BRENEMAN & Co. —Cast-steel plows. JAMES ISRAEL.-Forge and rolling mill, ham- W. S. MORRIs.-Files. mered and rolled car axles, locomotive forgings, D. W. & C. C. MORRISON & Co.-Iron bridges. etc. (See Rolling Mills of Ohio.) (See Bricde Works.) TURNER, PARKS & Cb.-Grain-separating ma- NEFF & BENNETT.-Iron foundry. (See Stove chinery and sewer-pipe machinery. Manufacturers.) BITTER & HENSER. Agricultural implements. Dayton, _Mlontgomery Couznty. STILLWELL, PIERCE & Co. —Montgomery MaANDERSON & HARRIS.-Plows. chine Works. Boilers, turbine wheels, and maBARNETT, HERMANN & Co.-Turbine wheels. chinery. W. B. BARRY & Co.-Circular and cross-cut GLOBE IRON WoRKS.-Short, Mills & Temple. saws. Turbine wheels and mill machinery. 100 hands BARNEY & SMITH MANUFACTURING Co.-(See employed. Melt 5 tons of iron daily. Car Works of Ohio.) 450 hands employed. B. C. TAYLOR. —Agricultural machinery of all H. BATES & SoN.-Machinery; specialty, patent kinds. 100 hands employed. drills. WETSEL & ROBERTS.-General machinery; speBROADUP & Co. —Woollen machinery. cialty, tower clocks. BOYER & MCMASTER.- (See Stove Mcanufac- WENSTHOFF & GETZ.-Grain drills, etc. turers.) J. WILT & Co.-Mill picks. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 11 L. & M. WOODHULL.-Agricultural imple- JACKSON FOUNDRY. —Wolf & Powell. Wood ments. working machinery, horse powers, steel plows, WOODSUM, TENNY & Co.-Agricultural machin- etc. ery. Fostoria, Seneca Coutnty. -Defiance, -Defiance County. C. & B. BENNETT.-Iron foundry. DEFIANCE MACHINE WoRKS.-Kettenning, H. BECHTEL.-Agricultural implements. Strong & Lauster. Iron foundry and machinery. Irederictown, nox jnty. DEFIANCE STOVE COMPANY. —Iron foundry, specialty, stoves. FREDERICKTOWN FOUNDRY WORKs.-L. W. Foote & Co., Proprietors. Machinery, agriculDelaware, _Delaware County. tural implemepts, castings, etc. BURNHAM, MILLER & Co.-Iron foundry and Tremont, Sandusky Cocnty. machinery. N. CEsTER-Edge tools. BLUE & THOMPSON. —Agricultural implement. N. CHESTEr. —Edge tools. J. J. REIcERT. —Patent fences. J. A. BowEs.-Agricultural implements and sugar machinery. -Deiphos, Van Weert County. D. JUNE & Co.-Steam engines, iron foundry, F. OLLSMITH.-Plows. etc. H. WEIBLE & CO.-Plows. Galion, Crawtford County. GALION MACHINE WORKS.-J. B. McClinton & D)oylestow%, Waryne County. DoylestoCayne County. o., Proprietors. Steam engines, saw mills, and CLINE, SILBERLING, & Co.-Mowers and reap- machinery. ers. B. & J. Railroad machine shop. OHIO W7HEEL Co.~-Wheels. Atlantic and Great Western Railroad machine Drescen, JMuskingum County. shop. G. H. JoHNSON.-Iron foundry; specialty, SQUIRE & HOMuER.-Iron foundry. stoves. Gallipolis, Gallia County. E. J. RAMBO.-Iron foundry; specialty, stoves. BUCKEYE FOUNDRY.-E. Hill & Co. Steam East Cleveland, JCuyahoga County. engines, machinery, and iron foundry. E. JONES & SON. Mowing machines. EAGLE FouNDRY.-Kling, Muentz & Co. Plows, pipe and mill machinery. East Liverpool, Columbiana County. e A a t ounty. Geneva, Ashtaulca Coutnty. A. J. BoYe, & Co.-Iron foundry and machinAe. J. BOCE & Co-Iron foundry and machn- CASTLE MACIIINE Co.-Steam engines, woodworking machinery, saw mills, etc. W. JOHNSON.-Agricultural implements. C^ ^~ GF~GENEVA TOOL Co. —C. Tinker, President; J. Eaton, Preble County. L. Morgan, Treasurer; 0. B. Clark, Secretary. GEO. S. BOWER. —Plows. Agricultural machinery. EIDSON & DE GROOT.-Iron foundry, stoves, Girard, Trumbzll Coznty. etc. L. & D. GABLE & Co.-Machinery.IRA STOVE C.-(ee Stove anufaturROBINSON & CHAMBERS.-Iron foundry and mill ers.) ~~ma~~~~~~~chinery. ^J. G. WILSON.-Mowing machines. machinery.'Elyria, Lorain Cozunty. Greenfleld, 7ighrland County. I'^~~~~ ^ ~~..SIMPSON & WADDLE.-Bolts and nuts. W. BENNETT.-Machinery. G. C. SELERS-PUIPS. O. BILLINGS.-Foundry and mowing machinery. ]ctamden, Vinton County. ELYRIA AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-Agricultural S. GODY & Co. —Hamden Stove Foundry. (See machinery. Stove Manufacturers.) F. C. RAWSON.-Iron foundry. Hamilton, Butler County. Findlay, HSancock County. N. ALSTATTER.-Iron foundry. FINDLAY FOUNDRY AND MACHINE WORKS.- NILES IRON WORKS.-Gaff, Grey & Gordon, Adams & Kuhn. Steam engines, wood-working Proprietors. Agricultural implements and cutmachinery, iron foundry, etc. lery. Formerly in Cincinnati. 450 hands emW. K. MARVIN.-Iron foundry and machinery. ployed. 116 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. J. E. HULL & Co.-Punches, shears, etc. Ironton, Lawrence County. (See Blast FurLONG, BLACK & ALSTATTER.-Reapers, sickles, naces and Rolling Mills of Ohio.) mowers, etc. OLIVE FOUNDRY, MACHINE SHOPS, AND BOILER MCBETH, MORGATANT & Co.-Wood-working WORKS.-Lambert & Gordon, Proprietors. Mamachinery, tobacco machinery, etc. chinery, boilers, and castings. Works employs 60 HAMILTON EAGLE IRON WORKS.-Millikin, hands, and consumes 600 tons of pig-metal. Shipley & Co., Proprietors. Paper-mill machin- IRONTON FOUNDRY.-Mears, Olhaber & Co., ery, steam engines, plows. Proprietors. (See Stove Mamnufacturers.) ProdNILES TOOL WORKS.-Iron foundry, agricul- uct, 13,800 stoves, consuming 1,150 tons iron. tural implements, etc. 100 men employed, who receive some 59,000 in ECLIPSE MACHINE WORKS.-Owens, Lane, Dyer wages. & Co., Proprietors. Portable and stationary en- NORTON & WILLETT, SOUTIH-WESTERN HOE gines, threshing machines, saw mills, etc. 300 WoRKs.-Planters' hoes. By reference to the dehands employed. The machinery from this works partments of Blast Furnaces and _Rolling Mills, it has great celebrity throughout the West, and the will be seen that Ironton is the centre of a very product is large. productive iron industry, of which the following H. WEEBER.-Iron foundry. figures are an evidence: Number.men employed, WOODROUGH & MCPARLIN.-SaWs, etc. Works 1,136; tons metal melted, 1,750; tons muck iron at Cincinnati also. made, 21,747; tons finished iron, 12,473; kegs Hanging Rock, cLawrence Counzty. nails made, 146,000. Total disbursements in the HaNgRing B Mock, fon y.industry, $1,913,787.35. HENDERSON & MARTIN. —Iron foundry. The annual product of pig-iron is about 50,000 tons, of which not more than half is consumed, IHcanover, Licking County. the remainder being exported principally for carGEO. HOLLISTER.-Iron foundry. wheel iron, for which it is held in great repute. G. G. WARMAN. Plows. JGackson, Jackson County. (See -Blast FurHfarmar, Washington County. naces of Ohio.) J. G. HALL.-Machinery. PICKREL & Co.-Iron foundry; specialty, W. LAMBERT. —Machinery. stoves. PUTNAM, SON & Co.-Iron foundry. eerson, Ashtcbula County. J. SPAULDING.PU S. Ashtabla County. GEO. H. LEONARD.-Iron foundry. H.arrison, Hamilton County. W. D. WALKER.M Machinery. CHAS. M. MALTBY. —Machinery. W. & J. CAMPBELL & Co.-Agricultural ma- C. M. E TER BY. —Machinery n chinery and drills. E. H. PETERSON & BRo.-Machinery and gas chinery and drills. and steam fittings. ffillsborough, Highland County.ent, Portage County. C. S. BELL.-Iron foundry, sorghum mills. C. W. LANE.-Iron foundry, plows, etc. A. D. CLARK.-Machinery. ]Kenton, cHardin County. HIincley, iMiedina CJounTty. I E. BLOOM & SoN.-Steam engines and iron DUNHAM & WILCOX.-Iron foundry; specialty, foundry. plows. KENTON MANUFACTURING AND MACHINE CO.J. SHAW.-Machinery. Agricultural and general machinery. J. PARKISON & Co. Plows. iomeworth, Colzumbiana County. HOMEWORTH AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-HI. Kingsville, Ashtabula County. THOMAS & Co., Proprietors. Agricultural ma- S. W. HAUGH.-Iron foundry. chinery, mill-work, bolts, and castings. S. TINKER —Mowing machines. HTopedale, Hiarrison County. Lancaster, Fairfield County. J. H. CROSKEY.-Iron foundry. ARNEY, MOREHEAD & Co.-Iron foundry and E. MILLER & SON.-Agricultural implements. agricultural implements. ARNEY, WEBSTOR & Co.-Machinery. IHudson, Szumznit Counzty. EAGLE MACHINE Co.-F. S. Whiley, President; OSBORN, WHEELOCK & CO.-Iron foundry. Samuel Whiley, Secretary; Peter Pursell, Su DIIECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC, 117 perintendent. Agricultural implements and ma- Me Connellsville, _M3organ County. chinery. 50 hands employed. COCHRAN, BOYMAN & Co.-Iron foundry, agriHOCKING VALLEY MANUFACTURING Co.-G. A. cultural implements, etc. Mithoff, Vice-President; J. B. McNeill, Secretary; John D. Martin, Treasurer; Theo. Mithoff, Jaclta, Morgan County. Superintendent. Plows, agricultural machinery, BROWN & MANLEY PLOW Co.-Iron foundry, etc. 60 hands employed. threshing and mill machinery. LANCASTER IRON AND SHOVEL WORKS.-Over- Ma, ih myer, Motherwell & Olds, Proprietors. Shovels, lansield, RTchlManc7 County. picks, agricultural implements. AULTMAN & TAYLOR MANUFACTURING CO.Threshing machines and general agricultural maLa Grange, Lorain County. chinery. 0. BILLINGS.-MlOWiing machines. BLYMER, DAY & Co.-Machinery and agricultural implements. Leesville, Carroll County. A. & H. B. LEITER.-Iron foundry. L. M. RoBY.-Iron foundry, plows, etc. MANSFIELD MACHINE WORKS.-Sturges & Co., -Leetonia Columiana County..Proprietors. Reapers, mowers, saw mills, steam Leetonia ]olumhbana County. AU IC GFELAM Co.-J. G. engines. (See also Car Works of Ohio.) 200 AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARrM CO.-J. G. Chamber- hands employed. lain, President; J. A. Chase, Treasurer. Fire RICHLAND' AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-J. H. Cook, alarms. President. Agricultural machinery. LEETONIA MANUFACTURING Co.-Lightning P rods. Mantta, Portace otunty. LEETONIA BOLT AND NAIL Co.-Bolts. E. GODDARD.-Iro n foundry. (See -Blast Furnaces and Rolling Mfills of YMarietta, Washington County. (See Rolling Ohio.) M-ills of Ohio.) Leipsic, Putnam County. O. FRANKS.-Iron foundry. P. MooTZ. —Machinery. MARIETTA LOCK WORKS.-Locks. A. T. NYE & SoN. —Iron foundry. Lima, Allen County. A. F. WARD. —Machinery. CARNES, AGETER & Co.-Steam engines, boil- Marion, Mrion County. ers, threshing and grist-mill machinery. 60 hands. b B. J. CAMP. —Scroll saws. E CMTNWo an canadn mac.s.y. MARION MACHINE WORKS. —Holmes & Sefner, E. NO.MIPTON. —Woo afnd carding machinery. Proprietors. Steam engines, portable, stationary, A.N. SMITH.-Iron foundry, plows, stoves, andmarine, saw and mill machinery. etcand marine, saw and mill machinery. HUBER, GUNN & Co. —Agricultural impleLiverpool, Medina County. men ts. D. W. NOBLE.-Machinery. J. F. LINDSAY.-Plows. C. RUPRECHT. —Machinery. C. RUPREGcHT. Machinery. Martin's Ferry, Belmont County. (See Blast Lodi, Medina County. Furnaces of Ohio.) J. WARREN & SONS.-Iron foundry. J. W. GRAY & Co. —Iron foundry, steam engines, and machinery. Logan, hiocking County. B. HoYLE. —Threshing machines. R. BELT. —Iron foundry and machinery. L. SPENCE. —Steam engines, threshing machines, etc. London, Madison County. chines, etc. Londo, Mcdison Conty. SWARTZ & SON.-Agricultural implements and J. DUNGAN. —Agricultural implements. threshing machines. MESSMrORE, COULTAS & Co.-Iron foundry and WARWOOD & BRO.-Agricultural implements. machinery. H. WELLS & BRO.-Iron foundry, machine castings. Lozclonville, Ashlandc County. ing D. & M. RUST. —Iron foundry. Massillon, Stark County. C. H. TANGEMAN.-Iron foundry. MASSILLON EXCELSIOR WORKS.-E. Bayliss. Agricultural machinery, reapers, mowers, etc. Louisville, Stark County. L. GIDDINGER.-IMachinery. M/. SEIBERLING & Co.-Plows. MASSILLON IRON FOUNDRY.-Killinger & Co. 118 DIRECTORY- OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. Steam engines, plows, machinery, building work, JOHN COOPER & Co.-Steam engines, mill macastings, etc. chinery, etc. 150 hands employed. RUSSELL & Co.-Agricultural implements. Napoleon, Henry County. Works at Canton, Ohio, also. (See also Blast 77-urnaces a-7 fb~olli~fy 7s o @ OTHOMIAS G. CLAY. —Iron foundry, wood-working Furnaces and BRolling Mlills of Ohio. machinery. Mciaunmee City, Lucas County. Navarre, Stark County. McKINNEY, POTTER & Co.-Agricultural im- JACOB NITZLEY. —Iron foundry. plements, stump machines, etc. THOMAs S. MERRILL.-Plows. -Nevada, Wyandotte County. Mletdina, Mlediina County. CONKLING & Co.-Iron foundry. D. C. BRADWAY.-Agricultural implements. Newark, Licking County. tH. & F. BLANDY.-Portable and stationary M2iamisburgh, _Mlontqomery County. a r.l r County. steam engines, saw mills, and general machinery. MIAMISBURGH AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-HlOO- J. MosER.-Iron foundry; specialty, plows. ver & Co., Proprietors. Iron foundry and agri- GREATWESTERN STOVE WORKS.-J. E. Thomas, cultural implements. Proprietor. Iron and brass foundry, stoves, etc. HERTZEL & HAGAR.- Hay rakes, chopping ma- (See Stove Manufacturers of Ohio.) chinery, etc. SCHEIDLER & MCNAMARA.-Steam engines, J. C. SMITH.-Agricultural implements, drills, saw mills, and general machinery. etc. e MAt idzcdlebbury, Sunmmit bCoubnty. Newburgh, Cuyahoga County. (See Blast Middlebry, -t C Ty^. P.Furnaces and Rollin trlls.) MIDDLEBURY MACHINE WORKS.-Kent, Bald- win & Co.-l.achinery. Newbury, Geauga County. MIDDLEPORT MACHINE Co.-General machin- OBER & BRO.-Machinerv. ery. NlVetw Haven, Huron County. _/Viddletown, Butler County. iddletow, ButlJ. R. PORTELLO.-Iron foundry. BUCKEYE SHEAR Co.-Shears. MIDDLETOWN AGRICULTURAL WORKS. —-P. P. New Bremen, Anglaize County. Latorelle, Secretary. Iron foundry and agricul- W. LANGHORST.-Files. tural machinery, cotton and grain planters, general H. LANFERSICH & Co.-Plows. castings, etc. -New Concord, 2Vuskingnum County. X'ilan, -Erie County. J. BUTMAN.- Irron i o foundry. JOHN MULHOLLAND.-TThreshing machinery. J. illeuron ffoundry. Cut.J. & J. SMITH.-Machinery. Mfillersburgh, feolnes County. ]Niew l isbon, Columbiana County. FARRA, WHOLF & Co.-Millersburgh Machine o. Gener NE LISBON MALLEABLE IRON Co.- Ialleable Co. General machinery. MILLERSBURGH AGRICULTURAL WORKS. J.ron works. Mulvane, President; W. W. RENFREW, Secre- HOOVER & C.-Lightning rods. tary. General agricultural machinery and im- HESSON & Co.-Lightning rods. plements. New Philadelphia, Tuscarawas County. Minerva, Stark County. ENGLISH & DIXON.-Iron foundry, reapers, J. Pennock & Co.-Iron foundry. mowers, threshing machinery, and general castings. Munroeville, fHuron County. KINGSLEY, SMYTHERMAN & Co.-Iron foundry. W. E. SIITH.-Iron foundry. SHARP, Fox & STINE.-Machinery. Morgan, Ashtabulac County.. New Richmond, Clermont County. SLOAT & SONS. —Machinery., OHIO MACHINE WORKS.-Steam engines, saw _Mount Gilead, Mlorrow County. mills, and general machinery. MOUNT GILEAD TURBINE WHEEL MANUFACTUR- S.B. SI-Plows. ING Co. —W. Cooper & Sons. Iron foundry. Niles, Trumbull County. (See Blast Furnaces 2Mount Vernon, Knox County. and Rolling Mills of Ohio.) C. G. COOPER & Co.-Steam engines, saw mills, NILES CHAIN WORKS.-This works was estaband general machinery. 200 hands employed. lished in 1873, and has a capacity for seventy DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 119 five tons of chain monthly, employing some fifty O'FARRELL, DANIELS & Co.-Iron foundry. hands, and will make all sizes of chain when in 60 hands. full operation. Mr. Brown, of the Niles Iron JOHN REEDY. —Plows. Co., is manager of the chain works. ROUZER & CLARK.-Steam engines, agricultural STERLING & HAMMELL.-Boilers. implements, etc. North Fairfield, Huron County. Ply mozth, Richland County. N. BURCH.-Iron foundry. PLYMOUTH NOVELTY WoRKs.-Beelman Bros., Norwalk uron Cou. Proprietors. Agricultural implements and light Norwoalc, Huirron Cozunty.machines. machines. P. ALLING.-Agricultural implements. PLYMOUTH FOUNDRY AND MACHINE CO.B. COURTWRIGHT.-Fanning mills. Portnar, Getman & Co. Saw-mill machinery and JAS. HINCKLEY.-Knitting machines. agricultural castings. NEWCOMB, KENNEDY & Co. —Threshing ma- F. SWALLY.-Agricultural implements. chines. THOS. WAITE.-Cultivators, etc. N. S. C. PERKINS.-Parodox sewing machines 100 hands. Poland, Mahoning Cocunty. J. O. WARNER. —Iron and brass foundry, ALLEN & WOODRUFF. —Iron foundry. steam engines, and machinery. Pomeroy, Meigs County. D. WATROUS.-Iron foundry. POMEROY FOUNDRY AND MACHINE Co.-GenOakland, Clinton County. eral machinery. THOS. HAZARD.-Machinery. Portsmouth, Sciota County. (See also Blast Olmsted, Cuyahoga County.. Frnaces and Rolling Mills.) MCDONALD, BARNUM & HOUSE.-Iron foundry H. EBERHARDT & Co.-Iron foundry. (See Oberlin, Lorain County. Stoe Manufacturers.) L. S. COLBURN.-Machinery. MURRAY, MOORE & Co. —Steam engines, boilWL. A. COBURNEB.-StMachmine ers, machinery, and architectural iron. W ~ARNER BROS.-Steam engines. JOHN NIEL.-Iron foundry. Orrville, TWayne County. Port Washington, Tuscarawas County. DUNN & MILLER.-Iron foundry. A. H. PIERCE.-Agricultural implements. Ottawa, Putnam County. Putnm, Musngum County. HOLTZ, GROESTCHIUS & Co.-Iron foundry. I (CUNNINGHAM & RADCLIFFE.-Iron foundry. PPainesville, Lake County. -Ravenna, Portage County. ANDERSON & GILBERT.-Machinery. o COE & WILKES.-Steam engines, machinery. & Co.team engines, iron A. CHURcH.~-iHorse rakes. foundry, etc. GRANGER STOVE Co.-Iron foundry. (ee PAKS, YST & Co.-Agricultural machinStove Manufacturers.) ery. HURLBURT & PAIGE.-Steam engines and ma- RAVENNA MANUFACTURING Co.Agricultural chinery. machinery. G. N. WILDER & Co.-Iron foundry, plows, Republic, Seneca County. and plane irons. D. D. OGDEN.-Iron foundry. UNION FENCE Co.-C. A. Avery, President; Bichwood, Union County. C. Quinn, Secretary. Patent cast and wrought iron fence. PARSONS & Co.-Iron foundry and machinery. Paint, HIighland County. Ripley, Brown County. B. MAcKERLY.-Machinery. KING & LEGGETT. —Plows and hardware..MW. McLuRE. Threshing machines. Perryville, Ashland County. J. C. CASEEY.-Threshing machines. S. B. COULTER & Co.-Iron foundry. PHOENIX FOUNDRY.-J. P. Parker. Iron founPiqua, Mliami County. dry and agricultural implements. JOHN THOMPSON. -Plows. THOS. J. BOWDLE & Bo. —Piqua Foundry and J TH N.-Pl. Machine Shop. Steam engines, mill machinery, Roscoe, Coshocton County. and castings. W. C. TAYIxR.-Machinery. 120 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. THOS. WILSON.-Carding machinery. Shanesville, Tuscarawas County. Salem, Columbiana County. SHOWALTER & WONDERS.-Iron foundry, castTKTNA WMANUFACTURING Co.~J. T. Brooks, in^s, and agricultural implements. Actuary; A. Rank, President. Mowers, reap- Shelby, ]ichlncl County. ers, etc. 60 hands. ers, etc. 60 hands. GARRETT MYERS & Co.-Iron foundry and BUCKEYE ENGINE Co.-J. Sharp, President; f Thos. C. Boone, Treasurer and Secretary; J. agricultural implements. Bonsall, Superitendent HAIGHT, PARKER & Co. —Iron foundry, steam Bonsall, S aperintendet. 1engines, and machinery. This works has been established twenty-two engines, and machinery. years, and manufactures all kinds of steam en- T BL n foundry. gines, circular-saw mills, shingle machines, and Sidney, Shelby County. mill gearing. The company has a paid-up capital —r r ri i of $250,000, and the works cover two acres, em- ents.ry, agrcultural mple ploying 125 hands, with annual sales of $300,000. INGSEED & EIER.-l i. H. GARRIGUES & SoNS.-Saw mills, engines, I & o. —I. +' ^'c.~~~~~ SMITIH BROS. & Co. —Iron foundry. Letc. MANFACTURING C-L. Schillin B. SLUSSER & Co. —Machinery. SALEM MANUFACTURING C.L Schillig, 1 T HASLUP & BROs.-Excavating machinery. President; S. Chessman, Secretary; J. A. Kerr, HASLUP & Bos.-Ecavating machinery. Treasurer; C. N. Owen, Superintendent. Mow-.. HLUP & SON.-achery. ers and reapers, etc. 50 hands employed. Somerset, Perry Counyt. S. L. SHANK.-Boilers only.WMAN n rn{. a a 1. L. BOWMAN. —Iron foundry. THOS. SHARP & SoN.-Steam engines, machinery, etc. Springfield, Clark County. SILVER & DEMMING. —Hub. machinery, meat G. A. BROOKS. Files. cutters, etc. CHAMPION MACHINE Co.-A. Whitely, PresiVICTOR STOVE Co.-F. Gee, President; D. dent; R. Johnson, Secretary. Mowers and Koll, Treasurer. (See Stove Mlanufacturers.) reapers. J. WOODRUFF & SoN.-Iron foundry. (See C. B. FISHER & Co.-Iron foundry, malleable Stove M3anuzfacturers.) castings. Salineville, Columbiana County. FERRELL, LUDLOW & ROGERS. —Agricultural ORR-n fo s e a implements, grain drills. 50 hands employed. W. ORR. —Iron foundry, steam engines, and JS.LEFFE Co. —Turbine wheels. 160 men machinery. employed. employed. Sandusky City, Erie County. RINEHART, BULLARD & Co.-Mowers, reapers, Cinninati, Sandusky and Cleveland Railroad threshing machinery. machine shop. H. ROCRELL.-Files. J. D. HENDERSON.-Steam gauge manufactur- L. SCHAFER.-Bolts, nuts, iron fences, etc. er. SPRINGFIELD MALLEABLE IRON AND MACHINE FULTON MACHINE WORKS AND FOUNDRY. WoRKs.-Malleable and gray iron castings, steam KLOTZ & KROMER.-Steam engines, machinery, engines, lathes, drills, etc. and iron foundry. WARDEN, MITCHELL & Co.-Mowers and reapN. H. MOORE.-Boilers only. ers. SANDUSKY TOOL Co.-Carpenters' tools, bench WHITELY & WINTERS-Plows. screws, etc. 100 hands employed.,' ^r ^ A ^Steubenvuvlle, Jeferson County. SANDUSKY MACHINE AND AGRICULTURALerson WORKS.-Iron foundry and agricultural machin-, ACME MOWER AND REAPER MANUFACTURING CO. ery. -Agricultural machinery. SANDUSKY WHEEL Co.-Carriage wheels. HAZLETT & MCDEVITT. Machinery. SANDUSKY SILICON STEEL WORKS.-Steel J. H. HAWKINS & Co.-Light wire, bonnet works. (See Steel Works of Ohio.) wire, etc. SANDUSKY FILE WORKS. -Buyer & Bro. JEEFERSON MACHINE WORKS.-W. Kenyon. Files. Steam engines, machinery, and tools. J. G. WEIS.-Boilers. JEFFERSON FOUNDRY.-Meares Bros., Proprietors. Steam engines, sugar mills, bolts and nuts, Seville, Medina County. architectural iron work, etc. CRITZ & SONS. —-Iron foundry. MCDEVITT & HESLOP.-Machinery. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 121 W. L. SHARP & SON.-Iron foundry, stoves, Tontogany, Wood County. etc. SKINNER, STETZER & Co.-Iron foundry. SPAULDING, WOODWARD & Co.-Steam engines, pipe-cutting machinery. (See also Rolling Mills Troy, M.iami County. of Ohio and West Virginia.) BEADLE & KELLY.-Iron foundry and machinTiin, Sc Cnty. ery. 20 hands employed. ffGEn, Seneca County. G P. CoLES & Co.-Iron foandry, stoves, KEIBLE & PENNINGTON FANNING MILLS. etc. LoOMIS & WYMAN.-Steam engines, plows, and DAVID SHILLING.-Iron foundry, agricultural iron foundry. 50 hands employed. machinery, fences, etc. OHIO STOVE WORKS.-J. S. York, President. nion ontgomery County. Iron foundry, stoves, and hollow-ware. 50 hands GE. employed. TIFFIN AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-E. C. UUm- Upper Sandusky, Wyandotte County. stead, President; B. G. Atkins, Secretary. Iron HALE & KIRBY.-Iron foundry, agricultural foundry, threshing machinery, agricultural imple- implements, stoves, etc. ments, etc. 50 hands. STEPHENSON & SEARS.-Iron foundry. Toledo, Lucas County. Ur'bana, Champaign County. ARMSTRONG & STARR. —Heaters, etc. H. Mi. CRANE. —Iron foundry; specialty, stoves. BADDELEY & PECKHAM.-Files. T. S. MCGOWAN & Co.-Knitting machines. BALLARD, FREEMAN & NAPLES. —Galvanized URBANA MACHINE WoRKs.-Water wheels and iron cornices. machinery. GATES, SKIDMORE & DOUGLASS.-Saws and C. H. WARD.-Lightning rods. agricultural implements.er, e GLOBE FILE WORKS.-T. Graham. Files and rasps. rasps. EAGLE STOVE WORKS.-Stoves. HANSON &6 SHnAW.-~Ironl foundry. JAS. E. NOBLE.-Iron foundry and machinery. HAUGHTON & KNEISSER. —Steam engines, ma- A. R. TROTHA.-Iron foundry. chinery, and iron foundry. Wcadsworth, Medina County. HAWKINS, MONROE & Co.-Files and saws. WADSWORTH MACHINE SHOP.-S. B. Chandler HOLZEME1R & SCHEICK.-Boilers. & Co. Agricultural machinery. HOUSE, GOODWIN & Co.-Machinery. J. W. LEHR.-Iron foundry. Warren, Trumbutl County. MCINTYRE & HOYT. Edge tools. THOS. DOUGLASS & Co.-Steam engines and J. MATTHEIS.-Iron railings. machinery. A. A. MARSH.-Edge tools. JAMES REED & SON.-Iron foundry, and plows, H. MOERS & Co.-Steam engines, saw mills, steam engines, etc. machinery, and iron foundry. H. C. REID & Co. —Steam engines and saw W. OLDANN-Boilers. mills. TOLEDO SAW AND FILE WORKS.-E. G. Peckham, Proprietor. Cross-cut and buck saws. -CWynesburg, Star County. TOLEDO NOVELTY WORKS.-Russell & Thayer, R. JONES.-Iron foundry. Proprietors. Iron foundry and machinery. 30 Wellington, Lorain County. hands. TOLhands. PP MAUATRN CKIRK & Co.-Agricultural implements. TOLEDO PUMP L MANUFACTURING Co.-Smith, W. MCCLELLAND.-Iron foundry and machinFreeman & Lafferty. Pumps. IH. T. STOCK- Machinery. PRATT & MCCLELLAND.-Mowing machines. SMITH & DEVLIN.-Iron foundry, Domestic Sewing Machine castings, and machinery. Wellsville, Columbiana County. TOLEDO AGRICULTURAL WORKS. —Barker, Pel- J. H. ADY. —Iron foundry. ton & Davis. Agricultural machinery. H. ALEXANDER.-Iron foundry. TOLEDO WHEEL Co.-Carriage wheels. L. M. DEWITT.-Machinery, boilers, etc. TOLEDO CAR Co.-(See Car Works of Ohio.) P. F. GEISSE.-Steam engines, machinery, etc. OHIO PUMP Co.-O. O. Wetherell & H. S. ROGERS & SMITH.-Iron foundry, agricultural Clark, Proprietors. Pumps and pump-boring implements. machinery. J. TRIc.-Machinery. P 122 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. WELLSVILLE TIN PLATE WORKS.-This works Zanesville, kluskingum County. was established in 1873, and is especially notable H. & F. BLANDY. —Steam engines, machinery, as the first tin plate works in the United States. and iron foundry. Both the machinery and the product are reported J. K. ROBINSON & Co.-Steam engines, saw perfectly satisfactory. The capital of the con- mills, and iron foundry. pany is $60,000, and the works, including the J. T. FRACKER.-Iron foundry, stoves. rolling mill, employ when in full operation 300 GRIFFITH & WEDGE.-Steam engines and mamen. When the immense importation of tin chinery. plate is considered, with the extensive consump- IERDMAN, JONES & ABBOTT.-Iron foundry, tion of the article in the United States, it is plows. highly desirable that the manufacture of this F. HIRSCHLEY.-Machinery. article should be encouraged at home. OHIO IRON Co. —(See Rolling Mills of Ohio.) H. ROCKEL.-Files. West Liberty, Logan County. A WIDNEY.-Scales. DENISON & WOODWARD.-Machinery. Williamsburg, Claremont County. JOHN PARK.-Machinery. Steam Engine and Machine Works, Iron Foundries, and General Iron Wilmingt on Cnounty. Manufactures of Pennsylvania. D. E. MORGAN.-Iron foundry. Wilmot, Stark Conty. ville Fulto County. PUTNAMS, JOHNSTON & Co. —Mowers, reapers, J. AcKERS.-Carding machinery. separators, plows, etc. Albion, Erie County. Wooster, Wayne County. G. C. ANDREWS.-Horse rakes. WOOSTER STEAM ENGINE AND BOILER WORKS. 0. E. GLEASON —Hiorse rakes. -B. Barrett & Co. Steam engines, boilers, mow- R. MAsoN.-Shingle machines. ers, reapers, gas pipe, governors, etc. 40 hands THOs. THORNTON & SONS.-Machinery. employed. Aldenville, Wayne County. D. C. CURRY & Co.-Iron foundry, machinery, plows. P1owS.. L. BUNTLING. — Machinery. J. H. HINTON.-Agricultural implements. Allegheny City, Allegheny County. (See MCDONALD & Co. -Reapers and mowers, Pittsburgh.) threshing machines. ALBION, HARTZIE, WILEY & Co.-Enamelled THOMAS STIBBS.-Woollen machinery hollow-ware. A. R. SHIVELY.-Iron foundry and machinery. DIAMOND FOUNDRY AND MACHINE WORKS.Xenia, Greene County. Anderson, Maxwell & Porter, Proprietors. DUBOIS & BARROWS.-Agricultural implements. Steam engines and machinery. WICKERSHIAM & TRADER.-PlowS. H. ANSCHUTZ & SONS.-Iron foundry, stoves. ARMSTRONG, IUTCHINSON & Co. —Steam enYoungstown, cMahoning County. (See _Blast gines. Furnaces and -Rolling Mills of Ohio.). BANDY.-Files. ARMS, BELL & Co.-Youngstown Nut and BENSEN & SoN.-Pipe and tubes. Washer Co. Nuts, bolts, and washers. This is THOS. CARLIN & Co. —Iron foundry and steam an extensive works, employing 100 hands, with engines. a large trade throughout the West. JOHN CRAWFORD & Co —Agricultural impleIOMER, HAMILTON & Co.-Steam engines and ments and general iron work. machinery, iron foundry, hot blasts for blast fur- DEMING & GRAW. —Shovels. naces. Quality of product the specialty of the D. DE HAVEN & SONS.-Iron foundry. works, which has an extended reputation. HI. FARNAN.-Machinery. MAHONING STOVE WORKS. - Iron foundry, FISHER, GRAHAM & Co. —General machinery. stove works. GIBSON & RIDDLE.-Iron foundry and machinW. B. POLLOCK & Co.-Boilers, tanks, wrought- ery. iron work. GRAFF, HUGUS & Co.-Iron foundry; speWARD MARGERUM & Co.-Iron foundry, and cialty, stoves. machinery, mill-gearing, etc. HEWITT & BRO.-Iron foundry. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 123JAMES HILL & Co.-Boiler makers and machin- VALLEfY SPIKE AND RIVET WORKS.-James ery. Wilson & Sons. J. HOLMES & SON.-Boiler makers.Blar JENNINGS & Co.-Machinery. DltCoLCLESSER.-Axes. A. H. JoNES. —Hardware and malleable iron. D. COLLESSER. Axes EXCELSIOR ROLLING MILLS.-Lewis, Oliver & Penn. Railroad Machine Shop.-2,400 men Phillips. Hardware and wagon irons. (See also employed. (See Car Wors of Penn.) Roolling Mills of Penn.; also ononogahela J J. PIPER.-Bridges. _Bolt and Nut Works.) Apollo, Armstrong County. L. O. LIVINGSTON & Co. —Iron foundry, gen- JACK & KELTERING.Iron foundry. eral castings. MCLEAN & SLATER.-Iron foundry. Armagh, Indiana County. A. J. NELLIS & Co.-Patent power hay forks, W. TIMB.-Iron foundry. agricultural steels, etc. Ashland, Sehuyldill County. L. J. PETERSON.-Iron foundry; specialty, I. & r r,, J ASHLAND IRON WORKS.-J. & M. Gardner, stoves. REITER & ARMOR. -inges, butts, etc. Proprietors. Iron foundry and general iron work. REITER, SUTTON & Co.-(See Crucible Steel wo torks.) GARDNER & CHRISTIAN.-Iron foundry. S. REYNOLDS.-Iron foundry, builders' hard- Athens, Bracdford County. ware. -BLOOD & Co.-Iron foundry and agricultural S. B. Ross.-Hardware. implements. C. ROZEN.-Steam engines. R. W. WHITE & BRO.-Steam engines and Avondale, Chester. County. boilers. AVONDALE FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.W. WIGHTMAN. —Steam engines and me- Watson, Carlile, James & Co. Foundry and chinery. Allen, Cumberland County. y r 5n~~~~~~. ~~Ball's JXill, Lycoming County. A. W. PLANK. —PlOWS. A. W. PLANK.~-PIOW. SS. BALL. —Machinery. Allentown, Lehigh Couznty. Allentown, Lehigh Co. -Barre Forge, Huntingdon County. ALLBRIGHT BROS & Co.-Pipe. (See Pipe and EFor, b. (e Tube Works. DEN & Co.-Forge, bloomery. (See Blast ALLENTOWN FOUNDRY AND MACHINE WORKS. — EFrnaces of Penn.) Barber & Co., Proprietors. Steam engines, ma- HUNTER & Co.-Foe. chinery, boilers, mill work, etc. Beaver Falls, Beaver County. H. BECK. —Machinery. BEAVER FALLS CUTLERY CO.-H. Reeve, PresW. BECKER & Co.-Steam bending works. ident and Superintendent; John Reeve, TreasCOLE & HEILMAN.-Boilers and plate-iron urer and Secretary. Pocket and table cutlery. work. 300 hands employed. H. H. FISHER.-Iron foundry, architectural WESTERN FILE WoRKs —-Blake & Fessenden, iron and car castings. Proprietors. New York office, 96 Chambers GENNELL & WILLIAMS.. —Files. Street. 200 hands employed.-Said to be the LEHIGH VALLEY SPIKE WORKS.-Bolts, nuts, largest file works in the world. spikes, etc. EMERSON SAW WORKS.-Ford, Emerson & Co. MADIG & WRIGHT.-Machinery. Saws. W. F. MOSER & Co.-Forge, hammered axles. J. M. FIFE & Co. —Iron foundry. NOBLE & RHODA.-Boiler makers. JOSEPH GRAFF & Co.-Axes, hoes, etc. NIPPORT & RUCRUPP. —Files. MYERS & ARMER.-Shovels. 60 hands emH. NADIG.-Iron foundrv.ployed. W. B. POWELL & SON.-Agricultural imple- A. F. WOLFF & Co.-Iron foundry, stoves. ments. REITER & ARMoR.-Wrought butts and hinges. J. TAYLOR & DEETH. —Pipe. (See Pipe and 150 hands employed. Tube Works.) C. F. WOLFERTZ.-Cutlery. Beavertown, Snyder County. S. H. & S. B. YEAKEL.-Agricultural imple- M. SPECHT.-Iron foundry, threshing machinments and machinery. ery, etc. 124 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. GEORGE STETLER. —Iron foundry, threshing STANDARD NUT Co.-George C. McMurtrie, machines, plows, etc. President. Nuts and bolts. Formerly James Wood's Sons & Co. Bedford, Bedford County. o Sns & P. H. SHIRES.-Machinery. Blairsille, Indiana County. SHIRES & JORDAN.-Iron foundry, general cast- WALKER, STILL & Co.-Iron foundry. ings. Bloody BRun, Bedford County. Bellefonte, Centre County. J A..ron foundry. J. A. G(RUMP.~Iron foundlry. GEORGE A. BAYARD.-Iron foundry. F. FELTON.-Iron foundry. W. P. DUNCAN.-Iron foundry. _Bloomyfell, Perry County. Bernville, 3Berks County. WM. SNYDER.-Iron foundry. HOAG, KLINE & Co. —Iron foundry and machinery. Bloomsburgj, Columbia County. KLAHN & SoN.-Spikes. TURNBACH, HESS & Co.-Iron foundry and Berry7sbu7rgh -Dau hin C'ounty.' agricultural implements. Be'qrw sb " f COLUMBIA IRON WORKS.-J. J. Robbins. Iron BERRYSBURGH IRON FOUNDRY.-J. D. Snyder. foundry and machinery. Iron foundry. -~SHARPLESS & SN. —Iron foundry and machinBerwick, Columbia County. ery. JACKSON & WOODIN MANUFACTURING Co.-(See Blossburg, Tioga County. Car Works of Penn.) T. J. MOORE.-Iron foundry. Bethlehem, Northampton County. Boalsburgh, Centre County. ABBOTT & BRO.-Iron foundry, steam engines, A. & D. STovER.-Agricultural implements. machinery, rolling-mill castings. Boyerstown, Bercs County. C. F. BECKEL. —Iron foundry and machinery.'N r ou rBRENDLINGER & Co. —Iron founldry. B. E. LETIMAN.-Machinery and brass foundry. NDL ER on n LEHIGH SHOVEL Co.-Shovels.AELER.- inery. THE LEHIGH ZINC Co.-B. C. Webster, Presi- Bracddock's Fields, Alleghany County. dent; Gordon Mtonges, Treasurer. Is also located McYAY, WALKER & Co.-Iron foundry and at Bethlehem, and has in operation the largest cars. (See Car TWorks of Pennsylvania.) stationary engine in the world, being of 3,000 horse-power, and used in pumping water from the Brad's Bend, Armstrong County. mines. BRADY'S BEND IRON Co.-(See also Blast FTr(See ncaces and Rlolling Mills of Pennsylvania.) BJirmin~gham, Allegheny Cozenty (See Blast Rolling mills, blast furnaces, iron foundry, and'urnaces and Rolling MiFills of Penn.) chinery. THos. FISHER & Co.-Iron foundry, general castings. _Bridclgeport, Moontgomery County. A. GARRISON & Co.-Iron foundry; rolling-mill J. HEBERTSON & Co. —team engines and mawork, specialty. This works is celebrated for the chinery. production of rolls for rolling mills, and has cast J. HOLMAN.-Iron foundry. the largest chilled rolls in the world, which are G. M. SMITH. -Machinery. now in use in the plate mills of the Abbott Iron W.S. SwA.N.-Iron foundry. Company of Baltimore, Md., and the Millvale Bridesburgh, Philadelphia Cotunty. Works of Graff, Bennett & Co., Pittsburgh. The BRIDESBURGH MANUFACTURING Co.-Cotton foundry is very extensive, and employs 80 men. and woollen machinery. Barton H. Jenks, PresiKLEIN, LOGAN & Co. —Tools. 50 hands em- det. ployed. Brookville, Jefferson County. MONONGAHELA IRON WORKS.-Lewis, Oliver & Phillips, Proprietors. Bolts and nuts. Rolling- BROWN, SN & Co.-Steam engines, boilers, mill, foundry, and machine shop. 350 hands em- saw mills, water wheels, and foundry wor ployed. E. ENGLISH.-Iron foundry, plows, etc. ROSSITER & Co.-Iron foundry and machinery; W. E. & J. U. GILLESPIE.-Iron foundry, rolling-mill machinery a specialty, for which the plows, etc. firm is celebrated. -Brownsville, Fayette County. C. J. ScHULTZ. —Nuts and bolts. WM. FAULL.-Steam engines, iron foundry, etc. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 125 JOHN GETTY.-Boilers, etc. Chambersburgh, Franklinz County. J. GrBBONS.-Steam engines. Cumberland Valley Railroad machine shop. FAYETTE FouNDRY.-John Herbertson & Co., I. S. GILBERT.-Iron foundry and-agricultural Proprietors. Steam engines and machinery. implements. Brunnzerville, Lancaster County.. GILBERT & Co.-Steam engines, machinery, BRUNNERVILLE MACHINE SHOP AND FOUNDRY.- and foundly. ^. BE & Co.-Tools. E. Brunner, Proprietor. WE. Brunner, P roprnetor. SHIPLER, MYERRS, HACK & Co.-Reapers. W. KELLE.-ron foundry. FRANKLIN FOUNDRY.-J. B. Wood & Co. Steam Butler, Butler County. engines, machinery, and water wheels. W. & G. BAUERS.-Machinery. Charmingsford, Berks County. J. G. & W. CRAWFORD.- Iron foundry. *, ^ ^r -,. " ~W. & B. F. TAYLOR. —Iron foundry. A. CUTHBERT.-Machinery., Cheltenham, Montgomery Cozunty. Gambridge, Lancaster Coucnty. H -. B. IENT.-Machnery. T. ROWLAND & SONS. —Shovels and spades. H. B. KENT. —Machinery. B. MARPLE. —Rakes. Coatesville, Chester County. (See Rolling Jlills Canton, Bradfored County. of Pennsylvania.) THIoMPSON & KUKER. —Iron foundry.. RIDGEWAY.-Iron foundry. Carbondale, Luzerne County. Columbia, Lancaster County. (See Blast Furnaces and Rlolling M/Yills of Pennsylvania.) J. BENJAmIN & Co. —Tron foundry and macbin- ad ery. 50 hands employed.PEROTTET&HOYT I f d acDelaware and Hudson Canal Co. Railroad ma- ery. chine shop. chine shop. COLUMBIA STEAM BOILER WoRKS.-T. Skeen. F. T. GELDER. —Iron foundry. Boilers only. W. LINDSAY & Co.-Iron foundry. SUPPLEE & BRo.-Iron foundry and machinery. Carlisle, Cumberland y. Cty.oncord, Franklin County. LEHIGH FORGE.-Bricker & Jacobs. Forge. J. I. BCKIN. —Iron foundry. F. GARDNER & Co. —Iron foundry, agricultural Conneautville, Crawford County. implements, steam engines, etc. 30 hands em- G. T. EBERHART.-Agricultural implements. ployed. R. F. DAVIS & Co. —Nachinery. G0. Kvurz.-~V Machinery.y.M'. AOULTHROPP & SON.-Iron foundry and maH. DINKEL. —— ron foundry and agricultural im- chinely plements.. M. ROBINSON & BRO. -Iron foundry. (Ccrmichaels, Green Coounty. J. E. EIcHER. —Iron foundry. Connelsville, Fayette County. NATIONAL LOCOMOTIVE WVoRKS.-Davson & Catasauqzua, Lehigh County. (See Blast Fur- Bailey, Proprietors. (See Locomotive Works of naces anld olling lills of Pennsylvania.) Pennsylvania.) G. M. BOYLE —Shovels. Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad machine FREDERICK & Co.-(See Car Works of Penn- shop. sylvania.) THOS. ST.'JoHN, —Augers, bolts, etc. BRENIG, DEMICK & Co. —Iron foundry. CONNELLSVILLE MACHINE AND CAR Co.-(See D. DAVIS & Co. —Iron foundry. Car Woreks of Pennsylvania.) LEHIGH VALLEY CAR WHEEL WORKS.-McKee, STOUFFER, PORTER & Co. —Iron foundry. Fuller & Co. (See Car Wheel Works of Penn- sy/lvania.) Conshohoclken, Montgonmery County. ). WILSON.-Boilers only. W. BATE & Co.-Boilers only. WILLIAMS, DAVIS & Co.-Machinery and iron S. FULTON & Co.-Iron foundry and pipes. foundry. (See Pipe and Tube TVorks of Pennsylvania.) Catawissa, Columbia County. 400 hands employed. Philadelphia office, 242 GEO. HUGHES & SoN. —Iron foundry. South Third Street. (See also Blast Turnaces cand.Rolling ilills of Pennsylvcmnzia.) Centre lhall, Centre County. VAN PELT & WoLF. —Machinery and agricul- Conyngham, Luzerne County. tural implements. S. BENTNER. —ron foundry. 126 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. Coopersburgh, Lehigh County. East Berlin, Adams County. N. WEAvER. —Machinery. G. BAER.-Plows. J. HARTLEY.-Wire. Corry, Erie Cozunty. REBBERT & BROUGm —Hay rakes, etc. CLIMAX MOWER AND REAPER Co.-Mowers and ISCHOP & HARTMAN.-Mlachinery. reapers. H. KING & SoN.-Machinery. East Liberty, Alleghany County. W.W.. EMEREY.-Machinery. SNYDER BRos. —Iron foundry. Buffalo, Corry and Pittsburgh Railroad machine shop. Easton, lNorthampton County. (See Blast Fur Corsica, Jefferson County. naces andc Rollinjg 2Mills of Penn.) MCGnRIFFIN, FERGUSON & Co.-Iron foundry, L. A. BUCKLEY.-Iron foundry and threshing plows, etc. machinery. J. P. WANN.-Machinery. J). MARTIN.-Hammered axles. WILSON BRos.-Iron foundry. Corwinsville, Clearfield County. YOUNG & SCHLEUGH. —-Iron foundry and maR. JACKSON.-Machinery. chinery. J. THOMPSON.-lIron foundry. Ebensburgh, Cambria County. J. i. WELCH.~Iron foundry. J-DWlCH- aro s ouny. CONNERY, VINRO & Co. —Iron foundry. Dale, Berks County. J. A. SHOEMAKER.-Threshing machinery. A. ELTz. —Forge. DALE FORGE.-D. Schall. Forge. Eberley's itlls, Cumberland County. Danville, Montour County. (See Blast Furnaces D. DRAwBAUGH.-Machinery. and Rolling Jills of Penn.) Elcierton, Armstrong County. EAGLE FOUNDRY.-W. Biddle. Iron foundry. J. CRAFT.-Iron foundry. D. CARY.-Machinery. Eddyville, Armstrong County. S. HUBER & SON.-Iron foundry and plows. T. W. THATCHER.Ir-I fron foundry. W. H. LAW.-Boilers and machinery. 1Effert, 3fionroe County. Dillsburgh, York County. GEO. WAGNER.-Iron foundry. E. MooRE.-Chain. Elizabethtown, LEncaster County. P. SHAEFFER. —Chain. BUSCH & GROFF.-Machinery. Douglassville, Berks County. Elk Lick, Somerset County. H. F. BUSH.-Threshing machinery. OHLEY & LEPLEY.-Machinery and iron Dover, York County. foundry. G. & E. DANNE.-Machinery. Emtaus, Lehigh County. (See Blast Furnaces Doylestown, Bucks C(ounty. qf Penn.) JAS. BLEsBtER.-ron foundry.Co PENNOYER & SEEMIS. —Iron foundry. HULSHIZER & LAZALERE.-Agricultural imple- Emlenton, Vencango County. ments. CRAWFORD, LIVINGSTON & Co.-Iron foundry. Duncannor, Perry County. (See Blast Fur- R LECKY. —Iron foundry. naces and Rolling Mills of Penn.) Ejphrcta, Lcacaster County. W. MCILVAINE & SON. —Forge and machinery. R. RoYER.-Iron foundry. H. MORELAND.-Machinery. E..^'ie, Er~iQ re County. )Duncansville, Blair County. (See Rolling l is W. ALTHOF.- Files. of Penn.) H. ALTHOF. —Iron fences. T. J. ARMSTRONG & Co.-Forge and bloomery. JOHNSON, BLACK & Co. —Iron foundry. (See J. McGIBBoNY. —Iron foundry, plows, stoves, Stove anufacturers.) etc. BASS & GORR. —Iron fences. Broad Top City, Huntingdon County. BAY STATE IRON WoRKS.-Noble & Hall, ProJ. W. SCOTT.-Iron foundry, coal-car cast- prietors. Iron foundry and general iron work. ings. 60 hands. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 127 DAVENPORT, FAIRBAIRN & Co.-(See Car Wheel Flemington, Clinton County. Works.) A. GIBB.-Machinery. ERIE CITY FOUNDRY.-Cleveland & Co., Pro- S. B. HYATT.-Iron1 foundry. prietors. Steam engines and pipe foundry. 50 hands employed. Fogelsville, Lehigh County. ERIE CITY CAR WORKS. —W. R. Davenport, H. BRoPHY.-Iron foundry. President. (See Car Works of Penn.) W. SITLER.-Agricultural implements. ERIE CITY IRON WORKS. —Geo. Selden, Presi- dent; John H. Bliss, Secretary and Treasurer. r Ven o Cot. Steam engines, machinery, saw mills, boilers, etc. BOSTON IRON WORKS.-James Smith. Oil R. GALLowAY. —Boilers only. tools and oil-well machinery. ERIE TORSION SPRING Co.-Goggin, Gear, Her- EMERY & Co. —Machinery. shey & Dudley. Springs. SMITH & Co.-Machinery. J. GEAR. —Iron fences. WINsoR BROS. & Co. —Iron foundry and maPETROLEUM BRASSAND IRON WORKS. — Jarecki, chinery. Hays & Co. Iron and brass work, machinery, G. W. WARREN.-Iron foundry and machinery. etc. Fpetc. K E-Mciney Freedom, Beaver County. F. KESSEL.-i bach inery. SELDON & GRISWOLD MANUFACTURING Co.- McKASKY & KERR. —Steamboat builders. Builders' hardware, butts, etc. SNEAD & C —Steambot builders. S. SILEY & SoN.-Machinery.epot strong ty. SOUTH ERIE IRON WORKS.-H. Seibel & Co.Fr t, A g Iron foundry, stoves. 90 hands employed. WOLFENDEN BROS. & MARTIN.-ron foundry, THAYER, MALICK & Co. —Hooks, hasps, and agricultural implements, and threshing machines. staples. Fryburg, Clacrion County. PRESQUE ISLE IRON WORKS.-Stearns, Clark, D. TTER. Iron foundry. & Co., Proprietors. Steam saw mills, machinery, and iron foundry. 100 hands employed. Gettysburgh, Adacms County. F. Stollates. —Files. D. STEINER.-Iron foundry and machinery; TIBBALS, SHIRK & WHITEHEAD.-Iron foundry. A. M. HUNTER. —Machinery. (See Stove Mcianufacturers.) HUMBOLDT IRON WORKS.-A. Volck & Co., Pro- Glen Rock, York County. prietors. Iron foundry. FRY, HERBST & Co.-Iron foundry. (See Car' 7fWh7eel Works.) Exeter Station, Berks County. Wheel Works.) ete Stction, Berks County. HEATHCOTE, HERBST & Co. —Machinery. (See J. MowE.-Forge, bar iron. Car Works of Penn.) G. MEYER.-Forge, blooms. EXETER STEAM FORGE. —R. B. Seidel. Car- Gngersvlle, Berks County. hooks, draw-bars, and general forgings. GINGLER, HERBERLING & Co.-Files. FAIRCHANCE IRON WORKS.-(See Blast _Fur- SCHNADER & BRo.-Rifle barrels. naces of Penn.) Great Bend, Susquehanna County. GEO. W. PARELL.- Iron foundry. Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. R. maFairview, Cumberland County. chine shop. MCCONNUCK & Co.-Nail works. Greensburgh, Westmoreland County. Fallston, Benver County. G. L. POTTS.-Machinery. J. S. FSISHER. —Iron foundry. M. & S. H. DARRAH.-Machinery and iron FIHER.-Iron foundry. foundry. Greencastle, Franklin County. J. W. THORNLEY.-Iron foundry, stoves. CROMWELL & DEARDORF.-Machinery. W. P. TOWNSEND & Co.-Rivets, wire-works, STIKELL & Fuss.-Plows. ~~~~etc.~ Greenville, fercer County. Fleetwood,.Berks County. HAMLIN, KREPS & Co.-Machinery. FLEETWOOD FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP. — G ville, Schaefer, Merkel & Co., Proprietors. Iron foun-reslle, Berks Gonty. dry and general machinery. BRENDLINGER & Co.-Iron foundry. 128 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WOIRKS, ETC. Hatlifax, _Daucphin County. R. WESTLAKE. — achihery. C. KoPPENHoFE. —Iron foundry and machin- Hazelton, Luze'rne County. ery. Lehigh Valley R. R. Machine Shops.-Cars ffcami2ton, efferson County. and machinery. Formerly A. Pardee & Co.'s BROWER & BLOSE.-Iron foundry. shops. J. MARSH. —Iron foundry. MANS & Co. —Iron foundry. H7amburgh, Berks County. H1ellertown Northampton County. B. DERR. —Iron foundry, plows, etc. MAHONEY, KEENAN & CURLEY.-Iron foundry. G. A. HANDER.-Machinery. (See Blast Furnaces of Penn.) KEYSTONE FOuNDRY. —Seivert & Stahlnecker. ollidaysburgh lar County. (See Blast. E'ol7,dacysburqh, Blatr Counzty. (See Blast Iron foundry, plows, and machinery. Furnaces and Rolling flills of Penn.) G. A. XANDER. —Machinery. ETTNA IRON WORKS.-GEO. D. Isett & Bro. _Hanover, York County. Forge. J. FITZ.-Steam-engines, agricultural imple- J. HEMPHILL.-Iron foundry. ments. FRANKLIN AND LOUISA MARIA FORGES.-E. J. & P. HICKINGER. —Agricultural implements. Hammond, Proprietor. Forge and bloomaries. D. HICKINGER.-Agricultural implements. MCLANAHAN, STONE & BAILEY. —Iron foundry Hanover Branch R. R. machine shop. and machinery. C. MOUL. —Reapers and mowers. HOLLIDAYSBURGH FOUNDRY.-J. I. McFarlane fHf-armony, Butler County. & Co., Proprietors. Iron foundry. LATCHAW & ZIEGLER.-Machinery. COVE FORGE.-John Royer, Proprietor. Forge LATCHAW & ZIEGLER. —Machinery. andbloomary. and bloomary. fIarrisburgh, )Dauphin County. (See Blast Htonesdale, Wayne County. F9urnacces and.Rolliqng iMlls of _Penn.) urnacess of P ) KNAPP & CHARLESWORTH.-Steam engines, porE. J. BOSTGEN. — FileS. table and stationary. BAY & BRo. —Iron foundry. G. WHITE.-Edge tools. CENTRAL IRON WoRKS. —Rolling mill and boilers. 200 hands employed. Hop2ewell, Bedford County. HARRISBURGH CAR MANUFACTURING Co.-W. C. W. AscHEUN.-Iron foundry. Colder, President; W. D. Hildrup, Superintend- flousevlle, Centre County. ent. 1,000 men employed. (See Car Works -e M in and Car Wheel Works of Penn.) C. &. OER & Co.-Machinery. HARRISBURGH FOUNDRY AND MACHINE Co.-D. tSublersburgh, Centre County. A. Bolt, Superintendent, connected with Harris- G. SWARTZ & Co. —Iron foundry. burgh Car Manufacturing Co. Machine tools, drills, bolt and nut machines, etc. 150 hands Hghesvlle, Lycomng County. employed. KELLY & SANTEE.-Steam engines, machinery, HARRISBURGH STOVE MANUFACTURING Co.- plows, etc. (See Stove Mlcianufacturers.) J. ROBBINS.-Iron foundry and machinery. EAGLE WORKS.-Wm. O. Hickock. Ma- E. S. SPROUT & BRos.-Agricultural implechinery, cider presses, etc. 200 hands. ments. FRANKLIN IRON WORKS.-W. W. Jennings. Jonestown, Lebanon County. J. C. MARTIN.-Steam engines and machinery. MONROE FORGE.F. K. Spang & Co. Forge, PENNSYLVANIA STEEL WORKS Co.-(See Bes- charcoal blooms. semer Works of Penn.) semer Works of Peunn.) UNION FaORGE Co. —Forge, blooms, and bars. PARSONS & FINNEY. —Agricultural implements. R. TIPPETT.-Boilers only. 30 hands employed. Johnstown, Cambria County. D. T. WILSON & BRO.-General machinery. 50 JOHNSTOWN MECHANICAL WORKS.-J. M. men. Campbell, President; V. Elder, Superintendent. Hawlzey, hadyne County. Steam engines, machinery, iron and brass founKNAPP & CHARLESWORTH.-Iron foundry and dry 75 hands employed. S. R. VARNER.-Machinery. machinery. F. BEA.-Steam engines. Kellysville, Delaware County. W. MILL.-Machinery. F. C. ALLEN & SoN.-Iron foundry. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 129 JKennett Square, Chester County. UNION FORGE CO.-M. Weedman, SuperintendTHE PENNOCK MANUFACTURING Co. —Iron ent. Forge. foundry, agricultural implements, and cars. VAN DE SAND & CAP. —Forge.. A r C, WEIMER MACHINE WORKS, U.. COIL TUYERE Kittanning, Arnmstrong County. (See Blast WORKS, and LEBANON CAR WORKS.-P. *L. Futrnacces cand _Boilihng Jjilts of Penrn.) Weimer & Bros., firm changing in December, 1873. ROBINSON & CRAWFORD.-Iron foundry. Works to be started under new firm early in 1874. Kutztown, Berks County. 250 hands employed. ZEIIM & BRO. —Iron foundry and machinery. -Lehighton, Carbon County. Lamar, Clinton County. LEHIGH STOVE AND MANUFACTURING Co. -(See R. LOVELAND.-Axes. Stove Manufacturers.) 50 hands employed. Lambs P. 0., Venango County. L'eroysville, Bradford County. BRYAN, DILLINGHAM & Co.-Machinery. E. M. BAILEY.-Iron foundry. MURPHY & FISHER.-Machinery. Lewisberry, York County. Lancaster, Lancaster County. W. S. HAMMOND.-Spring manufacturers. LANCASTER BOILER WORKs.-J. Best, Proprie- Lewisburgh, Uion County. _Lewisburgh, Union County. tor. Boilers only. R. BLINKENDERFER.-Iron foundry. R. CocKUFF. —Machinery. DILLER & STEHMAN.-Iron foundry and agri- JAS. S. MARSH & Co.-Iron foundry, machinery, cultural implements. 30 hands employed. and agricultural implements. CONESTOGA RIFLE WORKS.-H. E. Leman, Pro- SLIFER, WALLS & SHIIAS MANUFACTURING CO. prietor. — S. Geddes, Treasurer. Iron foundry and agriHARBERGER, MCCOLLEY & HARBERGER. —Steam cultural machinery. engines, machinery, and iron foundry. Lewistown, Xtifflin County. (See.Blast FurKILNER & Co.-Files. naces and Rolling Mills of Penn.) KEYSTONE FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.- CRUCIBLE STEEL WORKS.-(See Crucible Steel Landes & Frick, Proprietors. Steam engines, -Works.) Office, 218 South Fourth Street, Philamachinery, etc. delphia. Locomotive tires and cast steel. LANCASTER UNION AGRICULTURAL WORKS.S. LEWISTOWN BOILER WORKS.-Snyder, Weidner Keeler, Proprietor. Agricultural machinery. & Co. Boilers and locomotive tanks. LANCASTER MANUFACTURING Co.-(Rolling WM. MANN, JR., & Co.-Axles. 50 hands eramill and iron works.) Agricultural iron and ployed. hardware. LEWISTOWN FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.-T. J. SHUTZ. —Edge tools. B. Reese & Co. Iron foundry and machinery. H. K. STRUER.-Agricultural implements. PAULDING & Co.-Boilers only. J. BRENDERLY. —Agricultural implements. J. DAVIS. -Agricultural implements. Lewis Township, Union County. Lansdale, Montgomery County. W. E. SMITH.-Iron foundry. D. HEEBNER. —Machinery. - Lightstreet, Columbia County. Lanesboro, Susquehanna County. J. M. HULSHIZER.-Machinery. A. & S. W. BARNES. —Iron foundry. W. ScHUYLER.-Machinery. Lebanon, Lebanon County. (See Blast Fur- Liverpool, Perry County. naces and Rolling Jills of Penn.) H. W. SHUMAN.-Mine tools. BRIGHTBELL & URICH.-Agricultural imple- A. D. VANDLING.-Iron foundry. ments. Laubachsville, Berks County. LEBANON MANUFACTURING Co.-C. D. Glonin- W Mahier ger, President; J. G. Gettle, Superintendent. Cars and agricultural implements. 125 hands Lockhaven, Clinton County. employed. FISHER & ALLENSON.-Boilers only. ROSENBERGER, LIGHT & Co.-Iron and bell RICKER, FREDERICKS & CRAMER.-Steam enfoundry. gines, and mill gearing, iron foundry, etc. MEYERSTOWN FOUNDRY.-Seidle & Sherk. KNIGHT, AGAR & Co.-Steam engines and maIron foundry. chinery, iron foundry, etc. q 130 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. O. I. HARVEY.-Iron foundry and agricultural DICKs IRON WORKS.-Iron foundry and maimplements. chinery. HARVEY, HALE & HUTSON.-Saws. W. H. CURRY & Co.-Iron foundry. Lockport, Westmorelancd County. C. J. Fox.-Machinery. W-IL~SON & GaARDER- retorts. oJ. HAZLETT.-Iron foundry and machinery. WILSON & GARDER. retorts. MEADVILLE AGRICULTURAL WORKS. —Mowers, Lykens, Dauphinz County. reapers, etc. GARMAN & Co.-Steam engines and iron foun- echancbg, uberand County. dry ~ J.Kechanicsburg, Cumberland County. SNYDER & ERDMAN. —Iron foundry and ma- S. & G. HAUCK. —Threshing machinery and chinery. agricultural implements. MicJEwansville, Northumberland Cnt County. lehoopany, Wyoming County. J. BousH. —Iron foundry. VOSE & INGHAM.-Iron foundry. J. P. ARMSTRONG & Co.-Machinery. McIfeesport, Allegheny County. (See Rolling Mercer, Mercer Cfounty. Mills of Penn.) ALBIN & SYKES.-Iron foundry. J. SYKES & SON.-Agricultural implements. PITTSBURGH AND MCKEESPORT CAR Co.-Iron GUNDY & BOYDEN.-Iron foundry. foundry and machinery. (See Car Works of S. R. THOMPSON.-Iron foundry, steam engines, Penn.) and wood-working machinery. IcV eytown, Miffiign Corunty. Myerstown, Lebanon County. J. VW. PINCEIN.-IroIn foundry. HARPEL & SEIBERT. —Iron foundry..7fahanoy, City, Schuylkill County. H. G. MILLER.-Agricultural implements and LEE & WREN. —Mace machinery. THos. WREN.-Iron foundry. H. M. SIBENT & Co —Iron foundry. 2llanheim, Lancaster County. Middletown, Dauphin County. ERB & BRUNER. —Machinery. MIDDLETOWN CAR AND MANUFACTURING CO.M. G. MILLER.-Machinery. R. J. Young, President; E. B. Cobaugh, Treasurer. (See Car WTVorks of Penn.).Marietta, Lancaster County. (See Blast Fur- RAYMOND & CAMPBELL. —Iron foundry. naces of Penn. ) MARIETTA FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.- Mijfflinsburgh, Union County. Stibgen & Son. Iron foundry and machinery. G. & S. MADER.-Iron foundry, plows. MARIETTA CASTING, HOLLOW-WARE, AND EMAM- ZIMMERMAN & STAYMAN. —Iron foundry, plows. ELLING Co.-H. Musselman, President; A. Lum- in ata Cont my, Secretary. Tin and enamelled iron ware. M, ata Cou y. J. A. CRESSWELL. —Iron foundry. Martinsburgh, Blair County. Pennsylvania Railroad machine shop. H. S. CRAWFORD.-Iron foundry and machinery. Milesburgh, Centre County. (Seae Blast FurS. HORN.-Iron foundry. naces and Rolling IMills of Penn.) N. B. HAUPT.-Iron foundry and machinery. hllMarysville, Perry County. HOLMES & ESSINGTON.-Axes. J B, SEIDEL.-Forge. ~~J B. SEIDEL.-Forge. N~M2illbrook, Miercer County. Maucch Chunk, Carbon County. auch Chunk, Carn C. W. A. CARROLL & Co.-Iron foundry. ALLBRIGHT & STROH.-Steam engines and machinery. JMillersburgh, Dauphin County. HAZARD MANUFACTURING Co.-Wire rope. P. A. CAMPBELL.-Machinery, dies, and stamps. J. W. SALKELD & Co. —Steam engines, steam MUSSER & SCHREIBER. —Iron foundry, agriculpumps, boilers, and general machinery, Roberts' tural and saw mill machinery. Patent Steam Pump. Works cover an area of six M. WEAVER. -Machinery. acres. Sales, $200,000 annually. Aillerstown, Lehigh County. 2leadville, Crawford County. NEWMAN & MILLER.-Iron foundry. R. BUCKLEY.-Iron foundry. SELP & SCHMOYER.-Machinery. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS; ETC. 131 X]illerstown, Perry County. D. ROOT & SoN.-Iron foundry and plows. T. & D. ORNER.-Iron foundry. WOLGAMUTH & KUYBILL. —Iron foundry and m'achinery..Tillersborough, Washington County. lac ne J. BoswELL.-Iron foundry, general castings. es estmoreln C ty J. M. AMMONS. -Iron foundry; specialty, CUNNINGHAM & BRO.-Iron foundry. plows. J.H.'BALTZ.-Drills. J. D. MCCALEB.-Iron foundry. Millersville, Lancaster County. MILLINGER.-lachinery. GALL & MARSTELLER.-Machinery.Lancar Mobunt iNebo, _Lancaster County. fIill Hfall, Clinton County. D. G. SMITH.-Forge. R. MANN. Axe manufacturer. 7l-Muncy, Lycoming County. 2Igillheim, Centre County.'iillheim, Centre County. P. M. TRUMBOURER & Co.-Iron foundry. R. B. HARTMAN.-Iron foundry. SPROUT BROS.-Forks and cutters. ifilton, Northumberland County. azareth, Northampton County. LAwSON, MERVINE & Co.-Iron foundry and j. HENRY & SON.-Gun work. machinery. R. MISKSCH.-Iron foundry. MILTON CAR WORKS.-Murray, Dougal & Co., NAZARETH AGRICULTURAL MACHINE WORKS.Proprietors. (See Car Works of Penn.) Iron Agricultural machinery. foundry, machinery, boilers, cars, etc. J. M. SASSAMAN.-Iron foundry and machin- New Bethlehem, Clarion County. ery. NEW BETHLEHEM MACHINE SHOP.-C. R. McMitchell's _JIills, Indiana County. Nutt & Co. —General machinery and iron founSPAULDING & FERRON.-Iron foundry, plows. dry. S. ROLKEY.-Iron foundry.. New Brighton, -Beaver County. Minersville, Schuylkill County. KEYSTONE STOVE WoRKs.-Merrick & Co.J. L. FIHER. —Iron foundry, boiler maker, and Iron foundry, stoves. machinery. W. P. TOWNSEND & Co. —Juniata Wire and GARTLEY & Fox.-Machinery. ^Rivet Mills. Wire and rivets. Capacity, 800 J. LAUBENSTEIN.-Wire work. tons wire, 600 tons rivets. 50 hands employed. C. R. TUTTLE.-Machinery. IJfohn's Store, Berks County. T. C. WHITE & SON.-Bridges. F. SCHNADER. —Gun barrels. NEW BRIGHTON CUTLERY WORKS. —S. Mason H. WARLEY.-Gun barrels. & Sons, Assignees. 40 hands employed. M. YosUM.-Forge. M. DARRAGH & Co.-Iron foundry and machinery. Monongahela City, Washington County. J. THORNLEY. —Iron foundry. JONES & DAVY.-Marine railway works. Newcastle, Lawrence County. (See Blast FurG. A. KELLER.-Iron foundry. naces and lolling Mills of Penn.) Montrose, Susquehanna County. CUNNINGHAM & Co.Iron foundry, and machinS. H. SAYRE & BRO.-Iron foundry. ery, water-wheels, etc. H. W. Shellenberg.-Machinery. NEWCASTLE AGRICULTURAL WoRKS.-Agricultural implements. Mount Carmel, _Northumberland County. NEWCASTLE MANUFACTURING Co.-Iron foun- RMinr dry, and machinery, nuts, bolts, etc. J. GILMOUR. —Machinery. J.I (^MOR-MrQUEST & SHAW.-Iron foundry and machinery. Mount Joy, Lancaster County. MONITOR PRINTING PRESS Co.-Printing WM. BRADY & SON.-Axes and edge tools. presses. BRADY MANUFACTURING CO.-Malleable iron Lew.Iaven, Lancaster County. foundry. fs~oul~ndry. a~~C. B. BECKER.-Machinery. BUCHMAYER, MlEISHEY & Co.-Iron foundry.. W. SER-achinery J. A. SNYDER. —Iron foundry. MARSH, GRIER & Co.-Iron foundry, machinery, Newtown, Bucks County. and agricultural implements, reapers, etc. J. H. HILBORN & Co.-Agricultural machinery. 132 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. Nlorristown, Montgomery County. (See Blast Steam Engine Builders of Philadel_Furnaces cncd Rolling Mills.) phia. JAMES HOOVEN & SONS.-Furnace, rolling mills, boilers, and machinery. Philadelphia, Philadlelphia County. HUTCHINSON & FAGAN.-Iron foundry. J. JONES~Agricultual implements. A*ALDEN BROS. —2218 Race Street. Steam enJ. JONES.-Agricultural implements. W. MoYER. Edge tools. gnes. EAGLE WORKS.-R. S. Newbold & Son. Steam A. L. ARCHAIrBALT. — Iensington Iron engines, machinery, etc. 70 hands employed. r rr and Vienna Streets. NORRIS IRON Co. —Woodruff Bros. 60 hands Marine and portable engines; specialty, tug enemployed. Machinery. This works is building gies aLn tngs. the machinery work for the Reading Railroad BALDIN LOC TIVE Ve oos.) steam colliers. ^' PENNA TACK WORKS. —C. P. Weaver & Co. GEO. C. HOWARD.- 17 South Eighteenth Street. Tacks. Steam engines. (See MJachine Works.) C. RITTENHOUSE.-Agricultural implements. JOHNSON, HESS& Co.-1314 Buttonwood Street. Steam engines. (See fiachcine WTorks JVorrittonville, Montgomery County. also.) 35 hands employed. D. S. HUBNER. —Machinery. W. I. IING.-1015 Sansom Street. Steam engines. Nort/h East, Erie County. J. L. KNowLTON. —Steam engines. 130 Reed GLASS & CHASE.-Iron foundry and agricultural Street. implements. J. D. MOORE.-30 Hudson's Alley. SteamenOak Dale, Davuhin County. gines. & 29 C hil MORGAN & OmR.-1219 Callowhill Street D. K. McCLuRE.-Forge. Steam engines. (See Machine WTorks.) Oil City, Vencano County. I1 P. MonRIS & Co. —1057 Richmond Street Steam engines of every kind. GCUMMINGS BRos.~-Machinery. CurTT1. B'os-Machinery.i The specialty of this firm is blowing and pumpVV. J. INNIS. —Machinery. 30 hands employed.' ^ ~ i~. WM. J. INNIs. —Machinery. 30 hands employed. ing engines of large size, and many of the finest MOUNT & KUGLER.-Oil-well machinery. r MiOBSNT & K*LR.-Oil-well achiery. blast-furnace engines of the country have been C. ROBSON & Co.~Oil-well fittings. C. RosoN & Co.-Oil-well fitting. here constructed. The works is celebrated for the D. L. TaASx. —Oil-well muachinery. D. L.TRD x-Oiwe machinerY. thorough excellence of construction, and has a D. MURDOCK & Co.-Steam engines and ma-' - D. MUR.O o ta nie r high reputation for quality of product. chi nery. C. W. I MYERS.-245 North Front Street. J. W. SMrITH.~Boiler maker. J. W. SITH.-Boiler maker. Portable and stationary engines. Oxford, Chester County. NEAFIE & LEVY.-Penn Works. Corner of S. H. WORTHr.-M-achinery and agricultural ^Beach and Palmer Streets. (See also Iron Ship Simple. WORTH.Machinery and agric l Yards.) Steam engines, principally marine; implements. DICKEY, HARLAN & Co.-Iron foundry and specialty, ship yard. Works includes iron and machinery. wooden ship yard, machine shop, iron and brass OxFORD CO-OPERATIVE CAR Co.-(See Car foundry, and a large blacksmith shop and forge, Torks of Penn.) where the heaviest ship forgings are made. When running full, from 350 to 400 hands are Parker's Landing, Armstrong County. employed. BRADLEY & DUFF.-Machinery. PHILADELPHIA HYDRAULIC WORKS. —Evelina HART & SMITH.-IMachillery. Street, near Third Street. I. S. Waterman, President; E. P. Dwight, Superintendent. Specialty, Peach Bottom, York County. steam fire-engines. CASTLE PINN IRON XWORKS. —B. Eby, Proprie- J. RusT.-Steam engines. Trenton Avenue and tor. Iron foundry. Adams Street. PRUTIIMAN BROS.-Belrks and Manor Streets. Petroleum Centzre, V-encango (ozunty. tSteam engines, etc. S. COLFIELD & Co.-Boilers and machinery. E. C. SEAMEN.-157 North Second Street. FISIIER, NORRIS & Co.-Oil-well machinery Small portable steam engines. and tools. A. I-. SMITH & Co. —607 Commerce Street. F. J. HANNA & Co. —Machinery. Steam engines, etc. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACIIINE WORKS, ETC. 133 B. SNYDER & Co.-516 Beach Street. E. WEICKE.-1026 New Market Street. Steam J. L. SOMERSET & SON. —1207 Hamilton Street. boilers. Steam engines. WILLIAMSON BROS.-Perseverance Iron Works. JAS. WATSON.-1608 South Front Street. Richmond and York Streets. Steam boilers. 50 Steam engines. hands. GRACE & LoNG.-Locomotive and Machine T. WILBRAHAM & PBOS. —Frankford Road and Works. 1340 Beach Street. G. W. Grice,Trus- Amber Street. tee. Light locomotives and dummy engines. J. N. WILFONG. —2131 Cherry Street and 135 THOMPSON BRos.-112 Bread Street. Princi- North Twenty-second Street. pally machinery. J. ZEB.-1900 North Ninth Street. Steam WALKER BROS. & CO.-2227 Wood Street. boilers. Steam engines. T. WILBRATAM & BROS.-Frankford Road and Amber Street. Stationary and portable en- Mlachinery Works of Philadelphia. gines. PERSEVERANCE IRON WORKS.-Williamson M. F. ACKLEY.-Millwrighting, steam fitting. Bros. Corner Richmond and York Streets. PENN AXLE WoRKs.-Advena & Heald. FifSteam engines. teenth Street and Fairmount Ave. Carriage and wagon axles. ALDEN BROS., ENTERPRISE MACHINE WORKS. Boiler MBakers of Philadelphia. 2218 Race Street.-Fans, pumps, general machinery. WM. H. BuRR.-126 Reed Street. Steam W. C. ALLISON & SONS.-Thirty-first and Walboilers. nut Streets. (See Car TVorks.) Flues, etc. CUMrINGS & MYERS. —607 Cherry Street. This works employs 800 hands. (See also Pipe Steam boilers. and Tube WVorks.) DEILEY & FOWLER.-39 Laurel Street. Boil- W. W. ALTEMIUS. —116 Edward Street. Bobers and gas holders. bin machinery. GILMAN & FARRAN. 1108 Beach Street. AMERICAN BUTTONHOLE OVERSEAMING AND Boilers and all kinds of plate-iron work. SEWING MACHINE Co.-Office, 1318 Chestnut GEO. C. HOWARD. —17 South Eighteenth Street. Works, Washington Avenue. ButtonStreet. Principally machinery. hole sewing machines, carpet sewing machines, HARRISON BOILER WORKS. —Gray's Ferry Road etc. and Carpenter Street. Specialty, Harrison Boil- AMERICAN METER Co.-Twenty-second and er, the invention of the proprietor, who has re- Arch Streets. Gas meters. ceived the highest premiums for it, among which This is a very extensive works, having almost was the Rumford Medal, awarded by the Ameri- an exclusive control of the specialty, and employcan Academy of Arts and Sciences at Boston, ing several hundred hands. Jan. 9th, 1872. This boiler is in extensive use C. A. ANDERSON.-3231 Market Street. in Philadelphia, and claimed to be absolutely Builders' iron-work, shutters, railings, etc. non-explosive. A. L. ARCHAMIIBAULT.-Beach and Vienna J. L. KNOWLTON. —130 Reed Street. Steam Streets. Principally steam engines. boilers. A. ASSMAN.-1631 Barker Street. General J. B. LADY. —3029 Chestnut Street. Lady's iron work. Patent Non-explosive Boilers. MURRAY BACON.-7 Commerce Street. Light GEO. MYERS.-204 North Broad Street. lathes and general machinery. Ranges-boilers, tanks, etc. BECKMAN & ENGLEMAN.-Scales. Ninth Street, IH. M. MYERS.-839 North Fourth Street. near Girard Avenue. This firm has manufactured Steam boilers. some fine scale work. STEAM GENERATOR MANUFACTURING CO. —N. THE INDUSTRIAL WORKS, Philadelphia.-Wm. J. Nickerson, President; E. H Graham, Secre- B. Bement & Son, Proprietors. tary and Treasurer. Office, 30 North Fifth This establishment occupies nearly the whole Street. square bounded by Twentieth, Twenty-first, and JOHN SCOTT & SoNS.-Front at Oxford Street. Callowhill Streets, and the Philadelphia and ReadSteam boilers. ing Railroad. THoMPSON BRoS.-112 Broad Street. Steam The senior member of the present firm has been boilers. prominently connected with the business ever 134 DIRECTORY OF GEl'NERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. since its commencement, in 1851. In that year structive to trace the stages of improvement as Marshall, Bement & Colby established the manu- developed in the successive drawings of the same facture of machinists' tools in a building which machine, and it gives a new insight into one of yet stands near the centre of the premises, and the great sources of expense attending the manuwhich had three floors of about 90 by 45 feet facture of machinery. each. Even of this small amount of room a con- It is to be borne in mind, also, that the desired siderable portion was at that time leased to other change is not completed when the new drawing parties. has been made, but that it still remains to reThe firm has successively been Bement, Colby, make or remodel the pattern, which is in many Dougherty Co.; Bement, Dougherty & Thomas; cases a tedious operation. and Bement & Dougherty, until, in 1870, Mr. This we shall see more fully if we visit the Dougherty, who had been connected with the pattern shop. business for some 17 years, retired and gave place We are accustomed to see wood wrought very to Mr. Clarence S. Bement, of the present firm. rapidly by the familiar processes of turning, sawMeanwhile, the modest manufactory of 1851 ing, and planing by power. And not many years has steadily and rapidly increased, until it has since, it was considered good engineering to adopt established an enviable reputation in North and such outlines for the parts of machinery as would South America and Europe, and has placed its admit of the construction of patterns mainly by productions in many portions of those countries. means of those processes. Consequently, right Its buildings present a continuous front on lines and sharp angles were the rule, as to forms; Callowhill Street of 372 feet, and on Twenty-first and any curves, except such as could be made by Street of 265 feet; and contain a floor space of the turning lathe, the exception. nearly 2- acres, or the equivalent of a two-story This construction involved many faults. Sharp building 50 feet wide and more than 1,000 feet angles afforded great probability of breakage in long. Branches of the Philadelphia & Reading the castings, even by their own internal strains; Railroad enter the premises, and deliver coal and any proper distribution of metal was nearly imiron at convenient points. possible; convenience was sadly sacrificed; while The pattern store-house is a fire-proof struc- gracefulness or beauty of outline must be entirely ture nearly 200 feet long by 40 feet wide, con- disregarded. tamining on its three floors the patterns for more It is not strange, therefore, that some leadthan one hundred and eighty machines. ing constructors soon became dissatisfied with such These represent pretty thoroughly the best forms; and in their practice made the first cost practice of the present day in the various opera- of patterns a secondary, instead of primary, contions of the machine shop, smith shop, boiler sideration. Prominent among these was Mr. shop, and foundry, from the formation of the Bement, whose designs have for years possessed most delicate parts of rifles or sewing machines, a sort of individuality, and occupied a front rank to the turning, planing, and fitting of the parts of for combined massiveness, elegance, and adaptathe largest engines and machinery. tion to their various purposes. Many of the designs embodied in this large We are therefore not surprised to find, that collection have originated at these works; and while the pattern shop of the Industrial Works is many others have here received such improve- well equipped with the various kinds of woodment as have added much to their usefulness. working machinery, the shaping and finishing of The drawings representing them will be found the patterns is very largely done by hand. We compactly and conveniently arranged in the shall also discover that care and skill are required drawing-room, a light and airy apartment 50 feet in the work, and that none but a high class of square, occupying the entire second floor of the skilled labor can be made available in this deoffice building. partment of the business. Here are also drawings of designs which belong Another feature in the construction of machinto the past. Each of these has in its time been ery has become much more general within the considered valuable —has indeed been so, but has past few years, for which the mechanical world is been superseded by something better, or been ren- largely indebted to the Industrial Works. dered unnecessary by some of the many changes The same general ideas which displayed themconstantly taking place in the mechanic arts. selves in harsh and crude outlines, found further The parts of a superannuated locomotive or expression in making the frames of machines as steamboat can be made useful again as material, plain and bare as possible, and attaching all necbut a superannuated design can only be of use as essary projecting parts by bolts. The objects a matter of history or curiosity. And it is in- sought were simplicity in the patterns, and con DIRECTORY OF GNEIElAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 135 sequent ease in making the castings. But these bago and coal of several kinds are most imporwere attained only by the use of much unneces- tant. These having previously been ground to sary material and the sacrifice of both strength the fineness of flour, are applied, sometimes dry, and beauty. and sometimes as a wash. The new surface must True economy, therefore, demanded that as far be carefully smoothed and dressed, a process as possible the framing of a machine and its which requires a dexterity only acquired by permanent attachments should be in one piece of practice. Heat is in many cases made use of; casting. This principle was probably as early and one mode of applying it is to place the mould, recognized, and as faithfully pursued, at these often weighing many tons, on an iron car, and works as at any other in this country or Europe. roll it into a huge oven kept heated for the purpose. And the skill which has been attained by their When a mould which has a depth of three feet pattern-makers and founders in producing with is filled with fluid iron, each square foot of its ease and certainty castings of very complicated lower part is under a pressure of considerably form, is something well worthy of notice. more than half a ton; and in a large mould this In the foundry are furnaces and cranes capable pressure becomes something enormous. Any of melting and distributing twenty-five tons of yielding to this force would of course destroy the iron at one heat, with all the facilities for mak- perfection of the casting, and must be most thoring, moving, and drying the various moulds and oughly guarded against. It is this consideration removing the castings when made. which renders necessary the heavy frames, or The interior of a foundry presents very little flasks, in which the moulds are made, and the which is attractive to the casual observer; but a strong bolts, clamps, and other devices used to brief examination of the numerous processes secure them. As these flasks are mostly made of which are being carried on makes it evident that iron, and the variety of forms and sizes is almost skill, judgment, and patience are required in endless, the expense of providing and furnishing making the castings used in machinery. No them for a large foundry is a very important small amount of ingenuity is developed merely item. in the expedients by which many of the patterns The selection of iron is, of course, a matter of are removed from the sand which forms the prime importance. In these works no foreign moulds. iron is used. By proper selection and mixture of The sand itself, distributed about in heaps the numerous brands of American iron, castings which appear like ordinary loamy earth, requires can be made of excellent quality, and suitable for careful selection and mixture, and must possess any possible purpose. The reputation of the peculiar properties. It must be sufficiently fine Industrial Works for sound and beautiful castand uniform to receive a smooth and perfect im- ings extends not only to all parts of this country, pression from the pattern; cohesive enough to but to Europe, and is evidence of the variety retain its form while lifted, turned over, and and value of the irons produced in Pennsylvania. handled in various ways; yet so porous as to All the furnaces, cranes, immense ladles, and afford instant and ample escape for the volumes other appliances, with which castings weighing as of gas and vapor generated when the molten iron much as eighteen tons each have been made, are is brought into contact with it. And any one of of the firm's own manufacture, and they have these properties is required more or less than the equipped in full foundries of much greater capacothers, according to the nature of the proposed ity than their own. casting. Brass castings are not required in any considSeveral kinds of sand must therefore be sup- erable quantity in the manufacture of machinists' plied, some of which are brought from consider- tools, though for some purposes in that line of able distances. And the consumption is large, business they can be employed with greater adinasmuch as that which has once been in contact vantage than any other material, provided always with the melted iron is of no further use. that the quality be strictly good. The proprietors In making castings for the rougher kinds of of the Industrial Works found it necessary, some machinery, or for any purpose in which quality years since, to erect a small but completely is not important, no particular preparation of the equipped brass foundry on their own premises, surface of the mould is necessary, further than to not so much as a source of profit or economy in see that it has the exact form of the pattern. itself, as a means of being able to control with But when superior quality and a fine, smooth sur- certainty and uniformity the quality of the brass face are required, just here comes in a large ex- castings used in their machinery. penditure of time and labor. The mould is coated The smith shop contains a large number of with various preparations, among which plum- forges, two steam-hammers in constant use, '136 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. cranes, case-hardening furnaces, etc., all of which machines, and numerous cranes conveniently have been made by the firm on the premises. placed for moving heavy weights, make the maIn very many kinds of business a smith shop is chine shop of the Industrial Works one of the required simply to duplicate in great numbers a best equipped in the United States. And the few forms, running through a specified range of variety of its productions affords profitable use sizes. In such cases, by a judicious outlay in for all its facilities. special tools, skilled labor of any high class can It may be said that the construction of mabe dispensed with. chinists' tools unclerlies all other branches of manBut in the present case the variety of forms is ufacturing. For, if we take any finished product almost infinite, and new ones are daily demanded, whatever, and trace backward the means by so that for the general purposes of this business which it has been produced, and the machinery special forging appliances cannot be extensively by which those means have in their turn been furused, and the most skilful workmen must be em- nished, we shall.unavoidably find ourselves face ployed. to face with an engine lathe, or planing or drillThe machine shops are well provided with the ing machine, or all of them, before we have purgreat variety of tools and machines rendered nec- sued our investigations many steps. essary by the demands of modern engineering. ccuracy possible in any machine The degree of accuracy possible in any machine Some of these attract attention by their great is necessarily limited by that of the tools with capacity and power. Such are a planing ma- which it is made; while the economy with which chine, capable of planing a horizontal surface 10 a machine can be produced, and in many cases feet wide and 45 feet long; another which will the feasibility of producing it at all, must depend plane a vertical siurface 12 feet long and 8 feet True economy, higb; a lathe which will turn a piece o upon the efficiency of those tools. True economy, high; a lathe which will turn a piece of work therefore, demands that nothing be left undone, 81 feet in diameter; a radial drill, with an arm either in their design or execution, to secure the 10 feet long; and a vertical machine for boring utmost correctness completeness, and efficiency. and turning large wheels and pulleys up to 8 feet in diameter. The change continually taking place in our Others, not of remarkable size, are noteworthy ideas as to what constitutes a fair degree of corfor their ingenious construction and labor-saving rectness, is an unerring index of our general progqualities. Among these are a grooving and mor- ress. Not many years ago, the man who detected tising machine for iron and steel; a double ma- an inaccuracy of the one hundredth of an inch in chine for turning the rims of pulleys, and another his work prided himself both on his workmanship for drilling and tapping their hubs for set-screws; in arriving so near to correctness and his cleverone for making pins, screws, etc., from the bar; ness in demonstrating the error. To-day the same one for cutting the teeth of wheels by movements man would not consider his resources exhausted entirely automatic, with a variety of others de- in detecting, measuring, and correcting an error signed for special purposes. of one tenth that quantity. In order to secure the greatest possible accuracy Our ideas as to the efficiency of tools and main cutting the threads of screws, particularly such chinery have partaken of the same progress, and as are used to move the tool carriage in engine to keep pace with them it has been found desiralathes, the firm have had a standard screw made ble to construct a great number of machines for to their order by Sir Joseph Whitworth, and are special purposes. now building a lathe, which will be upwards of Mr. Bement's exertions, not only to supply 45 feet long, expressly to receive it. As this will but to anticipate the demand for such machinery, not be used for miscellaneous work, it is probable have been exceedingly successful. that more accurate screw cutting can be done, The axle lathe and car-wheel borer of the Inwith these advantages, than has ever been done dustrial Works may be found in almost every in this country. railway shop and car-making establishment in the There are also a great number of fixtures and country. A drilling machine, with two spindles tools, each of which is constructed expressly to for drilling the bolt holes in steel rails, and perform one single operation, the object in most another with six spindles, for drilling at once the of these cases being not so much to economize six bolt holes in the arch bars of car trucks, are time, as to insure a greater degree of correctness widely known and approved. inthe respective operations than could be made A large and expensive machine for the special certain by other means. purpose of planing the edges of locomotive frames, These, with the large number of lathes, planers, in which two independent tools are working at drilling, shaping, boring, slotting, and milling once, and each at any required angle, has been DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACIINE WORKS, ETC. 137 found economical to a high degree, and is a fine machinery turned out at these works is worthy example of special construction, of notice, and contributes essentially to the high A new steam riveting machine which the firm character of its productions. An inspector thorare building has proved entirely successful, and is oughly acquainted with all the details of the busprobably the largest and most complete in use. iness, and furnished with the most accurate It weighs more than eighteen tons, and contains instruments that can be procured, is charged with one piece of forging which alone weighs more the thorough examination of every machine than five tons. made; that any defect, either in workmanship or They also make a planing machine expressly material, may be, carefully noted, reported, and for planing the edges of boiler sheets. Both this rectified. This system the firm consider invaluand the riveting machine, while doing their work able. very rapidly, are almost silent in their move- During the year 1873 the Industrial Works ments, so that by their use the fearful din of a employed about 450 men; consumed 1,600 tons large boiler shop is abolished, a result almost as of coal, and 2,600 tons of iron and steel; and desirable as the great economy with which they shipped machinery to 33 of the States of the operate. Union, as well as to Canada, Cuba, South AmerAnother machine of great importance in con- ica, and China. nection with boiler making is one recently pat- J. BENEZET & CO., PHILADELPHIA ELLIPTIC AND ented by Mr. Bement for punching the rivet PLATFORMi SPRING WORKS.-Thirteenth and Butholes, the movements of which are entirely auto- tonwood Streets. Springs. matic. The sheet to be punched is attached to a J. BING.-1505 Penna. Avenue. General malight but strong iron table, moving on a bed chinery. which is rigidly connected with the frame-work R. BISHOP.-Corner Edward and Hancock of the punching machine. While the punch is Streets. Machine tools, bolt cutters, etc. out of contact with the sheet, the table receives a H. C. BLUMNER. —512 Vine Street. General movement equal to the required distance between machine work. centres of holes. The amount of this movement P. W. BREWSTER & Co.-139 North Twelfth is easily regulated to any degree of nicety. If, Street. Lubricators, etc. for instance, two sheets differ just so much in BRIDESBURG MANUFACTURING Co. —Barton II. length that when bent into rings the one will fit Jenks, President. 65 North Front Street. within the other, the adjustment by which each Works, Bridesburg, Penn. Cotton and woollen of them will be equally divided into the same machinery. number of spaces is made quickly and certainly. J. G. BRILL & SoN.-Thirty-second and ChestEasy and correct adjustments are provided for nut Streets. (See Car WForks.) two or more rows of rivet holes, and the work BRINTON & JOHNSON., PHILADELPIIIA AXLE done has a regularity and accuracy never attained WoRKs.-Corner Twenty-second Street and Washwith " templates " or " strips." ington Avenue. Hammered axles. Other special machines for rmany of the opera- F. BRINSTRUP.-403 Green Street. Lithotions in building locomotives, iron ships, railroad graphic presses. cars, making guns and pistols, etc., etc., have BROWN & CARVER.-610 Jayne Street. Card been manufactured by the firm in large numbers. and paper cutting machinery. For the past few years a large business has EDWARD BROWN.-Steam gauges, pyrometers, also been done at the Industrial Works in steam etc. Office, 311 Walnut Street. hammers. When this branch of work was taken BULLOCK PRINTING PRESS Co. —738 Sansom in hand, it was not anticipated that it would be- Street. Bullock printing presses, the fastest come a very important one. newspaper printing presses now in use. Experience showed, however, that this kind of H. W. BUTTERWORTH & SONS.-East York, machinery afforded a field for improvement, and near Cedar Street. Cloth drying and warp mawould repay careful attention. The truth of this chines. is further proved by the fact that this department JAS. BUTTERWORTH & BRO.-2 South Twentyhas already outgrown the limits assigned to it in third Street. Shoddy machines. the works, and the firm contemplate changes and J. BUCKLEY & Co.-1021 Newmarket Street. extensions which will give it the needed room and Bolts. facilities. The variety of patterns covers all F. L. & D. R. CARNELL.-1844 Germantown usual requirements for blooms, bars, and shapes, Avenue. Brick machinery. both of iron and steel. GEO. CARNELL. —1821 Germantown Avenue. The system of inspection applied to all the Brick presses, clay-grinding machines. F 138 IDIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. CHAMBERS & BRo.-Thirtieth and Chestnut H. S. GABRIEL.-Thirty-first Street, near ChestStreet. General machinery. nut Street. General machinery. CHAMBERS & RIEHL.-1130 Charlotte Street. J. GARDNER.-136 North Seventh Street. Looms and cotton-mill machinery. Confectioners' machinery. WM. CHANCE & SON.-1600 North Front NELSON GAVITT.-224 North Broad Street. Street. Springs. Paper-mill machinery of all kinds. 300 hands JAS. M. CHRISTIAN.-Rear of 420 Walnut employed. Street. General machinery. THOS. GIBB.-55 Richmond Street. Steam W. C. CLARKE.-1312 Germantown Avenue. governors, mill work, etc. Looms and lathes. D. GILBERT & SON.-212 Chester Street. GenD. B. CLEM.-413 Cherry Street. Reedy's eral machinery. patent hoisting machine. Specialty, elevators. E. & F. GLEASON. —27 Haydock Street. WoodM. J. COLEMAN.-Eagle Bolt Works. 2030 working machinery. Arch Street. Bolts and nuts; specialty, carriage J. GLEASON.-Second and Diamond Streets. bolts. General machine work. COATES, ASHTON & Co.-436 South Main GOODALL, BRAUN & WATERS.-1507 PennsylStreet, Manayunk. vania Avenue. Wood-working machinery, planers, IR. L. CoHEN. —Hope and Canal Streets. Shaft- moulding machines, mortising machines. 75 ing, pulleys, etc. hands. GEO. V. CRESSON.-Corner Eighteenth and W. J. GORDON.-248 North Front Street. Hamilton Streets. Shafting, pulleys, hangers, etc. General machinery. This work a specialty, and includes a patent JAS. GREENWOOD.-_Forty-fourth and Ludshaft coupler, for which great superiority is low Streets. General machinery for woollen claimed. mills. J. C. DELL. 416 Vine Street. Scales. JOHN A. AASE 116 Van Horn Street. DIEDRICI BROs.-506 South John Street. Ratchets, floor clamps, etc. Shafting, mill work, etc. J. HAMMOND.-241 Race Street. Piercing F. DOEBLEY.-113 Chestnut Street. Works, 437 Wildey Street. Heddles. presses, etc. F. DOELLBOR.-405 North Fourth Street. E. HARRINGTON.-Fifteenth and Pennsylvania nF. DOELLBOR.-405 North Fourth Street Avenues. Engine lathes and machine tools, verGeneral machinery. tic ENTERPRISE MANUFACTURING CO. OF PENNSYL- tical drills, boring machines. Works 100 by 40, vANIA.-Dauphinand American Street. Grocers' three stories high, and employs 90 hands. A VANIA.-Dauphin and *merican Street. Grocers' considerable portion of the product is exported, and druggists mills, tobacco cutters, meat chop- e t G pers, self-weighing knives, etc. 100 hands em- especially to Germany. ployed. ployed. HARRIS, GRIFFIN & Co. —Twelfth and Brown CIAS. EVANS & SONS.-207 Quarry Street. Streets. Gas meters. Presses and general machinery. HARRIS & BRO.-1115 Cherry Street. Gas W. E. FACER.-Telegraph instruments and meters. light machinery. W. H. HARRISON.-1708 Barker Street. GenFARREL, HERRING & Co.-Office, 807 Chestnut eral machinery. Street. Fire-proof safes, burglar-proof bank- C. HASSENDORFER.-229 Vine Street. Safes. vaults, etc. L. M. HAUPT. —3206 Chestnut Street. HeatFERRIS & MILES. —Corner Wood and Twenty- ers. fourth Streets. Specialty, steam hammers, for T. J. IHAWOTHORN.-American and Jefferson which the firm has acquired a reputation. 75 Streets. General machinery. hands employed. J. HIGINBOTHAM, FIDELITY WORKS.-424 East LUCIEN B. FLANDERS.-Eleventh and Hamilton Cumberland Street. Pulleys, shafting, and genStreets. Patent spring packing for piston heads, eral machinery. locomotive packing, cylinder boring machines, etc. J. HEN.SHALL, KENSINGTON MACHINE WORKS. 4IEMMING, POTTER & Co.-Second and Chest- 1056 Beach Street. General machinery. nut Streets. Telegraph machines and philosophi- HESSENBRUCK & Co. —0 North Fifth Street. cal instruments. Hardware manufacturers. H. FROELICH.-205 Ledger Place. General R. J. HOLLINGSWORTH.L123 Craven Street. machinery and patterns. General machinery. M. A. FURBUSH & SON.-118 Market Street. HooPES & TOWNSEND.-1330 Buttonwood Woollen machinery. Street. Bolts, nuts, etc. This is an old and DIPECTORY OF GENERAL 3MACIIINE WORKS, ETC. 139 extensive works, celebrated for quality of product. and thirteen-sixteenths, showing conclusively that The firm has lately invented and introduced into some of the iron has been forced sideways. The their works a process for punching cold iron with- machines used in driving the punch through this out strain or injury to the iron, of which the fol- great thickness are said to be of unusual strength lowing, by Coleman Sellers, Esq., President of the and accuracy of construction. Franklin Institute, is a description: With reference to the experiments described At the meeting of the Franklin Institute, held in this article, Mr. Coleman Sellers further in December, 1873, two cold-punched hexagon writes: "I should state that one of-these samnuts were exhibited by Messrs. Hoopes & Town- pie nuts, with a -I inch hole through 1- inch send, bolt, nut, and washer makers, of Philadel- iron, was to-day planed in half lengthways of phia. These specimens are worthy of attention, the hole. I then etched the surfaces with acid from the fact that one of them had a hole one to expose the grain. It seems as if the point quarter of an inch in diameter and oneinch deep; had penetrated I inch without causing much the other was perforated with a hole half an inch side condensation of the metal; after that the in diameter and one and a half inches deep. compression seems to be uniform. The metal These specimens are remarkable, when we take punched out shows the usually' scaly.' appearinto consideration the oft-made statement,' that ance of deep iron punchings, or as if one part the maximum thickness of iron that can be was crushed over the other, the projecting edges punched cold is about the diameter of the punch," being full to size and burnished. The holes in as the depth of the smallest nut is four diameters the nuts are smooth and polished. I cannot help of the punch, and the largest one three diameters thinking that these are noteworthy examples of of the punch. cold punching. Mr. Hoopes says that he broke In conversation with Mr. Barton Hoopes, who many punches before he made one pierce such a has conducted these experiments, I learn that depth of metal." he has since succeeded in punching a half-inch GEO. C. HOWARD.-17 South Eighteenth Street. hole through an inch and three-quarters thick- Patent elevators for iron works, sugar machinery, ness of wrought iron; the punching which came coining machinery, bank-note printing, cutting, out of the hole I have examined, and it differs in and perforating presses, hydraulic presses, etc. no respect from ordinary punchings, but it has Mr. Howard, besides his home trade, has an exbeen compressed to seven-eighths of an inch in tensive business with the South American govlength-that is, the punching shows an irregular ernments and the Canadian bank-note printers. cylinder half-inch in diameter and seven-eighths The works includes foundry, machine, and steamof an inch long. The metal forming the punching engine shops, boiler shop, etc., and employs 100 is not condensed into a smooth cylinder, but hands. shows the usual roughness common to all iron HYDROSTATIC AND IYDRAULIC 0o. —]. W. punchings, while the punched holes are very Jenks, President; J. G. Mitchell, Treasurer. smooth. Office, 67 North Front Street. Pumping maThe punch and die hole were the same size, and chinery; specialty, Shaw's propeller pump. there has evidently been a side flow of the cold JOHN JACKSON & Co.-1089 Germantown metal upon the entrance of the punch, and the Avenue. Cotton and woollen machinery. operation may in a measure be considered a pierc- JACKSON & GREAGHE.-Vincent, near Green ing one up to a certain depth, and finally the Street. General machinery. punching out of the residuum after it has attained J. JEFFRIES & SONS. —813 Jayne Street. Steel that depth. In punching the quarter-inch hole springs. 30 hands employed. through one-inch iron, the punching showed a JENKINS, JOHNSON & Co.-332 Noble Street. very smooth surface, and was only three-eighths Steam governors, valves, etc. of an inch long, seemingly very much corn- JoHNsoN, HEss & Co.-1314 Buttonwood pressed. Street. General machinery, engines, boilers, etc. I have examined the punches used in this curi- 35 hands employed. ous experiment: they differ in no respect from WV. H. JoIINsoN. —Screw sockets. Filbert, ordinary punches; they are made of good steel above Sixth Street. and hardened in some peculiar manner unknown PHILIP S. JUSTICE.-Office, 14 North Fifth to me. Bars of iron one inch square, punched Street. Works, Seventeenth and Coates Streets. with a quarter-inch punch, show a sensible widen- Shawxs dead-stroke power hammer, lifting jacks, ing under the action of the punch, and a bar of etc. inch and three-quarters square iron, punched with KELLOGG BRIDGE Co.-Chas. Kellogg, Presia half-inch punch, is swelled sideways to an inch dent; A. B. Burton, Manager at Philadelphia. 140 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WOIKS, ETC. Office, 424 Walnut Street. (See Iron Bridge J. C. MooRE & Co.-215 Arch Street. GenWorks.) Works, Buffalo. eral machinery. KEYSTONE BRIDGE Co. —J. H. Linville, Presi- JAS. D. MooRE. —30 Hudlson Street. Printdent. Office, 218 South Fourth Street. Works, ing-press work. Pittsburg. (See Iron Bridge WTorks.). 0. MOOREHOUSE & Co.-124 Exchange Place. KEYSTONE PORTABLE FORGE Co. —V. T. General machinery. Forbes, Agent, Exchange Place. Portable forges. MORGAN & ORR.-1219 Callowhill Street. GenJ. L. KNOWLTON.-130 Reed Street. General eral machinery and iron work. In addition to machinery. the foregoing, this firm manufactures fine machinKREIDER, ZINDGRAFT & Co.-1028 German- ery for mints, coining presses, coin milling matown Avenue. Mill machinery. chines, etc. During the winter of 1873-4 there C. LEHMANN.-1216 Mascher Street. Knit- was shipped from this works a complete outfit of ting machines and general machinery. the finest coining machinery ever manufactured F. LENTLEY. 404 Vine Street. Instruments in the world to the San Francisco Mint. The and machinery. firm manufactures largely for the United States D. LITHGOW.-207 Pear Street. Steam and government, and has filled large contracts for the water gauges, blast gauges for blowing engines, etc. governments of South and Central America and JACOB LODGE & SoN.-103 Hudson Street. AMexico for coining lurposes. In some instances Printing-press work and jewellers' rolls, these machines had to be made in sections so as T. S. C. LowE.-Ice machines. Built by 1. P. to admit of transportation on mules in the mounMorris & Co. tain regions of South America. The exactitude T. E. LUTNER.-88 Tasker Street. General and perfection of the machinery made here has machinery. given this firm almost the exclusive control of this J. D. LYNDE. —Safety valves, etc., 405 North line of machine trade. Eighth Street. MORRIS, TASKER & Co., PASiCAL IRON WORKS. C. H. LYoNs.-818 Filbert Street. General Office and works, corner Fifth and Tasker Streets. machinery. Tasker Iron Works, Newcastle, Del. (See also R. McCALYEY.-602 Cherry Street. Hoisting Pipe and Tube Works.) This is one of the oldest machines. and best known firms in the United States, and was MARTINS, CUTJRE & Co. —1017 Ridge Avenue. established in 1835 by Stephen 1R. Morris, Henry Patterns. Morris, and Thos. Tasker, Sr., for the purpose of J. G. MECUTCHEN.-1008 Germantown Road. making stoves, the works then and for many General machinery. years subsequently being at Third and Pear MELLON & ORUM.-448 North Twelfth Street. Streets. In the year of their establishment, 1835, Cutters, etc. which was also the date of the introduction of N. & A. MIDDLETON.-945 lRidge Avenue. illuminating gas into Philadelphia, the manufacCar springs. ture of gas pipe was begun by the firm, under F. S. MIILES.-205 Quarry Street. Screws: the superintendence of Mr. Wm. Griffiths, a set and lag screws, etc. skilled mechanic in this line, from England, and THios. MILLS & BRO.-1301 North Eighth has since formed the main specialty of the works. Street. Confectioners' machinery. Oscillating An extended description of the pipe works will be Drage pans, for sugar coating, etc. Has the mlost found in the department of Pipe and Tube Works. extensive trade in confectioners' machinery in The product of the Pascal Iron Works is not, the United States. however, confined to pipe, but includes the conO. W. MINARD.-125 North Seventh Street. struction of gas works, gas retorts, holders, gas Printers' and bookbinders' machinery, and steam fittings, gas fitters' tools, hot-water and JAMES MOORE.-Sixteenth and Buttonwood steam fitting apparatus, and brass work, cocks, Streets. (Formerly Matthews & Moore.) Roll- valves, etc. The Pascal Iron Works covers an ing mill and blast furnace machinery. Works in- area of almost three squares, the greater portion cludes foundry, boiler shop, machine shop, and of which is fitted with large and substantially has a specialty in rolls and rolling-mill machinery. built brick buildings, and the annual consump The product of this works is to found in all the tlon of fued and iron is as follows: new and best equipped rolling mills of the country, and by many the work done here is preferred Coall.................. 35,000 tons. to that from any other establishment. The de- Pig iron................ 4,500 tons. mand for machinery from this works is so great Skelp (pipe) iron........ 8,000 tons as to keep orders constantly ahead of production. Charcoal iron............ 6,000 tons. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACIINE WORKS, ETC. 141 The works employs 1,600 hands, and is run con- mately disposed of to Henry G. Morris, formerly stantly night and day. of the firm of Morris, Tasker & Co., of the Pascal The Tasker Iron Works is of late establishment, Iron Works previously noted, and who had reand is not yet completed entirely, and is situated tired from that firm with what would be generally on the bank of the Delaware River, at Newcastle, considered a princely fortune. Since then the Delaware, where the firms owns a tract of one Southwark Foundry has been under his managethousand acres as a site for the present works and ment, and has made a specialty of heavy machinthe demands of the future. In May, 1873, a ery and iron work. The works is very extensive, foundry, machine shop, blacksmith and pattern and employs 500 hands in the production of enshops were opened here as the nucleus of the new gines, boilers, machinery, etc. works, which is to include a bloom works for a Tuos. J. MYERs.-1162 Passyunk Avenue. new specialty, tube mills for lap and butt-welded Hot-water apparatus. tubes. These mills, although separate buildings, NICHOLS PICKERING & Co. —Eighteenth Street are connected so as to form one works 1,143 feet and Pennsylvania Avenue. Cast-steel elliptic long by 150 feet wide. With this works it is railway springs. 50 hands employed. probable there will be hereafter erected blast JACOB NAYLOR, PEOPLE'S WORKS.-Front furnaces, as the site at the head of Delaware Bay Street and Girard Avenue. Machinery, rollingpresents unusual facilities for the collection of mill work, engines, etc. ores by water freight from both the Northern and THOS. NIxoN.-1758 Howard Street. Hand Southern ore fields, with direct rail communica- looms. tion to the coal regions of Pennsyvania, Mary- R. ORRELL & SoNs. —1113 Hancock Street. land, and Virginia. A wharf 800 feet long is Reeds and heddles. being constructed at the tube works, and when J. E. PACKER & SONS.-Thirty-first and completed the entire works will give employment Market Streets. General machinery. to 3,000 men. To accommodate these workmen, PHILADELPHIA IYDRAULIC WTOIKS.-Evelina the firm is building a village of 200 houses, each and Levant Streets. J. S. Waterman, President; of which is of five rooms, and supplied with bath, E. P. Dwight, Superintendent. Steam fire engas, hot and cold water, etc., an amount of " mod- gines, pumps, etc. ern improvements' rather unusual in the dwell- PHILADELPHIA TOOL Co.-J. H. Armbruster ings of workingmen, at least outside of the city Treasurer. Corner Thirteenth and Buttonwood of Philadelphia. A new specialty introduced by Streets. Wrenches and tools. Specialty, Davis' this firm in 1873 is the vulcanized rubber plated Patent Duplex Wrench, combining the advantages iron tube, which is an iron tube lined with vul- of a monkey wrench and pipe wrench in one tool. canized rubber, the coating being baked on, and These goods have met with considerable favor in impervious to the action of water, acids, alkalis, the trade, have been adopted by the Navy Deor neutral salts. partment and most railroad companies, and form I. P. IVMORIS & Co. —1057 Richmond Street. a convenient and valuable tool, being well made This firm has for years been celebrated for the and of the best material. manufacture of blast-furnace and water-work L. PUILEGER & Co.-3029 Chestnut Street. machinery and heavy machinery of all kinds. (See J. LADsY,.Boiler'S.) The excellence of the product is well known, A. C..PIKE, CENTRAL MACHINE WoRKS.-621 and commands a high reputation throughout the Filbert Street. Printers' machinery. United States. POWER, TAINTER & Co. —3003 Clhestnut Street. HENRY G. MORRIS, SOUTHWARK IRON FOUN- Wood-working machinery, moulding machines, DOY. —Fifth Street and Washington Avenue. planers, sash, blind, and door machines, etc. This works was established originally and for PRICE, UBER & Co., KEYSTONE SCALE WORKS. years conducted by the late J. Vaughan Merrick, -421 North Fifth Street. Scales. a cotemporary of Matthew Baldwin, and, like REX & BOCKIUS. —25 North Seventh Street. him, one of the founders of the great iron in- Gas-generating machinery. dustries for which Philadelphia is so celebrated. RICHARDS, LONDON & KELLY. —North 20th. The Southwark Foundry under Merrick & Street. Wood working and sawing machinery. Sons had for years practically exclusive control of This firm has introduced a variety of new and the manufacture of sugar and sugar-mill machin- ingenious machines for the specialty, many of ery for Southern and Wvest Indian trade, as a which have received commendation abroad as well specialty, in addition to general machinery, as in this country. After the death of Mr. Merrick, the business was RIEHLE Bios., PHIILADELPHIA SCALE WORKS.carried on by his sons for a short time, and ulti- Ninth alnd Coate Streets. Scales of every variety, 142 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MSACHIINE WOR1KS, ETC. with a specialty of rolling-mill, blast-furnace, and floor. Of this extensive space, 200 feet in length foundry scales. This firm also manufactures test- is 33 feet high in the clear. A very perfect sysing machines for iron and chain, which are in use tern of cranes swinging over the part needed for in several of the large works, and of great value heavy castings is here provided. Two of these in obtaining the tensile strength, torsion aild cranes are of a capacity to hoist 50 tons, others 25 breaking strain, elasticity and resistance of bar tons, and a few of 10 tons capacity each. iron, plate iron, and chain. As the iron business The rooms for making cores, the core ovens, the is more intelligently conducted, this branch must cupola room, pattern shop and rooms for storage grow rapidly, since consumers will soon insist of patterns, as well as rooms for cleaning castings upon definite data as to the strength of the metal are adjoining the main foundry, the whole space ol'ered for sale.. under roof being one hundred and seventy-eight M. RIEHL. —1505 Willow Street. General ma- by two hundred and seventy-five, nearly one half chinery. of this being two stories high. The coal vaults JAS. RUST.-Trenton Avenue and Adams are under ground and vaulted passages give acStreet. General machinery. cess to the furnaces for heating the core ovens. RUTSCHMANN BRos.-Berks and Manor Streets. In one of the underground vaults are the byScrew-cutting machinery, taps, tools, etc. draulic engines for working the crane hoists. F. SCHNEIDER.-539 China Street. General This foundry has been fitted up with special refermachinery. ence to their peculiar business, and every care is P. SCIIOFIELD. —Corner Collins and Sergeant taken to make very superior castings, both as reStreets. Steam gauges. gards quality of material and smoothness of surJ. A. SCOTT. —Corner Ellen and Emerald face. Streets. Jacquard looms. The south square, that is the part first occupied J. SCOTT & SoNS. —Front and Oxford Streets. by the firm, is now devoted entirely to machine General machinery. shops and blacksmith shops. The main building, E. C. SEAMEN. —157 North Third Street. one story high, is 80 by 369 feet. At one end of Shafting, pulleys, general machinery. this large room a space 80 by 80 feet is roofed VWI. SELLERS & Co. —1600 Hamilton Street. over 25 feet in the clear, while the remainder of Machine tools, railroad turn-tables, pivot bridges, the building is 16 feet high under the beams. and fine machinery of every kind. The windows are large, and the whole space is adThe manufacturing firm of WMr. SELLERS & CO. mirably lighted and well ventilated, while in winter of Philadelphia, so noted as makers of machine all parts of all their buildings are heated by tools, steam-hammers, shafting, mill gearing, turn- steam. tables, and the Gifiord injector for supplying steam A three story fire-proof building, 110 by 55 boilers with water, had its origin in 1848 under feet, gives space for turning shop and store rooms. the firm name of BANCROFT & SELLERS, in that In this building are also located the office'and part of Philadelphia known as Kensington. The drawing room. Other buildings cover all the shops there occupied proving too small to accomo- available space in the lot, and are used for the date their increasing trade, they removed in 1853 manufacture of specialties. The entire space octo a lot bounded by Sixteenth and Seventeenth cupied by the works is over five acres, in the heart Streets, and Hamilton Street and Pennsylvania of the city. A track from the Reading Railroad Avenue. Here they erected shops of one story passes into the buildings, crossing Hamilton Street, in height, which seemed to them extensive enough and enables the distribution of coal, lumber, and for all future wants. In 1855 Mr. Bancroft died, material to all needful parts; also furnishing a and the firm name was changed to its present ready means of shipping machinery by rail. style, two brothers, Messrs. William and John A noteworthy feature of the main machine shop Sellers, Jr., being the only members of the new is a railroad track, laid on heavy foundation walls, firm. extending the entire length of the main building, In time, with a rapidly increasing business, the this track, with convenient turn-tables at proper square occupied by their shops did not afford space intervals being a portion of the railroad system sufficient, even with extension of their buildings, extending to the tracks of the Reading Railroad. made two and three stories high. Fortunately an The principal tools in the main room are set on adjoining square north of their shops was offered cast iron floor-plates, resting on foundation walls, for sale, and they erected other buildings on it, while the part of the floor upon which the workremoving the foundry and pattern shop to the new men stand is made of wood. This arrangement site. Upon this lot they have a foundry 295 feet insures great solidity to the machines. In this long by 80 feet wide, of unobstructed foundry connection it will be well to note that prominent DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHIINE AVORKS, ETC. 143 among their production is the planing machine We have already noticed their machines for for metals driven by a diagonal shaft with a spiral planing metals so far as their novel form permits pinion gearing into a straight rack on under side them to be placed in line with, or parallel with of table. This system permits the placing of the lathes and other tools. The use of the spiral pinaxis of the driving pulleys parallel with the line ion enables all the working parts of the planer's of motion of the bed, not at regular angles to it as driving machinery, with the exception of this one was previously the custom, and thus permits the diagional shaft, to be thrown outside of the plaplaners to be placed parallel with the lathes and ner-bed. It also allows the placing of strong other machines and to be driven from the same girts or braces in that part of the planer between system of parallel lines of shafting or from the the uprights, which is usually cut apart by the same line of shaft. The great advantage of this gearing, and which is in reality the part of the system of planing tools is well examplified in this machine most requiring all the support by such shop. means. The belt shifting motion is of the most Among machinists' tools made by them, in novel and ingenious character, accomplishing by which they profess satisfaction, we may mention simplest means the shifting of each belt indepenthe machine for cutting bolts. A correspondent dently. of one of the scientific journals, writing from The feeding motion is obtained from a shaft Paris during the time of the Exposition of 1867, making a half revolution at each end of the stroke, says in reference to the Bolt Cutter: The and is quite free from all friction during its time greatest praise that can be given to this machine, of rest. The tool-lifting device, which raises the is to notice how extensively it is used in Eng- tool on the backward stroke of the planer, is origiland, and how it has been copied by continental nal and effective. These have been the subject makers." of various " Letters Patent," as devices applicable On April 21st, 1864, Mr. Wm. Sellers read a to other machines, having been successfully intreatise on a " System of screw threads and nuts," troduced in several important tools. before the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, of These planing machines are conceded to produce which he was at that time President. He recom- better work and in larger quantities than tools of mended a system based upon formule, whereby similar size and power, driven in the ordinary the diameter of the bolt being given, all propor- way of " rack and pinion " or screw. They have tions of threads, etc., can be calculated-recom- been in use about fourteen years, and in no single mending a change in the form of thread, making a instance has one of the spiral pinions been refiat top and bottom to the V thread of 60 angle, placed, nor do the machines first built show any equal to one-eighth of the pitch. The subject was indications of wear; thus proving the correctness referred to a committee, consisting of and repre- of the principle employed. senting some of the best engineering talent of the In turning lathes, solme very important Institute, and was by them finally adopted, since improvements have been introduced such as which time it has received the sanction of the lead- using a fiat top shear, and yet by means of a V ing railroads and work-shops. The U. S. Navy placed on the under side of the inner edge of the Department made it the subject of a special corn- fiat top insuring the alignment of the lead, thus mission, and in an exhaustive report fully in- overcoming the only objection to the flat top shear. dorsed it. So that it has now come to be the The livne lead is arranged in such a way as to National standard. dispense with the conventional tail screw and to The bolt-cutting machine, with this new system hold the spindle free from end motion, and yet of thread, is fast finding its way into every well- does not require any collars on the bearing next to arranged work-shop. As a type of their own the face plate. To fully describe the most impormachinery, especially bearing the impress of tant machine tools would require more space than originality, this bolt-cutter is a good illustration, we can spare. We would, however, mention that This machine has recently been very much im- the attention of this firm has been directed proved by the addition of a self-opening mechan- towards the production of machines which shall ism to the dies and a system of lubrication that with the least skill on the part of the workman be effectually washes all chips out of the dies. By able to produce the best work in the largest quanmeans of this improvement and other changes in tities. This is noticeable in a machine for boring this well known tool a much higher rate of speed locomotive cylinders, which may be taken as an has been obtained, and it may be noted that on illustration. In this machine a 19 inch cylinder the I inch bolt cutter having one die head only, has been bored, running three cuts through it, 3,600 a inch bolts have been cut by one man in sinking head cut off, flanges turned up and the the space of ten hours. ends of cylinder counter bored for piston clear 144 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. ance-in the space of three hours and twenty have above referred, so long as it does not involve minutes! This is a good illustration of what weakness, is an important advantage,-particumay be accomplished by machine tools built with larly when high-speed shafting is employed,-canspecial reference to the work they have to do, not be denied, and we consider therefore that such work usually requiring from one to two Messrs. Sellers' practice in this respect is worthy days. of careful attention in this country. Mlessrs. The exhibit of this firm at the Paris Exposition Sellers also show at their stand specimens of their was the most extensive of its kind from this admirable couplings and hangers for shafting, country, and to them was awarded the "G Grand which were described in the lectures on shafting, Gold Medal," the highest honor given to any one, delivered by Mr. Coleman Sellers, at the Stevens and the tools there displayed found ready sale in Institute of Technology, and lately published in Europe. In 1873 another exhibition was made at this journal; and these details also are well Vienna, and the display at this time included in worthy of the attention of our millwrights." addition to examples of machine tools, a train of This refers to a very important branch of their rolls and mechanical puddler made at.this establish- manufacturing establishment, viz., the shafting ment. The award of the jury at Vienna was proof and mill gearing business. of the appreciation of this exhibit, inasmuch as The late Mr. Bancroft designed a peculiar the grand diploma of honor which was awarded kind of " hanger" for shafting purposes, now to them, was not given for excellence of design or known the world over, as the Ball and Socket ingenuity in invention, or superior workmanship Hanger. Previous to commencing business for only, but was designed to bear the character of a himself in Philadelphia, he offered his invention peculiar distinction for eminent merit in the do- to other machine shops, but no one was willing to main of science and its application to the educa- manufacture them. The firm of Bancroft & Seltion of the people, and the advancement of the in- lers made these hangers a specialty; and the matellectual, social, and material welfare of man, and chinery of many large woollen, cotton and other was awarded exclusively by the Council of Presi- factories, is driven by shafting made by them and dents upon the proposition of the International running in the cast-iron boxes of hangers made by Jury. The translation of the exact words of the this firm. award is: In the year 1856, the present firm produced a " Sellers.-For pre-eminent achievements in the coupling for uniting the various pieces of shafting invention and construction of machine tools, many forming a line. This coupling-now known asc of which have been adopted as patterns by the double cone and vise coupling-admits of very constructors of tools in other countries." easy detachment, avoiding the expensive and careThe comments of the leading mechanical jour- ful fitting required to insure perfection with the nals of Europe on this exhibit were flattering in old plate coupling, and cheapens the whole cost of the extreme. From a long article in Engineer- line shafting, by permitting the use of hangers ing,L L ondon, July 4, 1873, we extract the follow- supported on both sides of the box, instead of the ing: old hook hangers (a necessity arising from the " A point well worthy of the notice of English use of rigid couplings). engineers and millwrights in connection with It soon became evident that all the acjuncts MIessrs. Sellers' exhibits is the extreme lightness belonging to line shafting, such as hangers, coupof the belt-pulleys they employ, both on the ma- ling and pulleys, could be reduced in weight, to chines themselves, and on the main line and the advantage of the users of shafting. Dimincounter-shafts. To English eyes such pulleys look ished weight should insure diminished first cost, weak both in the rims and arms, but we are in- as well as be less expensive in the wear and tear formed on, good authority that a failure from of machinery. They therefore commenced a long weakness is almost unknown with Messrs. Sellers' and expensive series of experiments, continuing pulleys, and the enormous experience of the firm through many years, to determine the exact proas millwrights is sufficient guarantee that the re- portion required to produce the best results, aimsuits of the practice are satisfactory. Of course ing at lightness, strength, and entire fitness for the pulleys are proportioned with care, and a high the uses to be served. quality of iron is used in their manufacture, They then introduced a fixed scale of prices for while special arrangements are made for moulding the various articles comprised under the name of them, the result being that they are so true when " shafting," offering shafting at so much per foot, cast, that the amount of metal cut away in turn- hangers, coupling and pulleys at so much per ing the rims averages only fourteen per cent of piece. This was a bold innovation on the usages of their weight. That the lightness to which we machine-shops. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 145 Convinced of the correctness of this principle, held the first rank. Her machine exhibition bore they turned their attention to the designing of almost exclusively the character of originality, and tools adapted to this manufacture. These tools although the execution was not generally superior, were so arranged as to insure, under proper sys- it contained examples of the highest order of contem of inspection, work of the best quality, in the structive ability and perfect workmanship." largest quantities, without the use of workmen of " France and England offered less original matgreat skill. ter-more than both Germany and SwitzerThe result proved eminently satisfactory. land " Thousands of feet of shafting" are being shipped "Upon the whole it may be said that in mato all parts of the country. The largest cotton chine industry England has partly lost her forand woollen mills in New England (the land of en- merly undisputed leadership, or that she is at terprise in this line), are now either furnished, or least about to lose it. The healthy young transbeing supplied, with " shafting" from Win. Sel- Atlantic industry, which continually withdraws lers & Co. from us energetic and intelligent heads and robust The firm of Wm. Sellers & Co. was the first in hands, makes, with the aid of her peculiar genius, the world to conceive and execute the idea of the most sweeping progress, so that we shall manufacturing these articles at fixed prices. It soon have to turn our front from England westhas been, under their energetic and efficient man- ward." agement, an entire success, and a source of much " Newly devised motors, forming part of comprofit. plete machines and models of distinct parts, exThis firm were the first to manufacture the hibited as novelties or inventions, were numerous. Gifford Injector to supply steam boilers with wa- In the first direction Sellers & Co., of America ter, and were the sole manufacturers of these in- (Philadelphia), have accomplished the most. The struments in the United States during the con- constructions of Sellers, some of which have very tinuance of the original patent, and during that rapidly made their way through Germany, bear, time introduced many important improvements in in regard to invention, the peculiar, unique stamp this valuable instrument. At present they are of American genius. They are distinguished from arranging for a still more extended use for it, fur- us by more direct and rapid conception. The nishing four different kinds of each size of instru- American aims straight ways for the needed conments. struction, using the means that appear to him the Their attention has been directed of late to hy- simplest and most effective, whether new or old. draulic machines for elevators and other hoisting Our historically heaped-up material, and the caumachines, for forging purposes punches, shears and tious character of the German, are so inseparably riveting machines. They have also designed nu- interwoven, that among the number of known merous special tools adapted to the now, in this means, we often forget to ask whether they are country, increasing industry of iron ship build- the simplest or whether new ones might not be ing. better. The American really constructs in accorFrom the beginning of their business career dance with the severest theoretical abstraction; they have proceeded on the plan of making all observing on the one side a distinctly marked out machines to fixed gauges —so as to make the aim, weighing on the other the already available same pieces of different machines interchangeable means or creating new ones, and then proceeding and to facilitate renewal or repair of broken regardless of precedents, as straight as possible parts. for the object. This spirit is manifest in Sellers' At the beginning of the year 1873, the firm was lathes, shafting and bearings, in his planing-maincreased by the admission to an interest in the chine with diagonal screw-shaft, in his screwbusiness of three new members, all of whom had cutting machine; and is strikingly prominent in been for many years in their employ, viz., Messrs. his system of screw-threads, which he has boldly Coleman Sellers, J. Sellers Bancroft, and James placed alongside of the old venerated Whitworth C. Brooks. system, in spite of the terror of its numerous adIn conclusion we give an extract from the re- herents, after he had discovered actual deficienport of Professor Reuleaux (Director of the In- cies. A proper valuation of this proceeding condustrial Academy, Berlin), on motors, machines tains the most instructive hints for our higher and machine apparatus at the Paris Exposition of technical institution." 1867: C. SHURTCLIFF.-1226 Germantown Avenue. " Upon the field of inventions and of inventive Knitting machines. genius, there were but few highly remarkable SIDEBOTHAM & POWELL.-Frankford. General achievements present, and among these America machinery. s 146 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORPKS, ETC. A. H. SMITH & Co. 607 Commerce Street. WORKS.-Corner Richmond and York Streets. General machinery and engines. Machinery, engines, etc. J. B. SMITH & Co.-Corner Second and Decks R. WITHIINGTON.-1016 New Market Street. Streets. Model machinery. Mill work. CHAS. SIRSTMAN & SONS.-416 Noble Street. R. D. WOOD & SONS.-Office, 404 Chestnut Seal presses, stamps, etc. Street. Works, Millville, N. J. Machinery and JAs. L. SOMERSET. —1207 Hamilton Street. foundry for cotton mills of firm. General machinery. THos. WOOD, POWER LOOM WORKS. —Cotton J. P. STIDHAM & Co.-1034 Washington Av- and woollen machinery, looms. Twenty-first and enue. Iron-roof frames and corrugated iron and Hamilton Streets, and Fairmount Machine metal roofs. These roofs have met with great Works, 2106 Wood Street. favor among Western rolling mills and blast fur- WM. WooD & Co.-Twenty-fourth and Hamnaces, and are to be found generally throughout the ilton, and Twenty-second and Spring Garden West. The works employs 100 hands. Streets. General machinery, looms, shafting, R. T. H. STILEMAN.-1091 Germantown Av- hangers, pulleys, etc. 200 hands employed. enue. Cocks, fire-plugs, valves, and general ma- THOS. B. WOODWARD.-1020 New Market chinery. Street. Mill machinery. STILLWELL & BRO. —776 Swanson Street. Ship J. W. WRIGHT.-112 Spruce Street. General work and machinery. machinery. R. A. STRATTON. —929 Morgan Street. Mang- WRIGHT & KIDWARD.-Frankford. General ling machines. machinery. TAWS & HARTMAN.-1235 North Front Street. W. J. YOUNG.-43 North Seventh Street. Engineers. Specialty, blast-furnace construction, Optical and mathematical instruments. hot-blast ovens, and general contractors for blast- J. ZABEL.-1207 Vine Street. General mafurnace erection. chinery. THOMPSON BRos. —112 Bread Street. Machinery, patterns, and engines. THORNE & DE HAVEN.-Twenty-first and Iron Foundries of Philadelphia. Market Streets. Drilling machines. Specialty, (See Stove MJlanufacturers of Philadelphiat.) portable radial drills of their own invention and introduction, a novelty highly appreciated by the JAS. T. BRADSHAW.-951 Beach Street. Spetrade. These machines can be attached directly cialty, rolling-mill castings, rolls, etc. 50 hands to the work and power applied to them in any po- employed. sition, drilling holes up to two inches diameter BARROWS, SAVERY & Co.-Front and IReed with the same facility as a stationary drill. They Streets. Hollow-ware, sad irons, general castings. are manufactured of several sizes and kinds. The CONARD & MuRRAY.-Thirtieth and Market firm also makes vertical drilling and boring ma- Streets. General castings. Miscellaneous castings, chines, and employs 40 hands with orders con- architectural ironwork, etc. 75 hands employed. stantly ahead. SAMUEL J. CRESWELL, JR.-812 Race Street. HENRY TROEMNER & SON.-710 Market Street. A. DANVERS.-Dickenson Street Wharf. Sash Scales; specialty, fine and delicate scales for mint and clock weights, general castings. use. This firm are celebrated manufacturers of DEVINNEY, WHITE & HITZEROTH.-3124 Market fine scale work, and have furnished this winter a Street. Ornamental and architectural iron work. shipment of scales for the San Francisco mint, T. ELLIS & BRO.-Fair Hill Foundry. 2303 said to be of more exact and elegant workmanship Coral Street. than any scales heretofore made. FERRELL & BURNS.-1400 North Ninth Street. W. P. UHLINGER, COLUMBIA WORKs.-Colum- 20 hands. bia Avenue, near Second Street. Jacquard ma- FIELD & TODD.- 1223 Passyunk Avenue. chine looms. 125 hands. General castings. 50 hands employed. M. VAN HouTEN.-Corner Front and Oxford FITZGERALD, FLAGG & Co.-218 North Third Streets. Carriage springs. Street. Iron and Brass Foundry; Keystone VEERKAMP & LEOPOLD.-1505 Pennsylvania Malleable and Gray Iron Works, 1109 North Avenue. Presses, stamps, etc. Front Street; Union Malleable Iron and Brass JAS. WATSON, NOVELTY MACHINE WORKS. — Works, Nineteenth Street and Penna. Avenue. 1608 South Front Street. General machinery and Malleable and gray castings, hardware, etc. engines. J. J. & G. GILLINGHAM.-983 North Front WILLIAMSON BROS., PERSEVERANCE IRON Street. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 147 LEWIS, PARISH & STOKES.-Globe Iron Works. Wr. SELLERS & Co.-1600 Hamilton Street. 2309 Wood Street. General and machine cast- Railroad turn-tables, pivot bridges, machine castings. ings. (See.Machine Vorks.) GOODELL, BRAUN & WATERS.-Fifteenth and F. A. SHUTE.-Quaker City Foundry. Hamilton Streets. Locomotive work. T. J. SPRINGER.-General castings. GREEN & Co.-41 Washington Avenue. N. H. SUPPLEE.-General castings. L. GREEN. Adams and Frankford Road. W. WARK.-1716 Barker Street. General and HOFF, FONTAINE & ABBOTT.-1152 North machine castings. Third Street. J. S. LEVERING WHARTON.-Fifteenth and J. ]D. JOIINSON.-109 North Seventh Street. Wood Streets. Builders', architectural, and genPlumbers' iron work, eral castings. Jos. JOHNSON. —Central Iron Foundry. 615 A. WHITNEY & SONs. Sixteenth and CallowFilbert Street. General castings. hill Streets. (See Car Wheel Works.) GEO. W. JAMES.-Corner Plum and Race T. WILBRAHAM & BROS.-2103 Frankford Streets, Frankford. Road, corner of Amber Street. General castings. LEICH & MORTON.-West End Foundry. Cor- (See also.Engine and cMachine Workcs.) ner Twenty-third and Cherry Streets. R. WooD & Co.-1136 Ridge Avenue. Iron JOHN LEVATT.-York and Thompson Streets. railings, architectural and ornamental castings, Hollow-ware and general castings. iron and bronze statuary, etc. This works has I. P. MORRIS & Co.-Port Richmond Iron turned out some of the finest bronze statuary Works. (See Engine and Macchine WTorks.) outside of Munich, which place has been celebrated HENRY G. MoRRIs.-Southwark Foundry. for the finest bronzes of modern times. Fifth and Washington Avenue. (See XMachine R. D. WOOD & Co.-Office, 400 Chestnut Works.) Street. Works, Florence and Millville, New MORGAN & ORR.-1219 Callowhil] Street. (See Jersey. (See Pipe Works.) Lamp-posts, hyJiachine Works.) drants, heavy castings, turbine wheels, etc. MeltJ. E. MITCHELL.-1829 North Sixth Street. ing capacity of both works, 25,000 tons per anBuilders' iron work. num. The Jonval turbine wheels made at these J. H. MURPHY & BRos.-Twenty-third and Fil- works are supplied generally to water works, those bert Streets. (See Bridge Wborks.) at Fairmount, Philadelphia, having been entirely MCILVAIN & BRos.-Fifteenth and Hamilton from here. 500 men are employed by this Streets. firm. J. NAYLoR.-People's Works. Front and JAS. YocuM & SoN.-City Iron and Brass Girard Avenue. (See Engine and Jflachine Foundry. Specialty, grate bars and anti-friction Works.) metals. H. C. ORAM & SONS.-Builders' castings, iron fronts, etc. J. ROBINSON.-53 North Seventh Street. Saw and File Works of Philadelphia. Plumbers' iron work. ROGERS & OWENS.-Twenty-fifth and Lombard SAML. P. AIREs.-319 South Sixth Street. Files. Streets. General castings. W. H. ASHMORE.-3221 Market Street. Saws. ROYER BROS.-Ninth and Montgomery Avenue. G. & H. BARNETT, BLACK DIAMOND FILE Builders' iron work, architectural iron work; and WORIKs.-41 Richmond Street. 60 hands emgeneral castings. 75 hands employed. ployed. RUHLAND, REBMANN & Co.-1404 North S. B. BUTLAND. —732 South Front Street. Twenty-second Street. Saws, squares, bevels, etc. GEO. W. SHIAFFER. 1756 North Fourth Street. T. BRINGHURST.-SaWS. I. A. SHEPPARD & Co.-Berks and Mont- J. C. COOKE.-1024 Federal Street. Files. golnery Avenue. Specialty, stoves, hollow-ware, J. CALVERLY, RELIANCE SAW AND TOOL MANUplumbers' and general castings. These works are FACTURING Co. —130 Pegg Street. Saws and extensive; have a melting capacity of'20 tons a tools. day, and a product of 8,000 tons a year, with a E.L. LDAVENPORT. —1902 Germantown Avenue. floor-room of nearly two acres. Works also at Saws. Baltimore. HENRY DIISSTON & SONS, KEYSTONE SAW WORKS. SMITH & ELLIS. —(See Pipe Woorks.) -Front and Laurel Streets. JAS. T. STILEMAN.-1089 Germantown Avenue. This is the largest saw works in the world, with General castings. a product of five tons of finished saws per day, 148 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. and which represents the best article in the mar- fastened with brass rivets. Both the handles and kets of the world. The specialty of the works the brass work are made entirely in the establishis circular and hand saws; but not only are ment, the wood used for the former being almost these made in great variety, there being eighty exclusively apple wood. different styles of carpenters' saws and circular The different floors of the establishment saws, from four to seventy-two inches in diameter, are connected by elevators, and each departbut the product includes cross-cut saws, butcher's- ment is supplied with fire-proof safes for the saws, stone and iron cutting saws, concave circu- storage of unfinished and finished work. All the lar saws for wheel felloes and sawing irregular floors are also supplied with tracks and cars for shapes, and graduated saws, plumb level and the transportation of the saws from one departsquare gauge saws. The works are well built, and ment to another. cover an area of eight acres, the whole establish- The works employs over 1,000 hands, with a ment representing the continued effort of one man pay-roll of $676,000 per annum. In addition to and his sons, a long fight against foreign compe- the Keystone Saw works, the firm has a woodtition, home prejudice, business difficulties, and working shop and a file works at Faconia, where material obstacles, ending in the magnificent sue- they are building dwelling-houses for their hands, cess which downright energy and pluck alone and propose extending the works largely for the could have accomplished. production of files. Disston's saws have a truly The firm manufacture and roll their own steel world-wide reputation, and when they engage in (See Crucible Steel Works of Philadelphia), for the manufacture of files on the same scale, their which large quantities of steel scrap and converted quality will be assured in advance. (cemented) steel is used in the melting house. This is one of the works which give PhiladelConnected with the melting house is the rolling phia the credit of being the great manufacturing mills, where the ingots are taken from the heating city of the world. furnaces to a six-ton Sellers hammer, and drawn JAMES M. EARNEST.-1625 North Fifth Street. down and welded for the rolls. There are four Files. stands of rolls, respectively of 26, 30, 32, and 66 JAS. GILFEATHER.-1651 Germantown Avenue. inches by 24 inches, the last capable of rolling a Files. saw plate 64 inches wide. The plates are rolled H. HADFIELD.-2237 Sharswood Street. Files. in three heats from the bloom, and are scaled at HENSTER, MORLEY & CO, THRIFTY FILE WORKS. each heat. The capacity of the rolling mill is -1354 Crease Street. Files. seven tons per day, or 40 tons weekly. From the W. HODKINSON.-1209 Germantown Avenue. mill the plates go to the cutting and shaping de- Files. partment, where they are trimmed into saw shapes S. R. KENNEDY.-Twelfth and Buttonwood under presses and shears, this department being Streets. Saws. supplied with the best and latest labor-saving ma- A. KRUMBHAAR, PHILADELPHIA FILE WORKS.chinery and appliances. From the shaping de- 1601 Spring Garden Street. partment the saw blanks go to the grinding depart- MCCAFFREY & BRO. PENNSYLVANIA FILE WORKS. ment, where they receive the first grinding, thence -1732 North Fourth Street. Files. 25 hands to the tempering shop, where they are heated employed. cherry red, the temper drawn to the desired W. McNIECE. —407 Cherry Street. Saws. color, and then hardened in oil-a gentler, slower, J. & II. NICHOLLS. -119 Gothic Street. and more easily controlled hardening than water, Saws. which would not answer for saw plates. This is J. BARTON SMITH.-211 New Street. Files and done in quantity by means of elevators, by which rasps; specialty, shoe rasps, for which they have they are immersed in wells of oil, some of which a great reputation. are nine feet deep. This tempering and harden- F. STEIGER.-1033 East Cumberland Street. ing leaves the blanks " with a buckle" and out of Files. shape. They are next heated and flattened under H. SHIPLEY, COQUANOCK CUTLERY WORKS.hydraulic pressure, and again ground, and lastly Ninth Street and Columbia Avenue. polished on emery wheels. From this process they L. A. & S. TAYLOR.-Adams & Kensington proceed to the hammer room, where they are Streets, Frankford. Files. hammered to true, and herein lies the greatest JAS. TURNER.-1121 St. John Street. Chair skill of the saw maker, the art in its perfection and jig saws. being possessed by comparatively few men. The L. B. TowNs.-434 LYND Street. Saws. teeth are next cut, which is done entirely by ma- B. C. WEEKS.-811 South Front Street. chinery, after which the handles are fitted and Saws. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 149 Bolt and Nut MIakers of Philadel- Doors, shutters, building work, beams, girders, phia. columns, etc. This firm started thirty years ago with a capital of $50, and have now an extensive M. J. COLEMAN, EAGLE BOLT WORKS.-2030 business, having furnished the iron work for some Arch Street. Specialty, carriage bolts. of the finest buildings in the city. The firm has GEORGE COLCHER & Co.-212 Dickerson Street. one peculiarity which is noteworthy, viz., no Bolts, etc. note has ever been given either by the firm or A. & M. HAYDEN.-Twenty-second, near Vine partners, all bills being cash. Hence the panic of Street. Carriage bolts. 1873 did not affect'them by unpaid obligations. HOOPES & TOWNSEND.-1330 Buttonwood J. B. WICKERSHAIM.-408 North Tenth Street. Street. (See Mlachine Works.) Railings, etc. THOMAS SHIELDS.-Pennsylvania Avenue, ROBERT WOOD & Co.-Cast and wrought iron near Twenty-second Street. Carriage bolts. 70 work, railings, etc. (See Iron Foundries.) hands employed. WM. SHIELDS, GIRARD BOLT WORKs.-Twenty- Hardware anufacturers of Philadelthird, near Race Street. Carriage bolts. hia THos. N. SKELLY.-Twenty-fourth and Callow- hill Streets. Carriage bolts. W. ESTERBROOK.-311 Cherry Street. Fire L. SYKES & SoN.-939 North Delaware shovels, hods, etc. Avenue. Railroad bolts. W. EvANs.-1719 Jones Street. Hinges. SIMPSON & JACKSON. —Twenty-second and Fil- ENTERPRISE MANUFACTURING Co. —H. Asbury, bert Streets. Carriage bolts. President. American and Dauphin Streets. GroTOWNSEND, WILSON & HUBBARD.-2301 Cherry cers' hardware. Street. Carriage bolts. GEO. GRIFFITHS, KEYSTONE WORKS.-511 LoJ. YEAKLE. -2042 Kressler Street. Bolts. oust Street. Coal-hods, shovels, spades, etc. 50 hands employed. HAZLETON & Co.-Coal-hods, etc. Wrought Iron Works, Doors, Shutters, PHILADELPHIA HARDWARE AND MALLEABLE Fences, etc., of Philadelphia. IRON WORKS.-Carr, Crawley & Devlin. Office, 307 Arch Street. Builders', carriage, sadR. F. BANCROFT.-711 Jayne Street. Doors, dlery, and shelf hard ware. Malleable iron work, shutters, railings, etc. etc. 250 hands employed. R. S. BROWNING.-4824 Frankford Avenue, J. PFEIFER.-1 Fetter Lane. Coal-hods. Frankford. J. PETERS.-1934 North Front Street. Strap W. CLARENCE & SoN.-1600 North Front hinges. Street. Iron railings, etc. PHILADELPHIA TOOL Co.-Thirteenth and ButCORRUGATED IRON CEILING Co. —J. Gilbert, tonwood Streets.-Wrenches, etc. President. Office, 429 Walnut Street. M. ROWLAND & Co.-503 Commerce Street. GREEN & CO.-41 Washington Avenue. Orna- Shovels. mental railings. STEWART & MATTSON.-447 North Broad GARLAND & VANDEGRIFT.-239 North Fifteenth Street. Builders' and shelf hardware, knobs, Street. Railings. door furniture, etc. 60 hands employed. W. P. HooD.-680 North Broad Street. Rail- W. T. SNELL.-124 Church Street. Coal-hods. ings. HANSON & KIRK.-Twelfth and Hamilton Edge Tool and Cutlery IEanufacturStreets. Railings, etc. ers of Philadelphia. JONES & REED. —222 Callowhill Street. Railings, etc. T. G. ARMSTRONG & SON.-Dental instruments. MATSINGER BROS.-1224 Race Street. Fire- T. R. BARNETT.-1726 North Fourth Street. proof doors, shutters, and general wrought-iron Edge tools. work. Established in 1829. J. BEATTY & Co.-Edge tools, axes, etc. ORNAMENTAL IRON AND BRONZE Co.-1514 Works, Springfield, Delaware County. Spring Garden Street. Stable fittings, ornamental W. P. BEATTY.-501 Commerce Street. Edge work of all kinds. tools. W. M. SANDS.-20 Hudson Street. Doors, L. BECK. —541 North Third Street. Cutlery. shutters, etc. BLATTER BRos.-241 Arch Street. Cutlery STEWARD & STIVERS. —602 Cherry Street. and surgical instruments. 150 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACIIINE WORKS, ETC. C. H. BLITTERSDORF. —218 North Fourth J. ROBINSON.-4352 Cresson Street, ManaStreet. Cutlery. yunk. Cutlery. J. BROWN. —770 South Fourth Street. Cut- J. RUPERTUS.-125 North Seventh Street. lery. Edge tools. A. CLARK.-410 Arch Street. Shoemakers' SAXTON & HOWARD. —148 Bread Street. Ice tools. tools. GEO. Z. CREUZTBURG.-119 North Sixth Street. H. N. SIIIPLEY, COQUANOCK CUTLERY WORKS.Cutlery. Ninth Street and Columbia Avenue. COPPER & FRY.-Seventh and Jane Streets. J. G. SCOTT & Co. —115 South Seventh Street. Book-binders' tools. Surgical instruments. A. J. COLTON.-355 North Fourth Street. SELSOR, COOK & Co.-Armat Street, GermanPlanes. town. Hatchets, etc. C. CROSSLEY & SON. —1411 Barclay Street. SNOWDEN & BRO. —23 South Eighth Street. Mill picks, stone-cutters' tools. Surgical instruments. DEWrTT, MORRISON & KELLY. —Twenty-second, J. STORTZ.-210 Vine Street. Cutlery. near Market Street. Augers and bitts. J. TAYLOR & SoNs. —Kensington Avenue and G. D. ELLIS.-307 Race Street. Curriers' Venango Street. Edge tools. tools. J. J. TEUFEL1. —103 South Eighth Street. C. H. ERHARDT.-866 Randolph Street. Cut- Cutlery, surgical instruments, etc. lery. S. J. TONGUE.-33 Richmond Street. Edge F. M. GECKLE. —-1122 North Third Street. tools. Cutlery. J. VEIT. —601 New Market Street. Planes. C. HAMMoND. —Thirteen North Fifth Street. JOHN P. VERREE& C.- 503 Commerce Street. Edge tools. Works, Verree's Mills, near Bustleton. Hatchets, L. V. HELSLBOLD. —127 South Tenth Street. hand axes, etc. Cutlery and surgical instruments. J. WENZEL.-833 South Fourth Street. CutL. HOLTZSCHEIDER. —1417 North Tenth Street. lery. Cutlery. J. WIIITTINGTON.-4618 Frankford Avenue, B. HooPEs. —John Street, Frankford. Cut- Frankford. Cutlery. lery. WINDHOEVEL & Voos.-629 St. John Street. W. HORN.-218 Race Street. Curriers' tools. Cutlery. L. HERDER & SON. — 60 Arch Street. Cut- WIIITE & SANSON.-73 Laurel Street. Table lery. cutlery. 40 hands. M. S. HUBE. —-507 Ninth Street. Saddlers' A. H. WIRz.-Surgical instruments. tools.' YERKES & PLUMB. 415 Commerce Street. H. G. KERN.-Surgical instruments. Works, Frankford. Edge tools, hammers, etc. J. A. KIRCHNER.-204 Vine Street. Cutlery. J. ZEBLEY. —402 Cherry Street. Edge tools. J. KLINE.-1219 Ridge Avenue. Cutlery. D. W. KOLB.-Surgical instruments. MCLAUGHLIN, GROVER & LLOYD.-112 Bread Anchor and Chain Manufacturers of Street. Edge tools, machine knives, etc. Pbiladelphia J. L. MILLER.-815 North Fourth Street. M[ILLER & O0RAM. ~Fifteenth and Hamilton MILLER & ORA.-Fifteeh ad H n BRADLEE & CO., EMPIRE CHAIN VORKS.-Office, Streets. Moulding-machine cutters, etc. J. NuEs. —829 Callowhill Street. Stove tools. 19 South Fouth Street. Works, Fair Hill. A. NITTENGER.-828 orth Fourth Street. All sizes chains from best refined iron made by utchers' tools. HHughes & Patterson, Delaware Rolling Mill, adButchers' tools..g. M. PRATT.- Cutlery. joining. J. PLUMACHER.-Tenth, near Market Street. I. J. I ELL & o. —Cains t. Cutr.,STILWELL & BRO.-776 Swanson Street. AnJCutley. 531 Race Street. C y chors and chains.. RIEL.-1505 Pensylvania Aveeeule. Book- P. WALTZER.-Front and Berks Streets. M.lr. I-I. — 150 5 PennsylvaniaAvenue. Book- Chains. binders' tools. W. W. RICHARDSON.-Fifteenth and Hamil- Pt hole, Verccngo County. ton Streets. Cutlery. OTTO GENNER.-Oil-well tools. WM. ROSE & BROS.-3535 Filbert Street. J. S. MURPHY.-Oil-well tools. Saddlers' tools, trowels, etc. C. H. DUNcAN.-Oil-well tools. DIRECTORY OF GENERlAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 151 Pittsburyh, Allegheney County. ings. A. Garrison& Co. (See Allegheney City.) (See -Blast FTurnaces, BRolling MZills, Crucible. F. GRAHAM & Co.-Steam engines and maSteel TForks, Locomotive Works, Iron Bridge chinery. Works of Penn.) JoHN J. GILL, JR. —Iron foundry. (See Car SAMUEL ALCOTT.-Files. Wheel Thorks.) Allegheny Valley R.R. machine shop. GILLIAM M[ANUFACTURING Co.-Iron foundry, PENNA. BOILER WORKS. —D. F. Agnew. Boil- saddlery hardware, etc. ers only. Jos. GRAFF & Co.-Axes. AHLBUN, NECKERMAN & Co.-Axles and malle- GRAFF, HUGUS & Co.-(See Allegheney City.) able-iron work. WM. GRAFF & Co., GRAFF TUBE WORKES.-(See ANDREWS & ARMsTRONG. —Machinery. Pipe ccnd Tube Torks.) W. J. ANDERSON & Co.-Iron foundry. M. GRAVER.-Tanks. ANDERSON & BOo.-Steam engines. SAMUEL HARE & SoN.-Agricultural impleANDERSON & WOODS.-Springs and steel. ments. ATLAS WoRKS.-Steam engines and boilers. VALLEY FoRGE.-John Hall & Co., ProprieThos. N. Muller, President. tors. Agricultural implements, plows, etc. ALBUN, HARTJE, WILEY & Co.-Malleable iron. A. HARTUPEE & Co. —Hartupee's Combined W. BURNHILL.-Boilers. Moderator engines and machinery. KEYSTONE HOT AIR FOUNDRY.-Bissell & Co. JOHN B. HERRON & Co.-Iron foundry. (See Stoves and heaters. Stove MIanufacturers.) H. M. BOLE & Co.-Steam engines and boilers. KEYSTONE BOLT WORKS.-Hubley, Adams & CENTRAL FOUNDRY.-Bagaley, Young & Co. Co., Proprietors. Nuts, bolts, etc. Iron foundry. Specialty, rolls and rolling-mill IUSSEY, WELLS & Co. —(See Crucible Steel castings. Woorks.) ETNA STOVE FOUNDRY.-A. Bradley & Co. C. G. HUSSEY & Co.-Brass and copper rolling (See Stove M]canufacturers.) mills, plumbago crucibles, etc. BRENNEMAN & WARD.-Boilers. GLOBE PLOW WORKS.-Hall & Spear. Works, J. M. BRICH & SON.-Boilers. Allegheney. Plows. K. BUTT & SONS. —Steanm engines and boilers. HUBBARD, LIPPINCOTT, BAKEWELL & Co.-Saws %W. A. BUNTING.-Dies, presses, stamps, etc. and axes. 200 hands employed. J. BowN. Rifles. O. HELMBOLD.-Cutlery. FORT PITT BOILER WORKS.-Carroll & Snyder. HYAMS METER Co.-Meters. Boiler makers. GREAT WESTERN GUN WORKS. —J. H. JohnCHESS, SMYTH & Co.-Tacks and nails. son. Guns, rifles, pistols, etc. J. COCHRAN & BRO.-Iron railings. JONES & NImICK MANUFACTURING Co.-General W. S. COLWELL & Co.-Wood and iron work- hardware manufacturers. ing machinery, saw mills, shafting, etc. KEYSTONE SPRING WORKS.-Springs. G. W, DUQUESNE FILE WRKs. —Chas. Challinor. Morris, Proprietor. Files. KEYSTONE BRIDGE Co.-(See Bridge Works.) J. CROSSLAND.-Files. KEYSTONE AXLE WORKS.-Hammered axles. NATIONAL MALLEABLE IRON WORES.-John F. C. KRAM.-Tools. Crawford & Co. Saddlery hardware. IRON CITY TOOL WoRKS.-Kloman, Park & Co. J. H. DAvIs. —Gas and steam fittings. Tools and machinery. DANIELS PATENT CAR SPRING CO. KNAPP FORT PITT FOUNDRY Co.-Chas. Knapp, IRON CITY FOUNDRY.-Dickson, Marshall & Go. President; G. Metcalf, Secretary and Treasurer; Iron foundry. N. K. Wade, Engineer. Blast-furnace machinery, DILWORTH, PORTER & Co. Railroad, spikes, cannon, etc. At this foundry have been cast the bolts, nuts, etc. largest cannon made in the United States, and DE HAVEN & SoN.-Iron foundry. the works was of immense benefit to the governDOUGLASS & ENGLISH.-Boiler makers. ment during the war of the rebellion. EVANS, DALZELL & Co.-Tubes. (See Pipe KUNTZ & LIMPERT.-Boilers only. and Tube W~orTcs.) KINZER & JONES.-Builders' hardware. PITTSBURGH CAST STEAL SPRING CO.-A. French J. LANCASHIRE.-Edge tools. & Co., Proprietors. Cast-steel car springs. R. LEA.-Steam engines. WM. FISHER.-Steam engines, oil-well machin- ANCHOR MACHINE WoRKs.-Lindsay, Murray ery. & Co., Proprietors. General machinery. JOHN FREISEL. —Iron foundry, general cast- LOGAN GREGG & Co. —Hardware. 152 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. LOCKHARDT & Co.-Lightning rods. DUQUESNE FORGE.-W. Miller. Hammered LIVINGSTON & Co. —Iron foundry and hardware. axles. EAGLE MALLEABLE IRON FOUNDRY.-McCon- JAS. MCNEIL & BRO.-Boilers only. way, Sorley & Co., Proprietors. Malleable iron. BLACK DIAMOND STEEL WORKS.-Park, Bro. & METCALF, PAUL & Co., VERONA TOOL WORKS. Co., Proprietors. (See Crucible Steel Works.) -Hammers, sledges, stone-masons' and black- Steel of all kinds. smith tools, etc.; railroad-track tools a speci- PARK & Co.-Rolling mills. alty. PHILLIPS & CLULEY. (See Pipe and Tube These works are situated at Verona, on the Works.) Alleghany Valley Railroad, ten miles from the ROSEDALE STOVE MANUFACTURING Co. —L. Pecity. The present factory, built early in 1873, is terson & Co. Iron foundry. (See Stove Jllantfacadapted to the manufacture of railroad-track tools turers.) of every description, the special line of goods PITTSBURGH BOLT Co.-E. Kayler, President; being track chisels, spike mauls, sledges, napping, R. H. Lewis, Treasurer; H. L. Lynch, Secretary. and striking hammers; these are made entirely Bolts, nuts, splice bars, etc. by machinery, and at one heat, there being no W. PEAK.-Nails. hand work on them excepting finishing points or PENNSYLVANIA BOILER WORKS.-D. F. Agnew. faces. The advantages in this way of manufac- PITTSBURGH STEEL CASTING Co.-Steel castture of steel tools are claimed to be great; but one ings under Hainsworth's patent. heating of the steel is required, thereby running DUQUESNE SPRING AND AXLE WORKS.-Moore, no risk of over-heating or burning the material as Davis, De Haven & Co., Proprietors. Office, 171 is the case when tools are made wholly or in part Penn Avenue. Works, Sixteenth Street and by hand. The immense and uniform pressure Allegheny River. given to the steel in forming the tools tends to PITTSBURGH LOCOMOTIVE AND CAR WORKS.greatly improve its quality, besides making a uni- (See Locomotive and Car Works.) form tool. PORTER, BELL & Co.-(See Locomotive Works.) The firm manufactures also tools for black- PITTSBURGH STEAM HAMMER AND MANUFACTURsmiths, miners, and stone masons; and are pre- ING WoRKs.-Marchand & Morgan, Proprietors. pared to do any forging required by railroads. Works, Alliance, Ohio. Steam hammers. The present capacity is from one hundred and RASNER & DUGER.-Galvanized iron cornices. fifty to two hundred per hour of any one of these ROBSON & CAMPBELL. —Chains. articles. There are five forges with places for five REETER & ARMoR.-Builders' hardware. more, two large furnaces, and three small furnaces, JAMES REESE.-Steam engines. and a machine shop, with plenty of room to ex- S. REYNOLDS.-Malleable Iron. (See Alletend, having some six acres of ground. gheny City.) WM. MCKEE & SoN.-(See Stove Manqfactur- REITER, SUTTON & Co.-(La Belle Steel ers.) Works. See Allegheny City.) McNISH & BUTLER.-Wood-working machin- T. REPHAN & Co.-Boilers only. ery. SUPERIOR IRON Co.-Richey, Herron & Co. L. McINTOSH, HEMPHILL & Co.-Steam engines; S. pig-iron. specialty, large blowing engines for blast-fur- REESICK & BRo.-Safes and machinery. naces, and pumping engines. This works has HECLA FOUNDRY.-John Rooney. Iron founcompleted some of the largest engines in the dry. United States; and their engines may be seen in WASHINGTON WORKS.-Robinson, Rea & Co. connection with most of the blast furnaces of the Steam engines, blast-furnace engines, pumping West. engines, etc. Firm are celebrated for character of MANSFIELD & FITZSIMMONS.-Steam engines work done, and have a specialty in furnace and and brass work. rolling-mill engines. J. & J. B. MILLHOLLAND.-Sho vel s and ma- WM. B. SCAIFE & SoNs.-Boilers, iron roofs, chinery. and corrugated iron roofing. This firm has furCRESCENT STEEL WORKS.-Miller, Barr & Par- nished iron roofs and frames for most of the Westkin. (See Crucible Steel Works.) Steel and ern works, and has a specialty in their manufacsteel axles. ture. MITCHELL, STEVENSON & Co.-(See Stove S. SEVERANCE. —Spikes, rivets, nuts, bolts, 3Manufacturers.) etc. NOVELTY WORKS.-Moorehead, Adams & Co. SHEFFIELD STEEL WoRKs.-Singer, Nimick & Malleable-iron works, scales, coffee mills, etc. Co., Proprietors. Steel, and axles, springs, etc. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 153 WEST POINT FOUNDRY.-L. H. Smith & Co. Plymouth/, Luzerne County. Iron foundry. PLYMOUTH IMANUFACTURING Co.-Iron foundry NATIONAL FOUNDRY AND PIPE WORKS.-(See and machinery. Pipe and Tube TWorks.) WREN IRON WoRKs. —John Y. Wren. Iron SPRATT, JOHNSTON & Co.-Plows. foundry and machinery. A. STETLER & SONS. Boilers. J. R. TAYLOR & Co.-Wire work. Port Aleghny, Mceean County. JAS. THORN & Co.-Boilers. A. CRANDALL.-Iron foundry. MONT BLANC FOUNDRY.-Tomlinson & MC- Portland, Northampton County. Kee. Iron foundry. L. & B. PEARSON.-Machinery. FULTON FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHop.-Totten Pottstown, M7ontgomery County. & Co., Proprietors. Iron foundry and machin-7 i a ery; specialty, rolls, rolling-mill work, and nailnaes and Rlling. machines. Pennsylani.) W. P. TOWNSEND & Co.-(See Allegheny.) BRENDLINGER & C-Iron foundry UTILITY WoRKS.-Malleable iron work.. B. SAN o.-(Machnery UNION IRON MILLs.-Carnegie, Kloman & Co. L. SANDS & Co.-(ee Car Wos of Axles and rolled iron. (See Rolling Mills.) PensylvancIa.) WATSON & MUNROE.-Boilers. u WATSON & MuNROE.-Boilers. -SCHUYLKILL BRIDGE Co —-J. Thompson, TreasWOOD & BRoWN.-Plows. urer. Bridges. WOOD & BROWN.-PlOWS. J. C. WILSON & Co.-Agricultural machinery Pottsville, Schuylkill County. and implements. (See Blast Furnaces and Rolling 2JMills of J. WILKINSON.-Chain. Pennsylvania.) WINTER & EPPING.-Steam pumps. ALLISON & BANNAN.-Iron foundry. Works WOODS & LINTON.-Cutlery. at Port Carbon. 50 hands employed. YOUNG & MURPHY.-Agricultural implements. Z. P. BOYER.-Iron foundry and furnace at Port Carbon. Phillipsburgh, Centre County.. W. BRUSHAR.-Bolts, screws, etc. M/. GNOLAND. —Iron foundry. Jos. DERR.-Iron foundry. Phenixville, Chester County. (See Blast Fur- SIMON DERR.-Iron foundry. Phoenizeilte, J. T. NOBLE.-Machinery. naces and Rolling Muills of Penn.) J. T. NoBLE.-Machinery aces s of P ) B. F. POMEROY & SON.-Iron foundry and maPH(ENIX IRON Co. —S. J. Reeves, President, chiery. Office, 410 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. G. W. SNYDER.Steam engines, machinery, PHCENIX BRIDGE WORKS.-Clark, Reeves & and iron foundry. 50 hands employed. Co. Office, 410 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. J. SPARKS.-Boilers. (See Bridge iWorkcs.) ORCHARD IRON WORKS.-Pott & Vastine, Pine Grove, Schuylkill County. Proprietors. Iron foundry, mine work. 50 LEE & CHRISTIAN.-Iron foundry and machin- hands employed ery. Providence, Luzeerne County. TREMONT IRON WORKS.-Rice & Moody. P. CARTER.-Edge tools. Works, 7 miles from Pine Grove. Mowing ma- WHITE, JENISON & SoNs. —Edge tools. chinery. D. A. FERG.-Mining machinery and miners' lask, Lawrence County. tools. J. H. PORTER & Co.-Iron foundry. ELLWOOD FoRGE.-Eckert & Benson. Forge Punxutawney, Jefferson County. 6 miles from Pine Grove, blooms. T. CAME.-I foundry. T. CAMrPELL. —Iron foundry. Pittston, Luzerne County. W. E. & J. U. GILLESPIE. —Iron foundry and VINCENT & FREAR. —Irn foundry. (See Stove machinery. Manufacturers.) Quakertown, Bucks County. WISNER & STRoNG.-Machinery. KRAUS & BRO.-Machinery. Pleasantville, Venango County. QUAKERTOWN STOVE WoRKs.-Roberts, ThomLEY & RosE.-Machinery. S e anufactuers.) J. LOCKE & SoN.-Machinery. Quincy, 7Franklin County. MURPHY & FISHER.-Oil tools, etc. HESS & ERNST.-Machinery. t 154 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. J. METCALr.-Iron foundry, agricultural im- Jockville, Chester County. plements. L. MILLIGOM. —Iron foundry. Reading, Berks County. (See Blast Furnaces Rome, Lancaster County. and Rolling Mills of Pennsylvania.) JOLIN & SN.Agricultural implements. ADDISON & WARREN.-Iron foundry and machinery..Rosepoint, Lawrence County. P. C. CLARK. —Machinery. D. FoE.-Machinery. READING BRASS WORKS.-Douglas & Connard. J. McCASLIN. —-Machinery. Iron and brass foundry, machinery, and locomotive work. Rochester, Beaver County. J. O. HALL. —Machinery. PITTSBURGH NATIONAL PLOW MANUFACTURING READING HARDWARE WoRKs.-Harbster Bros. Co.-Mowers, reapers, plows, etc. 150 hands & Co. Iron foundry, malleable iron, and hard- employed. ware. - Rouseville, Venango County. J. R. KEPPLEMAN.-Iron foundry, railings, etc. F. S. TA TT.-Machinery..S. TjRO:NIA. —MachinerS. L. K. MooRE.-Scales...TRE.- ier. MILLERTS & KINSEY.-West Reading Boiler C.J. CoU ONA. —Boilers. anid Machine Works. Boilers, machinery, and SEVILL I WoRKs.-Thos. Smith. Iyd 75achine 7orks. t 7 ers 7a, Sa 1 Steam engines, oil-well machinery, iron founpipe. (See Pipe and Tube Wrks.) 50 hands machinery, iron founemployed, d. L. NEUDORFFER.-Wire work. Royer's Ford, JMontgomery County. F. J. OBERT. —Union Boiler Works. Boilers SHOUTZ & KEELEY.-IIron foundry. only. SMITH, JOHNSON & Co.-Iron foundry. ORR, PAINTER & Co.-Iron foundry. ROYER'S FORD IRON Co.-Iron foundry, sad Reading Railroad Company's car and machine irons, etc. T sho ps. St. Glair, Schuykill County. (See Blast FurThis shop, in addition to the regular work of es of Pensylvazia the road, has built the engines for the steam colliers building for the company. (See Iron Ship A. S. & J. A. BowEN.-Shovels. Yards.) St. Mary's, Elk County. WEST READING BOILER WORKS. —E. Reazer & L. H. GARNER & BRO. —Iron foundry-and maCo. Boilers. chinery W. D. RORKE.-JIron foundry. R. C..McGILL. —Iron foundry and machinery. SEYFERT, MCMANUS & Co.-Iron foundry, machinery, and tube works. (See Blast.Furnaces, Schuylkill Ecaven, Schuykill County. Rolling 2ills, Pilpe and Tube Works.) Office, BICKLEY BRos. —Horseshoes and rolling mill. 631 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia.nr n. *-i Tr ^-r' -, o - -i ~ ~Sctoto Monroe County. FRANKLIN IRON WORKs.-Shaaber & Johnson. Iron foundry. (See Car Works of Pennsylva- J. M SH & SoN. —Iron foundry. nia.) Scranton, Luzerne County. J. H. STERNBERGH.-Reading Rolling Mill (See Blast Furnaces and Rolling Mills of Pennand Forge. Bolts and nuts. Rolls iron for bolts sylvania.) only. Celebrated for specialty. S. G. BARKER.-Scales. R. WAGNER.-Iron railings. P. CARTER. —Axles. GRISCOM LOCK WORKS.-D. J. Young & Co. Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. R. maLocks. 50 hands. chine shop. M. YOCUM.-FForge and bloomary. DIRKSON MANUFACTURING Co. —Steam engines, H. TRAGLE. -Fi1eS. machinery, boilers, etc. (See Car and LocomoRIC BROS. & Co.-Iron foundry and machin- tive Works of Pennsylvania.) ery. A. P. FINCH & Co. —Steam engines, boilers, RSimersburgh, Clarion County. etc. J. E. CASTER & SON.-Iron foundry. (See SEITZINGER & Co.-Wire work. Stove Mlanctfacturers.) SCRANTON STOVE AND MANUFACTURING CO.(See Stove Manufacturers.) Ringgold, Jefferson (County....SILKMAN.-(See Stove Manufacturers.) IHOLTEN & WILLION. —Iron foundry. J. WHITE & SON. Edge tools. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 155 Selinsgrove, Snyder County. EASTON FOUNDRY.-Young & Sleught. Iron ROHRBACH & RUDY.-Iron foundry. foundry and machinery. EYERMAN & Co.-Sad-irons. Sellersville, Bucks County. SDel e Springjleld, Delaware County. M. FRETZ.~-Machinery. J. C. BEATTY & BRO.-Edge tools, axes, etc. Setzler's Store, Chester County. Springylle, Chester County..WVM. SMITH.~-Sewing needles. SHrAUTZ & KEELY.-Iron foundry, stoves. Shamokin, Northumberland County. Spruce Creek, IHuntingdon County. W. BROWN.-Iron foundry and machinery. (See Blast _Furnaces of Pennsylvania.) HOFFMAN & MULLERY.-Machinery and iron S. THOMPSON.-Iron foundry. foundry. FISLER, METLAR & Co. —Machinery and ironteito Nortounty. foundry. F. LURK. —Cars. (See Car Works.) Sharon, -Beaver County. Strasburg, Lancaster County.' M. & S. H. DARRAGH.~-Iron foundry. H. N. BRENEMAN.-Agricultural implements. HERR, BRACKBILL & Co.-Agricultural implehcharon, Ml[ercer Coulnty. ments ments. (See Blast Furnaces and Rolling Mills of Penn- VALLEY SPRING MACHINE WORKS.-J. Weaver. sylvania.) Threshing machines. SHARON FOUNDRY AND MACHINE WORKS.- J. SPIEHLEMAN.-Agricultural implements. Wm. McGilvray & Co. Steam engines, machin- Strattonville Clarion County. ery, and castings.' J. KING & Co.-Tron foundryA. B. FRMAN. —Machinery. JIMNER & C *o.-Boilers and machiner S. S. WILSON.-Iron foundry and agricultural RIMSER & Co. —Boilers and machinery. ** *r machinery. Sharpsville, liercer County. Stroudsburgh, /Monroe County. (See Blast -Furnaces of Pennsylvania.) F. LANDERS.-Iron foundry. GEDDES, PIERCE & Co.-Iron foundry and ma- GEo. E. STOUFFER & Co.-Iron foundry. chinery; specialty, furnace hot blasts. TANNITE EMERY Co.-T. D. Paret, President. GEMMILL & HAWTHORNE. —Boilers only. Tannite emery wheels. Shenandoah, Schuylkill County. Sunbury, -Northumberland County. SHENANDOAH IRON WORKs. —John Cather- G. ROHRBACH & SONs.-Iron foundry, agriculIron foundry and machinery. tural implements. Shippensburgh, Cumberland County. Tamaqua, Schuylkill County. S. DONNELLY.-Iron foundry, threshing ma- (See.Rolling _Mills of Pennsylvania.) chines, plows, reapers, etc. CARTER, ALLEN & Co.-Iron foundry and minJOHN GISH.-Plows: ing machinery. D. LAFEVER.-Agricultural implements, thresh- ROBINSON & Co. —(See Stove Mlanufacturers.) ing machines, etc. H. WALTERS. —Iron foundry and mining maWUNDERLICH & MELL.-Machinery. chinery. Shrewsbury, York County. WALBRIDGE BRos.-Stoves. S. KLINEFELTER & SON.-Iron foundry. Tarentum, Allegheny Cozunty. Sinnamahoning, Cameron County. E. M. & R. S. P. MCCALL. —Iron foundry, maD. H. BALL & Co.-Machinery. chinery, etc. T'icioulte, Wacrren County. Slatingtorn, Lehigh Counrty. i, NDCREWS & Co.-Machinery for oil wells. GEO. W. BROwN.-Machinery, boilers, and iron W. CAMPBELL.-Machinery for oil wells. foundry. Somyerset, Somerset C'ouznty. Titusville, Crawford County. Ker Somro foundy. NOVELTY IRON WORS. —Bryan, Dillingham & EN. G. IKEI~M & Co.,Iron foundry. (Co. Steam engines, machinery, brass and iron South Easton, Northampton County. work. STEWART & Co.-Wire. GIBBS, RUSSELL & STERRETT. —Steam engines, 156 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. boilers, machinery, etc. Works at Nunda, N. Y., Westchester, Chester County. also. E. T. COPE & SoNS.-Iron foundry and agriW. J. INNIS.-Patent tubing stays and tool cultural implements. wrenches. 01 cultural implements. wrenches. CONNER, WRIGHT & Co. —Iron foundry. Towanda, Bradford County. EVANS, GRIFFITHS & ROBERTS. —Agricultural C. D. BARTLETT.-Iron foundry. implements. TOWANDA AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-M. C. Mer- HOOPES BRos. & DARLINGTON.-Spikes and cier. Agricultural machinery, machinery. GEO. LADLEY.-Iron foundry. Tremont, Schuylkill County. T) Tremrnont, &huykill Gonty. TWest Grove, Chester County. REECE & MOODY.-(See Car Works.) DONALDSON IRON WORKS.-A. Ferg. Steam CARLILE & MILLER.- Machinery. engines, etc. J. W. HARRISON.-Iron foundry. Troy, Bradford County. Vest Middlesex, Mereer County. 7:tro ~nadfor T- ^ ~ {(See Blast JurncGces of Pennsyl vania.) S. W. PAINE.-Iron foundry, stoves, and agricultural implements. RUSSELL & WILLIAMSON.-Iron foundry, stoves, etc. Tunkhannock, Wyoming County. West Newton, Westmoreland County. GEARHART & OSTERIOUT.-Iron foundry. I. N. DowNS.-Iron foundry. (See Stove Tyrone, Blair County. Manufacturers.) WMi. EDGE, COLD SPRING FORGE.-Charcoal J. FRIES & Co.-Iron foundry, fences, stoves, blooms. general castings. N. W. NERLING & Co. —Iron foundry. White Marsh, Montgomery County. Union Mills, Erie County. A. J. CONNARD.-Augers. J. 1. ELLIS. —Iron foundry. CARROLL, JOHNSON & Co.-Iron foundry and machinery. Wilkesbarre, Luzerne County. TODD & STEINROD. —Machinery. A. BEHEE. —Iron foundry. P. H. THOMPSON. —Machinery. DICKSON MANUFACTURING Co.-Iron foundry. Uniontown, Fayette County. Branch of Dickson Manufacturing Co., Scranton. Machinery, etc. J. ALDER & BRo.-Machinery. Ma, ec. IJNIONTOWN IRON FOUNDRY.-D. C. Nace. C. GATES. —Iron foundry and machinery. NIron ouWndry.-. U. ac. HAZARD MANUFACTURING Co. —Wire rope, Iron foundry. mine rope, etc. Vaclley Forge, Chester County. VULCAN IRON Co. —R. Jones, President. Steam P. R. EDwARD.-Agricultural implements and engines and mining machinery. machinery. WYOMING VALLEY MANUFACTURING CO. —W. Warren, arren Cou. L. Stuart, President. Boilers and cars. Warren, ]Warren County. BROWN & STRUTHERS IRON WORKs.-Steam Williamsburg, Blair County. engines, boilers, saw mills, etc. (See Blast Furnaces of Pennsylvania. J. HoosER. —Machinery. Waynesborough, Franklin ounty. J. HoOSER. —Machinery. Waynesborogh, ranz Cunty. FRANKLIN FORGE. —E. Hammond. Charcoal FRICK & BOWMAN. —Steam engines, boilers, blooms. machine tools, etc. 50 hands employed. WILLIAMSBURG FOUNDRY. —Reilley & Soutzer. GEISER MANUFACTURING CO. —-D. Geiser, Pres- Iron foundry, plows, etc. ident; D. Hoover, Secretary and Treasurer. ROCHDALE FoUNDRY.-Schwartz & McCarthy Threshing machines. — Plows. A. E. WAYNANT. —Machinery. SNYDER BROS.-Iron foundry. WAYNESBOROUGH MANUFACTURING Co.- Agri- COVE FORGE. —J. Royer. Blooms. cultural implements... c Williamsport, Lycoming County. Waynesburgh, Green County. WILLIAISPORT SAW WORKS.-E. Andrews. EAGLE FOUNDRY.-C. W. Bowers. Iron foun- Saws and files. dry. S. ACHENBACH.-Machinery. Wellsborough, Tioga County. DUBOIS & BENGLER.-Scroll saws. W. C. KRESS. —Agricultural implements. EAGLE LOCK Co. —Builders' hardware. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 157 F. GRAEFF.-Files. Dayton, Yam Hill County. RELEY & MAITLAND.-Architectural iron. BAXTER & WEED.-Machinery. MILLSPAUGH, ROWLEY & MILLSPAUGH.-Ma- chinery. chinery. JZ~6_ugene City, Lane County. JAS. MONROE.-Saws. CAMPBELL & GARDNIER.-Machinery. WEST BRANCH IRON WORKS.-A. T. Nichols & Oregon City, Clackanas County. POLM TIFN &Cpe. s.'J. W. LEWIS.-Agricultural implements. PALMER, TIFFANY Co.- Files. OREGON CITY FouNDRY. —Machinery and castG-. W. SANDS.-Boilers. in SNYDER BRos.-Boilers and brass foundry. i gs. DAVID SIITH.I —Iron foundry. WEST BRANCH BOILER WORKs.-Boilers only. Portland, Jifultnonmah County. Womelscdorf,.Berks County. Womels~dorf, Beriks Couznty. F. DELSCHNEIDER.-Iron foundry. W. B. F. TAYLOR.-Iron foundry. GAILDIENG & BACON. —Machinery. Woodbury, Bedford County. D. MONASTES.-Iron foundry. K & C.-Iro f ry tre OREGON IRON WORKs. —D. McCully, President. HETRICK & CROTZER.-IrOnT foundry, thresh- Machinery and general iron work. ing, separating, and smut machinery. PORTLAND MACHINE oRr-Macinery. J. GORDON.-Carding machines. PORTLAND MACHINE Wo.- -Machiner y. J. SNOWDEN.-Iron foundry, agricultural im- ILLAMETTE IRON T. achiney and plements. WILLAMETTE IRON WoRKs.-Machinery and plements.. iron work. Yellow Springs, _Blair County. Salem, JIccrion County. ETNA IRON WORKs. —Forge, bloomary, and B. F. DRAKE.-Iron foundry. furnace. Capacity, 800 tons C. blooms. (See LEFFEL & MYER.-Agricultural implements. Blast Furnaces of Pennsylvania.) D. L. RIGGs.-Machinery. York, York Co^unty. Steam Engines and Machine Works EMPIRE CAR MANUFACTURING Co.-M. Schall. and Iron Foundries of Rhode Island. (See Car Works.) H. K. BELL.-Files. Anthony, Kent County. J. W. BAUGHER & BRo.-Iron foundry. 60 S. COLVIN & Co. —Cotton machinery. hands. -Bristol, Bristol County. BILLMYER & SMALL. —(See Car Works.) G. L. HIEIDLER.-Agricultural implements. J. B. HERRESHOFF. —Steam engines, marine and A. B. FAIIQUHAR.-Machinery. 35 hands. stationary. FREY, MOTLER & Co.-Steam engines, boilers, Providence, Warren and Bristol R. R. machine machinery, shop. FRY, HERBST & Co.-(See Car Works.) At Brookville, Addison County. Glen Rock. BARRETT, BOWMAN & BROOKS. HEATHCOTE, HERBST & Co.-Iron foundry. Central Falls, Providence County. ROOT & CHASE.~Scales. CENTRAL FALLS STEAM AND GAS PIPE Co. —(See VARIETY IRON WORKS. —E. G. Smyzer. Iron Ppe Works ) foundry. 1FANNING & NEWHALL.-MaChinery. J. H. SHIREMAN. —Agricultural implements. J. WAINBAUGH.-Iron foundry. East Greenwich, Kent County. H. S. MERGER & Co.-Iron foundry. B. ARNOLD.-Machinery. _Exeter, Washington County. Steam Engine and Mlachine Works A. MOONEY.-Machinery. and Iron Foundries of Oregon. N. DUTEMPLE.-Edge tools, etc. Albany, Linn County. Foster Centre, Providence County. Albany, _Linn C(ounty. G. W. PHILLIPS.-Iron foundry and carriage A. F. CHERRy. —Iron foundry. hardware. COLVER & BEARD. —Agricultural implements. STEPHEN WALKER. —Machinery, plows. Corvallis, Benton County. Gloucester, Providence County. C. GAYLORD.-Machinery. F. H. BUYTON.-Machinery. 158 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. GEo. H. WILCOX.-Machinerv. PAWTUCKET STEAM AND GAS PIPE Co.-(See Jiope Valley, Washington County. Ppe and Tbe Works.) NICHoLS & LANGW T -Tro, PAWTUCKET TACKI Co. —G. H. Cooper, TreasNICIHOLS & LANGWORTHY.-Iron foundry, steam urer and Agent. fNew York office, 37 Chambers engines, machinery, printing presses, etc. Sreet. Street. Nasonville, Providence County. J. A. SMITH.-Steam engines and machinery. HOLMAN & JOHNSON.-Scythes. L. UPHAAM & Co.-Machinery. Z. P. & J. S. WHITE. —Cotton and woollen maMewport, Newport County. chinery and castings. W. BROWNELL.-Stoves. Boston, Newport and New York Steamboat Phoeni, ent County. Co.'s machine and boiler works. J. Mahoney, L. & S. H. BRAYTON. —Iron foundry. Superintendent. bn LANPHEAR MACHINE Co. —S. P. Lanphear, CLARK, TITUS & Co.-Stoves. Treasurer. General and mill machinery. Narragansett Steamship Co.'s boiler works. Providence, Providence County. -J. H. Bacon, Jr., Treasurer; J. B. Brayton, AMERICAN BUTT- CO.-P. F. Peabody, TreasAgent. urer. New York office, 97 Chambers Street. North Scituate, Providence County. Butts, Hinges, etc. A. W. HARRIS.-Spindles. AMERICAN MACHINE Co.-G. W. Budlong. A. WESTcoT.-Spindles and rings. General machinery. Pascoag, Providence 7 unty. AMERICAN SCREW Co. —E. G. Angell, PresiPascoa, Provene dent; W. H. Henderson, Treasurer; A. G. AnH. L. HOPKINS & Co.-Spindles, fulling mills, gell Agent. Screws, rivets, etc. etc. AMERICAN SHIP WINDLASS CO. —J. P. Manton, Pawtucket, Providence Czounty. Agent. Windlasses and hoisting machinery. AMERICAN FILE Co.-N. Bates, Treasurer; H. AMERICAN HORSE NAIL Co.-E. Tallman, Eichbaum, Resident Agent. Boston office, 67 Corn- Treasurer; R. G. Livingston, Agent. Horse mercial Street. Files. nails. G. W. ASHTON.-Woollen and cotton machin- BARSTOW STOVE WORKS Co.-A. C. Barstow, ery. Treasurer. (See Stove manfaccturers.) J. ARNOLD & SoN.-Machinery. F. BANNON.-Tools. C. ARNOLD.-Belt hooks. H. BLUNDELL & Co.-Jewellers' tools. H. C. BKER.-Machinery. BROWN & SHARP MANUFACTURING Co.-Milling BOSwORTH MACHINE Co.-J. I. Bosworth.- machines, sewing machines, tools, wire gauges, Edge tools. etc. J. S. BRowN.-Cotton and woollen machinery. BUILDERS' IRON FOUNDRY.-Z. Chaffee, TreasIR. R. CARPENTER.-Machinery. urer and Agent. Heavy castings and machinery. CENTRAL FALLS STEAM AND GAS PIPE CO.- SILVER LAKE FOUNDRY.-C. Butler. (See Pipe Works.) S. BULLAS.-Files. CHAMBERS FILE Co.-Files. G. CHATTETON. —Files. COLE BROTHERS.-Steam fire engines. CITY MACHINE Co.-A. Wade, Treasurer. M. S. COLLYER.-Calico and bleaching machin- General machinery. ery. CONGDON & CARPENTER.-Iron and steel. EASTON & BURNHAM.-Spindles. CORLISS STEAM ENGINE Co.-G. H. Corliss, J. FALES & SON.-Iron and brass foundry, ma- President; W. Corliss, Treasurer. Corliss Steam chinery, etc. 400 hands employed. engine. RHODE ISLAND STOVE WORKS.-S. Fifield. CoMSTOCK FOUNDRY Co.-C. Greene, Treas(See Stove Mianufacturers.) urer; C. H. Perkins, President. General cast-.C. E. GRIFFIN.-Machinery. ings. W. H. HATHAWAY & Co.-Machinery. COVE FOUNDRY AND MACHINE Co. —WTT. S. W. H. HASKiELL.-Bolts and screws. Granger, Treasurer. (See Stove ficanfactuzrers.) F. V. KELLY & Co.-Wire. PROVIDENCE SPIRA SPPRING Co.-A. B. Curry W. JEFFERS.-Iron and brass foundry. Steam & Son. Spiral springs. fire engines. DARLING, BROWN & SHARPE. Mill gearing and THos. LEwIs. —-Machinery. water wheels. PAYNE & MATTHEWSON.-Spindles. F. FENNER. —Files. J. S. PERVIER.-Bolts and nuts. TI. H. FENNER.-Wire goods. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACIINE WORKS, ETC. 159 M. F. FITZ. —Cutlery. Treasurer. New York office, 97 Chambers Street. FRANKLIN FOUNDRY AND MACHINE Co.-E. Horseshoes. Thurber, Treasurer; A. Briggs, Agent. Cotton RHODE ISLAND BRAIDING MACHINE Co.-Braidmachinery, shafting. ing machines. FULLER FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.-Cotton RHODE ISLAND NUT CO.-C. W. Lippett, machinery. Treasurer. Bolts and nuts. FULLER IRON WORKS. —F. & W. O. Fuller, RHODE ISLAND LOCO3MOTIVE WORKS.-(See LoTrustees. Steam engines, boilers, brass founders, corotive Works.) etc. RHODE ISLAND WIRE WORKS. —Wire goods. B. F. GLADDING.-Iron foundry. J. L. Sherman & Co., Proprietors. J. HEATH.-Skates. RHODE ISLAND MALLEABLE IRON WORKS. G. G. HICKS.-Boilers. - Malleable Iron. H. & C. W. HOLBROOK.-Cotton pickers. RHODE ISLAND MACHINE Co.-Cotton machinery. HOPE IRON WORKS. —Geo. Chatterton, Presi- J. B. ROLLINS.-Saws. dent; J. Manton, Treasurer and Agent; F. S. W. E. ROBINSON.-Tools. Manton, Secretary. Steam engines, boilers, and C. RUFF. —Cutlery. machinery. J. M. SCGHMnD.-Cutlery. E. INGALLS. —Iron fences. G. W. SM3ITH. —Machinery. MECHANICS MACHINE Co.-Looms and cotton- SEARLES & HAYDEN.-Wire goods. mill machinery. CITY IRON FOUNDRY.-Smith & Carpenter..C. MARSH.-Files. General castings. W. McLAUGHLIN.-Tools. SPICERS & PECKHAM.-(See Stove MIanufacG. W. MILLER.-Safes. turers.) MILLER IRON Co.-Iron foundry and wire- SPRAGUE MOWING MACHINE Co.-Mowing mawork. chines. J. A. MILLER.-Boilers and safes. STAR TOOL Co.-E. F. Allen, etc. Tools. New York, Providence and Boston R. R. ma- E. N. STEERE.-Spindles. chine shop. PARKER MILLS.-Nails and spikes. NEW ENGLAND BUTT Co.-Butts, hinges, etc. J. H. THATCHER. —Files. 150 hands employed. E. TOWER & SoN.-Iron railing. NICHOLSON FILE Co.-A. Fanning, Treasurer; UNION VISE Co.-C. T. Child. Vises. W. T. Nicholson, Agent. Machine-cut files. UNION CHAIN WORKS.;-Chains. Providence and Worcester R. R. Machine shop. UNION HORSESHOE WORKS.-Horseshoes. PHCENIX IRON FOUNDRY.-G. B. Holmes, J. G. WHIPPLE.-Iron-cutting saws. Treasurer; J. S. Anthony, Agent. Castings and W. WooD.-Wire works. machinery. WOOD & WINDSOR.-Heating apparatus. PROVIDENCE IRON Co.-N. Stetson, President; THos. WYATT.-Chains. C. A. Washburn, Jr., Treasurer. Nails and wire. C. S. WYATT.-Chains. PROVIDENCE MACHINE Co.-T. J. Hill, Agent. iver oit, et onty. Spinning machinery. PROVIDENCE SAW WORKS.-R. G. Hazzard, L.BRAYTON & CoIronfoundrandmachinery. President; J. M. Gross, Agent. Saws. South Foster, Providence County. PROVIDENCE SPRING AND AXLE Co.-Axles and H. C. HOPKINS.-Axes. springs. Valey alls, Providence County. PROVIDENCE STEAM ENGINE Co.-H. W. Gardner, Treasurer and Agent; T. W. Phillips, Secre- BLACKSTONE IRON WORKs.-Lapham & Wood. tary. Steam engines, boilers, machine tools, etc. Iron foundry. PROVIDENCE TOOL Co. —J. B. Anthony, Treas- Westerly, Washington County. urer and Agent. Rifles, heavy hardware, tools, COTTRELL&BABcoCK.-Printing presses. New ^ etc.- York office, 8 Spruce Street. PROVIDENCE STEAM GAS PIPE Co.-J. Grin- CHAPMAN & MALLORY.-Machinery. nell, President; J. C. Hartshorn, Treasurer; H. N. MONROE. -Machinery. A. Branch, Secretary. (See Pipe WTorks.) STILLAN BROS. & Co.-Machinery. PROVIDENCE HORSESHOE Co.-Horseshoe machines, toe caulks, etc. Geo. J. Lewis, Secretary Woonsocket, Providence County. and Treasurer. AMERICAN TWIST DRILL Co.-Drills, polishing RHODE ISLAND HORSEStHOE Co.-A. Sprague, machines. 160 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. W. H. BRIGGS.-Flock machinery. Gcdlatin, Sumner County. BAILEY WASHING AND WRINGING MACHINE CO. J. NICHOLSON.-Iron foundry, general iron -S. A. Bailes, Treasurer. Wringers, washing work. machines, etc. Germantown, Shelby County. J. J. CAss.-Rakes. HRT. Mhey. C. W. ODIORNE & Co. —Iron foundry.B... A. SCOTT.-Machinery. Knoxville, Knox County. J. A. WILCox.-Agricultural implements, cider CLARKE, QUAIFT & Co.-Iron foundry, machinmills, etc. ery, stoves, hollow-ware. (See also Car Wheel mills, etc. WOONSOCKET IRON FOUNDRY.-Cotton and Works.) woollen machinery. woollen machinery. KNOXVILLE IRON Co. —(See Rolling hlills of Tennessee.) Steam engines, machinery, railroad Wyoming, Washington County. spikes, and general castings. WILCOX CALORIC ENGINE Co.-Caloric engines. East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad NICHOLS & LANGWORTHY.-General machinery. machine shop. KNOXVILLE FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.Steam Engine and Machine Wrorks and L. H. Rogan & Co., Proprietors. Iron foundry, castings, and machinery. Iron Foundries of Tennessee. c ad Loouisville, Blount County. (See Blast FZurnaces and Rolling 2nMills.) H. G. MEAD.-Agricultural implements. Athens, MiclMinn County. femphis, Shelby County. G. W. WHELAND.-Iron foundry. CUBBINS & GUNN.-Iron foundry, and machinardeman Count. ery, steam engines, mill work, and castings. 75 Bolivar, ardeman County hands. G. W. LEWINBOARD.-Cotton presses. CHICKASAW FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.Bristol, Sullivan County. Randle & Heath. Machinery and castings. J. B. DUNN & Co.-Iron foundry and machin- GRADER COTTON-GIN MANUFACTURING Co.ery. Cotton-gins. BRISTOL FOUNDRY.-Dixon, Smith & Co., Pro- JOHNSON, RISK & Co.-Iron foundry, stoves, prietors. Iron foundry and machinery. mantels, grates, etc. Brwnsrt, Datur Cunt. Memphis and Charleston Railroad machine shop. BrowM nsport, ND-I ecatur hCol renty.d Mississippi and Tennessee Railroad machine J. MARImN.-Iron foundry, hollow-ware, and shop. general castings. P. LAWLESS.-Steam engines, machinery. Chattanooga, Hamilton County. G. W. PAYNE & SoNs.-Cotton gins, machinery. CHATTANOOGA FOUNDRY.-Thomas Webster, A. V. SCHULTZ.-Iron foundry. Proprietor. Iron foundry and machinery. VMlurfreesboro, Rutherford County. BROMLEY & EVANS.-(See Car Works.) J. T. MCKENzIE.-Novelty machine works, C. E. MARSHALL.-Shingle machines. iron foundry, and light machinery. J. OUERBACKER.-Stoves, iron cornices, etc. T. RoBERTSON.-Machinery. VULCAN WORKS.-(See Rolling Mills.) Ham- a mered axles, boats, and bridge work. 150 hands ANDERSON & THoMAS.-Iron foundry. employed. - BRENNAN IRON WoRKs.-Brennan Bros. J. McCoRMIcK.-Machinery. W. CULFERT.-Boilers. Clarksville, Mllontgomery County. Edgefield and Kentucky Railroad machine shop. J. A. IRNVIN.-Machinery. D. GILES & Co.-Iron foundry. CLARKSVILLE FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.- HORTON, MCROBERTS & Co.-Agricultural imWhitefield, Bates & Co., Proprietors. -Machin- plements. ery, agricultural implements, saw mills, etc., screw- Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad machine presses. shop. Cleveland, Bradley County. Nashville and Decatur Railroad machine shop. J. H. REYNOLDS. —Agricultural implements. PHENIX MANUFACTURING Co.-Iron foundry. J. H. RUMSEY. Agricultural implements. Columbia, Mlclaury County J. B. ROMANS. —Iron foundry. MARSHALL & Co.-Iron foundry. SOUTHERN SORGHO MACHINE Co.-Sorghum KUGHN & TURPIN.-Agricultural implements. machinery. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACIHINE WORKS, ETC. 161 STEWART & GEIGER.-Machinery., ffuntsville, WalkCer County. TENNESSEE IRON CAR ROOFING Co. W. II. CRAWFORD.-Steam engines. WOOD & SIMPSON.-Iron foundry and boilers. Jefferson, MYfarion County. Pzulcski, Giles County. G. A. KELLY & Co.-Iron foundry. W. N. WEBB.-Machinery. Tzevant, Carroll Couty. Jacksonville, Cherokee County. Trezevanet, Carroll Cotbnty C.B. ALEXANDER.-Machinery. JAS. F. FUGUAY & Co.-Agricultural imple- C. B. ALEXANDER. - achinery. ments. fKcX inney, Coli County. A. G. & I. R. CuMMINGS.-Machinery. Steam Engine and MIachine Works and tarille Smith County. Iron Foundries of Texas.WASIINGTON FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SIOP. Austin, Trais Cunt. WESTHEIMER & GRANT.-Carriages, wagons, Austin, Travis County. etc. S. B. BRUSH.-Stoves. PHEINIX IRON WORKS.-Wiggins, Smith & Belleville, Austin County. Simpson. Iron foundry, machinery, etc. W. DANKWORTH.-Machinery. Waco, M2cLennan County. Dallas, -Dallas County. O. CANTRUSON.-Iron foundry. NEAGLE, ANGERS & Co.-Iron foundry and J. DOHERTY.-Machinery. machinery. WACO BRIDGE Co.-Bridges. Galveston, Galveston County. White Oak, [Hopkins County. J. AsTALL.-Machinery. KING & PIERCE.-Machinery. BOCHMAN & SHERMAN.-Boilers. H. A. CLOSE, BRO. & Co.-Iron foundry, machinery, and boilers. Steam Engine and Machine Works C. B. LEE & Co.-Steam engines, mill work, and Iron Foundries of South Carolina. general machinery. E. W. LONG & BRO.-Cotton presses. Charlston Charleston County. W. MAcBETH.-Iron foundry and machinery. GALVESTON CITY RAILROAD CAR SHOP. CAMERON, EARKLEY & Co.-Machinery and JAS. LEARY & Co.-Boilers. steamboat work. W. B. SORLEY & Co.-Cotton gins, screw A. DUNCAN & SoN.-Boilers. presses, steam engines, saw mills, etc. J. M. EASON & BRO.-Steam engines, saw mills, iron foundry, etc. Hallville, Upshur County. FREEMAN & PUNDT. — Iron foundry and machinSouthern Pacific Railroad machine shop. ery. cHarrisburg, Hacrris Couznty. VULCAN IRON I WORKS.-A. McLesh.-MachinGalveston, Hamsburg and San Antonio Rail- ervannah and Charleton ailroad machine road machine shop. shop. Houston, fHarris County. South Carolina Railroad machine shop. EAGLE IRON WORKs.-Lout & Richardson. J. R. SMITH.-Machinery. Iron and brass foundry. PH(ENIX IRON WORKs.-J. F. Taylor & Co. Houston and Texas Central Railroad machine Steam engines, boilers, etc. shop. WHARTON & PELSH.-Machinery. PH(ENIX IRON WORKs.-Steam engines, machin- C. WERNER.-General iron work. ery, etc. Cheraw, Chesterfield Coznty. WIGGINS, SMITH & SIMPSON.-Cotton presses, field County. steam engines, saw mills, shafting. Che Darlington Railroad machine BAYOU CITY IRON WORKS.-A. McGowan. shop. Iron foundry, steam engines, boilers, gin work. Columbia, Richmond County. J. D. RIcHARDSON.-Rotary engines. E. MoRRIs.-Cotton gins. Houston and Texas Central Railroad machine Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Railroad shop. machine shop. U 162 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. CONGAREE WORKS.-J. Alexander. Iron foun- A. WoRTIINGTON.-Machinery. dry, pipes, sugar-mill machinery. Rutland and Burlington Railroad machine PHCENIX IRON WORKS.-Goldsmith & Kind. shop. Iron foundry. 25 hands. Benson, Rultland County. PALMETTO IRON WORKS.-Shields & Glaze. DORSEY & HOWARD.-Agricultural implements. Iron foundry, machinery, etc. CITY MACHINE WORKS. —R. Tozer. Steam Bennington, Bennington County. engines for cotton gins, and light machinery. E. ADAMs. —Patent steam governors. Florence, Darlicngton County. COOPER & TIFFANY.-Tiffany's patent knitting machines. North-eastern Railroad, of South Carolina ma- PUTNAM MANUFACTURING Co.H. W. PutsoPUTNA MANUFACTURING Co.-H. W. Putmchin~e s hop. nriam, Treasurer. Wringers and metal notions. Helena,.Darlington County. BENNINGTON MACIINE WORKS. —O. Scott, Greenville and Columbia Railroad machine Proprietor. Paper and marble machinery. 50 shop. hands. Myersville, Williamsburgh County. A. WALH.-Machinery. W. S. LEE & SoNs.-Machinery. JBethel, Windsor County. Winsboro, Fairfield County. L. W. NEWTON.-Machinery. J. G. SARGENT & Co. Tools. J. M. ELLIOTT & Co.-Machinery. Yorkville, Yorkville County. Berlin, Wasington County. King's Mountain Railroad machine shop. D.B. & J. S. BOswoRTH.-Agricultural implements. Bradford, Orange County. Steam Engines and Machine Works R. R. ALDRICH.-Machinery. and Iron Foundries of Vermont. H. STRICKLAND.-Iron foundry, machinery, and agricultural implements. Albany, Orleans County. Brandon, Ruztland County. I. H. McCLARY.-Agricultural implements. BRANDON MANUFACTURING Co.-N. T. Sprague, Athens, Windharm County. Jr., President; W. W. Reynolds, Superintendent. DURHAM & UPTON.-Agricultural implements. New York office, 3 Park Place; Boston, 53 Sudbury Street. Howes' scales, weigh-beams, store Arlington, Bennington County. trucks, etc. 150 hands employed. F. L. AMEs.-Chisels. EAGLE FoUNDRY.-Payne, Hendric & Christie. ARLINGTON CAR MANUFACTURING Co.-(See Bridge castings. (See Bridge Works.) Car Works.)L LN.-. Brattleborough, Windham County. I n. MeLAuGL-Machinery. BuBURNHAM & WILLIS.-Iron foundry and maBakersfield, branklin County. chinery. BRELGHA & BARNES.-Agricultural imple- L. H. CRANE.-Machinery. ments. F. TYLER.-Iron foundry and machinery, paperBarnet, Caledonia County. making machinery. SMITH & GALBRAITH.-Agricultural imple- S. M. SPENcER. — Dies. ments. VINTON & HINES. —Machinery. JAS. WARDEN. —Agricultural implements. C. J. WELD. —Wood-planing machines. Barre, Wasngton CountyG. B. WHEELER.-Edge tools, axes, and skates, Barre, Washington County.. *tc ~STAFFORDH &;~ a A ilt1i1drawing-lknives, etc. STAFFORD, HOLDEN & Co.-Agricultural imple- L. EsTERMachinery ments. SMITH, WHITCOMB & COOK.-Mill machinery, Bristol, Addison County. turbines, etc. M. BARLOW.-Plow irons. Bellows FaTlls, Wirndha~m County. G. H. BARTLETT.-Agricultural implements FROST, DERBY & Co.-Scythe snaths and ron foundry. OSGOOD & BARKER.-Iron foundry and ma- Brooksville, Addison County. chinery. BROOKS EDGE TOOL Co.-Axes, hatchets, etc. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 163 Brookfield, Orange County. iighgate, Franklin County. LOCKE & Co.-Agricultural implements. B. OLDs.-Machinery. BROOKFIELD FORK Co. —Peck, Clark & Co. D. V. SHERIDAN.-Iron foundry. Forks. Bridgqewater, Windsor County. Itinesburgh, Chittenden County. R. W. & F. L. PENNEY.-Machinery. J. EDWIN. —Machinery. P. RUFUS & SONS. —Agricultural implements. _Burlington, Chittenden County. BRINK & Co.-Iron and brass foundry. A erMcho, Chiterdyen Co whnt.e W. G. FAnMER.-Machinery. W. G-. FARMER.~-Machinery. A. M. FORD. —Machinery, turbine wheels, etc. B. S. NICHOLS & Co.-Steam engines, wood IH. S. & F. D. WooD.-Agricultural impleand slate working machinery. ments. P. M. VARNEY.-Machinery, guns, etc. Johnson, Lamville County. Castleton, Rutland County. H. STEARN.-Horse rakes. F. A. BARRows.-Iron foundry, machinery, Ludlow, Windsor County. plows, etc. W. A. PATRICK.-Lathes, wood machinery. Calais, Washington County. PATRICK & GREGG.-Machinery. W. C. ROBINsoN. —Horse rakes. J.. WARNER.-Machinery. W. CHASE.-Machinery. Londonderry, Windham County. Charleston, Orleans County. TIIos. GEARFIELD, JR. —Agricultural impleE. H. GOODWIN & SON.-Machinery. ments. H. LAWRENCE.-Machinery. Dorset, Bennington County. W. ALLEN.-Iron foundry. Danvile Cedonia Cou. WALKER & RILEY. —Machinery. _danvlle, Cctlecdonic County. S. LADD.-Edcl e tools..iddletown, Rutland County. J. GouLD.-Edge tools. A. W. GRAY & SON.-Agricultural implements. _Enosburgh, Franklin Countyy. E W. GRAY.Iron foundry. J. BUST & Co.-Machinery. J. GRANGER.-Machinery. J. PARLEY & Co.-Machinery. II. HAYNEs.-Machinery. SPRAGUE & LAWRENCE.-Machinery. Micddlebury, Acdcison County. East Aiiddlebury, Addison County. i. Ross.-Machinery. BURLINGTON MANUFACTURING Co.-Iron foun- D. MARTIN.-Iron castings and machinery. dry. 7Ecast Poultney, Rutland County. lontpelier, Vashington County. M. G. NoYES.-:Machinery. N. P. BRooKs.-Tools and builders' hardware, J. L. CUAMMINGS.-EEdge tools. cFair Icaven, Rutland County. LANE, PITKIN & BRooI.-Circular-saw mills, LEONARD & BALDWIN.-Machinery. water wheels, mill gearing, etc. 50 hands. MI. WRIGHT & SoN.-Wood-working machinFairlee, Orange County. ery. H. S. PORTER. Scythes and axes. STIMSON & Co.-Spring hinges. Groton, Caleconia County. Jontgomery, lFranklin County. M. WILD.-Edge tools. CARPENTER & SMIITH.-Agricultural implements. Hiartford, Windsor County. llforristown, Lamoille County. FRENCII, WATSON & Co.-Agricultural imple- F. F. GEORGE.-Machinery. ments; specialty, forks. l ournt Il-olly,.Rutlanzd County. l~artland, Windsor County.. RE -A ~-ricul ^ -^I-^astand, ~ ~ ITTZEilsor Cozent?/. Pi. TARBELL.- Agricultural implements. N. F. ENGLISH-.Machinery. F. GILBERT.-Agricultural implements, stoves, Nortl field, WTashington County. plows, etc. W. BRIGGs.-Tools. 164 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. BELKNAP, ELY & Co. —Iron foundry, circular- L. BUZZELL. —Iron foundry and machinery. saw mills. E. & T. FAIRBANKS & Co. —Scales. This is the J. B. SMITH.-Tools. celebrated Fairbanks Scale Works, the product.of W. J. WRIGHT.-Machinery. which is to be found in every city and village of H. D. BEAN.-Machinery. the Union, and is also largely exported. The North Taunbridge, Orange Couty. works are very extensive, and combine the manuNorth Tun-bridge Orange County... 7 - IT Co.rn f- ry facture of railroad track, platform, counter, and R. SMIITH & CO.-Iron foundry. all kinds of scales and balances. North Troy, Orleans County. JAS. NUTT.-Files. ELKINS & BRALEY.-Agricultural implements, PADDICK, DEAN & Co.-Machinery. stump and stone extractors. N. W. PECK.-Agricultural implements. B. F. ROLLINs.-Threshing machines. North Williston, Chittencen County. SPAULDING & FLETCHER.-( Se Stove ManuH. J. FAY. —Agricultural implements. facturers.) PAINE & BROWN. —Iron foundry. JAS. M. WARNER. —Mowing machines. Orange, Orange County. Connecticut & Passumpsic Railroad machine D. DINSMORE.-Agricultural implements. Shoreham, Addison County. Peru, Bennington County E. S. NEWELL. —Agricultural implements. E. P. CHANDLER.-Machinery. Sheldon lFranklin County. Pawlet, Rutlcand County. Pawlet, Rutlan yS. S. F. CARLISLE & Co.-Iron foundry. E. COLVIN & BRo. —Edge tools. Poultney, Ru6tland County.h f bur, eito Co. H. M. RUGGLEs. —lron foundry and macbin- EAGLE SQUARE Co. —Carpenters' steel squares,. M. GGS. —Iron oundry an mac- cutlery, etc. 100 hands. W. P. Mattison, Treasery. urer; M. Pierce, Superintendent. Putney, g^Vidhamn County. W. PARKER.yRoakes. u.Spxringfield, Windsor County. (- GILMAN & TOwNSEND. —Last machines. Ranc72dolph, Orcange Cbounty. GEO. KIMBALL. —Rakes. JAS. WELCII.-Iron foundry and castings. MESSENGER & DAVIS.-Maohinery. Rutland, Rutland County. PARIS & WooLsoN. —Cloth-finishing machinMANSFIELD & STIMSON. —Iron foundry and ma- ery. chinery. RICHARDsoN & Co. —Agricultural implements, LINCOLN IRON WORKS.-Thos. Ross & Co. castin, etc. Steam engines, machinery, and castings. Starksborough, Addison County. Rutland Railroad machine shop. D. FERGUsoN. —Agricultural implements. RUTLAND FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SEOP. —(See P. MORRISON.-Agricultural implements, rakes. Car Wheel WTorks.) S. W. NUTTING.-Agricultural implements. A. L. SMITIH.T —Tools. STEAM STONE CUTTER Co.-Stone-dressing and Sunderland, Bennington County. quarrying machinery. DOUGLAS MANUFACTURING Co.-Edge tools. Rochester, -Windsor County. Swanton, Franklin County. PEARSONS & IEATH. —Edge tools. B.B. BLAKE.-Edge tools and machinery. A. WToRESTER.-I-ron foundry and agricul- J. TRUAX.-Machinery. tural implements. KIDDER & RooD.-Mowing machines. J. WooDs. —Machinery. Tunbridge, Orange County. St. Albans, lFranklin County. J. L. HALL.-Axes and edge tools. ST. ALRANS FOUNDRY Co.-Smith & Co. Agri- G.H. H. ACKET.-Machinery. cultural implements. (See Cacr Wheel Works.) R. C. & C. B. SInTH.-Machinery. H. D. SABIN.-Machinery. Thetford, Orange County. Vermont Central Railroad machine shop. A.. RGS.- e tools. A. S. BRIGGS.~Edge tools. St. Johnsbury, Caledonia County. S. C. ARNOLD. —Machinery. J. BELKNAP.-Knives. 0.B. BLArKE. —Machinery. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 165 Vergennes, Addison County. Steam Engine and Machine Works, NATIONAL HORSENAIL Co.-L. Barnes, Presi- and Iron Foundries of Virginia. dent; G. I1. Lewis, Treasurer. Horsenails. VERGENNES MACHINE Co.-H. Stevens, Treas- (See Blast PFurnaces and Rolling Mills.) urer; J. P. Flanders, Superintendent. Woodworking machinery. Abingdon, Washington County. G. CLARKE & Co.-Threshing machines. BWaElFRngford, RKztlan-d. CMo. nty. X a B. C. CLARK & Co.-Iron foundry, mill work, GiLOBE FORK WORKS. -R. M. Green. Hay and plows, etc. Agricultural forks. New York, 100 Chambers CAMPBELL & ROBERTSON.-Agricultural impleStreet. ments. BATCHELLER & SONs. —Forks, scythes, hoes, etc. Alexandria, Alexandria County. Office in Chicago. GERMAIN & GORDEN.-Steam engines, boilers, West -Brattleborough, Windham County. etc. J. CLARK. —MT\ achinery. JAMESON & COLLINS.-Machinery and brass foundry. Waterbury, Wcashington County.. M. S. MOORE & SoNs.-Steam engines and D. K. ADAMS & Co.-Iron foundry. machinery. H. W. JUDSON. —Machinery. Orange, Alexandria and Manasses R. R. maH. MOFFETT & Co.-Iron foundry and machin- chine shop. ery. Washington & Ohio R. R. machine shop. A. H. SELLECK & Co.-Carding machinery. WooD & PRICE.-Machinery. COLBY BROS. & Co.-Machinery. M. E. SMILIE.-MachineryD. PALER.-Machinery. West CRutland,.Rutland County. W. GRAHAM.-Machinery. Ayletts, King William County. C. J. LEE.-Machinery. J. T. CALDWELL & SON.-Agricultural impleW. M. TUGGY.-Machinery. ments. Wilmington, Windham County. N. S. WALKER.-Machinery. A. B. MEDBURY.-Screws. Berryville, Clark County. Wfindsor, Windlsor Coulnty. M. PULLIAM. —Machinery. F. DRAPER.-Iron foundry, general castings. Big Lick, Roanoke County. WINDSOR MANUFACTURING Co.-Jones, Lamson J. B. FERGUSON. —-Iron foundry, plows, etc. & Co. Machinery, lathes, drill presses, milling. M. WHITE.-Agricultural implements. machines, etc. LAMSON & GOODNOW' MANUFACTURING CO.- Bristol, Washington County. Scythe snaths. - CUTLERY WORKS. - Shelburne BRISTOL FOUNDRY.-Dixon, Smith & Co: Falls, Mass. Herman Boker & Co., 110 Duane Plow castings. Street, N. Y., control cutlery product.Bote t _iBuchiananb, _Botetourt County. TWinoski Fall.s, -Windsor County. H. C. SNYDER.-Machinery and mill work. R. DANIELS, EDWARDS, STEPHENS & Co. —Mill] r Poit, Pe Cout and wood-working machinery, water wheels, etc. THOios. R. POWEL.-~Machinery. Woodstock, Wincrdsor Countrty. oostock, Windsor ount Cristiansburgh, f/ontgomery County. R. DANIELS MACHINE Co. —Rag, rope, and W TTENNALD n foundry straw cutting machinery, agricultural implements, I luacry etc. etc. A. J. ZINE. —IrVo foundry andC m1achinery. A. G. DEwEY.-Scythes and axes. Cbmnberland, Cnumberland County. W. S. ENGLISH.-Rakes. J. T. RANsoM.-Machinery. A I. I. WELLINGTON.-Mgachinery. T. S1MS.-~Machinery. N. WOODBURY.~-STiachinery. DNOanville, Pittsylvania County. Woodbury, Washington County. J. C. & J. W. CRELGLER. —Machinery. J. W. TowN.-Machinery. CREWS, RODENHISER & Co.-Iron foundry. 166 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. C. W. EIPPIN. —Iron foundry. Norfolk, Norfolk County. J. W. RAMY & BRo.-Machinery.. ILLUPS.-Iron foundry and agricultural Farmvville, Prince EEdward County, implements. J. A. DALBY.-IronG foundry. G. V DUVAL.-Steam engines, boilers, etc. ELIZABETH IRON WORKs.-C. W. Pittit, Agent. Farnhacm, Richmond County. Machinery. C. G. Cox.-Iron foundry and agricultural im- S. FROST.-Machinery. plements. J. W. GOODWIN, VIRGINIA IRON WORKS. — Tredericksblurgh, Spottsylvaniac County. Steam engines, boilers, etc. pottsylvania Cou *yT W.A. GlRAVES.-Ship-work. HOPE FOUNDRY.-Scott & Bowering. Iron W.Sh-wor S. H. HODGES.-Iron works. foundry and machinery. fou ndry and machinery. S. MACH & Co. —Iron foundry and agricultuREVERE & Bno.-Machinery. ral implements VIRGINIA STOVE AND AGRICULTURAL WORKS.-ral mplements. ATLANTIC IRON WORKS AND DOCK CO.-ProHunter & Jbrost, Proprietors.. * Huntr & F, P. prietors, Norfolk Manufacturing Co. M. Parks, Gordonsville, Orange County. President. Machinery, saw mills, iron boats, etc. GORDONSVILLE AGRICULTURAL WORKS.- NORFOLK IRON WoRKS.-Steam engines, boilers, Threshing machines and plows. etc. A. P. ROUTH & Co. —Plows and wagons. SPAULDING & GY. —Machinery. VIRGINIA IRON WORKs.-F. W. Goodwin & Iowarclsville, Albemarle County. ow., Proprietors. Steam engines, boilers, etc. E. BATEMAN.-Iron foundry. Virginia and Tennessee R. R. machine shop..-arrisonburgh, _Rockingham County. D. W. WARREN.-Agricultural implements. HARRISONBURGI FOUNDRY.-P. Bradley & Go. Petersburg, Dinwicldie County. -Iron foundry, and agricultural implements. N. CROWDER.-Agricultural implements. J. G. SPRENKEL.-Machinery. D. DOHERTY.-Rifles. Hfermitage, Augusta County. PETERSBRRG IRON WORKS.-J. B. Dunn, PresiJ. HILDEBRAND.-~Machinery. ^dent. Iron foundry and machinery. Petersburg IR. R. machine shop. Leesburgh, London County. South Side R. R. machine shop. COCKEY & Co. —Iron foundry. TAPPEY, LAMSDEN & Co.-Iron foundry and SOHIROFF, WISE & RAPHIL. —Agricultural im- machinery. plements. WHITEIIEAD & SON.-Agricultural implements. _Lexington, BEockbridge County. Po, o k Portsmouth, Aorfolk County. MULLEN & BRYANT.Ironll foundry. MULn f. Seaboard and Roanoake R. R. machine shop. Lynchburrgh, camp2bell County. UNION CAR WORKS MANUFACTURING Co.-(Not A. M. &. O. Railroad machine shop. in operation.) J. H. BAILEY.-Agricultural implements. Powhatan, Powhalan, County. PI-ICNIX FOUNDRY.-A. G. Dabney & Son. J. M. JOHNsON.-Machinery. Iron foundry. JAMIES RIVER FOUNDRY. —Thos. H. Early. Rinchmond, IHenrico County. Agricultural implements. (See Blast ]ucrnaces, BRolling _Mills, etc.) Virginia & Tennessee Railroad machine shop. VULCAN IRON WORKS.-Archer, Goodwin & Co. 3fanchester, Cheestefiel(d County. Iron foundry, machinery, etc. ROBERT BAIRD'S HEIRS.-Mill work. BAIRDS & HEIRS. —Iron foundry and machinF. P. BRANNAN & Co.-Iron foundry. ery. eicl7yetonFre. Eer. BoYLE.-Saws. ][iiddleton," W. M. BROADIN.-Iron railings. E. C. REDINGS.-Machinery. J. W. CARDWELL & Co.-Agricultural impleounGt Vernown Forge, lockingJam CouGnty. ments. MOUNT VERNION FORGE.-Abbott Iron Co., PHCENIX FOUNDRY. —W. B. Cook. Iron founBaltimore, Proprietors. dry an railings. Chesapeake and Ohio R. R. machine shop. 150 New ictarket, SlSencancoah County. hands. C. T. HuPP.-Machinery. G. C. CoRiICK.-Iron fences. DIRECTORY OF GENEEAL MACHINE WOPKS, ETC. 167 E. A. DAYTON. —Steam engines, boilers, etc. BURKE IRON WORKS Co.-Wm. A Burke, PresETTJGER & EDMOND.-Iron foundry, steam en- ident. Machinery castings, mill work, etc. gines and hydraulic machinery. Steele's Tavern, Rockbridge County. VVALISH & McLAUCiHLAN.-Steam engines, marine and stationary, boilers, machinery, etc.. S. LYLE & Co.-Plows. G. GERSDORF.-Files. Jos. HALL & Co.-Steam engines and iron Suffolk, Nansemnond County. foundry. W. H. BLOXOM.-Agricultural implements. RICHMOND STEAM FORGE AND ROLLING MILL.J. R. JOHNSON & Co. Forgings and rolled iron. Wnchester, Frecerck County. 50 hands. G. W. GINN & SON.-Iron foundry. METROPOLITAN IRON AND BRASS FOUNDRY.- JAS. KERN.-Plows. Steam engines, portable and stationary, saw mills, F. R. SNAPP.-Iron foundry. etc. T'/White Ioeuse, ecklenburcry County. C. T. PALMER.-Agricultural implements. t BRAH2M & CALDE.R.-^Machinery. H. POOLE & Co.-Iron foundry. Richmond and Danville R. R. machine shop. Woodstock, Shenandoah County. RICHMOND STOVE AND ARCHITECTURAL IRON DONALDSON & KNEISLEY. —Iron foundry, stoves, WORKS.-A. Snyder, President; R. Irby, Vice- etc. President. (See Stove Manufacturers.) Richmond and York River R. R. machine Steam Engines and Machine Works shop. shop. and Iron Foundries of West Virginia. Richmond and Petersburg R. R. machine Vi a. shop. (See Blast Furnaces and Rolling Muills.) Richmond, Fredericksburgh, and Potomac R. RI. machine shop. Charleston, iKancawha County. SLOAT & ADDINGTON.-Iron foundry, steam en- G. DAVIS & Co.-Steam-engines, mill machingines, boilers. ery, iron foundry, stoves, etc. H. M. SMITH & Co.-Agricultural implements W. S. & V. A. THAYER.-Salt works, castings. and machinery. 75 hands. Clarksburg Iflarrison County. P. H. STARK.-Iron foundry, agricultural im- ART-M hi plements. E. HART. —Machinery. TALBOT & SONS.eIron foundry steam engines I HART.-Iron foundry, portable saw mills, saw mills, etc. saw mills, etc. carding machinery, etc. TREDEGAR MANUFACTURING Co.-J. R. Ander- Grafton, Taylor County. son, President. Rolling mill, car-wheel foundry, GRAFTON IRON FOUNDRY.-J. Carr. Iron car works, etc. foundry and machinery. WVATTS & KNIGHT.- Plows. $lBaltimore & Ohio R. R. machine shop. Rushville, Rockingham County. Saline, Kanawha County. J. STRICKET & SON.-Plows. J. T. DODDOW.-Iron foundry and machinery. Salem, Roanoake County..Martinsburgh, Berkeley County. W. DINGUID.-Iron foundry. S. FITZ.-Machinery. REED & HARLOW.-Agricultural implements. MIorgantown, Monongalia County. Scottsville, Albemarle County. G. M. REAY.-Iron foundry. J. H. BRIGGS. -Iron foundry. A. WELLS.-Agricultural implements. _New Cumberland, tLancockl County. Snowville, Pulaski County C noc Coty. J. O. MILLER.~Iron foundry and machinery. AMMON, BILL & Co.-Iron foundry, plows, etc.. MILLE- n foundry and machinery. B. STEvENs.-Macbhinery. Stannardsville, Green County. Palatine, Marion County. W. FISHBECK. I-Machinery. MARION MACHINE WVORK. —Machinery. Staunton, Augusta County. Parkersburg, Wood County. EYLER, COOPER & Co.-Agricultural imple- NOVELTY FOUNDRY AND MACHINE WORKS. — ments. R. Crichton. Boilers and machinery. 168 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. M. KELLY.-Iron foundry. Avalanche, Vernon County. M. J. LESSE & CO.- Boilers. D. BUSBEE.-Carding machinery. C. S. DESPARD.-Iron foundry and machinery. PARKERSBURG FOUNDRY AND MACHINE CO.- Bacraboo, Sauk County. Iron foundry and machinery. J. LoY.-Machinery. Rcathbone, Wirt County. -Beaver Dam, Dodge County. M. J. O'BRIEN & Co.-Machinery. C. P. CLARK. — akes, etc. HI. R. HAWLEY.-Agricultural implements. Sistersville, Tyler County. D. B. PHELPS. —Agricultural implements. J. A. S. DANIELS.-Machinery. J. S. ROWELL & Co. —Iron foundry. D. HALDEMAN.-Machinery.Belo, ock County. Wellsburgh, 3Brook County. N. B. GASTEN. —Iron foundry. EVERETT, BLENKINSOPPS & Co. —Iron foundry, 0. E. MERRILL & Co.-Iron foundry, paperplows, etc. mill machinery, and water wheels. WELLSBURGH MANUFACTURING Co.- Mowing PARKER & STONE.-Reapers, mowers, etc. machines. A. J. CowLEs.-Safes and fanning mills. O. B. OLMSTEAD & Co.-Iron foundry and maWheeling, Ohio County. chinery. JAS. BELL & Co.-Iron foundry. (See Stove Berlin, Green Lace County. CECIL, H & nCo.- achinery. R. BOYLE.-Agricultural implements. CECIL & Co.-Iron foundry. BYGERT & McNISH.-Agricultural implements. STR FNDRY.-ulertson an Fisher. (ee W.. DAVIS & Co. —Iron foundry. Stove FOUaNDRYCulbeufartscturers.) J. D. PORTER.-Agricultural implements. Stove Afranufactu>rers.) C. B. LEAR. —Machinery. FRANKLIN MACHINE SHOP.-Iron foundry and H. LB.Aricural imemen machinery. H. G. TALBOT.-Agricultural implements. machinery. GIRARD & TUTTLE. —Wire work. Black River Falls, Jackson County. HAMILTON & Co.-Steam engines, machinery, W. ELMORE.-Agricultural implements. and iron foundry. J. C. HuSSEY.-Iron foundry and machinery. D. LINN & Co.-Iron foundry. (See Stove R. G. POPE.-Agricultural implements..Manufacturers.). W. MOORHEAD.-Boilers. Big Spring, Adams County. J. W. MOORHEAD.-Boilers. NORWAY IRON TACK Co.-Tacks. RICHARDSON & BRO.-Hop presses. SWEENEY & CO.-Iron foundry, machinery, and Bristol, Kenoshc County. ^^~~~~boilers~. C. H. LEVY.-Machinery..Burlington, -Racine County. Steam Engine and Machine Works BURLINGTON FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.and Iron Foundries of Wisconsin. H. Wagner. Iron foundry, threshing and general machinery. (See Blast Furnaces and Rolling Mills.) A. ZWEIBLE.- Machinery. MUMMBER & KLEIN.-PloWS. Alma, Buffalo County. ALBERTSON & SoNS.-Agricultural implements. C lle, Grat Cnty. MOSER & LEONHARDY. Lightning rods. A. DACHE.-Machinery. Appleton, Outagamie County. Charleston, Calumet County. L. H. BALDWIN. Machinery. 0.. CWLARK.-Machinery. APPLETON FOUNDRY.-Ketcham & Morgan. Chippewa Falls, Chippewc County. Iron foundry and machinery. SHAW, GALLOWAY & Co.-Machinery. Augusta, Eau Claire County. Clinton, -Rock County. J. S. TRACEY.-Agricultural implements. J. P. HARDY.-Machinery. Attica, Greene County. Colnumbus, Columbia County. J. CRoMPTON.-Carding machinery., HALL & CARSWELL. —Iron foundry. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 169 Darlington, Lafayette County. D. BURNS.-Boilers. M. J. ALwoRTH. —Agricultural implements. H. O'LEARY.-Boilers. M. KuMMER.-Machinery. Hccartford, Washington County. Dodgeville, Iowa County. ROWELL & REESE BROS.-Plows, etc. SPANG & STRATMAN. —Machinery, plows, etc. Horicon, Lodge County. Duranrd, Pepin County. J. B. BUSHNELL.-Machinery. HAYS & RAYMOND.-Machinery. H. BARBER.-Agricultural machinery. 100 hands. Ecau Claire, Eau Claire County. W. M. JONES & Co.-Seed sowers, patent GRAHAM, WHITE & Co. —Iron foundry, steam stoves, etc. engines, mill machinery. Hudson, St. Croix County. SHAW & GALLOWAY.-Steam engines, mill i, * f,1H. W.- CROSBY.~Machinery. work, and iron foundry.. W - -Machinery. CGOON, PLATT & BURCH.-Agricultural impleFonc du Lac, Fond du Lac County. ments. UNION IRON WORKS. -W. H. Hiner & Co. J. C. SCHNEIDER.-PlOws. Steam engines, mill machinery, etc. 75 hands Janesville, Rock County. employed. emplo. PIERON.-BOilS I. R. ANGELL.-Iron foundry. J. (D. IIEaRON.-~BOilers. NOVC.ELTY WORKS D M N T &O IDOTY MANUFACTURING Co.-Iron foundry; NOVELTY WORKS AND MACHINE SHOP. —H. & G. 0. Trowbridge. specialty, washing machines. J. RIDE F. 9rwA ie. CLOW REAPER MANUFACTURING Co.-MaJ. RIDGEWAY.- Files. C. ScRIBNER.-Iron foundry and machinery. cinery..^. T. / ~ HARRISON & JUDD.-Agricultural implements. Sheboygan and Fond du Lac Railroad machine N & cural ilemen. shop. ROCK RIVER IRON WORKS.- Harris, Fifeild & H. SHEARER.-Files. Co. Machinery. NEENAH AND APPLETON ELEVATOR Co.-Eleva-ITHINGTON & o.-Boiler tors. Works at Neenah also. Kenosha, iYenosha County. C. L. PIERCE. —Plows. DURANT, VANARSDALE & Co.-Thimble skeins, Fort Atkinson, Jefferson County. hub augers, etc. B. F. MELLS.-Agricultural implements. POWERS, MILNE & Co.-Iron foundry and ma- R. B. WITAKER & Co.-Iron foundry, steam cher. enginery..s, boilers, etc. CRANE KNITTING MACHINE Co. —Knitting ma- chines. La Crosse, La Crosse County. Fort Hioward, Brown County. EAGLE FOUNDRY. —Dean, Smith & Co. Iron D. BURNs. —Boilers. foundry and machinery. MONITOR IRON WORKS.-O. Gray, President; M. FUNK.-Iron foundry and boilers. A. A. Warren, Secretary. Steam engines, ma- C. C. & E. G. SMITH.-Iron foundry and machinery, and castings. chinery. FORT HOWARD FOUNDRY AND MACHINE WORKS.. Lake Mills, Jefferson County. -Taylor & Duncan, Proprietors. AGRICULTURAL MANUFACTURING Co.-AgriculFountain City, Buffalo County. tural machinery and implements. J. CLARK.-Machinery. GRISWOLD, FARGO & Co.-Iron foundry. Genesee, Waukesha County. Miadison, Dane County. BALCOME BROS.-Iron foundry. 0. & A. FLOM.-Machinery. WEST & HAZLETON. —Iron foundry. W. WASKEW.-Ornamental iron work. Grand Rapi Wood'ouJ. H. GARNHARDT & Co.-Agricultural impleGrand Racptids, Wood County. ments. ROBB & RABLIN.-Iron foundry and machin- L. P. & M. P. JORDEE.-Agricultural impleery. ments. Green Bay, Brown County. MADISON MANUFACTURING Co.-Reapers and GREEN BAY IRON WORKS.-Taylor & Duncan. agricultural machinery. Iron foundry and machinery. W. H. WORDEN. —Iron foundry. V 170 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. aManitowoc, l /anitowoe County. WISCONSIN IRON WORKS.-E. A. Owens. A. F. DUNCKE & Co.-Iron foundry and ma- Threshing machines. chinery. WISCONSIN SAW WORKS. —C. C. Leavitt. J. RICHIARDSON.-Iron foundry and machinery. Saws. H. D. SMALLEY & BRo. —Agricultural imple- J. LEIDGEN & CO.-Machinery. ments. BADGER IRON WORKS. —W. Melms. Steam CALOUPEK & Co.-Machinery. engines and machinery. Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad machine ciarrinette, Oconto County. shop. MARRINETTE IRON WORKS.-Iron foundry and MILWAUKEE IRON AND MACHINE SHOP. —Mallemachinery. able and gray iron castings and machinery. D. C. PRESCOTT & Co.-Machinery. MILWAUKEE STOVE Co.-(See Stove 3ManzfacMcauston, Junec County. turers.) NORTH-WESTERN SAW WORKS. — Thos. Farley. MAUSTON IRON MANUFACTURING CO.-Iron Saws. foundry. - Saws. foundry. NOVELTY IRON WORKS.-Schumacher & Johncayville, Dodge County. ston.'H. BOEHMER & Co.-Iron foundry. MILWAUKEE CITY RAILROAD CAR SHoP. —Horse J. D. HEOKENBOAH & Co.-Guns. cars. W. N. PENNELL —Safes. lilenasha, Winnebago County.W. N. PENNELL.-Safes. Men innebago Count. C. F. RAUN & BRO.-Iron foundry. BEECH & BISHOP.-Stave machines. RELIANCE WORKS.-E. P. Allis & Co. Capital, S. L. HART. -Machinery. $500,000. Iron foundry, steam engines, and sawHOWARD, HART & Co.-Iron foundry. mills. (See also Pipe Works.) lJenomzinee, -Dunn Counzty. These works are the outgrowth from a consoliKNAPP, STOUT & Co.-Iron foundry. dation of two or three small establishments of some 25 years' standing, which came into the Milwlaukee, Jilwaukee County. hands of the present proprietors in 1861. They NORTH-WESTERN HOLLOW-WARE Co. —-G. A. at present cover some six acres of ground, with Abert. Iron foundry. ample facilities for the extensive business now AMERICAN SAFE AND LOCK Co.-Safes. transacted by the firm as founders and machinists, BAILEY & GREENSLADE.-Iron railings. 50 and in the various branches of iron manufacture hands. melt about 10,000 tons of pig per annum. BRAND & CORSEN. — (See Stove Mranzfactur- Among their specialties are steam engines, which ers.) they build of numerous patterns and sizes. They MILWAUKEE FILE Co.-Buckser & Hart. are builders of the pumping engine for the MilFiles. waukee Water Works, having capacity for lifting J. BOWIE & Co. —Iron foundry. 16,000,000 (sixteen million) gallons per day 130 C. F. DUVALL.-Threshing machines. feet, the large cylinder being 5 feet diameter by 10 CREAM CITY IRON WoRKS.-Filer, Stowell & feet stroke. Co. General iron works. 75 hands. They manufacture machinery for grist and sawF. M. CUMMINGS.-Boiler maker. mills very largely, their orders in this line extendD. DAGGETT.-Wire goods. ing throughout the North-west; also cast iron MARINE BOILER WORKS.-R. Davis. Boilers, steam boilers and radiators for heating apparatus. oil tanls, etc. Connected with the works is a foundry for cast DUTCHER, VOSE & ADAMS.-(See Stove.Manu- water and gas pipe, with capacity for melting about facturers.) 4,500 tons of iron per annum. J. W. EvIsToN.-Boilers. Included in their equipment are 18 power iron GOODRICH & HILL.-Car wheels. (See Car lathes, 2 hand lathes, 4 power wood lathes, 7 Wheel Works.) iron planers, 4 wood-planing machines, 2 gig saws, GRIMSHAW & Co.-Steam engines. 2 shaping machines, 8 stationary and 2 portable P. H. GUTMAN & Co.-Stoves. drill machines, 1 gear cutter, 2 milling machines, E. A. HARRIS.-Iron foundry. 1 slotting machine, 2 iron boring mills, I cuttingHOFFMAN, BILLINGS & Co.-Iron pipe. (See off machine, 3 bolt cutters, 1 iron punch, 2 steam Pipe Works.) hammers, 2 steam cranes, 15 hand power cranes, 1 X. KOESTLER. Safes and fences. twenty-ton travelling crane, 4 rotary blowers, 5 N. JoHNSON.-Machinery. cupolas, 5 boilers, and 5 steam engines. DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. 171 BADGER STATE FILE WORKS.-H. Schley & Co. Ozaukee, Ozaukee County. Files. MARTIN & WEBSTER.-Iron foundry. S. SCHULTZ.-Coopers' tools. L. MORGAN & Co. —Smut machines. VULCAN IRON WORKS. —Jas. Sheriff. Mill and GELSON & GENGLER. —Iron foundry. steamboat work. SIMMERLING BRos.-Iron foundry.yra, erson Cunty. STROTHMAN BROS.-Iron foundry. J. E. BROWN.-Iron foundry. P. WEIZEL.-Iron foundry and machinery. Pep, Pen Corty. WISCONSIN WIRE WORKS.-C. A. Wright. epep o y. Wire. J. FULLER.-Machinery. Mirineral Point, Iowa County. Peshtigo, Oconto County. J. LANYON & Co.-Machinery. WISNER & STRONG.-Machinery. G. W. COBB & Co. —Machinery. D. LESTER. —Iron foundry, boilers, and maSMITH & OATS.-Machinery. chinery. JNO. WEARNE & SON.-Iron foundr. Platteville, Grant County. P. NOBLE & Co.-Agricultural implements. G. HAWLEY & SON. —Agricultural implements. Monroe, Greene County. R. SNOWDEN.-Iron foundry. N. CHURCHILL.-Machinery. M. S. TRowBRIDGE. —Agricultural implements. MONROE MANUFACTURING Co.-Iron foundry. Plymouth, Sheboygan County. Necedcc, Juzneau County. SCHWARTZE BROS. & Co. —Iron foundry. BAILEY & Co.-Machinery. Portage City, Columbia County. Neenah, Winnebago County. PORTAGE MANUFACTURING CO.-C. R. Gallett, E. AHRENSON.-Iron foundry. President; J. W. Bacon, Treasurer; C. Wheeler, MOORE & WILLIAMS.-Iron foundry. Secretary. Iron foundry and machinery. PECKHAM & KREUZER. —Iron foundry. H. O. LEWIS.-Agricultural implements. J. WILLEY. —Machinery. NVeshkiro, Green JLake County. CRAIG & ScoBlE. —Iron foundry, plows. Prairie Du Chien, Crawford County. HARRIS, BENSON & CO.-Plows. Oconomowoc, WcLukesha County. J. S. ANDESON. — Iron foundry and machinery. rinceton, Green Lace County. ROWELL, WELTNER & Co.-Agricultural imple- J. & J. JUNKER. —Iron foundry. ments. Racine, Racine County. THOMPSON & McVEAN. —Agricultural impleTHOMPsON & MCVEAN. Agricultural nuple- J.J. CASE & Co.-Threshing machines, agriments. Oinero, Winnebago County. cultural implements.'GEO. CHALLONER.-Iron foundry. BLAKE & ELLIOTT.-Fanning mills. GEO. HALLONER.-Io foury. RACINE CITY FOUNDRY.-A. P. Dickey & Co. Ontario, Vernon County. Steam engines, saw mills, grist mills, etc. M. STEDMAN.-Carding machinery. J. R. DAVIS.-Iron foundry. S. FREEMAN.-Machinery. Oregon, DVc/anze County. GIESER THRESHING MACHINE Co.-Merrihew ABBOTT & JOHNSON.-Agricultural implements. & Hamilton, Proprietors. Machinery. Oshkosh, Winnebagco County. C. GAINER.-Wire cloth. ~A. TRuNEs-Boiers. nOSBORNE & OSGOOD.-Agricultural implements. A. BRUNES.~Boilers. W. C. WHEELER. —Wire cloth. BECKWITH, DAVIS & Co.-Boilers and agricultural implements. Ripon, Fond du Lac County. FLETCHER & EVERETT.-Iron foundry and ma- FURNISS & ZINTH.-Iron foundry and machinchinery. ery B. GARVIN.- Machinery.. Rolling Prairie, Dodge County. J. F. MORSE & Co.-Steam engines, saw mills, P. W. DALE.-Threshing machines. machinery, boilers, etc. 50 hands. P. RANSOM.-Machinery. Rochester, Racine County. TILTON & BAILEY.-Saws and machinery. A. ASPENWALL. —Wire-work. G. D. WYMAN.-Plows. R. E. ELA. —Agricultural implements. 172 DIRECTORY OF GENERAL MACHINE WORKS, ETC. Sakc City, Sank County. WOODWARD & RUSsELL.-Agricultural impleJ. A. FRENZELL.-IrOn foundry. ments. Waukesha, Wazukesha County. Schleisingerville, Washington County. A. AIKEN.-Agricultural implements. C. ROscHE. —Iron foundry, plows. WM. BLAIR.-Threshing machinery. Sheboyganc, Sheboygan County. CHURCH & REIDER. —Agricultural implements. GLOBE FOUNDRY.-H. Foeste & Co. s team CM. S. HARTWELL & Co. —Machinery. GLOBE FOUNDRY.-. Fo HATFIELD & Co. —Stove foundry. engines and machinery. VOLLRATH, BLOCKI & Co.-Iron foundry, agri- tWaucpaca, Waupaca County. cultural machinery, thimble skeins, etc. KEAN & BRIGHT.Fanning mills. Sheboygan Falls, Sheboygan County. J. RoscOHE.-Iron foundry. SANFORD & VERBERG.-Iron foundry and ma- Waupun, Fond du Lac County. chinery. M. K. DAHL. —PloWS. Sparta, Monroe County. WHITNEY & CosGnovE. —Agricultural impleIRWIN, NOBLE & Co.-Stove foundry, ments. S. M. NEWBURY.-Saw, smut, and shingle ma- West Bend, Washington County. chinery. H. LucAs. —Iron foundry, machinery, and agriStoughton, Deane County. cultural implements. B. L. LELAND. —Iron foundry. C. LAWSEN.- PlowS. Whitewater, Walworth County. T. G. & G. T. MANDT.-Plows, etc. WINCHESTER & PARTRIDGE. —Plows wagons, etc. 125 hands. Watterloo, Jefferson County. GEO. EsTERLY. —Reapers, agricultural machines, BOARMAN BROs. —Iron foundry. etc. 150 hands employed. Watertown, Jefferson County. Winneconne, Winnebago County. Jos. DAVIS & BRO.-Plows. CBUCKWAY & WILSON —Iron foundry. JOHNSON & Co.-Iron foundry. J STANBERG-Machinery Jos. MILLER.-Machinery. SMITH & BENNETT. —Iron foundry. White Creek, Adams County. WAIT & GALLUP. —Iron foundry. CARPENTER & HUTCHINSON. —Machinery. T I1 Fj KEYSTONE BRIDGE CO. ENGINEERS AND CONTRACTORS FOR THE MANUFACTURE AND ERECTION OF IRON TRUSS BRIDGES, PLATE BRIDGES, Suspension Bridges, Viaducts, Iron Roof Trusses, AND IRON BUILDINGS. WROUGHT IRON TURNTABLES, WOODEN BRIDGES, LINVILLE & PIPER PATENT TUBULAR COLUMNS AND WELDLESS CHORD BARS. THEY ALSO FURNISH CASTEGS, MILLWORK, & Gt:EE HlKEI l WORK, ALBUM OF DESIGNS, With description of our Long Span Bridges, and Principles of Construction, mailed on application. OFFICE AND WORKS, PITTSBURGH. PRESIDENT'S OFFICE, 218 SOUTH FOURTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA,.J H. LINVILLE, Pres't, 218 South Fourth St., Phila. J. L. PIPER, Gen. Manager, Pittsburgh. WALTEPR HATTE, Engineer. O. METCALF. J. W. PAUL. METCALF, PAUL & CO., VERONA TOOL WORKS MANUFACTURERS OF Railroad Track Tools, Of all kinds, of any desired pattern or weight. Also, Stone Masons', Blacksmiths' and Mining Tools. PATENT TWIST DRILLS, MACHINE MADE, AND FULLY EQUAL TO ANY IN THE MARKET, AND AT REASONABLE PRICES. If any particular Pattern of any article is desired, send Sample, Wood Pattern, or Drawing, otherwise we will send our own styles. Our Tools are alf made by improved machinery designed for this purpose, and are made of the best selected Cast Steel, so that we can guarantee the very best of material and workmanship. Address, PENN and TENTH STREETS, PITTSBURGH, PA. ALEXANDER SPEER, Pres. JAS. H. MURDOCK, Sec. and Treas. W. P. PORTER, Sup't. EDWARD L. MAXWELL, Agent. Pittsburgh Forge & Iron Co., MANUFACTURERS OF P. F & Brans of'a, T BaAT -l'oT, P 6d and, Iloops 6 V. lC. ) Oval & Half Oval NN ^Hk^ ~ d, ^^ ^^^ 4.^" V^^ ^^ aa^ L 8^r^^^ ^ ^^ ^ 0^" ^^~ Cy~ ^ ^a x ^^)~) ^ ^^ ^ ^ \^ ^ ^ ^3 ^ ^,P ^^ 4'^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^~ ^ \ ^:a ^ 4 ^ ir0 ^7 vf~ ^ ^ ^^ s 95 ^ ^~E ^~~~~o y^ ^ ^ ^ ^ - x ^~~~~~~~~J 4^^ ^^/ -d W ^'/ ~ ^^~Qb) ^a33~~!0{{0w o^.TyX^/ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ r^/ ^ ^ /^ //^ ^swssws P^ C^. ^ ^ y U ^ ^CJ^ ^ ^^^ 4^ /^^ fj^jE (9t^ 3P ~ F~ THEORINTAL & A E'CAN STOVE WO~yj St.~~ ~ O George Str et N w o St eor~Bu jildi'ng, No, 86 Beceki0 rei~of he rgnadlj Doube Oven Gabirtet R n a1x4ez am ~t X 3i m40 0 o t e ina w tl ~- =~~~s,~ -_~==~ - I~~_=- - - - - -, - ~ ~ - ~~C i t 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ k~;- L —--- ~The Ar~~~ -apd ase'tinier in three form5, the Parlor Stove the 0 yen Stove and;-=-=-~-'~; —~ t h e~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~$ P a r o r f u n c ~ S t e a W a m i F u n a e a n t'''I~ illlilT S iC ~llh e ill~j ijj~ r ~ Doub1~~ kac~~iat A150 ~ ~ c~ces; e American' F u r n~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ t h N e w, _=r~z~~~ ___;;z ~ — Cookin Stov, andsome i fty Othr attrn so~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~" i~ 15OLAC~m I Gi PAi~~nNTS Foj*'.~ Tij, 133 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA,. 9 OF BEST AMERICAN AND ENCLISH MAKES. Chairs, Spiks, Fish Bars Railrad Supplies, MUCK BARS, OLD RAILS, SCRAP, BLOOMS, f430ERIC.L3 IJVD SCOTCH CHARLES GRAHAM, MANUFACTURER OF IW ~ IRON BRIDGES, 1'0's -~ Bridge Castings, Bridge Bolts, -~ McMCLEOD'S PATENT SWITCH _~ ~. ~~ ~.~STAND,'I keep Tin Plates*T-Rail and Cast- Ironad Frogs, to demand ~ —— Z~~ —T~-, ~-~'____~- -~ ~Elliot's Patent T-Rail Fish-Plate - [.... ~i7E~'Sii,~,11'- ~ ~ ~ i __ Crossing Frog, Connecting Rods, _____I_ i _ _ Head BlockC ands, and all i, B t nds of ____ — " __ ~,Wrought and Cast-Iron Railroad WVork.._ ~r.~~ 9,74, 276 and 278 WEST F RONT ST., -~ "'~~~~ ~ ~-CINCINNATI, OGio'. I keep Tin Plates of all sizes and qualities, to suit the demand. I C and i, 2, 3, 4 and 5 X, Bright and Leaded, 28 x 20 to 30 x 72. Continuous Roofings, 200 feet long, I C and I X IO, 14, 20, and 28 inches wide. ALSO, THE CELEBRATED HENRY BRANDS. HENRY LUDWIG, One door East of Tremont House.'5?& Af LAKE STREET. THE BANKER'S ALMANAC'It s1075, (BEING THE TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL VOLUME.) TO BE ISSUED IN JANUARY NEXT, WILL CONTAIN: I.-A List of National Banks and State Banks in the United States, with Names of President and Cashier of each, and Names of New York Correspondent of each. Also, Alphabetical Lists of Cashiers and Assistant Cashiers. II.-A List of Private Bankers in the United States, with Name of New York Correspondent of each. III.-A List of 600 Savings Banks in the United States. IV.-A List of the Banks and Bankers of Canada, Nova Scotia, &c. V.-A List of Banks and Bankers in the Leading Cities of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, South Afierica, West Indies, &c. VI.-Engraved Views of New Bank Buildings in New York and other Cities. VII.-Engraved Views of the Bourse or Stock Exchange Buildings of leading Cities of Europe, &c. VIII.-Engraved Fac-Similes of New Coins issued in the year 1873. IX.-Statistics of the Coinage of the U. S. and of other Countries. X.-Statistics of the Production of Gold in all Countries; with a variety of useful details relating to Banks, Savings Banks, Stocks and Bonds (American and Foreign), Railroads, Mercantile Commodities, &c.. ONE VOLUME OCTAVO; PRICE THREE DOLLARS. Information and suggestions for the -new volume, and orders for copies, may be addressed to I. S. HOMANS, Publisher, New York, P. O. BOX 4,S74. gg THE CARDS OF BANKERS will be inserted to order, in the Almanac for 1875, at $25 per quarter page, and will thus reach all parts of the United States, and leading cities of Canada, Europe, &c. " ENGRAVINGS of other new Banking Houses will be inserted to order on moderate terms. Office of THE BANKER'S MAGAZINE and THE BANKER'S ALMANAC, New York, No. 251 Broadway. MACHINIST S' T OO L S. MACHINE-SHOP, FOUNDRY, SMITH-SHOP, AND BOILER-SHOP EQUIPMENTS. Special Machines for all the requirements of Locomotive and Railway Construction and Repair Shops. STEAM HAMMERS Of all Sizes, adapted for IRON or STEEL VORK, as required. COA R-B UI, LDE RS' TOOLS, SUCH AS Single and Double Axle Lathes, Wheel Borers, Hydrostatic Wheel Presses, Upright Drills, one, two, and three spindle Bolt Cutters, two and six spindle Nut Tappers, double Car Box Borers, six spindle Drills for truck frames, Axle-centering and Cutting-off Machines, punches and Shears, separate or combined, etc., etc, WM. B. B EMENT & SON, INDUSTRIAL WORKS, -..- PHILADELPHIA, Corner 21st and Callowhill Streets. "Buckeye" Steam Pumps, and Power Pumps, for Mills, Mines, and all other purposes. 1i34 Wt-..Sre Ct 0. I -N V U a U McGO WAN P P CO., 34 Walnut Street, Cincinnati, 0.O