THE
ORATION OF DEMOSTHENES
ON THE CROWN.
WITH
EXTRACTS FROM THE ORATION OF AESCHINES AGAINST
CTESIPHON, AND EXPLANATORY NOTES.
BY
MARTIN  L. D'OOGE, PH.D.,
PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
" Quid enim tam aut visendum ant audiendum fuit, quam summorum oratorum in gravissima causa accurata et inimicitiis incensa contentio?"
CIc. de Opt. Gen. Orat.
CHICAGO:
S. C. GRIGGS AND COMPANY.
1875.




COPYRIGHT, 1875.
BY S. C. GRIGGS & CO.
UNIVERSITY PRESS: WELCH, BIGELOW, & CO.,
CAMBRIDGE.




TO
JAMES R. BOISE, PH.D., LL.D.,
PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO,
TIIlS EDITION OF DEMOSTHENES DE CORONA IS GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED,
AS THE FRUIT OF STUDIES FIRST INSPIRED BY HIS ADMIRABLE
INSTRUCTION, AND AS A TRIBUTE OF RESPECT FOR
HIS EMINENT SERVICES IN THE CAUSE
OF CLASSICAL LEARNING.








PREFACE.
HE aim of the present edition of the De Corona is
threefold: First, to present in the most concise form
possible the latest results of study and criticism upon this
masterpiece of Athenian oratory, especially as found in the
best approved editions of the German scholars. Of all
these editions Westermann's and Voemel's have been most
freely consulted and used, particularly in points of historical and textual criticism. The text is that of Baiter and
Sauppe's Oratores Attici, which follows most closely the
reading of A, the oldest and best of the manuscripts. A
few departures from this text are noticed as they occur.
A second aim of this edition is to lead the student to
study the oration as a finished rhetorical and literary production. No encouragement is given to such as would
make it mainly a vehicle for teaching grammar. The
grammatical notes are, therefore, few, referring in the main
only to the nature of conditional and to the structure of
relative sentences. On the other hand, frequent attention
is called to the rhetorical order of words, the emphasis of
position, the use of metaphors, the rhythm of diction, and




vi                   PREFACE.
kindred points in rhetoric. The opportunity for using
illustrative material is exceedingly limited in an ordinary
text-book; but the editor hopes that the few specimens of
illustration referred to in the Notes may stimulate a more
general comparison of Demosthenes with other orators, both
ancient and modern.
A third aim, quite akin to the second, is to enable the
student to appreciate the oration as a skilful plea and a
masterpiece of argumentation. To realize this aim it is
essential that he have some acquaintance with the rival
oration of AEschines. But in most of our colleges this oration is not read; and the student reads a speech that was
made as a rejoinder to one of which he has but the slightest, if aniy, knowledge. To meet this difficulty, in part at
least, extracts from the oration of AEschines are appended
at the foot of the text to illustrate those points which Demosthenes makes directly in reply to his opponent. The
editor has found, upon repeated trial, that such a comparison, almost point for point, of the rival orations, gives new
interest and value to the study of the De Corona. It has
not been thought best to make any comments upon the
AEschines, as it would be difficult to fix any limit here.
Generally it will be found sufficient for the illustration of
the text of Demosthenes, that the pupil simply read these
extracts. To supplement them, and to enable the student
to follow and compare the chain of argument of each orator
throughout its entire length, a brief abstract of the speech
of 2Aschines has been added in an Appendix. The course




PREFACE.                    vii
of the argument of Demosthenes can be obtained from the
divisions designated in the Notes. The student is recommended to write out for himself a full abstract of this oration. The editor allows himself one or two more suggestions. Let the pupil be required to notice carefully all the
references to other parts of the oration, and so learn how
certain expressions may often recur, and how the use of
a word or phrase, in one connection may explain its use
in another. In a word, let the Notes be carefully studied.
The student will find it greatly to his advantage to read,
in preparation for the study of this oration, Chapters
LXXXIX. and XC. of Grote's "History of Greece." It
remains to be added, that, on account of the generally
acknowledged spuriousness of the inserted documents, and
their irrelevancy to the points under discussion, it has not
been thought worth the while to write comments upon
more than the first four, - a sufficient number from which
to gain some idea of the internal evidence against their
genuineness, and to illustrate peculiar and technical uses
of words.
The Introduction is substantially taken from Anton
Westermann's fourth edition.
While in the midst of my preparation there comes to
hand Professor W. S. Tyler's excellent revision of the edition of Holmes. To both the original and the revising
editor I have acknowledged repeated indebtedness for notes
on the use and meaning of words. Besides the sources already named, my material has been drawn chiefly from




viii                  PREFACE.
Whiston, Lord Brougham, Professor Larned, Reiske, Schaefer, Dissen, Bremi, Rehdantz, and from Arnold Schaefer's
exhaustive work, Demosthenes und seine Zeit.  I am also
under obligations to Professor J. H. Lipsius, of the University of Leipzig, for valuable lectures on this oration. My
special thanks are due to my scholarly colleague, Professor
Albert H. Pattengill, for valuable suggestions and critical
assistance in preparing this work for the press.
I shall esteem it a favor if any one using this book shall
call my attention to any error whatsoever.
M. L. D'OOGE.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, January, 1875.




INTRODUCTION.
T HE news of the defeat at Chveronea excited no small consternation at Athens.  In the supposition that Philip
would prosecute his victorious career and attack Athens itself,
it was determined in all haste to place the city in a better state
of defence. The unexpected clemency of Philip in his dealings
with the Athenians, and the peace brought about soon after
through the agency of Demades, interrupted, it seems, these
hurried defensive preparations. But the importance of an extensive and thorough repair of the walls and fortifications had
thus been made evident; and before the close of the year 338
a proposal was successfully made by Demosthenes, without exciting opposition, as it appears, from the Macedonian party, that
the building of the walls and defences be at once carried forward. The work was apportioned, as usual, by sections among
the ten tribes, each of which elected a commissioner (-ZetXorot0'),
as administrator of the funds set apart by the state for this
purpose, and as general overseer of the work.
The tribe of Pandionis elected Demosthenes to discharge this
trust. Demosthenes expended from his own resources a hundred minas over and above the ten talents given him by the
state for this object (cf. ZEsch. c. Ctes., ~~ 23, 31; Dem. ~ 113,
below). This, together with his generous donation to the Theoric Fund (cf. Dem. ~ 113, below), furnished Ctesiphon, his
personal friend and supporter, with an opportunity to obtain a
public recognition of the general as well as special merits of De



x                   INTRODUCTION.
mosthenes as a citizen and politician. Accordingly, Ctesiphon
proposes, in 337 B. c., a decree that the state should honor Demosthenes with a golden crown, not only for these benefactions,
"but also especially because he constantly says and does what is
for the best interest of the people" (cEf. Esch. ~ 49); further-'
more, that the herald should proclaim this crown in the theatre
before the assembled Greeks, at the time of the great Dionysia.
The Macedonian faction saw in this proposal only a stroke of
policy on the side of the Patriotic party, which party interests
bade them thwart at all costs. When, therefore, the Senate
brought this proposal, which appears to have passed this body
without serious opposition, for confirmation before the Assembly, 2Eschines entered protest, and declared his purpose, under
oath (cf. note, ~ 103, below), to bring a COMPLAINT FOR ILLEGALITY ('ypao' 7rapavowov) against the author of the proposal.
The immediate sequence of this declaration was the suspension
of the bill until this question should be decided. The complaint, according to ZEschines, ~ 219, was formally brought
prior to the death of Philip, which occurred in July, 336.
In the bill of indictment ZEgschines attacks the legality of
the proposal (now a rrpo,/ovAXEvya) at two points: (1) that the
statement contained therein, that Demosthenes constantly aims
in his words and deeds at the best interests of the state, is false,
and to insert a false statement in the public documents is forbidden by law (cf. ZEsch. ~ 50); (2) that the proposed crowning
was a violation of the existing laws in two respects, inasmuch
as Demosthenes had not yet given account of the offices for
which it was alleged he had deserved so well, and again in that
the proclamation was to be made in the theatre at the great
Dionysia.
It is plain that Ctesiphon is not the man against whom
such a formidable attack must needs be directed. The real antagonist whom Z~schines wishes to encounter is Demosthenes;
the man who for so many years had defiantly opposed him, had




INTRODUCTION.                        xi
crossed and thwarted all his purposes, had compelled him to
enter into a formal defence against a charge of treachery and
misconduct in an embassy to Philip, had all along defended the
common fatherland against the encroachments and schemes of
Macedon; and who, even when the unavoidable calamity had
come, and Athens, in common with the other Greek states, had
fallen under the Macedonian sway, had with unwearied strength
and unfailing courage devoted himself wholly to the promotion
of the welfare of the state. Now, when the influence of the
Patriotic party was so greatly crippled by the disastrous result
of the late struggle for independence, now was the favorable moment forcrushing the hated rival and for annihilating his political existence. Such was the spirit in which ZEschines undertook this prosecution. His oration against Ctesiphon is, in point
of rhetorical finish, one of the masterpieces of ancient oratory,
but in moral tone a detestable abortion, the fruit of blind and
unbridled passion. In full measure he pours upon his opponent
the accumulated and distilled poison of his party hatred; every
means is legitimate to assuage his thirst for revenge; not one of
the measures of Demosthenes - and he passes them all in review -finds mercy in his sight.  Demosthenes, he charges, has
crouched before Philip; has received bribes from every quarter;
the unfortunate peace of Philocrates is of his doing; to him the
unhappy Phocians and Thebans owe their ruin; in short, all
the calamities that have befallen Greece lie at his door, -a caricature which, in its exaggeration, reproves and corrects itself.
Thus challenged, Demosthenes cannot have hesitated to enter
upon the contest. For, aside from the fact that he was the
natural defender of Ctesiphon, and also that even under much
less provocation it was not in the nature of an Athenian to let
personal injuries go unresented, nothing could have seemed to
him more desirable than this opportunity to vindicate publicly
his entire political career. Indeed, to destroy the fabric of lies
woven by 2Eschines, there was no need of such powerful elo



xii                INTRODUCTION.
quence as Demosthenes possessed; there was, however, need of
a character as pure and of as great moral dignity as was his to
do this with certainty, with confidence in the good cause he
espoused, and with success in the face of a credulous, fickle,
and excitable populace.
To be sure, his oration also, perfect as it is in its structure,
has its shadows.  Such are the personal assaults upon iEschines,
comments upon which are to be found in ~~ 129, 258 if. And
here we may not pass by unnoticed the fact that Demosthenes
does not always candidly and simply limit himself to the bare
statement of facts, especially is this the case when he wishes to
expose the weak points of his antagonist's policy or to conceal
those of his own; but, on the contrary, occasionally he gives to
his representation a plausible and sophistical coloring. In this,
however, he differs in no wise from all his contemporaries; and,
at all events, these sophisms, unjustifiable though they are when
taken by themselves, employed in a good cause are not able to
weaken at all the impression of truthfulness which the oration
produces as a whole.
Unquestionably the weakest part of the defence lay in the answer to the technical and legal points that formed the basis of
the indictment. 2Eschines was too wary a man to enter upon
this contest without feeling sure of his ground in at least one
respect. The peril of Demosthenes was really this; that his
opponent would argue solely the legal question in the case,
and, arguing this successfully, would seriously implicate his
political career and ruin his public reputation and influence.
Had ZEschines limited himself to the illegality of this proposal
on the score of Demosthenes's accountability (cf. ~~ 112, 119,
and notes), there is every reason to believe that Ctesiphon would
have been condemned, and Demosthenes would have remained
uncrowned. But this' did not satisfy the hatred of 2Eschines.
Blinded by his passion for revenge, he weakened the force of
his legal argument not only in connecting with it a second




INTRODUCTION.                      xiii
technical question of exceedingly doubtful nature (that of the
place of Proclamation), but also in concentrating the strength
of his attack upon an examination of the public career of his
opponent, in order to prove how unworthy he is in every point
of view of the proposed distinction. Thus the legal question
falls at once into the background; it is no longer Ctesiphon,
but Demosthenes, who is on trial. And Demosthenes does not
fail to avail himself of the advantage that is thus offered him;
but, placing the legal points in the middle of his speech, to
borrow the expression of the old critics, as a good general
arranges his weakest troops in the centre of his line of battle,
he devotes nearly all his efforts to the refutation of the personal
reproaches and charges that were brought against himself.
The trial of this suit did not come off at once, but, according
to various authorities (cf. ~Asch. ~ 254; Plut. Dem., ~ 24; Cie.
De opt. gen. orat., ~ 7), was postponed until the latter part of
the summer of 330 B. c., a period of at least six years after the
indictment was first brought. What occasioned this unparalleled delay is wholly unknown; neither orator makes the slightest allusion to it. Had there been on either side any artful
design in this postponement, the opposite party would doubtless have mentioned it in its own favor. The time for renewing the complaint and bringing it to trial was doubtless well
chosen; for Alexander's recent victories in the East, and the
destruction of the Peloponnesian league by Antipater, the
Macedonian general, must have newly elated the partisans of
Macedon at Athens, and given ~Eschines and his associates
fresh hopes of success in their attack upon Demosthenes.
The fame of the trial and the reputation of the rival orators
attracted strangers from all parts of the Hellenic world (cf. note
on ~ 196).  AEschines, being the prosecutor, spoke first.  If
the usual custom was followed, Ctesiphon, as the defendant,
made the first reply.  What this was is unknown; it was
probably nothing more than a formal denial of the charge.




xiv                 INTRODUCTION.
The case was closed with the speech of Demosthenes on the
defence.
That we possess these orations in the exact form in. which they
were delivered, no one supposes. But to point out the changes
that were introduced in their revision is largely a matter of
conjecture. Some of them may at least be inferred in comparing the two orations; especially is this true of the speech
of IEschines.  Demosthenes, on the one hand, alludes to topics
which his opponent has just treated (cf. ~~ 95, 238), but which
are not found in the oration of ZEschines; while, again, the
speech of zEschines contains quite a number of points for a
reply to which we search Demosthenes in vain. It must not,
of course, be expected that Demosthenes would discuss all
the statements of his rival, point for point; a few charges in
the great number may have escaped his notice, many deserved
no attention, and the right to pass by such as were of minor
importance was doubtless exercised. But that he should have
left unanswered entire portions of the speech of ZEschines, as,
for example, that in which the latter depicts the last of the
four periods into which he divides his rival's public career (cf.
Abstract in Appendix), and have passed by in silence those
scornful insinuations of ZEschines in treating this period, not
even noticing them so much as to say that their consideration
was wholly irrelevant to the case, - this exceeds all probability.
These considerations lead to the suspicion that 2Eschines
subsequently rewrote his speech, omitting in the revised edition
what best suited his purpose (cf. note, ~ 95), and adding to it
parts which in their full extent can no longer be definitely distinguished. This suspicion is fully confirmed in the case of two
passages. One of the most common artifices of the ancient
orators was the use of what is called iVrobopa or subjectio, by
which the arguments or illustrations of an opponent are anticipated either as a matter of conjecture or df report, and the
attack or defence is thereby made more difficult.  ZEschines




INTRODUCTION.                        xv
makes frequent use of this rhetorical artifice; but in two places,
~~ 189, 225, the apparent artifice is really plagiarism. Upon
comparing these two passages with ~ 319 and ~ 243 of Demosthenes (in which connection they are cited), we find the closest
similarity. Now, all due allowance being made for what each
orator may have heard in advance of the other's line of argument, through the discussions of their adherents and the reports
of talebearers, to suppose that in such unessential and minute
respects as the form of an illustration one orator should exactly
anticipate the other, is most improbable, not to say impossible.
It admits, therefore, of hardly a doubt that ~Eschines copied
both the similes in the passages referred to from the speech of
his rival after its publication. Demosthenes, it is believed, published his oration, if not word for word, certainly in substance,
as he spoke it, soon after the trial was over; 2Eschines, as it
appears, published his somewhat later, taking advantage of the
earlier publication of his opponent's speech.  Could Demosthenes, when he published his own, have had before him the
speech of 2schines in its revised form, we may suppose that
his also would in some points have read differently.
The final issue of the trial makes some atonement for the
malice to which it owes its origin. iEschines did not receive
a fifth part of the votes, and was accordingly condemned to pay
the fine established by law of one thousand drachmas, and to
suffer inability ever again to institute a sinilar suit.  His
influence and reputation were destroyed; and unable to endure
the sight of the hated victor, he went to Rhodes into voluntary
exile. It is related that here he read his speech against Ctesiphon; and when his Rhodian audience expressed surprise that
such a masterly oration should not have gained him the day,
he gracefully remarked, "You would cease to wonder, if you
had heard Demosthenes."








AHMO O ENH.








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ITEI~ANOY.
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IIEPI TOT:TED)ANOT.                   7
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IIEPI TOT ETEcbANOT.                      9
KOVVTLra  E V(Lua  Ecopa, ELrL vO/~OL WrEpl 7ravTrv  Kal
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7r~ ~~yeerva oEt T    ES'q/E




IO                  AHMO: OENOT:;
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IIEPI  TOT  ZTEqDANOT.                 II
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OVT  AXXW  OVSeVL TVt aavr Tov o-UVEXa'O Pavov




I2                  AHMO:OENOT:
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IIEPI TOT ETEbANOT.                              13
8?LOg O V       vWroKpLmr, O   E'KSE(CqLEVo0  KCLL ypca, Kat EaVTroJv  Era TOVrov /LxCO oc               i E'TL Tl VTaL
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/EvI XAoy7 rpoptacrakevov A-lqocrOE'vov%, TO\ &  qr1L-ta/La ypa'qavTro'I'LXOKpaMTOvs.




14              AHMOIOENOT:
cracrOat. ELT C) -  TL AV ELTav  (Lrv  c7 TL opOp   ITrporEfrOL;  EcrTtv 0o7rov G;v irapav, TrXLoKaV7r)vV nrpaewv Kal  TVtLlkaXlacXav, 7X LKr)7V'VVVI &'LE'  EL, OpoJ V
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i6                AHMOIOENOT:
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IEPI TOT ITE~ANOT.                             17,HI:EMA.
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20                   AHMOIOENOTS
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22                AHiMOOENOTI
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IIEPI  TOT  6TE(DANOT.                  23
8VcXEpacLvOVTE3 IqyETE T7)V ELpr1'7V O.CO93 O0  yap
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EK rTOXXoV rrTOXEctOV1evoC.  ore yap rrtEPLLV  CtL1T- 44
ro'IJXXvp\tov  KaZ TpLa3XXo1v,  \T3Va 8  Kal rTv'EXIXvcv g KaTEorTpe4ero, Kal 8VVCdlEL3 rTOXXca  KaLt
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orov  o, OV rrpo  E/EE.  Efy  JEV yap 7TpOvXEyOV Ka 45
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IIEPI TOT:TE(ANOT.                       25
7rpoL3OV'cTL Kal  iLjcOapvovocrTL      E'XELV E/  oCO
8opo8oKcreT rTe 7repLTOlEL, KaL  8La 7TOVs 7TOXXOVS
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Ka'i Trepl  Ev Tv  TOTE 7rpaX0EVTcV 3x(v E'TL 50
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66. o 7yap LtLcraLXavopos wvl LaoKV  Vat Kat r 0T  KtLOA0Vros Ato~EL K    oXE  T   -qv 6ETav eol v7pospv aXX-  oVK 52opov, ypaoc fc fratrua.




26                  AHMOZOENOTZ
cTeLS, iEpcoTr7rov avrovS. /        aAXXov  8''y r ov'
r7E                     oyo.
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53    BovXoptact  -rovvv             Kay7  KOCCL  TEpl  T7    ypaouravTrqs  a7roXOy cracrOat  Kac   8cEeEX0E LV                 ra -
pay/e'   v C  CavrTc,  iva, KalcTEp  ei8CS     Ao-XLvr/s
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7Tv7  ypa rjv avir'rv Xa,a'v.
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54   CErt XatpuvEov  vpxovros, EXaor-poXtovoS  EKT?1  UTTaLLE'VOv,
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7rapav/oLWV KaTa KTrnL0to(vros o70    AEtOcvovs''Ava4aXvo-Ttov
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TE T'ovs YEXXA/vas "7VTagrL  Kalt Tv T /L4ov Ti-v'AOlvairv, KaYt
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T' ou? KaL 7rp(~Ovpotlg  Ur'TtL 7rotEV  7 Tt av  1rvTat tyaOoV,
55 7ravTa ravTa qtvqS -ypaefas KatL 7rapavo/ka,.T.v.VO1/)o OVK "(JVTOV
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TI' (TTE~fOavov EV TO') OCa'TpO ACOVViOt' Tp ay&OV    KiltV,  A
LV u         /1ovEErVrpl r,/vvXq TTrTE, V T( POVXEVT o IVEL EV
Cav It~:v -q flovXrl a-,r~avo'  L            f,




IIEPI TOT ITE(bANOT.                         27
O ArL, E'Y IIVKVt EV A 71I EKKXrfaq.?lPV' a   raXav~a  sevrKovTa.  KX'-OpES  Kqroo4-oLv  KqLcro-oi,vrTo   PacLJVovcTLos,
KXEov KXEwvog Ko0oK`Sr].]
"A  zEv BLoKEL TOV 4rl4L'O'.LkaroT, o avSpes'AOiq- 56
vaotL, Trav' c(rvT.  cyc  8' &a7   avTCOv   T70OVT
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7roTv(TacaLEvo  TOWV yEypaCji4LEV&W TCLv   v  TEpL 7TavTCtV  Epo  KaO   EKcKaLrTOv  EY  EigS Kai oV8EV  EKCoV.TapacXEi4o.  TOv  ILEV ov ypaclaL  paTTrovTa Kal  57
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28                AHMO$~ENOT$
crTe'avov  KEXEvcraL, KOLVtWELV eLv i     qyov/aL  KaY
Oo-       g    v   o e, K              aW:OoE    ui, 7 tz  Ko9
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XAyov, 7rplv EvrOvvvag rov vat, yEypacE /LECaev L rr7Ocev-7v apXovTa
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IIEPI TOT ZTE~ANOT.                    29,,, C,,,,,
acp   7fr Lzepac eirTL avTa T'rrV7TETTV Eyo KatO I LEKtXiVr5, TarTa avalV)0Lq   Kalt T0oVTV VmEwc$W XOyov,
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EvlavOa cavT\v Taca3l Tr71 7T0XLTEla3 ELp EYC. nro- 63
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KOXVO-EL, Kal iTpo?7) CaPEO, Cs E'OLKEV, EK oroXXov,, a   o      ev    ~ oko,




30               AHMOE ~ENOT:~
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IIEPI  TOT  VTEDANOT.                 31,8-v,O aEL TEpl ITpCOTEL&V Kat TL/J,7) Kal 8O667  ayoVL(0OLEV7)V TrY)v TraTpLa, Kal 7rXELO Kat XprLwaTa
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ev Irao Kal   yo K   al t etOpjl7cLaL T7r)s Tv 7TrpOyOVP)V apET7q) vITroILvrcLa OEOpoVo-L CTOa;VTrv KaKLav mVrapea, Ocr-TE T7rrs XEvOEplas avTE7rayyeXTovS EX0aovTas rapaxcwpocraL (&l7rTXT.  ov8' &v
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Kabov LEal    7aTrTov OLK TKELVOK VTVTpaTOev  a-LtEv
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32              AHMO EENOT$
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HIopOlov, Kal KaOrTaL  E' Lv  iv'lpe  (LXLTLrr'8rv
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EIv as 8E rov9 qvya'cal KaTraclyv, Trorepov raTra
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a'8K7r/arTa  ravTWa a  TrerpaKTa- Kcat allaprr7LarTa




IIEPI TOT %TE~ANOT.                               33
e/za.   dsiEL 8E   e    ra  roVTroV  KJXOvrI7v    "azr vat,
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V ) o X(L~, &WLjLEXylO7va~ TOV' 7rpvTaVrL  KaL TOV  crTrpaVrT 1o3v
7rOV, Kat  X          jYVVXi or K   aLpE~o t 7rp o-3L 7po  4XLww OV,
O' tapayvO'6EVOL TaXE-wovTaE 7rp5o   aMVTOV -TrpL ToV a~O7vaL Torv 74
vavapxov KaL T'a rXoLa Kal T0ov  rT paTo aTrac.  KaXL EL  VK L'
aYVOLaV iai G rV rE 7  rOL7KeV O   AKvvaraS, OTL OV /(E/LfrL/OLpEL o &?7/o
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77 o a~roTT p    7 0 ~rE(TT. PI           C-1EW Lva aLG   OILCY01




,34                AHMOO6ENOTE
75   Tovto tE'v To1'vvv ro 47LtO-/ja Eiv',ovXogs typa4EV, OVK  e7co, TO  8    E(/EST'AptLoro4-v,  El)'Hy7Ir-V7ros, ECT'Apto'rofcv  raTXtv, Jcla (DXoKpcLT~ri,  ELT(CL K/ 4~LO-Of, //,ELc7TaVT~E      iYc;  8'
Vpan7        Etra K-qotKroolxv, eLTa ravTes    eyo  8
OVOEV VEPI TO&7CV.  1tE.
ovev IrEpr               A'e.
*H4I1MATA.
[ETrl NEOKXovg apXOVTOo, 8O-l8pOLLtwVOS l'V Ka' V /, PfovX~q
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l~AXLvrrov 7rEpl rts T viv'r/XOtIv aVaKO/uLL8&7 Kat EvTokXas Sovva&
KacTa Ta CK TS EKKAXrLal qI/?7qtcrLaTa.  Kat lELvATO TOVTOE,
Kr4Lcw'oc)vra KXEwvos'Avac7oX'toTv, A-q]/uLOKptTOV 7ATLoo/XVTOg'Avayvpa'o'ov, IIOXvKpLTOV'AR/a4vrov KOOWKL'8V.  7TpTavctla
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I              O e          1'                   a
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ETEpOL9 EyKaXwv.  A'yE 8' aVTrT)V TriV ETUTTOX)Vv
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EIIIETOAH  DIAIHHIIOY.
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IIEPI TOT ZTEJ~ANOT.                              35
7rEpL'S. Twv 7rXoLwv a/E`ER (')v EVCavapXEL AaO)LE&A V.  KaIO
oXov xE\V oVv  OLtYE /atlVEO0E EV VEYLLX7  EvreXta EOE(TGat, EL Y
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T7jV JEV VVV OVTOV, EK 7rTaVTOS 8;  TpWOv fOVXOLtVovV ToV  qz/ov
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rats  TroXEC-L KaTre7r0ev.   \Ler   ravra  8\  -To     80




36                AHMO2O3ENOT%
a7rroTo'oov3 a7rTavTa c aTrerrTEtXa, KaO  oivs Xeppov'vr7oo  E&)COr I KaL Bviacvrtov KaL 7TaVrTE  Ol o-6/-..aXOOL.  EdC  W)r   vv WV LUV JV      KcXXatrra, EICTLLVOL
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4eEXEXX qE/V8o/LeVoT.




IIEPI TOT VTEbANOT.                            37
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[7wrev ApuroVLKos  (pEappLtos.




38              A HMO:OENOT~
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IIEPI  TOT:TE)ANOT.                    39
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avVKoafv lV avOponrov ev Tj T7roXL.




40                   AHMO0eENOTZ,H4H)IMA BYZANTIQN.
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TE TOL 7rpoyeyeva/EVOtL KatLpoLS EVVOEwv  &LaTEXE   BVgavTt'OtL Kal
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MaKE&VO;  E7rLo-TpaTEV(OavTOS 7rLt TOaV  Xwpav Kal TaYv 7rotv C7r'
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KaL 3AcXCc  Kal OwrXCtTas'e$EIXETTo aLE EK T(OV T LEya0 WV KLVOVVoV
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OoE bTLyaUav, OLyaTElav, E7oKTacV, ya; Kal OtKLav, 7TpoEspLav Ev
TOLS ayiXL,  IoTooov ITOTl T\v 8oJXv Kal TOv  oa&lov  WpaTots,ccTa
a IEpa,'Kal TOTS KaTOLtKELV eOEXov. L T'X Y  roXAv   ELTO)pYToLs
T( ~EpCL,'                                       LO \  Vt K  Oe
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Kal OEWptas lE Ta' "v T'EXXa&L 7rravlyv'pmas, "IrOla   Kal NtEa
Kat O.V,jL7rta Kal HvOLa, Kal a~vaKapv$aL T(S o7-TEcaV.S    aCoT(TEavowraLt 6 8aLog 6o'AOrlvat'wv v4' yuLwov, 07rw0  c7rrUTEwvTaL Ot:EMXave; 7rawvTes'AOqrva'ov apeTav Kat Tav BvgavTWov Kal IIEpLvO iV CvXaptLtaV.1
92     AEyE  Kal  Tovs  irapa  rcov  Ev Xeppov cr               a-reOavovs.
IHI)IYMA XEPPONHMITMN.
[XEppovrqcLTrwV O  KaToLKOVVTE,; $7uTTOV'EXEovTora MaSvrov'AXo6r)Kovvqr-Ov crTEbavovor-Lv'AO qvatov T77V  ovXiv KaL TOV 8Yq-,uov Xpvop aETTEavw a7ro TraXavvTWv kt7KovTa, Kai XapLTrov 8&0)obv
ipv'ovTat Kal A uov'AO9va'vW, OTt 7rLavTO)V /LeTov   ayyaEwv




IIEPI TOT vTEDANOT.                      4I
7rapatTtos yCyove XeppovrcrLTaLg, EeEX0o/EVos EK T'Pg (IlXrr Tov KaL
a7ro8oV rTaS 7raTp'ais v, w0o  vo'lova, T)v EXEvOEplaV, Tr& LEpca.
KaLL EV r TLETOL TaVTa altVt 7raVTt OVK AEIaEt EVcXapLrT6 KaL
7rOrlv  nO Tt aV 8vYa  a'yao'V. TavTa nlCXVTO EV'T KOtYV
foVZXE2Vrqptp.]
OV'KOV  OV j/o'vov To' XEppo'vvto-ov Kal Bvo;v/TLov 93
oTcrcat, ov8E To KrXVohCaL Tov WEiX- OVO7V Vr'     O
<IDLXL`7rC0 )YEVErO-Oat  TOTE, OV8E TO  TJIaOrOaL T'7ZV
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LXLWT7TO0V KLaKlav.  0  EV yp   VJaXO   V TO'!             WV T0L~
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BvcavTtovs 7rOXLOpKCV aViTOVS E'WfpacTO VirO TaVTWV,,, I                            I.),,  ^, K 5
Ov TL YEVOLT aLV CLL'O.xC LO,  LcLPWTEPOV;   V/KLE'  98
OL KLL /  LEJckqEvOBL rTOXXcL  Kal 8Locaa ao EKE VOL 
ECKOTC00  ITEptL (OV'jqYV 7y LOV7/KEO-ap EL viiao EV T0LE/LIpTOc0EV XpOVO lS, OV I&LOVOV OV pV7l/tKaKOVV07TE
OVE 7TpOLE(LEVOL TOVS aoLKovIEIvOV  aAXXa Kal 0C'OvOTE3.E4alVEGTEE, E  cov 8o0'av Kal EvvoLtav rapa
7TcVTCV EKTaCrOE.  Kalt /v) O'TL IEV TOXXVo  ET7TEoav(JKaT 7877 TJVy 7ToITALEvouTEVO v, a7raLVTES toaot
c OVTtLvaCL a8 aXXov 7)7 7aXLs EO-TEaJVWCTacL, CTV/0ovXov  Xyxt) Kal pfT2opa, 7vTXV 80' EE, OVO8' av
EL  EL7TTEV EXOL.
Iva TOLVVV KaCL Tas  Xao-7Las, as KaTa Tov 95
EiV,30rEC)V Kai  TCov BvcavTlov E7TOLVcaLTO, EL TL 8v-'\~    70, Ear    Kr _pb,,   > ~ c ^   c   I
(JXEPE3 aVcTOV  E7TEIrpaKTO IrpoR v/tag V7TO(lqV/



42              AHMO-OENOTY
cYKRV, TVKOTavTLac  ovcra3 EWTL38El!) bUY) jLO Ov  TCU9
JEV3ELF Elvat (Troro iELv Yap VrTapXEL v/a3 E13o0Tag 7)yov/caL) aXXa Kat 7T(, el T7a  aLcaXLrT 7crav
a~iXOELS, OVTco3 WC0  Ey   KeXpl7uaL 7rots 7pcpalyjlacrL
uV/jvtEpELV XprlJ acrOac, EV * 8iVo /povXo0LaL Tiv
KaO'  v1as8 TrerTrpay!LevCv KaXcov T7L   7rA XEL 3LE:eXOElV, Kal T7aVT  v ppaXe'rLvL   Kal yap cavpa l8ta,
Ka L TO VLV KOL/7 rTrpOS Ta KLXXLoY7la T'7v  vrwapXovTOLVVV, av8pE3'AO-qva'aot, AaKESaqiOV`C&ov  y,7)  Kal
OaXaTrrlp  apXO'vTrov  Kal Ta KVKXC) T'jX'ATTLKA 3
KaTEXovPrTv  cap/LO(ratL  KLat  povpacs, E1/3oLav,
Tavaypav, 7~)v Botco7Tav a7racrav, Meyapa, ALyLvav, KXecwvac, aXXas vrIov, ov  va0 g, ov r ixr
Tr   7 rdoXE    OTE KT7TcraULEV'7r, Eq)sXOE7rE El'AXapTOV KaL 7r'cXLv OV TroXXatS E'  aLt  vcrTepov Pe
KopLvov, V TWV TOTE'AO-TvaiCtw  ToX   av EXovTc0Jv
Wv7r)LKKTaKicaL Kat KopLtwoLs KcLL  tY/3alolS TW)V
7rEpL TOV/ AEKEXELKOeV To'XEl/ov  paXOe'vTr ov.  aXX'
97 OVIK  TOLOVV'TOVTO, OV'' Eyy/1V). KalTOL TOTE ravTa
5,, I   I,     tz,   c yy., \  I  I.I
aqlco7epa, Ao'l-xr I, ovO' V7TEp EVEPYET&V Ei7TOLOP'
OVT aKlvSvva EOpcov.  aAX0' ov; 8L ravTa'TpoLEvlTO
Eavtovy,  aXX' vrreP Ep 8oTOv9 KaTa4EvyovTaS E EaVTO1J%  tX  viTEp E8OetaS Kal TLp/Yk) 7)OEXOV TOtS 8ELVOLS CLavTJov\  Mo0lvat,
pOwp(O    Kat KaXw  p3ovXEVOdlxEVOL.  7rTpaS uEv ya&p
alacrLaYv avOp;7roLs EcrTL TOV  lOV Oavaros, Kav Ev
OLKL(TK~() TtS avToV KacElp'acS -r)pqi *J &i  T7ov




IIEPI  TOT   4TED>ANOT.               43
oayavovi  av8pas EYXELPEtv  iEV aracLV CLEL T70o
KaXo's, r)v acya0r)v vrpo,/aXXo/.Evovg AXir8a, fEpEW 8 o r av 6 6Eog 8OtL yTevvazlo.  TavT Eol- 98
ovv oi V/ETEpOL rpOY7OVOt, Tav0' Vp/ELS Ol rTpECo/VTEpOL, ol AaKE8altzovovg oV' 4'Xov       ag O vo'
EJEpyEP~a~ cLXXX  I OXX' T)V  1TOXW  ICtW 7 8LKV)KOevep~yErag, a xa roX a  7royv ro    ~;v,}80KVKdTra  Kac!Lecyala, eIreL8Sr7 o7i atoL Kparcravres EV
AEV'KTpOlS aVEXE'W E7TEXElPOVV, oLEKX' t'aTE, ov
9o%?7EETEiv    Tr)jV TOTE 07/,3aLotL pcOI,uqv KaL  Sojav
virapXovcrav, ov8' ivrp otlca TEITOOT1o/v aCw  poTOwv KLV8V'VE;VETE 8taXoyLOca-LevoL.  KaL yap To& 99
7TaGcL TO6lS EAA?7L  EOELlTarE EK TOVTC7P OTL Kav
OTLOVV TtS E'S V/Las E:aLa~prT7, TroVTor Trv opylrv
Kg, T     XETVO, Kavaf
OE Panna  EjE7E,  avV0,      g7at a at'P l,  XEV
OEplaS KTlvvo   S S avrov  Kara              ovre
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TOVTroV tLOOV  OqR ECX7KaTE, aXXoa 7raXLV COE
TEpLOtLE1vWV Or8aiLtwv TrqV Ev1OLa1v ov  TrepTeLSere,
oi$' dW VTOr0Ce/.o-lcCoO  Kal  iosco8pov  rTEpl'gQpw
rTov 7,&Kr7TE cWvE(Lv Or) 7 TE, XX  E/3POr1V7raOE Kaf
~N'
7TC-L qTOKOW.  KaO L KcLXV/V LEG V  EITOV8q0-aT Kq   TO 1a0K
IT,       o   ao                          rrp,
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yevozevtov rl ~'o~~, Ct)V e' 7''.  aAA' 01/7'V
rep& ToVtroV.  Ka& Kaaov IxEv e(rotl-aa   Ka& TO Ioo
crc"raL Tr'v 1r)o0,  TroXXc)' ETL TOvTOV KCLXXLOV,   po, Mq                              a V,   f oV
TO KaTa(rTaTVTE KVpLOL KaL TOWV (OaCLlWV KaL Tov
TOkXcvO aITro8ovvaL TarTa 8LtKalo  aVTo  ro'S TO' r
/lap7rTqKOcLW CiS vl a  (L7)U. rESv  7OV  q8lK7r)OE V7roXo



44              AHMOYOENOTZ
yLcraleVOL.  pLvp(taCL rovV ETEpa ETElV EXWV  irapaXElaTT, vaVLcaXlaL,9 EWO8OVg 7-Etc, orparelac  KaL
rTcLXaLL yeyovvlaS Kal vvv E' -rCttv av7cv, as' aaorac    A r   jo'  7r1s rTov a'XXov'EXX v ~XEvOEpla'
IOI KaL  Co)~rplas  rrTolrTac.  ELT  EY)/) TE'ECe'pqK('
Ev T0croVToLS KaC  TOLOVTOLo T7v 7TrXl  VTEp TrOV
rTO    akXXOL  crvLTVELEPovrIv  EtOEXovoav  ay&owvteeOaL, vrTep avTrjr  Tpo7Tov TLV  T7)q  3     o vX7socr O7g
IusAoo       v             rrv   o v
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7TOLEWl;  tvLrqoTLKaKEWl v  V  Aa  TpX O  TOV''ovXojLEVOVS (rECOEO-OaL, Kal 2Tppocla -LEt  Cr7TEV &L  as
a7ravTa Trpoar-olEOa.  KaL TL& OVK av a7rEKTELVE
/UE &LKactrcu, EL Tt Tc V vrapXovroov   7TX rrdEL KaCXKv,.,,,,  s E,
Xoye Lovov  KaTaLr;Txvvew errEXElprl7a; oraEEL TO
yE EIpyov  OVK av EWroL7rOaO' V/iEnS, acKpLS3    O i'8'
Eyo, El yap 7PO,8VXEO( E, Tl 7iV Ef/JMTO8V;  OVK
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i1OXLTEVOJL7BV'                        cw,
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E.LL7'  \,           \, \,
TOVs FLEv 7TXFOvclOV  areeTs aEro 4LKpWoV ~vaXcwLLT(OV y ltvo/LEvoV3, TOVq 8E /uETpLa 77 LIKpa KEKT7)ElEVOVo  TOtV VOXLTwV a7rToXXv'ovTa9, ETCL 8 VTTEpl'ovcav'K TO7CTOV T7rV 7AXLv TWV KaLpOv, EO7rlKa
VO/lLOV KaO' ov  E   Ta SIa"KaLa ITOLEl  7'VacyKacora
TOV3 1TXOVlOVg, TOV  8Ef TErrE'7lVas Ee7ravrr aL8sKOV



IIEPI  TOT  ZTE)ANOT.                   45
ie'VOV,  rT  rXEeL 8' O7EP   V xprLcrTqoaTrov, Ev
KaLP( yylyvecrO 7a Ta  1rapcLOKEval EITOL)7cta.  KatL I03
ypa4eL& rAov cayicva ToVrov eCI Vlas' ELT(r'XOov KaL
ia7TrEvyov, KaIl TO (LEpOS3 7TCOWV 4((V  O 8LO'KC&V
OVK faEX v.  KaTooL   ora xpriaTxa  To0V  7)yEEl0ovaS TOV  cO-V/LopLcov 7 T0ovS 8EevTepov  Kal TpLTovS
OtErOEe /xol Mo8ovat, CoxrTe IaXLOTa 11V ir) OdEtvat
OLEOEI (LQL 8L8OvaL,  OYT5E 8 L\LcLXL Ta  E V   ELa) 6EVLL
Tov VoLuoV T7oVro, el   ) iLr., KaTaaXXOVTLa ECv EV
vrrotolt L;  TrooaVT, Co v8pe3'AOrqvacot, o'cra
oKvr)oLaqL  av 7pog v[LL  EITEWV.  KaC TCVT ELKO- I04
TOJW E7paCTTOv   EKEULVOL.  7v yap aVTOV EK EEV TOV
rTpOTEpOV VOV cVVEKKCaLEKC   XELTOVp7ELV, av70L,
pev [uLKpa Kal o0v&v  avaCXlKov% 70Vo  S' b7ropovS TCtV 7TOXLTrV &ETLTpL/lgVcTOVL, E(  8E 701V ~E/OV
V1/oHV TO YLYVOl0EVOV KaTa T V 0ovCWav EKaoCTTOV
TLOEvaL, KaL 8vobv Eqafvr  p TppapXo   O$ TrX)6 ikta
EKT0o  Ka& 8EKaTO  rpTpOTEpOV   7VTEX7Wr o  orVr  yap
7P sl~PXU~ Y  VV 51    EC T V      \X \
TrpcrqpapXovg ETL WCVOlaCov cavrov', a AXX, orvvTreXEL.   (STrre sr TaLVTa XvO^vaCLL Ka\L t/1/) Ta  8KCLLC
rTOLEWV avayKaar7)vatc, OVK't<'      8' OOVK E8'800'aV.
Kat pkL XEyE ITp7WTOV l1EV TO   7)4LixLa KaLO' o I05
Ecor71)0v  7nv y3pa~rv, ELTra o70V  KTaraXoyov, TOv
T EK 70I V T TP EPOV volzov Kal TOv KaTa TOv eiov.
XEYE.
*HIIMA.
E7rLt apXOVTOg lOXVKXcOVS, LV\o)V  POfSpokLWVOV EKTf1  Wt
86Ka, OvXAj. 7rpvTavevovcorls 3Ir''o70oUoVTL[O%,' A-qUOocq S   A7/lO



46                   AHMO:OENOT$
TOe6vovS IlatavtEc, Est 7iCVyKE VO/LOV Ct' TO rpLtpapXtKov aVT TOv
TrpOTEpov, KaO  OV at, c-vvreXELat')Oav Tov TptLqpapXV.  KaCt
E7rEXELpoToV?,ov -q   fov X'  Kat o   oo  KU a7rryVEy/Ke  7rapaVOJWV  L oov -OcEVEL llaTpOKXS- 4XVE;VS, Kal To\ JEpo0  T(V qSiOV
ov Xa/\3v aWrErTE   Ta\, 7rEVTaKolKaW apaytsg.]
io6    (EpE 83j KaCL TOY  KaXov KaTaXoyov.
KATAAOrOY.
[Tovs TpOlpapXOVs KaXELecat El7rt Tqv Tptrip?7  (rVVEKKact8EKCa CK
Tov Ev ToZ3 XOXOLS o'vvTreAELv, a'7r  ElKOcL Kal 7rtVTE ETOV EiL
CETTCapaKOVTa, 2r  CTcov VTV  XopTyn Y,a xpoUvovS.]
(DEpE 37  Tapa TovTrov TOv E'K  TOV 4iov  V4ouV
KarmXoyov.
KATAAOrOY.
[Tovs rptqpapXovg atpetOat E7l Trtv 7 TptV)p- a7ro 1rTr   ovo'ta
KaTa T/lJrlLOtV, a7ro TaXaLVTrV oKa   Ecv &  TXtLO'OVV \  o7vka
a7rOTETtL7LuV  XpyTqLaTqOV, KaTa TOV avaXoytoy/Uov cs TptpLOv
7rXOlO)V Kat V7T7rpETlKOV V XELtTOVp7Yla (TTW.  KaTa T\7V  aVT7V  8
ava~XoyLav ErTOw KaL O9 EXCaTTwv ovo-ta EOTt TVL 8E Ka TavTtov,
E VT (ovvTEtcLav o-vvayojEvots dE  TL 8'EKa TrXavTa.]
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7} LLcKpa  avaXo-rat   av  rov  Lr t7a orCKaCa L       ro TEv
aEXE'cLv OL rarvXVcTao;   ov  TOu'VV  /i8OP0  T0           X EXE)
KaOv~ELvacL  TaJTa  crEqLvvvo 0acL, ov8e TC?  y/pace4
a7cTO~EVyELv, aAXXCa Ka\l r&  (TV/bEpovTa OEWtCal  rov
VOOV  KaL Tc   TE rEtpav  Epyc, 8s COKECvatl.'rava
y       oVp TOv  r7OXELtLov  TOv  aGrrorTAcov  ytyVO/LEVoWV




ITEPI  TOT  ITEb(ANOT.                 47,,,
KaTa TOV VolkO0V TOV EtzOv oVX tKET7rpLcav  rlqKE
77"       38EN17 C. 7Y O T  a 5LKOVl, CVO3 tr
ipt qpapXo3 ov&Lt ITr rToT caLKov/LEvo0 -nap lpvv,
OVK Ev MoUvVXt'c E~KaETE70O, oVX V7TO T'V a'oIr0ToXcc8w  -0q0, 0v TipL7p?0) Eov  t ) Ka/TaXEL(OE(Ta
aCrioXETo T7 TroXEL, oVT  v a aTTO re EXEtO/)   o0  8vvalEV7)w avayWcEOaL.  KatLTO  KaLTa Lov  rrpOTEpOVS Io8
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cc,,,,,,,
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Tro0LaVa irQoo7po V/V   roXLrTEVaTa, a cov aiaa
80'oa  Ka\L TLczaL Kal  8)vavCJELzs  Evve/aLvov i- 7TrodXEL, BcCTKCavov OEV Kal rTlKpOv  Ka KaKOOQE oV8E'v
ErTtL 7roX'1evzLa (ELov, oVs8E Ta7TELVOv, oVs' T1'j iToXECto acva LOV.  iraVo TOLVvv qo0  EXtOV Ere E 109
TOiL  KaTa T7-V 71TOXL  ITOXLJ7EjVaCTL KCL  EV TOLZ'EXX'Y)VLKOZs (iavmCqo/pacL  OVTE ya\p Ev TP- IT'XEL
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iroXXkv 8lKaLa c o ELX01nv, OVT Ev  or'EiXXqVLKO-o
-a QLXlTTrOV 8;pa KaL ir7Iv:evav P T lyc'rLTa avTi-V KL   TaL^  ^  ^0  c.EXXqo.L o-vp4)EpVaw
Hyov.LaL OL7Vvv XLotroPv etvaL ilOL rTEpl 70V Kr)- IIO
pvytkaTroS ETELV Kal T-WV EOvvWV  TOya yap C  rTa
aptLTa, rE.E7TrpaTTov Kal 8La vavr-O  E;VOVs EL/ tL
Kal rrpTOUV"o0  EV'oTOELV v/kas Kav.PJ EK iTV Elp)



48                  AHMOOENOT1
iEvcov 8E7Sr)XWOOal 0`        vot vltcdO.   KaL7 CTo   7-a /pyE-,,
(Ta'yE   T)oV  7TreLOXTEVLE`VJV  KaoL'TETpayExvC
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alro8ovivat /e 8Etv, ElTa, KCLV  tk?7E~v  ELCTCJ  r7TEp
7C ),     cay,r73~,fLtea  ~'epL
rTchv  Xotrctv  7TroXtev/lTcL)v,   ko6 o wIs  7rap'  v/lco
EKarL r o 7TO  o(vvELboS VTaPXELv'1Ot.
III    Tcwv  uEv ouvv Xo0yov, ovs OVTro   avco  KaC  KaCT')
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OVT   avros   )Osvvda/rL7v  (rvvetcvac  Tovs  roXXovs.
a7Tc oE\ Tj)v op6r7V 7rTEp&L TOV &KaCtLov &tVeO/CLat.   TO.OVTOV  yap  oE) XEyELW  Cos  OVK  EL/JIL
v7TEVVvO, o0 /vvv) OVTros 8E aXXE KaC    &cOptlero,
I3. AEovo LE', W'AOlqvatot, Kat ETepov Xoyov v7revavrtov 7T
apTltw  ELtpyk/vw w(  apa, oOTa 7Ls atpETog 0/v 7rpaTTEL KaTa 1,1'oarla, OVK -"L T-aVTa apx'7,  aL 7rt/keL  l  Tt  Kat  LtaKovta 
apXas o3E c07/rovvrLv eKetvag etvaL, ags OL eo-Lo0E'TaL  WOKX.pOoro-LV
Ev 0r           IKE( aEu,  KaKEVCLS  0S o S)LOS EJl0JE  XELPOTOVcELv EV aPXalpcEro-as, oTpaTrYov  Kat t7r7rapXovg Katl Tas /LET ov'TWV apXa,
Tag 8('  XXa; TaLVTag 7rpayLuaTeLaC  7rpocrTeray L~Evaq KaT(a 1'4ar/La.  I4. s-ye     isirpo  row Xoyovs robs IOV7WV   6ov /OYVTEpOV 7rapE o    0la, ov vL     EvoVLoeT7(TC7TE Xv(OELV'Yj70V/eVOL Tag
ToL(aV aeS 7rpo/o EL  EV (7 oLcpp(7)V yEypa7rTar,    Xpo'ov7-' )), o'  "''              \....
Tas"  Xqro-tv  d    "pXa' a7racaa cvw 7reptXa/3 v ovo /aXT o0 vo/loOETlg, KalJ 7rpOoTeT7rvo apXag a7ra(yag EtvaL ag o (3/LOs XELPr70veL,e
Kat TOV'  E7rLtCT 7a7a ( lq(TOL "T7V 87100Cr([)V'PlyV      E"
o A77Looroev 7) T7ELtXO7rOLgo, IE7rtLOTcrlgrV0 /lyl(E70T0V WTV ~Ey.(V
c       7 a                                py o'Or  O^
Kal  TaV7a ono  L(LXELpL(Opt TL   T w  V rV   7r OA(I 7rrXAEOV'7 rplaKOVO' f]epaG,  Kal Oa "OL Xappa'fvoV(Tv 7yE'/ELOVtLaS  LKao7-Tqp[OV."
O0'OL        ~l~q~oa




IIEPI TOT,TE4)ANOT.                         49
EC0.'  arTavTa?Tov  /ov VTEV0VVO   Elat  ooyooy
co    sLcaKEXLIPLKa'7 q TEETOX LTEVuaL  )Tap   vfLLv.
D    LV EVTOl 7E EK T7j   Llag ovOla CL E7TrayELXt aiEvo  I 12
6E&JKa cLT       7/' )c,  ov'klav lWeqpav  v7TEvW pvoc
ELVa ELL nL (aKov&Is ALo-Xiv;) ov,8' aAXXov ov8Eva,,t,'   +,,,,             +,',
ovi3av C'Ov  EvvEa  apXovrT&v TLS CwV'TVX.   TLs
yVp EcrL vouos  TooTavTrs a SLKlaS KaL  (LL-avOpOMsrla3 I TroT, c)pTTE, TOv /oVTca  Trt TCv  loC)V Kral?TOL7qravTa pWya PY       LXcAvOpCorTov  Kal  fAoLXocopov
Trq XaPLT0o I/JEV a7rocTepeLv, EVL TOV' cTVKOacVTac
a~yELV, Kal TOVTOV,  ET         & TaS Evvva3 cov ESoE&KEv
EtcrrcLavat;  oVE ELE. El qa lc'tV OV7TO, 8EL~cLTW, Ka yL    oTEpj6   KLL    TL7-TO(LkaL.   aXX  OVK II3
E'T-V,'vSpes'AOqvaaoL,, AXX' oroV   ovKoavC'rv,.C av                     O        a   TO g3 O'V
ov,   I,v,,c \''' 
OTL  XTL T) OE&pLKO  TOTE CO  EEV   O        aK   T  / Y7aTa,
V'8EV03,,o., -o,,  c      a, 
TOVT7WV YE OVEVO~,  OV V1TEVOVVoE'V,  AXX' c 
I 7. ipos 8E 8\ To\v a'OVKTOV Xoyov, ov &7o'/ Af/l o-O/s,
fpaXEa /3ov'Xo/kaL 7rpotLrELv.  A1e~t y/ap OVTlOS, "(TELXOtOLO
Et/ut' o0'LXOoy* aAX  EW7rtE'8wKa T7  TOrXELt -LvCl'KaTov  Kal TO
Epyov!uXEOV'Etdpyao-,uat.  Ttvos ovv Et/lt v7irOvvos, El L/L' TL'
EcrrtV EVvoLas v0evvV1;" Ip\1 3? 8\ Ta'rv T v rV poaacctv LaKovo'caTE
/1ov XA-yOVTio KaU &KaLa KaiJ  LLV' v/poEpvTa.'Ev yap Tav1T7 r
7ro   oVT   apXata ov rq KaL Tr)XLKa2JT7 TO Iy~EE0 O; Ov8eL[ ECTtV
dvv7rEvvos TWV Kat O7rw(COVv irpoS Toa KOtva& Tpo(EXIXV00TV V.
23.'OTav Trovvv pluaAXtoa Opacrfvv]TatL A-voo''-O E',/   X6v, ws
ta T-\V  7rL8O0tV OVICK (TTtV VEVOVVO%, EKELVO av'T  VWro/3cLXXIET
"OVK OVV XP jV ioE, 2,) A/l -OcvEs,  Uao-aLt TOV TOV XO7UTTO-V
KTlpvKa KTpV(It'TO 7/rarTpLOV   Kat Evvoj1Uov Kpy/Ja,( TOVTO, TtS
4




50                AHMOX~ENOTI
Ee'8so Ka, C' cvK0cbavTa.   atXXa  KaL TELX07ToroTL
Is                            5 0 2,   ^,,^   I, VU
co-a.  Kat 8ca yE roVro Op6a) 9  rE)vovIJrpv, OrT
TaVl7/Xo/cE'Va E $oKa  KaL  OVK  EXOYLOfV.  O6  EV
yyap XoyYLO7/L0t EVOvv&v Ka' T'v E:ecracrl'vov
TrpooT'CratL, 7) &s  &opea  XaPLTro   Kal  Eralvov
LKala  E'TT  rvyXTavELv  LoTrEp  raVT  Eypafev
II4 oo0L  repL qEov.  or L    ovTrt) ravTa o0v zovov Ev'
TOV3 VOf.OLS aXXca Kat Ev T07L9 VpETEpOtL  7OELV.CppLr-TaL,, Ey't faXLCt'1TOXX To aXOOev  E:t).  TpCOTOV
EpvyPNavp       K, arTparrycv, Ey  oIaVrA  7v,O,                          I     I        o,c T,
LTv  rrTpOELTO, ro0XXaKtL  E-TE/toV TaL Vt' V/kOWv'
ELO 6J'e,a'  aC'ri8ag ALo TLxo O  E&)KE KatL rTaXLV
Xapc'8ql'os, Ecr'reavoVvro    EO6 0ov7o o-C NEor0ToXELO3 ITOAXXOV  EpyOv E7TLO-TaT7)7q  Zv,  4'v oTi EreStJKE, TETL/Jr)TaL.   cXETXLv  -yap  av  e7T rovTo
ye, EL T   Tlva apx7rv apXovTL c7 8Looval  77 T rOXEL Ta Eavrov &a 8T7l axV apXq'v fIrl) E'E(TrdtL,' Tzov
8ooOeVTov  av7L TOV  KoLtcrao-aL  XapLV  EvOvvag
15 V EEtl   OTl TOLJV/V TavT  a'X7aj XE'y, XE7E Ta
7b/LrolJarTa  /lot  Ta  TovroV3 FyEyEvr/lEdva  avra
Xa3;B)v.  XEyE.
/3ovXEAcrat KarqyopEtv; ato-ov ad 3tr~77lr-^-a' cot rov 3ovXoMEvov
TW)V 7TOXLTGv, (b OVK WtE&KacL  aXA   7ro XOXv Wv EXELa Ear
TIJ TWV TV TELX(V OLKOO[,l[aV C LKp  KaTEr)KOaS, 8EKa TacLXavTra ELg
ravlra  EK p rq  rOIXEWS Ewg dtAq/X. ol) alapvagE T7'V /nXoTt.Uav, Lqv.e
E'atpov TWdV 8KaaC-TWV Ta' IkL ovSR EK TWV XEtPOV, I /t (rp~O-ESV TWv vo/L(v, &aA vOTEpos 7rOXtTEvov. Ta avTa Y)ap Op OO ")V
Sr,LoKpaTLtal."




IIEPI TOT ZTEIbANOT.                             5I
*HTIMATA.
[ Apxov A-qlovtKo; iXMVEV'O, Po'q/pOo/tLVOs ErKTr  /eT'    Kcl8a,
ylWln /3fovX~.  Ka'l 3'rov, KaXXas 4(bpeappLoE   ElTEV OTtL 8OKet T7
/3fovXj Kal Tw7/A)pu 0T-ETaVcTU NaVTCKX&a TOV w'7r P.V worXwv,
OTL'AOlvaLOv  TrXctrv  L'XtXltov OVTwV'V "'I/Jfpp  KaC por0lovovTWlV TOlS KaTOtKOVCLV'AOYvacluv 1Tv 6v-jov, ov 8vvavCQEvov  XAwoVOS TV  TLO Tr'L   &OLOLKj(EW     KEXELPQTOVo/VlEVOV &ta TOb  XEtL(qova3
7rXev0'cat Kal uLLoroo0Tro-at TOVs o07rwtXTas, IK Tqg tIt[a   o'ctasg
E(OKE KaL  OVK EluE'pa~E To'V OlOV, KCl a(vayopevcOat TOV 0T'-.avov ALovvo'otLs TpaL7tyoL' Katvots.]
ETEPON *HDI~MA.
[Et7re KaXXtaas cpEapptos% 7rpvTaveov XVyOVToV f/ovXrs yvo- II6,  ET~L  Xap7 l'&o   O (7 TvV OrXTiV', a'wOcrTaXE'lt Eg raXa-.,tva, Ka[ AOToT/1o  O  wl, TOJV lr7TrToV, EV T' E7rt TOV 7roTa/AoV.-aX,) wTv oT'paLToT(LV TLV(WV VtO TOVK WOXlV C'KVXEVOEVTOV,
EK wTV  olW'VaAXO, TWV KaO wXtlcaV T.OVS vEavKOVST aI otlV
OKTaKOO-(laL, M&OXOatL Tn f/3ovXj KalL T L6 8UW G-TE/avoat Xapl&8/fo0V KaL IAkOTL/LOV XpV(  (T TEaclvq, Kal avawyopvcatLL lIavaOrvalot0s oL /AlEyaXXoLs EV T  7V/yVLKd aywvL KUI AtL0VV-(LOL- Tpa7y(o0os  KaLvo0L   r' &o a'vayopEvrTo-, E7L, brcLX)OvacLL OEruoOc'Ta%,
7rpVTVESr, a-yvoO'Tas.]
Tovrwov  EKao-roS, ALo-XCV       7, 7r7S  -LEV  apXr' -  II7
-qpXEV V7TEVOVVO  7V, E4~  OL'  8' EOTE7 voTo, ~X
eA,              r,  h,CP,,,?
V17TEVOVV0O.   OVKOVV  OVO   Eyc7;         ra & a   yap  oKaLa ECTL /LOL 7repp  Tco  avroV TOtS caXXoL    7trov.
EWECOKa;    ETravvOvat L         tLL  TravTa,  OVK  0+V  WV
Yt  C   /n      n              \ b ot   o'
E'8oCKa  V7reVUOVVO.   qpXov;   Kac  8OWKaL  YE  EVOv'vag EKELVctV, OVX  &V  3T OJKa.   V) a                a, AX'




52                  AHAIMOoENOT1
~jr            c/
ao IK8 o Wp a;   ELra  iraprov, OTE iXE  ELC'qyOV  Ot
XoyLrTrat, ov' KaTryOP      LS;
II8'Iva ToLvvV Yr8O7TE oLTt av'ro   OvTok /*LO  jLapTV'pE
OlS OVX  V7TEVOVVOS   V cerEavcOat, Xac/3v
avaoyvwOLT         7tO /l.a o'Xov To ypaEfv,LOt.  0L9
yap OVK Eypat/aTO  ToVi 7rpo/,OvXEvfJaT0o, ToVrotV,
a   OLWKEL, OVKOWaV7TM'   9aVqC-ETaL.   AEyE.,H~I:MA.
E  apX ov-rog] E&vvKXEov, 7rvaveptIvo     Tf arovros,
fvXrks  7rpvTavevov'cn7  Oiv~[Sog, Krot/Cv AEwcOE'vovg'Ava4Xijorrtog e7rev,  Wret'7rF     Aqlxoo'Oevr] - Ar7/o90E'vov. IlatavtEvg
7EVO()LEVOg ~Ert!LEX-Tg qg T7WV TEtXWV EWLTOKCV7g Kal rrpoUravaX,-aas eiS  Ta pya E arL 7wt  T3laS  ova   Tpt'a raTXavTa'E('Ke
TaVTa T'  ~L([z, Kat Ci TOV OE0tOptKOV KaTarTa OE-atg ErreoKE rtS
EK 7ra-,   v m vXw.v Oe0optKoLR ETKarTOV /LValg EE Ovci'las, 8s~XOcat
n  /30vX7) Ka! Tr  jO  T4  WA6vaiWv E!7raLvEeaL Z! Eofevcv
Arqoo'Oevovg HIatavta apE7-T9 CVEKa KaL KaXOKayaOtag  sg eXXwv
tLTar.eLt Ev 7ravrT Katp p EL TOYV %lOV rTOY'AOrlvatov, Kal (orTEoavoxrat XyovC-r) GT'eacvp, KaL  avayopegvrat TOWY rTTEtavov EV wT(
OcacTpo  AtOvvoopto  TpayooL  KaLvo0s'  rS 8E avayopEvo-Cuo
r~L.uEX177Ovat 7V TOY aytvOOE7lv.]
II9    OVKOvv a& IEV e7re8soKa, TaVT  ETcv, av  oV'E
crv  yeypaiaL   a  8E  fr?-Lv'7  8ovr    8Et)      v  av'T
TOVTroV yEVErOatL XLOL, raVT' EO''  a  &LWKEL3.   rO
Xa/Ewtv ovv Ta 8t$o/LEVa  O(LOXoyOV  E0voo1L0V Et1al,
To Xaptv TOVTWC1V arovovvaL lrapavolewov yW.0jk1
o 8E  Ta/l1rrovqpop  acvOpWoro     Kal OEOL  E'XOpig Kak




IIEPI. TOT ETEbANOT.                              53
aorcKavo3  o'vTcg ro    roo't0L      av ~  Lr] rrpoS  0(EC;
ovX0 TOLoVTros;
Kal bLk7V'7TEpl  70 V       EY EV  TC OEaCtrp&)   K)pVT77E- 120
crOaL,  o  LkEv ixrLVpcLaKCt  /vpLov  KEKrlpVXOacL rapa)XELr7C      KC 70T 7To)0XXtaKc   avro   er ET7EyaavcrOaL'rpo32. Qs2 rotvvv KaL T7-v avappqrltv TroV cTrEc/vov a rapavotuIog
EV T6 qfrrqo11rkaTC KEXEVEE ytyvEoOat, Kac ToZ0O' vSL&  8&eo&4).
o -yap vo/los 8tapprs8rlv KEXEV'Et, EaLv IEV TLVC (Ta rEcLavoL   fl ovXO,
EV T(o OVZXEVT'qptp( aVaKqpVTT(o0at, E'v Ev   0 8o'%tOS, El' T7  KKX-q
rt'a, 5AkoOc 8E /iL8a/Lov.  KaL LOL XE7E rX v vdoov.
NOMO~.
33. OTro0  o vopos, 9'AOrlvaLot, Kal fLaXa  KaCLXg  eXEt.  OV
yap, oiaL, pETO 8JV O VOJOOErT'q  TOV prlopa crTELvv'vEcrOat 7rpO
Trovg E  7EV, aAA  yara  Ev avTr                o TjLkE    V7TO() TOV
o&qmov Kal u-q EpyoXa/3Etv Ev TOZ& KrppqPCLa(OtLV.  o /v oVv Vo/o6OrrT OVTr 0o'   8E KTrlqrLtAv 7rg;  VCLOyLyVOKE T r     oGrlta.
TH-IMIMA.
34. AKOVETE,'AOrqvaloL, OTl'- IO,V  VOUoO e'r  KEXEVEt E'V T
Sluo Cv IIVVKVL T7`) KKXrTCLta avYaKcLqpVTTELV TOV V7rO TOV 81LOV (TEfavovEvov, aVXXo0cL E /%r8atLo, KTrrOtLqv OE Ev T  OcaTrpp, ov
TOVS voIo0V JUOVOV  vWrEpp/3a,.XXa Kal 7VTO Tro7rov LETEVE7YKWV, OVsE
EKKXO-t(ral/VTWV'AOivat'ov, aXXa TpayVo8v a'yovLCoLEVWV KatCLLV,
OV1O  aVVTLOV TOV,LLOV, CAXX EvavTlov rTV'EXXA vov, LV'iV ovvEL(SrTLV, Otov av8pa Tl1l/j)kEV.  35. ovrTo TOLYVVV,rEp4LCavL   7rapavoYLa yyEypa/(s,   7rapaTaXOELs /crT  Arl uocreYvovM'7rolrt L TXvaY
TOLS VYF/OtS ~   a Eas ) Y    XOrX(O KaL wpoEp( VLULv, Lva YLLU XAJTrE'eaa7ra-qOE'YTE.  OroL y/ap,  3 1UEV OVK arra-yopvov(rtv ot VOLOL tTOV
v7rO TOV) 8oov (rTOEavo vEYvov I7 Kq]pVTTEL/V E(o Tr7  g EKKX'r(rTa,
0VX eOJVOL XCyeLv, OLT'OVOrt   EiS TY'V a7rOXOyt'av ToSV AtovwcrLaKovV
Volov, KaL Xp7LTovTaL TOV VYOOV /UEpEL TVYL KXEWTOYTE VT V CaKpoaCOLV




54                   AHMOVOENOT;
Tepov.      7A'AX  1Tpo0  OeWV  ovTo  O'KaogL  E~L  KaL
avacLO7Tro9, A/oX&vr/q, aCTr' ov'   rvacaL aoyCoaOeat[ c    r 7r) IZE V  Teq)aVOVJeV           y ro?  avrov  EXEC
6nXov  O  crEfavog, Orov  av  avappUqOj,  rov V&
cTT'cficwOTvT&J               (vbL()EPOVTo1  EV  T( r
Toiv  o-rEEavoEvLVEIv EvvjC
v1LWv.  36. KaL T7rapE4ovTra~ Vo(/,OV OvEv' T/'pooTVKOVTa T'8E['r
ypac/, Kal XE(ovaLV (s El(TL TT)XEL (VO VOLOL KEL/EVOL T-pL
TCOV KrpVy/laTOV, EC1 ELV Ov VVV Ey;W 7rapEXOPlat Ltapp'?v a7rayopEVovVTa TOYv V7ro TOy &7uov   TEc/ avovLEvov /TV? K7 pVTTVEGaL
ZeW rT7'KcKX-q0tas, Erepov o ~ ~ at vl, ov   Ov(lv EVaV~tOV
E   T-7  E KKX'?7O-LL  ETEpOV   E EVaL VOtlOY 46rOOO'tLV   EVOJ/TLV
TCVT;), TOYV 8EOWKOTa CeOVotLav 7roLeLcOaL TT/v avcapprl(rLv TOV fTe4avov Tpay7W8OiCS EV T5 OEa'Tp),  Eav I7klO-t(7JTaL o  7O3o   KaTa
871 TOVrTOV TOYV VOOV   o'(Oovrt yqypacE)vaC  TOY KT7rqLC3VoTa.
40. Et TOlYVV, ('AOrlvatot, a&XrlqOrs  v o wrapa TOV'Twv Xoyos
Kat 7Orav Ovo KELEVOt V6OOL 7TEpt T'OV Kr7pvy/CaTO)V, E$ aVadyK7],
olatL, T.V LEcV  OiEO1O1OETV E4EVp0VToV, TV 8tV rpvTavEo) arTo3f  1 A  A t    C  I  ^   t     w     C
oovYT0v Tor L vo/oOeTatL aqvjp rT av 0 ETrepos TWV VO/V, 7TOL 0
Tr7v c   tovcLav -aEOOK8O  avel7retv 7 0  7 rfayopev ovw   OOTe \/J/ 0(EV
ToVTOvv yEyEv'qTaL, caVEpOs 8ra 770ov EEXEyXovTaL Ov ILoVOV t/EV8
X'0yovTEX, aXX   Kal 7ravTEXoGs &a&vTCa yv/E(rOat.  44.:VVL;&V
77 TtL TaVTCa VOUOOerTl7 Tt)t(TL vlov oVEV E7rLKOtVWVOVVTa TO
7rEpl TOWV V7rO TOyV Sr/OOV cr0E-TE avovEvv volO), OVTE   V-Cas EKElvov (ov8s yap q EKKqG-tca 7)VOXXElTO, aXXa To OEaTPOV), OVT
CVaVTLoV TOlS 7rpOTEPOV KEtlLEVOLt VOLOtS TtLE S (OV yap  _CTTLV),
&XXa  7rIEplt TOW VEv 1i/tCruaTroS V/LETEpov (T-E!a/VOV/EVv tvro
TOV C)VXIET)V Kal  )7Lq10T)ZV Kal rEpt TW  TOVS OLKETa  a(7rEXEVOEpov'vtov  Ka  7rEpl T.Ov $EVLKWV (TTelavWOV, KaL 8Lapp7qrlv a7rayopEVEL 1.7)T  OLKET7' V arTEXEVr epovv EV    OC earpp /7)0' v7ro TOv
)VXET.(v  )7 &L-~OTO'V avayopEvcrOal cr -TEavoVJlEVOV,,  iO' Vw'
aAXov, )70lt-, /Lr78EVO,  7) arqTLOV ELVaL TO V K7)pVKa.  45. "Orav
OVV WlTO8Elt7 7TOlZS  /EV V7tO T7S (3POvXiS cTTEoavovu/V/LVo o LS TO
%ovXcEVT7ptov avapprlOvrvat, TO'  8  v7ro TOV 87ojquov o-TE)avovLUVOLS EL1 T7)V EKKX7~)ILav, TOlS 8 VrrO TOV 8r#71OTr)V (TTEavov/LE



HEPI TOT ITEDANOT.                               55
OEarTp  y7LyveTat TO K7)pvyika; Ot yap aKovora-TE3
acraavTE3 EtL  TO 7TOLEWV EV T71 r   TXv  7rL, porp pe'ovTac,
KaCL TOV  aTrost0vOTa   7T7)V XapLV  /a'XXov EITawovC
K(U  TO   ~iu. rb ro e^
Tov  or-TEavovevov'           &O7rTEp TOV vOLkOV Tov  To 7)o
OXL&g ye'ypaEfv.   AE'E Oy   aVTOv  JMOL TOV VO/lOV
NOMO~..r ovrovg aTEfrLvovTl  TLVEW  TJV &JJ,'.'  OpE TES iV
[Orv   reavayopert  ve reo.  ovuv, wTas aVaYOPErVreLS TV
rTEaovw v 7roLEcroaL Ev aVrLoLs EKcaTrrove oTa itotot r ryLot, cav
it/ TLvas 0   10o   TWV AOY  v'AO twv a?7 3[ovX)'r-EavoX VO VTovS 8o EeEvaL Ev T6 OEcTpp ALovvO(tlotS avayopEvEcOaL.]
XV,,,            oT, ovI
AKOiELS, APOX&7) TO) VO/OV X T'oY7oo  CrqS  12I
Trxriv  Cav  TLPaCS  ~  S7EorLO  7)    po) r /VX)    7LtO77)TaL
TovTOVS  8E aWva7opEVETrco.   Tl ov, d) TcaXaLrTWpE,
TvKoOfavTTEL;   Tl XOyOV  7TTXaTTE3L;   l7  ocavTov
OVK h'XE Op'/'' ope  eri0 TovrOL;  aXA' o8' a'
VOL9 Kat /.VXET6V a.'rEt[7rTq ij, KrqpVrErOaL rotS -pa-yoooa,  Lva
lq86113'pavt'Owv    TECa'vovS Kat KrVpVy/LaTa q/Ev8E   qtLXOftLLav
KITaTG, 7rpoEraTE7rl 8   v T    VO' /Lr8' ViTo' aXXaov,L)8oECV'
avaKrlpVTTEor-Oac  a7rovo(rrp 3ovX0S KaYt rq/Lov Kal OVXlETV Kac
7rlpoT6v, r -  oTav OC 7TL rauria a.EX?7, a T- - T KaTaXCLToL'evo'v ETTL
7r-Xiv oi $evLKol TTreavot;   48.'E7rELav TroLvvv E' aTraTTvrTeS
vasal XEyoa-LV, (s lrpoerye-ypa7rrTac   v b    v0o/Lp E$tEvat orTEfavoOv,
4av  1/I1t7 qTaL o        a7ro/Lv-q/LovEvcTEE   avTrois VWroacMElv
vaL, EL E r-C TvL E.XXr 7roXLt  rTreavot       8c  oo 8Z~o; o'AOr-&
vatlo, a7ro8 EcctKcat (rot ToTro, oTrov t8E  TOVTO y'yEOaLt, a7rEp-7Tal cro& $eO  rqp EKKc-o-rtlag 1  Kr7pvTTEO-Oat.' yap "aXXo0t
&S w8c  aquov"    TL TLV7W, o'Xiv Trqv 7r)/Lpav XEye  ov vya'p arosIEL`~t, ws EIvo/la yeypa4as.




56                   AHMOZENOT4
kCO&'ov 8LKqV  ElO-dyeLV, OVK  a8WLK'CaroT0   ov8EVrO,
Kat vOIOV3 /LETa7roTcov, T  V' o8 daap(Jv   espy,          ovS
o'XovS 8&cKacLo )v       avayLy'vcocKE 0C aLL roi&  7E  O6fUI22 ZOKO'TL KaTa  ToV3  VO/JOVg  Vl7LETCi            LL.    EWELVTa
ToLtaVTa IoCcv XEyeLg a E  IT poOELvaccL rT  or//OTLKt), C(0cTrEp  acvplavTra  eKS8ESOK&J~ KaTa  cvyypaV, ELT  OVK EXOV'Ta a'Tpoao")KEV EK T?7V  crvyypaI68. Nat, aXXa 87foLOT~KO  E(TTLV.  Eav 1LLEv TOvvvY W7pOg T7v
Ev qtaV Lcv    oV Xo'yov avTOv acroflXETrr7TE,eTac7raTrTi7O 7reE, w-rEp
TqOr -E-0E.  oKELV3OJ      OXafE iETE Irap aVTOV TOv XoAyov.  uyo
fV CEO' V/JiWV XOyLOv-/aL,'a 86Z vtap$aL EV TE ) c7Vc.t T6 O8q/-tOoOTEpOV TO  LOV oTLV.  69. OLL TOVV   aa av  oaXoyqO-ELV Va To8 80ELV wTJtp.iaL T4 &q/WTLK`Vv, WapraTO V  o pEtvOEpOV avrov ELVaL Kal 7rposg 71arpos  Kat'pOs/ /rpo% wva pi oLt riv
7rEpt To 7yEVOO aTVXlav 8vojvIEV   D 7OZ VOLOS, OVI   oJtOv-t riv oJpOKpaTLaV, 8E(VVTEOV 8' a"ow TWV 7rpoyOVwv EVEpyE(Lav t7LVa aVTw
7Tpol TOVY -LOV V7rcapXELV,   TO 7' va-yKatoTaTOV Il8,ELtav E'Xpav,
LVa /L-  oO'V TOLR TV T7pO7OyVWV aTVX-q!LacL KaKWS EtLXELP1
7rOLoV TV      V.  I 70.  Tp TOV  c)roopova KaL LETptOVY XP'V 7rEVKEva- aVTOV 7rpoS T-V KaO)  IE'pav  LaLtTav, 07r1w   u  -La Tt7V
WErEXyELav T-Sqg 8a7rLLvr7s) 8opo8oOK  KaTa TOV 8\'/LOV, TETLapTOV Evyv&)ova KaL 8vvaToV ELrELv  KaLXoV yap  Ethv ELavoLav 7rpoaLpEw-TaL Ta\ P3EXTtLTa, TrV 8c 7raLL8ELavV T'v  TOV pr'TOPOs KaL TOY
Xoyov 7rTELOELV TOv  aKOvOVTaq  el Es     Tr,  7-    EvyVUOC(T VqV
aEt 7rpOTaKTEOV TOV Aoyov.  rE/LTTrOV J v8peLOv (vatL r-V tvXqv,
tva.  w7rapa Ta 8ELva Kat Tok 7roXEAovq EyKaTaaEtl7l\Y) T %votov.'TV 8 OXLYapXLKOV 7ravTa 8oE TavavyLa TOVToV EXELV * Tt yap  EZL
71a-XLV  Let'Lva;  OKEa-0e/OE &4, TL TOvTUV V7ra'PXEL A?7/LOcTEVc t
o oE Xo-yLwyosw' E0TT'lL  TaOCL 8LKatOLt.




IIEPI  TOT  VTEFANOT.                  57
qS  KOJLLCOiJLEVOS,   7 XO0Y(  TOv  8CLKO V   aoXX
oV TO/L,rpadl aCrt Kal TOl  7TOXC7TevplactL ytyvojfKO/.LEPOVS. KacL poas0 pTra Kat apprlca ovoida&owv,
Tr1TEP  E  a/.Lk7a  a 0ol Kal 7To (rCt  7EVEL  rpcOeo'rw, o;''' S
EOvTW, OVK qELkOl.   KaLTOL Kal TOVTO, (0 avopE IZ23'AOr7vatoL.  e rC Xot8optav KaTr7yoptas rovr? &laEpEWEV  rjyovl4lat, w&r Trrv uEv Kar-qyoptav coLK/pruaT
v     T  I         I      I o \   Ce?,OlO,
EXELV, Gtw EV TOlv VOptOLv ElWtv at TrLucpLaL, T77v Os
XoLsoplav r  a      iasa,    as Kara Tr)v arotv  ViBlV4
TOL  cX~OpoLS  TEpl  aAXX4Xwcov GV/4{3av'E& X'YELV.
olKoopUataL 8E TOV  7TpOyoVOV3 TaVtL Ta &LKa-,  c 
rTTpLa  VeElAa'X'va O  v. I avX T  CrE L a  E
Tavra awTo rwv  &lJvZ KaKC&r Tr a\no-pp'rca XEywp.v
a&XXrXovv, &aXX' va arrEXkEyXoeLLEV, ECY r   7sLK' 7KC&& TL TvYXaV?? T7v IrTOALV.  TaLTa TOlVVV El8OS I24
TopEvopoizat, o70(o70vTov acVrTolv EpWT7)oa.  iorTEpov
(7E Tr~, A1PXLvq, Tqg ToXE&j EXOiPov - Elov EtvaL
\v  8 ^X7jo r[7.     Ecra oV IIV qrVc p E  LOV
8K7v  KaL7a OVw vo o0ov3 vfrEp T7OVTaOV Xa/EtV, Etl
TrrEp'8LKOVV;:4XELrrTE, U v raZE  EvOvvvat,3, EV Tas
o l    7re.,or v,o, r~ XpdVad, ~?rpoO,
ypafru3, E'' aCLp -XXat KpLO-EJ-W   0    Ey0  5
apO,   ao t, Tos. V,110t, Tc  X Powyt., Ip OEot'/t,   rT7  KEKPlo-CL ITEprO L VTpT&OV 7rTXXaVKtl'TTPOTEPOV, 79 /EL7)SE fdrSr07o   E EXEYXvt)vaL', Ev" v"




58                 AHMO:~ENOT$
cL&KCi,, T?) ITXEL ^'    v,XEv'+,   Xarrov a'I,,
T7V yE  r)/o0(TLt'L rTETrpaypleVLOV eL eTva t 1rL  boj)g,
aF%',,ElkL            3,,
I26'ErTEL&7) TOLVVV 7) EJLEV EVOE/37) KaL &LKata JJ(03
a"actL OiEELKTaL, 8i     &  pE, 0    E'OLWKE, KacTEp oV
4LXoXoo8opov ovTa, &L& TarL   VlTO TOVTOV /3'Xacrr)as- ELtp7lZEvag aVT&  TroXXCv  Kal 9Jev&Jv  avTa
TavayKatoLrarT eaT rev  TepL avTrov, KatL  et:atL rtF
WV Ka& ELvL   v pea6,3 ov'T    apXEL ToV KaKwg XgEyeWL, Kal Xoyov9 Tlvag  cLac-vpEL, avTro'  Elp71KcgF a
TLS OVK aV WKV-qOE TawV )LET'LpLW)cV  WavUPToV        ErtEy127:arOaL;; — e yyap AtaKo  7)'PaCLa&lavOvs    MIVco0  ~7V  0  Kar77yopcoV, acXXca uI   (Or-repuooXyos,,TeplTrpLtq/La ayopas, oXeOpos ypa!lqaTevu,  OVK av
avTov    t/Oa4   TavT  EUTEW oLa8' av  aV ovTW    E"7CraXOEL
Xo'yov  rrToplo'arOat,.o'Trep Ev TpaycL&la /3ocvTra
(  yi Kal LXLE  Ka& EVE    Kal          a ToLcavTa, KaL
i66. Ov Jk'tLvqro-O avTrov1 T\ Utapa Kal arrL'Oava tpA7/ara, a
7rcs 7roO' v't.%;,  L aYL8pEoL, tp KapTEpEMTE aKpowueVOt;'OT' I(
7rapeXOAv " alreXovpyovort tves rlqv 7Trodtv, a'vaTET'rqKa  L' tvES
rad KXj(,LaTa TOV OlLq/OV, vOTET/,LTaL 1t vTpa vcvp TWV 7rpaya/LKaT(ov,
4oploppacov,!EOa Erlt rT (TTrva, rtvE 7rp(WTOV WO )7rp as PeXovaL
Etepovc't."  I67. TavrTa sE 1L E7rtvw, o Ktva8o;  pr/L aTra v
OavLaTca; Kat 7racXLv ZTr KVKXO r'-eptLtvJwv ECaVTOV SIT  ToV  -
Iamros AXeye; wV avrt7rparTwv'AXE$ avop.
260.'Ey7  /xE'v o'v, ( 7n KaCL tXLE KalL a'PET-) Kal c'vet  KaCt
7raL8ELa,                T oaaytyvarKoOJv   Oa KaXa Kal O0  aT(rpa, 8oE07'O7'Ka
KaL stprlKa.




IIEPI  TOT   ITEtANOT.                  59
C c  Kal rraLlav t errLKaXov Evov,  B r
KaXa KaLL Ta' aC'oXp c 8tLayLyv';TCKEratL     avTa yap
8rTTOVOEV -'7KOVET aV'roV Xc'yovro.  Oi  8& acpETTn',
co K!a'OaPla    7 TOL3 (TOL1  TV3; ET7 KaVXv 328
KaeloL, 7,                 o,               K5     128
IJ,, TOLOVTV Tt[  8LtayvoXot';  ToOEv ln    ) T
acLoWOEVTL;  To &.  aov U a a8CoaT cTO  OyLS /roleOj,aL, Lo7,t    TV  O cW'w 3          t E'11  IVq  +q
vat, r~slTc' WV  CXS VWU  TETVXKOT&V ovo  av
EL3 EOLTOL ITEpL a1JTOV TOLOVTOP        aXXL K~X
ETEPOv  XEyovo'w     E'pvOpLCa(ELEV, Trobml 8' aOwTTXELBJELtL /ELV )(JJ(ITEp (TV, 7TpOOITOLtOV/EPOSL  8  V7T
avatLUl,-nlac To\ TOUk a'KoVovTa3 aA7yELv 7OLEWv,
o"av XEcy0cLV, OV TO 8OKEV  TOLOVT7OL ElvaL 7TEplEO'TLV. 
OvpK drOpioV  8 o TL XPo  Trepl (oov Kal Teav o(T)v 129
ErITEtv, a7rop2 T roV. T7 TpCOTOV Lvr7)(T('O, rtorep  c  6O
7raTTp o-ov Tpo/      O e3ovXEE ave rp''EXirta r~ 79po) 9
TcO) 67O-EIt)  L8ca0KOvTCL aypaLc/aTaca, XOLVLKa. rraXElag EXOJv  Kai   vXov,      I     7 /J r7)rqp TOLS tLEOqjLeptLots YadLLOts    T9 KXEL(TL(O TO) VrpoS  Trj KaXaIL   q 71PCL XP0)PkEVl  TOV KaXov alv8plctaT  Kal
TpLTayOvLcr-Trv aKcpov EPE4JpE" -E;   aXX'       o
TprlqpacVkrX   WIopyzlov, O AlovO  TOV o DpeappLov
8ovXoq, aver7O-Tcev avTrqv aro TravlTrs TI7) Ka X9T
Ep'yaoa4;.    aaXX   vP7  Tov Ata KaL  roTV3 OEOV\
KV( I1) IrTEpt'OV Ta'7rpoo-TKOVzTa XE'yov aTo"T
ov rTpor(T7KovrTal  (LLVT9) 8o' c  po q pOc7Oa~L Xoyovs.  TavTa IE\V ov eacco), a7r' LavTov 8e v I30
O~y ECTC~, avroo Ct70    ~oEv z3o




60               AHMO SOENOTZ
avTrog 8E&c&KEV cpoLIac    oV8E'ap CV EVXEV
v, aAA' o3 6 o   /1o  Ka-apa&at.  o4e- ydp =ore
—, 6iE X'yW;  XON kiV  Ov3  KalT rp&7)v a'C'AdOevatos Kact p7)TJp 7yyovE, KaLt or a-vXXafa3s
7poOer rTy tv uev 7rare'pa a&vTr Tpo/rrog cEro57orecv'A7rpdorprov, rqv 8E klr7)TEpa creltvw  7Trvv FXavKcOBav, 7)v'Eur ovycav a7Tavre  tl'acrtl KaXovpzevrqv,
EK TOV 7ITWTLa 7TOLEWv Kai rTac"XELt  Kat yly[vc'OatL
r-XovoTrt TavTrl& T7q  ErtovvialC TrvXovcrav. rdTOev
I3Iyap aXXoOev;  aXX' oo    ov"w    a'XapPLO70o  E
Kac  Vrov1rpoS  qVOEt, W0cT  E'XEVeOepog EK 80oXOV
KaL'ITXOVO-LO  EK  TT)XO V 8ta  ovrovo' t yEyovr
oVX or oos  xapLv   avrot         aAa (XX   uLocrag
cravTOv KaTa TovTWCLO' OXLv E Kro 7r.    Ki     CvE
~~,,~~~~~~~~~K,E,,         O
EO'TL TLF a -LkPjf%78T7Otl, (3 acpa lv7rep Tr-q  TroAXE&o
tp'7KCEV, Eco o  a o  v7rep  rcov e7XOpov oyavEpcP
Eare8ELX(%  rrpaTErTwv, TavTa avavrw'o-wo.
132   Tt' yap  V/LOv  OVK o~0L  7ToV a&Tro7r0cfOeTr a'AvrT, 0  ETyya    X ea'ra /e l'evos?tXIT7T7rr rTa veWLpta E/I77p'qGELV      7V  rOXLV')Xcv; o3v Xa/o370TS EOV  KKKpVL/LEIO' EOV    I ELpaLEZ KaL  KaTacrTrrTavTro  el 7Tr)v EKKXr7(Loav  loiv o6  Car'KavoC
OVTOS Kal  KEKPLpa7&, (0  ElV 87I7OKpaTL  a 8ELVa
ITOlO TOV  7)TVXrKOTEax   TWoV TOXLAOV VrppLkV KaLL
EI  OcKLCas  a aSICov avEv OCU7 f cl arog, apEOvq'vac
I33 7      y(TEOlC  KCaLL d   i)' f aovXiN  c i'eApaEov
T7rayov To 7Tpa7YL/aL aCL(TOOJEVr7 Kat 77r)v vL7ErEpav




IIEPI TOT ITE bANOT.                     6I
ayvotav Ev ov 8eovt L (YviL4,e,/P7Kvav  30ovca E7rET?7O&E    rov a3vop-t)xov  Ka' crvXXa8o io-a  vcrAyayev Co, V(lacL, E'7pWraoT  av o TOLOVTO3 Kal  TO
LKVp)  8oovatL Lca&S  EE7TE''e/TE   avw VrO 7Oy (TE1nVOXO7OV TOVTOVL'  VVV       VXLECL  cTpe/3XP c(aTvTE
avTov aTreKTelvaLTE, W  EOEL yE KCaL TOVTOV.  TOL- I34
yapov   ovb 7Eva TacVr pa ovX  7 E        LO'Apdov IaTyov
TOTE TovTto TEr7rTpazyEleva, XEtpoTov-rqCavTov avrov
VL&PV OVVPLKOV V17TEp TOIV LEpOV) TOV1 E'V AX      O ao
Trpq  avTr7l aoyvolas  q7c(rrEp  TroXXa ITpoLEcOE Tov
KOLWVV, C)  TpOEO-XEE  KaKElV)r Kal            T rrpacyLaTros Kvplav ProT7O(raTE, rTOVTOV  LEv EvOBVs  7rTr)Xac-Ev ~J  7rpo8oTrrlv.'TrTEpei'&I &  XEyTELV  TrpoOETafEvE  Kal LavTa   o' TOV    lOV  q EpOVocaL T-v
fI Ov E7TpacE, Ka\L OV8Eula lrf1o0  )ve077'r  Tj
LatapC  TOVTco.  Kal OTL TaVT a Xq0Gq XEYco, KEaXEL I35
TOVTOVW ToV   ELapTVpaCL.
MAPTYPEM.
[Maprvpovo-Lr A/lLOo-eVEL VrEp  7rcavrTov oL's, KaXX/as YOVVLevs, Z'vov JXvev', KX'wv 4acXqpE1s,  LvLKOS Mapa'' vLo,
17        I   COW (DakqpEv,,     A,/zowKoS MapaOwvtog,,
OTL TOv /)ljov TOrTE XELtpoT0V-7raVToV AirXCv7v (TVV8LKOV V7rOEp TOV
epO TOV E V Aq T etls ToVI'ALCbLKrvova (o'vveop~CVravLreT  Ie/LE
eKplvatl l/ YWepeL&?7v Latov ccvat uaaXXov V7rEp fIs 7ro Xc( XeyeLv,
Kat a7rE(rTaX9'Y1rEpEtlrO.]
OV'KOVV OTE  OV7TOV oEAovXXroT  XEyELt aTr7/XEo'ev.E
7) /p3ov~X' KatL rpooETv    TEppJ, TOTE Kai iTPO8OT7/V ElvaL KaLL KaKOVOOV V/LV aTE vfEvE.




62               AHMOOEENOTS
I36  6Ev tEv roLvvv  o07o TrotoVo  TroXTIrEvla 7ov
vecavov rTOVTOV, opOcov yE, OV YP;  o   elov
Ka~ryopJE'   eEepov 3~ &av~alqv( Ke(cr.   O~re yap
IIv;ova  ['XUTfro   evreYX'E E'ov  Bva VrtoV  KCLt
Trapa  Tv aTvrof v Lvl oU aXov' raVJ       V' EVTEE/l0E?TpEo3pELt, JW3 Ev alXov-) -x oLCVl Iov 7 J T)V IrTXv KaL
8EiL6&    CLKOcrCav, TOTE EyGI) LEV TI-   IIVEVtL OparvvouEbEVc) Kal 7roXXt) pEO'VTL KaO' V(L)V OVX V7'EXcoprqra, aXX'  ava'cTa   aVTEL7ToV  Kat Ta  Trr
4LXLUT7TIV  E&)XEy~a aCLVEPOg 0VT(W   COGTE T0OV
EKEiJVoV c-vi.kuaxov3 avTorv  avtcrae   vov   olioxoYEW' OVT0S 3E oMVlq)ywMET0 Kac TWvavWTa E/LapE,, ^,          _,,, 
rupe& r7,rarp[3t, ca~ VaTre bev3r.
I37   Kai OVK a&7rexp  TraVTa, aAXa ra\ar 7 Fer3a Tavo0'
Vcrrepov'AvasCv?) TO' Kara(rK0r? orVVL[oV EC3 T-rV
pa(zcrvog ocKiav EAXq O,7 K'       O       T 7r''
Tcv ro0XEe/Ccov TretltcOE`vrT,uovos 1Ll'v? CrVV-qEL KaL
EKoLVOXOyTro, OZPT0  aVTO\  V27TTPXE  T''vc7Et
KaTaGrKorTo  Kai 7rokX'/oq        7T raTrpt[S.  Ka~ orT
TaVc' aXlr7OT  Xecyw, KaXEL,UOl TOVTCtV TOVS lkapTvpa,.
MAPTYPEI.
[TcX6r//uo, KXkEvo%,'Y7rEPEt31r  KaXXatrxpov, NtKO'/aXog
ALoodvTov /IapTvpovr-t Ar/Loo-0eVEt Kat E73rw/Iora-avTO E7r1' TWv
oTpaTry/)v  EaGUM A'Xb/?v'ArpolrTov KO0OKl'8yV ovepxo-,LEVOV VVKTOg CLE  T)V (T 3 paYTwVOg OLKtaLV Kat KOLVOXoyovUiLEvoV




IIEPI  TOT:TEDANOT.                   63
1dEvov.]
Mvpia rotvvv eTrep  E17TElV EXV  ITEp  avrov I38
7rapacXEc7T.  KaL yap ovTr)o 7rrT  EXEL.  7roXa av
Ey7  ETL ToVTWV EXOLtLt 8ELaL, (1v 0oV70  KacT EKELVov' T0OV XpOVOV3 T0oL iEV EXOpOL VTnpETCwV E L0'
8' Er7rpea&WV EVPEpOr. a'XX ov TrOeraTL rava 7rap
VflLV EI3 aKpLt 7 ULV7ljUl7l 0OV18  7V 7TppO477KEV Opy7)VP
aAXXa 8E8cLTKarE EOEL rtvt cav'x) vroXxrv  eovocrav
T() 3ovXouEvV  TO)v XEyovrC TL T&E W Vj!V  TV/lo)Epo6
Tc)V WTOGKEALtELV Ka V 0VKOaV7TEv, T i7 TE TCaL
Xot8opcat3 7)88OV7)  KaL XaPLT03 TO T7s  aTOcXEwo
ovpoEL'pov  aVTaXXarroT0'jEvoL   &d7rep p adv E(TTr
Kal arEaAXE'Trepov aLE roTL  exOpo0L  v7rrTperoVVTa
tlcrOapveLv?   r-7v VTrrp  VItCOv  XoEIVOv  rCIMvL
Kal Tr) U Ev 8'/ Vipo ToV r7oXE)/e1Lv  avep, o(rvv- I39
ayvi/Lwe(rcaE i aL  rr(XL   8ELvv  Lv,         eo, Ka 
7rTW  yap oV; KaCTa T7r  TrarpL8o,'  8OTe 8', E',3VxEoOE, 80oTE avT9 Tov^TO. aAXXV iTELU favEp's
7r  a r TrXoLoa   recXrO-LTro, Xeppovr7(TOo  EIropOEro,
EI  T77V )ATTLKpV ETOPEVEO  nvOpwtro, OVKET EV
a/uLC r}lTIcrq,& Ta 7TpacTt 7i aA  EITIKEl
ts.ar77 1~     ~     ~a  Vv a    EXX' c cT7KEL
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/3,8cKavo3 OVUTOO'i latlEl0oypaoO,  OVKav EXi/ 8X -
ela,08 EY'T O   VTE /JE4~OV OV7 EXaTTrro V + tLo7La




64                   AHMOIOENOTZ
oviov Aht-yvs  1r5p  @-Jwv  -V/LCvEPOJ v7T&    Tni'rXE1 
F o 7c L,  vvv oELtT&) EV 7T(  E/U9)  voaLT.   aAA
h                   h,t,,    o   ^,,,t C,)
OVK ECTV OVev.   KaLTL  VOV avrov avayKq    aTepov  l7,t7q0Ev TroL  rTparTTro0eol,  v7r  epCOV  TrO
EXOVT   EyKaLXEW  u/7 yp aP EW   7Tapa  TavUO'  ETEpa,
S  Ceo'o-ov ra  Tov' WV   a/ELvEO.,40    Ap'  ovV  oo'  eXcyev,  ocrep  o                 EypL EV,
>, v  e
)v&Ka  Epyao-acrTOal TL &0Ot KaKov              0 o0v   EV  o U
ELrGrEW ETEpJ. Ka& Ta LLEV LXXaCL KaCL 0EpEW
7)8v,8 a0, CoS EOLKEV,?7 7TOXtl KaGL 7TOCCLv OvTog XCaOaveWv      V  8' Ee   reetpyalraTo,  av8peg'AO8,vaCot,
TOLOV7OV, O Ta'(L TOL  rTpOTEpOL3 E7rEO e KERO'
113. TavTrrq, 7rr  apaS Kalt Tv O'pKOV Kal -ri, Lavret'as yEvo/LEVq%7, avacyeypa/lEvzv  rTL Kat vvv, ol AoKpot ol'Auic/-OcZr,
/aL.XXov SE oL 7rporTr7KOTgr avTWv, avopeg 7rapavo/l.oJac ot, VreLp-'ya ovTo     7rE8 ov, Ka' T'v t/Xt va T'v  caL-7Iytrov Kall 7raparov
rXtALV TXEtXLtorav Kal crvvOKtlrav, Kat'TEXr TOVw KaTra7r'oXEovTa   ELXEyov, KalL TWV aqtLKVOVUEVOV Els AEX4)ovs 7rvXayo'pv vl'ovs XPv/actL 8LEcOEtpav,,v  E.' 4v Arf.yooOrE'v   "4.  xELp. oXTpovIrlE
yap ivr' V1wv 7rvXayopas XapcatBvea 8to-yrXtXa  8paxc9aS, 7rapa  TwV'AuLobra-rev irp Iro    E IurlslLav /Lvelav irapLt arGV T v iVo'ATpO LKTVOc(L 7roLjracOaLt..   LtoulOXoyrjOrI  8' aVT9 Kal E1, ToYv Xot7rov
Xpovov arwo(rTraXrce(rOatL'AOrva[EE ToV Evtavrov EKarTTov  Lva, ELtCKOat Tav  Iay'L7TTov  Kat E7rapaTrov xprlcxudTov,  TIE ( OT /forloOcEtv'To'ALaLG-0-CrrLv'AOrIvrlt KaTa 7raVTa Tpo7rov   I 6. TEryyEAXETO
8' rlZLvy 7Trapa rTv f8ovXOEvmv. EVvoLav EV8ELKVvcrOatL T  7rOAXE, OTL
ol'ApLL0GCr    V7OE7rTrO)KOT3 TOTE,    KaeL 8OeLV1w Oepa7rEVOVTET ToVS
O)alovs  EcTE+4EPOV 8o',y7a KaLTa ETp v!eTEpaq vWOXuw, 7rTVT'KovTa TaXavrotL /rl.trUrat vTv  8%iov T&v'AO7rvat'Iv, OTtL Xpvoa
&cnr,' $as adVE'OeLEV 7rp0  Toy Katvov veov 7rplv iEELpya-rOaL;  Kal




IIEPI TOT vTEcANOT.                           65
7~repl ov  7'ovXs rovkov,  avatXCoGre Xo'yov%,  &a  Tov'A Lcro'o'rev  ro7v  AoKpJv  &8etc:ov  860,yara, on
taoTrpsEloCv  TacrXOEs..    o 8' o0   TOLOVTOV Eo'TT'
IrTOev;   OV8oeTOT  EKVYI,   r-V  TaKE& ITE7TpayLLeva
a-avrT*c   ~vx  ovTco 7roXXa  pEt
KakX   8' Evavrmov V1xcov, C  avoPEE'AO-rvaotL, I4I
t  ap'AOo,                                  N,,
rTOV   OEOvs aWravTra   Kal 7rcrao, o0-OL T)O V XT pav
Exovor- T7rv  ATTtLKTV, KaU TOV  TAlroXX)  V   flv'6hov, os  Trarpo SETL r5    rToXEL, KCL o      EXO''
7auTL TOVT0Lo, EL tEv adXr/Ovj   7rpos v/Las E0Lroq
KatL E7OV Kat TOT  EVU;   V  Elv T7) 8q jp, OTE oTPJTOV
iSOV TOVTOL TOl' V LMtapOV  TOVTOV TO)V 7rpayZaros
arTTro0 vov  (EyvcvW yap, EViEC0J  EyVw), EeVs evXav
C7rEypaca/vIrEV TO 7pOO-jKOV Erypaapxya "'A0qvatot adr- M  &ov Kal
O&qatlv OTE TaVaVTtUa TOLS'EXXr-Ltv /jaXovro."  MErarEqfI/aCEVO1s 8' /le O lEpOJLVV/LOJkV?gtlOV ETCaXOjEV EIS TO o'VVE8pLOV Kal
IdrrEv -  rpS  1o1  AptoKTovas'Ao T'' 7ro'~og, Ka' avTov
OV7)  IrPOTpLVOV.   I I7. AApXovOU 8  OV Xy'Lv Kal'rpoOv
JOTrEpOV rtoS E(tCXrqXV0TOS CLS TrO crVV8ptOV, TV JXXAtv rvXayopo)v iLE-E0-T7-KOTWV, avapo'oa-s -Tts T-v'Aptcw-o-ov, avOporos
acoEXyeCrTaros Kat[, (  ELOL   EVT, vs   o   avro, osta L 7rat8Eas ErcXrlKWoS, Ztro' 86 KalY 8aqLovLov'tVos eaLapTavetv aVTOV 7poayo/E vov,
" apXv O8 E," yE, "), w w'V pEpEVX'iVE,   Es co'C poVw ETE, ov8'av
Jvo/L'ETIE ToVvoLa Toy 8 rov T(Ov'AO-qvaoiv EV saZf8o Eas'a-t
pats, aXX' os EvayeLs EEtpy-/T av iK TOV'lpoV."  II 8.'A/za 8c
E/,LE/LVT7qTO'S'TWV TV) (KE(OV,LtaX,      Kp4pvXos EKELVOS
Eypal/rE, KaU aAXa 7roXX  KaL SvYXEp7 KaOa' T^ oro'XErs 8tLreEL'N, a  y) OVTE TOT EKCapLTpoVv aKovJV OVTE VVV'7 AES' ILELLpVt7atL aVT)V.  aKov(Tras s E OVT) 7raipvvrqv Jos ov8E7rT0  EV T
E/avTov 8tpl.  Kal TOV'  EV aXXov Aoyovs vw7rEpfli oobLat  ir XAe
8' o0v UOL lrl T7v T yv(O/vlv  Luv-cTOvatL T?/s TOV)'A,4U(JTo-V' Epl
5




66                   AHMO:~ENOTI'7TaT&v  Trcoy rc CLa    y Owv''VOlV70Vo  /E rrOL)o-aL.
142    T( IovTv Tav        Er-pa      KaL  &ETEr~    qv   ovrr-o-t
ror08kp&; oTL ypailql/LaT EXoJv Ev rT 83r]/oo-k?
KE  1LEVa,       Wv TaLVT  EM8ECI>   oakwh, KtLl
EL3W0  r3a aTE rpaypEva   /vrlvl/ovEvcovTa3, EKE/VO  0ov/rLoL, /-uV  T&W  EtpyaO 7'LEVOv aVTO  KaK&JV VwoXv70   OTI0Ro  EhXaTCrTw    ow0Ep   rpoTEpov   or-vve7q, 01Tovg  7TaXat&rJPOVpo     (DIKEealg  ErOLo7)EV  aIroXEOcLaL
T7TV yjV TqlV ~ pav a~wTEPElcae % Kal ac;VTOEV EC;Trl'(KWO 4E[lKVVOV TOtS'AJliLKTv`OG-LV (V'76KELTat yap T6 KLppa-tov 7rE&OV 7Ti LEpw Kal
EOTtV EvavVO'JTTOv).  124. T- S'  arwv'cj IdpC   K'TTv4oo 6
mvwlas VWLt/IIlqctmO V  EKKX-qOTLaV botat Tv'AV MILKKTVO'VWV  E'KKX-q
tal'v   Ocp ovo/VaJov TrLV,  O"Tav /Jt /LoVOV TOV 7tvXcay pOVR Kal TOp
LEepo/bvtlzjovag crVyKaXE)ctv, dXX' Kal TOVg (o-VVOVOVTag Kat Xpo-,dvOvO i-TO 0EE3. EVTaCV60' Q 7woXX'  jcEV EyLt'YVOVTO TOv WAIa~L(t~~Olro    Ka~r]yOp10at, 7rrOh~.. g 8'"3
cOL Wv KaLT-qyOptat, 7ro v~~ ELc7rawLog 7V KaTa Tqg''/JIETEpa4;.rXEto' rXog 8' 7ravTOS toT  Xoyov rlt'qLoVTrat'KE~V ToVg LEPOjvulv ovas 7rpo TrOj  brtovorp 7rvXatLca  iv i"jryr  Xp vw yv   IIE lXas,
3XovrUa  &6Yya, KaO' 0 TtL 8[KT)V 8&i'0ovLtv OL`Ap,]ttLro' t V;7r'Ep  )V
ELS TOV OEOV KLt TTV yMjV  T/V L'Epay KaL T'OVs'AutLKTv'OVoa  4qtcapTOV.  OT 81E criOq Xey(to, aVay'VOcETaL v'lWv   7ppaC/LAa7TEV TO
*HCIYMA.
125. Toi goyuaro; rTo ToV  To08oOEVTo,; vck 7MLUV lV 177 fToVXq
Kac  craLXcv  Ev 77 EKKX  aldI,  KaL Tag wtpa$CEL#,V Tq/LOW aqt0 v ro  Evov'FO V7jOV Ka[T 7- QrO(XEWog 7raocr/ 7rpOaLpov,tEV-'rp] v(_TE/E~v, Kat
A-[rlooO'Eovg v7rrp TOv /E(TEYYvj//LaT0g TOV -o$'A/,or7,qb[/] a'v7tXE'yovTo  Kal'ELOo  4avEpw&  E''vaVTlOV Vv  I E  EXeYX0oTo, ESEEl\q
TK TOv (/XPVEPOV TiV To'XLV a&PV'IrOpW     OVK CUvVCTO?XCwU,[ ELcrEX



IIEPI TOT ITEI)ANOT.                             67
Ta   evr17  8e&vp   a.rayyeLcXas.   Trov pyp  Ev'Au-'43
ko'acr'  To'A/Lov, 8   ov e's'EXCeLtav r)X(e (bLXLTrTrro  KaL 8L OV VPE6771 T~)V'A/ULK7VO'VV'YE'C V,
6   el     3 I   1* i71                               I
C,',','
o  o-vyKaTacrKEevaca9  KaL 7ratYT  ECOV              avrrp  TrO
tEo-r,) TalTLOS KaKJlV.   KaL  TO7   EVUOV'UO    taiLapTVPO/LEVOV KaL /3oWTv7o  E  Tv sq EKKX7r-lta  "o'XEov E   777Tv'ATTLK71V  ELOCayeL, Aio'Xtv7, 7TrXEFtov'AlLK7TVOVKOV"  Ol FtE E:K  7TapaKXq'cTECo
U-VyKaOTqleVOLt OVK  ELov  tkE  XE yeLv, ol 8'  OaviOWv Els TO POVXvTvrrpLOV Kat /LETcaLTrV)aleVOq TOVs s8tUrTaT EKcpeTrat rpoovA' vua CE  T-7qV EKKX7rtOaV, rpo(rXa8/3v T7v rTOV yp/alavTO adretptav a    I126. TO 8' av3ro TOVTO Kat Ev 7 EKKXV'ta
&Ew7rpa*aTo   btL7cr-otOjv vaL Kal yEvEOaL &Vat  ov  qIVtalOa')87
E7ravacrrTdrqs TqsF EKKXVct'a%, a7XrlrEXrXVoTro E/luoV, ov yap av 7rOTE
7MreTrpefa, Kal TWOV 7roAXXV 8v  aE'q0teLOJVV  0  TO \ KerCfkatvXCL - (TT
"Tov tEpoLVytova, 40%o, "cTV'AO7)vatwv KaL r        aov lrvXayopovs
rov actEl 7rvkayopovVTa  rroppeecrEOatL e  Ilv'Xaa  KatL et AcXfo4V
eV T0OLS reayTl/OLt Xpovot p rro r7Tv 7rpoyOov/," EV7E7rTr& yE T
ovo/LaTt, aAAa TyO Epy? aXXp&o,. KWXvEL yap E  TOV  vXXoyov
TOV Ev IvUkats a7ravrTav, os- E avayK7 7rpo TOV KaOVKO0VTOT IEEAAIE
XpOVoOV ytyVET-Oat.  I27. Kal -raWXLv'v T- avT' -t#aTIcvaTL'roX
Kat crae'rTepov Kal 7rtKpO'TEpOV (-vyypaJLLa ypdacEt "TOYv tpoLVLv'ova,v" 0/np-,  TOWV'AOVqvaI)V   Kal T0Vs 7rvXayopov T0ovs a'c 
7rvXayopoVVTa, I yl0 /ET9XELV TotS EKEJ O-vXXeYOjc'voLs )1rTE XO7yov
T /L17TEpyOV  TIE 8O7y/aTV / TIE Wpa$Ew  /)8CtEas."  TO 8\ 
iAETEXELY TL EiTtL;  7roTEpa Ta7XqO\E Eclro) 7 TO'STT-ov aKovaL;
To aAXeO  EpO)  TO yap aEL 7trpc  7c8ov'jv XE7yLEvov   OVT(0pT TqV
ToAXLv &LaT-(ELKEY.  OVK EEx 1ELLvc-06a1.v T PKOV, ovs 77/V OL
7rpoyovotL &o -av,  oVs8 rT/S apas ovos rT7  Tov Ocov utavrElaL.
128.'Hucaz /LV' ov,'AOvaoL,   KarE/EtValEv 8LO  TOVgTO TO




68                 ALHMO.OENOT:
ua~ov  KaZ KEVlV  alrmav   1ta,  r-v  1lav yeXOpav
I44 errye i e  vrXa'lavov avcd.  q~Ts'  vt,
COx avspOE'AOfqvaLot, yE'yove rv7c'OV TW t)V irpaylzaTWV, KaL  TLPOg ELVE6KC  TaVT   (TVVE(cKEVaGcr-r  KCaL
rTr  E7TrpaxrO, VVV V7raKov(raTE, EEL&) TOTE EK(eXvI'O-7E   KL y7a 4p EV,rpayliLa cTvvTEOEv OetrJOeE, KaC,upCya,  cpekaro E'Oe  rpo   rroplav crtv   KOWVCv
-KacL OrT17 8ELowv rT), V "EV     o ()LXLrrrrT7T, OEa(LecOTE.
145   OVK  IV TOV  7rpOs v~jas 7roXe'Lov  7rEpas ov8'
arTaXXay7) cILXT7rr?, EL iLq O1,8/3alovS Kat OETTraXovs eXOPOvs 7TOLr7rELEe Tr  roT'XEL'   aAXX   Ka'lep
a     OXLw.     KaL KaKW9 TraV crTpaTrry77 o  TOV ViLerepCOV
iroXEUXOVVTcUv avrc  O/u)os v7r aVCroV 70V  roXEpJtov
Kat TCWoV Xr-Tv /ILvpca ETEraCXE KaKa.   OVTE yap
7)yE7TO TWV EK T7)S XC;pas yLyvoLEVoV OVOEV, OVT
EI46  tr7YE0 T V EOELT avTcJ Ov &  ovET Ev E        OcaXcLTTv  OTE KpELTTCt)V V11J]V, OVT  EL. T17V'ATrTLK-V,  EXOEEv svvarTO  IIr7TE EETTrraXO    a'okovXOOVVTCtWv zL7TE
t/LcrL1,a, o[ 8' aXXot'AoLtKTrjoves crvvEXEyEr7oav Eds llvXas
7rXFv itas ordXEos, {s 1Yw OVT av Trovo/ja d'OLqLt, /x9'0' act ovLfopaL vrapavrX-ouot yoVOlVTO avTrn UL-qEvl  TWV cEXX-iv(v. Kai
rvveXOOvrTE;''fl cTaVTO'r(ILpaTVLELV  rl TOV'ApkLcceas, Kal
r-Tpawrwyov EtAOVTo KOdTTV4OV TOV 4Lapo(Xatov TO5V TOTE Tags YvtLas C rtEr 1q4ovTa, OVK  78rt8rl8UIOvros E' MaKESOvt'L aI tXr7rov,
XX' ovo' v''EXXkd8t'TapOvros, aXX  Ev 8KVaL. OaVT) JkaKpav
a7rroTOv  A OV avTLKa uaAXa ToXU-rel XEy'r AErlV AoVIOvrG l (s 7 yG
7rt T "oV EXXqrvas b7rrryayov.  I29. Kuai 7rapeXOVTres Tr  7,rpOrTf
-TpacTELqt Kca &AcLca (LETploerp   EX eXCprcavro TOLs'Aqu/oro-'v'tv  aVT




IIEPI TOT ITEDANOT.                          69
e7o3alwz 8ELLEVTC7)V       vvvE/3awLLE 8E aViTc  Tr(d 70X\E/     KpaTOV7TL ToV   07TOCOVTor-O   O00' V/LEL, EfeIr7TELTETE (rTpacr-qyovi  (Ec  yap ToVrO -yE) aVT?7  7-7
TELC TOV To7TOV Kal TCOv  v7TapXovTcov EKarC poL9
KaKo7TraOev.  El tEEV OQv Trs'I&ag EVEK EX  pa?7 I47
TOVe OHETT(aXov ).  Tv0v  o)/30alov  0vEL7ITE0   /3La8s(ELV Ef)f  v/Las, ovoev  av r)yeLTo  rpoorEIEtLV  avTco
T7v  ov eOVV   v   E    7Ta EgKEIELOV KOLVCaS TpOpC'T'EL'
1a/3, 7yE~ w cvL PpE%, opa    )X7LE   C  La EV rrapaKpoIVOCEOCaL Tra &  7rTELTELV.   TL OV;  E7TLXELPEL,
OE'acraoT',(O  Ev,  7oTTXE ov        - orrO-aL     T3'A/tKTVOcLr Kcal 7TEpl  T77V  IIvXaalav rapaXr7v  EtL  yap
Tctv6   EV6;    aV'TOV\1 V'ITEXCqJJPcWEV  CLVTV  8E70ETava   evS  avTovs 3re~ aUzavev  avrov  8eo'7TeaTOaL.  EL LETV TlvvTv 170 o         TC rV Irap'  avrov I48
1'TE/LTOt)LEVCOW  LEpO/W7fOlOVOlP 77 TCOV  EKELVOV  (OV/LIdXCV  ELr7yo-YOLTO TLS, VTWo4EOOacL To lpayfLa EvotL4e KKaE Tov  6rlPatov3 Ka\L Tov1  OETTaXov  KaLl
rIiavTas  vVXclaeOat, av 8''AOr)vaio0  D  Kal i-ap
yap TwV ucLE7tT(oV'aLK&II/LaTwv XpLuacTLv av.TOV. E j/Ltkocav, KaL
TaLVT EV pqT XPyfOVp 7rpOCi7rov TW LEW KaTaOetvat, Ka TOVs IEv
EvayECZ KaL Twv 7re7rpayEvwv aCTLov 1jETEUT'rcjaVTo, TOVS OE &
EVOrE/3Eav  4vyovTag KaTyNayov.  E      CrErL   & oVTrE  a XpT aa
eETLVOV'Tr OKEO TOV.. Eva.yEL KT.lyayOV Kal TOV'3 EV8EpE
TVKaTAX7v~ar  OLc 7v A4LKTVOV'  aXov, oT   gr  T77V 8EvTEpav E7rtL TOVS  A tpoL(rcrELa  rpTpaVtLav  ro rrcavrTo, 7roXXW Xpovp
v-TTepov, E7ravEXXveOros <~LXlWro7V EK T77 CRML?TOVS YKVcag (oTpaTElao, Twv /EV EooV TT7V 7IYE/OVtav q ri EvoE3E rota'/Ltv 7rapa&8oKOT)V, vS 8c\ A7JAOr0IVOVS 8&pO8oKtas E/7tO8\y  7EvY/LV7)S.




70              AHMO:OENOTZ
VlWV tov  WvrevavrWTov o rovro,roCoV, ev7ropT  I  Xr,
EW. 07TrEp OV E~,/?7.  qIT   O'V TavT E7ro-qrEv;
I49 lroV7~ato ToVToVi. OV8EVOS & rTpOEL3807T, OluaL,
TO rpay/,lLa OV8E  VXalrrTTovTro%  C(Tr7rep eEC0E rTa
otavmra,rap'  ILWV  yLyvEorOat, vrpo/r-qOELs 7rvXa'yopo0  OVTO7  Kat T7pLoV     TerTTapCO  XELPorovro-arwiv avrov avEppr7)67.  Wo  &s To T79'TXAEC9T)
a&icotba Xa,8c v aOW KETo EL1 roVX  Al4LKOv'ovag,
rr'TVa   TCXX  awkelv Kal  TapL8ov E'rTpalvEv Ev  oT'
ELUOOac01q, Kal  Xoyovs EVITppoO-OTrrov    KaL /JvOovg,
OOEV    Ktppai'a X Pda KaOLEpo077, 0-VV0E't' Kaai
sLEeEXkOv avOpoT7rov9s aIretpovs XdoyvW KaL rTo EiX150 Xov ov ITpoopol)EbvovV,'TO'' Ep'o/L7ovag, IEL
or aLrOa'  L rEPLEX0ELZv Tqv Xpavc rlav o L I Ev'ArLa(rcOaElt  rrov avoTv  o0voroav  yEpr y  v EW ca-cav,
OV7TO'3    T-7q"'Epa;   Xcopap 3( LaO',  o 8.ulcav
caro,rom  apxrl~;  ~~,re,bv  e 3ora, 8ee  v. dX'
OlK- TLV  AoKrpcrv    ELrayovv  Lova,   Ovc  a vvv
OVro, vrpo~arredat,  oEAoYWV OVK aiXgpO rr. yvr5 E0p E K8aL  KEVLEO.  OVK EVP LLaV v   rOV  7VTpoKa Xa
To'At  LKTV;rOv KTo  T AoKpoTl 7LYf7qV KaTL  T)V 70TTCy, 7TPOOTEX(aOat. TTE   OL  oKpOV   fLLKpOV K-  7lKa-';
aTL(    CTCL       \ TLv'pIa                  T O
OVK av EXo ts, a 7a KEV- 7,rPO C




IIEPI  TOT  ETEDANOT.                   7I
LEpOIw(UVqJOVOV.  C) 8' aca-  EK TOV7jV  7EyKX+/zctzot KaL  TrdOXE/kOo  vrp"a  To'o'A/Lto-cr- eZ  erTapdX0r7, rT  kiv ITpLorov 6 KOT77TV~O  aCLv'v T    v'A LKtKTVOVCV  yaTyE cTrpaTLav, co 8 oL kivE OVK
~Xov, oL 8' &EOOvTE3 OV8EP EirOLOVV, EL3 T7qV ECov-cav lIvXaaiv E'b TO'v cIfXL7rrov ev6Ov  r?)yElova
7qyov OL Karec(rKevacLleVOLt Kcal  7raXCL TOVrqpOL rTV
ETrraXcV KacL TCOv Ev  TaL c   aXXaLt 7rTOXEOcr.  KaL I152
7rpoSdo-ELr3 EvXoyov3 EXriqec-av'   r yap av'rov\
palav, epVXXEa Ko'Oac  1aopaXo'  rrwc     rok    Kp-a
paLEP,  \pp   ~, pc,-a...i-XX   K......... K..
aoKPO, r)v EXTELCvL  KCLCLXCaE L/ Ca EvL.  Eltv Ka 53
01W  (LT CLETiYPW)0L  EV6ELO,  CO  TOUT  EL8OP,  Oc
&~q/3catoL Kal  EelO  7)(CoP eyEPOVrO, &Jo'T~Ep  xELpzappovs LOv,Travc oao ToVT  rpTOayla  ElKE v    at-oXLo
ELETEra.   Pt' vv   TE ra  Y' EoXa l \  e Xov   avEK TOvKCLTV EWa   V.sp, Kal  8E1a T avT  8EV'  LTva uv oycvaLa aV   Kal  Tape'   "OOPOVE ( O\ EKtpapaL7av,      a( -Oat IapKaL   7roAa 8KppatorL  Ka,,OLLcOp& KE/KL CY) TapaVc  Kr  avT17 8LKT) oVI EOKEV.
OXEv JUOL TE yVCav EE, c, O
6-q/8a~to, Kal UEO  qtV EyeVOVTO, W(r7rEp XEuapEcroE7yEV   vv   E TO    Eeac'X    TEEXOV avT V EKELVOC, /la'XL, Kca  aV8pel'AOqv a8Loc,OE7'A)V TLVO\13 Ev'VoL'a  Xpo o     v vga, Ela  EVTOL, Kao'(rOV Kao   Va avapa, Ka I 8rk E,.  AO\, 8E IIe''
va E7TPaKTat, tV'8'TE - X L`K'a 7rpaylara  7
XEYE ut1 ra 8oylara.




72                   AHMOIOENOTZ
AOrMATA AMCIKTYONMN.
I54   [Erwr  tepE'Wo  KXELvayopov, captv'q IlvXafag, E8OE rotl w-vXayopoLs  Kat TOCS O'vv-3pot T)1V'Al-CLKTVO.'VV Kat TG KOLtV  TO}V'A1LPLK7VVOVWV, TEL7)'A/LtU(TEtS -EtiRL/latVOVtLV   Erl rqv  EpaLv
X.PaV Kal o7rrEtpovrt KatL foOrKlZacrLt KaTravEiovOrtv, E7rXOEv
TOvs 7rvXayopovs Kalt roVs o'vvE8pov%, KaL  TrriXatL 8taXa/eTv
Tov1   pov, KaL  a7rtrELtEv  T-ocs'A4     O-c    TOV Xotrov -
E7rL3atvELv.]
ETEPON AOrMA.
I55   CE7rt tepEw6  KXEtvayo'pov, Eaptvrj IlvXacas, EEOte ToTs  7TrvXayopoLt Kac TO7S orVVE'pOtL T'V'AILLKTVOVOV V KaU T'  KOLVO  TV'A1LoKTVOVWV, E7rELC8  O4 {'Ak otL-(O-S TV LEpaV XWPaV KaTCaYELJLL/IEVOL )OEWpyOVrt Kat fo-K7/jaa v9EovTt, Kal  KOpXtVOevot
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IIEPI TOT %TE~ANOT.                             73
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74              AHMO:~ENOT~
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IIEPI TOT:TE4ANOT.                      75
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76                   AHMOOENOT:
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Eav TLs ETr avrov9 Ll7.  LETaL TavTa XELPOTOV7'jCat I78
KEXEV&J 8EKCLa rtpErpEl, Ka:L TroL7o-atL TOVTOV  KVptov   IETra rTv orTparrIYTv  KaL -oV  rdrTE  sEZ
Pa&SElV  EKELTE Kal T7S Ef6O8OV.   EELSaV 8o EXOwCo-W  OZ ITpE`rI3W  EL& El j'3a, 7TC  Xp ic'cLoOaL
To 7TrpaylI/arL rTapawLV;  rov/c  /ravv uOL 7rpoeXETE TOV VOVV.  /pLro  tETo'a L v   L3Cdov    S&  (ai(Xp0b  yap 6 KaLpo0) aXA' E7rayyXXEaoOaL, /0orqO'(lLv, Eav  KEXEV(LTLV, Wg EKELVV OVT v EV TOrl
ecrXaTro, 71tOV O  CaLjLEWOV r)  KEWVOL 7TpOOp)oLLEV&, Ut aeWv  Lev 8c:o)vzrat TrarvT  KCa IrTEL'O'CwT
7-qIIV, Kal & /ovXiO'LEEa &JULEV 8L(K'?ALEVOL KaL /LETa
-7rporx7r)iaro-   L'OV rt  7roAXEWo rTav'ra vrpat'ot ev,
Eav 8' apa ur)  o-rvpju    KaTaUTVXELV, EKEVOL /LEV
EaVTOLg eyKa~cLXt&v, CaV   L vvv  EcacapTavco&tv,
(oc r  wL t,''p fi  o
tdbv 8o IrlS0V  alr -xpov IaaiA8 o- aE  TVT 7rlo   Et E9payILEVov."   Tav^a Kal rapa7Trrla  rovro[L EElV I79
KarE7TIrv.   VVE7rawvecravTCov 8E  avTc'v  Kai oV8eVOS EL2TOVTo7 EvavTLov ovaEv OVK Et7OV -LEV TaiVTa,
OVK Eypaa &s, oV8' ypata E'V, OVK E7rpEpEvora
6




82                 AHMOIOENOT:
8E, ov0' ErpEGo'3evoa iLEv, OVK ErTELa r 8E  OH q3,BaovS   a           Ta srO Tn   apX71  9 aXpL  TT)q  TEXEVTr)
l&Ee:XOV, Kal  E'8oK'  e'JLaVTrov  v~Zv  arLXc1T        E
TobV   7repLEcTnr)K0oTa   T) 7ro'XEL KLVw8vvov,.   Kai
/OL'epe To  470 L0car/ a  TO TOTe yEVo/LEVov.
t80 <KaLToL Tva  OovXEL (re, ArXwvrl, Kat Trva etkavTOV EKELVn)V TnV 7lLkepav ElVL;   /oVXEL 4lavXOlvTa orov rTO KOO d TovTv  a1ro  TXVO     ctTKnVo n
KpE(rb ov Trv r7   KpELova  q Lv E;v Ko7E O XvT  ro te
rP  &yaO~v       ToXL7P,,i p^cT* o1..   A.yc ri,  4j4.LWIoptaoV  KaKlC    ~TreEpL[ a3;   TOTE  TOLVVV  KaT
EK  VOV  TrOV  Katpov  0  Io atavevs  e'yeo Barako,3
OivotzdOV ToV KoOrKL[8OV crov IrTEcovog a6:oS  Wv
eqavnv T-, 2rarp[3~.  ixv Igv ye ovev'oa
0a7LE /zLOL.
*HDI~IMA AHMOHENOYT.
I8i   [Erc apXOVros NavTcTLKXcovC, OVXs vrpvTavEovolV  Atvr'IOo,
aKtpoeopLWVOg EKTr) ETrl 8EKa, Ar]/LOoeOvql A7r/loTOEVOVS IIatavLevg et7rev, rreSLr (ItAX7r7roS  o MaKe8ovwv  aortXcvv E'v TrE Tr9
7rapEXqXvoTtL Xpo'vo) 7rapa/3atlvwv oalveat Td\  YE7EVI'vfLEvaS4 aVTOJ
OVVOKagc 7rpo~g TOrv'AO-qvatIV v 8/t/LOV 7TEpL Ts'EPfv7%, VW7rpLt)V
T'OV  OpKOVS Kat T~a 7rapa 7raS(L'ort     "EXXrLrt vo/ltEleva Evat
cLKata, KaL 7ro'XECs 7rapatpetLTa ove'v aVTp 7r poorKorasg, Trvas SC
K AOl va'ov ovo'as 8opLaXo'rov, 7rTolKV ov    r 3 poasLKrOCetL
ui 7ro TOV    OV   OV'AOrlvalov, V TIE Tw' rcapov'Tt brL 7rOXV,rpo



IIEPI TOT ITEQ)ANOT.                               83
ayEL T rE iLa KaCL?n  4ldOT7rTL'   KaC yap'EXXarvCas TrdXELt aS I82
(kEY E/fApoVpovS 7rTOLE Kac TaL' 7roXLTElaS KaTaXVtEL, TLVaS  8e KaCL
Ceavspa7rostob4LEvog KaLTalKca7rTEL, EiL  Vas 8E6 K9,L  vrZ eEXX-~,vu(O
f3ap/f3apovs KaTtOLKEtL 7rr't T  LEpa Kat Trov  Tarcovs  E7rayov, ovEv
aXXOTptov 7TOLjV OVT-E TS EaV-oV 7raTplOO  OVTE TOV TpO7rOV,  KaL
7      vvv ar7(  Trapovrr 71 Tvxr KarcaKOpO0S XpdCoEVO%, E  XrtEXtE)L]EVO
EaVTOV OTL EK ]LLKpCV Kal TOV TVXOVTOg 7YE7OVEV aVEXL7rTOlT   /LEELyaC.
Kal EOt /LV 7ro'CXEIS Epa  rp aapatpovvEvov    acVTOV   app/apOV  Kal I83
3t[a3, vrrEX/4L3avEv 9Xarrov   EtvatL o jLqtog o'AOrvauTv To  E13
avTOv  7rXr X/LEXEEi OaW  vivv  E opov  EXX7yv!ias 7ro'XELg Ta   EV
ZifptgoGudvaR TS &i cVaLvaoT-aTOVS yLyVO/LEVac, 8ELVOV VYELCTat ELvat
Kaiy avatov T7 TWV irpoyovov 80or   TO WELptopav  TOVSg *EXXrAvas
KaTacvOovXOV(,LVOV. 8lO 8 OKTat T'  PoviX- Ka"l T  8- / I.~'AOr7- I84
vatlv, Ev~atlevovg Kal Ov'(avTag TOlS OEorg KaC T'pOptL TOlS KaTeXOV(rT T'V 7ro)xLV Kal TrV XTq pav lnv'AO7rvativ, Kat  vOvEV    OEVvTag
T77S TyV rrpOyOVGOV apeTp, LOTL 7rEp.L  rXlovo~S E7rolOVTrO TT)V iTv'EXAXvwov EXEvOeplav 8taTrrpeV 7v  TV  8 oav   WraTrp8a, SLaKocrlas
vaVs KLO6EAKELV Eig TT)V OaXacTTav Kat TOV vavapXov ava7rcTXEv
EVTOr  IIvXAv, Kal TOV (TrpaT7r)OV Kal TOV I7rtrapXov Ta.   rETas
Kar TLs L7WWLKaL  o         JV2'EXEvoLva8OE EayLV,   rfat 8E Kal
7rpE tgElS 7rpos Tovs  aXXovs  EXMX/va V, 7rpTrov 8E'ravWv 7rpO
)'palwovS 8ca TO E77VTLaT0) ELVaL TOYV -llXtLrOv T79 EKELV(OV Xopa
7rapaKaXELv 8E aVroVs r/g18Ev KaTarwXayevTag TOv  [LXt7rrov aVTE- I85
XEoOat r") EcLavTOv  Kal T7-S Tw)V a(XXwoV'EXXrvov  XEveptaV,   KaL
OTl O'AOrlvatL)v O iLo    EV, o8 Lv  vtLKaKO)v'EL Tt 7pOTEpOV YE7yOVEV
aXXorpLov  a-t o'XcL'  rpo9 aAMlj as, oarle9 O'q  Kal 8vva/oELt Ka\t
XP P7Lc(TL Kal 3eXAErl Kal o7rXoLs, EL&8  OTl aVTOl9 pEiV 7TpoS aAXXAXovs 8la/LLfPlo-f/ TE lV  TrEpl Tqs?y7EEovla  ov'rw'Ev "A -t KaXo'v,
v7o 8   LXAXo/V'Xov aveOpwrov apXEcTOat Kal r179 -qyEELovlta  a7roTTEpeUtoLat ava4tov ElvacL Kal 11r79 To(V  EXX'vow 80'o$   Kalt 1179
TOJV 7TPO7OVO)V apETl7). * TL     OV& ( XXAo7TptoV  )yELTLL Etvat oI 86
AO7rvatowv  l7OS ToYv ~7)a/3tlWv 8 v qlOV OVTE 117   VEYYEVIa OVTE TO)
OUTE ~    ~    ~~~~ O'U




84                   AHMO:EENOTZ
ouovAX).'vaatt/v'L0Vr)KETaL 8E Kal Tas' T'jV T7pOyO(DoV TWV EavTro
ClS TOVS  rflpalwv 7rpoyovovv EvepyeLta * Kal yap 7ovp'HpaKAEovS 7raL8al a7roTTepovUle'vovs  7r Vr  IXowrovv]ro[wv rig 7raTpqag
apX-p Karqya-yov, TOtL O7rOtL KpaT-raVTrE TOrV  avtLp/SaltvEL 7rELpoEy OVg ToZ0'HpaKX`OVg EK7OVOLt, Kai'Co'   OLtWOVV Kal TOVg
LET  EKEtVOV eK7rEcoovTar  vrE6ESaeaEOa, Kal ETepa.  -oXX~a  jtV
I876 V7apxcL  tLXavOpw7ra Kat Ev3o0a 7rpOsg (/palov' *  tO'7tep O~VE viV
aLroOrTr)oerat 6'AOrjva'tv 8oj/,Los   v  qorat'otL Tre KU& rot akXXotl
"EXXqro't o'VlepovrtOv. o'vvOEo'Oat 8E wrp5o  av1-rov  Kal OrvZL-,aXtav Kat Ertya/tlaV   7rot'qoao-Oat Kal OpKOVg 8ohvvaL Kal XaiEtv.
7rpoIaels        t A     uo'LO'O6eV  LAwY/OeOvovg IlatavtLev,,'YW7epe[l`q  KXEaVoPov  /i7vr-tOo, MV]o'tLOEt'&Sq'Avitavovs Opeapptog, Aqy/LoKpaT7)r  woet'Xov IXvEv', KKXatLoXpo'  AtOTLzov KoOwKL367.]
apxS q,'',
apX, Kal KaraorTTaorc   Tp&Tr7, Ta  7rpo  ToVT7JV ECL
E-Opav KaL /LUtoo     Kat alrtolrtLav rTov  roTXEcov v,7rrT7tUevov            OVT-v.   TOTO TO 7ybto7La rov TrO'TE
14I.'O 3' Ito-aytv  v v/tat Et Tras ~ri3a  KaLp0o  Kal 0o0~O0
Kal Xpeta ov1alIaXlta%,  XX oV  Arlzo0rEV7r,% Ertl 7rEpt yE Tav-rat
5as 7rpa$eLt ipt'a ia 7ra'vrv u.'yw-ra  7//Lo0Ev-rq  ckt v/et rn/apTrqKE, CpTOY ILV OTl TLXtWWOV i-p /LEV ovo/iat 77oWXE/OVVOsM
Vt/v, iv,   8' Epyw 7roXv uLaXXov utoLovroT OVqfat'ovs, f s avria Ta
7rpay/La7 a W 8E0AWKE, Kal Tt7  cl 7T   rX.Et  XE7ELV;  T-avra ILEv Ta
7lXtKavTa TO\ LEzyeOOg a7rEKplvfaro, 7rpoo-7rotro-a/LevoS 8a /ELEXXELt
T-qv uv'pijuat'av yevyrjcOro-at ov 8toa iTov  Katpov%, &XAL  tLa Tras
aviTov 7rpeoclta' 7rpWTroV  EfV (TTVe7retoaE  rTOV  OlJOV /L/KETLt POVXAcecfOat,  I42. EW rtl (t 8e 7roLt~E'Oat Triv o-vlu,uaxtav, aXX' aya7rav  ovoYv, Ei yIyvETaL, ToVTro 8\ rpoXa/3Wv  K8o-oOV /1Lv  Ti/v Bot(orrtav 7racrav E7rot WL/E  aL'Oats, aypavraY iEv lT fi/t`l rtaTL, EaV T7L
atur-7TatL 7roXAL a7ro i7oatiWv, po0EiV'AOpvatovR BotWoroZt Trot
ev  ffatlg, i-tO  ovofLaorL KErT`WV Kal uETaL/Ep()V Ta' 7rrpayp/ara,




IIEPI TOT ITEcDANOT.                           85
T,7TOX  TepLoTTvTa  KlVSVVOV  rrapeXOEv'rp'o'EV  oJroTEp  VEoO.   -qV  /jEV TOlvvV  TOVy  lKalov
TroXTov   TOTE  8EtJ    L 7Tao- L,  EL Tl TOVTrV  ELXEV
aqLELvOV, rl- vvv ErTLLLav.   6 yap av'ovXos Kal I89
C        \ /         ) > \   ^    ts \I
o  cUVKO/avrr, OV8E T'ov  CLXXWv  oVO8E   EOLKOTE9,
EV) TOVT() TXECTTOV aAXXJAcov &aCpEpOVOlvI 0 I/EV
yE 7rpE o TV    7TpaCLy/rL v yvct)/lqv acroaVETral, Ka,
/SMwo'tv aVTOV Vr7TEV0vVOV TOS fELOrOEcrL,  C         Tv'XV,
ToJ KaLpco, TC() f3OV O1EVQ    6 O           OcLy7OcaS  7)VLK
E8EL XEYELV,? av  TL s8VcKOXOV  oVpj3t,    oiro ^TO acrKalveL.  q7V iLEV OVV, ou    EP  ETOV, Eop  KElO     KCat- I90
p    Tov TO YE  povTaov o                T)    eo      X K0c
TOW 8LKacLL&v XAoyc ev cEyo 8E TocavrrTv V'7rEp,/0X7v
TotLov/LLat, co'TE av vvv EXV1 TL3 86EaL  TL PEXTLOV,
roTprEP  WEI) TOVI BOLWo7v  Ep   KaK Itc 7rdXovT 0Tag 7v TWV
ovouaTrTwv (TVV(cElV a'TWV AZllO0VOVS  yaIryl 7az - a A  oo v I'aLXov  4' olS KaK&3 7rErWovOEaav ayavaK7TrovTaq   143.  TEVT7pOV
& TOW) ELI TOYo 7otAE/ov avaoa'ov ra rEv ov'o dEp-q vv avc-...'Elig aTO~E'V oa  ah.' o 0 I                        qKEV, Ol l7av aOrrTEep(O O K't8VVOL, TO & TpLTOV pO    PaL'otI,
ilSpO8OK(YV E(' EcKacTOLI TOVTOV, KaL T7)V Ey/oviav TqV IV Ki Ta
OcaLaTTav EWoVl/c'E KOLV)V, TO 8' avaJXkOa l3tov lV/'EpOV, T'rV O
KaTa 7v, ei i- oc Xrlp Ev, aporly cepov avC'rlKe ~T/at'ot%, ((r-e
7rapa Trov YEVF.evov 7ro'XE/OV ILx  K VpLOV yEVETO'atL ~TpaTOKXEa T)ov
qTEsTep ov  (rTpaTr'/yOV [3ovAEvcTa-Oat 7reppL T7'  TOWv (-TpaTUrOTv (rTrpl'aI.  I44. Kal TaVT OVK EyO /AV KaTryop7,  ETEoOL 8E WapaXEltrOVcLV,  KXXa K(,y) XEYO) KL)L' 7rlVTEI EI7TtLcrt Kal V/lEetL oVLtcTE Kat OVK Opyl4creO. EKELVO yap 7reWro'va7TE 7rpO p  A7locroOEV7v'
crVVLOLOLTOE aq0q T   L8LKajVLTa   TO  OVTOV aTaT KOVELV, )(T'E O   av
ETE-.  8EC & OVX OVTOU), aAX  ayaVaKTeLV KaL TtlUopELO Uat,  XPcI
Ta XOLt7ra T 7roAXt KaX6) 3XELv.




86               AHMiOOENOT1
~J OXAOW  EL t LaXXo evrv Vj\IArv (7v Ey7'poELXOv 7,
eT, to c\,   rp,,e^, oi,  ^  v,
a3E OKe.LOXOy(.  el yap Ec08' o TL TL' vvv ewpaKEy, o O7YVVrVEYKEV av TOTE rpaXiav,    ro7VT  Ey
4fuL~L 8EOE  E1E L  XaLE.    E EL   E /r)T ETL /OTe7TE
1v tLrT av ElrTElV EXOL LrYoE'l lzr13eOr&J Kat 7rjLepov, T  7TOV (o-UpLjovXov EXpqV  TOLE7TE;  ov TrV
)aLvoe'vtov KaL  EvovTOwv  Ta KpaTLo-Ta EXECGOaLL;
I9I1 TOVT7O TO7LVVV  EiTola, TOV K7)PVKO  EpWTCV07TO,
Ao-Xivr,   "     c aOyopevELV fo30vXETa;   o' "r Ti
aLTtao-OccL TEpl T&Wo,7TapEX)X vOOTOv,   O V8E\.T
EyyvaOrOaL ra zE'XXwovT E'creOa6L.   oo v' o   4)VOV KaT E       oKELtVOVTOV3 XpvovS EV Tayj''KKXcrqaLv
KaO'rLE'vov E'yc)  rLapLtov EXEyov.   E7T EL87  8' oV
TroTE,   XX    V7 8E   v.  ELTE\ rTi r   oyo.   o01TV
TOTE, aA a VVV Of L~OV.  cl Tre  l 71   oO  OVtLV
EXprjV EVrTOpEWv,  7 KaLpOS crv/lz)Epcov V7'    oU0V
IrapEXELc'Or7 rD  TroXEL;  rTL  8E cOv/LCaxIa, rTL
-Trpa Ls,') r7v /Lc^XXov E8EL /lE ayacyELv  TOVTOV(Je;
192'AXXAa lr7)v rTO LEv vrap~ErXvv6O' a'E 7rapa'aOrLv
a,.Etal, Kat oVSEl trEpt TOrVTOyV ITpOTl7)rOl'  OV8auov /3ovX'v   r  &  tE\ XXOV   T 7r aapav T71V TOV
Orv143oiXov  TCOV LV  caraLTEL.  TOTE TO7V 7 Ta /IEV'7/lEXXEvl, g0S ESOKEL, TCOV  ELwV)ov, ra 8o 8qor) 7rap7)v,
EV OLS T-7V rpoaLpeoTIv IOV (TKOgreL T7i  7rOXLwTEla%,
7 Ta  - crv,3 KlOavTa (VKOvWTEL.  T  -LEV  yap 7TEpac,
(  c av o 8al" Lv  8ovX?0y,  raVT(i7)v ytyvETaLt  7)
8E TpoalpEcrOL  aVTT T)l'v TOV  Tv/JJpoVXov 8Clvotav
g93,XotL.  bkr  877 TOVTO cs aoLKlca  Ebov  6lj', Eo




D i  D yyOIL'7XDo 34J LVa'4739Y34D e'l1o a.D?Irl
lan u-   oio   d-D c't dX rmoto.ogod m'&/dQaaD
soop m  outot  o.Lo.t s-doX s&. aom 13i'a17,u'yXo.
axlL L.LD.o3di   Sofo)?m  sooanga?  so.Lao.oo  s&a/rl
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7d~ anaa 7. vwI' svafm 3o1W/r  S-DDmlt  S m0473)
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U   C'v:svda, o dvtdr-I    no so/ 57a 0on027roaMk    7r//t
56i aiol I&e 7.~r 7.   do i-:m aoCm/oX oimi  vv-,
aMIL.U  aoM. &ta.13;ND'lA4a   soidna  s&X, a  s&tL
dl   w.11  3 C~ rotr,?0~   C ~ C.  t)  /
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w          ~ C                      % C  ~;   a t O
nc amh  ao.or     wvi So.rIo s hdX o 7nrI7o 3X?tp'7ilo-9
vdo&.o.: &9        3.()  97 c o 7 0oI c  cc
S(1le SSO  (LQ\  tD 3 ~Xf)lQ l  l ta)(7)1'71 3
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t8       *X0XYIJLOV(DHIX     01  I cla I




88              A HMO OENOT -
7/.epa Kat 6V0 Kal TpE3 eiooav TUv ES (roVT7plav Tr 7   oTXEL, T'TE O, —  OK 4:tov eLt7rE, a' ye
VuV8E' freLpacr E&OKE OcEV TwVO- EVOIML Kal T  Trpo/caXXeao-acL Tr7v lro'Xv ravmrqv -rpv crv/u/aXlavc, 5
(rV KaTq7)opEs.
I96'EorL 8E ravTti rdavra  ot Ta  rroXXa 7Tp0 v/ila,
aV8pEg 3LKaCTabT, KatL TOV  7TreptLET'rrKoral E:6Oev
KaL aKpo/LC)EVOVS, E7TEL'JTpo  y7E TOVTOV TOPV KaraITTVTTOV /paXVs Kal  uao/)s E$5pKEL XOyoS.  EL
tLEv yap -qv (To'L rporlXa Ta EEXXovlra, AtoX'rv7/,
OVCO MTV  aEXXCov, O'  e/ovXe6Ve'VE   71 iXIt  rep,
TOV7WV,  dTOT  8EL  tTpOXEyELV.  El' fL  rrTpO?3ELS,
Trq avTrEV ayvota        V IrevOvvos EL Tto  aAXXoA, a WYTE
Tt.LakXXov EJoV arV TavTa KaTrryopEL 17 E'yC, (rov;
I97 TO'OVTOV yap aLEvtOV  EYr 0oV'TOXtrro -' yEyova,    %,,
EL v ai   TalJf  & X'yCO (Ka oVo7rrro rC 7TEpl Tiv aXXov
&aXeyoilaL), oo'ov ecy wEtv 9OtoKa E/xavrov EFS Ta
Tao-L 3oKOovTra'v/jfCEpEtL, ove'va K[V&VVOV OKvr?crag ~8tov ovO  v7roXoytcravElevo%, c-V os o    ETEpa
crreS PEX7TCo TOVTOWv (ov yap av TOVTroL EXPOTvro)
OVT Et9 TaVTa XPr)14tLLov ov8Ev o-aVTOV 7TapECXE,
oTEp 8' av o6  avXoTraro  Kal  SvcOiLeveo'rTaTro  avpWTOS T7r XTOAE, LTOV7TO 1TE7TOL7)KW  EITL TOLS G7V.3ao-tv Er4TaratL, Kat allta'ApacTpaTros  Ev Naco
Kal'ApLrdo'Xewo  Ev  c(,  ot KaOa7rac'XOpo'
T-,roAXECo, TOV'AO-rvatcov KptvovocL  0LXov
Ka2U'AOrvcrltv A'ICxtvr/l Arlzoc0e`Pvovs3 KaT7YOpEt.




IIEPI TOT %TEDANOT.                    89
KaLrotOL oco ra Tov'EXX4Vtov   aoTvX-?ara EvEEVso' I98
KLELVW'  OUCTEKELTO, ac7TOXoX)VaL jiaXXov  OVTOg EOTL
3LKaLoS 7 KaT77YOpEL  ETEpOV'  Kal oT? GVVEV —
l   OLcVTO& KaLtpOL K0aL TOVL T7)I  7OXEO
voxao'v or a''  KaLpo, Ka:      S rr  rTOR's
EX POl0ZS, OVK EVtL TOV7OV EVVOVV EvCLL -tj 7TaTpL'&.
8r-Xozls &  Kal Et CV 471)g Kal TOLELZ KaC 7TOXXLCTEv)
Kal TarXw o0  roXLTrev.  7IrpaLTTETai TC TOV V/iUV
8OKOV'VT7cV /' 4EpELV; da64vos AIoXrv7l7.  avreKpOVOCE TL Kal yeyovEv ooV OVK E&EL;  rapecTTW
AcrXlv, OT1 crTrep Ta, pry/LaTa Kal Ta o7raliCLaTa,
OTav TL KaKOV To    a Xa PZ, TrotE KteLTaL.'E7rrELt, 8E VOXV' TOIS 0-V1L,/E/3)KOOClV EyKELTaL, 199
/ovAXoial TL Kal rapcLpoL:o    ELEEW. Ka[ paov KTrpo
AL69 Kal OEWv  &Lq8SEV T7)V vTwErEp/OX)7   Oav/Ic L0ar,
a&XX OLeT EVVOLas 0 XE'y) OEOCpr7TqcTco.  EL yap rqv
alraort lrposrXaa   EiXXOVTovL'a yev1EcreOaL, Kal 7rpo78EOcrav rTavreE, KaL (rv Trpov'XEIyE, AhtXlv'r, KaL
o8LELpTvpOV /30'V Kal KEKpayo;J, o ovo' E)keOY E)),
v  OVTWs acroTcTareov Tr wet 
OVOirs 0;70 ~,7 7T XEL TOVTCOuy   -V, Et 7TEP
q 8oe7s 7 7Trpoy1ovcV 7) TOV /JEXXOVTOg aicovoS ELXE
Xoyov.  vvv tEV yE acroTVXELV 8OKEl TC'V lrpaTyla- 200
T'CV, O 7rao(L KOLVOV EcT Ttv p avp;cTOLt, OTCrav T   EW
TaVTa 8OK'   TOTE 8  aclOVc-a ITpOEOTCLvaL TrOV
aXXtv, ElT'  7Trooracra TOVTOV, LXilrr7cT 7ITpO8E8Cd3,   +,,,,
KEvac?7ravTaT  av Eo'XEv aLTtav.  ET yap TaVTa
7rpOELTO aKOVL,  E          ovOEva KlVOVVOV OVToTV
vX fvretEWvav Ot 1TpOyOVOL, F OVXL KaTETTVOEV
~rpoovor&Tv'    KaTE1TTVo'ev




90               AHMOX~ENOTZ
av crov;  Lu7I'yap Tr]S IroArEco  yE, /qo3 e9Lov.
201 TOL 80 8o' aXLos 7iTpO' aO''CpjEv av wTovp et
Tv 7oXLV 7av6prTrovS  aCLKVOVuevov%, EL Ta i  EPV
7Tpay/JaT ELS 0o7rp vvvl rTEPLEOrr, T y7YELVJ 8s KaL
NV1/ 8 i'Ep rOi
KV'pLOS rpEq'ILvXL1T1OF aVV, ElV  o aavP cov,,fl  yevecrxOatL  avr  a'y y)va  ETepOL, XWOplt'7LqFV
uo'av 1rTE1TO7o/lEVOL, KaL TavTa /pr    t eCr&rfTOTE Tr77
ATuoXEWg EV T0OL  Ep4TprOpE    yJOVOL1  u-ajXELaEv
To.cXe   0r rolS  eirprOrE  Xpopolg ao'qaAem~
60oo0v l oXXov    7 TOv  vrEp TWtV KaXCtV KlV8VVOV
202 qpr7ykEV'S;  riF  yap OVK OL8EV'EEXKXvov, TCi 06
/3ap/3apowv, OTL Kai vrapa Orlqaitov  Kal  7rapa'''                            ^ III
TiV ETL TOUVT7V ITpOTEpOV  LCXVPJV  7EVOoLEVW
AaKE8aLpo vCe)ov Kat riapa Tov IIEpOrJv /3ar-cLXo
IzeTa TroXXkjq  XaPLTro  TO7v  a' a'o-Elv)o   E'8067 T'
AErLA, o' t  80ovAErac Xa/3o6r    a  rX avr
7TOXEL    v  /3ov'XECaL Xa/Oi O-j Kat T~ EavT-qg
GXov;%  TO KEEVOlIEVOV ITOLEl Kat      ETav  repov rTv
203'EXXrvPov 7rpocorTcvaL;  aXX' oVK'v  ray0, S,
COLKE, TOt TOTE'A07valoL  7TarTpta oV8' aCVEKTaC
ovo8 cEpfivTa, ovi'  7)8v817Vr) ~r TTOTE TqiV rTOXLv
OV OEt EK 7ravro3 TOy Xpovov rELoaL TOtS ltoXVOVcrL p IEVL) &Kala  6 iTrparTrov-cr~  rpOie/.tE'vr)v
aorraXwXs 8ovXEVELW, aXX' ayrv0LopeO'r v  7TrepC  rppoTELCOV Katl Ttlbq Kal 80'IqS KLVsvvevovo'a TravTa
204 T0ov alotva 8LaTCTEXEKEV.  KaL TavO' ourTo eo-Lva
KaL ITpO(Tr-KKovTa 7TOL V/lETEpOL9'qOEo-Lv V[LEL VO
Xa/43avET  EWva,  o(rTE KaL TWV  7Tpoyoveov TOV9
TarTa'rpaCavas    a aXLT  e7raLVELte.   ELKOTeo9




IIEPI  TOT  VTErIANOT.                91
rTL  yap OVK av ayac(Tao T0  Tv oavp W'  EKEL VOV
T 7s apET js, OL Ka L T rVv Xpav Kal Tr7v 7TOXl EKrrEW vrErELwvav E t    rpT   Tpr7pcEL EtlpavrTES vrEp
TOV /f 7TO0 KEXEVO'/cLEVOV rTO7oCaL,  TOv /Ev TaCTa
crvi3OvXEv'cravTa EOE/LrToKXEa a  cTpaTrr)yv  EXouEVOOL, Tov l   V7raKOVELV afrorIvaClevovy   iros Erarro!uEvots KvpcrgXov KaraCLTctoavres, ov io'vov
avrov, aXXa KaLI a yvvacLKE at v!ErepaCL Tr)v yvvaKCa avTro.  ov yap E 7r)roVV otr TOT'AOrovaoL 205
ovTr prlropa oVre rTparrlyov &8  o'Tov ovXEvoouvLtv, aXX' 0ov8E rjv'iLOVV,  EL' ET)' LET EXEVOEpplas
eo'TaLT ovTO 7TOLELV.  }7yELT0 yap av7wv EKaCLTT0
OVXL TCt) 7Tacpt KaL T-) EWap- OLOllaoyEyErpe atoa
aXXa KalL T-' TcLpL8L.  oLaEtp EL & TL   OTt O6 jUE
TOLS yOVEVCL L:OVOV yEyEvrra(TaLL VOliV Oy TO s,
EtCapLeLrl7) KaCL  ov aVT LoTaTOC Oav vaTrov 7rEplLEVEL,
oe   a E\ K\ T-'   Tp c     t\       1       CM
6 &i  Kal T7 ITaplL vTErrp  rTOV,L7) TavTr7V erTLsEV
8sovXEvovcav a/rTOWvrTKELV E'OEX)rcEL, KaL 0oEprTpas rqy7r0-ETrat rt  V/3pEL  KCLf L Ta     aTtLLLas, as
EV 8OVXEVOV'O7' T)  TO6XEL 4'pElV aEvlcK7p,  TO'V
OavaTOV.
El  LE\V TOLlVVV TOVT ETEXELxpovV XEyELV,  s eyyoJ 206
rrpo7)yayov vka3 acLa T^oV W7rpoyoVrov 9ppovLv, OVK
*EYT  O0T7LS OVK av ELKOT()0 EiTLTL4LLrTELE /LOL.  VVV
8' yco IElV v(LETEpas TaL  To0LaVTa3 TrpoacpEcTELs
a~rocal'Vo, KalL OELKVV1L OTCL KaL 7Trpo ELOV TOVWT
ELXE ~TO 4povrqla q7 7(3TOL, Tr) uLEVTOL &LaKovlaL




92                 AHMOI;OENOTZ
T7ig E        Kao'rolg TcoL V 7re7rpayevCov  KaL ElaavTCr
207 tLeeTEvac  /q7), ovTro  8E TOV'Xov  KarriyopY, K.a
KEXEVcOv vta9  E/fkLL  ITLKpCO  EELV EXE WW    o/v   KaXV
KLU-VO'V  alr? al&  T7  ITdXEL, T71r  TiV E3   rr) apov
^, \,   ^  \,         \ p,E L e,
TtlF7)q E/EL arroo7EpcraLL yXtXETraL, Ta 3  E~, a7T'rav7a TOv  kotOrr\v  Xpovov   YK& La  vlcov a4'aLpETac.
El yap  wg ov Ta PEXToLrTa EoLov 7ToXLtTevora-lEvov
TOV8l KaTao4fyfLELOE, 7flLcapTr KECvalL O 7ETE, OV' T7
r71  TVXXrlx   ayvwoocrv0         Ta, 0V4C31-avTa  7TaOe^v.''
208 aAX' OVK E'TLV, OVK'OTLV OTCS 71/apTETE, av8pEs'AOrqvaco, rOv V7TEp rTs a7ravrTv EXev0epcas Kat
orrTrptas K vsvvov   a'padevoL, i.a TOVb  MapaOxvw
r7poKLv8vvevv' cTvTa l  TCV   TpObOVWV  KaLL  TOVS  EV
lIXaraLats vrapar:aFpE'vovv  KaL robV  Ev laXaltV'I
vavtLaXqoravTac    KaO  ToiV  ETr   AprTEPLL-CO  Kal
7roXXovs E7TEOV3 TOVq EV) 7TOLS &7lOL'0loLR LJVrCLOaL
KELEVOV c acyaOov&  avs pas,  ovSo   aTavTae     oKpl
crTpaTT?7yqoaoc  OT Eo V T  aXaLv vavaaXta rTv ollEpnV EVLKaTE,
A -uOC'V?73 O Tq V  Ta-tv Xt7r-Xtv;  MtlrtJ&aors 8& o Trv &v MaPLaoVL 1a~Xrlv  TovS p3ap/3apov3 vgLK)oraL,   oVTro; /Tt 8 of ac-o
4v;PXi 4EV7yovTa  ToV 87/7LOV KaTrayayYOVTE;  ApLrEto8   8o o 8oKaLoS, o TJV ovuOLOv EXOwv c7rLOVvlav AIZLO0OEVEL   I82. aXX
EyOyE /a rovS EO\ 7T0rv'OXvpi7rtovs oVO8' EV TavC aVnTatc  qEpats
dLatov                                  K Kyov/Vat WEtvraL TTov OrWpiov- TOV'OV Ka 6/ oKEMV TwV av8pov.  f7rtL8ELaTW TOtVVvV rq7UtOc'0EV7P  EV'T aVTOV Xoypt, Et 7rov
YELypTcLrral TLva TWv aV(UV TOVT()V (TEcOaVKUcatL.  XdptrTToK ap) V
O &/lLOS;  OVK,) a\Xa CEyaXofpwv, KKELVO' YE Ol /Vq TrETLL LE'VOt




IIEPI TOT XTEcbANOT.                         93
7)  1o'XL9  T    avTr7  aCTT7)a'a 47C  L L        Es O aLEV,
AL-Xrv7), ovX  7TovS  KacopOwco-aTca  avTCV  OV&e
TOV3 KpaT7(oCavTaW   ILOVOV.  OKaLc(do' 0 JEV yap
q v avspcov ayaOc)v ~epyov, arrat' rr7rpaKraC,  TV
TVXVl q,            &L o  1acL'wv  eVELLEV  EKacOrTOtL', TaVT7
KEXp)VTaLL.  EIELT, CO) Karapare KaL  ypalaCLTro Kv- 209
rodv, or- I1Ev Tr    7rapm roVyVt TrLy;! Kavt TLXavOpoT)7rLac   Ec'L o asoOrep70r-aCL  /3ovXo/LEVO3 rpodrraca
KaLt LlXas KaL IaXataL e'pya EXEye, &Ov 7rvo/  rrpocrE8C6O  o 17rapov ay1, v ov rool;   ee  3E, D  TpLrayovLorT, C   ov  r EpL TCOV  77Tp)TCEioVV OrPO vXov rj
To)eL 7rapLovTa To TLvo' o povrpCL  Xca3odv' avaaC/
VELV  C7IT  TO  1 3   ECTEL;     TO     TVb oVT&JV avala,W >  C ^     8 E9'.     a^ c,'7\  ^, 8wr
EpOVvro';  LKaCo    LV             v' C'eOCL)ov'     2
o0v' 6      a,  ava pEs'AO7rvaLoL,   aTro 7r   aVr7)  oLavoLasC L et rda  TE  laCL  3[ 8LKa  KaCL Ta&  87.kooTal   KplVeLV, a^XXac T& tv  oV KTO)' rK jLepav /3lov (TrvUpo8A(I,/,'  x, O,,        \,  t
Xaca EI7TL TOV,LCW   V OlOWv KaL EpyOv (rTKO7TOVVTa,
Tra C s  KOLVCa\ oTrpoaCpe'ECLS   El  TCa TWv  rpoyovov
OJlTarCa  Cro 3XkE7'rovTaC.   KaC rapaCaLP3aveLV ye
7q' 7~ro'XcE  dLetot Ov ycap (ovro aWEv Ev Tot ypCLdtartL TLaerL at,
aXX' cv rD ivrjr        El)v   7 rE7rovO0rtov, 7 ar EKEtVOV Tro XpOVOV
uAEpt T7 os-E  7^S rjpa'pt's at7a o3ra 8tatevtLEt. 8(opds  8\va~
JO e   y     ] l~Epca  dvT3 OVT        EV       a  E Tiva
EXa/43/avov;  dwv  to'v' riTt!v7L(T'OqvaCt.  259. )E/,tUTOKXEaL 8s
KatL.TOV Ev MapaOvt T.EXEVT7oravTaS Kal  ov E'v llXaraLta` KaL
aVroV& rovv'TaOVFp Tov\ T  o7v 7pOyOVV OVK OE(TerE rTEVpdELV, Ev 0o
EI'TL TZ-v fappa/3pv o'uoXoydv  TOL'PEXX17rov aVT7rpacTTELV (TTE4avwcoturpEat;L




94                AHMOI~ENOTE
apa p 7T    aKTrj)'p   Ka' TO  cTvu X)'   p4orrvIa
TO T7      X  7rdXeO vo0ltEW   K       voT v LO  s, o aE
T7a 8rlqoc'ta EdlrOtTE KpLVOVV7E%, Et 7TEp aLta EKELVCWV  rpaTTELV OLE(rOe Xp77vat.
2II'AXX&  yap  EiTrerrCov  E~ Ta 7TE rrpayieva Tro
7rpOOVT o L  vo 1Cv Eo-TWv a TcV TOWr   t'lOaTCWv TapeBr Cv Kat Ocv 7rpaxOevr7Tov.'erCavEX0V Oe  v, O~O'Ev
EvTavOi' EjE3r'qv, /ovXopLaL.'Qsi  yap a    ofLKo/JU O  El3 rTa  E)rile, KareXa/,cLaVOULeY   4 7LX T7rWOV  KaC  OETTraXov KaCL TV  CkXXcov
rvLLX9XoWv 7TapOVTas rTperP-E13e, KaC  TOV3 iLEV q/iLETEpOVS 4lXovS  5V 4O/, ToVo      3   EKELVOV Opacl'.
0oT&    ol VVV TravrTa AEy7  TOV crvjepovro3 EVEKaL
TL TOW   EOVTOWV   e7rpaXOh, T(v KaLpov,   OVK  9E
prCrTLv aLTLov   7yeyEvc(TOaT L, TOXV 3'    TOpT Eprcrv.eavTovY a7TaveTOV  EfLE Kae   TY7V E/l7v TvXr  v a     rtrav
13,       \  c     v   c,I n  \      \  c,,
eLvaL.  Kal w~  EOlKEV, 0 o"'CpOVAOS Kal prlToP  eyO
TOV   EEi'  c XoYov KaC  TOt  3ovXVcaCOaT6L  paI37.'AXX' otJuaL, ovTE 4'pvvc'voas ovrTE Evpv'/3arog oT aXAXos
ov3ELs 7rto7rore T(JV 7ra'XaL X7rovF]pwv TOLoVTo7 /Lyos K(1 y)/07 EyEV7et 0o, W trI KaYt EOL KLL aL aoveg Kal avOpporroL oOL ovAXe(re
dKOvELV'rTaAlqcr, TOAX/L  AqEELV PXAE7r6)V Et Ta 7rpoo7tra Ta\ v/ETepa, 4s apa orE/3atot T-r)v TvLuqaXLav viv EWOLr7oavTo Ov 8La ToV
KIatpov, ov La 70V Xbo/30v rov 7rEptLTraVTa aAVroiV, ov rLta ToV v.ETrEpav 80'av, AXXc  ta\ T~a Ar)/Loo-vovOV 8y-/%L7opias.




IIEPI TOT ITEqANOT.                     95
XiOEVTv ovo&  avcTr crvvatcoT   Elvat 3OKw, 7T'ov
8' v rot0  o'XOLt KCaL KCTta 7Tv o-TpacrlyLaWv aTrvX7-!              3,                  +      f
oEV7T)V  L/O     CLLat7Lto  ELvac.  7rtO  av C0 ulorepos
O-VKOaVT'71  yEVOLCT    KaTapaT7OTEp0o;  A1EYE 7TV
ET'rL-TOX1v.
EIIIlTOAH.
a,         a,,al'a:,v          Ia,p'EWEL8?  TO7lVV  EiTo7LTncaCWo  77v?EKKXI7CLaV, 2I3
7Tpocr77o0  EKElVOVS iTpOTEpOVg 8LC 7T0 717v TOV
CV/L/jX(V 7L& V EKELVOVs EXELV. KEat TC'pEXov7Es dSrI7rydOpovv  TroXX    EV ) XL7Trrrov e'yKKW.LCaov'TES, 7roXXa 8' V/LWv KaT'7YO0pOVVTE, 7ravo  oorac
TcrX r7TOT    avTla  e7rpCLaLe O   craloLt  aVaclbvLEv IreTrovOEoav VTO (i)LX1TTOV Xr PlvX v CLVTV   rro8o vat, cv K8  v   vpIwv  78lKIV7O 8'K'V Xa Etv,
o'oT'epws /3o0ovXOTaL, 7 8LevTas av0ros  f' vs
o (vvE/4laXOvTaCl EV 717V'ATTLK), Kal  E8EL KVVoav-, c3 &OV7o, EIK /LEV  cuV  avTro  crVVEPOIVXEVOv
Ta EK T17''ATTLK^K   8o3K.rKlTaTa Kai   av8pcaro8a
KaI C aL  aTyaOL Els T17v BoLwlrav 17'ovma, EK 8
Cov rlas EpELV EcLao-av Ta E)v T7 BLOT'tl  8caprracrOrrod01LEva VirTO 70)o 1rOXLeov.  Kal aCXXa 7roXXa
ITp0S TOVTOLS, ELt TavTa &s rTavTa O'VV7ELVOV' EXEoyov.  a 8   /kEL 1Tpos CravTra, T'a iEJv KaO) EcKaCTca 2I4
ey7co uE  avTL 7IravrTOs  v'W T.cLCckl V Eli TEWV T70
3tLov, v4a   & 8E  somKLa, LT'q/ 7rapEXqv7XVo'rTV 7'ov




96              AHMOIOENOTKatpov, ocrlrTEp av  EL Kat KaraKIXvVOlv  yEyE7rqorOat T-cov TrpaykaLTOrv  7yO/VI/EVOL, LaCatovLLO   oXjov
rovvT OTepL TovOv VOYOV  VOLLrT)rTEr    0 TL   O Ov
E1TELoracElv -ji/EL1 KCal lLv a7TEKpvaVro, p aKovoraE.
Ae'y Tavtvr Xa/cOv.
AIIOKPIUIY ~OHBAIlfN.
2I5   METa rTLavTa TOWVVV EKaXOVv velas Kal /LEireTrel7TOV'TO.  E 77E, C"i07ELTE, tva  Eaov ET p)  7rapcXElITCO, OVT7'C   OlKEtoLg vJa ~eYExovro, V TO  E0 O
TiOV OITXLT&V KaL T&Wv'2T TEl'C OVT7V E'l T7ag olKla'
Kat, TO   rv   exe-TV   (crOat      (rTparTta  ErT 7raToaC
Kat ycvvatKa' KaL Ta TLtLLCtcraTa.  KaCLotL 7TpLa EV
EKELVr T72/ 71tpTa 7aOctv av WproJL  E6Eav   EyKJ-!ta or)l/3aot KaOc  v/tZlV Ta KCXXl(Tra, Ev EIv acv8opaS, ETEpov   8E  atoCOVV17%, TplTov 8   -cwopo-rvvqn.  Kal  yap TOv ayCova /ia'XXov I/e0' v/icov
7Tpo o  vita  EXoJEVoL, 7ro t J7raOOat Kat aEkltvovR
ELtCva  Kal  LKaUOTdEP  aCLtovv vlaC  EKptvav  LXA,,Ir7rov  Kat Ta,rap  avrotg Kat 7rapa 7Ta 3o Ev
1TXEoLT'7  4pXfLK7, 72TaCLca3 KaLL yvvatcKa, Ef  Vblv
TrotqOr-avTres cr&)poO-Vl' vg 7RlC-TlV TEpl VULV EaXOV2I6 TEg JEL&av. Ev OlS rTa&o-v, av63pEg'AOvatot, KaTa
" v.sa opocs Epavmrav EyVCoKO'TE3. OVTE yap EL9'\,, \'  n  c  w,1           C'     I
OV3 EV OV8E aoiLK&' VpUtV EVEKaLEXEV P   OV7TOJ  roOpovas rrapetrXere vtzas aVTroV.  OlS TE cr'VLTrapa



IIEPI TOT ZTErbANOT.                    97
TaCd:EdvotL Ta'  rrpoiTrac, T'r r T  Er7 TV 7rToratLov
KalL rTV XELPIEPLVjPV, OVK ajE/7TTUrovs  Ldovov VLzas
avrov  acXXca KatL Oavtzaro-rov;  E8~ElaTE T7  KOr0i-z,
TaLt rrapacrKEvat,, r  ITpoOv/Uia.  Ek' o*  crapa
TIev     cAv ~aXXWV VLV  yiYVOV7O ETracvot, rapa 8'
ivtCuv Ovcr-ta  Kal Troltral To0L  OEOs.  Kal EyOYE 2I7
8Eos av EpolJUv   AtorXlvrlv,  OTE TaT EiTpLTTE'O
KaLt S4ov  Ka`L Xap K    atc  X   EraTaLvTv  q  TOXL" 7v
IJEcrrrT, rrorTEOV o(VVEOVE KaU crvvEV/palvero   TOV3
7roXXo?., q Xvwovt-LEvo3 K~al crT&Evw Kcal 8vUEvatVOWV TOL  KOLVOL   aya0o?, OlKOt KaO7To70.  EL IEV
yap 7rapIv Kal /LETa 7'V (XXaXWV  E17TaiT,  wrc3
ov 8Etva  oTLL,  aXXov  8' o8' o"o-ta, EL Wv co
acpl-rTov avro3 T0ov  OE0Ov  Erro qcaTO  cpTvpa',
Tac'LV    O VK apwc-Ta VVp  v/LcL ajLo   clmc3acrTaL,
T0Vg OlZOlJOKoTa  T0rovw  OEOV&;  el 8/!7),rapr)v,
7TCt0 OVK arnoXoXEvatL ToXXaKL EcrrT 8IKaLoS3 EL'
os eXaLtpov ot aXXAAo, TravTa eXvreTro   opov;  AEye
87e KaZ ravra Ta    Cbrloalpara tOLt.
4HNI)MATA  ~Y~IlfN.
OViKOVV 7rJELE  JiEV ElV OvmcaLa3'YEV TOTE, (7O- 2I8
Paicot 81 EIV Tc8  rl qas cr(ECowcrOat VOULL'EEV, KCLC
7rEpLEL0TjKEtL TOLS /o7OEclas 8EpTEO-craL Vo010VcoL-tV
oa ov E7rpaTTov ovroL, avrovw3 /0-OErlV ETE"pOL3 E' 
~.   1   L    * I.!q           5  
cV E7TEL0T           aAqa EraLIqv oca3 TOT lIqECL OWvaS o (PI'L7rrrro Kat Ev oat3 7Iv Tapaxa3 Eil TOV7




98               AHMOZE~ENOT
TOL3, EK T&W EeTL(CTOX(oV 71V EKELVOV IjaOLCcTO)E
Cv Elg IIHEX07rooVvo(V' E7rETE7rEV.  KGa  kOL XE`YE
TavTacL  Xapc)v, l) EL 8,)TE, I7 ECL77 (TVVEXELa KCL
aTXavoL Kac  TaXarcLptat KaT aaX rCoLL 2rpO -o
ortzaTa, a vvr OVTOS  LEcrOVpE, Tt a7rELpyacLTaTo.
2I9   KaToL 7TroAXXoL rap' vLLv, avcrpes'A0qvaLot, yeyovao-c prTropEg  EvAO~ OL Kal..EycXOL l7rpo oV,
KaXXAorpa'ros  EsKECLVo,'ApLo-T0roov,  KVaXos,
Opaov'/3ovXos, ETEpOL iLvpoLo. aCXX' o/'Lo) ov8Et,?Tr;o0E  7rosv  sLa7rav o    ( O OKEV ~aVUOv El4
o'8&v  7T~ -IAXEL, aAXX' o Ev ypacav OVK av E7rpEc 81, V,  ~ 6i ~rrp~ap   c(1
oj8EVcrEV-, 0 8E 71pEOJ-3EVaV OvC av EypacEVi.  vziEXELVTE yap avrcov EKaoros EaVTr  a/l.a tEV p'a TTO220 VylV, ala 8',  E rL yevoi, a&va4opav.   r;
l              Y       a                ov-\
ELITOL TL  avi', 01 7TO(OVTOV v2TEP'L eptpa  poL.  Kal
TOA73 oCoTE'Tralvta 7TOLELv av7Tos;  ov TacvTa XEw,
aX  OVT7j EITETELC71V (LEyav ELvaL TOv KaTELX)~ora KlV8VVO  TTV VTO rLV, 0CJT  OVK EOOKEL zLOL
Xopav o      is p vrpovo'av o&Sel8av rE )  ta 8L  a  ro-faXdak'L4val, aAXX a8yarrqorv EvaL, ELt Lkr-Ev  ra22I paXE7TCwv TLt  a  8e'Tpad:ELev.  E'TErTEo7ElLr7v 8'
VlrTEp EqLavTrov, TvXOV  jEv avatLOOqT70V, 0/LkWS 8'
EWETELEoL'?7V, IL 7TE ypa4ovT' av ELov ypataL /EXTLOV (.L?)8EV a, kL7qTE   TTrparrovTa 7rpa^ al, V?7'TE 7TpE0]3EovovTa ITpEcT/3Ec alc 1rpoOv/L0oTEpov /L7SE 8LKaLOTEpOV.  8La  TavgTa Ev  rai(OLv'avrov  EraTTroy.
AEyE Ta  Er'TL'TOXacL  Tra3 TOv L (LX7TrTOV.




IIEPI TOT ITEDANOT.                     99
E[IIITOAAI.
E Cl TraCa KaCLre'TrlcrE ()XLr7Trov 7 E/r  7TOXLTELca, 222
Alo-XCvr)* TaV7Tr)1  7r)V  &vrqv  EKEWO0 14)KE, roXAXob  KaL Opa(TEdL'  Tr rp6 TOVTro )v 7r TO'EL ETCraa
polkEV1o3 XoyovU.  avO'  Wv  CLKaltsc  E'(T7EcLavov/1rv1
vTo TrOVyT&l, Ka  o0v) TCapV&,  OVK avTrXEYEc, o 8E
ypac'zyEvos AsLsovJa&  To   po 3LEpO OJ 7( )J')7q OVK
E'XaB3Ev.  Ka iLOL Xa E\ ravrTa   a\lltolcaza Tr
a7Tror-TEEvyora, VTro TovTOV' Ov&E ypa4evETa.
*HI4IMATA.
Tav7r  zra cr)L l0cLar, c av) p E3. AOqrvaCLo, sTCa 223
rEpov tzv'ApPLorrKO,   vvvg 8v  KT-?o-to   yEpa~Ev
OTEOV b (Ct'ApL0TOVK''      K' "Kv'TO\f
OVTOoL.  KCLL TaT AVT   XLv&   OVT'  o JEV avTro
OVTE T79 ypaCalt Ev  (TVyKarT7yopr7r-EV. KaiLTOL TOTe
TOV A7r/ko/LEX- Tov TavTa yp)dovTa Kal rTv'TrTEpELi8TV, EL TEp a&XlO'7 ILov vVV KarrlyopEZ, /LaXXov
aY ELKOT(rw   7 TO'V    E 8LOKEV.  8La' r;  orL, TcE 224
X\~'701/    Ka~rYOPE~,,   KaZ      *L;  OTL 79^X  s  22 4 
kEV EO-T aVEVEYKELV CT EKELVOV3 Kal TCa3 TUV &LKa0T7 pLCO)V YV&EL KLat TO e TOVTOvr avrov EKELV)CV 1)0
KaTtyOp7)KEVaC TaVTa ypafaViT&v aTE  oVTO,  vVV,
Kal To TOVS VOfLOVS FJ7)KET Eav 7TEpL TCOV OVT(O 7rpaXOEVTC0V KaTr77yOpELv, Kat 7rOXXca ETEpac  TOTE 8'
aVTO TO ITpay/k  av EKpLvETO Eo  aVTOV, ITpLV Tl
OVTWV 7TpOka,8ELv.  aAA' OVIK qV1 OCIat TOTE 0 VVVl 225




I00                AHMO$~ENOT$
TOLELV, EK TaCLXCLLoV   XpO'V)V KaC ~rl    ariL  Tov TrokX&cv   EKXE{ct)Ta, a LEr)TE  1rooT)EL    &rosE   p8LrE    av
wrjO)?7 r, TrEpov prI7)7vaLt,  L/a,8aXXELV, Kat /IEETEVEyKOvTa TOVs Xpovovs Kat Tpo aacTEL   avT Vt TxV ar
O6v 4ev83eL  tLEraOe'VTa To0   7TET'pacyLEVolt  8oKEl'v
226 TL XEyELV.  OVK  7V TOTE TavTa, atX  7E T-   aAX,-,V rote ^am'a, c ^ 
6ElaS, EyyvS TcOv  EpyOv, ETCL fUELVq?7/LEvWV V/OJV KCLa
LtOvov OVK EV TaL  XEPCLV  EKaCLoTa exOvTov, aTCvTE  EyL7,'OVT av ot Xoyot.   &o'OEp ToV3 iap  aVTa
7Ta  rTpayLcaT T'o'YXOV9vyv  vvv P.  pqKEt,  rTopov
ayowva vo/tLov), W       y   c/L0t 80KEL, Kat OVXL TCOV
7TE7rOXLTEVV JeEpWV    E:eCTaoLv  7'TOLr'(TELV  vlzag,  KaL
Xoyov  KpLOcV, OVXl TOV  T7  ITOrXEL cVi/EpOv 7Oo
eTrecrOat.
227   ETra  cTOEofI[eraC, KaC  bv7To-t 7rpOO?7KEwV BS p6v
59. EL Us rtitLv ivv  E$aLqv)'q aKovroaotv a7rtoTrrrepos 7rpocr-.rE7rT'Kev            0 royoo,   AKo~VtS w~v  7roorov 7rotro'ajo'E
7r7TGKEV 0 T70L07VT03 A0YO  EKELVWE K tV  V7TOAOLOV WOLoc-tEq
aKpoartv, oo'7rep OTaV 7rEpl Xpr]aJToV avr]XwEvov St' wo)XX.oi
XPOV~OV K0E4(J9OU(0a (rr27rL TOVS AYL'EUOVS.  EpXouEa 8' 7rov itvXpOVOV KaOjo)/0LcOa    rowv Xoyo'ovk.'EPXo'Oa. 7'ov
SEZL OLKO0EV EVltOTE'agS EXOVTES KaTa Ti-v Xoyto/l'v *V aA'A os
EWEL&L~V           G X~yL~EI~~0  CrVKEO  oaU V     t OVOEl'  EV ffTtV 0VT~j
vcrKoXos T'7V L/VLOtV, O0TtL OVK dLTWPXETat TOVO'/k 6XOXo-Yioas Kat
\    ^   fi,,,                c,
c7tLVEvo'aT aX?)E\ Elva  05 L t LV aVT0 6 Xoyt-/po\g a'p. 60. OVo
Kal vVv Trqv aKpoaLtv  7rOLr-aco-ae. dE TtVrE  Vj-LLWV EK TWV  viprpoa0EV XPJOVY TJKOVOLV OLKO0EV TOLa'VTIV EXOVTIE  T'V &C'av,'o apa
6  /LOLrOEVis oV&V EriTOTC EfLPYKEV V7r(E P4XLtV7r7rov ovr(TagS /ETa
('LXOKpdaTov% - ooLTt OVT-o 8taKELrtrat, /T7JT a7r'oyv)roo /LJV L'TE
KarTayvWT' 7rptv aKoVo'   o~v T 7p  K&aLOv.




IIEPI  TOT   ITEDANOT.                 IO-I
CorTrep 8', o" rav oLoLEvoL 7TEpLELva  Xpul-lara 7T
Xoylr`c7OE, av  KacaLpcorL-v at 4if)4oL Kal ULrqv
7TrepL,'tVyXCXpeELTe, OVTrOJ KaL  vvv'  TOL  EK TOV
Xoyov oacLvo/,oELs v7rpoeo-Oe''L.  OEacdiacO  roTovvv (O c(raOpOv, (  EOLKEV, E'(T-'L (V(TEL oEt av 0 TL av
/) 8oLKalow    r 7re7TrpayleVO.  EK yap avroV Tov 228
crook  TovTrov rapa8etl' aTos  1/tOXOY7rKE VVV Y
7/las v7TrapXELV E'OvLEVoVr   E/JE /vov uEV X' ELW VTwEp
^   scs,  \     C     _
7s ~rarpt8oo, avTov 8  Vrrep  FLXUrTrov.  ov yp
av (eIaTreLeOW  VFxLa e; 9Tet i/) TotavUrls ovo-rO
~T7  v7rapXovo-7  vTroX reIEcs 7rept EKaTepov.  KaL" 229
7L1V O'TL YE OV  IKaca XE`yE  bLE lETaUecaL 7Tav7)v
T71   8G0av a4tw Lv, Ey&  oL) tca) ca8cl&, ov TLOE4
4rjOV3 (o v o  yap E0TTLV  0 7oV 7TTPa/,L.CaTCOV OJVTo
Xoy.o'ruO ) aX' a vaLLve7-)Kov a0 raV EKLT   Ev paXEr'L, XOYLW-TaCLL  aka Kal /LcapTvcrL'ots aKovo-W
1V5V XPOtlJeVO0.  - ydp eijL7  roTAXTE'a, 7n) ovro3
Ka'c7)yopEt, aVTL'lxEV 7'0  (q)3alovr  /'ETa (JIArrov
OCvvTELaXEv   El  T\V XTpav, 0'TavTE    7 cOVo, E' 230'?f7oV 7raparaca/LEEVovR EKEWVOV KJ.XVELV  or[TOelEV,
av'L 8& ro  v T  j'AIrVd(Kj rTv ToXELV  E  Ct  EooT TCKOTlca aG-lTa    awaro T17s 1rToXE&) ETTO  0 0El BOLtCTaV
6ploLt )/vEZ-EOOaL, crt si 7ov xos A7)-r7as r1Kas
bEpElw KaCL CyEw EtK Tf Eiola/ E3    v El-Ep7)Vf B 1'ATTLK)V EK Etc OaXaLrvF EcaL / vC a?C V 707)1TvXE/1,
Cavrt &  70)a  70o'  TC'EXXA rTOv    EXELW  (IXuarrwov,
Xaqo'vTa Bvc7 vtLov, crviuaroXetxEtv To0s BvcavTiovs




Io02            A HMOfEOENOTZ
23I LEO''I l&WV 7pOa EKEWVOV.  apc  oL 4Jr+OLV ov oLO
o T&0v Epyctv Xo oyLo-LLO  fplLVETaL; L  E V aCvTavEXELJv TavTa, a.XX' oX  Trwg'rov aTrac a Xpovov
IUvr)lOVeVOrOe'OraL oCKeCILaoaL;   KaCL OVKETL 7Tpoc'78rLuL'rOTL T7  LEV (tv )LOTd)TOr, )V EV OLS KaOLcnTa
TLV',WV KVpLOS KcaTE7T'Y)  rIDLXlTro3 EYcTTV lE8V, ETE'7rTOV KEKOLLOCTOE.  a'XX  E  TavoToa.
232   Kal Iqv OV8E TOVT  ElrELV OKVcT (0,O OTL 0 TOV
r*Topa c8OVcX4a EVOV &KaOl    EVr8EX7aELV Ka\L,p7Lj,TV
KOyaVTEV OVK av ota ~vvvo, pVra
2O33 XE KeaXYp    pV,'      7 /a\ el
KaT y~O~PEtL  rapaETKiyaTa T XL aTTXV Kal'pyl7aTa)
KataL KcXlUaTa TLUL'o Vvo  (Tavo v Tyap Trap Ta V7O',
EvX  Kop a;  TYELyoVE TaO 7cv EO r vcovT, EL TOVL'To',          C,,
233 XEpa aAa  a II-q 8EVpl 7rap-qvEyKa), a'XX' E'7 aVTUt
TcOV ETPyCV av  E(8KOITEL,   Evag  8EXv aXXopa  -
a7TO l  Kal                 OTvaS tiVauELS,  of7  ElSW    7pL3   01 TayaT
Cf. Esch. ~ i66 and i67, cited on page 58.
Cf. -Esch. ~~ I66 and i67, cited on page 58.




sinrla  o3w7 nodm nOD7.0 2-o33 a.oX7tz3rI nodoti
QO'lao.tmdi aIdohrtlh  oi. dv,C  o.tna.Soaa3no' k So7tnM 5onmLdaX  50al     ~1Wl  mo t3  anot dv, ni)
ssz soz23rJl s o;s7 tzzxnotanoi sod u o  g MX-3  *amtelsm
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a3.LL,dd.m3 nI Nc.dona n4osQo',hdoX   f?3 at.*79,  tD
Mil-09 na"o.riC3ri aorby3X     do. s54~ aro' gdmcodx
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-ILi7Yq aOL 9? -Di. d3QO  0YY9 imm31p3;La-oL -nd-mL
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Ssz -,o  SWCL a3rI -wt m S-DO-  0na'sno5'aIo D's1i3dwi
md-3phnC/C/O 5D7IXl    5d swd0X- SmDatszL snodRXd;.w
S(noL avD2D73x 033dhdv   7zQtO'amdXc3 IX  a     d Yln
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9371 vdaid3X.3LO  500,,d 3.Lo  so3X  d-DC 39no. Sno.L7D2L3a3 9.07  SMOL Iy0 3'SmLaI-D   Xno'SV.L
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FoI          ILONVK>l2L,     JLO    Id[Ill




104             AHMOIOENOTI
ToL rTap EKELVOV  LTcLOapVOVCL KaLt EtL, Ka oca,tp             Ka,      o,  o a,
ovroL TrepLYEvotvro ZoV (7roXX& 8''yLyvETo ravra, 8& 9v EKao-rov'vXot rrpo'ao-Lv), Tav0'  vrEp
237 TaV  EXpcv aL7Tr7TE /E,/OVXEVp.E`VOL.  aXXc ouc
EK TOLOVTCtoV eXacTTaW/JTOV EOY (TVuLCtaXovS ilEV
VlLV E7 ro7r0-a EVBoe'as,'AXacovs, Kopwtv0ov3, 37)/3aiovs, Meyapeas, AevKa8lovs, KEPKVpalov S, ad'
Wv lkVpLOL t/EV Kal 7TrevaKLcrXAo L 6EvoL, 8t-XLtAOL
8' 7TErLrs avv Trv  rTOXLTrLK&CV 8vvaJlEcoW   O-vvrixO7rcrav'  Xpr)la7rwv 8e, o'royv 78vv r0r)v eyo, rTXEi238 cTr)V (VVTEXELaEv Erotl-a.  Ei 8E XEyELs I Ta
TpOS (3rl),aiovg 8&Kata, AtroXtv7,    r7a  rpos BvavrTov, rI) Ta 7Tp    EV'/ogag,  7 Wrepl  ToyV tOWV
VVVt SLcLXEf7, TpOTOV JLUEV cayVOEL  OTL KaL  TrpoTEpOV T&PJ V7TEp TOV p EXXV. V EKEIlVV ayOvL, LtELEVCV TpL7)pcov, TpLaKO0lw-V OVckTV TCOv   a-racov,
r&a  8taKOr-aL   7 roXts r7Tap'cL xero, KaL oKIc CXarTovorOaL vo(ltovr-a ovs8  KplvovcLa roV  TaraVTa
~vo'am'a~         E7TL  TO\  TOI
crvplt/OVXvoaevra q OV E ayavaKiCovra Er1 TOVTOL
EwpacTO (a;0Xpav ya(p), aXXa T70o  OEoZs EXovora
XapLV, El KOLVOV KLV8VVOV TOtS'EXXroT  rEepLToracvro~  avr)I 8lTrXdaca tr WXv aXov  eLs Tr)v aTrayroylv
239 cr-rWT)pLav eTapE(rXETO. EtTa KEvas xap'C xaPL' ag
TOV7TOLL 0-VKOCaVT&JV qLE.  Tc yap VVV XEyel ota
eXp77v rpadrrTv, aA X   ov TOd  WV EV T ITO XEL KLa
JTapoJv TavT EypaofEx, EL 7TEp EVE8EXETO 7rapa TroV
vrapoPvras KaLpovs, E      OVX  olcra 7),ovIO/LEOa
o~~s      /gov~o/~OP




IIEPI  TOT  ITEcbANOT.               I05
aAXX' o'ra 8ocruq ra vrpaCytkaT EME& 8 oEaXEaOL  o yap
avTo)vovievos KatL aXV 7ov  7rrap'?7LCOV carEXCavvo-.LEJovg TpooE-8EtUevo  Kal xpyj7jrTa, 7rpoo.rOrw-v
V7rT'pXEV ETOqzLO3.'AXX' EL vVv eTrL TO'L 7,rErpaylevoL3 KaTr7yoptac 240
EXCO, TI av OLEOOE, EL TOT ElOV TEpt TOVTWV  aKpL/,oXoyovL,uEov aaTrqXOov aL 7dTXEL Kal irpocreOevro
ILXLw7rT'), KaY ala Evl'otag KalL Orl3v KaL Bvgaw.TLOV KVpLOg KaTEcrT, Tl TOtLEWv av, q T XE'yELV TOV
ac-Eet3 av&vporrovv rov7ovol; ToX   &:    60 0-24I,-av, a7rr)XcO?7ao-av, /ovXo'LEvoL /LEO' 7i.Lv  ELat;
eLTa  Toy Iev EXXqcryrovrov M  Bviavrcav eyKpaTr7  KaOe'Tro-KE, Kal rT7o' crLTro7rrL7TaC r7l rT v EAXX vov KVpLOS, 7roXE/lOs 8' ojopos Ka'l /apbv  E
Ttv ArATLK'fV 8La e7),3alv KEKo/LLrraL, a7Xovs 8'
) COaXarrca vo TWv;    EK T"7  Ev",/3oi as opuL&*vEOV
aV 7EOVEV;' OVK av TavT EXEYOV, Kal ITOXXca yE 7ITP   T70VTOL ETEpa;  iTOVqpO'V, " aV8pEq 242'AO7)vatot, TOV7)pOV o0 0VKOavT?7-  alE KCaL 7av'TaxOeUv /affKavoV KcLat kLXcLTLOV   TOVTO &a   Kal
I,,vabos I      n'''
VcrEL KLVa8OO   TOPavpJ7TLOV Ec(TTLv, oviev  E  apX7s
VyLES 7TE1TOL7)KOS Ov8  EXEVOEpOv, avr'opayLKo  r0h7KO3, apovpauoS Olvokaos, Trapaco-rros prcTop.
T vyap 7) 71  8ELVO'T7) ELF OV7)(TLV p7KEL;arTpL;
viv -quV XEELK ITEptL TOW'1TaPEX-qXVGOTOJrWV  (00rEp 243
V Vrepi    ~ra   X~v'oro o; WcOrep 243
av eL TvL laTpos acUevovl iEv Tros Ka/vovVO'rL
EL(oCLOV  7 O XoOL i8OE 8OELKVVOL stO 0'v a7ToEVeOV



Io6               AHMO~OENOT4
TaL TY)v voorov, EITEL8) 8E TEXEVTrVcTELE TvL  avrc'ov
Ka& T  PVOICUtroIE6Lva aCVTC  (E(pOLro, T aKOXOvOcov O TV L
TO uLv71tUa 8L&oeOL "El TO KaL TO EToL7'r7Ev cavOpi7TSo OVTOO,, OVK aV aTe            EJupPOVTrqET  ELTa
VVv XEYELt;
244   Ov TroLvv ov8e T-rv  7TTcav,  Tc Lamq yavpLa
E   D   rcTTEVEv crE,      Karpre      (T7KEV, EV OV8EVL TtOJV trap' eiLOL yeyovvtaV EVprOreTE Tr TOAXEL.
ovTWTcrLt, &  XOYEoUE.   ovOaLOv'7rctro', oorotL
7rpeojrEVT)rr   EITE/UJ47V  v4! vlcoVV  Eyc, 77TT7qOE\L
a7rrijXOov Trv'rlapa ( )iLX7TrrOV 7TrpEo/3a ev, OVK EK
OETTaXlaS, OVK': A,/4paKlaS, OVK:'IXXvpLRv,
o0v rapa. rTv O paK(LOv  a3(TLXE`v, OVK EK BvCavTLOV, OVK  aXXO0EV  ov8alO0OEv, o   Tar rTEXEVTCaLCL
EK  h7/3;V, aAXX  EV OVt  KpaT7rlOELE'   ol rTpE'cOELS
aVTroV TC  XAoy-, TavTa TroL  0o7XOL3 EITL&JV KaTE245 rTpero.  raVr  ov a7ratEL  7rap EiLOV, Kal oVK
aioXVVEL TOV aVTOV EL1 TE L'aXaaK&iav croKrrrwv KaL
T79  qLXiT7rTov 8vvcaeEo&g aLv Eva o0VTa KpeLTTo)
yeviEcraL;  KalL  avTa TOtL  XOyOLS;   lvTOS yap
AXXov KVpLOS 7)V EyoJ;  OV yap T77g YE EKCCrTOV
225.'E7recLa 7rEpoTav ILE, Ws gYo  rvvOavopzaL, /LEXXEL, Trg av
l' TOLOVTOS LaTpor, o'r50'Tr  voT ogVm' uV razv  &TO a'E vovT'
EErl 70L0L70 F L(T7O7  O TTLP   () VOOTIV aETa  VVTV EVL
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O(T~TL TOY/ iV &8)/LOV wO c'at ava    TO  8  apo,' v KOV' OlS?V
tcoE-Oat vT1V 7rTXLV, a ro~oZTo.




IIEPI TOT ZTEDANOT.                       107
#vxr,g oV'8  ri'  rvxr71 Tc7v rcaparacatEvcov, ovi'8,rrs o'TpcLrrflyLa, *)s 3,r araTLLrE   EvO vas  ovTrc)
O'Katols Et.  aXXa jL7v wyv y av o pqTOjp V7TEVOVVOs 246
E;l7, 7rcTav E:eTracrLv XalLPt/Cavere'   ov rlapaCLroVikaL.
Trva ovv Ec-rt TaVTc;   $8EW  ra 7rpapyltara apxotzeva Kat 7rppoaLto'ocOaL Kal 7TrpoELtrev rois a\Xots.
TavTa  rTE7TpaKral  bOL.   KaL ETL TaI EKarrTaXOV
/paC vrT7ras 7 oKvovs acyvotas JCXoveLKLas, &a 7rOLTLKaL raLs Tro^XEOL TpooE(ort  a7racraLs Kat avaCyKaac
claprjLpTara, 4 ra~   os3 Els EXaXt(ra  rvrUTreckat,
I,,,  c, J. 
Ka&L TOvvavTLoV ELt oLOvocav  Ka;L ptLav  KaoL OV rTO
oeovTra VrEod  Oplvv'7TrpOTPEIaL.  Ka\G TaLvTac /OL
ILraVTa  r7EVrolr7Tat, KaL  ovO8E\L sIT 7ITO   EVrp7  Kacr
EJEu Ov8ev EAXXELCOev.  El TOLVvv rts EpOTO OVT7: 247
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Io8             AHMO$OENOTE
yap o WCVOVIJoEViO v/ELK7rKE TOv Xa/3ovra, E'av  pL-T)TaLL, ovtws o6 fUr  Xa/3co  KaL sLmafOapes  VCVEK)KE
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TL Oavy/Lao-TOy V 7~VTO1   -XXoV  7TP1 E4I   7pCrov
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IIEPI TOT ITE5ANOT.                      I09
TOWvvv rovrotL T(acL r  aX   Tra II&  8La v TOVS'EOV0,
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ov8ESlav 7rW7roc  ypacfiv rTE'vyK 7rapavoaov,  KatX, oa,
r'eLuVVvoXevos.




I IO            AHMOEOENOTI
Tov, awvSpe'AO~cvaCot, KatL 7T rov Kea/IXov KaX)ov
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IIEPI TOT %TE:ANOT.                    III
-v/431to'vat Tr)  Tcov acxxov acoOpC7rTv TVXr)  TO
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WUONH EOZONHV                       I




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sI1 I       *JONYV3L  LOI I JdI




II4             AHMO: OENOTZ
ra rov rporTOV  Oov  paotovyao aL KaryoprjlaTra.
TotavTrr)v yap ElXOV 7TOXLTrEav, ErTELtrj  Tore Kal
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IIEPI  TOT:TE~ANOT.                  II5
TcLU  nyfCov.  aya0?7 yE,. o (x opas; TvXV, (TVL3E/LOtKwS T?7n  E/SL7j KLaT7yOpE3.
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I I6             AHMOO6ENOTZ
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IIEPI  TOT  vTEqDANOT.               II7
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I20             AHMO:OENOT:
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IIEPI  TOT   JTEqANOT.               12 I
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(TV VVVI, KatL AOLOOVLEVV, ET atEtLvo  EXcELOTOPV?7)EV EFE.  TO   aLTLOV OVK ayvoEL  LEVi, o/ioX 286
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122               AHMOZ~ENOT:
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IIEPI  TOT:TEc4ANOT.                 I23
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IIEPI  TOT  ETEcDANOT.                  125
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I26               AHMOZOENOT'A OvatoL, vpp080cTla,  El poo8Ea  e' Xv peSE, r~g rTv'EXXr)vov EvXEVOEpLa, rl) TE 7T0oXLt crapa rracrtv avOpfoT0TL  avaCLTLO   YEyoVEV  EK T&WV'E/IV rTOXLrEVaLaToW   KatL Eyj 7rap)Tp VU EVa1.      I  Ep(oTam   avLt
7o0ag apErq7  a  Lco Tt(aXTOaL,   EyW  8E EOL  EyE,
OTCL TV.TTOALtrevoE'vO v   Trapa  o0L  "'EXXo-AAL 8taqaapEvprc)V  arravrwv, arpaxEVcov  a7o (rov, rrpO      -
TEPOV (LEV  InT O   )LX7iTTOV  VV 8' Vi7''AXscfav8pov,
298 E   OV7E  KCLLpo   OV7E   LXCLavOpO Ta  Xo'yv ovT'
E/.kE OE Katpo3 ov           k     r
e'7rayyEXtLcW VOEVE ovT  EX'TL   OVTE  /pOP  orVT
SoKalo&v Kal o-V!ULepo'vTcov 7-  8Tarpl'L ovev rrposorvaL, 0ovo, o( ra (.VI4E/,OVXEVKaCL  erIT   royE OV/,c, c,'
TOLcTL, oloOLW  V6l  cav Wr(TEp av TpVTavJ pE7TrWV EWL
To XkFLq/Ua  O-VU,8E/E/3OVXEVKaL, a    &IT  opO-   Kat
8LKalacL  Kal aoLca Popov TrT) qvXrj1, Kal /IeylroTov
81n 7rpayuLaTwv TOV KaT  ELkavrov aVOpcocoTW V 7npo1F1ra; 7TavTa TavTa VYl(F  Kac L 8atS'TE0roXLTEv299 u/aL.  8 TaVL T aVtCLo TLuaFCL(at. Trv 8E TELXL0.o7V1
TOVTOV, OV  TV  (LOV  8LEO-VpES, Kal T7)V TWapELav
7TOppC) *CFVTOL TrOV  7)V ECkavTrco 7reroT0XTreV/evcO
T   q1;yV Eq1t' ITOLs70(O,  OT' L o~ TaL TOpOap   r ag 7rEPL  a'TEX7 KaXog ScracpErvaOE, Oavp6to coov.  aro' yEp iav'  -Epycacr&Ovat KaXWsg 7~ yeyev^rO-OaL t  ov'T(W  artOV   /EL OJ KaT7'yOptlav
XELt' ov yap 7rEptXapaK(paravTa Xpr] Ta TetLXr7 oV ETg T ra l ooolag
raas a'vEXo'v~raT TOV pOOO  7rE7rOXLTvE'vov 8 aWpea alTErLv, aX)'
ayaOOv TLvog arTtov yEyCvrFLVvov' 70'TEl.




IIEPI  TOT:TEDANOT.                 I27
7O EuaL.  ov 0) XLOLs ETELXLCL 7r7V rTOXLV ow8$ rrXIrvTOtL EyW, 0o1  E7rL 7TOV7OLS UiTo70V 7fT)V 4Lavrov
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7dTrov3 Ka&L Xqldeva  Kal va1v  KaL 7roXXovb T7rr0ov
KaL TOV;vrep ToT70V0J aiucvoleVOV0.  7TaTa'JTpoV- 300
/,aXo'v EY T 7rpa T'g ATT7LK S, O'1 7)V r)V COp0-,8a                         71 ^  ooo, o0 1MlvT L oyt1X l7 ) 8vvaT7ov, KacT 7TOVTOL  7EELXLTca T7)V
Xo-pav, oVx1 rTv KVKXOv royV letpa; oVo  TroV
cTE(03.  O1s8   eT7)7 7)V E)yW To 70L; Xoy-Lot kL' -
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8V1aCjtL   T-^ T            e   I    CL1T08EL'EE
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EvapyEl Kalt a avEpal1.    CrKOTrrETE 
TL XP)V 701v EVrOVV 7TOXTIrv TOLEWl, 7L 70TV LEra 30I
07)or   7Tprpovolta  Kal 7rpOOvluJlaS Kal 8LKacLO'TV1V7
reTp 77)  ra7rploS'7TOXL7EVOEVOv;  OVK EK tLEV'ATT&LK-9;, IEK &E 77)T' bE(O7ElaSCL 7TrV1 BoUriav, EK
Te'o,,' "''         \   I
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7rC/J4T0ov1Ta,o07)ELas Kal XEyovTa Kat ypaovTra
TO7Lav7Ta, 7v 1 pOKOVVnoOV, 7TV XEppo'zvqro1,  77)V
TEVE8OV, 7C 80 O7T'  OLKEta Kal crTvb/iaX virap[EL
irpaGIat, 70 BvcVdTloV, 7TV'A,/v8ov, 77rv Eviotav;




I28             AHMO~OENOT~
KaL rTc tEV  TOLv ExoS  XOpObL v7rapXovov 8vva/LEov
Tag PeyclTac  a/EXE`Zv, Ov 8' EVEXElTrE T? 7 TXEL,
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303 7roALTrevLa w,  a  Kal  PEPovAXEvLeva,' vpE OPE'AOrqva'oL, Eav avEv dVV   ov rLVOV     t /o6XraL OKOrTECV, OpOw  EVpqcEl Ka7L TE7payLEva'a'l' -C Kal rerrpaylea  7ro'~ SLKaLocr~vl7, Kal  ov  EKCaOrTO  KaLpov ov TrapeOEvTCa
OV8' ayvo7OevrTc   ov8e  prpoEOevTa vTr' ezov, Kal
0o0a EC3 Evo-  avLpog OVvacLLv KaLL AoyLCOLOOv ]KEV,'ov8v EX'ELOE'v.  EL 8E' sa' L vov  TLVOs  
LGXXV   o rpaTryIv 4avXo'ra T'ov ITpO8L8OVT(7V
Tac 7TroXELs V'/OV KaKla 7q 7wavTa ravra EXv/alvETr o
TOL3 oXotL, Ecog averpeqwav, rT' AloO-OErlevrq aL8tKEl;
304 I 8' otog O yl o rap' Vl.V KaTa ryV LCavroV TaLV,
EL ElV EKar-Tf, Tr7V'EXXxv`8v oAXEWv aevrp EyEVETO, /LatXOv 8' El Eva  vS8pa LovOV O ErraXla KaL
Eva av8pa'ApKaa TCavLT  Opovovvra ErXev ElOl,
ov8eq ovre rT)v?(e  IlvXAv'EXX v OVTE TWV
305 EL(TCO TOL TfapOV-'L KaKOLg EKEJXpYT av, aaXXC 7a'lpTE3 av oVTEq EXEvOEPOL KaCL CLVaavrovooL LETCa 7ra.
as8daq a'o*aAcog Ev Eev8atLovla ra  EavrTOv CtJKOVV
lra7Tpsag, T&WV TO(OVTWV KaCL TOLOVTCV ayaOJv V/LV
Kal, Tot, aXXol, AO7rvalo'L  EXOvreE  XapLv 8  qC'.
el   o
tva 8' eL3  re'rw T roXX4  rot XTo'y7oL   XcarrourL
XPCuaL Twv  pyOV, EdXa/o4LEvos'i-v           ov,
XEyE JLLOL TavT  Kal lavacyVWL Xa/3cv.




IIEPI TOT XTEq)ANOT.                     I29,H44IMATA.
Tavra Kal roLtavTa TrpaTTrev, ACo-X)tv7, rOv Ka- 306
Xov' KaycaO ov T0XITV 8EL, CV  KaTp0POVtLEV'r(V UEfV
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KaltO'lTpOcV,'c ETEpcO 8E cTaVrpO         V etO yoVv
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c N   ^         s n ^    o  a'       ^op
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Ei TOVTwv Pao-Kav telV,,eaV  E rT3 O8a tL XvTrrVr)0r,
TOVTO  lE!v7 Vr)crOaL Kal T'rr7pe, ovoS  y 7,ovXlav
ayeLV aOLKOV Kal v7roUvoX, o cUV'Toetg 7TroXXaKLS.
Er07  yap, ET LV  r7-rvXa  L8Kaia Ka' crv/.Lepoovca 308
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o'L(o7rgs ov KarWopet, Lva /Lrst s avTr  To7ror adoVKo(avT?7rOgo
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ov,y vi7rp "rTj 7rToAXEw  ypaq/4Lqrv, ALX  EVSELfKV'VeLVog'AXEacvsp~
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NIrntuL 7_~LL~oXyn     (i3iog   g S1Xy<oIL) Sm3~7LOLL ShL:LONXHo OIAXHV                     ~EI




IIEPI  TOT   VTEFANOT.                I3I
TETapT0o, o0v  rTEj7TTo,   OX  EKT0,  VX''7ocro(ow, ovrovv,  ot,      ^~  w
0- VY, O1KOVV E7TC y ot - iraTpt 7V   eto.  T  311
yap orv/.laxta oov  7rpaClavTog yeyOVE r7' vdXEL;
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KWV, Ol E7TEOT7)T  -nTrrv pOcTaL; ivoLaL TpL7)pELt;
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aAXX, c T7av, el Lr)8ev rovTtv, EVvoLCa yE KCa  7TpO- 3I2
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E7TLTL'Ltav, ov   7 T    ov.0TE  Tap )XGE3 oVT E4SwKas
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I34             AHMOIOENOT:
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aXX Evvovg uaAxov vlv TOVTOLC~.
321   A&VO 8', Jv8pe'AOr-vatoL, ToPv OV/rEL eLC'TpLOV
lroX'r)v EXELV 8,E (olT CO 7yap /LOL rTEpL EtCavTOV
XYOVrTL avE-VTLEoPOa-TOP EVITEl'V), EP Io. V   TaL
ECoVecLatL T7)V TOV 7EVvalOV Kal TOV 1TpTELOV T-'7ro'X& I7rpOaipE(LP sLaVXCTrEL, (V I7aT   a 8E KaalPc
KaL 3paEL Trqv EVPOLLav  TOVTOV yap I7 kvcrY  KuV
pia, ToV Svarcuac 8c& Kal iX1XvEcv TErpaC.  TavT7r)v




IIEPI TOT XTE(ANOT.                       135
OWVVV ITM0p  ElqOL  IEiLEVEVrKVLaV EvprVlorEE ca1TX o.
paT.E.  O1K E'eLaT0VLoEV0o,  OVK'A/0LKTV0oLK&a  322
3&Kac  E2rayovrcov,  oK rE7ayyEXXOlE1'vov, o't'L O''
Karapc(rov3 T0VT0Vo  COTITEp O7)pla I.OL 7T;poo/8aXXdOVTCOV, oV8aCqLcO  Ey'Tj?rpoOE Ka c    v  7) 1& EZl
ElWOoCV.  To yap;E  apX7'  EVcOVN  OpO7)V K,,  8
EvvoLav.    T~ Y                                  & ~Op~j;~    p8j   a   L
KaLav 7T)V 1080V T7  7T0XLTErCLa  ELXOXrL)V, Ta&, Tq3La,
rM   8vvaTTElcaL,, TcL  E8o0a&g Ta'  T7)r TraTpl8o,
10~~~~~~~~~~~LO L.T
OEpa7rEVELV, TaVTag acIEW, 1LLETaL 70TV'TCI1  EL1atL.
OVK E7TL LEUV T70LV ETEPC  E;VTVX-7LWXTL pacpos Ey'y  323
Ka; yEry)O&J   Kg TS 77)V  ayopav  rTEpLEPoX0LaL, Tr7v
oeeta,rpoerv  a
8E.Lav 7TOTEWCOV Ka v EvayyEXtCMoiEV0~v    0VoTroS o0V
av EKELoE  araTyyEXXELcv ot0Lw/uaL, TOv 8E T7'  7OaXEWo' ~~~,',0', 
dya8cOv 7TEPLKCoJ OLKOVO KCa' cTTEV'V Kal KV'TTJV'
C 1 T7)V y/y), CO(T7TEP       VTE ELP OJ L, OL 7)
lEv  rdXLv 8Lcrvpovo c Lv, OcOrrTEp ovX avrov  [     vPOrVTE,  Tav ToV o 7otrOLrcTL, EiJ. 8G pJe7OVcL, Kal
Ev  o3 aTvxrlcaVrTOV ToarEXX)VCOV EV'TV' TEV   EE(VV0LN A'IetW?)
po0%  TaVT E7Ta CLtOVOL Ka& OrOs 70ov  aTCra'TCT XovovO
LEEL 4ao'L  Zv trqpELp.
M?) -qT I   1T7a1TE3 OEO`, /L7)38E\ TaOa r LveW1v eiTL- 324
260.'E-y\ LEV OUv, W' Yq KatL'XLE Kat alpeTVJ KOLL Ou'VVCTLS Kd
La 7'a,11 sLa-yt-yo~cv  N~ KaX' Kal T \ a'op~  PEPo'O-qK(X
7ratc' Lc, 71 8U7W(TKO-LIEV Ta KaX   U ra  Iaaiy,  qE37)~
Ka          Kal tprlqKc. Kal EL pEv KE1XwK Kfa, ~lo) Tto  L&K'7(l/0To KaTQr/op7KL=, cl7ov's i8o-vXo'1Jv, EL 86' E'VETTEf'pOug w  E'8vvI'qV.'Y/LEV9
8\ KOe K EOW c''jJ    XOyov Kat CK T&V 7rapakrrolVE'v)ov aVro.
TE 8lKaLW K\L 7Ta avbr POVTa V7rEp T 7 0r(XEO  UL' E.




136             AHMOXOENOT:
veVTELev, aaXXc  LCtt(XrTa /eLv KaC  TOV7ToS /3EXT-o
Ova, VO.V  KCa JpEvOs EJV' OaE7TE, El 8  atp EXov ltv
avLaTW,% TOVTOV3 /eJv avrovr  Kao Eavrovs ECWAELs
KalL fTpowXELg EV yp KCal OaXaIr7) rTOL7qCarE, 7(LW
&e TOS XOL7,rOLT  T77V TaXLO-T7-v a7raXXayy-v Tc-v
c7Tpr,7rLv&v  4/3wv &STE Ka - croTrr-pTav ao-OaX7.




NOTES.




ABBREVIATIONS.
Bekkl.............. Bekker's Edition.
C................... Crosby's Grammar (Revised Edition).
cf................... Latin confer, i. e. compare, see.
Cu.................. Curtius's Grammar.
Dind................. Dindorf's Edition.
Diss. or D......... Dissen's Edition.
Editt................ Editions or Editors.
fr.................... from.
G.................... Goodwin's Greek Moods and Tenses.
G. gr................ Goodwin's Grammar.
H.................... Hadley's Grammar.
i. e................... id est.
K.................... Kiihner's Grammar.
Kenn............... Kennedy's Translation.
K. 7. e......... K...at iT Eepa, etc.
L. and S............Liddell and Scott's Lexicon.
Laur. S............. Laurentian Manuscript S.
lit..................literal or literally.
Lord B............... Lord Brougham.
Madv. G. S........... Madvig's Greek Syntax.
MS., MSS.......... Manuscript, Manuscripts......................iya, name of the oldest and best Manuscript of the text.
sc..................scilicet, namely, understood.
Schaef...............Schaefer's Edition.
st.................. instead of.
V., Voem............ Voemel's Edition.
W..................Westermann's Edition.
w....w................ith.
Wh................ Whiston's Edition.
wh................... wlich.
Z.................. The Zurich Edition of the text, by Baiter and Sauppe.




NOTES.
THIS oration was more commonly known among the ancients
under the name of pro Ctesiphonte. Its merits were especially lauded
by the ancient rhetoricians, particularly by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (de Antiq. Orat. Comm., VI. 953 ff, ed. Reiske, and de Verborum
Compositione, cap. XXV.), by Hermogenes (de Eloquentice Ratione),
and by Quintilian (Orat. Inst., XI., XII.).
ExoRDIuM, ~~ 1 - 8. In this introduction the orator manifests a certain
anxiety and timidity. Cf. Quint., XI. 3. 97.
~ 1. irp6rrov PIv...E4SXopacL: to commence a speech w. an invocation was
unusual among the Greeks.  One notable instance is Lycurg. c. Leocr.:
eXoltuac  yp r-'AGOv  Ka' TOtS &XXooS Oeoso.  lEsch. c. Timarch., ~ 116,
speaks of beseeching all the gods. But with the Romans this was not
infrequent.  Cf. Cic. pro L. Murena, pro C. Cornelio. Servius remarks on
Verg..En., XI. 301: Mllajores nullam orationem nisi invocatis numinibus
inchoabant. -    &V8pES'A.: for the nature of the court thus addressed vid.
Diet. Antiq. sub  Dicasterion, Dicastes; Grote, IV. 188 ff; Schoemann,
Greek Antiq. - Tots: omitted by a few MSS.  Dionys. Halic. shows that
this word is essential to the rhythm  of the sentence, wh. is anapcestic.
The same reason is given for the addition of L in TovroPl below. - 8oqv...
ToOa.rlyv: by reversing the order of relat. and demonstr. clause the orator
makes more prominent the claim or ground upon wh. his request is based.
- IXOV...8LaurekX: what use of the partc.?  H. 796, 798; Cu. ~ 590; G.
gr. ~ 279, 1; C. 677. - IVrELe': the bd correlative w. uidv is often omitted
w. 97reTra.  Cf. H. 862, a; Madv. Gr. Syn., ~ 188, Rem; 5. — $ rip has
for its antecedent rTOro, the whole referring to tgb...rotlaaoOa... &XX&...bP
6pKoP, thus: that the gods may put that into your hearts which is especially
for your interest, etc., not to make...but, etc. - EtoEaIELtas...Sdgjs: " ebaopesaa refers to their oath in particular; 566a to equity in general.  For 506a




140                            NOTES.
in ~ 8 the orator substitutes et5ola as more explicit."  TYLER. - -ro belongs to the whole phrase.  So Plat. lepub., 352 d:  lXXa 7rept ro  TwvrLva
rp6rov XPb Nv; Herod. 8. 79:  ratdcisetv Lrepr TO) oK6TepOS 7Jwov 7FXAL1
dya0a rqTV iraTpta ip'ydoeTat.
~ 2. rbv 8pKov: the oath taken by the Heliastce.  Isocr. 15, ~ 21, gives
it in substance thus: 6,ubvvat 9 tLjv O6Uolws dKpoadecOac TrV KaTrryopo6TvrW v
Kai 7TV adiroXo-yovUdvaOv. -  8LKaCoLs: what these legal requirements were,
Dem. explains more fully in his Orat. c. Lept., ~~ 94, 96. - &Kpo0Graa-0aL:
so reads 5I; the other MSS. have aKpoaoOat.  What is the difference? -
ov81: the force of u6bvov is continued. So in ~ 93. - ro'iv: the word acit-,OoTpots, wh. follows in most MSS., is probably an interpolation from  ~ 7.
aVros8oivw: what is the force of the air6 in this compound? - -rb fj T6tEL... Xp/a-rrcL: epexegetical of rT...dKpodao-cOat and pred. nom. after  -Triv.
-    r'6EL...',~r &roXoyCe embraces both the order and the matter of the
defence.  The Trdts is made prominent, as it was in this particular that
ZEscll. sought to hamper Dem. in making his defence. -   EptoVXqraL KCaL
rpoljplqTa.: the perf. tense is used to indicate the previous preparation in
accordance w. the practice of the ancient orators. - 4s...oiivTos: here again
the relat. before the demonstr. clause. The attention of the judges is not
called to oioTw  until its explanation (&0s) has first been given. - Dissen
calls attention to the completeness of this first period, and analyzes it into
three parts, of wh. the first prepares the way for the second, the second for
the third; while in the importance of the thought the same order is preserved. The orator now gives (~~ 3, 4) the special reasons for his previous
request.
~ 3. otv = igitur, and is used here, as often, to indicate transition in the
thought. -  wroXXd IPv, Ki.. i., now, while in many points...there are two
wh. are especially great. - 81 introduces the principal, pgAv the subordinate
sentence.  Kal is emphatic w. ueydXa; cf. Kad u/dXa, Kai 7rdpv. - o1 rFpI'r..t y., i. e. I have more at stake. - lXetv ir-v ypaf4v, lit. to seize the indictment; somewhat similar is our phrase, to get a verdict. Transl., to win,
his case. The loss of JEsch. in case of defeat would only be a fine of
1000 drachmm and a forfeiture of the privilege of instituting similar suits.
Cf. Boeckh's Publ. Economy of the Athen., I. p. 406; Meier and Sch6m.
Att. Proc., p. 734. - MA' lpLol p4v: by an abrupt stop, called in rhetorical phraseology aposiopesis (cf. Quint. Orat. Inst., IX. 2, ~ 54), the orator
leaves his hearers to imagine the rest, since it would be unpleasant (vTaXepds) for him to allude to an unfavorable verdict. Other instances are found
in ~~ 22, 195. W. supplies the thought in this way: but for me, — my
wuhole political career is at stake in dependence on your approbation.- 4K
repLorvraCas, lit. from a superabundance; hence, needlessly, wantonly.  We




NOTES.                               I 4 
understand Dem. to mean this: iEsch. jeopardizes nothing in this trial;
he has but little to lose in case of defeat, nothing to gain in case of success.
This prosecution, therefore, involving my dearest interests, has for its only
gain my loss; hence, is undertaken in a spirit of simple wantonness and
malice.  Cf. or 6' (K repaovutag irovi7pol, Dem. c. Steph., ~ 67.  Plato in
Thecet., 154 D, uses this expression of rhetorical contests that were engaged
in as a pastime.- YTEpov 8', sc. XaCLTTOULa. - XOL8op[Lv, KaTTJyOpL[CV: how
these differ the orator shows in ~ 123.
~ 4. W's Eros dlrEtv modifies raLv.  For the constr. cf. H. 772; Cu.
~ 564; G. gr. ~ 268; C. 671. -  voXXEt: this fact had not escaped _Esch.;
cf. infra.- K&av...X yo...sd8o: cf. H. 747; G. ~ 50. 1; Cu. ~ 545; C. 631.
- &roXkVraea0a L...SEfKvvva L: Diss. thinks the aor. is used w. reference to
the single charges (r& Karrlyop',quLva), each of wh. was to be refuted, and the
pres. to denote the act that is to be continued throughout the oration.TL...0v...&v...VaylKc1: cf. H. 757; G. ~ 62; Cu. ~ 554; C. 641. The skill
of the orator in making his opponent responsible for the odium of his selflaudation is commented on by Quint., XI. 1. 22, as follows: "Neque hoc
dico non aliquando de rebus a se gestis oratori esse dicendum, sicut eidem
Demostheni pro. Ctesiphonte, quod tamen ita emendavit ut necessitatem
id faciendi ostenderet, invidiamque omnem  in eum  regeret qui hoc se
coegisset."
~~ 5-8. In these paragraphs Dem. repeats the request for an impartial
hearing, but from  a different standpoint.  "What before he prayed that
the gods would inspire the judges to do as a matter of piety and reputation, he now claims also as a right, while he enforces the claim by a combination of new considerations with the former ones; such as the greatness
of the interest at stake, etc."  LARNED. - KOLvbV EVcaL: while the legal
prosecution was against Ctes., the persecution was aimed at Dem., and it
was important for the orator to emphasize at the outset the fact that his
own personal interests were involved in this issue. - -rowvTro(v: in the sense
of oruTrvooOv = cujusvis, as is seen fr. the opposition in /dkXrOTa, K. r. g.
In a similar sense 7ravrTaXo, ~ 81. -  UXS TrE K&V = both otherwise and
especially if. - +kavepwraCcLs: a virtue by wh. the Athen. considered
themselves distinguished from the Spartans and others. An adroit appeal
to Athen. vanity. So Dem. c. Lept., ~ 109.
~ 6. 6&EL KMa 84oPfla, I request (as a right) and beseech.  Rhetorical fulness or emphasis. Dem. seems fond of using pairs of words nearly synonymous. Dissen gives the following instances fr. this oration, besides the
one above: brpa'yAet Kal Ute5'et, ~ 13; KaTear41e0 ov Kai 6df3aXXXe, ~ 11; Jloav
Kal  taAcapTpr6pe~Oat, ~ 23; 5qXo? Kai 5,oplteOac, ~ 40; rpotXeyoP Kal G&qapuvp6trip, ~ 45; o0K 6veMr&sle  o065  Xo0LopeaOcqa, ~ 274; XoL0opo6Levos Ka' 5ta



142                             NOTES.
6ov'co, ~ 180; 7roXqezrv Kac 8&aoepeoOat, ~ 31; 7rpoopdb,/evo, Kac Xoyt'61zevos,
~ 27; tudd' rpooppv Al6' aiaOdveoaOat, ~ 40; ei8WS Kal EopaKWdJ, ~ 248; 8owv
Kal KEKpayjWs, ~ 132; eireiv  Kal diray-yerZXat, ~ 33; JC'vrwv  KaL 6vrTov, ~ 72;
6'acags Kalt tefiXOes, ~ 22; 8[i3aXXe Kai 8tef.EL, ~ 14. The student should
be careful to give the exact meaning of these terms so as to bring out the
shades of difference in thought doubtless intended by the orator. - 6O'o(ws
belongs to 7rdvrmwv, as in ~~ 61, 208. - 8LKcaOS, impartially.  Observe the
emphatic position as far away as possible fr. its verb aKoeroaL. Its force
is more fully explained by &0Trep, K. r. i. -  S TLrESs, the legislator, the
founder.  So below, -ro's tK&d'Tovrar, o  (ojKWV, r'  e6yovrt,, etc. are used
substantively. -  iapXqs: "originally, not as the earliest lawgiver, but
as the most influential.  Hence rOefis, wh. is strictly of one despotic lawgiver, whereas rtOtaevos is of a republic or community."   HOLMES.dkXowv is lauded also by IEsch., ~ 257. - SqLo[TLKdS is defined by AEsch.,
~ 168; cf. ~ 122 of our oration. - T/ ypcaL: 7ypd0/ew'vb6ov = generally
to propose a law in the popular assembly; but it may also mean, as here,
to record or register by engraving on tablets or pillars of stone or brass. So
Phil., III. ~ 41: ess arrkXv XaXK'lv 7ypdiavres.  Transl. thought it proper
should be made supreme, not simply by recording them, but also by putting
the jurors under oath. - ToV  8 SLKAtovaQSs: most editt. add viars, but the;use of v/zFvy before and after this sentence makes iWlas superfluous.  Besides,
Solon's legislation on this point applied to all times and cases; hence the
orator first makes the general statement and then considers the application
of this rule to the present case in the words: o0K artLrOTv i/uZ, K. T. I.
~ 7. 4ialCvrac = it is evident, different fr. Boke? = it seems, in the best
period of Greek. - atTctas: alrta is defined by Dem. c. Androt., ~ 22, as
a charge or accusation unsupported by proof, resting on the barren word
of the accuser.  It differs not widely fr. &ta3oXh = calumny. - al K GI...
toyivtL, by which the prosecutor, on account of his speaking first, is formidable.
For use of 7rporepos cf. H. 488, Rem. c; Cu. ~ 361, 8; G. gr. ~ 138, N. 7;
C. 509.- SLWKWOV (= prosecutor, Scotch pursuer), +E1VyOVTL (= defendant),
rwapek0XEv (= to outstrip, to go by), suggest the figure of a race. -  Kal...KCl:
correlated, connect the parts of the apodosis. — T& s8(KauC  = the legal argu.
ments, the points wh. the defendant may adduce for his defence.- trov...
KOLVbV = impartial, common. That the two qualities may be distinguished
is seen in Plat. Protag. 68; Eurip. Orest. 9: KOtvs rTpa7red'Pls dtflw' 9XoP,
o-ov. -o orw, thus; sc. after having furnished himself, etc.  Diss. calls
attention to the fact that the rhythm and weight of the sentence require
tdyVwoorv lroLeouOat, rather than the less emphatic 8&aLyt7vUJKeV.
~ 8. Ws IOLKE: added not so much by way of sarcasm, as the Schol. believes, as to express caution on account of the general and broad assertion




NOTES.                               I43
involved in 7ravr6s. -  rcpacKaX4'o-aL, to call upon or summon, as if coadjutors. - 1irdpfatL pLoL: the corresponding sentence in ~ 1 has rap' xiLpv, wh.
is omitted here by 2.  Most Editt. follow the other MSS. in adding it.
— oroTo refers to the sentence introduced by 6 Tr and is obj. of pyvpvac,
the whole depending on rapaao-'o'ac, wh. in turn depends on e6Xo/zaL.
Most Editt. insert rois Oeobs after Iapao'riaaL as its subj.  V. thinks this
repetition would give a false meaning to the passage, as though the orator
did not supplicate both b-rdcpga and  rapao-r'o'at from the gods.  For similar omission of subj. w. infin. cf. ~ 141. - ypaqs: cf. Lex. II. B. - On
the structure of this exordium cf. Arist. JRhet., XIV. 3. It may be considered with reference to (1) the prosecutor, (2) the jury, (3) the defendant
himself. It answers all the ends of a perfect exordium, which aims, as
Quintilian says, "reddere auditores benevolos, attentos, dociles."   The
prayer at its beginning and close is a fitting refutation of the calumny of
AEsch., who had represented Dem. as a contemner of the gods and of divine
omens.
FIRST DIVISION OF THE ORATION.
~~ 9-52.  CHARGES FOREIGN TO THE INDICTMENT.  (a) OF A PRIVATE NATURE (~~ 10, 11).  (b) OF A PUBLIC NATURE (~~ 12-52).
~~ 9-11.  INTRODUCTION OF THE TOPIC AND DEFENCE OF PRIVATE
LIFE.  ZSBOKEV... KCaa-fyptqIEV: $&6KeLV is said of the legal prosecution,
KaTI'yope&V of the oral accusation before the court.  Cf. ~ 15 Ka-r'Tyop6e,
KpiVEL. - irpo ovXkEmLaTos, preliminary decree, i. e. an approval on the part
of the Senate (povX5) of a bill, wh. could then be brought before the Assembly (eKKXr1T0/a) for ratification; receiving wh., it became a itpxhwua. In the
present instance, Ctes. had introduced a bill that Dem. should be rewarded
w. a golden crown for certain public services. From the Senate the bill
went before the Assembly; but before it was acted upon there, AEsch.
brought an action called ypa    7r wapavo'uwz, indictment for proposing measures contrary to law, against Ctes., and thus prevented it from becoming
a decree (ritxo-ua). - KLaTqyOpqo-v....&v &reXoyov/rolqv: cf. H. 746; G. ~ 49,
2 and Rem. (b); Cu. ~ 537; C. 631.  Explain the difference in the use of
the tenses. - KaTE1-OaTr Ip.ouv: for the genit. cf. H. 583; Cu. ~ 424; G.
gr. ~ 173, 2, N.; C. 699. -  Tots  t0wEV XdoyoL, criminationibus a causa
alienis, Diss.; by those irrelevant statements. -  Ary[lvos =  rapryduvos.6&XorpL&Trrpov: the Schol. says = -Wer(epKC&repop, i. e. with an estranged or
prejudiced mind. -r v...SLK (oV...l tOV: critics are not agreed whether to
understand riv  rKEalwvo as genit. w. aKO6Sq and xuov as possess., or as genit.
of separation w. CXXoTpo5T-epov   (somewhat estranged from  what  r i4ust
under the influence of TOZS  c00VeV Xo67OS) and yuov governed by dKO6.  -ln.




I 44                          NOTES.
latter seems preferable on account of the sense and the position of Lov. -
irrip =?rept here. The distinction between these prepp. lies in the fact
that birep originally implies the interest or advantage of the thing or person
concerning wh. anything is, or is said. In the orators this distinction is
first lost sight of, and the prepp. are easily interchanged. Cf. brop Twv
d&Xwv, ~ 10; brap Tlv 7reroXTrevj/uvwv, ~ 11; tvrrp ToO 7roXVov, ~ 76.
~ 10. XoL8opoi0VEvos PEPXaUiip'/!nKE: the nice distinctions between the
words employed by Dem. to denote slander, accusation, calumny, invective
(cf. ~~ 123, 126), should be carefully observed; Xotbopla is the more general
term for invective, gXaaq )ulca is more specific and concrete, and denotes the
scandals or slanders uttered by a calumniator. - &rXk& KaI SCKaOO, st. &rXws
Kac  &Kals,, wh. are used in ~ 58. - -rOLOTOV, SC.  T'ra; cf. ~ 277.  The
supplementary partic. dv is often thus omitted by the orators; cf. Madv.
~ 178, Rem. 4; K. ~ 310, Rem. 5. - &wv6wAXTq0E...KCaTc4q4(CoaCr': what
is there in the form of this prohibition and command that gives special
emphasis? Follow in transl., as nearly as possible, the order of the Greek.
Lord B. renders this spirited sentence thus: "but rise up this instant and
condemn me." - PdkrCo Kad OK PEX-L6VOV: a standing formula among the
Greeks; similar are d'yasObs i diyaOv, tparos e cipiorwcp. —'rcv Yrp(pov, of
the average or respectable class. State the argument of Dem. in this sentence. -  AV...*V8SELXOE....Wrap&A)E<rOeE: for this constr. cf. H. 809; Cu.
~ 597, 3; G. gr. ~ 154; C. 552, 553.
~ 11. MKKO/ijqS...EqI9OES 41qS: a play upon words wh. is inimitable in
Engl. Jacobs renders it by argmiithig... gutmiithig. Dem. makes but
sparing use of the Paranomasia, as it was called by the rhetoricians, and
only where the thought is made more prominent by it. Cf. ~ 267; so
c. Aristocr. ~ 202: avOpcbrovu o0K 9XevupovU  aXX' A dOApovs; Phil., I. ~ 24:
aTpacrf-ybs &KoXoVOEL; vid. Rehdantz's Dem., XII. ~ 17, for many more
illustrations. Spengel remarks that _Esch. has nowhere made any such
statement, and that this is simply an artifice of Dem. by wh. he would
have it appear that he does not shun the direct issue. — rolr wEUas: a metaphor taken from the ribald jokes and abusive epithets uttered by those who
rode in chariots in the procession (rotzrela) of the Anthesterian festival.
For a specimen cf. Aristoph. Ran., 416 f. -  &v8slqv, recklessly.-   v...
aKOELVY i: the uncertain position of aKO6ewv in the best MSS. (some placing
it, as here, after 3.; others after TouToal) leads some critics to look upon it
as an interpolation.  In Orat. pro Megal., ~ 3, the approved reading is
iorTepov, &a O'tpV fiovXoOdVOLS. o, Melwo, without a&Ko6ev.  For constr. cf. H.
601, a; G. gr. ~ 184, N. 6; Cu. ~ 435. The tact of the orator in adding,
if it shall please you to listen, is manifest.
~~ 12-17.  INTRODUCTION TO THE PUBLIC MATTERS IRRELEVANT TO




NOTES.                               145
THE INDICTMENT.  In this paragraph Dem. aims to prove the personal
malice of this prosecution by pointing out its indirectness and futility. -
wroXXk, sc. eo-r'. - EvLOv defines and limits the preced. gen. vy as an appositive.  Cf. Thuc., I. 6: 97Tt b Kal ev 7'ots PapPdpoLts iorw ots; Dem. de
F. L., ~ 260:  ias y'&p aiKpor6Xets avrTPiv eviiw  MaKeS6Cves qpovpo'tpa. -   Tll,
SC. faTs'v. So most Editt., in opposition to most of the MSS. wh. read aVir.
We understand Dem. to mean this: " My opponent is not heaping charges
upon me in order that I may be punished according to law, but his motive
is this," etc. - EXOpo   piuv is the protasis of TryV ULEvbroL KaTryoptwY, lUE'Prot
being in antithesis to ziev. -  hrlpeLav: "a malicious disposition to injure
others without gaining any profit one's self." v-ipLv has reference to contumelious acts; XoLmopLav, to contumelious words. -  -rOV  KaT!/yOpfl6V,
K. r. i., constr. w. BIrtKCV ifiav. -* The argument of this and the following
section runs thus: If the state cannot administer a befitting punishment
so as to meet the ends of justice, a prosecution becomes a malicious persecution.  This the state cannot do where the defendant has no opportunity of making a proper defence. This opportunity _Esch. has taken
away from Dem. in three ways: (1) by bringing the indictment against
Ctes. and not against Dem. personally; (2) by bringing the charges so
long time after the alleged misdeeds; (3) by failing to make these charges
definite and specific.
~ 13.  ob rpoorEXOEtv, K. I..: obj. of aq4atpefOat, wh. takes two accusatives (cf. H. 553; G. gr. ~ 164; Cu. ~ 402; C. 480, c); the personal obj.,
wh. by implication is Dem., being omitted. The omitted subj. of cdatpee-Oat is XEsch. - The phrase Tb lrporeX0Etv ro, 8i1[t = to come before the
popular assembly as a speaker. - Xdyouv uvXeV, to obtain a hearing. By this
indirect mode of attack, 2Esch. compelled Dem. to defend his public policy
in the court instead of in the ecclesia, and as the advocate of another instead of simply in his own defence. - iv...-iE6, in the rank or quality of.
For various uses of rcdits, cf. ~~ 63, 173, 192. - wOXLrLKbv, lit. what pertains to a 7roXitrs; statesmanlike, Lord B.; constitutional, Kenn. -  XX':
JEsch. was in fault in two ways: in doing what he ought not to have done,
ob yap, K. r. e.; and in not doing what was right, sc. to prefer these charges
directly and regularly, &XX' eb' ot, K. T.'. -  ETpayc/SEL: the allusions of
the orator to the earlier career of ZEsch. as an actor, are neither complimentary nor infrequent. Cf. vbroKpiverat below; &tetLv, ~ 41, and many more
instances. - sap' a-UrT& Tr&8LKifaTa, during or at the very time of (7apa =
alongside of) the misdeeds.  This use of rrape w. accus. is firequent in the
orators; cf. L. and S. sub. v. II. - Xpcr0aL, sc. gbet from  beT above. -
EL'a-yyEXLas: the elaoayyeXta here meant was an extraordinary action of impeachment brought directly before the Senate or Assembly, for special or
7                                         J




146                            NOTES.
peculiar violations of law not provided for in the ordinary courts. Cf. Meier
and Sch6in. Att. Proc., p. 260 ff. -  to)ToV'ryv'rporov, i. e. in the peculiar
way of the eioayyeXia. - ypCLovTa...'yp a oEvov:'ypdiewv = to propose;'ypdqeact   - = to indict. - irapvolca, lit. laws contrary to existing ones;
unconstitutional measures is a fair rendering. - iroppavdopov: for the nature and operation of the action called ypa9rl 7rapav6zwv, cf. Diet. Antiq.
sub voce; Meier and Schim. Att. Proc., 282; Schbm. Greek Antiq., p. 483.
— ob y&p... 8va'aT..C...fyp4aro: the force of oL extends over both parts of
the sentence.  Cf. ~~ 16 and 288 for a similar use of the negat.  Transl.
for it cannot be that, etc....but that he would not have indicted, etc. — 8s'
4a: how diff. fr. 61' uoO?  Cf. note on St' ois, ~ 35. - l...cvrrov: cf.
~ 279. -  It 1wrp...vdOLt[EV...ObK &V ~yp+wCLo: cf. H. 746; G. ~ 49, 2; Cu.
~~ 537, 541; C. 631, 632. Account for the diff. of tense in the protasis
and apodosis.
~ 14. f&y/VES Ka K KpiELS, trials and verdicts; these are the practical application of vS/ol and rqt/wpLat. - OrVLKC +faCVIETO.... lqOXOyEt^'O &Va: same
form of cond. sent. as above in ~ 13, except that the relat. adv. olr7PYiKa introduces the condition. - TotiS...irp9os CFi the legal remedies applicable to
my case.
~ 15. roo-0rovrOL...XpdvoLs: the events connected with the peace of Philocrates 16 years ago, and those connected with the Phocian war 25 years
ago. - vWroKpCveraL, he acts a part, i. e. he plays an underhand part in
prosecuting. Ctes. while really aiming at me. - ela, then, thereupon, denotes sequence in thought or narration. -  wpoto-raraT, puts in the foreground; not as a pretence or screen here, but as the real cause. - oS8a!Loo:
in ~ 251 Dem. boasts that ZEsch. had never brought a single action against
him'personally. - &Tpov: difference between Trepos and &XXos? The genit.
is one of separation. - r[iLTILCavV: if Ctes., in case of conviction, should be
unable to pay the fine (rTLqrn/a) of 50 talents, he would fall into drtlcla until
the fine was discharged.
~ 16. KacTOL: a word of frequent occurrence. The part. rTO has generally
an intensive or additive force; = and verily, and furthermore. -  rpbs w.
dat. = in addition to. - &v...'lXo: potent. optat.; cf. G. ~ 52, 2; H. 722;
Cu. ~ 517, Obs. 1; C. 636. - &v X~yELv = either a&v Xeyev, one could be
saying (but he does not), or, what seems more in harmony w. 9Xot above,
a& X47yo, one might say (if he would). - Tbv  EraJF~bv VroLEWi-OC i: spoken
of the litigants, while of the judges the phrase r7v 7re7roXsrevfivct l{6raaw
7roL -etwv is used in ~ 226. - oi belongs to the whole sent. Tb /'zv...&'ycvw1eOata...lrlpqr 6'....4'TE&V, and implies the repetition of &'Katov  v. — ilp...
8rws: for the sake of emphasis st. rTepov 6rct  by inverse attraction.  Cf.
H. 817; G. gr. ~ 153, N. 4; Cu. ~ 602; C. 554 (c).




NOTES.                             147
~ 17. w' &X10OEt S o8epC(as, based upon, with regard for no truth.  For
similar use of iri w. genit. cf. ~~ 22, 226, 294. - iurip -rs eLpivqis: the
often referred to peace of Philocrates.  Cf. Grote, Ch. LXXXIX. -  is
wrpE'pdECas: the second embassy to Philip, for the purpose of receiving his
oath to the peace agreed upon and sworn to by the Athenians. This embassy is known as i7 irapacrpeo3ea, and forms the theme of two orations by
the rival orators. - tros, in Attic usage generally means probably, likely.
- Ka.r EKE(VOVS -rois Xp6vovs, throughout those times.
~~ 18-52. EXAMINATION OF CHARGES MADE WITH REFERENCE TO
THE NEGOTIATION OF THE PEACE OF PHILOCRATES (~~ 18 -24), AND
THE SECOND EMBASSY TO PHILIP (~~ 25-52).  TOV... C'WKLKO0....OXiP4OV:
for an account of this war, sometimes called also the Sacred War, through
wh. Philip obtained the long-coveted opportunity of intermeddling in the
affairs of the Greeks, cf. Grote, Ch. LXXXVII.; Smith's Hist. of Greece,
Ch. XLII. - o-v-rV'ros, having been organized. " ouvvLaTrdva is to organize
either for good or evil. The orator wishes to impute external agency, originating in Macedon or at Athens, as the prime cause of the Phociam outbreak."
HOLMES. - Ob 8;' ijpa: Dem. disclaims having had anything to do with
stirring up this war. Wh. joins these words w. OOTc0 5fKEL60e, as if the orator
would deny that he had prejudiced the feelings or warped the judgment of
his fellow-citizens against the Thebans. But this seems uncalled for, since
this prejudice against the Thebans was of long standing and generally understood. For allusions to this feeling cf. Dem. Oratt. 1. 26; 3. 8; 5. 15;
14. 33; 20. 109. — OrdE: the first public speech of Dem. (c. Androtion)
was delivered in 355 B. C., and the first political speech (de Symrmoriis) a
year later; but the difficulties wh. terminated in the Phocian War commenced in 357. The student will notice that Dem. silently passes over'the
first of the four periods in wh. tEsch. (in the subjoined extracts) divides his
career, and treats the second period, wh. is the one now under consideration,
as irrelevant to the present suit. - -ooqvaL: Athens, by reason of her
hatred of Thebes and ancient friendship for the Phocians, though furnishing no active assistance, sympathized w. the Phocians. - KaCrrep...6p&Cvres:
"This refers to the plunder of the Delphian temple; and we may notice
w. what nice sense of decorum the orator speaks of the Phocians, who had
been ancient allies of the Athenians, but whose conduct in plundering the
temple of Delphi was condemned throughout the Grecian world." LARNED.
-- Ol (aCOLs...wotLOOVGLv, but that you would have been delighted at the Thebans suffering everything. For bd w. infin. cf. G. ~ 41. 3; H. 783; Cu. ~~ 575,
576; C. 658 a. - ots...4v AeiVKTpots: at the battle of Leuctra, 371 B. C.,
the Thebans, under Epaminondas, gained the victory over the Spartans,
and established their supremacy (Qyqeowia), wh. lasted until their overthrow




I48                           NOTES.
in the battle of Mantinea, 362 B. c. During this period they had not used
with moderation the advantages of their position.  In their arrogance they
had deprived Orchomenos, Thespiae, and Platwea of their avrovoudla, and invested the city of Oropus, an act that was especially distasteful to Athens.
Diod. Sic. XV. 79, speaks of the " Leuctric insolence" of the Thebans. -
ElrEsL': not temporal, but sequential here, as indicating the next item in the
enumeration of facts. --  LEL-TiKEL, plupf., to indicate the resulting state or
condition, was in a state of faction. - owL sLLo0vwEs: sc. the Messenians,
Arcadians, Argives, Sicyonians: - ot wrpOdTpov...& pXOVTES: the hated Harmosts that had been placed in command over several cities by Lysander immediately upon the close of the Pelopon. War. Cf. Xen. Hellen., III. 5.
13; Isocr. Panegyr., p. 36. - dKKpLTOS: promiscuous and interminable; a
single word hardly renders it. Cf. II., II. 796: the iu 0ot dKpL7TO of Priam;
id. III. 412: the t&XEa aKpTra of Helen. - Diss. calls attention to the graceful structure of this last period. First the general statement, i II. 85&etriKEL; then the explanation and description by the parts introduced by Ka;
finally the sunmming up of the whole idea in stronger terms, dXXd TrL, K. r..
~ 19. XpiLTCLa &vaX(or-Kov, by lavishing money. Philip's skill in the use
of bribes became proverbial. Cf. Horace Od., III. 16. By his conquests
in Thrace he had obtained possession of the gold-mines of Crenides, wh. are
said (cf. Bceckh, Publ. Econ. Athen., p. 10) to have yielded him an annual
revenue of 1000 talents. - airrojvs = dXXv'Xovs; cf. H. 672 b; G. gr. ~ 146,
N. 3; Cu. ~ 473; C. 537 c. - e', then, denoting sequence. -- v ots, K.T..:
the sense is that by means of the errors and follies of others he was advancing his own interests. - KCT&, against, with hostile intent. -  raXawcopOJVlevoL: deriv.? —,roV  roXklov: the Phocian War, wh. lasted about
10 years. - -oE...PapEts: because the memory of their supremacy was still
fresh. - vOv...&'rvXEts: in 335 B. C. Alexander razed Thebes to the ground
and sold many of its inhabitants into slavery. _Esch., in alluding to the
fate of this city, says in his Orat. c. Ctes., ~ 133: Oeipan e, 0ia& Tr6Xsro
dot7yelrTcep, e@O'  tgp tav a K Cpo'rls T7r'EXXdoos a&vpraaTrat.
~ 20. r( oZv, K. r. i.: Dionys. Halic., 7repl'Ibayov, ~ 13, remarks that no
orator has made such frequent and forcible use of the rhetorical question as
Dem. What then co-operated with him in ensnaring you as his almost willing
dupes?- I rwcv  AXXcv'E.: the art. agrees w. the nom. implied in KaKla,
and dyvotav.  The - shall I call it cowardice or ignorance of the rest of the
Greeks? Cf. ~ 270 for a similar turn. — rdXEiLov yrvvEXi: the entire period
of hostilities from the capture of Amphipolis in 357 B. c. until the peace of
Philocrates, 346 B. c. - U-4LpaOV, men, troops. - 8L& arcr': Dem., in attempting to free himself fiom the responsibility of bringing about this
peace, skilfully avoids incurring the ill-feeling of the judges and the people,




NOTES.'49
by throwing the blame upon the circumstances and the state of public
affairs existing at the time, rather than upon the people themselves.  But,
not satisfied with this, he adds very adroitly, that it was not the peace after
all, but the corruption of the men engaged in its negotiation, that was the
cause of the present troubles. - iv aLrci:j not during it, but in relation to it,
i. e. in the transactions connected w. the peace. - &V... fEv&!g;..E8p/Io'E:~
cf. G. ~ 50. 1; H. 747; Cu. ~ 545; C. 631.
~ 21. &KpL3oXoyof!aCLL KaLI 8LES'PXOJ.CLL, subtilius persequor et commemoro,
V.; weighing and sifting, Lord B.; faithful and exact detail of this whole
transaction, Leland. This might be added to the instances of rhetorical
pleonasm enumerated in note on ~ 6. With respect to these pleonasms Diss.
remarks the simplicity of the Greek as compared w. the elaborate ornateness
of Cicero, who not only uses such amplifications more frequently, but often
joins words employed figuratively to those used in a literal sense. — Et...
soKoLq... fia: a mixed cond. sent. Is this combination of moods common?
Cf. G. ~ 54. 2; H. 750; Cu. ~ 549; C. 634. - T&i AXLOtar: adverb. accus.,
modifying dBiK7cta elvaL; the sense is supposing the wrong to be ever so great.
-'APLa-rdStloLoS: a celebrated actor who was sent by the Athenians as
envoy to Philip, by whom he was greatly esteemed, to treat for the release
of Athen. prisoners of war, who had been captured at the taking of Olynthus. Upon his return, Aristodemus reported to the Assembly the friendly
feeling of Philip towards the Athenians, and his desire to enter into an
alliance w. them. - roVou, sc. _Esch.; cf. oTros, ~ 20. The opposite party in
a suit is generally referred to by this demonstrative. -'Ayvoao-Los: Hagnus
was the name of the deme to wh. Philocrates belonged. - oZ8' av...+tuSdp&Evos, not even though you should burst with lying, Kenn.  The allusion is
to the violent tones of iEsch., wh. Dem. often ridicules. - EtpovXos: one
of the foremost politicians of this period, a friend of AEsch. and of the Macedonian party. His financial policy, particularly in leading the state to
set apart large sums for the Theoric Fund (cf. note ~ 55), contributed not a
little towards rendering the state bankrupt and demoralizing the people.KqLa-ox+rv: mentioned in the psephisma, ~ 29, as one of the envoys sent
to Philip; of the deme Rhamnus; probably the same person who is mentioned by }Esch. de F. L., ~ 73, as a Paranian and one of the friends of
Chares.  Cf. A. Schaefer, Dem. und seine Zeit, II. p. 182. - Ly  8' ob8~v
ov$8apoO: this is a flat contradiction of the statement of iEsch. in the subjoined extract.  Dem. in his speech de F. L., ~~ 15-18, denies that he
was in favor of the peace on the terms proposed by Philocrates. On this
disputed point we may adopt the view of Grote (Ch. LXXXIX.) as being
the one probably most correct: se. that Dem. supported the proposal of
Philocrates for peace and alliance w. Philip, except that special clause wh.




150                           NOTES.
excluded the Phocians; that this clause was subsequently repudiated by
the Assembly, but, when the treaty was sworn to, the Phocians, in violation of this action of the Assembly, were tacitly and practically excluded
through the misrepresentations and false promises of ~Esch. and his party
(wh. are referred to in ~ 35 of our oration), and that it was against this
feature of the treaty that Dem. protested, though not until it was too late.
The statement then of Dem. before us is not absolutely, but only relatively
true.  That he should have been at this time in favor of a peace on almost
any terms seems not so strange when we remember the state of the Athenian
mind in this period: "repugnance to military cost and'effort, sickness and
shame at their past war with Philip, alarm from the prodigious success of
his arms, and pressing anxiety to recover the captives taken at Olynthus."
Grote. - " It was the hopelessness," says Niebuhr, " of expecting aid from
the other states that justified Dem. in being a party to the peace of Philocrates."
~ 22. err'... &XMqEas: cf. ~ 17. - &pa, forsooth; inferential particle often
w. a tinge of irony, as here. - wrpbs Tr...yeVyEvqiaOaL, in addition to having
become.  For 7rpbs w. dat. cf. ~ 16. - atLos, the guilty cause.  The charge
made by LEsch. was twofold: (1) Dem. was the author of the peace;
(2) he concluded it apart from the confederacy of the allies. - Ka, also. -
KEKWXVK&S EtqV: why the optat.? G. ~ 70. 2; H. 736; Cu. ~ 528; C. 643.
Why this form of the optat.? - KOLVOO crvvEsplov, a general synod, wh. met
at Athens and was formed of the delegates of the new Athenian confederacy that had been constituted soon after the Peloponn. War. Cf. Grote,
Ch. LXXVII.; Smith, Ch. XXXIX. -  E' c: another instance of aposiopesis; cf. note ~ 3. - go-rLV 8rrov a-vi Yrcpcv...bpov....AyaLV&Krl-Cas, is there
an occasion where you being present seeing me...expressed your indignation.
-  apr~poX0v, lit. passing along or by (the audience), i. e. coming forward to
the tribune or platform from wh. in ancient assemblies (as nowadays in
the French and German parliaments) the speaker was wont to address the
meeting.
~ 23. Tb KOXO-(aL: the use of the art. w. the infin. here and in rb a~Oyzoaa gives emphasis to the contrasted notions of these verbs, while the use
of the aor., to indicate a single definite act, is in strong contrast to the pres.
in /3oav, 8amiapirpeo-0aL, 8/?0Xouv. -  y/& 4Xir1rT: such juxtapositions for
the sake of emphasis are frequent in Dem.; cf. ~~ 255, 271. - a-ol: observe
its emphatic position. In the points just commented upon we have an
illustration of the remarkable skill displayed by Dem. in the structure of
his sentences. - TIE: after the fall of Olynthus, 347 B. c., embassies had
been sent out by Athens to several of the Greek states in order to form a
common league against Philip.. Both orators confess that these embassies




NOTES.                                 5 
were fruitless. Cf. AEsch. de F. L., ~ 79. IEsch. charges his rival w. precipitating the negotiations of the peace so as to prevent the allies and confederates of Athens from participating in the treaty. The statements of
the two orators upon this point are hopelessly conflicting. Professor Tyler
adopts the conclusion of Grote, that not all the envoys had yet returned,
but some were still absent when the peace was concluded. A. Schaef.,
II. 200 if. believes that all had returned, but that the states to which embassies had been sent, having declined to join Athens in a league against
Philip, and being at peace with him, had of course no interest in the treaty'
now under consideration.  However these points under dispute may be
decided, there seems no doubt that the sentiments of all had been-thoroughly
tested (7rcdTreS  eXqXey-X.ot), and were fully understood at Athens.
8 24. Xopls...+eS8Ea'L: "Dem. not merely refutes, but makes the refutation an occasion of attack. We have already had examples in ~~ 10, 11."
LARNED. -  EiL 1rCpXKCLXEtrE... rfi.1riTrE... SLETrpTrrEO-0E': cf. H. 745; G.
~ 49. 1; Cu. ~ 536; C. 631. - Ei]pvpUP&ov: an Ephesian who was sent by
Crcesus into the Peloponnesus with money to raise mercenaries, and deserted
to Cyrus, his rival. This name became proverbial for treachery and knavishness; thence is derived the verb elpvlaTe6eo'OaL. -'rC  p KCa f P., for with
what desire even. - iv Tro'T(cp T  KCLaCp, at this juncture, i. e. while the Athenians were considering the terms of a peace w. Philip, the attempt to unite
the Greek states against him having been abandoned. - &raCL-v, i. e. to all
whom the Athenians had asked to unite against Philip. - &X'...eolXovXEvEo-OE: a rhetorical syllogism whose conclusion is probable.  For similar dilemmas cf. ~~ 124, 125, 139, 196, 217. - OKKOuv: some MSS. read o0KOuv;
what is the difference - -t &pxfls: the original peace of Philocrates is
by this designation distinguished from the peace of Demades made after
Chmronea. - oire...oS8'...o-re: oW5 is subordinate and emphatic, Otre...
otre being co-ordinate, neither...nor even...nor. It will be noticed how with
the last OTre the orator adds an inference from the preceding, just as at the
close of ~ 23 with o6O' o~ros &ryds, K. T.'. - tv...Bv: for this partic. constr.
ef. HI, 797. 1; Cu. ~~ 590, 593; G. gr. ~ 280; C. 677.
~~ 25-41. PROCEEDINGS CONNECTED WITH THE RATIFICATION OF THE
PEACE, AND ITS IMMEDIATE RESULTS. - Kal yAp: not elliptical here, but
KaL in the sense of also, i. e. also from these affairs, just as from those above
rehearsed. - /ypac+a BovXE1ov, as senator moved a resolution. - -rhv raX(ar-vY: the importance of this haste is manifest. This motion was made by
Dem. on the 3d of Munychion (April 29), some 7 days after Antipater as
representative of Philip had taken the oath fr. the Athenians. - &v...iruvO8.voVTrCL: st. rvvOd8otwro, as it is more significant to give the words of the
decree in a direct form. - d&.ro.Xa4gLveLv: what is the force of &ar6 here?
Cf. diroo0vaL in ~ 26.




152                            NOTES.
~ 26. r(C...BuvactTo, quod hoc sibi volebat? Diss. What was the intent of
this (sc. my resolution)? —  4LXk'rrr  pv...ivGptv 8: the student will not
fail to notice the balanced structure of this sentence. - a+' s...i lpa.   =
dero TrOs 7iypas j.  Cf. H. 809; Cu. ~ 597. 3; G. gr. ~ 154; C. 554. -
Trov'o: alludes to what? Reiske says to W's rXeiarov...TrV bpKWV; but this
interval of time between the oaths had itself for its ulterior aim the cessation from preparations for war on the part of the Athenians.  With W.,
therefore, we make TOTro refer to 7rdaas eeXroaTre, K. 7.'. - -K rav'ros ToO
)XpOVov: IK w. genit. expresses time from its first beginning, including the
whole extent of the period until the end. Lit. from all the time, i. e. from
first to last.  Cf. ~ 203.- 8o'a T'is rdkEos, whatever possessions of the city;
referring particularly to Philip's conquests in Thrace of places in alliance
w. Athens. - wpoi&pot: cf. H. 757; Cu. ~ 555; G. ~ 62; C. 641.  The
action in the partic. votflwv is repeated or continued, i. e. in each case or all
the while supposing.
~ 27. Av ots &v 6: cf. note on av 7rvwOdvvrTaL above. - v'...'ytyvowvO':
past purpose after -ypdqw an historic present; cf. H. 699; G. ~ 10. 2;
Cu. ~ 487; C. 609. - 8Lo'vpV, ridiculed.  The corresponding passage in
EPsch. (~ 82) shows an intentional perversion of these names: as, MVPTtraKlP
st. Mvpr6vbv; ravwia, wh. is simply a play upon the sound of rdvos; ZlppLov is mentioned by Herod. VII. 59, and by Dem. Phil., III. 16; Harpocration in his Lex. mentions MvpTav6v and'EpyIK-7. - oiVTro, under these
circumstances.- Trois e1rLKaCpoVS, the favorably located ones; alluding to
the importance of these places in a military point of view, since they were
situated in the vicinity of the Thracian Chersonesus, wh. belonged to the
Athenians. -  irokitv XPlCTowv~: cf. note ~ 19.
~ 28.  T'ra, then or thereupon, to indicate sequence of thought. — oixt
XyELL...&vayLyvWV'KEL, he does not cite, nor does he read. The distinction between these verbs as indicated in our translation is not always maintained
in the orators.  Below, e. g. Xey is used in the sense of read or cause to be
read, and is addressed to the 7ypacu/aTe6s or clerk of the Archons. -  rpoo'&yiELV, to introduce. " Foreign ambassadors were introduced to an audience
with the people by a resolution of the Senate (cf. JEsch. de F. L., ~ 58).
Demosthenes as Senator moved that Philip's envoys should be introduced
to the people for the purpose of discussing the conditions of the proposed
peace." Wh. -  rTOGTd 6ov 8Lap6AXXL, with this he taunts me. For this genit.
cf. H. 583; Cu. ~ 424. 8; G. gr. ~ 177; C. 699. Cf. ~ 299: rv reTLXLto/bv
8v a6 /uov Lorvpes. - ]./: this negat. introduces the whole question and expects the answer no, but its special force falls upon the nearest verb, 7rpoao"yerv, to propose not to introduce, etc. - 8LaXeX0toa-Lv: the subj. st. optat.,
for the sake of vividness of narration.  Cf. H. 740 a; G. ~ 44. 2, N. 1;




NOTES.                              153
Cu. ~~ 531. 1; 532, Obs.; C. 653. - OEav: this was the so-called 7rpoe5pla,
a distinction conferred upon the guests of the state by resolution of the
Senate. —'rv &pXrIK:'rovaU, the lessee of the theatre, called also Oearpcprv,
Oearpo7rXArs, who paid a certain rent to the state, kept the buildings in
repair, and received the entrance fees. - iv?ov 8votv 6poXotv, in the twoobol seats, i. e. the seats of the common people, for which two obols were
paid. Cf. Boeckh. Publ. Econ. Athen., p. 304. The price is put for the
place, and the expression seems to be colloquial; so oi IxObes = the fishmarket, r-& pPXLa = the book-market.  Some Editt. prefer to take ev w. the
dat. as expressing means, i. e. by the payment of two obols.- ELKp&: this
word is not found in the original reading of Z, and is therefore omitted by
the Editt. of our text. In retaining it w. the other MSS. I am particularly
influenced by the remark of V. that the word is necessary to express the
antithesis to T& iXa.  The orator means this. to exercise care over such
small matters as the expenditure of a few obols or the bestowal of some
attention upon the gutests of the state, this, as compared w. guarding the
general interests (r& 6Xa) of the state, is not worth the mention.
~ 29. THIH4IMA: there are in all 35 of these documents referred to in
the course of the oration, of wh. 28 purport to be given in full and 7 are
mentioned only by name. The fact that in most of the speeches of the
Attic orators the documents are omitted, their names merely being given,
has of itself awakened suspicion concerning the genuineness of those contained in this oration. It is sufficient for the practical purpose of the
student to know that the majority of modern critics regard these documents
as spurious. The internal evidence for this opinion will be given in the
case of a few. Those who desire to weigh the arguments pro and con upon
this long-disputed question, are referred to Professor Champlin's summary
in an Appendix to his edition of this oration; to the paper of Professor
W. W. Goodwin on The Chronology of some of the Events mentioned in Dem'.
on the Crownu, in the "Transactions of the Amer. Philol. Assoc., 1871,
1872 "; to Droysen in Museum Rhenanumn, II., 1845; to B1hnecke's avvayw'y0 1   edV17 t-diwV in Vol. II. of his Untersuchuengen, Berlin, 1843; to
Vemel's 5 treatises, published in 1841-1845; to Boeckh's de Archontibus
Pseudonymis; and to Westermann's Untersuchungen iiber die in die Attischen.Redher eingelegten Urkunden.  A fresh argument against the genuineness
of these documents, based upon the enumeration of the ar'XoL or lines in the
AISS., is given by the Editor in the "Proceedings of the Amer. Philol.
Assoc. for 1874 - 1875." The inconsistencies of the following document are
these: MVYqrL~kXov: this decree was passed in 347 B. c., the year before the
peace, and Themistocles was archon for that year. - eKa.rojP4aL3cVS: from
AEsch. de F. L., ~ 92, we learn that it was passed on the 3d of Munychion.




154                           NOTES.
- IIcvSLoV(SoS: ace. to LEsch. de F. L., ~ 82, Dem. was the irp6eapos or
president for the day.  But ace. to Sch6m. (Greek Antiq., p. 379) the proedri were chosen by the rrLa-TdrTTsV of the Prytanes (for explanation of these
terms cf. Dict. Antiq.) from the nine tribes which were not in the prytany;
hence, if Dem. was proedrus, the tribe of Pandionis to which he belonged
could not have been in the prytany at this time. - 8e6X0aL, be it moved or
resolved. - Tr4 BJs'~: from Dem. de F. L., ~ 154, we learn that the 8ijOos
had given the gouvXO absolute power to pass decrees for the time being without this sanction; consequently the b5tuos had nothing to do w. this decree.
— rpnj i Dem. de F. L., ~ 15, says: els Triv bo-aepaia v.v   rv'eipvV
8es KvpouO-OaL; and Esch. de F. L., ~ 61, mentions the 18th and 19th of
Elaphebolion as the days of the Assembly; and Dem., 1. c. ~ 57, says, the
peace was adopted on the 19th (the second day of the Assembly). - irivTre:
the number was ten.  Cf. Esch. de F. L., ~ 97. - vrrEppoXAv, delay; not
so used in classical Greek. - so0vaL: the Athenians had already given their
oath.  Cf. ~~ 25, 26. - EiSovXos, K. T. i.: Eubulus and Asch. are well
known, but the other names are probably fictitious, being found nowhere
else except in the spurious ypagg, ~ 55, where K-q. and KX. figure as witnesses. In Dem. de F. L., ~ 229, the names of 4 of these envoys are given:
-LXoKpdT?7s, AiaXivrs, pp6vwV,, AaX1oorvms.
~ 30. yp&4avros....rqTOivTros, although I had proposed...and was seeking.
The student will observe the difference of time expressed by these partic.
pqTo-rol: ironical; cf. ~~ 89, 318. -T rpets Xkous iqvas: this is the whole
time of the absence of the envoys. They took the tedious land route from
Oreus to Macedonia, were 23 days on the way, and remained 27 days at
Pella awaiting the return of Philip fr. Thrace. Cf. Dem. de F. L., ~ 155.
- 4Ebv: accus. absol.; cf. H. 792; Cu. ~ 586; G. gr. ~ 278. 2; C. 675 d.
- TLpOv  TerrTpWv: W. states that in this time one could go by water
from Pella to any point of the Hellespont, and that in a direct line the distance was no greater than fr. Athens to Ephesus, to accomplish which
three days were allowed. - 7rapov'rwv il}ucv = el ljuets rap4aav; cf. H. 790 d;
G. ~ 109. 6; Cu. ~ 584; C. 635.  If we had been present, i. e. we, the
Athenians, represented by the envoys. - &v...XE: the impf. to indicate
that Philip was still holding the places. Critics call attention to the skill
of the orator in stating the same fact from several points of view. This
decree, e. g., is considered w. reference to (1) its cause; (2) the end in view;
(3) the result that followed its neglect; (4) the result that would have followed from its observance.
~ 31. Ib upv...irpcrov: observe that the antithesis is found in Trepov 5'
below, and that within the compass of this sentence there is a subordinate
antithesis between KX4//ua,6z and 6wpo56K'qvua 5e. - 8spoSdKqLCL piece of




NOTES.                               155
venality. L. and S. give only the concrete meaning bribe. Cf. KaKo0pY1?7/La
= piece of villany. - Trcv &SLKoWV T'roVTV &vOp&'xOvrv: the spondaic rhythm
of this sentence adds to its weight. - Ka  ToTIE KMa  VfV KaY &El ad okoyZ,
K. T. C., I avow that I not only then was, but now am, and ever shall be, at
war and at variance. - EiOvis;dEtqs, directly next in order; modifying the
idea of KaKot6p-yeca, i. e. that wh. occurred immediately after the aopo6oK-/ga mentioned above.
~ 32. &r6&iefv: this is the reading of 2 and other MSS. of the better
class.  By the use of the first person in distinction fr. aiTZov, wh. refers to
Asch. and his party, the orator intimates that while he was a member of
the embassy he was not implicated in the guilt of this delay. For the use
of the subj. after WveTat histor. pres. cf. H. 739, 740; G. ~ 44. 2; Cu.
~ 531 a, b; C. 649, 650.  V. and W. read d&rtuezv, wh. is found in Bekk.
Anecd. p. 129; this is then taken as a future, cf. H. 756; G. ~ 45; Cu.
~~ 500, 553; C. 624 b. - 7roLlratvro: the optat. is regular after histor.
pres. (dwveTat). - 4awyyELXav'Tov fi(v = ei aujes ad7ryyefLXaAev; the indic.
o denote that the condition is assumed as real. - PXXEL...WapCpaL'KEV&ETaL: the pres. indic. states the fact in the direct narration.  Give the
Greek forms in the indirect narration.-  IIXvAas: cf. L. and S. II. 2.-'rp6OTpov: after Philip had overrun Thessaly, he attempted, in the summer
of 352 B. c., to effect a union with the Thebans against the Phocians; but
he was unexpectedly frustrated by the Athenians, who sent an expedition under Nausicles to guard the pass of Thermopyle. Cf. Grote, Ch. LXXXVII.
-   r  TOdwov, the region, i. e. the pass. The comm. reading is rpoOg6rv, wh.
is not only contrary to Z, but also erroneous in sense, since Philip's army
was almost wholly a land force, and it was the land passage that was to be
barred to his entrance.
~ 33. oirTo: join w. 06fp Kal 7roXX ^ aywvt, was in so great fear and
anxiety that.  In like manner 7roX6s, though expressed but once, is understood with two subst. in ~ 209: vaOs Kal wroXXobs i'7rrovs; in Lysias 30. 26:
XphcarTa Kal 7roXX&s eio/0opds. W. - KaCl: strongly concessive, even though.
- To....&AroX o-Oa: what kind of time is indicated by the aor. infin.? Cf.
G., Appendix II.; H. 716 a; Cu. ~ 495 b, Obs.; C. 660. -   oiq0Etv, sc. roTs
awx;e3uL, wh. is retained by V. from  the reading of Z, but other Editt.
omit as superflous. - FLrOoZrraL: what is the distinction between the indic.
and the infin. after baTe? Cf. G. ~ 65. 3; H. 770, 771; Cu. ~ 565; C. 671 d.
- TbV... TOVOV(: the demonstr. force of the L borders upon contempt, like
the Lat. iste.  This despicable fellow here present.
~ 34. ILELVi<r70CL, sc. buasm; a similar omission of the subj. of the infin.
is found in ~~ 17, 229. - gu1 KarTnyop/ijecvTos p.qSqv ='el A  KaTrny6peeV
/znque; cf. note ~ 30.- V'rTpov, in the sense of adXXhprov = irrelevant. Cf.




I56                           NOTES.
-repos O X67yo oTroT, ~ 44. - wrrals: in the sense of 7raTroltas. - aCLiTLts
Kai, PXCaarqL(Gas, charges and calumnies = calumnious charges. Cf. altras
Kai 5af3oX&s, ~ 7. - &Afa, at the same time; with the accusations contained
in the indictment.  Where previously has Dem. cast upon his opponent
the blame of departing from the actual points at issue?
~ 35. wrap&, from, st. Vir6, to indicate an idea of source. - S' ois =
propter quse, denoting cause; &' b, = quibus, denoting instrument. -'s
ov SEt: the direct form of narration to give vividness. - frra.....&wv XTXq0':
cf. H. 747; G. ~ 50. 1; Cu. ~ 545; C. 631. - ots Ijv: the Phocians; cis
8I: the Thebans. - ob belongs to the entire sentence; cf. ~ 17.- -I&Xa
rEtLVoS 6vo&iotwv, "phrasing it pompously enough." - T   T'raUrr& ouvf[pELV, identity of interests. - TiS &vaCXy'lGCacS Ka 1S pIc apr'ros, stupore et
mLolestia. V.  The stolid insensibility of the Bceotian character gave rise to
the proverbial fLowrila Vs; cf. oi avai-O7ro0  Oqwpaoot, ~ 43.  Wh. renders
pap6TIrTos by overbearing insolence; Jacobs, by Schwerfdlligkeit.  Oppressiveness is the rendering of Holmes.
~ 36.'i1rofoav = lurking.  The ill-feeling was chronic and ready to
burst out into an open rupture.  Cf. ~ 18: -v eorlaOvOaL, K. T. e. - OVK EtS
uamKpbv, lit. not unto long (after); i. e. not at a point of time long subsequent to what has gone before. The prep. Eis marks the terminus w.
reference to wh. the action is considered. In ~ 151 is a similar use. The
course of events was as follows: On the 13th of Scirophorion the envoys
returned from Philip; on the 16th they made their report to the Assembly;
on the 27th came the news that Phocis had fallen into the hands of Philip.
The Phocian towns, 22 in number, were razed; the people were deprived
of their arms, excluded fr. the Amphictyonic council, and condemned to
pay an annual tribute of 50 talents into the treasury of the Delphic temple, until they had restored what had been taken from the god. - $v&s 8'...orKEvayryEtv: upon receiving the intelligence of the destruction of the
Phocian towns, the Athenians, fearing a sudden attack from Philip, resolved
to summon the rural population to bring their loose effects (oaKeed) and their
wives and children within the shelter of the walls, and to put the Peirueus
and the outposts of the city in a state of defence. - &iXELX V rerav rv pbs
Orqpatovs, the hostility on the part of the Thebans fell to the lot of the city.
d7iXrOeLav w. 7rpo6 occurs above in the subjective sense (our hostility towards
them), here in the objective sense (their hostility towards us) as regards the
Athenians.  7rp6s w. the genit. would be usual to express the idea of on the
part of, but.the accus. implies motion or activity, and indicates that Athens
had to place herself in an attitude of defence against Thebes. For a similar
use of 7rp6o w. accus. cf. Dem. de F. L., ~ 85: ilSzv /.v T X8V 9Opav Tr7iv 7rpOb
Orlgaiovs ASezw 4eM Xirrop & Trq' XdPLtP er7erO)KCEP. We are not to understand




NOTES.                              I57
that the ill-will of the Thebans against Athens now first arose, for Athens
had favored the Phocians all along, but that it was increased at this time;
how, the orator tells us in his speech de F. L., ~ 85: "While Philip had
determined from the first to favor the Thebans, AEsch., by reporting the
contrary and by showing that you were plainly not on the side of the Thebans, augmented their enmity against you and their gratitude to Philip."
~~ 37, 38. THMI-MA: the genuineness of this decree is at once placed
in doubt by the name of the archon and the date. Mnesiphilus is nowhere
nmentione(l among the archons.  /aatcLaKT7p&Lvos   beKdTr &O'T6-VrOS, the 21st of
Milfcmactcrion, is nearly 5 mon7ths after the time (the 27th of Scirophorion,
cf. note ~ 36) that the intelligence of the destruction of Phocis caused so
much alarm at Athens.  It seems incredible that the Athenians should
have waited so long to take the precautionary measures of this decree.
Furthermore the contents do not agree with the statement of Dem. de F. L.,
~~ 125, 126: Kai 7rat'as Kal yvuvatKas eK rTpV aypwv KaTaKo/ei~'v eelqqt'oltOe
Kai T   poUpma e7rCLKeuIEVateLv Kia TK V IIempa  reTELXileL KCaL r& HpaKXeia v &daaer
ekELt. - o-vUyKXiTOv;KKXqcCcLaS, in the Assembly convened. - irr a-rrpmq~yJv Kal lrpVTriOvEv, Kal povXqis yvPjlll: most Editt. place a comma after
UrpaTrryicv and none after 7rpvrdvewom; the punctuation here adopted is that
of V., who believes that an extra Assembly could be convened by the generals only through the agency of the prytanes, and cites in support of his
view Thuc. IV. 118. The Kal before ovuXis seems superfluous and is exl mded by Dind. -  rapeOpale'L: we should expect vrpoqdo'ae.  The word is,
if not an error, at least in this sense a barbarism. - KoVTCatov yCyvW0o-ai:
" Greek of a later age, used twice by Polybius and once by Plutarch. The
Greek of the period would substitute KotM/aOOaa.  ar6KoLrOS is classical,
AEsch. p. 45, 1, 2; but airTOKOmetiv (infin.) and acb/ltyepEeSep are both dbrat Xe~y)e,4Eva. The great number of unclassical words in these documents is alone
sufficient to condemn them  as spurious."  TYLEPR. -  o0-OL iP...&iroTCtayp1voL, as mnny as have not been detailed for the garrisons.  For the use
of the indic. and the negat. ju) cf. H. 761; G. ~ 62, N. 1; ~ 58. 3; C. 651,
686 b. - 1EILKpLV&CTw...aT-rpcLTqy/s: ace. to Droysen the assignment of such
a duty to any of the generals is contrary to all that is known of Athenian
jurisprudence. -   b yr Tr1s BL0LK4iOE'S, the general of the administration.
Ace. to Bomckh (PuLbl. Econ. Ath/en., p. 247) this officer had certain judicial
and administrative duties connected with the army. In ~ 115 he is charged
with the duty of paying the soldiers. -   o': how different from dpa? Its
strong ironical force here must not be overlooked. - The emphatic words
TrcLvraL and P.LQ-wrros stand first and last in the sentence.
~ 39. EIII.TOAH: however well the haughty tone of this epistle
seems to harmonize with the character of Philip, there can be no doubt of




158                            NOTES.
its spuriousness as soon as we notice its contradictions to what we know of
the circumstances connected w. the conquest of Phocis. Notice (1) the
contradiction between the intent and meaning of the letter as quoted in
~ 40 and its actual tenor. (2) Directly contrary to the statement of the
letter, Diod. Sic. 16. 59, says: o U 4WKer  oVeTs -VvptpVTreS Tas lXaricrpv rapl8oKacv eavTros 7T, ifTXL r rcp~   6 P ao-XeS  & PVEV  / UadX   S aVpEXTlo7-ST    KaTCaXUa-as T7'vl iepbv'r6oXeov.  Similar is the testimony of Dem. de F. L., ~ 61:!7b8e/lia4cWe 7iv r6XEwpv TW' Eiv 4)WKeUtV  &XwiVCat 7TOXtOpKeiq!dl7' EK 7Tpoe/OOkXYS KaT&K,MdTOS. (3) In the genuine letter it seems probable that Philip gave some
reasons to justify his proceedings against the Phocians. - XaLpeLv, greeting;
the usual form  of salutation.- avTrois =  Iy 9s aTro6s; cf. H. 672; Cu.
~ 471, Obs. c; G. gr. ~ 146, N. 2; C. 539 c, d. - -rots 5koLs, altogether.
So TOL7S MXots o-akXepva = to be altogether ruined. - Pirptov rroEtv, to act
with moderation or fairness.  Diss. regards the expression as a euphemism
for male agitis; Holmes makes it a meiosis for you seem to do anything but
what is fair. - 6owoCs, in like manner, as though the peace had not been
concluded; almost equivalent to iJ/uws = nevertheless.  For a similar sense
cf. ~ 110.- ggco rofi 40LKEVCL aLKOVwr0os, beyond that of being the aggressors in doing wrong.
~ 40. &KOV're: indic., as would be expected after the reading of a document; cf. ~~ 121, 158.  The imperat. would naturally be used when a
document is to follow. -  rrpbs roVs avroT   o!vp!Xovs: the allies referred
to are the Thebans and Thessalians; the phrase is to be joined directly to
5Xvo? Kaml &optieTaL, as is indicated by the punctuation in our text. Benseler, Hiatus, p. 94, says that fr. the repetition of the prep. 7rp6s it may be
inferred that the clause lv... 1roroXkq? is to be taken as a parenthesis. Diss.
and others understand  -vugtdiXovu as explanatory of lrVEs; but why then'rpbs, and what is the sense? It seems probable that Philip had acquainted
his allies w. his correspondence w. the Athenians, and that from the genuine
letter sent by Philip at this time they could more readily discern the sentiment expressed in 6nY et'rep...lleol U  WLrTre6o-ETe, than we can fr. this
counterfeit document. - & TOVTrwV 4 XErO yKECVOVS XcLkpv, by these means he
hurried them along with him.  otXoguai re Xacbpv = I am off with something,
a frequent combination denoting an irresistible and sudden carrying away.
Animos illorum rapuit. Bremi. - eLs ib... wpoop&v rev ieard&'ra, K.. L.,
so far that they did not even foresee nor become aware of any of the consequences. ets expresses the point to wh. he had carried them, and w. Tb and
the infin. is nearly equivalent to i%-re of result. -  &~aoaL: notice the striking contrast between the use of the aor. and of the pres. in aia-Odvea-Oa and
irpoopii. - $' lawv'Tr: the dat. denotes the state of subjection; in ~ 39 the
ace. bi' CavwTobs denotes the process of subjugation. - oL  raXa(rwpo., sc.




NOTES.                               I59
o07/alot. So read Z., Bekk., Dind. following Z; all other MSS. and Editt.
have O-8aZot either before or after KeXpTrat. The reference is primarily to
the condition of the Thebans after the destruction of their city in 335 B. C.
As to the omission of the name, it is argued, on the one hand, that to express it would exclude any allusion to the Thessalians, who, though not
so badly off as the Thebans, were after all not wholly out of the mind
of Dem. as having suffered injury fr. their connection w. Philip; cf. Phil.,
II. ~ 22; III. ~ 26; On the other hand, it is argued that the omission of
Oifaiot fr. Z must be accidental, since the orator proceeds in the next para.
graph to describe just their condition.
~ 41. 6 8i Ta~*rs ritls rorEwr, K. T. e., and his co-operator and helpmate
(auro~ depends on aop in composition) in winning this confidence, sc. in
Philip on the part of the Thebans and Thessalians. - 4vuaKcwCas: a word
taken from the ordinary speech of the people and frequently used by Aristophanes, derived fr. 6'bpa5  = quack, impostor.- SLE;~Lv, rehearsing; cf. note
on?rpaTy&'t, ~ 13. - awvrovTv: differs fr. 7rcivTrwv in sumlning up and combining the preceding particulars in one entirety; it may be rendered by of
all together. - KaI... Ka... KLI... atrLos; the energy and compactness of such
sentences as this justify the praise of Quint., X., Ch. I., ~ 76: "so tense,
as it were, with nerves, so free from  anything superfluous." - 8i1ov often
intrQduces an ironical sentence, for you forsooth grieve, etc.- -ipa-oulq:
after the destruction of Thebes, Alex. demanded the surrender of the principal anti-Macedonian orators, among whom Demosthenes, Lycurgus, and
Hyperides were the chief ones.  Acc. to Diod. 17. 15, there were ten of
them; but Arrian, Anab. I. 10, mentions only nine. For further information cf. A. Schaef., III. p. 127.
~ 42. kaX& -y&p = Lat. at enim. The ellipsis is something like this:
but (enough of this now) for; cf. ~ 211. - iw.rr(wrotK: as if unintentionally.
- atrCKa, presently, i. e. in the immediate future. -   ar&VefLPL 8l...cs, K. T. E.,
I will return accordingly...that, etc.  bi calls attention to something just
stated. The statement introduced by Ws is a renewal of the proposition
made in ~ 20, and the narration is resumed fr. ~ 36. - y&p: epexegetical, to
introduce the promised proofs; cf. the beginning of ~ 169.
~ 43. oL KarTwrTrVo-0  OeTraXLo: the Thessalians were especially despised
and hated by the rest of the Greeks. Diss. quotes the following epithets
as applied to them: oardteEwS teorot, d&7rLtro, &rXo0  Kal roLKLXos. - &vagoOiqrotL: cf. note ~ 35. -  wrvTr', all in all; cf. Thuc. VIII. 95: EVIo=a -yap
aurogs trvra  v. - OV 8....IKO1OV, Et...PovSXOLro: a mixed condit. sent., w.
the apodosis in the indic. st. optat. w. dv to denote the actual fact, and in
the imperf. to indicate that this fact was habitual or customary. -  iop&pevoL = suspicantes. - ob y&p qv 65n &v irowie', for there was nothing




1 60                           NOTES.
that you co0rld have done.  oSK  TrL'bTtSr is more frequently found than
oSrEis  TLVr buaTtS ill general negations. Cf. Eurip. Aedea, 1306; id. Phwcn.,
597; AEsch. Chceph., 170.  For the indic. w. dv cf. G. ~ 52, 2; H. 752:
Cu. ~ 544, Obs. 3; C. 631 b, 636. -  Kal...8: in this combination of conjunctions Kal generally expresses the comparative idea, also, as well as.tyov'r'v ELp4fvqv: Dind., V., and other Editt. read &ayevost Kal after this
expression. V. claims that this addition is forcible, as making the folly of
the Greeks all the more patent. - a'vrol'rpdrrov...rwoXkELo1vPvoL, although
they themselves were in a certain manner the object of his warlike operations
for a long time. A similar concessive force of the partic. is found in 7rapcp,
~~ 83, 117; 4Xwv, eit&s, ~ 142; KpaTrotiT, ~ 146. -iK roXo0u: {K indicates
the point fron which the danger began.
~ 44. yp: epexegetical, to explain rpwov roV W   woXe/uoUE~,vot. -  wrEpLLWV,
marching and countermarching. -'IXXvpCovs Kal TptL3kXovus: the Illyrians were subdued by Philip, ace. to Diod. XVI. 69, in 345 B. c. The invasion of the Triballi is brought by Justin, IX. 3, in connection with the
Scythian expedition in 339 B. c. The whole period, accordingly, between
the conclusion of the peace and the renewal of hostilities is referred to.rLv's...&rcov'EXijvov: during this period Philip supported Messenia and
Argos against Sparta, seized the colonies of Elis in Epirus, placed Macedonian garrisons under Cleitarchus and Philistides in Oreus and Eretria,
occupied the Thracian Chersonesus, and threatened the Athenian possessions on the Hellespont. -'rCv iK.Trv ~irXEov = rTWP v    acst roI6X EO-Lr   e
aJr&v. This form of Brachylogy is frequent. K. ~ 300. 4, calls it attraction
of the preposition.  Cf. Xen. A1nab., I. 1. 5: 0orts 85' &O05KVOt7T  Try  rctapt
BaorXlos = r 7wv rap.& faao-Xe 6drcov 7rap' aTroU adc1tKvoZro.  So in this oration, ~ 145:'rv EK ri7s Xtpas yL'yvo/Lvwv = -Tr&v  v r,  X(M bp yT'yvotvuowv et
aurTs. Cf. ~~ 169, 213 for similar instances. - &KEitE, proceeding thither,
i. e. to Pella, where Philip had his court. The allusion is to the scheming
and treacherous politicians in the allied cities of Athens, who, under the
sanction of the peace, went so often to Philip on the errands of traitors.ovTro, SC. iEsch.  But had his bribery commenced only then?- YTcpos &
X&yos O0Tos, this is the concern of another.  &epos = dXX6rptos, cf. note
~34.
~ 45. rap' prytv: of the speeches made in protest by Dem. at this time
we have but one preserved, the second Philippic. - E&ro: some of these
places are mentioned in ~ 244. In Phil., II., ~ 19; III., ~ 72, reference is
made to the two embassies to the Peloponnesus upon wh. Dem. went. -
evdo'ow, were diseased. Dem. likes to compare the disorders of the body
politic with those of the physical organism. Cf. ~ 296. -  rV  pIv...-Trv 8~,
on the one hand, those engaged in public life and service were become venal




NOTES.                               16I
and corrupt for the sake of (1Trl = with a view to) gain; while, on the other
hand, those in private life and the masses (supply Trv before roXX1v). IrOXLreveoOeat Kai 7rpadrTev, Opo0oKo6VTpWv  Kal ctauOetpoupvwv are instances of pleonasm wh. Diss. praises as "bona latitudo dictionis," but Schaefer condemns.
-.T& Pv...'& 8': partly...partly. -  8Eeatoe'vwv, K. T. E., caught with the
bait of the ease and comfort of the present moment. -'TOLOVTOC't Vr0o$S,
being affected in some such way as this.  What this affection was, ololdvwv,
K. T. C., states. -  vrX/v OZK: Dobreeus rejects SrXiv from the text. But the
use of both these adverbs adds great force to the thought: they supposed
the terrible thing would come, only not upon themselves, i. e. it would come
everywhere else except there. 7rXb7v o0K is quite frequent after 7rdrPeS. Cf.
Xen. Lac., XV. 6; Dem. 56, p. 1290': rXovoUa 7ravraX6o{e, 7rXpv oJK elS'AMOvas. -- A'pov depends on KvoUVCW. - 5T.aV Po'XovWTaL: each state cherished the delusive hope that it could preserve itself by directing the attack
of Philip upon the others. This paragraph gives a striking picture of the
demoralized and hopeless condition of Greek national life.
~ 46. o~TaCL: how do o!at and oto.uat commonly differ in Attic usage? -
L'VTl = in return for. - -'otS rpoKeo0-iqcr', the leaders. - Kal connects the
two partic.; supply ros before oioYgvoto; cf. r'v,  iwr6T1V  Kcal 7roXXov above.
-  rE1rpaKOU-LV: for the partic. constr. cf. H. 797, 799; Cu. ~~ 589. 1, 591;
G. gr. ~ 280; C. 677. The dat. is by attraction to agree w. the obj. of
VpUi[E'f8lK  (Tois TrpofcrT'K6-L) st. w. the omitted subj. of aOahiveoOat. -
Eiyovo: a ~evos is a friend plighted by the ties of hospitality; Germ. Gast.
freund. - &Kov'OVrLV like the Lat. audiunt = they hear themselves called,
bear the name of.  After this word many texts insert eiK6Tws, wh. is not
found in Z, Laur. S.  " Spe etiam  additum  a scribis ad yy&p ellipticum
explicandum, ante quod supplenda elKOT6W, oi Oauvuaor-6v, talia."  V.
~ 47. xv = rTOv6Twp &.- &v rpLaqTLaL: cf. H. 757; Cu. ~ 554; G. ~ 62;
C. 641. - yp: elliptical; supply &XXws or elt U A6, wh. forms the condition to the apodosis &h iv. Dem. here makes use of a rhetorical syllogism:
If the traitor secures the permanent favor of those whom he serves, he is of
all men the most fortunate. But he is cast off as soon as he has served his
purpose; ergo, he is not the most fortunate, but the opposite. To illustrate
this statement, examples are given in the next paragraph. - -rOfv; whence
cgtn it be? impossible I  Cf. ~~ 52, 140.  Of similar emphasis are 7rws ydp,
~ 312; 7rts ytap o0, ~ 299. -  EyKpaCrgS...KCaTa.ra, has established himself in
fall possession of his object.  " KaTraor- suggests the security of his position, EyKpaTr7  the completeness of his conquest."  HOLMES. - KCa...  rt,
he is also. The indic. (aorl) shows that this sentence forms the apodosis to
7retbdwv Karao-Tr. The sentiment is forcibly brought out in the words of
Habington quoted by Wh.:
11




162                            NOTES.
"Mischief while it prospers brings favor from the smile of kings;
Useless, soon is thrown away."
-'rTE 8A, from that very moment.
~ 48. Kal yap/: an instance of the well-known elliptical use of?ydp w.
Kai: and (it is well that you should do this) for; generally the Kai in this
use may best be left untranslated, but its force as making the causal sentence inore emphatic should always be felt, if not expressed. - ijXP  To6TroV...Yos, until that moment...until; a repetition like 7rp6OTepo...7 rptV for the
sake of emphasis.  Thuc., I. 90, ~ 3, has,uXplt roorov0U   OWs. - Aao'~vi$s:
by delivering 500 cavalry men into Philip's hands during the siege of Olynthus, betrayed his own city.  Cf. Diod., XVI. 53. - TLdXacLos: in ~ 295
the same name occurs in the Doric form.  Ace. to Theopompus, as quoted
by Athenneus, Timolaus was one of the most debauched men and corrupt
politicians of his time. Deinarchus, I., ~ 74, makes him for scandal's sake
the friend of Dem. - E'SLKOS, Z.L~os: ace. to Harpocration were two of the
tetrarchs among whom Philip, in 342 B. c., apportioned the jurisdiction of
Thessaly. -   &o-i<ra i1 LKOV!LEV9i, the whole habitable world, i. e. the Grecian
world. In his Orat. de Halonn., ~ 35, Dem. contrasts 4 oiKovulte, with dtXXrzs Xdlpa, manifestly meaning his own country in a general sense. -!k9I
yilyovev: the ordinary reading adds 7rpoToriv,: became full of traitors driven
about and suffering insult. But V., Bekk., W., Z., Sauppe, following Z,
omit this word and make the partic. agree w. trorToV understood and referring to the individuals just named. V. thinks that Dem. is here speaking
only of the contempt in wh. these traitors were held, elsewhere (sc. ~ 295)
of their great number; and he understands ueo-rr  of the notoriety of their
fate, wh. filled all Greece. More natural seenls to us the interpretation of
W., that all Greece was full of, i. e. sated with, wearied of these men driven
from city to city and everywhere despised and maltreated. -   t: supply
7rlrovOev fr. raorx6vrwv above. -'ApCo-rpaTos: tyrant of Sicyon, mentioned
in ~ 295 and in Plut. Vit. Arat., 13. - IIEpXkaos: attempted in 343 B. c.
to deliver Megara into the hands of Philip by the aid of Macedonian
mercenaries. His attempt failed through aid sent by the Athenians under
Phocion.
~ 49. OV.'o... iXELV....urE,oLrrOLEt, he it is " who secures to you the opport?enity of getting bribes."  KENN.  The patriotic citizen in guarding his
country's independence affords thereby the traitor the opportunity itself
of making his nefarious gain. - KCal SL&, K. T. C.: the force of the 6'T after
MfoL continues here. - TOVis iroXXOis T'ovwvl: refers to the majority of the
populace that had supported the measures of the patriotic party. - TroiV
&v9Le0rarLJvovs: refers to the orators and leaders of that party. - O&v &iroXWXALTE: forms the apodosis to a protasis implied in  d' -e c a~s asTro6s, as




NOTES.                              I63
if it were el bt!eS KaTrerpdaacOe -rabs iavriv yvcbucas.  The plupf. because of
the peculiar meaning of ci7r6XwXa.
~~ 50-52. CONCLUSION OF THE FIRST PART OF THE ORATION.
ALEXANDER'S FRIEND IS ALEXANDER'S HIRELING.  dEPIC.Q0L: the infin.
depends on the adj. lKavpCv.  Cf. H. 767 and a; Cu. ~ 562; G. ~ 93. 2; C.
663, 664. - oXEaKpaOrLav, dregs, stale mess, foulness, are the best translations.  Bekker's Anecdota defines this word as the lees of wine and dregs of
a night's debauch, that were poured out by the revellers upon such as had
fallen asleep amid the excesses of the feast. Hermogenes the rhetorician
cites this as one of the boldest metaphors of the orator. Worwep apologizes
for its use. The application is obviously to the stale and hashed-up charges
of treachery wh. LEsch. was seeking to turn away from himself upon Dem.
-.v...irpbs...&aroXkvar0ael, of which it was essential that I clear myself
before those younger than the events. 7rp6b w. accus. denotes the aim of the
action in diroXtoaacOa; he must vindicate himself to those younger, etc.
As the events referred to occurred between 348 and 346 B. a., from 18 to
16 years ago, and a dicast need not be more than 30 years old, it is probable
that some of the members of the court were at the time of these events mere
boys of 14 or 16 years. -  rapqlvWxXqO-rE: what peculiarity in the inflection? - pLar9pvCav: this word is placed purposely at the end in order to
give better occasion for the following refutation.
~ 51. gevCav, hospitality, or more properly guest-friendship.  Cf. note
on {vcov, ~ 46. - wov X(yov = somewhere in his speech. - fevov...4CXov:
correspond to  uXifav...J evla', but with the order reversed for the sake
of variety. -  pLo0oV'rbv: emphatic position. -- wrEdpov...q: cf. H. 831;
Cu. ~ 611; G. gr. ~ 282. 5; C. 685 c. - tLLO0orbS.... tvos: the emphatic
order in English is the reverse, that alternative coming last wh. the
speaker expects in response.  As regards this appeal itself, the following explanations are presented in the order of our preference: (1) Dem.
felt sure of a favorable response from his avowed adherents, and was
already conscious of the favor of a large part of the jury. He therefore felt
safe in risking a direct appeal.  Cicero in Orat., 31, 111; Brut., 84, 290,
tells us how the orators would move their auditors to loud assent and dissent. A clear instance of such direct appeal and responsive assent is found
in Dem. c. Aristocr., ~ 19: Dem. asks: 7rept roo 7rapavxlov Aou XeoerOe rpC'rov.
The jury is supposed to reply yes; and Dem. rejoins, roTro roLvvp lpoEig.
(2) The whole passage is a later addition made by Dem. upon a revision of his speech, in order to give it more the appearance of an extem.
poraneous effort.  This is the opinion of Diss., who adds ~ 138 as another
instance of a later insertion on the ground of its being too harsh a criticism
upon the jury to be spoken at the time.  (3) The orator expected no




X164                       NOTES.
response; mere silence would give assent. But to this opinion dKoVets seems
opposed, as also the well-known custom for the jury to express loud assent
or dissent.  (4) Ace. to Ulpian, Dem. purposely mispronounced and said
LIaOWTos, and the critical Athenians at once correcting him replied w. overwhelming voice LaOgTWTO'S, as if in answer to his appeal. That such a trick
would be wholly unworthy of the orator need hardly be said.
SECOND DIVISION OF THE ORATION.
~~ 53-125. FORMAL ANSWER TO THE INDICTMENT.  (a) ~~ 53-59.
INTRODUCTION  AND STATEMENT OF THE CHARGES.  (b) ~~ 60-109.
REFUTATION OF FIRST COUNT IN THE INDICTMENT: THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF DEM. JUSTIFIED.  (C) ~~ 110-119. REFUTATION OF
SECOND COUNT I'N THE INDICTMENT: DEM. NOT ACCOUNTABLE FOR
THAT WHICH WAS THE GROUND OF THE PROPOSAL TO CROWN HIM.
(d) ~~ 120-122. REFUTATION OF THIRD COUNT IN THE INDICTMENT:
THE PROCLAMATION IN THE THEATRE NOT ILLEGAL.  (e) ~~ 123 - 125.
TRANSITION FROM THE SECOND TO THE THIRD DIVISION OF THE ORATION, FROM THE DEFENCE TO THE ATTACK.
(a) ~~ 53-59. 4s8q = Lat. tandem. - KaYl: correlated w. Kal before
vroXX~. - 7rpolEvOXEvp1eov  refers to the proposed crowning wh. was as yet
only in the form of a prcliminary decree (7rpo[poiXevua) passed by the /ouXi,
and wh. had first to be passed by the iKKX1ala before it became a +75tI1/a.
- 8(KaLOS: why not in the accus.? Cf. H. 775; Cu. ~ 570; G. gr. ~ 138,
N. 8; C. 667f.
~~ 54, 55. rPA4H: manifestly not genuine, as appears fr. the following:
Xatpdwvov should be pwpvPixov. Charondas was Archon at the time when Dem.
first proposed the reparation of the walls, wh., acc. to IEsch., ~ 27, was the
29th of Thargelion (about the 1st of June), 337 B. C.  Three days later
Dem. was elected Commissioner of Walls. But the date of this document
is the 6th of Elaphebolion (about the middle of March), more than two
months earlier. This document then would make out that Ctesiphon was
indicted for an alleged offence two months before it had been committed!
- Ko0cKL861S, of Cothocidce; an Attic deine of the tribe (Eneis. Its situation is unknown. - &rtIVEYK:E....    rapavdpov, brought or lodged a charge
(ypaq5v understood, as often in forensic usage) of illegality.  How improbable it is that the bill of indictment should itself mention its own process
at law. Cf. Meier and Schom. Att. Proc., p. 607.-wrpbg Tbv  pXovra,
i. e. the Archon Eponymus. But the process of the'ypaq5' 7rapav61wv came
properly before the Thesmothete.  Cf. Dem. c. Leptin., ~ 98; c. Aristog.,




NOTES.                               i65
~ 8. -'Ava$.XvarCov: Anaphlystus was a deme of the tribe Antiochis, and
was situated a little to the northwest of Sunium, on the western shore. -
&pa indicates a citation; we expect, therefore, a literal quotation of the
decree of Ctesiphon.  But we notice the absence of Kai e7ravetp e7rli TO6TOLT,
wh. is cited in ~ 57; and, ace. to JEsch., ~ 34, dvayopecat below should be
followed by 7rpOs To&s "EXX-vas.  The pretended zp'wyfa in ~ 118 is of too
doubtful authority to serve as a criterion for this ypaora. I- laavL'a,:
Pl'aania was the name of the two Attic denies, upper and lower P., of the
tribe Pandionis, situated on the east side of Mt. Hymettus. -  -rreavc:
crowns of olive, myrtle, laurel, and ivy were originally bestowed upon the
victors in the national games. In later times, just when it is difficult to
determine, crowns of gold were bestowed.  In the period of Dem. civic
crowns of gold were presented to that trierarch who was the first to furnish
an equipped vessel to the Athenian navy, and to public men who had
deserved well of the state.  But this custom  soon degenerated into a mark
of political favor.  Cf. Dict. Antiq. Corona. - ALovvoroLS Tots [JEyAOLS:
for an account of the Dionysiac festivals cf. Dict. Antiq.  The great Dionysia occurred in March, and were the gala days of the year, when Athens
was crowded w. strangers and deputies fr. foreign states. At this festival
the new tragedies were first brought out. -  T7L o-rEaVOt depends on aeayopeoaa-. - &pers: the generic term covers both the special points of merit:
Kal eivolas...Kcal aivpacyaOias. — rv vdloWv... KaLTCaLaXXEOOca  since the laws
do not allow, in the first place, that false documents be inserted in the
public archives.  If it could be shown that the statements in regard to
Dem. were untrue, Ctesiphon was guilty of violating the law just stated.
This is the first count in the indictment.  It is to be remarked that while
no suth specific law as this can be shown to have existed, it was plainly
against the spirit of the law in general, or against the common law, to
introduce untrue statements in the public archives. This is what 2Esch.,
~ 50, means: arnavres  y&p darayope6ovo'w ol vPoot,)Vq4'a  /ev$i?ypcdgCaT'a
dyypdbeLv Ev 7rots  iyioo'ioLcs   o7'0pyaoc. -  Elta, in the next place; introducing the second count in the indictment. - Trbv iirr*Evvov: all public
officers, except the Dicasts, were obliged to render account of their office,
and generally within 30 days after its termination, before the board of Auditors (Xoywrcral), and their associates the Investigators (etvuvoo. For a full
account of the duties of these officials cf. Bceckh Puebl. Econ., p. 262 ff.;
Meier and Schbm. Att. Proc., p. 100 iff -  TEXOrOLOS, Commissioner of
Walls; this was one of the most important of the civil offices. -  Trv
EOe;LKxCV, the Theoric Fund, was a fund set apart to defray the expenses of
the public games and festivals. Pericles first introduced the custom of
giving as a largess to the populace the two-obol entrance-fee to the theatre,




i66                            NOTES.
which was paid fiom  this fund.  In the time of Dem. the theoricon had
become a powerful means of corruption in the hands of politicians. Bceckh
(Piebl. Econ., p. 311) estimates that the lowest annual expenditure for the
theoricon at this period was from twenty-five to thirty talents, and that
this amount may occasionally have been doubled or trebled.  Justin, as
quoted by Bceckh, remarks: "Then were the public revenues, w. wh. previously soldiers and rowers had been maintained, distributed among the
citizens of Athens"; and B. adds: "Thus Philip was enabled to raise his
head." - d&vayopEELv and &VELrreiv below depend on KEXE6VVTwv, wh. is to
be supplied from  OVK e',rwv above. —.rj KaLVfl: Wolff supplies e/o-6e;
Reiske, ifrt&te'e  or a'ywvti'; V.,rap6c8. - — rCilqa, penalty, damages.
There were two kinds of suits or actions in the Athenian courts: (1) dy(ves
ar7iwrot, in wh. the penalty was fixed and attached by law; (2) dryives
7rt-q-oL, in wh. the penalty was to be assessed by the jury.  The?pac4
rapavi uwv belonged to the latter. - KXi/*rOpiE: KX-lT'qpeS  was the usual
form. These were the witnesses to the serving of the summons (7rpo'oKX770-s). There were commonly two, and their names were always appended
to the bill.- Kq Lo'o-v...KXoV: cf. note ~ 29.
~ 56. roe0   toia-pros: partit. genit. with &. A similar constr. is found
in ~~ 59, 118.  The decree is that of Ctesiphon. - wp&rov, most of all,
chiefly. - riv av'roiv'rovw'r4v, the same order as this one; i. e. the order
followed by AEsch. in drawing up the bill of indictment, not the order of
his speech, where, probably w. a view to making his strongest points (sc. the
technical points of the time and place of crowning) most prominent, he
departs fr. the order of the indictment. Dem. was entirely consistent in
demurring against the demand (~~ 1, 2) of his rival to follow the order of
his speech, and just in taking advantage of the order of the indictment, by
wh. he could place his weakest (the technical) points in the middle of his
speech, where they would attract least notice.
~ 57. roi...ypoi. a....LLrawtvv, as regards the statement that, etc., and the
praise bestowed; these verbal nouns in the genit. depend on KpiOv,. -
Et-rE...E'rE Kal: Diss. notices that when a speaker prefers the former of two
alternatives he is apt to insert Kai after the second erre.  So in ~ 58: erre
&~tos...eire Kal uhu; Plat. Thecet., p. 168: Egre TavcrT, etre Kal yXXo'Lrtor-T'4u
Kai ata-O-os.
~ 58. rb 81 h1 wrpoaryp&*xavrac... a rEcavovv states the second point of the
indictment; KCal &VEIrEiv... KEXEi)UaL states the third point.  The entire
sentence rb...KeXevOoat is summed up by roOro and forms the subject of
Kovc&veiL = is connected with.  On the constr. of the subordinate parts of
the sentence critics are divided between these three opinions: (1) arekavoib, like advere~v, depends on KeXeCOaL  w. the omitted subject of wh.




NOTES.                             167
(ativrl) 7rpooaypc/avra agrees; (2) aoreqavo~v depends on'ypdiat supplied
fr. 7rpoorypd64aVra; and as for his proposing to crown without adding (rp6s)
the proviso " when he has given in his accounts," and having ordered proclmrnation of the crown to be made in the theatre; (3) orTeqavoOv is coordinate w. KEXEcaat and subj. of KovoWPeVp.  The first constr. is adopted by
the largest number, and seems, on the whole, the most natural.- Iv
rTOvTOLs: inter hos cives. oVTro is often used by the orators to refer to the
demnus or plebs in the Assembly and court. - rT p&VTroL, still however.
LV&TroL is correl. of l.vs with KoLVCOve?. -   w~Xs, as opposed to rEXvwKwS;
hence, artlessly, without duplicity. -- yvwKa% I have determined.
~ 59. &wapT&v, lit. to hang away from, hence to separate, to disconnect.
And let no one suppose that I am disconnecting my speech from  the indictmentt. Dem. wishes to guard against the charge of irrelevancy. Upon this
Lord B. remarks: "The extreme importance to Dem. case of the skilful
movement, so to speak, by wh. he availed himself of Esch. error, and at
once entered upon the subject of his whole administration, thus escaping
the immediate charge to wh. he had no answer, and overwhelming his
adversary by a triumphant defence on ground of his own choosing, required
that he should again and again defend this movement, wh. he here does
very carefully." —'EXXqvtK&s'rpqELs, Hellenic affairs and discussions, in
distinction fi. Athenian; what w. us is called the Foreign D)epartment. This
distinction is made more clear in ~ 109. - TroZ +l Cor'avlos depends on the
whole sentence r  Xyletv...te.    eT —?Ca Kl'rokXXv vrpo Lpioto(v, K. T.-'.
accordingly also, there being many departments of public life open to 17my SELECTION; sc. such as those of finance, of war, of navy; Kal anticipates the
force of the Kai before r&s adrobeLeEts.
(b) ~~ 60-109.  I. ~~ 60- 72.  WHAT THE CONDITION  OF GREECE
DEMANDED OF ATHENS.  olv resumes the statement at the close of ~ 58,
wh. was interrupted by the apology offered in ~ 59. The student cannot
be too careful in noticing the exact and delicate force of these particles and
conjunctions. - 8... wpb...S l&qjyopetv irpoi;Xkae: here Dem. refers to the
period prior to the peace of Philocrates, 346 B. c., during which period
Philip had taken Amphipolis, Pydna, Potidaea, and Olynthus.  Dem. disavows responsibility for the conduct of affairs, until, as the acknowledged
head of the Anti-Macedonian party, he dictated the foreign policy of the
state (erti TaTa froT-r1V), wh. was from about 343 B.. - 0... Kg 8SLEKWOXkV,
but in what he was especially thwarted. The intensive force of Kal w. the
verb must be noticed. It was not Philip's successes, some of wh. he gained
even after the entrance of Dem. upon public life, but his failures that Dem.
now wishes to speak of. Attention is called by several critics to the skilful
choice of the word &8eKcX,607l, wh., by implying that Dem. acted upon the




i68                            NOTES.
defensive, prepares the way for the subsequent argument that all his measures were defensive and that he cannot, therefore, be charged w. the guilt
of originating a war that brought ruin upon his country.- rowoirrov;vrserrw'v: having premised thus much, as foundation (i7ro) of the argument. - IrkEoveKr'!La: derivat.? Notice the Asyndeton.
~ 61. 4op&v: cf. L. and Sc., II. B. 3. - rrposo'rCv... &vOpnr;ov: notice
the cumulative force of these epithets. -   eois XOpav: " God-detested.
The phrase is used almost as if it were a single word, otherwise the abrupt
introduction of the dat. would be rather inelegant." HOLMES. - yEyovviav:
w. what verbs is the supplementary partic. joined instead of the infin.?
Cf. H. 797- 801; Cu. ~~ 590, 593; G. ~~ 112, 113; C. 677.- KaC rrpOTEpOV
KaK&S....SLO1KE, the Greeks, even previously disaffected towards one another
andfactious, he made still worse disposed. The two adverbs in -us are placed
as far apart as possible for the sake of emphasis. -  rojis pev, some, as e. g.
the Athenians, by the peace of 346 B. c.;'ois 8i, others by bribing, as e. g.
the Thebans who were loaded w. favors for their cooperation in the destruction of Phocis. -'ros 8 BLa4)Oe(pcov, by corrupting them in every possible
way. The expression is climacteric and embraces both classes described by
Trogs /ev and roZs $a. W. makes anOelpwvcn, refer to the Phocians in the
sense of destroying; but in Dem. the prevailing sense of the word is cor.
rumpere.  Cf. ~ 295.- KoQXViLV: explanatory of -rou a~ubV povros.
~ 62.;v ToOLMa....!jv roXLv: the rhetorical order of this sentence is
such that, while the connection w. the preceding sentence is made most
clear, the emphatic words are made most prominent. -  rvVLToralE'vov Kad
VuoPivov   KCaKOZ, of the gathering and growing mischief. Wh. The Z. Edit.
reads qvpoudzvov based upon Z, wh. has 9qu oudv ov; but the sense is decidedly better w. the reading of the other MSS., wh. is vo/vzovov. — rp.TTrELV
KaA' VroLiCv: rhetorical pleonasm, in wh. the distinction in meaning is hardly
felt.  Cf. ~ 246. -   lvrcaac...'rs NTOXLtECaS, at that point of the administration.
~ 63. rroTnepov...j: cf. H. 831; -Cu. ~ 611; G. gr. ~ 282. 5; C. 701. 2.
- OITTCraXV KaLI AXokow'v: these are mentioned because of the general
contempt in wh. they were held and because of their Anti-Hellenic policy.
Cf. Herod., VII. 132, 185. - -v/ylcCaKTK&ao-OcL 4   rLX(rlrcp, to have joined in
acquiring for Philip. - K(a  T& T'cv  rwpoy0vov...&vaLLptpv, "et majorumn
decora et jura evertere, qui pro libertate Grxeciee gloriosissime pugnarunt et
principatum meruere facinoribus egregiis." Diss. - KOXVO'EL, st. KWXS60Ot or
CwX6oL, the form of the direct narration for the sake of liveliness. Cf. Esch.
c. (Ctes., ~ 90.- W's'OLKEV, profecto. Diss. remarks that this phrase has not
rarely an ironical force; as in Engl. we may say: "I suppose," of what is
very certainly known.




NOTES.                               I69
~ 64. A&XX v~v, K. T. e.: this sentence simply repeats in another form the
idea of the preceding; avvlwacras corresponding to ovyKaTaKrTaoOaL, and areptewpaKvias to 7reppAe&L above.- 3po1VXET' &Tv, he would wish; the indic. w. &v
denotes that the condition for realizing the wish is unfulfilled. Cf. H. 752;
Cu. ~ 537; G. ~~ 52. 2, 49. 2; C. 631. -  rns -vvaLTTCas, sc. dezpt6os, the party
that was the joint-cause of. - Ov E'WrOL: what protasis may be supplied in
thought? Cf. H. 722; Cu. ~ 544; G. 52. 2. - awl. Tn....XrsL, with a view
to the hope; eari w. the dat. denoting the purpose or object for which.-'ApKaSaCs...MEa-nvtCovs...'APYEdovS: the Arcadians and Messenians, Pausalias says (VII. 15. 6; VIII. 6. 2; IV. 28. 2), kept themselves wholly
aloof in the last decisive struggle of Athens against Philip. The Argives
had sought Philip's friendship and protection against Sparta.  Cf. Isocr.
Phil., ~ 74.
~ 65. &s.l  X&XCa-Lv, have come off. - Kal yp = Lat. etenim. -  v Ov... vaVTL0oiOVTv: so reads A. The reading 6bows iv aV...O0K  CIvaVTLerVWT&v found
in Reiske, Taylor, Diss., Bremi, Dind., and other Editt., is due to a false
interpretation of this passage.  Dem. wishes to justify himself and the
Athenians in their opposition to Philip, and says substantially this: Had
Philip, when he had gained the upper hand (icKpdT-qr-e, wh. points to the
close of the Phocian war, in wh. Philip had at least the appearance of doing
right in punishing the violators of the Delphic sanctuary), - had he then
withdrawn and made no further attempts against the rights of other states,
there might have been some reason for censuring those who opposed him
(i. e. us); since however he, on the contrary, used this victory over the
Phocians as a means of further conquest, and gradually deprived all the
states of their freedom, my solicitude and opposition are most fully justified,
and you have done right and best in following my counsel. Thus by the
concession in the early part of the sentence, Dem. strengthens his subsequent statement. — os = rTOVTOL a&: cf. H. 810; Cu. ~ 597. 4; G. gr.
~ 153, N. 1; C. 554. -  roXLtECas, constitutions; of a democratic form  of
government, in distinction from a rvpavvLs. -   vraov: in the same constr. as
axrdvTwvJ above.
~ 66. (KICE, illuc, to be referred to vOv at the beginning of ~ 64. - Tbv'A0/I*i.vO: several Editt. read 1td after these words, though not found in 2.
Reuter calls attention to the fact that Ka'y&p... tab'peL can only refer to'AOrvorurv. That Dem. alludes here to himself is plain enough from the
connection and from the use of the 1st pers. in  uvvgeatv, dvi3P7V, fd, pWv.- K
ra'vTobs Tow Xpdvov: the use of &K W. genit. expresses the existence of this
consciousness all the time through from the first moment of his observation.
So ah' l)s, st.,'.7, indicates the whole period extending fr. the time at wh.
he began to address the Assembly. This is a favorite mode of expressing




i70                            NOTES.
time w. Dem.  Cf. cK 7roXXoi, ~ 43. -  rpordlwov, precedence, primacy;
referring to the hegemony. For the singular ct. ~ 321. - tLXovTuLCas, distinction, pre-eminence.- YKaC-TOL: Dem. frequently compliments the Athenians for their readiness to sacrifice in behalf of the freedom and welfare
of the other Greek states.
~ 67. TbV  0eaFX[jbv;KKEKOlIjiVOV: as similar instances of accus. of
synecdoche, Holmes cites Aristoph. Nub., 24: eO' 9EK6r7)Pv 7rpoTepov Tbv
o6OaXumbv X[O; _Esch. c. Tim., ~ 172: &cKorreis O6 &Xatos dli.orTpovs robs
6OBaXFto6s. This wound Philip probably incurred at the siege of Methone,
353 B. c. Cf. Diod., XVI. 34.- Tr1v KXEtv: this happened, ace. to the Schol.,
on the expedition against the Illyrians, 345 B. C,. - 7   Xtpa, tb  -CK&os:
these injuries were sustained on his return from a Scythian campaign, the
last one in an encounter w. the Triballi, 339 B. c. Justin, IV. 3, says:
in femore vulneratus est Philippus.  This enumeration of Philip's injuries
seems to be given in chronological order; but Diss. observes: "suaviter a
capite ad inferiora descendit." - poovX eLE(L: why the optat.? Cf. H. 757;
G. ~ 62; Cu. ~ 555; C. ~ 641. - pupos, every part of his body, whatever
fortune, etc. The antecedent is incorporated in the relat. clause, by wh., as
Diss. observes, the emphasis of rav is increased. Cf. H. 809; Cu. ~ 597. 3;
G. gr. ~ 154; C. 553. - 7  Xo[Vrr, reliquo corpore.
~ 68. oo8i points to what precedes; as that cannot be denied, so would
no one even venture, etc. - IIXXkA: the allusion to Philip's birthplace as
contrasted w. Athens is manifestly contemptuous. - ToV'T, sc. Xi rTWv'EX.
dapx. - TV  r&0L.... OEWoppIao'L: in speeches and spectacles, Lord B.; in[
speeches and in dramas, Kenn.; better, w. Leland, in everything you hear
and see. - ird4.vlcLa OEpoWroL, contemplate a memorial; inr6'/v qra used in
a concrete sense as referring to the greatness and splendor of their city.
All other Editt. read here b7rouv?,,uaO' 6poor.  Our reading is that of Z and
two other MSS., though on the margin of Z the other reading is also found;
OeCpeiv is used in the same sense in Dem. pro Rhod. Lib., ~ 35. - O0EXovrds
seems tautological. Some critics regard it as a gloss to explain the word
before it.  The idea is intensified by its use.  Cf. ~ 305: eLT& 7rdo-7)7 d aelas
do-/aX&s; Dem. Olynth., III., ~ 6: 7rdVrr advet Kar& rb 5vvaro'V; Phil.,
III., ~ 16: PlatOeli dKWov.
~ 69. XoL0rbv'roivvv jv, it remained therefore; as the only course left to
be pursued.  Notice the strong inferential force of rolevv, wh. at the same
time adds to the considerations already advanced a new  motive in the
antithesis of &6Kalws and d&rKV. -  IypaCov... Kal ry&, and I especially
acted as the mover of your resolutions and as your counsellor; KaC before
cyt is intensive.  Cf. Kal before &8eKX6017, ~ 60.- Kae'...Xpo'voVS: give
the Greek without incorporation of the antecedent. —wrdvra, dismissisg




NOTES.                              I7I
all the rest.  These earlier conquests Philip made in 358-345 B. c.
Cf. note ~ 60.
~ 70.,'ppLov: cf. ~ 27. - Aop(rKov: cf. _Esch. c. Ctes., ~ 82.  These
Thracian towns were taken in 345 B. C. - IIEwrapi0ov: this island was laid
waste by Philip, about 342 B. c., for ejecting the Macedonian garrison from
the neighboring island of Halonnesus, for the possession of which Philip
and the Athenians were contending.  Cf.  Esch. c. Ctes., ~ 83.- o- 8'...
ot8a: "Sic me geram quasi omnino nesciam facta."  Diss. — 6'y', you,
made emphatic by ye wh. generally throws its emphasis upon the preceding
word; and yet you afirmed (though cognizant of all these facts) tihat I in
speaking of these matters had brought these persons (sc. his auditors) into hostility (with Philip namely). - Ei'3ovXou: cf. note ~ 21. -'ApLwro+Vos70S:
of the deme Azenia, one of the leading statesman of Athens fr. the close of
the Pelopon. War down to about 352 B. c. The chief aim of his policy
seems to have been to unite Athens and Thebes against Sparta; cf. ~ 162.
Dem. in his Leptin. Orat.,.~ 146, calls him  ervos Xyetv. EAsch. c. Ctes.,
~ 194, refers to Arist. as boasting that he had been acquitted on seventyfive charges of ypaqbi 7rapavolwov. - ALoxrECoovs: most scholars follow the
Scholiast in supposing this Diopeithes to be the Athenian general who in
343 B. c. saved the Chersonesus fr. falling into the hands of Philip. But
A. Schaefer (I. 163, II. 422) believes this Diopeithes to be the orator and
statesman who is mentioned by Hyperides, of the deme Iphettus. - ov8$:
as before I offered no resolutions w. reference to these matters, I will now
also not speak of them.
~ 71. EOlloLav: Philip sought to gain a foothold in Eubcea as early as
350 B. c., when he supported the tyrant Callias of Chalcis against the Athenians under Phocion, who had been summoned to give assistance by Plutarch, tyrant of Eretria. The peace of 346 for a while checked his operations; but in 343 he boldly invaded the island, destroyed Porthmus, a
fortification of the Eretrians, and placed his tools in power in Oreus and
Eretria, as mentioned in the text.  Vid. farther ~ 79. - a'+erEpLtoLEvos,
appropriating to himself. -  1rvrEiCXL0-rL, as a post of attack, base of operations against; cf. tnretXtLwbv, ~ 87.  For this the position of Euboea was
admirably fitted. - MeY&POLS: in 343 B. a. a Macedonian faction, at the
head of wh. stood Perilaus, endeavored to put Megara into the hands of
Philip, so as to prepare the way f6r his conquest of the Peloponnesus; but
this plan was frustrated through the prompt and energetic interference of
the Athenians under Phocion.  Cf. Dem. Phil., III., ~~ 18, 27; de F. L.,
~~ 87, 204, 295, 326. -'EXj4rowov'rov: Philip occupied the Hellespont in
342 B. c., and sent out forces to conquer and destroy the towns of the Chersonesus. - Bvtu;&vrov: cf. note ~ 87. -'dXELS...a&S Lv...iCIs 8S: cf. H. 500 b;




1 72                           NOTES.
Cu. ~ 361. 12; G. gr. ~ 137, N. 2; C. 395.  The use of &s.uev...&as 8 st.
r'a a&,v...r.&as, Bremi remarks, is contrary to the best Attic usage of
this period and an instance of a vulgarism employed by the best writers.  Professor Lipsius cites as the only example of this use prior to
Dem., oys /ezv...o0os o in Xen. Cyrop., II. 4, ~ 23, where some Editt.
read robs tAeV...-roS  U.  Cf. V. ad loc., who gives also Bv /xv...&v  e & ap.
Stob. Serm., XVI., p. 153, Gesn. What cities-the orator has in mind has
not been ascertained. - iSIKEL: notice the continuance of the action expressed by the impf. in this and the following verbs. - [ ulA: the negat. is
to be joined w. pavp'-,at; had o06 been used, the question would have been
less emphatic. The o' above is joined w. the preceding verbs in the indic.
and expects an affiimative answer. Here the difference between /uz and ovK
may be expressed thus: i; (ixpjv) 3/lj (Oavvai) = or ought he to have NOT
shown himself, i. e. failed to show himself; (i (lXp>,) or (cavwvat) = or
ought NOT he to have shown himself, i. e. was it not his duty to.
~ 72. r'iv Mvorv XECav: "Alysian, booty" was proverbial for helplessness. The proverb arose from the story that during the absence of their
king, Telephus, the MIysians became the unresisting prey of their neighbors.
Arist. JIhet., I. 12, and Cic. pro Liacco, ~ 27, quote it. - ltv'Wwv Kal  6vrv,
alive and in being. — cevaL. is sometimes used of an established political
existence; so Dem. Phil., III., ~ 56:;r'v - i' croXis; de F. L., ~ 64: o6uIsa
r-'AOyvaltav 7roXecws. W.  Dind. compares TLSObiJU W  Kal PvOP,rt J&vrt Kal
Vrat, Dem. pro Phorm., ~ 29.- -rrepLCpycla-apC, I have overdone the matter,
exceeded my duty. -'$SEL: Mei = it is wanting or needed, physical necessity;
XPh = it is befitting or due, moral necessity; 7rpoo-'KeL = it is becoming or
proper. - Trorov refers to raOra 7rivra in ~ 71. —?al-Ta, K. -r., this was my
political course; sc. as implied in TrorTv KWXvrTj, above. - Ka...$LMTEXOW,
and I was continually forewarning and admonishing you not to surrender
(se. your leadership and your liberties to Philip). The preceding passage,
commencing w. ~ 66, Lord B. regards among the finest in all Dem. He
says: "The heavy fire of indignant invective is kept up throughout, only
limited by the desire to avoid any too personal offence to an audience as
vain as supine, and as impatient of censures as it was deserving of them.
The rapidity of the declamation is striking in the highest degree; the number of topics crowded into a few words, in ~ 71 especially, and the absolute
perfection of the choice, is not to be surpassed." The force and breadth
of the argument are no less admirable than the diction and style. It is
stated from three points of view: (1) Looking at the condition of Greece,
what did the honor of the city require Athens to do (~~ 62-65)? (2) Looking at the parties engaged in this struggle, was Athens to yield or to resist
(~~ 66-68)? (3) Looking at the historical facts, ought any state to have
resisted Philip; if so, which one (~~ 69 - 72)?




NOTES'.                               73
II. ~~ 73-78.  PHILIP, NOT ATHENS, BROKE THE  PEACE; OTHER
STATESMEN, NOT DEM., PROPOSED WAR4.  Tr wkrXoaL: reference is made
to the seizure and plundering of Athenian merchantmen by Macedonian
privateers, let loose by Philip about 340 B. c. This and the devastation
of the Chersonesus were among the causes wh. finally determined the
Athenians to a formal declaration of war. -+ -qcr-aLT: the decrees that
follow are very unsatisfactory, not only failing to give us the promised answer to the question rTi TrvCO al'rtgos orn, but also wanting in clearness on
the affair of the seizure of the boats.l
~ 75. Tb 8' ifqis: what decrees Dem. refers to is not quite clear;
probably, however, the same as those alluded to in ~ 70 (Trv 7repl ro0twrV
ttUq0LTcirwv), and bearing upon events prior to the peace of Philocrates.
The point that Dem. aims to make in citing these names is, to show that
as he was not the one who proposed the peace in the first place (cf. ~ 21),
so he was also not the one who proposed its dissolution. -'HIyIy-LwLrros is
the only name that has not already been mentioned. He was a zealous
adherent of the popular party.  He had proposed the alliance with the
Phocians and opposed the peace with Philip.  The seventh in the order of
the Demosthenic orations, On the Halonnesus, is now generally attributed
to Hegesippus. -  civryrES, i. e. 7racv-rE ol dXXot, as some MSS. have it.
~ 76. to0 rokeXpov refers to the resumption of hostilities w. Philip in
340 B. c. - -&v  XoL: what would be the form  of the condition if expressed - -EL...EtXEs...&v...i.racLprXov: cf. H. 746; G. ~ 49. 2; Cu. ~~ 537,
538, 539: C. 631.  Notice the shade of difference in the use of the tenses.
- irap: cf. note ~ 9.
III. ~~ 79-101.  DEM. JUSTIFIES  HIS  FOREIGN  ADMINISTRATION.
VTrav0', i. e. in the letter just read.  Notice again the orator's happy
transition from one topic to another: that Philip does not blame him is
an indirect witness to his services to the state, wh. he proceeds to enumerate. - TrC rOT: the indef. TroTr adds to the inquiry a certain tone of surprise or astonishment; somewhat like our, why ir the world? - -yEypiEL:
the MSS. reading is yypoae or'yypa ev,, wh. gives an anomaly of wh. we
cannot suppose the orator guilty. Bekk. reads 9ypaOEv, V. and W., after
Droysen's emendation, y' 9ypafqev, Dind. has Eeyeyp&0et.  The onlission of
the augment, as in our text, in the plupf., is not uncommon when a long
vowel or diphthong immediately precedes: cf. e~ 7re7r6vOeoa ~ 213; 7roXXai
7'errOK~eCav, Thuc. I. 89; 17 TreTEXevrr'KEL, Xen. Anab., VI. 4. 11.  With
1 Since the remaining documents are generally even more unsatisfactory than those
already examined, and as in many, if not most, of our American colleges these documents are wholly omitted in the study of the Oration, the editor has not thought it
worth the while to make further annotations upon them.




174                           NOTES.
our reading the sentence is: he would have made mention if he had written; with the reading 9-/pae/v: he would make mention (izu~e/lwro used as
an impf.) if he were writing, the speaker putting himself back to the time
when Philip was writing his letter. -7rovTov, SC. Trv d5tK-7/&TwV. - EtXdgLJqV, I fastened myself to, as a determined foe. On these 1 fixed myself,
Kenn.; grappled with, Wh. -  rv...wrpco'PeCacv: Dem. was himself a member of this embassy, in 343 B. c. - rapeSv1ETo, was trying to steal into.
The Peloponnesus was divided into factions, wh. Philip was insidiously
stirring up against one another for the purpose of gaining a foothold for
himself.  It was through this embassy that the Peloponn. states were
aroused to their danger, and Philip was prevented from invading their
territory until after Chmronea. -Tilv  ELS EUPoLMv: in the same year as the
preceding. - -rv...[ o8ov: these expeditions came two years later (341);
first Oreus was delivered and its despot, Philistides, slain; then Cleitarchus, despot of Eretria, was driveniforth by Phocion.
~ 80.'ro5s &rocrrokovs, the naval expeditions, alluding probably also to
the improvements in the trierarchal law introduced by him, wh. are set
forth in ~ 102 ff. Cf. 7rciVTa irov  r6Xeuov TJV a7rooSTO6Xv ytyvobdvwv KaCTC
TbV 5j/ov biV igUbp, ~ 107. - KCa' oils = almost M &B, per quas.  For similar use of KaTd cf. Thuc. I. 60; II. 87.  "This use of KaTd is somewhat
rare, but may be viewed, perhaps, as expressing the accordance between
the instrument and the result, the cause and the effect, like the adv.
accordingly in certain cases." LARNED. - XEppo'vlo-s: one of Philip's
most cherished purposes was to gain possession of the Chersonesus, wh. at
this time was partly in the power of Cersobleptes, king of Thrace and an
ally of the Athenians. At first Philip contents himself with subjugating
C. and occupying the strongest points in Thrace (~ 27). But in 340 B. c.
Philip interferes in the contest of the Athenians w. the inhabitants of
Cardia, formerly an Athenian dependency; this leads to an open rupture
and to a formal invasion of the Chersonesus on the part of Philip. Thence
he turns to the Propontis to gain control of the straits that lead to the
Euxine.  But here his customary good fortune fails him; in vain he besieges Perinthus and Byzantium; the Athenian auxiliary force compels
him  to withdraw, and again the Chersonesus is free. - ot'i-JLaXOL, sc.
Tenedos, Proconnesus, etc.  Cf. ~ 302. - -rov  S8LKOV!'VWOV: gen. of the
whole depending on rois /is, ros 8'. - $ltv...rELO-i0Et0LV, to those who at
that time followed your advice. -   6rb!EtvoaL KaC  VO[ICtELV: subj. of
repteye',vero to be supplied.
~ 81. KCaI j}tV introduces a strong asseveration, = and verily. --  4kLr'lsrqs...KXEUCapXos: cf. note ~ 79. -167rrpXELV 4' 61~&s, that the possession
of these places might be in his hands for your injury. - iroLCiv  i8CKEL': the




NOTES.                              I75
addition of the partic. makes the expression emphatic. -  ravacXoO = anywhere. Cf. note on 7rcivrwT, ~ 5.
~ 82. KTEXUvOV, used to lodge.  "This very technical use of KraXTaLrv is
easily traced: the verb signifies (1) to unloose (sc. the sandals), (2) to rest,
(3) to lodge;,rap 4eol yap roptyas KaraXVeL, Plat. Gorg., 447 B.  The expression is common in Plato, but rare in the orators, who employ the word
more commonly of dissolution, destruction, or termination. HOLMES. -
wpO1gVELS,, you were their public host.  It was customary for envoys to be
entertained by the rp6ervos of their city.  The wrp65evos was a person appointed by the state to protect the interests of his fellowt-citizens resident
in foreign lands, quite analogous to our consul. _Esch. was not properly
the 7rp6vevos of Eubcea, but acted as such. - kxOpois: notice the antithetic
position of this word and tiXot, and the emphasis on aol. - o4 Totvvv...
oi8sv: however great the personal advantages I might have gained from
selling my services to Philip and his partisans, I steadfastly opposed all
their designs; and yet, notwithstanding this, you reproach me. - w7roa.VE:
Attic for 7raS6o. - &rTLIo'avrES, by disabling you, in a legal sense.  If the
prosecutor failed to obtain one-fifth of the votes he fell into ardtila: i. e.
besides incurring a fine of 1000 drachmre, he was forever disabled from instituting a similar suit.  Cf. Bceckh Pub. Econ. Athen., p. 492 ff; Meier
and Schom. Att. Proc., p. 734.
~ 83. {dl ro'rroLs, i. e. for the successful resistance Dem. offered to the
schemes of Cleitarchus and Philistides. - yp&aviros: the gen. absol.
seems to denote both time and concession here: although and when. -
TroTou/ yLyvol4vov: all attempts to explain the reference of these words
seem unsatisfactory. (1) To make ro0roV refer to the decree of Aristonicus
as second in order is hardly possible, since nothing is said anywhere of any
similar decree prior to this one, and because this interpretation would
require?yemvoevov. (2) If ro6rov refers to the decree of Ctesiphon, we meet
with the following difficulties: (a) The word K7Opyyalaros cannot properly be
used of the proposal of Ctes., wh. was as yet hardly a 51aqo-/ua.  The Khpv-yua was the very thing YEsch. sought to prevent by his 7rapav6/wv ypa~n.
(b) How can the aorists CidreZriev, 9-ypdfcaro be joined to this present idea?
We must then read: and whereas the present is now the second proclamation
in the theatre WHICH Is COMING OFF in my honor, ~Eschines, although present, neither SPOKE in opposition, etc.  But "spoke" when? (c) By referring t ~ 223, it will be seen that the proposal of Ctes. was third in order,
counting that of Demomeles and Hyperides as a single one. I can find no
ground for Holmes's assumption that the crowns proposed by Aristolicus
and by Ctesiphon were the only ones proclaimed in the theatre, and therefore this was second to that; against this supposition is the statement in




176                            NOTES.
~ 223 in regard to the proposal of D. and H.: r&h aitr&s avXXa/3{h Kal
7TauTa PAza'T gXet, aiiep 7rp6repov'AAPsrvtKOS, PiO  Of K-r L-tLCYv'yeypacev
oulrot'. (3) As the text stands (we believe it is corrupt for the additional reason that the art. ro is necessary, since we cannot say rotO -O6  I
yiyiveraL e6r7epov K'puyrja, but only rTOLTO TO KgPVvY/Ua YiYLerTai tAot Be6repop),
the following explanation suggested by V. seems most natural.  From
a comparison w. ~~ 222, 223 we conclude that Dem. had been crowned
twice in the theatre before Ctes. made his proposal. (What Dem. says in
~ 120 refers in general. to his coronations, most of wh. occurred in the ordinary localities, the Pnyx and the Senate-house). Now the first proclamation in the theatre was that of Aristonicus, and to this one TOVre   YLro yvoLzpuO
refers, but in this way: ~el6Tepop yy7veo-OaL = iterari, to be repeated; hence
the entire sentence would read, and when this proclamation (sc. this one of
Arist.) was made a second time in my behalf, which was done through
Demom. and Hyper., whose proposal was couched in the very same terms,
and was unsuccessfully attacked by Diondas.  Decrees and other legal
formulan were often thus repeated in the same terms, the names of the parties concerned alone being changed. (4) W. suggests an excellent emendation, roto6TOV for -oTeroV, rotO6tro referring to the similarity of the phraseology employed in the decree of Demom. and Hyper. With this change
we read: when therefore you crowned me at that time for these things...and
the crown was proclaimed in the theatre, yea, even, whean such a proclamation
was being made for nme already now a second time, JEschines, although present, neither spoke in opposition, nor indicted him who had proposed it.  The
learner will observe that the partic. yzyvoeubvov has the time of the impf.,
to denote the continued existence of this proclamation, wh., unlike that of
Aristonicus, was the occasion of a suit. That LEsch. did not object the
first time, the orator lets pass by; but that he should have taken no
notice of the second similar proposal, and still attack the proposal of Ctes.,
wh. is of the self-same import, this Dem. makes prominent in this muchdisputed sentence, as we understand it.
~ 85. O'rVJi'Ea-OL...... oE-rEaV, a.: for this form of cond. sent. cf. H. 735,
747; G. ~~ 50. 1, 74. 1; Cu. ~~ 545, 548, last sentence; C. 631, 645. — s
ripos = otherwise, euphemistic for KaKC9. -rd'T"E, SC. 6Trav  vd a rpdylarTa,
emphatic.
~ 86. OVKicoV, accordingly; marking a conclusion. The o0K points to the
preceding negative idea, om jut'eWr, K. T.'.  What is the meaning of
OVKOUP? --   v has no corresponding de, but the implied opposition to Troo
Xpo;'wv eKevOWe is obvious. - srvsra, sc. robs Xp6Vo'o    h. most MSS. include
in the text. - -e  VLK&v, dat. instrum., by the fai/ of my prevailing in
speaking and proposing. -  apo-68ovus, solemn processions.  Cf. OvoatL Kaa
roufrCral, ~ 216. - &s....5vrov, on the ground that, etc.




NOTES.                               177
87. rotvvv: often used to resume the narration, like our well, then. -,rots jIiv 5IrXoLs, rl' $' wroXLvre'a, with] arms indeed by you, but through
statesmnanshqi and decrees by me.  The instrum. is denoted by the dat., the
agent by ibro w. genit. The critical student will notice an inversion in the
order of the words vb' Ukzwv rots'7rXoLs x Tr 7roXTe l b  r? lao0; this is intentional and gives variety. From the form of the letter X the ancient rhetoricians called it chiasmus. - $Lappayo-L, even though some of these should
burst; i. e. inzvidia vel indignatione. Diss.  Kenn. quotes Virg. Eclog.,
VII. 26: Invidia rumpantur ut ilia Codro.  Tyler follows Wh. in taking it to mean, straining their lungs to contradict me. -?rEpov, i. e. alius
generis. Schaef. - -wL'rELXLo'LObV: in ~ 71 we have irtrdTeLXya.  Reiske and
Schaef. understand the allusion to be not to Byzantium, but to the control
of the grain trade, wh. was to be to Philip an instrument of aggression different fr. the stronghold he had lost in Euboea. - 7rELordKT,: Boeckh Publ.
Econ. Athen., p. 111, calculates the amount of grain annually imported at
one million medimni.  The main supply came from the region bordering
upon the Pontus. - wapeX9cdv, going along the coast. - aV'T: join w. Or/A-.roX\ercv. -  irl TOV'TOLS, upon these terms.  Demn. himself went on the embassy (cf. ~ 244) in 340 B. c. to persuade the Byzantines to resist Philip.
He persuaded the Athenians to enter into an alliance w. Byzantium. When
Philip saw not only the Athenians, but also the Chians, Rhodians, and
Coans coming to the aid of Byzantium, he reluctantly withdrew. - XCpaKC,:
by synecdoche for XapacKwcua = a palisaded camp, a stockade. -  ltqXav!i la',
having planted enginery.
~ 88. 47rEpwr/iowo: e7repwrap means to ask a question again or besides
(Ir'), as something superfluous. - -b visEtS, the word "you." Cf. Cu. ~ 379;
C. 522 d. - r1v'r6dXLv Xdyo: this the orator adds in order to be able to
say r  7rTOXEL st. bl~Uv in the next sentence, and thus to avoid the appearance of making himself out to be the leader and guide of his judges.irr.Xs, in a word, altogether; it modifies the whole sentence. - So's: so
reads also Bekk., after the best MSS.; all other Editt. read &6o6s, wh.
denotes the time of the impf., the same as ypcd/wv, 7rpdirrwv.  Reuter
defends 6o's as expressing in the way of a climax both a preterite and a
perfect idea; i. e. who gave and has given,; he also thinks the monosyllable
forcible at the close of the period.  V., on the contrary, objects that the
ears of Dem. would never tolerate the two successive syllables 6,s bo6s.
Dionys. Hal. cites the close succession of the four long syllables in adet~acs
Wo6~s iy as an instance of Dem. severity of style.
~ 89. 6...ivorTd&s wdXoeos, i. e. the war between Philip and the Athenians,
after the peace of 346 B. c. had been annulled. -  ivev = Xwpts, apart from,
besides. - Iv wrLcrL rTOts....Cov, in all the necessaries of life. -T qs ViV ELpA12




178                           NOTES.
vqs, i. e. the peace after Cheronea, procured by Denmades. - fv...r~poOrLv:
Dem. calls to mind the refusal of the Athenians, under the influence of the
Macedonian party, to support the Peloponnesians in their revolt against
Alexander.- o[ Xp'Qrol: cf. note ~ 30.- Tirl rats pFEXXorGaLs'XkrtoELV:
the idea would be more logically expressed by 6ri Trasi r.riv uelXXovTCrP iXArioav, since the hopes are themselves present; but the orator chose this form
of expression to correspond to rOis Pvv elp?vq)s. - SLalJ&PTOLEVV: what use of
the optat. here and in the following verbs? Cf. H. 721; G. ~ 82; Cu.
~514; C. 638. -   o =    rTOVTWV a: H. 810; Cu. ~ 598. 2; G. gr. ~153,
N. 1; C. 554 and note.  For the accus. a cf. H. 553; Cu. ~ 402; G. gr.
~ 164; C. 480 c. -  ph FETOa.otev: the asyndeton gives emphasis.  erTa&ovat = to give a share of, to impart; LerTaaoeiv    = to receive a share of, to
share in. Most Editt. read Kai uij UeTCrd6XOLev, K. T. E., wh., to say the least,
makes the sentiment a harsh one.  The omission of /7 with Z and Laur. S
gives a much nobler turn to the sentence.  The orator utters then the
prayer that these treacherous men may fail of realizing their hopes (wh. involve the destruction of their common country), and may enjoy freedom
and independence in company w. those who seek to secure their country's
highest good; and, on the other hand, that they may not impart to the
commonwealth that ruin of public good wh. they have aimed at as a means
to promote their own private interests. The thought underlying the whole
passage is that the welfare of the state involves the welfare of the individual,
and vice versa. Cf. Thuc., II. 60. 2; Soph. Antig., 188-190; Plato Legg.,
p. 875, A.
~     93. / rpocapEWls, K. T. {., my policy and administration = the policy of
my administration; an instance of hendiadys.  Diss. remarks that this is
a favorite expression w. Dem. Cf. ~~ 192, 292, 317. Notice the rhetorical
order wh. makes the object of the sentence more prominent. - KaXoKayaOCav: this word may be translated honorableness, spirit of honor, generosity;
Edelmuth (Jacobs).  The mental characteristics of the KaXbs KayaO6s were
honor, courage, magnanimity. Magnanimity, perhaps, best renders the word
here, as contrasted with KaKtav  = meanness.
~ 94. pEpq4&IEVOL...&V = E4'i uaaoOe dv: cf. G. ~ 41. 3; H. 803 b; Cu.
~ 595. 2; C. 658 a. -       pv... XpvoLs, sc. when Byzantium joined Chios,
Rhodes, etc., in the so-called Social War against Athens, 357 -355 B. c.
-- &8LKOVVOs: how does d&KEZv differ fr. da&KEFO8Oa in meaning? - a-O'l
Povkov...p1iropa.: though generals had often. gained that honor for the
state, he was the first one who was merely a statesman to achieve this.
~~ 95-101. DEMOSTHENES CITES EXAMPLES FROM  ATHENIAN  HISTORY IN JUSFIFICATION OF HIS FOREIGN POLICY.  )XacLr+'1CCs...GVKOrwrC as = defamations (iXd7rTTW, qc/Ei), malicious slanders (o'-Kov, iisw,




NOTES.                              I 79
from the false accusations often brought for robbing the sacred fig-trees.
Cf. note on avKopadvrPrs, ~ 112). - -rv BvcLavrL'ov: ~Esch. nowhere in his
speech attacks the Byzantines; we must suppose this to be an interpolation, or, what is more probable, that IEsch. omitted this mention of the
Byzantines fr. the revised edition of his oration, wh. he made in Rhodes,
out of regard for the Rhodians who were the allies of the Byzantines. Cf.
A. Schaef., III., Beilage III., p. 77. Cf. Introduction. — Et rL, st. 6 rt, in
case that, etc. - oor-as: H. 796; Cu. ~ 593; C. 677; G. ~ 113.- v-TrLpXELV...CEodaLs: emphatic st. simply ei&'vaL, lit. you exist knowing.  Cf. ~ 228:
vTrapXetL  yvwoleYvovs.  The partic. is used as a predicate adj.; cf. G. ~ 108,
N. 5. -'Tj... -vipELV, but also from the fact that it was to your advantage
so to conduct affairs as I have conducted them. - KCe' L&ES, in your day.
Not to be taken too literally, as the battle of Haliartus, mentioned below,
occurred in 395 B. c. - C -n wdkXEL: dat. agent w. 7remrpayslevwv. - KCa... Ka...rp&arTELV, for it is proper both that a man in private and that a state in
public should always endeavor to shape the future with respect to the most
illustrious precedents of the past.
~ 96. &plpoo-rcts: these were the notoriously unpopular governors placed'
by the Spartans, during their supremacy, over their dependencies.  The
state of things described here is recognized as existing immediately after the
close of the Peloponn. War. For explanation of these historical allusions
let the student refer to Grote's, Thirlwall's, or Smith's History, and to
Thuc., IV. 66, 74; VIII. 95; Xen. Hellen., [I. 2. 3; Plut. Lysand., cap.
13, 14. - dahas vio-rovs, other islands, i. e. besides Euboea and Egoina, as
Lesbos, Samlos, Melos.  Cf. Xen. iellen., II. 2. 5; 3. 6.  It would seem
more natural to have Atytvav come just before  XXas vi~oovs.  Many Editt.
read r&s dXXas vmcovs, wh. is interpreted either as an instance of the
pleonastic use of ol dXXot = the rest, sc. islands (but against this is the
mention of EEgina and Eubcea already made), or as meaning all the remaining islands (but the Lacedemonians did not obtain control of nearly all).
W. accepts Dobramus's emendation, Kew Trs for KXevw&s, and objects to
Cleone as not being, like the rest, in the circle about Attica. - vac... -TE(Xq:
the Athenian navy was limited to 12 ships, and the long walls were razed
to the ground. - KdpLvOov: the Athenians joined an alliance of the Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives against Sparta.  The allied forces were
defeated in a battle fought near Corinth, 394 B. c., wh. circumstance gave
the name Corinthian to a feeble war that lasted eight years and was terminated by the peace of Antalcidas. -  &v XdvW'rov = &v etXo,, might have
borne many grudges. Cf. ~ 238, where av Xo-., = &v eXoqdu; cf. G. ~ 41. 1.
- T-V r-rpgaXOv-ov,.for the things that were done; genit. cause. -  Ibv AEKEXELKbV roXkEplov: the last part of the Peloponn. War was thus named from




I 8o                          NOTES.
the occupation of Decelea by the Lacedemonians, in 413 B. C., as a base of
operations against Athens. Diss. calls attention to the admirable structure
of this period: the participles at the beginning (dpx6vprwv, KaTEX6pTWv)
describe the threatening situation (o6r' aKtipslva), that at the end (x6'rPwv)
gives the reason why the Athenians might have held aloof (o0O' 67rep EcepyiTrv); while in the middle comes the principal sentence (dOXO~ere), wh. is
thereby rendered less emphatic.
~ 97. rrepas...rrjlp: this passage has been much lauded by the ancient
critics.  Lucian in his Encom. de Demosth. compares it with Iliad, XIII.
322 - 328. - K&V cVOLK(OKa, even though one should shut himself up in a cage
and keep watch. Harpocr. makes olKio'IKC = U.CKpJ TarL OoiK-LaTL. Didyimus in
Harpocr. renders it 6pv;tOorpo0eli, wh. may be the origin of the ludicrous
interpretation of the Scholiast: " Man must die anyhow, even though he
change his manner of life, and, fancying himself to be a bird, shut himself
up in a bird-cage." -  oVS &ycaeoivs...rl'v &yac0lv, men that are good, the hope
that is good; generic use of the article.-,rpolaXojolvous, casting before
themselves, as a shield; cf. ~ 301. Professor Tyler calls attention to the
same figure in Ephesians, vi. 16.
~ 98. wrpEBirr&epoL: the events referred to occurred some 40 years before
the delivery of this speech. - i7rELS8: the unusual order of this sentence is
occasioned by the emphatic position given to AaKefatAovLovT. - AV'rKTPOLS:
cf. note ~ 18.- 8LEKoXV'gaer~: in 369 B. c. the Thebans invaded Lacedsemon
and threatened the destruction of Sparta, but were hindered by an Athenian force sent out under Iphicrates, and finally compelled to retire from
Laconia. - o68'...8saXoyw-cip.lvoL, nor taking into account what those men
had donefor whom you were about to incur danger.
~ 99. KCLI ydpo: Kal is used elliptically; and you did so, i. e. take no
account of, etc.  ydcp is epexegetical, introducing the fuller statement of
~ aXoyaudwvo. - TOVTwv refers back to O6roOv' used in a collective sense, and
is genit. cause w. 6dp-yv. - bwroXoyL/taOE has for its original meaning reckon
in the account. - cv = ro06rw  &: cf. note ~ 89. - EOPoLav: in 357 B. C.
Eubcea was divided into two factions, one of wh. had called in the aid of
the Thebans for overthrowing democratic institutions. By the aid of the
Athenians the Thebans _were driven out, and the old regime was reestablished.  Cf. AEsch., ~ 85; Diod., XVI. 7. —'lporbv: Oropus, situated on the border between Attica and Bceotia, had long been a bone of
contention between these two states. In 336 B. C. Themison and Theodorus, the despots of Eretria, w. aid of the Thebans seized the place, wh. then
belonged to Athens. The question of right of control camne before a court
of arbitration, and was decided in favor of Athens.  But the Thebans
declined to give up Oropus. Hence arose the famous 5LK- repi'flp(oro0; cf.




NOTES.                               18I
Diod., XV. 76; Xen. Hellen., VII. 4. 1.  After Chaeronea the possession
of Oropus was guaranteed the Athenians by Philip. -  ekXovltrv...TpL1paXCiv, voluntary trierarchs, in addition to the regularly appointed trierarchs,
who did not suffice for that year. On the office of the trierarchy vid. Dict.
Antiq. and note ~ 102. - owmro, sc. elire, uaXXw.
~ 100. Kacl modifies the weaker idea of Tb aoaat in contrast w. the
stronger rb diroo0ivat. " Merely" expresses it very well. -'-rv vjo'ov, i. e.
Euboea. -  Tb...roSo0vaL, in that when you had become established as masters of their persons and their cities you restored these rightfully to those *who
had themselves done you injury. - KaTaCLTaiVrEs: government? Cf. H. 775 b;
Cu. ~ 570; C. 667.- virOXO'royLGtLEvoL is preceded in all the MSS. except in
_, L, A2, by iv ots ewrTwES6IO7re, wh. is probably a gloss from the corresponding passage in AEsch., ~ 85. -  rqs..iXEVOEpCaS KOaL Trolp(as: most MSS.
and Editt. place eesaKa either after or before'EXXhvwv. VeCKa is, however,
not essential.  The constr.  T/paTelas 7rotero-aO  7r's X evOepias is closely
related to the constr. rou'IWKlaS &aroXf'aa  expressing purpose or object, and
has underlying it the idea of price or value.  Cf. de F. L., ~ 76: 7rdd
dcrd7Tv Kal TXV'IX?) UveaKev6vdaO7 T'o repl 4'WKaS 6WXOpov.  Larned remarks
upon the periodic form of the whole statement concerning the foreign administration of the orator as follows: " He first speaks of what the honor
of Athens required, ~~ 62 - 72; he next sets forth his own actions as being
in accordance with the demands of that honor, ~~ 73-94; he concludes
w. what Athens had done in time past honorable to herself, ~~ 95 - 100;
thus uniting the whole topic in the one point of the honor of Athens."
101. it':. of succession of thought. -  vrap arrqis, K. T. 4., when the
deliberation was in a certain sense in behalf of herself; in the cases cited it
was in behalf of others. - vi ACa, yea verily; the ironical force is manifest.
Cf. ~ 117. — ObK &V &irdKIELVI... Et...E'...fEpqtL:.cf. G. ~ 49. 2; H. 746;
Cu. ~ 537; C. 631 b. Some of the best MSS. have a& w. 7reXelp7aoa. How
would this modify the clause? Cf. G. ~ 49. 2, N. 4 b. - Xdyp pdvov, to
tarnish by word only; for it could be tarnished in no other way.?X6yc is
in contrast w. gpyov, and means simply by counselling. E-t povXEOa*OE... At:
how does this cond. sent. differ fr. that noticed last?
IV. ~~ 102-109. DOMESTIC ADMINISTRATION.'roVrov 4ijS, next in
order to these just mentioned. -  t6Xltv ai, once again. - Ka&TXuvod'Lvo, int
a state of dissolution. -  a&Xftks, exempted; cf. adreX~s -V& d&XXwv Xecrovp7tyIV,
Dem. c. Mid., ~ 155. - &wb, by the payment of.  Diss. cites d7rob iu/cKpov,
Aristoph. Plut., 377. There were four forms of the trierarchy. In its original form every wealthy citizen was required to furnish the state one trireme.
Throughout this earliest period, this duty was an object of ambition to the
wealthiest citizens. Later, when the citizens were reduced in wealth, prob



I82                             NOTES.
ably soon after the disastrous Sicilian expedition in 412 B. c., two were
permitted to unite in a syntrierarchy.  The system became gradually more
inefficient, and in 357 B. C. came the third form. A law was enacted acc.
to wh. the 1200 wealthiest citizens (120 fr. each tribe) were required to
furnish and maintain the navy. These con~tributors (VusvreXeds), as they were
called, were divided into 20 classes of 60 each, called  u-vu3uoptat, and these
classes were subdivided into companies of 15 each, and each company
(-vvTEXema) had the charge of one trireme. (In ~ 104 it is stated that 16
were found in each company; Bceckh supposes the 16th to be a kind of
overseer or chief of the company.)  But, in order to make the system more
efficient, there was formed a smaller board, composed of the 300 richest men
selected from the 1200.  These were called the  7-yeef6ves or IrEzteeXr-ati ri&O vpuopmtcv, and constituted a general committee of administration.  They
advanced money, let out the contracts, made the purchases, etc., and levied
the tax equally upon all their copartners.  By this system every contributor
paid exactly the same amount of tax irrespective of the amount of his income.  It is easily seen how the rich, by shrewd management in letting
out the contracts and apportioning the tax, might exempt themselves from
any payment, and how inefficient a navy thus provided must become.
The reform  in the trierarchal law was proposed by Dem. as'rtr-dras rod
vavrtKoO in 340 B. c., and consisted in assessing every citizen according to
his wealth.  One trireme was to be filrnished by every 50 talents of property value, or by every 10 talents rated, the rate being one fifth of the
whole. The maximum that could be claimed fiom any one wvas three triremes and a tender.  Cf. Bceckh. Pebl..Econ. Athenl., Book IV. - &rroXXvovTas: so reads Z; V. follows.  All the other MSS. and Editt. (so far
as I know) insert 7-a bz'ra before this partic. as its object.  V. makes the
partic. agree w. robs rXovUlovUS  and govern 7rob...KeK7t-emrf'lovT, and translates:
et cives mediocres aszet tenues perdere.  This form of expression receives support from  the similar statement in ~ 104: Trob  b' &aripovs -rWV ToXvtvrV
erLrplpovLov. -   L = prceterea. -  riv  K      mLpWv,  missing its opportunities, for
want of promptness.
~ 103. &AyCva: Holmes joins this word first w. ypadeis as a cognate
accus. after passive const., and then again w. etdoXOov.  But most Editt.
regard aypaekis as used absolutely.  The entire expression is best rendered:
and having been isndicted I entered upon a trial of this kind (i. e. the
same kind of trial as that wh. Ctesiphon is now undergoing, sc. ypaqib
7rapazvo',wv) before yosu and was acqsuitted.  Cf. eloe-XOov rTy  ypao'v, ~ 105.
"Dicitur, ut constat, LeL'pXeo'Oat, etoe'vat et de reo et de actore aut accusatore."  Diss. -  o-b Tpos, se. wr'e rrov.  The ordinal adj. is omitted, as
here, in ~~ 222, 250; but it is expressed in ~ 266.  Cf. note on adrTLcSaabv



NOTES.                                 I83
res, ~ 82. — TroVi  SEir'poUS KCa  TpLTro~US, the second and third ranks, after
the'7ye/ixe's res TWa evJIYopLCv in the order of the valuation of their property.
- sLSOdvL, attemp2ted to give, i. e. o  cered: an impf. de conatu. So  biooa-,av,
~ 104. -   t 8e ILq, but if not, i. e. but if I should not tb Oehvat; we can
best translate it, but otherwise, as it expresses the alternative to &bare ci
Oedvat.  Cf. H. 754 b; G. ~ 52, note 2; C. 717 c. - -&v Ev Ovrrcojoo-r1: ace.
to Meier and Schbm. Att. Proc., p. 285, the Vb'rcoita was a declaration under oath that one had the purpose to bring a ypaqf l  rapavix'6wv against
a decree or measure before the assembly for deliberation.  The effect of
this declaration was either to prevent the final vote by wh. a bill became
a vgtos, or, in case the bill was already passed, to stay its operation until
the complaint rapav6,uwv had been tried and decided in the proper court.
In the midst of this process the author of a bill could drop it and leave it
under aCfldavit or protest. -  KaiT'ap\XovTra: the more usual reading is
KaTraaX6OvTa, wh. is transl. by Kenn., having entered it in the public register
(i. e. iv to Mn7Tp'4j, where the public archives were kept). With this agree
Bremi, Reiske, Holmes, et al.  But this rendering is impossible w. our
reading (pres. partic.), and one cannot let a bill go by default before it has
been recorded.  The transl., dropping it to leave it under protest, seems
most in harmony w. the context.  This view is preferred by Wh., Diss.,
W., V., et al.
~ 104.  jv =. - aoir-os }E[v...LvacXL-Kovo-L...wr-LTpLpovca'Lv: in appos.
w. avrois dependent on Xv.  6lrtrpti3et is similar to our English, to grind
the faces of the poor. -  PJJKp& Ka'l oUSV: our Engl. idiom  has a disjunctive
particle, little opt nothing. -'b yLyv'JdEvov, the amount resulting by rate
according to their property. -  -LOE'VaL depends gramm. on 9P, but logically
on the idea of ovviw3  contained in ~y. - Svotv, sc. rptvphv,.  This contribution would come from  one who possessed property to the value of 100
talents, or 20 talents of ratable value. -r s jL&as, qf the single one, that
would have to be furnished in compliance with the old law. - -8i, as I have
said, viz. in ~ 103. - is8so-rav, cf. &S',vat, ~ 103.
~ 107. sOKg: the personal st. impers. const., as often; the 3d plur. to
be supplied w. ot  rXo6otoLt. -   &v...OE'XEL'v =  av ieNXoer.  Cf. G. ~ 41. 1;
H. 783 a; Cu. ~ 575. 1; C. 658. a. -'o9e...wrroLEtv: gen. price, expressing
purpose: for the sake of doing, to do.  Notice how the order of the words
gives enlphasis to the contrast in MCtKpa fo-qOo-ac....xtKp& CaVaXO-al. -  KaCOVEZVCLL: composition?  Transl., to compronmise, Kenn.; lit. to let slip in an,
uCnderland mtanner. -   nrc... C-E.Ivvo JitxL, pride n.yself uponl or because of,
w. dat. of cause; but the verb is more commonly followed by ErI. — r,
rctpmav'pyo  8Esc OKeVal and upon the fact that it (sc. Trv vo6ov) has givent
proof of itself. by actual experience.  Cf. a similar expression in ~ 195.



184                              NOTES.
vrOvWc...'ro'XkeqJov: this refers, acc. to Grote, Cap. XC., to the entire period
of hostility fr. the renewal of the war in August, 340 B. c., to the battle of
Cheeronea in August, 338 B. c. -[LKer-pL~v: the suppliant was wont to place
a wreath or twig, usually of olive, wound about with woollen blands, upon
the altar of the deity whose favor was sought.  The Scholiast informs us
that there was an altar to Artemis in Munychia, to wh. seamen and trierarchs used to repair to offer their supplications and make known their
grievances. -  r-&v airTorToMwv, the navalc board, wh. had ten members,
whose duty it was to superintend the affairs of the a7roroXot. -   il8q imnplies that they had the power of imprisonmnent. - Ka vXE4kOrezto-cr, abandcloned, because of its slowness or unseaworthiness; &rrEXE?0]- = left behind
in port. -   ivTrov, here, i. e. ins the harbor of Peiraus, as opposed to Etw  =
outside, at sea.
~ 108. Ey'yvE'ro, were habitually occurfring. -'b  8' aX'LoV, lit. and as
regards the caeuse; in apposition w. the following sentence; similar are
ol-u.etov Ue, T'etiCptov Ue.  Cf. Dem. cl Cheerson., ~ 32. - v...ijv, lay upon.
-'r& &8va.v'a, cases of inlability, to furnish  the required quota. -  ~r&vT'...Ey'yve-To, acc0ordingly Ctall  equir'ements were wont to be 9m9et.- -8ga,
K. T. C: the plur. expresses repeated instances of the renown, etc. -
hO'rKCLVOV, K. C.'.: "T   sordid envy, no rca2cor, no tmalignity...cend no
mzeanness." Leland.  For other instances of fido-Kavos, a favorite word w.
Dem., cf. ~~ 119, 132, 242, 317.
~ 109.'gv...Tro   KT&A T'niv'r'XkV  = home or donmestic affairs as opposed to
E'v rols'EXXIaJVLKo    = foreign affairs. -  &vv'... rvplepo'VTWov, in preference to
the commnon interests of cell the G reks.
(e) ~~ 110 - 119.  THE  QUESTION  OF AcCOUNTABILITY.'ro(Vu, nowW
then, to proceed. -  rbo belongs to the whole sentence introduced by &s, and
is subhj. accus. of 6e6&qXdCoOaI.  Transl., the statement that, etc.-  JoL, dat.
agent w. perf. pass. - -i&  E'yLEYrO& ye, the snost im2p9ortant, with emphasis
(from  ye) on most.  The orator alludes to the last contest w. Philip,
wh. ended w. Checronea. -- wrroXakP]wvev, suppjosing.  vbroXaptidvesv = sub
ponere. - &rro8ovaL: why rather than  oGsvat? -   o1'os, equally, all the
same, as though I had made mention of my remaining measures, in wh.
case /-oL below  is dat. of int. w. braipXetv, exists for me.  Cf. ~ 39.  So
Diss., Bremi, Wh., Jacobs, and most Editt.  But some prefer to join i/oaols
more directly w. /.oe, in the sense of equally with mne.  Transl., nevertheless
the consciozusncss of these facts exists cis qJ qUiless ia ecach of your heaCrts.
~ 111. r-ov...Xoyowv depends on rot3s wroXXos, wh. is the obj. of both
gIavOdvetv and ocvveivat. -  6vvw  KIt KO'vT  8MaKVUKV, sersum  et cleorsumz  permiscendo, V.; das Oberste and Ueterste durch eiaCndcr riihrencd, Jacobs;
Holmes paraphrases it, in a bewildered medley. — rapaycypCtliXpvoEv vd!wv:




NOTES.                               i85
in a'ypacip 7rapav6,uwo the prosecutor was obliged to publish in parallel columns the laws and the proposed measures that were attacked as contravening them.- 8LCaKEXEipLKOL: this verb is used especially of the administration of financial affairs.
~ 112.  mcayyeLXCapEvos, having offered of my own accord.  " &'wlKa in
connection w. flrayyetXcipevos amounts to E'7rsi&WKa.  On the subj. of eirb6oeLC (patriotic donations) cf. Smith's Dict. Antiq." HOLMEs. - T'rv  EVVEOC
&px6vTw0v: these are mentioned as being subject to the most rigid scrutiny
for the discharge of their official duties. -   ALXdSwpov, munificent, generous.
-0Xo in composition is active when it is the first, but passive when it is
the second part of the compound; e. g. btXa6rpowros = loving man, 0e6/otXos
= beloved of God.  So  ALX6owpos = fond of giving.- Toils rVKo IVTCaS,
and to bring hima before the Pettifoggers and to appoint these to audit his
donations.  The art. robs is used to point out an analogy to ets robs Xoytords as,the regular commission or board for auditing accounts.  The opprobrious term  ouKo/idv&,rqs was applied to a class of men who made it their
business to play the spy upon their fellow-citizens, in order that by threatening an accusation they might extort "'hush-money" from violators of
law, or levy "black-mail" upon innocent persons.  For the etymology of
the term cf. note on o'vKoqavPras, ~ 95.  But L. and Sc. in the 6th Oxford
Edit. prefer the following, wh. seems to point directly to the actual use of
the word: " one who brings figs to light by shaking the tree; hence one who
makes rich men yield up their fr'uit by ilformnations, and other vile arts."
The comic poets, particularly Aristoph. (cf. Acharn., 818 - 828), hold this
class of men up to contenmpt and ridicule. The term has been variously
rendered: pettifogger, partisan, slanderer, informer.  This and the following sections contain the QUKoros X6yos of the orator, as.isch. calls it. Its
fallacy, however, is apparent. Dem. skilfully avoids the real issue. The
question was not whether Dem. should first give account of his donations,
but of his administration; for such an account must first prove what he
had thus far simply asserted, viz. that he had made bona fide donations,
and not stolen fr. the state with one hand what with the other he had
given as a pretended donation. To be sure, when this speech was delivered
this point was fully proved; the accounts of Dem. had long ago been
audited and approved; but at the time Asch. made his complaint (some
7 years before) the charge of illegality on this score was technically just.
~ 113. T(- OEWPLKa: cf. note, ~ 55.-  Er48sKca, I gave a donation of
money.  hert&3b6'ae = lit. to give in addition to the amount due.. The
author of the Lives of the Ten Orators (Pseudo Plut., p. 846) places this
donation at 10,000 drachmre. -    E7r-vcev... ieOvuvov: this is professedly
quoted fr. the proposal of Ctes.  The common reading inserts X fiovuX  as




i86                            NOTES.
subj. of &7r ve-ev, but Z omits this most properly, as V. remarks, since
EAsch. did not accuse the Senate, but Ctes. only.  Observe that Dem.
adroitly substitutes this verb (= &mratve  E' fypace) for areravoiv f'ypafe. -
ov rrepl OVT(OV, K. T. i.: yes, but not (did he propose to laud me) on account
of those things for which I was held responsible, but for what donations
I   ancade, 0 pettifogger  -  TELXOTOLObS: cf. note ~ 55. -  T&vqXoWpEva, the
money expended; this was, ace. to Aisch. in the passage cited below, in
addition to the 10 talents received fr. the state, the sum of 100 minl  fr.
his own purse; but ace. to Lives of the Ten Oratt., p. 851, this suin was 3
talents. -'8: i. e. Ctesiphon.  The demonstrative L has the deictic force
= here present. So ozvroei below.
~ 114. i0EcrLv, in vestris quidemn  moribus. Diss.  "It was in their very
natures not to require such a thing" (Larned), sc. as to give account of
donations.  IReiske, Schaef., Dind., prefer the reading eOeotv = customs,
practices, as opposed to v/x'ois.  Cf. ~ 275; Isocr. Palnegyr., ~ 152: dXx' Cv
-ros tOeot roiS avroi's &tadevovUtv. - NLavoLKXkfs was leader of the forces sent
to aid the Phocians in 352 B. C.  Cf. Dioed. XVI. 37. - Oir: some Editt.
read ire; but both the idea of time and of cause may be expressed by 6re,
and, while cause is natural as corresponding to  ~' ots above, tinme seems
required w. the change of tense in arTecavoOvro. - AL6oTLOS: in Lives of
the'Ten Oratt., p. 844, he is called one of the leaders of the people, and in
Arrian Anab., I. 10. 4, he is named as one of the statesmen whose surrender
Alexander demanded. - XapSlos: a brave soldier, leader of a mercenary
force, who rendered the Athenians great service in their Thracian expeditions. Dem., in his Orat. c. 54ristocr., ~~ 151, 185, 188, speaks of his
receiving a crown. o-rTE+EaVOV VTO: why this change of tense?  Drake
supposes that the perfect (io-reudCvWratm, reTrulrat) denotes that Nausicles
and Neoptolemus were still living, the imperfect (Eaorebavovro) that Diotimus and Charidemus were dead.  But this supposition seems true only in
case of Neoptolemus; at least of the others it is not known whether they
were alive or dead.  V. suggests that the perf. represents the act as completed, the impf. as customary. -  NEo7rTrAXqos: the rich man referred to
in Dem. c. Mid., ~ 215. He was probably present; hence oeTroGi. - gpyoiv,
sc.,loaot'i wP. —&v dELi...t...EGTaL....EE E' EL: to make a regular cond. sent.,
what forms would be required in the conditional to correspond to the consequent clause? How would this change affect the sense?-V +iE'eE, shall
subjoin, accounts, the prep. Vro6 denoting under or below; here in the sense
of at thefoot of his list of donations.  The orator aims to show here that
usage was on his side. The precedents he cites may have been exactly in
point; but unless they were, his argument fails in so far as he does not
prove, but simply assumes, that these men received their honors before they
had rendered their account.




NOTES.                                I87
~ 115. ToiUrrots: dat. int. w. yeeyfVEqylVa: the very decrees passed in honor
of these men.
~ 117. oes: supply rodrov as antecedent in the same constr. as T7rS
dpX7s. - oiKofv o48' eycw, and therefore I am not either.  The orsK in OVKOUV
looks back to oiX tirevOupos just preceding, and implies an interrogatory,
an  I not obX bw7rucOvvos? -  rawi'T  yap... 8$irov, for I presume I have the
same rights w. reference to the same things as the rest of mankind.  The
sarcasm  of this truism need hardly be pointed out. - 7rE'8oKa: the punctuation varies in diff: Editt., most placing a colon here and after OpXov and
-i9p5a.  But to put these statemhents as suppositions in the interrogatory
form  seems very suitable to the idea.  Have I given} donations? (very
well), for this I am praised, etc.  The same is true of ~~ 198, 274. - OVK
lv: the partc. is causal: while or since I am  not. - 98oaK  = elre'woKa.
" The simple verb may follow after the Imore complete form." V. -ss$oKaa:
this was true at the time he said it, but not when the suit was first brought,
7 years before. - vl AL', &XX', yea, verily, but did I discharge my oficial
duties in acn unjust manner?  A more forcible form of introducing an objection than the more usual aXXa& i' Ata. - ETra gives a certain degree of
surprise and indignation to the inquiry. -  E'o-ryov, so. eds ri 6iKaar-?pcov.
W. understands this, not of leading into court to answer charges of unsatisfactory accounts, as Diss. seems to take it, but of the presentation of the
accounts already audited and approved by the Logista, to the general court
for confirmation; at this time any citizen might bring in a complaint for
malfeasance or fraud, in response to the customary invitation: is' Ka-ryTopei. poTXeral;  Cf. Meier and Sch6m., p. 103. - or KaTlYOdpELS: most
Editt. punctuate, as this, with a mark of interrogation, but translate as if
ri or a rt =  t-why? preceded.  Voem. objects to this punctuation on the
ground that thus we get the opposite sense (did you not accuse me? meaning yes) to what is intended.  But this is not necessarily the sense.  The
statement receives a sarcastic force from  the interrogative form: yolu did
not accuse me? Doubtless, the orator's tone of voice more clearly indicated
this sarcasm, as also in the preceding it at'...~pca. Cf. Dem. de F. L., ~ 25:
elra roTr OV6K A'XeycS rapaxp~g/a raura or;b' EthiacKes' siT as;
~ 118. icE4a.+vE o-0a ~   to be understood of the prop2osal to crown. -oLS...Tov 7popOuoXEi'JaTos: "the construction is -roaotaS  yp TO) IrpoafoaUetICarTO a OvK &'ypd~'aro, for by those parts of the prelimninary resolution which he
has not indicted it will be clearly proved that he is mzalicious in those which
he does attack." Wh.  To make the attack upon a part and not upon the
whole of this transaction is a proof of malicious intent.
~ 119. cqo-Lv i PovXI: the Senate had adopted the proposal of Ctes.
Cf. note, ~ 9. -'rapavtyoov wypui, you indict as illegal.  mrapav. is genit.




I88                             NOTES.
crime or charge. -o6X' TOLOTrOS: the art. o is used generically, to designate one of a class, nLot stch cL, one?  Tile orator is fond of winding up a
division of his speech by some such sllharp appeal as this.  Cf. ~~ 52, 101;
de F. L., 66.  In comparing the parallel argument of Aisch. we notice an
anticipation of one point wh. Dem. does not touch upon, sc. that his office
does not fall within the intent of the law of accountability, since it is not
a regular magistracy (apX?').  From  the silence of Dem. we mIust infer
either that iEsch. inserted this argument in the later edition of his oration,
or that Dem. judged it unwise to attempt any refutation.  The answer of
Demn. to this second count of the indictment is generally regarded as unsatisfactory, at least when taken friom  a strictly legal standpoint.  How far
the law requiring the incumbent of an office to give in the account of his
administration prior to his receiving any plublic honor may have become
obsolete, it is impossible to say; that it had often been disregarded before,
seems quite probable from  what we know  of the irregular and imperfect
character of Atheniani administration.  And hence Dem. may have felt it
quite safe to leave this point of the case out of view, as likely to be overshadowed by the argument showing the unreasonableness of being obliged
to give an account of one's donations to the public service.
(d) ~~ 120-122.  THI  PLACE OF PR'OCLAMIATION..  JVPL[LKLS LvpLOVS:
a rhetorical exaggeration; yet not so great as might be, judging fr. the
statements of IEsch. -  roXXkk LS...'TE(cavaO0t': notice the change in the
phraseology (re caEvovy st. KrqpVTrrcLV), and cf. note, ~ 83. -  (oKaLbs -- perverse. - -roi 8E...o-vjE'povTos: "etsi vero non dubium veram  causaim rei
fuisse, ut etiam  exterormur quam  plurimi coronatos cives et urbem taliumr
civinm matremin adcirarentur, Demosthenis ingeniumn  agnoscas in co, quod
pulehriorem  interpretationeln proponit." Diss.  The same motive is appealed to by -.Esch. c. Ctcs., ~ 177 if., and by Lycurg. c. c. eocr., ~ 10.
~ 121. rrXkiv....vaylpEvE'To is a direct citation fr. the law.- -micqo-ifa-L,
sc. ava-yope6eoOat v s  i Oe30arpa. -  &vayopEVETO, sc. o K-6pv~.  The argument
upon the third count of thle indictment may be summed up thus: (1) Aisch.
claims that the place of proclamation is fixed by law as follows: crollwns
awarded (a) by the people must be proclaimed in the Ecclesia; (b) by the
Senate, in the Bouleuterion; (c) by the committee of the deme or tribe, in
the deme or tribe meeting.  (2) Dem. claims that the proclamation of eany
crown may be made in the theatre on the vote of the people or of the Senate.  (3) _Esch., anticipating this statement, argues that the proclamation
in the theatre under special vote applies only to the crowns bestowed upon
Athenian citizens by foreign  states.  As the claim  of neither can be confirmed by'genuine proofs, we are unable to decide this disputed point.
Mlost critics hold that iEsch. is here also, as in the matter of accountabil



NOTES.                                i89
ity, technically in the right; yet that it is manifestly improbable that the
proposal of Ctes. wouldl have been accepted by the Senate, had not usage
been on his side.  But Westermann andt others call in question the truthfullless of AIsch. representation, that the Athenian people had voluntarily
and wholly cut themselves off from the privilege of proclaiming in the theatre
the honors they themselves conferred, while permitting this very thing
to be done in the case of crowns awarded by foreigners; and they believe
Aiseh. guilty either of perverting the so-called Dionysiac law, or of suppressing that most essential clause cited by Dem.  This opinion finds support ill the language of Dem.: v6/OVS /LEUTarrolWV,  TrWV 6' daatpopv  edpvi.  But
this again is the very charge iEsch. brings against Dem.  Cf. infira: Xp,~oovTt roe0 vpfouv. /evpCL TMLl, K. T. C. -  ZXXE3OptILS, 2urge with hlelleborWe,
as a cure for insanity. - aCL3rUxvm.....CiLO.YELV... ETc'rroLLoVv.A...cLpo~v: many
Editt. read eoiadywcv.  Ordinarlily, what is the cliff. between the partic. and
the infin. after aioXy6vojuac?  Cf. H. 800, 802; G. ~ 112. 2, note 6; Cu.
~ 594; C. 657 k.  A  similar mingling of partic. and infin. without anly
apparent diff. in the sense, occurs in Xen. Cyrop., V. 1, 21. 22.  Transl.,
you are not even prevented throegh shcaze freom  introducing, ancd yo1 are
not ashamced to alter and to garble. -  406vov: genit. cause, denoting the
motive. — &igLKi'TOS, for aC1y misdeed; genit. cause, denoting the charge
or crime.
~ 122.  T~ $*r1OTLK@,: a sarcastic allusion to the words of XEsch. given
below. - gXovra agrees with ad'ri-O to be supplied as obj. of  outie,UeYOS. 
Xo6y, by descriptiofn or definition, as opposed to?rpc'yae-aot...'roXTreOalct, and
in allusion to the terms of the avTyypaqcr.  Some render it incorrectly, by
their speech, wh. would require r:  Xoyyg or -rols X6yoOs. - TroVi 8$, l0-rLKOiS...yLyvWcoKoJivo0s: change of constr. after W7rwep fr. nom. (KeE6SwKCis) to
accus. absol.  Cf. ~ 276; G. ~ 110. 2, note 1; H. 793; Cu. ~ 588; C. 675 d.
- pTj'r Kna  &pprTa- = lat. dicenda et tacenlda; "names mentionable and
cunmentionable."     Wh.   "Billingsgate, as the Londoners would say."
Kenn. -  &dj4ils: in allusion to the custom of the Athenians to revile and
banter one another in most unbecoming language, while they were riding
in open carts or wagons at the celebration of the Anthesterian festival, particularly on the second day, the Xo6s.  Vid. Dict. Antiq. Dionysia.  Cf.
note on,ror-ecias, ~ 11.  This same practice was in vogue among the Athenian women at the Thesmophoria.  Cf. Creuzer's Symbol., IV. 462.
(e) ~~ 123 -125. TPANSITION TO THE THIRD DIVISION OF THE ORATION.  KaA TOTO, this also, sc. let me say, in addition to the statement introduced by  Lai fioes above. - 9XELV, has to do with, involves. -  XoL8opCav
pXajLLMas, K. r. f., buzt calnumny involves defamnations, which foes chance
to utter against one another in harmony with, their own proper spirit.  Cf.




NOTES.
note on ~ 10.  With this cf. Cic. 2pro'eel., 3. 6: "Sed aliucl est maledicere, aliud accusare.  Accusatio crimen desiderat, rein ut definiat, homninenm  ut notet, arguimento probet, teste confirmet;  maledictio autem nihil
habet propositi priter contumeliam. " -  vEir wkqa: we say in Engl., I take
it that, expressing an opinion resulting from  previous reflection.- -&ro
TO'V LStV  - = ex vita privata, to be joined w. KaKWC X\eywAev.- -r& &'r6ppqrTC,
thingsforbiddelt, hence disgracefud scarndals.  Dem. has special reference to
the scandalous personalities of /Esch., ~ 171 ff.
~ 124. oU8iv'oTVTOV  1Oo = - OitWS  iOti. -  iroi7retELV = Xot30opet.,  Cf.
note on 7ro/uyrelas, ~ 11. -  oS' evrT oa,   tot evcen 7lere, i. e. in these personalities. -   XacTTov,  K. T. i., is he justly to come off with less, i. e. than he
gave. -  +, why the subj.?  Cf. G. ~ 88, note 1; H. 720 c.; Cu. ~ 511;
C. 647. -  qv = ifsY. -  inp -roIWV: inb beha7f of these, sc. the Athenian.
citizens.-  Ei'rEp'8I1KOUV: if int fact I did wrong, as by the form  of the
condition he assumes.-  i4tXLOres, yoJO  repeatedly 2neglected to do so, se.
~ 125. &0cos, stanzd clear by every colnsideration. -Tr  Xpavc, by the tinse,
i. e. wh. elapsed since the accusation was first made, nearly 8 years. -rq
rrpoeo'rFia, by the statute of lititaltion.  Meier and Schbm. Att. Proc.,
p. 636, state that 5 years was the limit allowed for bringing prosecutions
in cases of indebtedness, recovery of estates, etc.  The'ypa'i7 7rapae6[ewv
could be brought against the author of a decree only %within the limit of a
year after its proposal; later than this, the decree could still be attacked,
but not its autlhor.  Ctesiphon, whom Dem. represents, was therefore acfOos
7 — wrpoOeeLoa. —.rC KEKpLCo-0aL...-rrprEpov: Diss. makes this refer to the
prosecutions by Diondas (~ 222), and by Patrocles for the trierarchical law
(~ 105). -  r 7ro'XEL 8', K. T..., bUCt (where) the state 7must nteeds share mzore
or less inv the reputcationb connected  with  say Iziblic  transactions, there
have you  encoun7tered   ze?  The  ezthJymeme contained  in  this section
may be stated thus: ]Esch. professes to be the enemy of Dem.; but his
prosecution is so conducted  that it can  result only in injury to  the
state; ergo, he is the enemy of Dem. only in name, but of the state in
fact.  The student will recollect that this same charge of being dishonest
as anr accuser was made by Dem. against his rival at the outset of his
speech (~~ 12 -16). There, as here, this charge rests on the fact that XAisch.
prosecuted so long after the alleged crimes had been committed, that now
they could not be properly punished even if proved; but there the conduct
of Xisch. is explained as due to personal hatred, here as influenced by a
purpose to injure the state.  With this sharp reproach, the orator concludes what may be regarded as his defence, and proceeds to the attack.




NOTES.                                 9 
THIRD DIVISION OF THE ORATION.
~~ 126 - 323.  STRICTURES ON THE PERSONAL CHARACTER AND PUBLIC
CAREER OF IESCHINES, AND REVIEW  OF HIS OWN GENERAL POLICY.
(a) ~~ 126-131.  PERSONAL CHARACTER OF AlSCHINES AS AN ORATOR
AND A MAN.  (b) ~~ 132-323. THE CAREERP OF ESCHINES AS A CITIZEN AND STATESMAN CONTRASTED WITH THAT OF DEMOSTHENES.
(a) ~~ 126-131.  8E'8ELKaL, has been indicated to all, sc. by his preceding arguments.  The quiet assurance of the orator, as if certain of his case,
probably suggested to the ancient critics the idea that a burst of applause
followed his last sentence, wh. he interpreted as a clear proof of his acquittal.  We may well believe that the orator had more convincing, if less
palpable, tokens than this of his power over his auditors. — 8 introduces
an anacoluthon.  The apodosis that would regularly follow JEretiq Trovvv...
beiEKTat, is suppressed under the influence of passion.  (Cf. Hermog. Hepl'Io6wv, II. p. 342.) V. supposes that the orator, had he spoken calmly,
might have expressed himself thus: XPo7 7repti ooO Kal rT, oas elrrelv, &rop&
b', Too 7rpjroV gvsoOd.  But it is only after a vehement outburst of passion
(in ~~ 127, 128), called forth by the invective of IEsch., that the orator proceeds (in ~ 129) to speak of the personal history of his opponent, without
regard to the structure of his previous period. - PkaXr -rlpCas should regularly come after eipr/zeias, but is placed before it for the sake of rhetorical
emphasis.  Similar are rT', Tore....66,sav brpXoovoa s, ~ 98, TOos dsOpc67rovs
aucloVeto'Vus, ~ 201, T-:...pxs rparEToYe,, ~ 293. W. - arT& = by themselves, alone.  Cf. ~ 168.  As _Esch. before occasioned the self-laudation of
Dem., so now he is blamed for the personal invective uttered by his rival.
We could wish that Dem. had magnanimously refused to follow the example of Eisch. in this regard. — rlvv = 6K trvwv. -  sLam-VpEL: Cf. note on
ite-ype, ~ 27. - Fe'rpLov has the same sense here as in ~ 10.
~ 127. ALcaKOs, K. r. v.: the three judges in Hades, who were regarded as
models of stern and inflexible justice. - a-rwep1loX6yos: Deriv.?  For the
meaning Schaef. cites Eustath. Hem. Odyss., p. 1547: 6eoRs  tor, 6pvdeov
XwS3fsEvo.v,oa 7oretpgaraT ec oE  ot'ATro71KOi o7rep/1oX6-yoUT  EKdXOVY robs 7repl
etgrOptia al aiyopos btarpi3ovrTas bi TO'b dvaXerOyesat a. eK rTv T boprwvs qailv
avappovTra Kal bta'.ev'K roir6cWV be r7i' aVTV tXd-YXa'YOY   cXjV  l oa  o  oevos X6yov dibot~.  "A  retailer of second-hand and second-rate information.
HOLMES.  The Athenians applied the same epithet to the Apostle Paul,
Acts xvii. 18. -  reoPL~TpLHa  &yopas, a ]hack of the market; this term answers
very nearly to our police-cburt pettifogger. - oXOpos: the subst. used as an
adj.; a wretch of a clerk.  Cf. aVOpcw7rovs oXhEpovs, Dem. c. Aristocr., ~ 202;




I 9 2                           NOTES.
6XiOpov MaKe65o'v, Phil., III. 31.  Esch. had been at one time the clerk
of some of the petty magistrates.  Cf. ~ 261. -  v payM/8;M: Cf. note on
eTpa.yybet, ~ 13.
~ 128. KCeappc, sctum, offscouring (fr. KaOatpetv). -,s T'rv...o' Sv,  when
no onze of those who have?really enjoyed it (0s) cwould use any such expression,
concerning himself.  The relat. clause ~s...TerXvqKbTrw performs the function of connecting this and the preceding sentence. - K&v iTepov XMyOVTOS:
give the equivalent conditional clause in Greek to correspond to Epvpplaoacv. - TOiS... oroXELqOEt-LL, to those destitute of it (sc. ratdaas).-  ir'
QvaLa-0,glact s, through stupidity; aus Blbdsinn, Jacobs; to be joined w.
7pooa7roLvuievots.  They are simpletons who suppose that they can pass for
educated men by simply making a pretence to education. -  rb...-ro~iv...
Trb...S&OKItV, subj. of 7repierTLv.  Transl.: there results that they cause those
who hear to be in, pceain, whenever they speak, (but) not that they appear to be
such persons (as they pretend).  ToLovToLS is attracted fr. the accus. in the
predicate w. eiat to agree w. 7rpoorrotoUue'PtS.  Cf. aVKocivrvT,  ~ 266.
~ 129. To9 ='~rvos: how governed?-  TpSp}gs: the Schol. thinks the
father of AEsch. may have had the position of assistant in the school of
Elpias. In de F. L., ~ 249, Dem. speaks of Tsomes as himself 6&aoov,
7ypdci~/uara.  Cf. A. Schaef. I. p. 191.- XoLvLKas...$Xov, stocks, leg-irons,... wooden collar.  These were instriments of torture to punish refractory
slaves. - eE0lOjEpLvots ydxoLs, by means of mnidday prostitutions;    "Significatur igitur imprimis flagitiosa vita, que ne noctis quidem tenebris se
occultaret." Diss.  In regard to these reproachful personalities we remark
substantially w. Schaef. I. p. 197 if.: from Dem. de F. L., ~~.200, 249, 281,
it appears that the mother of ZEsch. was of Athenian birth, and a priestess,
but guilty of gross conduct in the discharge of her priestly office.  The
representation, therefore, of Denl. is, to say the least, exaggerated.  These
disgusting personalities have much the same character as the personal
satire of comedy.  To arrive at the degree of their truthfulness we must
sift them of all intentional exaggeration, and view them in somewhat the
same light as the mockery and satire wh. Aristophanes heaped upon Cleon,
Euripides, and Socrates. What we find therein to censure, we must charge
to the account, not so much of the individual orator, as of the perverted
taste that took delight in the utmost license of speech upon the bema no
less than upon the stage.-  rpbs ic Ka-Xai.Cr   jpoL, near the hero Cala.
smites, i. e. near his statue.  Commentators have generally understood this
as referring to the same locality designated in de F. L., ~ 249, as 7rpobs ro
-roO jpw ro9 iarpoO, and Voemel and Westermann have identified this Herophysician with the Scythian named Toxaris, who is mentioned by Lucian,
Scyth. I.  This Toxaris, ace. to Lucian, lived in Athens as the friend of




NOTES.'193
Solon, was buried in the Ceramicus, and subsequently deified and worshipped as the "Stranger-physicialn," in the belief that through advice
given by his spirit the plague was stayed in Athens. The true explanation
of KaXajuir-qs (wh. has been made to mean by some _probe-man or surgeon,
by others reed —man, as the patron of flogging schoolmasters!) has been
found, doubtless, by Professor Goodwin, whose interpretation we take
from. Vol. IV. Transactions of the Amer. Philol. Assoc., 1873. " His monument [sc. the physician's] existed in a mutilated state in Lucian's time,
representing a Scythian bowman, with a strung bow in one hand and a book
in the other.  Now KaXai'lr-qs can mean bowman? (or, more exactly, ar'rowmacn), as lcdXaftos very often means an arrozw of reed.  It will then be simply an equivalent for Scythiant, and it will be remembered that the police
of Athens were called both /Kd0ac and ro(6rac."  This monumlent was a
relic of antiquity even in the time of Dem., and he refers to it as marking
a well-known locality. Recent discoveries seem to place it not far from the
Theseumn. -  Obv KCLXOV &vSpL'VTIr, the handsone pupp22et.  Ace. to Diss., a
sarcastic allusion to the fine figure of JEsch., and to his repose of manner in
speaking.  Cf. de F. L., ~ 255. --'rpLTCLayoVLlo-Tv: cf. ~~ 209, 262, 265.
~ 130. ir-ar'a, i. e. relating to his parentage. - o38E y&p...&XX' Ka;rap&-,raL: none of the various explanations of this sentence, wh. I give in the
order of my preference, seems wholly satisfactory.  (1) Join the sentence
closely to ecoaw: I disdain to speak more about his parentage, for that was
nzot his parentage to whichl he lccid claim by a haplpy circumstance (this circumstance is the manceuvre by wh. he became the child of apparently
respectable Athenianl citizens, and is described in ofit e&p, K. T. i., below),
but his family was such as the pcople cur'se, i. e. slaves by descent, who had
managed to creep into citizenship.  The presumption is that such characters were included in the curse pronounced by the herald in opening the
meeting of the Assembly.  (2) Quite a large number of critics take &P
grvXev as equivalent to Trv  rvXovTrwv and as masc., and read: he did not
spring froes  ordinary people, but fronm  those, etc.  (3) V. understands
Xiv not of descent, but of belonging to as a class; neque enim  senus ex iis
erat, quorum  er'Ct caste, sed ex iis, etc.  The sense, ace. to this view, is
that while Esch. was of low parentage by chance, he was of base and accursed companionship by choice.  Cf. ~~ 282, 297.  (4) Diss. takles bv and
ots as neuter and a PEOiOWKVe as subj. of Xv, and reads: for his acts were not of
an ordincary sort, but such as the people execrate. - 60+ ya/&p woTE, K. -.., for it
is quite recent - recent, do I say?'aCG, (kCiv ohv) yesterdclccay only or the dcay before. - Tpor}a-Jos, Tromes = the trembler, would be a fitting name for a
slave; Atronmetus = the dauntless, has a superior ring to it. -  XrkavKo0eav:
Apollonius says in the biography of IEsch. that his mother was named by
13




194                            NOTES.
some rXavKis; add to this that Zsch. (de 1F. L., ~ 78), speaks of his mother's
brother as PXa0KOS, and we may fairly infer that her real name was Glaucis,
wh. was lengthened to do honor to the superior station of her son.  So
Lucian represents the old cobbler Signon, when he had become rich, lengthening his name to Simnonides. — "EpLrourav was the name of a goblin wh.
had the ability to assume all sorts of shapes.  Aristoph. ZRan., 288 if.,
describes this monster.
~ 131. {K: "insteaed of; as coming out of one state into the other.  The
idiom is very common. Cf. Soph. O. T., 454; Alntig., 1093, etc." HOLMES.
-  oX  wrros...&kXX, not only not... but; without the usual Kal after dXXdh,
as in Lys. 30. 26: oix d7rws ilV rTWV arTroU 7TtL 7re'6KeE,, CaXX  rTv 1v'eTeIpwP
7roXX& ciafrpr-at.  Cf: H. 848 c; Cu. ~ 622. 4; C. 717 g. -  tpa, forsooth;
ironical. Cf. ~ 22. Point out the antithesis between this and the next
sentence. As in the opening of his speech the orator defended himself first
against the attacks upon his private life, so here he has directed his attack
first upon the private life of JEsch.  Since lie treats this topic afterward
at greater length, it seems as if it were introduced here for the sake of giving unity and symmetry to the structure of the oration.
(b) ~~ 132-323.  I. ~~ 132-139.  THn  SUSPICIOUS CONDUCT  OF
iEsCIHINES IN REILATION TO ANTIPHON, TO PYTHON, AND TO ANAXINUS.
awo+oj-O0v'a, disfcrancm7ised.  In 346 B. c., a general examination (&laIOtbLcts) of the registries of citizens took place for the purpose of testing
the validity of the claim  to citizenship.  Among many others, Antiphon
was stricken from the list (c7ro77N0aer-at). In revenge for this disgrace he
offered his services to Philip. - 8v Xapo'VTos, K. T. E.: the constr. of this
sentence is very similar to ~s Tro tev', K. r. e., in ~ 128.- &Evv  1'ic0rpa.lTo s,
without a warrant.  " An Athenian's house, like an Englishman's, appears
to have been his castle wh. could not be entered without legal warrant for
that purpose, wh. Dem. did not in this case possess." Wh. Cf. Meier and
Schimn. Att. Proc., p. 588.
~ 133. il it'ApElov wrayov: the famous court of Areopagus had the
right in cases of extreme danger, such as conspiracies against the state, at
least to order arrest and to institute legal examination.  When Antiphon
was discharged by the Assembly, the Areopagus arrested him again and delivered him up for trial to the Heliastic court.  Cf. Meier and Schbm. Att.
Proc., p. 344. -    ov oi SEOVTL, at ace inopportune, ill-timed juncture. - Kal
rbo S~KCv, K. r. (., and slipping througlh the hands of justice, would have been,
sent out of the way by this fine-sploken gentleman. - trapEpXci'avTs: torture was applied by the Athenians either for extorting testimony or as a
means of punishment; to slaves without any preliminary legal process, but
to citizens only on the special decree of the Assembly.




NOTES.                               1 95
~ 134. o-1VS8LKOv, advocate. -  ivirsp toe t[Epoi': the Athenians had long
contended w. the Delians for the control of the sanctuary of Apollo on the
island of Delos. In 343 B. c. the Delians brought the affair for decision
before the Amphictyonic council. The patriotic party at Athens, desiring
greatly the election of an anti-Macedonian as advocate (since Philip had
great influence in the council), contrived to transfer the election from Esch.
to Hyperides in the manner described. - 7rpoo-ECeor0E: so read Dind.,
Bekk., Lipsius, after the conjecture of Wolff, contrary to the MSS. wh. have
7rpoelXe oe.?rpo'atpEcroOaL = to take to one's self iln addition; hence, you
had associated with you also that body (KdKUe'i7v) in addition; i. e. the
Senate and Assembly invited the Areopagus to co-operate with them;
otherwise, the Areopagus would have had no right to rescind the vote by
wh. Aisch. had been elected.  7rpoatpeFioOa = to choose before or instead of;
hence, youa had selected it to act for %you, i. e. delegated it.  The chief difficulty of the latter reading lies in KaZ (in KaKcLPBV-), wh. is then best joined w.
what follows. -—'YlrEpEiS8: one of the ten Athenian orators, and a prominent anti-Macedonian leader.  Persuaded by his much-lauded RXyos Ao    -
XaaKcs (cf. Sauppe, II. 285 ff.), fragments of wh. only remain, the council
decided in favor of the Athenians. - &rb  ov D Poio: the most solemn
method of voting was to place the ballots (ftot) upon the altar for consecration preparatory to depositing them.  The earliest instance of this
usage is found in Herod., VIII. 123: ALtee/uov rams'rbovs eirl roO IIooe&wcvos -S PwA
~ 135. AXXoVTOs XE'-yELv is the reading of Z as corrected by a later hand
(the original being partly erased), and of most MSS.  V. and Dind. read
EXTovroS, wh. Holmes takes as an impf. and strangely renders: when he
twast going to speak.  The genit. absol. constr., st. ro7rov  EXXOYvra X7yetV
obj. of. driXaayev, gives more prominence to this clause.  Cf. Xen. Anab.,
I. 4, 12; II. 24; Thuc., I. 114. - O1KOVoV: the force of OSK and obv is
clearly noticeable here: wheen, therefore,...then it showed him  to be, etc.
(did it not o).
~ 136. "Ev Rev, K. T'. E., This one transaction, therefore, of this fine yoiang
fellow was of such a nature; similar of coscrse, for iWhy ssot? to those, etc.
eV as opposed to E'repov below. - vmEv'ov refers not to age, for Esch. was at
this time more than 45 years old, but to the arrogance and violence of
youth. - IIH ov: a noted orator who served in 343 B. c. as the advocate
of Philip in an embassy to Athens, in relation to the maintenance of the
peace of Philocrates.  All the information we have concerning Python's
speech on the subject before us is found in the oration on the Halonnesus
(~~ 18 - 23). This oration was formerly attributed to Dem., but is now
believed to have been written and delivered by Hegesippus, a coadjutor of




196                             NOTES.
Dem. on this occasion. -  rroXX(k POVTL, in the fill torrent of speech.  pen'
is often used of speech. So in Aristoph. Eq., 526, 527; Hor., Sat., I. 7,
has "''salso mnzltoque fluenti."
~ 137.  JETa 7ra0O' Vr-TEpov: thereupon  (relative time), later (absolute
time). —'Avacgveo: a Eubcean who came to Athens about 340 B. c., probably while the preparations for the expedition to  Ore-us were in progress (cf. ~ 79), ostensibly to make purchases for Olympias, the queen of
Philip. Dem. pays no attention to the reproach of his rival. - uovos pivoo:
the skilful collocation of the words in this sentence brings out the sense
very forcibly.
~ 138. Ka/ yap: an instance of the frequent elliptical use of Kat. - oi7io'rios, somewhact as follows. -   = 2prceterea. -  cXv: attracted frl the accus.
into the case of -ro6TtV. - Vi-qrrlpTV...LrrqpEiX.twV  is an instance of play upon
words of similar sound. - Ets &KpLPq Jvi'Lqv, these things are not treasured
qp) by you for accurate remembrance; the eis indicates the aim or object. -
o$' qIv wrpoo'KEv opyilv, nor for pro2er resentment.  For the constr. cf.
H. 809; Cu. ~ 597; G. gr. ~ 154; C. 553. -  woo-ErKXCtELv: a colloquial
word. Deriv.? - &vTaXXTT'6iEvoL, bartering away in exchange for. Where
has Dem. spoken of this before?- 8L6wEp PoV) K,..: the same sentiment is expressed in a less vigorous way in Phil., III., ~ 55: aXXa Kai /SETa
AEeooosd aahaXes La  roXlreoeaOatl &6bKare rTO6TOlSo  roiS birp  CWv XE7YOuVtv.
~ 139. r7  9rv...or-vayw ovE'eOat is subj. of /e'vokb (earis) and has answering to it the sentence acXX' e'retrb, K. T. i. - Wpb T7o woXERE;V refers to the
renewal of hostilities w. Philip after the dissolution of the peace, in 340 B. c.
- irws yap oi: parenthetic, as ob yacp in ~ 136. - 7a wrXotm: cf. note ~ 73.
Xeppdvrcrcs: cf. note ~ 80. -'rr 7v'AT7tLKV, upon, Attica.  Dem.
alludes to the invasion of Locris, 339 B. c., when Philip seized Elatea
(cf. ~ 169); before this no direct march upon Attica had been attempted by
Philip. -  aCO-KaVOS: in what other connections has this word been used?
- -LaEeLoypaoos,   writer of iambics; a contemptuous allusion to 2Esch. as
a poetaster and playwright.  The older Editt. read iatuetoaoiydos = iambic
eater, i. e. mouther of iambics, referring to his bad recitation of iambics as
an actor; but w. this the word /gciKavos and the context (oub'  -r~TY... 0belo/fa) do not so well harmonize.  Besides, V. has shown that latp[etoypdOos is the true reading of Z, and cites as corroborative testimony iEsch.
c. Timarch., ~ 136: 7repi 6 TrCJv  rrotrciTaTrwv ad /aoiv oTro To   e 7rErrotJlc~'at,
r'a elv 56/oXoy6i, a' 6I' JIapvou/iat  CTl rTOroY eXELt Ti, -rp6rrov usY obrot 3tabOeipovres 7rape -ovtrat. — v rc7'   i;vSa[TL = d= ring the time allotted me.  Each
party to a suit'had a given portion of time allotted him, wh. was measured
by the water-clock (KXi~vupa, cf. Diet. Antiq.).  To offer one's opponent
the opportunity to speak " in his water " was to challenge all contradiction.




NOTES.                               I97
This phrase explains the joke at the sobriety of Dem., sc. that other men
spoce by water, he composed by it. - arobv: subj. of some such word as
alpeto'Oa to be supplied and depending on acv'yK7 e'rTLv. -' XOVsr'...tqTouv-'ra: the particce. have a strong causal force here. -- wapp& Pra0O', contrary to
these.  Is there any escape from the dilemma of the alternative here presented; if so, what?
II.  ~~ 140-159.  THE  PART WHICIr  ESCHINES PLAYED, AS THE
HIIRELING  OF PHILIP, IN  PROVOKING TIHE AMPlHISSIAN WAR. Io'r',ep
o08' 93ypaoEv looks back to odvd' foriTv cyvLhotoa oviev Aliaxivg, ~ 139. - o0
Uev oiv, nay, no. one else had a chance to say anything. - Ti&!ev dXXa: as
contrasted w. ev 8'. - VrEtELp~y&a'ao: what is the force of E7ri in cormposition? - 7rE'OqKE rE'Xos, gave the fin2ishing stroke. - -wv'AllLrEo'cv = 7rep1
TrGJ'A.  So in Thuc., I. 140: ro MEycapevw,'rlrfta. -'rov AoKpOV: the
reverse order would be more natural: the Locrians (generic), sc. the Amphissians (specific).  Amphissa belonged to the Ozolian Locrians. — To
this affair, i. e. the one alluded to above in Ev 6', K. r. I.  This demonstrative pronominal use of the article, belonging originally to the Epic dialect, is occasionally found in the prose as well as the poetry of the best
Attic period. Cf. Plato Phccd., 87 c; Soph. Trachin., 1172. See Kiihner's
Gramne., ~ 247. 3. -' KvqI+, wash off.  The metaphor is familiar to all
languages:
" Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood
Clean froln my hand?"
SHAKESPEARE, Mlacbeth, II. 2.
OiSVO is the emphatic word.  However much you may say, that you will
not accomplish.
~ 141. Kau, and especially.  This solemn invocation, wh. reminds us of
~ 8, the orator justifies in the next paragraph.  The divinity invoked is
Apollo, because he is the one most directly concerned in the transactions
that are now to be discussed.- rTpC6s ~o: "The ancient Attic king Ion
was called the son of the Pythian Apollo, probably in consequence of the
Ionians having adopted the worship of that deity from the Dorians, and
the Athenians had 7rarpact Ouvoiac at Delphi." Wh. But this opinion that
the worship of Apollo was derived fr. the Dorians is now generally discredited; on the contrary, the appellation 7rarp os harmonizes w. the belief
that the Apollo worship was fr. the first peculiar to the Ionians.- Et...E'~roLILL... Jrov: a combination of two protases w. one apodosis (i7re6xoUaC).
Cf. G. ~ 54. 3, Rem. - Kal TO&, and if I did speak it, right at the very
moment when. - wrrpbs, with a view to; st. for the sake of. - &vdvrjdv }e
wOLCo-,  to render me destitute of the enjoyment of any good.
~ 142. Ti obv, K.T.., Why then have I mzade these so grave imprecations




I98                            NOTES.
and assurances? - 8qLoa-rL, the archives. --  Xwv...dL8s: strongly concessive. - EX&arwov': minor qutain  tt conficeret. - 5rrep rrpO'Trpov o'vvfrPq, SC. in
the acquittal of ZEsch. on the famous trial (343 B. c.) for his violation of
oath and neglect of duty as envoy to Philip concerning the peace. Cf. ~ 35.
~ 143.'rov...7rodXEtov: the circumstances that led to this war, sometimes
called the "Third Sacred War," are given in the subjoined extract from
the speech of zEsch. In citing this passage there is omitted, as unimportant to the question at issue, the story how this Cirrhnean plain came to be
consecrated (to wh. allusion is made by Dem. in the words X6Tyovs e5rrpoabdtovys, ~ 149). The unusual and emphatic order of the words in this sentence
must not escape notice.-'EXrELCLV: cf. note, ~ 152. -'Os refers to Philip.
- ds a&vip, is the a-uthor alone and singyly of all our greatest calamities; or,
of greater calamities than acny other one individual. - ev rq-'KXqo'Ca, wh.
was held immediately after the return of IEsch. fr. his mission to the Amphictyonic council. - wroXEjLov'AfJLKT1VOVLKOV: ulp to this time the war w.
Philip had its theatre in and about the northern possessions of Athens; but
now, when it was easy to foresee that Philip, who had usurped the place of
Phocis in the Amphictyonic council, would be intrusted w. the leadership
of a war waged under the auspices of this council, the warning cry 7roXcluov
eis''ATTrLKJP ElrcdEeS ought not to have sounded in vain.-  TK rrapaMKXiMEos, those seated together by preconcerted arra~ngement; lit. by summons.
7rapd.KXpros = Lat. advocatus.  The orator means the Macedonian clique
wh. generally sat together in the popular Assembly whenever concerted
action seemed desirable.
~ 144.  waLKoro-are is used here in the sense of the simple CKo0Et. -
EKcOXVOrE, sc. in the earlier dleliberations, when JEsch. and his clique had
everything their own way.  Later, the opposition of Dem. was more effective.  Cf. the account of 2Esch. infra.  In regard to the charge of IEsch.
that Dem. procured the passage of his decree by the artifice described in
the citation, Grote remarks:  "There is nothing to confirm such insinuations; moreover lEsch., if he had still retained the public sentiment in his
favor, could easily have baffled the tricks of his rival." — Kat... KI...KaA:
correlated. - SELtvdOqs: calliditas, Schaef.: craftiness, Kenn.
~ 145. iv.. eL...rroLijoELE: what kind of a condit. sent.? Cf. G. ~ 53, N. 2;
H. 750; Cu. ~ 549; C. 632. - Olpalovs... OE'rIcaXoos: while the traditional hatred between the Thebans and Athenians continued unabated
(cf. ~ 168), there had arisen on the other side an estrangement between the
Thebans and Philip, of wh. the refusal of Thebes to participate in the
measures against the Amphissians (ef. _Esch. ~ 128) was an expression. In
this state of things, it was probable that Thebes would not only decline to
join Philip in an expedition against Athens, but would even prevent his




NOTES.                                 I99
army from passing through her territory; and it was doubtful whether
under such circumstances the Thessalians would follow him. Cf. A. Schaef.,
II. 505.- TcOv Xqo-'rov, gterillasC; the reference is to private bands of
marauders who by land and sea harassed the domain of Philip. -  Trv iK
9rfs X'pms: cf. note, ~ 44.
~ 146.  siiEr...,tqile, st. ouhre...ovre, because the partice. have a conditional
force. - 07roL0vo-r8rOO', of whatever sort they were; a point upon wh. he
does not expatiate (/ed y'p rTOVT  ye). -  trr' ( vo'tEL, to suffer ill from the
very nature of the locality and the circumstances of eache party.  The power
of Philip lay in his land forces, that of Athens in her navy; the way to
Athens was obstructed over land by the Thebans, over the sea by the
Athenians.
~ 147.  t....oavwrr eeoL...&v fyEtrilo irpoEfELv, if them he should try to persuade to join (v)vj... he thought that no one wozuld be likely to pay attention
to him. Notice the emphatic position of Tr7s bitas fveK' EXOpas. av 7rpoo'Eetv
would regularly be a&v rpooe'ot in the oratio recta. The fut. opt. w. av is so
rare that its existence is denied by some grammarians.  For this reason
some critics propose either to omit av or to change the text to av 7rpoo-exetv.
But cf. G. ~~ 26, 39; Kiihner's Gramm., ~ 260. 5 a; Batimlein de Mloclis,
pp. 295- 297, 351.  Undoubted instances of the fut. opt. w. av are found
in Lycurg. in Leocr., ~ 15; Lys. de cccde Erat., ~ 22; of the fut. infin. w.
dv in Dem. Lepti,.,;   ~ 35; Thuc., II. 80. -  E&v...rapcKpoi vEo'-reciL, but if
in assuming the common 1pretexts of these he should be chosen leader, he hojped
he would in? part quite easily deceive them acnd in part plersuacde them. The
second of these two conditions (sc. keA atpefOf) expresses the more probable
or nearer alternative, the one wh. was later actually fulfilled.  Just below
Dem. makes the same discrimination: ci EitryoTr6 7-S and ae'AOs-qVatos W).TUS... KOLVS Wrp&o ccMLS: the same wh. are called 7rpo/daoes )'AtzU9cKrveoKaS in
~ 158, and relating to the supposed violation of the rights of the Delphic
god by the Amphissians and Athenians. -- Tots'AJLLKr'Toa-L: dat. commodi. - wpl = i~n, denoting place and time.  So 7repi -ve ACeKeXeCLKV 7T6Xeuove, ~ 96. -I HvXalv: the Congress of the Amphictyons bore this name,
as the delegates that of 7rvXadyopat (~ 148), from  the circumstance that it
assembled twice each year, in autumn and in spring, in the temple of
Demeter at Thermopylce.  It was formerly supposed that the spring session
was held at Delphi, but the recently discovered funeral oration of Hyperi(des (~ 16), ace. to Westermann, has confirmed the conjecture of those critics who believe that the delegates first assembled at Thermopyle to perform their ancient rites, and then adjourned to Delphi to transact other
business. -  Ets'aira-, for these things, i. e. to settle these difficulties.
~ 148. epouvq'vdvov: deriv.?  The difference betw. the Hieromnemons




200                           NOTES.
and Pylagorm is not wholly clear; but from the representation of YEsch.,
~ 115, it appears that besides the general meetings in wh. both participated,
there were sessions of a more special character attended alone by the
Hieromnemons; and that these alone were the actual official members of the
Council and had the right to offer proposals and to pass decrees, while the
Pylagorm seem to have acted merely as councillors, who, whenever occasion
demanded, were to plead for the particular interests of their respective states.
- Exmvou: spoken from the standpoint of the speaker; cf. ~~ 218, 236. -
v/ror fEoreaL: the critical student will observe that this apodosis in oratio
recta would differ fr. av 7rpoe'SetLv above. — Esrwd pos Xf~rELv, it (i. e. rb
7rpayLca = his scheme) would easily escacpe detection.
~ 149. quvX&aTrovros: Schaefer remarks that we might expect ~vXarro/uEiov = guarding against, but the idea of guarding against anything involves
that of being watchful lest it may happen; hence the middle and active of
this verb are frequently interchanged. -  rrpo3X-q0lis, K. T'. E., having been
nominated and three or four having held np their hands for him, he was
declared elected. The result of a vote was immediately declared by the presiding officer.  The method of procedure here described is not entirely unknown in modern political assemblies. -- wrrpaLVELV, K. r. i., he accomplished
the ends for which he had been hired. Whether this charge of Dem. be true
or not, it is certain that if Esch. had been acting as the hireling of Philip,
he could have done nothing so favorable to the anmbition of Philip and so
fatal to the freedom of Greece, as to stir up this new Amphictyonic war.
- i60v, how and whence, going back and tracing the history from its origin.
-  1 KLpptCL Xjpa: the Cirrhaean territory is a fertile plain extending from
the foot of Mt. Parnassus to the Corinthian Gulf.  How it came to be set
apart to the service of the Delphic sanctuary is familiar to all who know
the history of the first Sacred War, B. c. 595. - -&swCpous Xo'ycv, inexperienced in, sp2eech-making, in contrast w. the Pylagore.  "The Hieromnemons were chosen, in Athens at least, from  the whole body of people,
without distinction of person."  W.
~ 150. qrEpLfEKOEV, i. e. circuire ad fines determinandos.  Diss. - oa-S v
aVr'TCv oro-av,  as belonging to themselves. -TS... XPcps s: partit. genit. -
oiSqdCav sLKTIV...iray6vrov, although the Locrians were bringing 1no suit
against tus, nor those charges which now this nma~n pretencds.  Dem. does not
directly contradict the narrative of 2Esch.; his argument is this: no summons had been served by the Locrians on Athens, and without such summons no prosecution could legally be carried on; hence there were still
many steps to be taken before final judgment could be pronounced against
Athens; /Esch. ought, therefore, to have tempered his zeal w. a little good
sense, to say nothing more. The account of Esch. gives no explanation of




NOTES.                                20I
the most vital point in the whole affair, the appointment of Philip to conduct
the war. Cf. Grote, XC.; A. Schaef., II.,,. 498 if. - TEXMo-ao-OaL, to bring
to an issue (reXoS). - &rb  rwoos &PXqS, fromn what cause?  apXq- is used in
the Homeric sense of aitna.  V. cites in confirmation of this rendering a
Schol. wh. explains   ra  ecK -rorTw, in the next paragraph by ai7rob  as
dpXrs = aLTLras ytaS.  Some take apXqr to mean here magistracy, and read
under the auspices of what magistracy?  But W. remarks that this idea is
implied in the preceding ris... eKXN7xrveev.  Inferior MSS. read Jri srotas
dpXrs, wh. is made to mean: in what archonship? But this idea the Greek
would express by 1ri riTvos ipXovTos. - Ta'VT1  KaUTExpC, youe have ~made use
of this as an emp.ty and false pretext. The omission of the art. makes Tra6Lthe subj. and rrpoqd'seL the predicate of the clause.  Cf. C. 524 c; Kiihner's
Larger Gramm., ~ 246. 3, Rem. 1.
~ 151. IJ.LKpo) KarlKOVrTLroav, well-nigh. shot them  all down.  Cf. the
account of /Esch., ~ 123. -     ira  I- oroircov, ounce for all from these proceedings. -K&O'TTVOS: Asch., ~ 128, tells us all we know about him. - oti.Ev,
sc. the Athenians and the Thebans, as we learn fr. the account of iEsch. -
Ets denotes the ter2minus ad quemt.  They had been expecting to do this all
along, and were planning it for the next meeting. -  rqv E7rLO0Cav IIvXclAav:
the next regular meeting of the Amphictyonic council. Grote says that the
first motion raised by IrEsch. against the Amphissians occurred in the spring
meeting (he says at Delphi, but see note on IlvXatav, ~ 147); next there was
held the special meeting wh. elected Cottyphus to the leadership; after
this, in September, 339 B. c., came the regular autumnal meeting, wh. is
referred to here. -     orL.rbv 4. {y~a.6va myov, lit. they brought affairs (se. xr
7rpdmsgaxa) to Philip  as leader.  So in PAil., III., ~ 57: oL avY el',Seaas,Yov
ra 7rpatryaTa, ol 8''s7rt cbIt7r7rov. -  ot KLEcrKEcrv eVOL,   K. r. E., those of the'lihessalians and those (lit. of those) in the rest of the states wiho had prepared
themselves and wsere veteran, traitors.
~ 152. ELo-EPELV, to contribute a special tax. - tpqLLoGv, to punish by fine.
- pE0q   y&p: yp implies an ellipsis in the thought, somewhat like this:
but what is the use of wasting many words upon this point; for you know
the result, and that is enough.-   0~Eos: Philip at once set about collecting
a force and preparing for his campaign in Hellas.  But Dem. neglects to
mention (probably w. the intention of making his narrative the more strilking and effective) that Philip first marched against Amphissa, and, after
destroying it and defeating the combined forces of the Locrians and Atheniais, turned back unexpectedly towards Elatea. Cf. A. Schaef., II., p. 513 ff.
- EppCcroeaL (p&cras, havintg bidden a long adieu.  This sarcastic use of this
phrase is quite common.  Cf. de F. L., ~ 248: IppwTOat c/pdo'as  er  oeo
ZO;0OKXe?. -'EXAToELMv: the largest town of Phocis, situated not far fr. the




202                             NOTES.
frontier of the Epicnemidian Locrians, and important as the key to the
mountain passes that give approach to and from  Thessaly.  It had been
destroyed, in common w. the other Phocian towns, at the close of the Sacred
War, 346 B.C. c.    sch., ~ 140, states that now Philip fortified it.- How
much consternation this movement of Philip excited at Athens, we shall
presently hear.
~ 153.  o'rwEp XELJApPOvS: the student must have already noticed the
sparing use Dem. makes of figures of speech. For Quintilian's criticism of
his style and comparison of him  w. Cicero, cf. In.siitutes of Oratory, IX.,
ch. I., ~ 40; X., ch. I., ~~ 105-108; XII., ch. X., ~ 23. — rbo y' Eaq vvns,
for the nmoment at least (though not ultimately). -  Ka...Ka t, and... also.
~ 156.  w167iKOvov, refused to comply, either to join him  in attacking the
Athenians, or permitting him free transit through their borders.- -o's...
ao-u.l&J&Xovs: the Arcadians, Eleans, Messenians, and Argives. - rob irpO&eLv: epexegetical of 7rpedpaocn.  This use of 7rpacLYtv for the true oreasont
is rare and scarcely recognized in the lexicons. It is often opposed to d&aXOis
(irp6oactv/ n'v...rob dXrO6is b;), and is used just below to denote the pretexts
alleged by Philip and presented by iEsch. TYLER.  Cf. ~ 225, where tev&es
is added to distinguish fr. dXOeets, and Thuc. I. 23, 6.- sodtavTa', measures
resolved upon by the Amphictyons. -&d4oppls: deriv.?  Occasions, opportunities for acting, w. the idea of secrecy or dishonesty.
~ 158. ~E5yEtL...K/asE/ yEL: Diss. remarks that these verbs ar6 used together by way of sarcasm. - wtLLOVTES: ini allusion to the notorious habit
of the Athenians of walking indolently about and hearing and discussing
news and politics.  Cf. KaTi TrYv Ciopiv r'eptdpXofat, ~ 323.- vU+'  vbMs, sc.
Philip.
~ 159. 5v...o~K &v 6KViOcraMl;J, K. r. 4., whom, were one without reserve to
speak the truth, Ifor my part shotuld not hesitate to call the ~r6inous cause of
all the losses that have followed. - -'r6rwv, districts; more general in meaning than 7ro6Xev.  Wh. understands it to mean forts = Xopla. - o yap...
7rapor-xcV, O1UTOS, K. R. T., for hle who furnishes the seed, he is responsible for
the harvest of evils. Cicero appears to have imitated this passage in Philip.,
II., c. 22: "ut igitur in seminibus est causa arborum et stirpium, sic hujus
luctuosissimi belli semen tu fuisti." - 8v: the relative is taken out of its
clause and placed first to serve as a connective; cf. 3s 7aV  E'v TEreTvXKOT67v,
~ 128; furthermore, 8y is the obj. of arrerrpdi'79re, the accus. retained after
the passive without a prep.  Cf. H. 544 a; C. 472 f; Cu. 398; G. gr. ~ 197,
N. 2.  Cf. Soph. (Ed. Col., 1272.  Render: fr'om  whonm that you did not
tugrno away in abhorrence as soon as ever you saw hinm, surprises me. -   pob,
between you and the truth; lit. before the truth, hiding it from you as by a
veil.




NOTES.                                 203
III. ~~ 160-247. THE  PART DEMOSTHENES PLAYED  IN DEFENDING'HIS COUNTRY'  AGAINST TIHE CONSEQUENCES OF THE AMPIHISSIAN WAR,
BY  BRINGING  ABOUT  THE  ALLIANCE  WITH  THEBES.  XZVI IPqKE: as
something that is perfectly natural. — &     pya...Trois Xkyovs, the reality...the account.  So Thuc., I. 22: Kal  roa pee XoSy  eldrov  elaaroTo, Tr  a'
eppya TJV 7rpae6'TrcoY. - aZrTvy: cf. note on Tr Trlv'A   eLeews bP-y/c7ara,
~ 140.
~ 161.  7rrb r7ov Tc  4LXCWov O povovVTCov, unvder the influence of those
favoring the interests of Plhilip.  So in ~ 177: qpovoOt r& b.eTerepa = favoring your interests. -  4Kar'poLs...&cloE'epoLs: the former denotes each of the
two (Thebes and Athens) in their separate interests; tle latter the two together in their joint interests. -  o8 rev... 8esdevov: the relative sentence preceding its antecedent or...ia v  awakens expectation on the part of the hearer.
- ob rOpOcKpOVELV, andfor collision with o1ne another.  A strong word; lit.
to dash or strike against.  In ~~ 19, 163 the orator uses the compound
ov'yKpoQelV    - to strike together; in ~ 198, aVtKpoiEIV  = to strike back, hence
to turn, out badly. -,TO9TO sums up the whole thought; often so used.
~ 162.'APLVoT-OC(oV.... EvPovXov: cf. ~ 70.- rrp&acLL -rocUTv.qV cv LXiav, to effect this alliance. -  1ovXoLEvovs... 0}oyvoovoW vTaTs are supplementary after eliws, while &ivrtTXiyovTas is concessive: although, often
colntradictinzg each other (sc. eavrois) in regard to other nmatters, u2pon this
were always agreed. -  ois...rrapqcokoXo0eLts: AEsch. is said to have been
secretary to them.  The particc. KoXaCNKE6V  and Ka=r-yopWv,  contain the important idea. - wvasos0: this word has been rendered base wretch, vile
animal,  scandal to hucmnanity, crafty creature, monster, sly fox, reptile.
I prefer the last as most in harmony w. the idea of a sneaking, false character that fawns upon those whom  it is ready to betray. - SOKLJ[ao-.&VTWV,
sanctioned.
~ 163. KiEtci, i. e. to his statement interrupted in ~ 153.- -TL to be joined
w. -avvei3-. - o-vjwEpav vpve'v, K. T. E., and because the rest of his coacldjutors
had joined ('vv) in developing our hostility with Thebes.  The genit. absol.
expresses cause or reason here. -  ovwep, for which very purp)ose; rep indicates the closeness or exactness of the relation. -  rpoEcavLE'TDLv... vaaPfiVy, and had we not aroused ourselves a little beforehand (i. e. before
Philip's plans were mLatured), we should  zot have been able to gain themn
over to ouZr side.  aivcXape?v is generally taken in the sense of to recover or'retrieve.  But what is it fr. wh. they could not have retrieved themselves?
Some say, from their enmity; but this makes poor sense.  Others say, they
cocld lnot have recovered their position; but this seems too vague.  Dem.
wishes to say this: our only hope of successfully resisting Philip lay in a
union w. the Thebans; but this hope would be utterly destroyed, if feelings




204                            NOTES.
of hostility were allowed to exist much longer.  For this sense of zahaXafe3iv
cf. Dimarch c. Dem., ~ 28; Aristoph. Equit., 682. - T'v IX0pav: so reads
Z; inferior MSS. have TO wrpay&7a.  Our reading appears to favor the interpretation of ivaXaeapev just given.
~ 168. L$  TOU'Tw0v, i. e. AEsch. and his accomplices. -,wEapEls...raLs.rroKplcreo'Lv, led on by these decrees and by the resplonses. Wh. wonders how
Philip could have been encouraged to make his attack on Elatea by these
a&roKpleEts inserted in the text, wh. profess to be written by himself.  We
suspect that Westermalnn is right in conjecturing that Dem. alludes to the
correspondence then going on between Athens and Thebes, wh. was probably not altogether in a spirit of friendly reconciliation, and of wh. Philip was
doubtless well informed. - Ws ovG' &v, K. T. E., as though, come what might,
we and the Thebans would never again co-operate. - rvLwvrvuo-Erv cov &v -
avourvevoraaTro &v, cf. H. 803; G. ~ 41. 3; Cu. ~ 595; C. 658 a.  For the
repetition of av cf. G. ~ 42. 3 and N. 1; K. ~ 261. 3; Madv. G. S. ~ 139 b.
What gramm. objection is there to the form ov/usrveveovTwv wh. is found in
the best MSS.?
~ 169. yap introduces the narration, as we use now in Engl. No passage
in the oration has been more lauded, and more deservedly so, than this
graphic and beautiful description. Cf. Longinus.  It is interesting to read
and compare the account of this event given by Diodorus, XVI. 84. -'Ea-wrrpa: the order of the sentence emphasizes the fact that this announcement was made in the evening. - wrrpvTrAvE: the intelligence would naturally first come to them from their official position. - Ws: cf. H. 733, 875 d;
Cu. ~~ 632 d, 526 b; C. 702 a. -!~ETac~iJ 8ELwVOWVTES: the prytanes took
their meals in the 0SXos, a building adjoining the Senate room, at the expense of the state. The principal meal (6eir7rvov) w. the Greeks was at evening. -   oVs T' eK rTv c'KlqV V: cf. note on ~ 44. - itEpyov, drove the zhucksters out of their booths, for the purpose of clearing the Agora preparatory to
convening the Assembly.  Cf. Aristoph. Acharn., 21 if.  The descriptive
character of the narration is strengthened by the use of the impf. in this
and the following verbs. - Td  y'ppa EvewrCrivrpaorav, set ont fire their sheds.
Ta eyppa, originally used of wicker-work, later came to signify any kind of
covering or roofing.  As to the object of this proceeding commentators
vacillate between two opinions: (1) in order to clear the space of the Agora
with all possible despatch; (2) to serve as a signal of alarm wh. was to
summon the people fr. the rural districts into the city.  Objection is made
to (1) that this act was unnecessary, since there were numerous slaves who
could remove these sheds in ample season before the next morning; to (2)
that the situation of the Agora was not a suitable one for giving signals.
Still, on the whole, (2) seems the more probable theory: first, because no




NOTES.                                 205
other step seems to have been taken to call the rural population into the
city; second, because there was after all no empty square so large and
suitable as the Agora for giving such a signal.- T-oniis o-rpaTnqyois:
these had to summon the extraordinary session of the Assembly.  Cf. p/d-,Oau/a, ~ 37; Meier and Schdm. Att. Proc., p. 107. -- &a ~i L CT    pI,   at
daybreak.  But there was nothing unusual in this, as we learn fr. Aristoph.
Acharn., 20; Eccles., 312, 377. -  XP'!arTa'L KalI 1rpoP3ovXEv-ra   L is the
usual form of expression to denote (Xpm/euarIoat) the discussion and deliberation of any proposal and (7rpojovXeOa-t) the adoption of a resolution or bill
to be brought before the JKKXl7oia.-  &vo KCeOTro: the Assembly was held
at that time in the Pnyx, wh. was located on a hill overlooking the Agora.
Hence dva/aivetv  elgs riv KK7oqiCav, Dem. c. Aristocr., I., ~~ 9, 20.
~ 170. Ws: temporal.- - 0Xtv, sc. eis -ri'v eKKXrriav. - azriyyELXav: probably through the E7rtLrdr7s as chairman. — TOV qKOVTLa r'apyqLayov, and
they had introeduced the messenger. - iJpT,,  kept askin~g. -  is &yopevELv
OISXETtL is the ordinary formula for opening the business of the meeting.
Cf. Aristoph. Acharn?., 45. — rap'EL, i. e.  rib ro f3/ua. - prl'dp(ov: the
Greek rhetors were at this time a class of professional politicians and public speakers.  The orator emphasizes the point that all those men were
present in this Assembly who were wont to be foremost in giving counsel.
-- caXoo'i s  $& T1S KOLV/S, I. T. a., and althoughl the common voice of tihe
fatherland was sumznm oning some one to speak in~ behalf of her weifjcre.
ManyvEditt. read KaXo06rPs b  T)sT rra~rpltos r  KOvij 0qbvw, wh. has excellent MS. authority. For the omission of the article w. rarpi6om, cf.
~ 242.
~ 171. Tr P[ialC: the bema was the tribune fr. wh. the Athenian orators
addressed the people.  As seen to-day among the ruins of Athens, it is a
solid cubit of stone, some 10 feet in height, having a surface once square and
smooth, but now somewhat irregular; it is surrounded at the bottom  on
three sides by stone steps or seats. - oWS' 5TL: parenthetic and without any
influence on the construction; so frequently.  Cf. ~ 293; Phil., II., ~ 29;
Soph. Antig., 276.  ot TpLOCKOcTrLOL: cf. note on the trierarchal system,
~ 102. — Tots &aJprEpcL tCarTa, sc. &vras, and if those who were both (sc.
7rapedfOEv A6es). aptl6rpepa rav"ra is an adverb. accus., and simply anticipates
the Kal...Kal following. - Pe-T TrTa,  i. e. after Chmronea, when the citizens made the greatest personal sacrifices to repair their walls and put their
city in a better state of defence against Philip. Cf. ~~ 248, 312.
~ 172.  KEiVOS...iKELV1: very emphatic; that (menmorable) occasion.-'nap?]KOXOVUOqKO'ra,  who had closely followed up. -  ov8&v...q4lEXXEv, be any
the more likely; i. e. for all his wealth and patriotism.
~ 173.'a+6v v...4y~, I then appeared to be this on~e (i. e. 6v 6 Katpbo EKCdXeL)




206                             NOTES.
unpon that clay.  The unusual order of the sentence makes eyb5 very emphatic. What is to be grammatically supplied in the predicate after efdv'vv?
-.'rv...T'iLV, I did not desert tlre post of patriotismn i7n the hour of danger.
Cf. ~ 138: rilv EXkievov Tritl; Dem. Olynth., III. ~. 36: rrapaxwpev Trqs
rticws. -  irroXL Caes,  you will be mnuch7 more facmiliar with the entire cobnduct of affairs for the future; i. e. more familiar w. the principles of my
policy as applied to the events that remain to be considered, than you otherwise would be.  Some scholars prefer to make ra Xoer&a limit rroXrTedas; w.
this constr. the sense is not materially altered.  With this life-like and
masterly description the student may profitably comp)are Webster's graphic
account, in the trial of the Knapps, of the murder of their victim.
~ 174. 5o.: merely to introduce the citation, and not to be translated.
What now follows is all we know of the masterly speech Dem. delivered on
this occasion.  This brief summary is itself an eloquent testimony to the
wisdom and magnanimity of the Athenian statesman.  First, Dem. shows
the advantage and necessity of an alliance w. Thebes; next, what measures
are to-be taken to secure this alliance. -  Ws rrapXdvwXv T 0.... a., as though
the Thebans were in favor of Philip. vradpxelv -rtv - to be in support (7r6) or
ins favor of any one, a meaning not given by L. and Sc. Cf. Dem. de F. L.,
~ 54: rO rbT  (iXuwo  ir vrpXee aTbrois WetlfvatPa   ~ 118: v'TrdppWV   eiCly. -
qKovoOpIV....0OVT'O: how different fr. Keo0Voev devat? aroiv'vra, acecus. w.
aKO16& as the thing heard. — iv' &ToLM, K. T. i.: a general expression for
that he may bring the Thebans over to his side.
~ 175. &wrrcvas UTpEIrLr oL, all (those embraced in the category of. 9... )
he has made friendly to himself. The orator's point is that Ph. has already
exhausted his opportunities in Thebes. - 8Etas, by showing a mzilitary force
in the vicinity. -  7rrpaOL, roLqOraL, KOwarrXfaL: these infinitives depend
on poXerar, the force of wh. continues. — iv' M o-uyXoopIcroo-L: expresses
the ultimate purpose or aim of what precedes. In order that they may either
yield through fear what now they are not willing (to yield), or may be cornpe7led by force.
~ 176. Eti TL Sro'KOXOV -= Sooa  6cKOXa, whatever is qoensive; as e. g.
what is referred to in ~ 96. - EtLa, in the next place; without the oe as
correl. of 1tv.  Cf. e7recra, ~ 1.  In the next paragraph we find the same
omission of 6e. -  ~ l...lXkOwoLv: for the negat. and use of mode cf. G. ~ 46;
H. 743; Cu. ~ 533; C. 624, 625. - Ca'T, those ntow opposed to him having
received him.  Reiske conjectured auTr6o  as obj. of wrpoo-6eazvwv, st. aUro,
on the ground that the pronoun seems more essential in connection w. this
than w. the other partic.; but in ~ 162 we have obs as obj. of KOXaKe6Uco st.
oft W. raprIKoXoeSOet. -   [LXL7rLA(vr(cov:~ a T word coined probably by Dem.
So Herod. and Thuc. used the verb Mxi&Secv in the account of the relations




NOTES.                                207
of Persia and Greece. - &l6,TEpoL, i. e. Philip and the Thebans. - irp'bs'
o-KorIetv...yE/V0E, and ye may be inclined to deliberate, insteced of to dispute
colncerning what I mtay SCay. -  sOdELV: Rauchenstein conjectures`ett — =
shall be able (cf. ~ 172), instead of bcELtv, as the orator would not say shall
seem to speakC; but by supplying 4daI' this objection vanishes. -  qE'+aE-K0'Ta
KgVSvvov Tf 0rr6XEL: the same order of partic. and subst. is found in ~~ 190,
197, 220; a different order in ~~ 179, 188.'Which is the more regular?
~ 177.  CL otv +-qfL 8Ev: Diss. notes how  skilfully the orator excites
attention in beginning the second part of this speech w. this inquiry.eJTUE0- tOaL: used absolutely, - to turn about. - T'v BEivv: gen. wv.?yyv-rpw. -  7rpoTEpots: as a predicate; the peril is theirs first. -'EXevotvS8E:
this route would be over the "Sacred Way" to Eleusis (about 12 miles fr.
Athens), thence to Thebes in a northwesterly direction across Mt. Cithceron.
A more direct way to Thebes led through Acharnm and Phyle; but this
was not so practicable for a large army, nor did it offer any large plain, such
as the Eleusinian, for the massing of a large force, in case of an attack.
ToVS ZV XiLKLCCa, those who have the requisite age for military service.  This
designation applies only to the heavy-armed troops; the cavalry, being a
branch of service of later origin, is named separately.  The military age
was from 18 to 60. -  t to-ov, sc. as to the partisans of Philip. -Tb wrapp7IeLa'te(4Ou  the boldness to speak frely. -  oi'v'...v7r6pxE0', so to those who
wish...youz stand ready to render assistance.
~ 178. KvpioVS, and to give themi, together with the generals, absolute control
both of the time to be fixed ctupon for going thither (i. e. to Thebes) and of the
expedition. - TolT'P... TOV  voVv, to this give most careful acttention, I pray
yoa,.  got is an ethical dative; cf. H. 599; Cu. ~ 433; G. gr. ~ 184, N. 5;
C. 462 e. - atrXpbs: it would be dishonorable to take such advantage of
their helplessness. - iv Tors E(rX&rots: some MSS. add KusvotCs; but we
can say: in~ extremities. -   ll  v...rrpoop0coiavR v: on the principle that
those who are somewhat removed fr. danger are calmer and clearer in their
judgment than those who are in the midst of it. -  aI... KOa, both...and;
embracing the apodosis. - rrpocrXo- maTos: the pretext was to give aid to the
oppressed Thebans. - Eiv 8'...&v: the latter condit. clause is special and
subordinate to the former, wh. is more general. Cf. ei giv...el and ct i...el
in ~ 217. — elitv: dat. agent.  The words that Dem. here puts, so to say,
into the mouth of the envoys, are lauded by Dionysius in his Art. Rhetor.,
IX., ~ 9, for their appropriate (ebrpe7retav) character.
~ 179. oihK drov...ohK'ypaua, K. T. i.: the antithetic force of j/ez... a and
the peculiar use of the negat. oUK and ovei, make an exact translation of this
munch-praised example of climax (cf. Quint. Inst. Orat., IX., Chap. III., ~ 55)
quite impossible.  An approximation to the original may be made thus:




208                             NOTES.
I did not say these things and fail to propose them; I did not p7ropose them
and fail to go omv aCn embassy, etc.  Lord B. suggests these renderings:
(1) by a double negation, thus: I did not say these things and not propose;
(2) by the use of without in the second clause; (3) not only did I say these
thinas, but I propounded a decree, etc. -  SLEEqXOOV, I carried the affair
througlh (tad). -EpE: the orator improves the pause, while the clerk is
preparing to read the document, by making personal remarks more or
less closely connected w. the point under consideration.  So in ~~ 212,
219.
~ 180. 0e, represent, mnake oust to be. What use of subjunct.? Cf. H. 720 c;
G. ~ 88; Cu. ~ 511; C. 647. - BcirLTaXov: the origin and meaning of this
nickname are in doubt.  Dem. claims that it was a pet name given him by
his nurse; but iEsch. c. Timarch., ~ 126, ridicules this claim, and says in
de F. L., ~ 99: ev ratri Elv yadp )bV JKX\7'O  i' altiXpovpyiav rtv tal K Kvailiav
Bd-raXos.  The Schol. renders it by profligate, effeminate, and derives it
variously: (1) from  the name of a flute-player or poet, notorious for his
effeminacy; (2) from the sickly and weak condition of Dem. body; (3) as
a term of contempt borrowed fiom  an instrument used by flute-players for
beating time, and called  ro7rorb&ov or pctraXos.  Recent scholars connect it
w.  drTros, paarTapiwl, and make it mean stammerer, stutterer, in allusion to
the orator's supposed defect in utterance.-  Kpcr'dvxqv...KpEovTa... Ov6oaov: these were parts that fell to the rptracwveto'7T.  Cf. ~ 129.  The
first-named character was the third io-le in a play of Euripides of the same
name; the second is the well-known tyrant in the Antigone of Sophocles;
the third was a subordinate character in a play of Sophocles bearing this
name. -- Ev KoXXVToI, whonm  once in7  Collytus you wretchedly 2m7rdered.
Collytus was one of the country denies in wh. the rural Dionysia were
celebrated.  In the anonymous biography of Asch., the story is told that
LAEsch., in the role of Enomaus, on a certain occasion tripped and fell on
the stage while pursuing Pelops. -,r'TE: very emphatic. - o IIaCLLavvs cyo:
in the skilful arrangement of the words each contrasted term  occupies
relatively a reversed position, except that aoo comes last for the sake of
emphasis.
~ 188. AiVTq...-rpo-T1, This was the beginning and first step towards a
settlement of our cdiculties with T/hebes.  KaTrcio'rarTt = constitutio rereum
antea tutrbatarum. Diss. -- r-&;rpb poi'romv, as regards previous cffairs. -
wrrb TOUTCOV, i. e. Easch. and his coadjutors. -   o'crrEp vitos: Larned sums
up the merits of this sentence thus: (1) The figure is unexpected; the sentence would be complete if it closed w. iwrolqo-ev.  (2) It is perfectly natural; it expresses the thought more truthfully than any literal language.
(3) The whole sentence is worded as simply and concisely as possible.




NOTES.                                209
(4) The ancient critics noticed a perfect rhythm in the sentence; to the ear
of Longinus the effect would have been much marred, he informs us, by
the substitution of Ws or drrorepet for 5trorep. -  vvv  rwLITL[>V: as opposed to
rOTC 6deaL.  Why the change in the tense of the infin.?
~ 189. 6 y/&p 0r>,o-3ovXos, K. T. L., for the statesman and the demagogue.
In his speech against Mliidias, ~ 189, the orator states the distinction between
the eiA/ovXos and the 1Pr'-wp.  The avKoavTrv's  (cf. note ~ 112) is further
characterized in ~ 242. - Tors w7EL0EtoL, to his followers, i. e. those who
have accepted his policy and accordingly hold him responsible. - vi Ka-  p,
opportzunity, i. e. the seasonable time or opportune moment for any action.
-  ro PokoXLOvcp refers to any one who may choose to call a political leader
to an account for the results of his policy. - crLylcras...8SEL: in this general
definition we should expect aTyCZv...6ei; the past tense is used specially w.
an eye to IEsch.
~ 190. 5wrEp Ewov, se. in ~ 188: X/v bUv...d rtriaIA.  -  KECVOS, in the predicate and in sharp contrast w. vvo below; that was the occasion, therefore. -
ey...rroLo'J1at, but I go so far as to say. - -o.'*...'6pokoyCO, that I confess
myself guilty.  What would be the difference in the thought if the orator
had said doTe su)oXoyev?  Cf. G. ~ 65. 3; ~ 98, Rem.; H. 770, 771; Cu.
~ 565, Obs. 1; C. 671 d. -   dpaeKEv -- now knows of; the perfect often represents the state or condition resulting fr. the action of the verb. -  rpaX0e'v:
what use of the paltic.?  Give the Greek clause to correspond to ovTyjveCyKev
&v.  Cf. a similar constr., ~ 30. - e; 8ie /iL' OrT-L,  K... i: cf. ~ 141 and
note. -- KaL T1pfpOV, yea, even to-clay. - Triv ctLLvoIJvhv WK    Ovd'vTrv: expressed above by deitail T...TtL... ep.
~ 191. aiLa&LOaOL, K. -T. C, this sarcastic inquiry is explained by gaa-KavetL,
~ 189. -'tS ayyu&rOaL, K. r. i., who is willing to guarantee the future?sdTE, SC. BELtas. - alXXa, yet, introducing the apodosis. -  Et1ropetv, with
which I ought to have furnished myself.  The comm. reading is ebpez7. — Tri
aroXeL: -join w. ovufpcpwv.  Some call it dat. incommod. w. the verb.
Irp&SLs, enterprise, "practical measure," "plan." - -&kXXov, i. e. than those
to wh. he did lead them.
~ 192. TaiLV, the ofice.  In the present and in the future the statesman
is required to be at his post discharging his duty. -.rTe: when the negotiations w. Thebes were in progress. -  WrpoolapEc-L, the aim; that wh. one
sets before himself as his chosen object. -  tu... rVKOA6VTEL, do not rail at
the results. -  ds &v...1 ovUXrqq: whatever it may be, as the use of ad w.
subjunctive indicates. - a3lV'i, as viewed by itself. -  SLvolav, the intention; subjective, while 7rpoatpeo-ts is objective.
~ 193. r- FiaXq, i. e. Cheronea.  Dat. of respect; the more usual reading is TiVp uxnov. -  O1.- K oiOC: it is not essential that iv' be repeated, as is
14




210O                           NOTES.
done in the reading of many Editt. -..XoyL-Fobv, as many things -as,
are possible in h7nCLan calculation. -  KaLL SLKcL'S,  K. i. E.: the force of the
preceding negative is retained here. -   LXoro'vwos ir7rEp S&vcaJLV, laboriously
beyond mndy power.  We speak of supCerhum-an effort. - T'T' q:r turn devmum; but not before.
~ 194. o'Ktrr'bs, but if the tornado that ensued.  Dem. compared what
happens to a torrent (xetju'ppovs) in ~ 153, and in ~ 214 to a deluge (KaraKXUVoIOv). -  FCeoOV'y&yOVe, proved too strong for. - TC XP  rroLetV: the answer to the inquiry is omitted as being self-evident.  Schaef. states it
thus: to keep still and not to accuse; perhaps it is better put in the form of
a question: to find faultt? Then follows the ellipsis: that would be untreasonaoble; just as it woulcl be, if, etc., iTrwep av (edi). Cf. ~ 243. - Et...vaGKX'pOV: originally the captain was at the same time the owner of the ship;
hence vaKX7rlpos may mean either.  But ohr' jKUe'pvCov points to the owner
who might be held liable for the loss of the cargo, in case the ship was
not well equipped. -  &q V v: most MSS. have 7ra~o before KaTaroK'euvdoavTa,
as the antece dent of dyv.- XPIroC'.EVov, enccountering; in agreement w.
7rXoiLov.  Those who take vaicXrlqpov as referring to the captain3 place this
- artic. in agreement w. it. - rrovq (ra'VTv, and its tackling laboring.  Professor Tyler calls attention to the nautical sense of the words in this passage; thus: ocr-qptil =for a safe voyage; Kcara-cKeuvdaavTa = havizg fitted
out; rrovaudvrcwv and  Kecup, as above rendered. - -ciiolrEp...Ey': thrown in
by way of parenthesis, to indicate the application to himself.  The appositeness of this comparison may be remarked in every particular.
~ 195. Et[fapro  sums up what he has been saying about -r6Xm, o aalawov,
and O6 eos. - 1S$E, not even.  "A different policy would have left us without even that advantage."  HOLAnmsS. - KiKEVOS, i. e. Philip.  Hte used every
effort of pers*.uasion. -   pLv IFEp4v, a journey (666v accus. of extent) of
three clays.  The distance fr. Athens to Cheronea is 62 Engl. miles.  In
~ 230 Dem. says:'r7aK6aoLa a-rcid&a a7ro ris iroXecos.  Athens was about
200 stadia distant fr. the Bceotian frontier.  From 150 to 200 stadia was
reckoned as an ordinary day's march. - -C iv...XpqV, what corunL  we have
loolced for? implying that the fear and panic were already so great that the
case could hardly be worse.  ir Xpiv  rporocWioKEV above = what should we
have looked for, assuming for the moment that things had been different. --
wrov *rs Xfpas: somewhere in our territory. - v6v, i. e. nder existing
circumstances, as it actually was; opposed to rore below, wh. means in the
other case, i. e. supposing my advice had not been followed. - oraqvaL,
K. T. L., to stand firm, to concentrate, to draw breath.  The asyndeton gives
us the notion of the rapidity of the thought and action at the crisis. - iLCa
iqjpc: this brief respite after the battle of Chxeronea, the orator means to




NOTES.                                211
say, was of the utmost importance, and would not have occurred but for
the Theban alliance. -  6'OE 8': another instance of aposiopesis.  Here it
indicates horror; but in ~ 3, anxiety; and in ~ 22, anger. Cf. note ~ 3. -
&... Ewtpav 8OwKE, SC. aiTCI; lit. which did not give a trial of themselves, i. e.
enter into our experie/nce.  Cf. ~ 107; Dem. c. Timocr., ~ 24: Kai mreLpav
avTrv 7rTOXXCKiS e&KaolwaC. - T, rrpoPdXXEor0a, and through the city's throwing before itself (as a shield).  The reading e'Iola...Trb is found in I and is
adopted by Bekk.
~ 1!6. J.OL, dat. int.; all this long story of mine is directed to you. - StKao'aTc: before this Dem. has used tv/pes'AO7rvaroc, but here he wishes to draw
the distinction more closely between the jurors and the spectators. -'ggoev,
outside the bar; the court was enclosed by a wooden railing (6pr6aKrov).
Xisch., ~ 56, states that he does not remember ever before seeing so large a
multitude present at a public trial.  Cic. (de opt. gen. orat., VII. 22) says:
ad quod judicium  concursus dicitnr e tota Grmcia. factus esse. -  IiEpKEL,
would suffice; dv omitted, as often w. the imlpf. in such expressions as
avaiyrcK7, XaXeI7r'V, EKobS  e, fiet, XP Kv, K. r. e.  Cf. G. ~ 49. 2, N. 2 and 3.
Cf. Oaviuaorbt  vt, ~ 248. -  rots aXXots: dat. assoc. or likeness w. r~s a'Tr7s.
-- a0Ta: i. e. of this ignorance and its results.  This is one of the most
complete dilemmnas in the oration; but is there no escape fi. it?
~ 197. (od y&p &v...Exppovro,) for (if you had) they would not have
adopted these (i. e. my measures).  Thus indirectly the orator compliments
the sagacity of his countrymen, as well as his own. - -v, sc. 7rotaxete, wh.
is readily understood fr. the connection, but inserted by inferior MSS.
Cf. ws &m (sc. EXot), ~ 291. - Tf'r6XEL: dat. dependent on 5voerevCirarom.
- -r'w  rots aov[lP3&o'Lv, on the occurrence of the events.  6ri' expresses the
occasion or opportunity lcpon wh. one bases his conduct.  Cf. ~~ 240, 284.
-  Kal &fL: it is this remarkable coincidence that is referred to by 0"rep...
roOrTo rETOL7KSWSs above. -'ApCo'rTpaos: a different person fr. the tyrant of
Sicyon named in ~ 48.  We know  nothing further of these partisans of
Philip than what is here stated. -  Ka&w6at, thoro2ugh-going, out-and-out.
~ 198.'EXXkvoWv... &rdKELevo: this sentence is hexametric in its rhythm.
So ~ 143: riOp''yap ev...'EXarema,; and TOUTO TO r   t'Sw/Ua, K. r. i., ~ 188,
ace. to Longinus, is dactylic.  The ancient critics were fond of pointing out such instances; but such rhythmical structure is, we believe,
more general and accidental than special and intentional. -  EVU8VOKtELtV
&IrriKE'ro, and surely the gnar, for whom  the misfortunes of the Greeks are
laid up as a store on which to found his personal renowns.,evu&OKLAEtv =
eSuOKLIe,    v aIVTros. -  Kcd -_ as; often so used in the second clause of a
comparison; cf. H. 856 c; Cu. ~ 624. 3; C. 705 c. -  SXkots, you make
this maniCwfest; sc. O0K &V, K. T.. -  KCLI Iro~XLTFq KCaL  K. T. 4., and fromb




212                              NOTES.
youtr political action and again, from  your political inaction.  Kenn. -
UTrpTTETOaL, K. 7..: this form  of sentence is technically called dv7rLCTpor0/f
by the ancient rhetoricians.  Other examples in this oration are found
in ~~ 117, 274.  As an illustration fiom  Roman oratory Diss. quotes Cic.
Phil., II. 22: Doletis tres exercitus populi Ilomani interfectos; interfecit Antonius.  Desideratis clarissimos cives; eos quoque nobis eripuit
Antonius.  Auctoritas hujus ordinis aiflicta est; afflixit Antonius.- -VTCKpOV-E: cf. note ~ 161.- ir4y>ia-: in medical terminology  7jy/amra
is used of bruises of the fleshy parts and ruptures of blood-vessels, and
arwo-sraca of the sprcins of muscles. -  KtvetTraL, are distZurbed; i. e. the old
injury or weakness makes itself felt again whenever the body becomes
diseased.  The same simile is used by the orator in Olynth., II., ~ 21:
worrep yatp ieo TO'oS olCao'tv...  EWC 6'   d appCwdorTJ dC rL ovu3rtl, 7rr'ct C KerCLTaL, R&a?7Ayea K&v oarpleuEa Ict,, tiXXo rL rtwv vTapX6vrtv oaOp&,V,.
~ 199. rrokXs...'gyKEttlaL he lays great stress uqpon.   The predicate adj.
7roXu used st. an adv.; cf. roXX) p'eovrt, ~ 136.  Cf. H. 488, Remn. c; G. gr.
~ 138, N. 7; Cu. ~ 361. 8; C. 509 c. - td...lv: he assumes, for the moment,
that it is so. -  TroU'Tv qv, ought the city to have abandoned these thiings;
referring to the measures wh. he at that time advised the city to adopt.
~ 200. VZV... TOTir: cf. note ~ 195. - SoK5, sc.    riXNts. -  wpoeo-TrWvaL:
alludes to the famous  -ye/toyla of the Athenian state. - -ror&oa~: cf.
irpaxOfEv, ~ 190; wrapircvwv iTis,  ~ 30 and note. -  nr-v7as, sc. Trs dXXas
rXets. -  ov8'vac....oiX  Jrr'JELvav, for whose sake there is no danger wu;hich
our ancestors did Inot un-dergo.  For the use of the negat. cf. H. 844; Cu.
~ 619, Obs.; G. gr. ~ 283. 8; C. 559 c. -  oro0: we naturally expect -rs,riXecws here, but the orator suddenly turns the thought upon EAsch., as if
he alone were capable of such meanness. - -Trs -rn6Xes... 4oZ:   in the same
constr. as coO; we supply eYtrw after U:' for let me not say " the city " (ye
makes 7rNXewo  emphatic), nor yet " me."
~ 201. -t T. iv  rpW Ytpa*r'.... r i-pVMlnS: this entire sentence forms the
protasis to r.-t... acJLKo vJuevo vs, and consists itself of two contrasted parts,
sc.: eti T'   d /uv 7rp....a7rarvrwv, and TrO o'...7rewrooLqi e'vot; but as the first part
is subdivided into two parts, sc.: ec' ria Aev... repteorT-q, 4iyelbv 8U, we observe
that,eAv corresponding to oe in Trv 6'...7rewrov/cuevot is omitted, the full expression being eti iyv Tra Uie' to correspond to /ye/h'wv U8...rbv'. With such
contrast of principal and subordinate parts juev is expressed both times in
~~ 104, 214. - T& 7rpyJ/lar'...rsepLE'-7r, if affairs had turned out as they
now have.
~ 202.'gL TO4-TOV  rpo&TEOV: the Spartan supremacy was lost w. the
battle of Leuctra, 371 B. c., when the Theban began. -To.... WaoLkX0os:
that Xerxes actually requested Mardonius to make the Athenians such an




NOTES.                                2 I 3
offer is stated by Herod., VIII. 140, and alluded to by Dem. PAil., II.,
~ 11. - TroT', i. e. S rt... Tpoeac'vac. -- O TL...Xcapov or...EXoXo'r..ro[LV...
iav: a metathesis of construction for Xa/3eiv...XeeuV... eLzrotoEs...ibe.  Thus
Dem. ironically represents the act of obeying itn a state of subjection and
of giving sp the supremacy as a privilege.  Xapoa.ou  of single acquisition,
eXO~l'V of p9ermcncnnt possession.
~ 203. &s'oLKE: ironical; so also in ~ 212. - wrr&rpLC: "7rdrptos = that
wh. is peculiar to ancestors; as eOn, vikot." Kriig.  W. paraphrases these
adjectives thus: " This they had not inherited fir. their fathers, nor was it
consistent w. their ideas of honor (a'eKra = to be tolerated by their moral
sense), nor was it congenial to their nature."-  EK...XpOvov: cf. note ~ 26.
-  rrpoor0+EEviv, by attacch/,ing herself to; the partic. denotes means. -  CyovLtOEV}Lt, while strzggling; the partic. denotes time. - KLVSVVEirOVOr-a: supplementary partic.: cf. H. 798; G. ~ 112. 1; Cu. ~ 590; C. 677 e.
~ 204.  jOEclv: " character, as the result of manner and habits. ~os 
a prolonged and strengthened  e8os.  Cf. Aristot. Eth., II. 1."  TYLER.&rropTqvc'ievov, who declared hivntself in fcevor of. - K.upo-Xov: the connection shows that Dem. has the time just prior to the battle of Salamis in
mind. Cic. de Offic., III. 11, speaks thus: "'Cyrsilum quendarn suadentem, ut in urbe manerent Xerxelmque reciperent, lapidibus obruerunt."
Herod., IX. 5, gives the same account, but of a man named Lycidas, and
places the event just before the battle of Platea. That there were two victimns to the popular excitement of those stirring times, both meeting with a
similar death, is not impossible.
~ 205. pfi'ropa  = here uvSt3ovXov, statesreetn. —SovXEiro-oo-[Lv, they mnight
enjoy slavery; spoken w. a peculiar bitterness and irony of tone. The common reading inserts evTvX&is after it.  The use of the fut. indic. after an
historical tense adds to the vividness of the expression; so also in e~rlTat.
Wh. remarks that by the use of the indic. here Dem. identifies the Athenians of the two different ages, and represents the liberty and independence
of one epoch as' the unbroken continuity of the freedom asserted in another.
-  iTS ELPgpfJEv1S, K. T. 4., his destined end i7n the course of nature. Lord B.
Death is represented (1) as fixed by destiny.(r~s toipas), in distinction fr.
death brought upon one by his voluntary act; (2) as that wh. comes in the
course of nature (as by disease), in distinction fr. death caused by external violence (as in battle). -  b 8  KMa, sc. voLd'5ov ye'yev0orOCt.  The Kai
= also, i. e. as well as to his parents. - wrrLtv = to live to see (any evil).
Cf. iEsch. Agaiz., 1246. -  40eXo-reL, will volunteer. The fut. (st. the pres.,
as in replgdveL) denotes that he will do this whenever the demand comes.
In illustration of this change of tense cf. Soph. Antig., 349, 350. - Tro
Oava'rov: by its emphatic position = thaln death itself. Wh.




2I4                             NOTES.
~ 206.  et iEv...viv 8' 4y~  pEv...oiros 85: observe the double contrast.between (1) what he was not doing and what he was doing; (2) between
what he was doing and AEysch. was doing. —Eit  1iEXEIPOVV... O&v EIrLTLLi'UoELE': a mixed condit. sentence: if I were undertaking (as I am not),
every one would celnsure me with good reason (were he to do what is reasonable).  Cf. G. ~ 54. 1. - ViLTE'poS, are yours; predicative, and placed first
for the sake of emphasis.  Here Dem. purposely underestimates his own
services in order to place the conduct of ~Esch. in a more conspicuous light.
- Tqs FIVTO[L SL[KOVLas, but inZ the management of each of the affairs transacted I affirn that I also have a share.  btaKovias is contrasted by means of
tevzrot w. rpoatpeoets and qp6'vca; to correspond to gtevrot (= &) there
should be 1ev wh. is suppressed, as in ~ 201. WV.
~ 207. r'rv 58Xov, the whole, i. e. both the aims (irpoatpieo-es) and the adn-inistration (b&aKovia).  This is a skilful turn of the orator: my part, he
says, was merely to execute what you willed; your part was to cherish'the
noble purposes and adopt the most patriotic measures.  Now  /Eschines
attacks the whole, and in doing so commits a wrong against you greater
than against me, inasmuch as your part was more prominent than mine,
and the renown belonging to you is eternal, while the honor proposed for me
is temporary. - Y\XXETCL is a strong word; ace. to its etymology it denotes
a tenacious and eager striving. - E-y~KcICLC    Arist. Rhet., I. 9, defines 7-yKChLeov as a special laudation bestowed for particular and brilliant action, while
97rawvos signifies praise in general. -  rouSi, i. e. Ctesiphon. - -v...&.yv Ooo-rvv, by the perverseness offortune.
~ 208. jia& Tobs McLpaOovL, no! by those of our ancestors who bore the
brunt of the danger at Marathon.  The common reading has o/ u&, but the
negat. is readily understood w. pca.  In the partic. the Wrpo- implies the
fore-front of the battle.  So Thuc., I. 73, represents the Athenians as saying: MapaOvil re pjvot 7TrpotevvU'ecoata r0 Oiapd'pq. -- MapaOvL: the common text has Cv M.; but the prep. is regularly omitted w. the names of Attic
demes.  Cf. H. 612 a; Cu. ~ 442; C. 469 b. - 4w''ApTrEjaLor*, off Artemisiumn.  It will be observed that the orator departs fr. the chronological
order and names the land and the naval engagements in succession.- ev
ro s...VilJLuffL: these were in the outer Ceramicus, along the road leading
to the Academy.  Cf. Pausan., I. 29; Thuc., II. 34.  But the heroes of
Marathon lay buried on the field of battle.  The custom of honoring those
who had fallen in battle iw. a burial at the expense of the state, goes back
to the time of Solon.  Cf. ~ 285. -   iL~oios: emphatic.  This lofty strain
of eloquence, known as "the Demosthenic oath," has been deservedly admired by all critics.  Cf. Hermogenes, p. 425; Quint. Inst. Orat., XI. 3,
168; Lord Brougham, Vol. VII. 124.  The chief points to be noted are




NOTES.                               215
these: (1) This oath was an act of religious appeal, for wh. there was a sufficient ground in the belief and feelings of the audience; it was not, therefore, an empty rhetorical flourish.  (2) As a solemn appeal it served to
rebuke /Esch., who had brought Dem. into disparaging contrast (see the
passages cited fr. IEsch.) w. the ancient heroes of Greece.  (3) The simplicity
of the orator's style is apparent even in his most impassioned flights. Lord
13. thus expresses himself on the word &yaOobs: " Mark the severe simplicity,
the subdued tone of diction, in the most touching parts of the'old manp eloquent's' loftiest passages.  In the oath, when he comes to the burial-place
where they repose by whom he is swearing, if ever a grand epithet were
allowable it is here; yet the only one he applies is dciyaeoes." (4) The orator, while apparently carried away by his enthusiasm  and passion, does
not for a moment lose sight of his argument, but carefully subordinates
everything to the main thought.  "He teaches us," says Longinus, "that
in the height of passion we should retain our judgment.  He nowhere says'by those who were victorious,' but everywhere shuns the word wh. would
indicate the issue of the battles, lest the defeat of Charonea should be suggested to his opponents or his hearers; till at length he has prepared the
way w. the hearers for the conclusion: all of whom ALIKIE the state busied,
and Lnot those alone who were successful."
~ 209. yppqLfcroK44xv': v'i ro 7 ypaF. aTeows, OrTt o0 y/pa/LaTeres rpoerrqvKTES -ypadovouL. Etym. Magnum.  Cf. ~ 261.  The two epithets may be
rendered by accursed scribbler. -  IMXyes: cf. AEsch. ~ 181, cited on p. 92.Wv rvvos, i. e. they were irrelevant to the present case. - AiE 8E, K. T-. E., and
I, who came forward as councillor to the city inc matters pertailning to her
suTpremavcy, whose spirit ought I to have asseumed in ascendilng the Peoia?TpLTCLayW0LrCT: cf. note ~ 129.  Observe the contrast implied in the juxtaposition of this epithet w. r&v rrpWreloW,; also the emphatic position of lecy.
- TOVT(ov: mase., referring to the Athenians.  Tyler follows Holmes in
referring it to Trprata, K. T. 6.
~ 210.,&... avLpdXata: obj. of Kpivev,; lit. contracts, agreements, but here
used of civil suits in a general sense.  Cf. L. and Sc. -  rriW...crKorroovVTas,
by considering them i?, the light of.  For this sense of Ierl w. gKO7rwev cf.
~~ 233, 294. -  &opgXE'rrovTs, by looking away to the praiseworthy precedents.-  rrapaap[Xvi&LLv, to take along (7rapac); depends on vo/t'ielY and has
Tb pp6vplma for its obj. —qn cL, rI]qpL KCt a. 4  -ruv1XW: each dicast received
a staff, on wh. was painted the letter of the alphabet corresponding to the
section of the Heliastic court in wh. he was to serve for that day, and a
ticket upon wh. the name of the holder and the number of his division were
written. At the close of the sitting the rard/uoXov was given up as a voucher
for the dicast's fee of 3 obols. — T& Tl!6o1-,L the court-roomn. - KECVwV, i. e.
ra -rwY 7rpoY7Vwv dCtitc'xra.




2 16                            NOTES.
~ 211.'AXX& yap, Bzdt enough, for; denotes a transition. -   ierxEav:
as if casually. -  ozrTLV & =   ntae. -   rrdOWev, sc. JKef'ee IrIOev; the digression
begins w. ~ 180. -    L4WKd6JEo', we had arrived; i. e. we ambassadors.nriv &XXov, sc. the 2Etolians, Dolopians, Phthiotans. — rpa-6PELS: Amyntas and Clearchus are named as the Macedonian envoys. - vOv: to prove
that I am not telling a different story Fnow fr. what was told at the time of
the embassy.
~ 212. orvKobavL-(aS, caluemny. -r-O'v KCILpOv: f. AEsch., ~ 137 (cited below) and ~ 141 (cited on p. 84). -  W's ETEpoWS: cf. ~ 85. -6s'OLKEV: cf. ~ 203.
-  6 ir-Vfk0vovs  KS al. pirTp: Diss. observes that the repetition of the article
would be objectionable, as the ideas of e6,paovXos and )1TWop flow into each
other.  The article is repeated in Xi rpoalpeaTs Kal i 7roXtrela (~ 93), rbv Trf s
eCLapelviY7  Kai rov ai-uraTerov (~ 205), -robv roXTrev6/eoY,  Kat Ti' rb PTropa (~ 278),
where either the emphasis or a logical distinction seems to demand it. -
o$8&v...  uvvat-rLOS:   contrasted w. e6~vos airetos.  In those things wh. might
naturally be supposed to have been done in part by me, as being a statesman, he allows me no share; but for those misfortunes wh. are in no way
related to my calling and work, I am alone responsible. What consistency!
~ 213.;iroqo-aav-ro, i. e. the Thebans. —iKeivovs: the envoys fr. Philip and
those fr. the other allies of Thebes, who had the precedence. — o... K i.Xaov
= in sunvmma.- -v =  -ro-toW t. - a.- robs, i. e. the Thebans. -   moUXovraL:
the direct for the indirect mode, to give vividness. -     SLE'Vras aQrcrobs,
either by allowing themselves (i. e. the same as eIKeLvovs and subj. of -iiovv)
a free passage through their territory (Bceotia). -  m& EiK rs'A. POo'Ki1FLwrca:
cf. ~ 44 and note. - - $8 civ...,roXifov, while as the result of what they
aff-irm;ed we were about to advise, their property in Boeotia would be plundered
by means of the war.  An argument, as W. remarkls, that would have great
force w. the selfish Thebans. — o'vvreCvovT', all aiming at the same result.
~ 214. dials: the ellipsis of e',Xyoeoev immediately after iXeyov is not
harsh.  Some MISS. have dvreiro7Aev. -  a'I&  v...YL   & v: cf. note ~ 201. -
&vr'L...TLqCLqv-ayqv, to repeat these things severally I would count worth all
pmy life. -   pa&s 8E 88oLKa: prolepsis for e60otlca j1.k'A~ets. — orswep av Et...
iyo$LEvoL is elliptical; the full expression would be "yot4evoo Waorrep &tv
9'yoeolOe ei f'yoroe.  Cf. Madv. G. S., ~ 139 c; H. 754; C. 622 d; G. ~ 42. 3,
N. 2.  Transl.: thinking thcat even a deluge, as it were, had swept over the
events; i. e. all trace of them had become, obliterated.
~ 215.!JETd& raOTaC: this narrative is entirely contradictory to the statement of ~Esch., ~~ 137, 140, 141.  Diss. thinks that such a bare misrepresentation as this of LEsch. (assuming that the account of Dem. is true)
could not have been made unchallenged before the court; and he regards




NOTES.                                217
the passage as a later insertion in the revised edition of _Esch. - -trrE,
iorh0EtEE: Bremi calls attention to the asyndeton as descriptive of rapidl
action. - cro-''o Tr'cov 6w-rXL-vV, that, whepn our infantry and cavalry were
encamped ozutside the walls.  Reiske understands that the Theban, infantry
and cavalry vacated their own city for the occupation of the Athenian army
and encamlped. outside.  This would. be a "compliment" unheard of!
Besides, as Diss. observes, the distinlctive pronouns your and their could
not be wanting.  Bceckh Econ., p. 387, speaks of the difficulty, owing to
the laxity of discipline anlong the ancient soldiery, of obtaining permission
to introduce an army into an allied city for quarters.  The meaning seems
plainly this: the Athenian forces after pitching their camps outside were
invited to take up quarters in the houses of the Thebans; accordingly, r7Vp
orpartav embraces as a general termn Twrv 0Xsrotv  and wrv irrrreov. -  Ka0'
V}L=v -- brtp Vblzv.  So Phil., II., ~ 9: tlyTo'sTov KaO' ibiv CEyKi,uLov. Contrariwise in Hom. II., VI. 524, 7r-ep = Kard: "00' bzrep E'Oev aicrxe' daKowo.
-     4ropoo-rvgls, self-commnLand, Wh.; good behavior, Kenn.; EnthaletsamIceit, Jacobs. -  c&levovs: explanatory of cdvptas; L&tatolTep aCitov explanatOlry of &LcaCtovlSss. - Kel T-...K{i... 8' K. T.., Cabd ZUwhat is kept 6under the
closest guard not only by themselves but also by cell nen.
~ 216. KMTo y' v  s - quod ad yes quidem  attinet.  V. — otiTE....:
negat. and affirm. correlated; so often. - Trs TrpTaS: all the MSS. except
2 add uaXas. W. is the only editor we know of, besides Z, that follows 1.
Another instance of such a verbal ellipsis is found in Lysias pro iMantith.,
~ 15: TfS wrpdbT?7S [SC. aiX-s] rTeT7ay/JevoS uaxeoao Tros 7roXetylotS. But in our
sentence we would more naturally supply wrapaTrdiets =  anaCzeuvrcs, skirnishes, fr. the preceding partic.  W. thinks this admirably suited to the
connection, as the allusion is probably to the preliminary marches and
skirmishes by wh. the combined Thebans and Athenians sought to check
the advance of Philip. -- ro-  rroTraloO, i. e. the Cephissus, wh. flows through
the plain of Elatea and enters Bceotia not far fr. Chneronea. -.rv XE[LIpELvhv: critics are divided as to the application of this epithet, some making
it mean the skirnish in the winter, others in the stormn.  But for the latter
meaning the word is properly Xectueptos. If, w. Grote, we suppose an interval of 10 months (fr. Oct. 339 to Aug. 338 B. c.) between the capture of
Elatea and the battle of Chlnronea, there is no difficulty in placing these
encounters early in the spring of 338 B. c., and understanding XEtAeptPv'V of
a wintry time among the mountain passes of Phocis, where snow is sometimes found in the spring months.  But if, w. Clinton Fast. Hellen., App.,
p. 16, we suppose that the battle of Chieronea occurred only 50 days after
the news arrived of Philip's entrance into Phocis, we have no recourse left
other than to say w. him, " the word XezsAeprc'v is probably corrupt."




218                              NOTES.
~  217. ti Xov, emuzlcation, enthusiasm. -- EL pV...Et....... Et S....EL: cf. I&v
6'... v, ~ 178 and note.- -Et v....Lp'puvpS, if what he himnsclf called the gods
to witness as bcineg most excellent; sc. by participating in the sacrifices, etc.
(avt0eue). - xrpq a'cera-a, i. e. by condemning Ctes., wh. would necessarily
imply a condemnation of the orator's policy. -  rovs 0Eovs: the gods by
whom  the judges were sworn were the samte as those to whom  Esch. had.
sacrificed. - EL 8e iL 7rapqv presents the other horn of the dilemma.
Lord B. comments upon the exquisite diction, the majestic rhythm, the
skilful collocation of this passage.  The dilemma, he remarks, is better
than the average dilemmas of oratory, and quite sufficient, though incomplete, for the momentary victory at wh. alone the orator often aimns. What
retort could /Esch. obviously have made?
~ 218. O)q[Batot...voCi{~ELv, but the Thebcans were in the belief that they had
been preserved through7 us. The careful student will have noticed before this
the fondness of Dem. for infinitive clauses w. the article. — ots vop.C'ov-cLv, i. e.'/tv.  So reads I; all other MSS. have 6oKootv.  V. supposes
voi ouo'v, to be a corruption due to the proximity of Pvo/UeLv.- OVTOL refers
to iEsch. and his associates. -  -rriEwwrEv  the imperf. denotes the frequency
of this correspondence, the object of wh. was to incite his allies in the
Peloponn. war to render himn more prompt assistance.  Cf. ~ 156. -  orvEXLM, K. T. E,, my pcrsistence, and ray wanderings (sc. his rpelo/eat), and my
harclships. -  SLE-vpE: there is no passage in ~sch. speech where this is
done. - -,r is placed last for the sake of emphasis.  Cf. r&ws, ~ 235.
~ 219. KaXXklo',rpos, that distiengLished Cacdlistratus.  He was the most
eminent orator of his period, and is said to have incited Dem. when a boy to
the study of eloquence by his speech on Oropus. -'AptL-r[o* ov: cf. ~ 70.
- KE4Xos: cf. ~ 251. -  Oparo-VouXos: the famous deliverer of Athens
fr. the rule of the Thirty Tyrants, 403 B. c. -   Lw OairVTZOs = 6arXhs.  Cf.
~~ 88, 179. - 17rweLXwe, was wont to'reserve for himself private7y.   7r6o expresses the underlying motive. -  EL' [L EyvoL-', euphemistic for in case of
a calamity. -  &viaop&v, a fijnal resource, a means of recovery.
~ 220. oiros: very emphatic; join w. n'4yav ehat. - -8OKEL, SC. O KitUvVOS. - Xcypov ou8e ITpdvoLGmv, that it seemed to me to allow no opportunity nor
even forethought for persoinal safety.  -r os aSaXetas belongs gramm. to 7rp6omtav, but logically also to Xopav wh. would be followed by the dat. - /yarTOrbv ETvELL, one must be content. The orator means to say that in his opinion
duty to country should in such a crisis overshadow all personal considerations, and one should be thankful if he were able to discharge that duty.
~ 221. {rEwp = lrepi  cf. note ~ 9. - ypciovT'  4v: the particc. express
the condition (cf. ~~ 30, 190); av to be taken w. the infin. ypac'at, wrp&ac,
iroea[3eioar..-  ITjSi, nor even. - Ev wrT&oLv...T'xTwrov, inb all public affairs I




NOTES.                               2I9
constantly made myself the foremost.  W. considers the phrase nearly
synonymous w. EoJKa iUavrU6' in ~~ 179, 197, 219.
~ 222. Ets -rClTa, K. T.E..: the rhetorical order of the Greek may be
imitated in Engl.: This is the condition into which, etc.; this is the utterance
which, etc. - EraLp6oaevos X6yovs, he who before this huerled mcany defiant
boasts against the city.   wvqy'v i7ratpetv, ~ 291, = to lift up the voice in loud
tones. -  ALivSas: cf. ~ 249.  Acc. to the author of the Lives of the Ten
Orators, 848 c, Diondas prosecuted not only the authors of this decree, Demomeles and Hyperides, but also Aristonicus (~ 223). -   Tyr I.dpos: cf. note
~ 103. -  &nrowE7reuyd a, acquitted, rarely used of things.
~ 223.'ApLOTOdVLKoS: cf. note ~ 83, where the decree of Demom. and
Hyper. is taken as a single one, and that of Ctes. is regarded as thicrd in
order. -  -vyKacqlny/pqc-Ev: the usages of Athenian law-courts permitted
the prosecutor to associate w. himself several assistants in making complaint
and in carrying on the suit.  Cf. Meier and Schdm. Att. Proc., p. 710. -
A-q!olEAl~: a cousin of Dem. A. Schaef., II. 528, conjectures that the crowning proposed by Demom. occurred at the great Dionysia, April, 338 B. c.,
and that proposed by Hyper. at the Panthenaic festival, August, 338 B. c.
I prefer the view of W., that Hyper. was only incidentally connected w.
the crowning proposed by Demom. - I&XXkov....Ko6T's, smore properly than'
this mnan, i. e. Ctes.; simply because it is more fitting to punish the first
offence than the second after the first has been passed by unnoticed.
~ 224.  $SE:  refers to Ctes.; icetvovs to the persons just mentioned;
-rorove awTv, to 2Eseh.; oVros to Ctes. again. - &vEvEyKetv ei', to refer to
(as a precedent).  The force of the prep. remains throughout the sentence.
— WEpt TV Ov oir0 rpaX0EVT'rV, i. e. legally settled.  A suit once decided
could not be renewed in an Athenian court of law.  But the suit brought
by iEsch. was not exactly identical w. that brought by Diondas against
Demom. and Hyper. so that the spirit of the law, rather than its letter, is
meant, and the argument of Dem. is a mnoral rather than a legal one. -
TOTE, in that case; i. e. supposing Esch. had brought suit in the first instance. -  To rp&y/la, K. T. i., the real qucestion  (i. e. whether Deln. was
deserving of a crown or not) woseld have bceen tried on its own emerits, before
it had obtained any of these precedents.  These points seem well taken.
~ 225. ofa: ironical. -  CK wraaLcv Xp0dvWv, K. T. i.: he means the
transactions connected xv. the peace of Philocrates. - }i.TE... [L&Is, st. ovrte...oVe1es, because there is a shade of uncertainty in the thought, wh. is iLnplied in oeua. -  -poo-rELS: cf. note ~ 156. - SoKetv TL XMyELV, to seem to
speak to the purpose.  o6iv' Xeyev = to specak to no p2crpose.
~ 226. 1Vi *ns &Xq0LeCas: cf. note ~ 17. -  dovov O0K = all bset. — o4s.../uylv: the same pointis made in ~ 15. - KpC(rwV: subj. of eoeeOae.




220                              NOTES.
~ 227. repl K tIEv, i. e. Esch. and himself. Dem. makes the illustration
of his rival apply to them both. This idea is brought out more fully in the
sentence: oi yTap a  pe.ra7reiOeLv, K. T. e., ~ 228. - wrEpLEZaLL Xp/lfiJT  A-%
that money remains over in the hands of some one.  The figure is taken fr.
trade or banking business. - K0aeaLpoLv, lit. if the pebbles cancel or remove,
sc. one's credit of money (r7 Xp)y a-ra); i. e. if accounts balance. This sense
of KaOacpe&v seems somewhat forced; aipels in the passage cited fr. 2Esch. is
to be taken in much the same way, and a'vraveXesv (lit. to take nup on the
opposite side), ~ 231, has the same sense. Other Editt. except V. read Ka~apal lawv, wh. is explained as referring to clearing away the pebbles fromn the
board (cf. dpiKlov, Abacus, Diet. Antiq.) in opposite columns of debit and
credit, until the whole board is cleared and accounts balance.
~ 228. rooio8, "sapient."  Lord B. - vrapxELv -yvro-ljJvous: cf. ~ 95.
ov yap &V, K. T. T., for he would not be seeking to chacnge youdr mind, if
there were not such actn opinion as this existing in regard to each of uts.
Dem. proves himself skilful in retort.
~ 229. 0TLOEs +L qiovs, by casting up accozunts. -  or'os Xoy0-lco-s: o57ro is
predicate; for the mode of reckoning public deeds is not this (i. e. the arithmetical, but another).
~ 230. wrapc'ara}vovs: in agreement w. avTrois supplied fr. OvPaiovs
and subj. of KWXVEu. --- raTEKK6 L  oarTSLa O: cf. note ~ 195. -roaUs Xlo'rTs:
cf. note ~~ 145, 241. - +peLv KaL.y~ELV = to plunder. - Ev E[tplvnI: antithetic position to  -bv r6Xejeov. -  EK 0akX6.rnSi, from the sea reckoning landwards, hence on~ the side of the sea; referring to the security of the coasts
fr. predatory invasions. - XapovTa, after he should have taken Byzantium;
to be taken in close connection w. Philip's conceived (not actual) occupation
of the Hellespont.
~ 231. l+JoLs, sc. r0v -rl  qtcov Xoytaec-c: the orator doubtless asked
this question in a sneering tone: Can the statement of deliverance fr. such
threatened calamities be likened to an arithmetical computation of debit and
credit?-  q...'aVTVEXEtv, K. r. e., or does it seem to yoze proper to ofset these
against each other? Cf. note ~ 227. Does he mean (1) offset his own good
deeds or benefits against the misfortunes that are charged to his administration; as Lord B. expresses it: " Must these events be taken out of the opposite side of my account?"  Or (2) offset these benefits just enumerated
against the common misfortunes of the country; wh. is the interpretation
of Reiske, Wh., Kenn., et al.  Or (3) should our deeds be made to cancel
each other; are my services to the country to be set over against your misdeeds, so that they mutually cancel, and neither go down to later remembrance? The last interpretation seems most in accordance w. the spirit of the
entire passage.  In the preceding section Dem. implies that the calamities




NOTES.                                221
wh. -were prevented by his policy would have been the legitimate result of
his rival's conduct.  And we understand this inquiry to be directed, as the
one just before, to JEsch., and w. a touch of sarcasm.  The thought, then,
of the passage is this: when XAsch. asks the Athenians to change their
opinion respecting Dem. by taking into consideration the debit side of his
account, Dem. responds: "let our accounts stand as they are; they are
not to be cast up and balanced as trading accounts, and then forgotteln." -
wrpoowrCiOrnL, add to the account; a mercantile term  in harmony w. the preceding Xoywra6s. - 4v ots, in those cases iln which.-  Ka0.rc L: cf. ~ 197.rEpOLIs means the Phocians and Locrians, also the Thebans after the battle
of Chmronea. - *rs  nXcavepowxCas refers to Philip's generous and kind
treatment of the Athenians after the battle of Chceronea.  Demades
Fragym. 1, says: typaVa Kal (TtXtl7rW Tra3s' oUK &pvoujtat.  a-xtxiovs?yp
atXuahXL rovs dvev XvTrpCv, Kai XtXta woXt-Wv cr6/jaTa xpis KxpUKOS, KaL 7Y''phpwfrbv aivev rpeo-petas Xac3lv 6a iv TraOv' typata.  Cf. also Polyb., V. 10.rrEpL[aXXkkJlEvos, with a view to accomplishing the rest of his pzUr)oses.  reptf3XXeoOact = to compass or embrace in one's plans; cf. Isocr. Pcanegyr., ~ 184.
-   CaXfi@s  TrOLOVTCS, hap2pily; indicating  the subjective feeling of the
speaker, = I arn happy to say.   The difference between this and ItaXis
7rpairrovTe is clearly shown in Dem. c. Leptin., ~ 110: Ire b' baUch, KaX&is
7rotovV7,  Kal ar  ar Kolv~ nrpaetl Kal  Kara rl'V of)vo'oav tKal Kar a    r& XXa
7racvra   eutavoev EKEtvwI 7rpdrTere.
~ 232. wapca8EiyaL'rcL irX'rtov,  maneufacturing illustrationss; such e. g.
as that of the  1ko't. -  p/i}  ocx'XITC: the former Cic., Orat. VIII.,
understands of the criticism  Esch. (~~ 72, 166) made upon several expressions used by Dem.; the latter word may refer to the mimicking of certain
gestures peculiar to Dem., wh. were, perchance, not altogether in precise
keeping (cf. Esch., ~ 167) w. the artificial rules of the schools. - wrvv yp,
for altogether in consequence of this - don't youz see?- have come about the
affairs of the Greeks.  A similar ironical use of ovX opas is found in ~ 266.
-  rapilvveyKa, I extended my hand on this side, but not on that side.
~ 233. Ei4'...'crKgnwEL: cf. note ~ 210. - &6opla&s, resources; particularly
financial, as distinct fr. military (bveaimets). - 4ErL(rrc&s: cf. ~ 60.- Erotqora...E'etKvuev: notice the diff. in the tenses: if I had made...he wouCld
(now) poilnt out. -  XPO-OCLL T, Xo'y~, I shall make the statement; an emphatic paraphrase for Xe'co.
~ 234. Trous a&cr0EVEo'rTAovs: when the peace of 346 a. c. was concluded,
Athens had control over Peparethos, Proconnesos, Tenedos, Thasos, Sciathos, in addition to Lemnos, Imbros, Scyros, Samos, wh. belonged to her as
dependencies.  Chios and Rhodes had torn themselves loose in the Social
War, 357-355 B. c.; about the same time also occurred the revolt of




22 2                            NOTES.
Corcyra. - orv'rTotLV: an euphemistic word, whose origin Harpocr. explains:
tXCeyo  TOP S 60pOVS  uvv7TdeLs, e7reL5 X    aXeir e "epov  oi "EXXpvcs T'b TWV  Opov
6voeca. Bceeckh PnLbl. Econ., p. 544, surmises that this contribution was
subsequently increased (cf. ~ 237) to as much as 400 talents.  Cf. Dem.
Phil., IV., ~ 37 if.  This contribution was made under the new Athenian
confederacy formed in 377 B. c.  See Grote, X., cap. 77. -  irpoetELXEyEva.,
collected in advance, anticipcated.  Cf. Dem. Phil., I., ~ 34. -   wrXtiqnV...
irrre: an instance of asyndeton.  Cf. ~ 67. -r-*v OLKEWOV, the citize,-soldiery; the same as rcdv 7roXttKWY', ~ 237, in distinction fr. mercenary troops
wh. are meant by  7rXiLr7V;, i-rrea and ~eb'o& (~ 237). - 4oxpEp'TraCov, SC. $V.
- OTOLo: 2Esch. and his associates.
~ 235. wrs, se. Vb7rjpXev,XOvToa. - 7IpoXkyaov...P   ovXcuEV evoS..... +e ov...
iwrer0Ovvos: a most lifelike picture of the comparative weakness and strength
of a democratic and despotic form of government.  Cf. Isocr. N~icocl., ~ 19.
Larned compares Canning's description of Bonaparte's power: " He asks no
counsel, he renders no account, he wields at will the population and resources
of a mighty empire and its dependent states."
~ 236. KaL y&p'oi': the force of Kal = calso falls upon roOr', wh. refers
by anticipation to rtvos K6pLOS Os. -.rrprTov has no corresponding eTra expressed; the next point in the enumeration is o-a....repcyivotlv7. -  ov jL6.
vov!EtXov: his only privilege, as compared w. the advantages of Philip,
was that of harangcuing the people, and this he had to share w. his opponents. — rEPL[YEVOLVTO, and whatever successes these gaeined over sne; he means
in the discussions and resolutions of the Assembly.-  SL'...4lv.. ~rpo4aorLv,
through7 whatever i2retext eac7  success might chlance to arise.  eiKao'rov = ro
7reptyevz'oOat.  With r6Xot Supply'TtT'/erevov. -  raf0'... PEPovXEsVjEvoL, these
you adopted in favor of the enemy, and then took your depart6re (se. fr. the
Assembly).
~ 237. Ei, out qf; i. e. as starting-points. -  Msyapeas is written Me-yapeis, ~ 234. -  iv T roXLTrLK6v: cf. note ~ 234.-  o'VVT'XELCLV, joint contribzttion. - 6So-ov...7rXEt-Trrl: Y'ov would be the usual constr.; the genit. is
due to attraction.  A decree found at the close of the Lives of the Ten Orators states that this contribution amounted to more than 500 talents.
~ 238. TM... SLKLLO, our just dues as regayrds the Thebans.  He alludes to
the complaints of /Esch. contained in ~ 143, wh. is cited on p. 85. - T&
qrpbs Bvtv'rCovs S: cf. note ~ 95. -.r& rpos E/c.po&s: cf. lEsch., ~~ 92, 93.
- T(OV'LTV: ~"rc' T'aa hoc loco sunt mequl  portiones sumptuum in bellum
faciendorum." Schaef. —rtov...,pL.pcov: genit. of the whole depending on T&s
taKoogtas. -  TpLaKorio' v: the whole number of ships at the battle of Salamis is given by Thuc., I. 74, ace. to some MSS., as 300, ace. to other MSS.,
as 400, of wh. Athens furnished two thirds.  Herod., VIII. 48, says there




NOTES.                               223
were 378, and of these 180 were Athenian. - EXavTTOvr0~CL, to be defrauded.
Dem. turns into a meritorious act what ZEsch. had censured as an injustice
practised upon the city by Thebes, through the venality of D)em.
~ 239. KEV&S, K. r. E. you confer u~pon these (i. e. the Athenians) empty
favors i, calumzniating Gmze; empty, because so entirely useless after all was
over. — rrcapv, i. e. in the Assembly, as'ypapes shows. -  iVES'XETO, if,
insdeed, they (raDra) admitted of it, sc. irpdTrevw; i. e. if they were practicable. -  Pap& = b: on? account of, under the existing cirecumstances.
Schaef. But the sense seems quite as good if we take it as in trap' aTr&
-ra&bKbcaara, ~ 13, = -at the moment of; implying that the crises were such
as to demand instantaneous action, when they had to accept what they
could get, without deliberating upon what they might wish to have. - ooaiPlovX6MLEOa: the indic. denotes what is definite; oeil, the optat., denotes
what is indefinite. - Kc... KacL, not only... but also. - Tobs... &..EXaCIVOV;ivoEs:
W. takes in a hypothetical sense, and as referring to the Thebans and
others who were negotiating for an alliance w. Athens, in case they shlousld
be repulsed through the exorbitant demands of the Athenians.
~ 240. vGv, as the case stands. -  Ko.-TlyopLaS: the plural, since there
were many points embraced in the one formal accusation. - &v adds enmphasis to ir and modifies 7roethv...XeMyew below, where it is repeated.  Cf.
CT. ~ 42. 3, N. 1. - Troi'rov, i. e. ra vrpbos OiPaiovs &iKata in ~ 238. - aKpLPoXoyovfLvov: deriv.? chaffering, h, aggling.
~ 241. oZx, sc. &v AXe-yov. -   OVX10EvoL refers to the people of the vroXets
above. - J-T, feurthermore; it continues the question in the direct form introduced by oi; the whole is summed up at the close in OVK aev 7ai' gXefyov.
— soi'EkXX-q-zror'Vov, K. T. E.: the calamities wh. in ~ 230 he named as the
impending results of the policy of his rival, the orator here sums up in a
different order as likely to be laid to his charge by _Esch., had he not prevented them.  His enemies now find fault w. the means by wh. he averted
the calamities wh. they were preparing; but these very calamities, had
they occurred, they would have laid at his door; they were bound to blame
him anyhow. - O-LTO' OJlJwcLgs: cf. note ~ 87.- TrJv X Eqorwv: cf. note ~ 145.
K- Ke...ye, yea...ancl.
~ 242.  UforrEL KCvasos:  cf. note ~ 162. - T-&v0pdWrLov, manikin, apoloqy
for a mnanl; the neuter and the diminutive combining to form  the contemptuous term. — aToTpayLKos  rs r0lqos: an allusion, probably, to his
extravagant imitations and mimicries on the stage. - &povpamtos Otvo'Mos:
cf. note ~ 180. - 8ELVOT1S, power as an orator, eloquence. -  raTpC8L: for
the omission of the art. cf. ~ 170. - vvv, now at last, to-day; this emphasis
belongs to it also in viv XVyets; ~ 243.
~ 243. Berorep av (i: the ellipsis (cf. ~ 194) is somewhat as follows: to do




224                              NOTES.
so is just as absurd as it would be (icrwep &ev cf if, etc. - &o-0Evov-L, K. T'. e.,
visiting his patients in the course of their sickness.  On the parallel passage
in Z1sch. given below, see Introduction, p. xv. - & VOJ vLtd'tLEv, the customary rites were being performed over him. -'rb Kal'r, this and that, so and
so; an instance of the original demonstrative use of the article - &vOpcoros:
Bekk.'s emendation for 6,OpcoTros of the MSS., on the ground that the art.
is needed w. the demonstr. pronoun. - eTra vgv, do yose then qnow  at last
(when all is over) speak?
~ 244.'rolvvv marks the conclusion. -  rv ijrTav: at Cheronea. — rrp'
Ellao1, in mly power. — $ Srot iMr4EOriv: the indic. emphasizes the actual fact,
while 7LreLC0/Ei-v, ~ 45, states the fact indefinitely. - oUiK....oK...o VK... O....
o~0 Vc...orK...oi: a marked instance of asyndetosy, adding much emphasis to
the expression. -   eE'raXCas: of these embassies little is known besides
what is said in this oration and in the Third Philippic.  The Theban has
been described in ~ 211 if.; that to Byzantium, in ~ 88.  Thle kings of the
Thracians were Teres and Cersobleptes.  The latter iEsch., ~ 61, mentions
as ivpa piXov  Kal ori,upaXov -rs 7rwoXet. - dXXoO~cv o'LSap6ev: Dem. also
went on a similar embassy to the Peloponn. states. Cf. ~ 79 and note ~ 45.
-   XXk' Ev os, K. r. 4., but where his ambassadors were vanquished inr argumeust, he came with arms and carried the day. Kenn.
~ 245. pXo KVaKIa.v o-KWrTv  scoffing# at the samne Tmanc for cowardice.  In
allusion to the charge of Aisch. that he had fled fr. his post on the field of
battle.  This story, first found in  Esch., grew as it was repeated, until in
the Lives of the Ten Orators, p. 845, it is narrated as a fact, that Dem., as
lie was fleeing fr. the battle-field, became entangled in a bramble-bush, and
panic-stricken turned to the bush, saying: "Spare my life and take me
prisoner!"  Against this charge the orator finds a sufficient defence in this
and the succeeding sections.-'Ts...+vX  s: commentators are uncertain
whether to tale this as courage, temper, or as life.
~ 246. rr&crwv tE'aoCrLv, a full examinationz. -  o0 7PrcaLvroi.aL: I do not
beg off. -'iTpaKT': Grote, XI. 441, remarks upon this claim  of Dem.:
"The first Philippic is alone sufficient to prove, how justly Dem. lays claim
to the merit of having'seen events in their beginnings' and given timely
warning to his countrymen." -rOXLT-LKC = oltcia; which are inhlerent and,unavoidable defects belonging to all popslcar governmnents.  7roXLS is used
lere in the sense of 7roc-reca.  Cf. Isocr. Nicocl., ~ 17 if., for a comparison
between democratic and monarchical government. -  Ws: separated fr. the
superlative by a prep.  Cf. ~ 288. - 7rporp(Eaw, sc. r-s w7rXNes. - o8MeS
6epTn - ob Ax -rtS ebp- 1.  For ou p-i/  w. subj. cf. G. ~ 89; H. 845; Cu.
~ 620; C. 6297.
~ 247. r  SLSovatL KaLI SLctOEiCpEL, by promises and bribes to those in pouwer.




NOTES.                             225
Cf. note ~ 45.- TCov  Kar&T CLairCa 7rpcxxOC'vrov, of the deeds done in this dopartment; i. e. as KipLtos and  teiyv  6rav agvvaewe.-' - vr SLapOCapqvaL, in the
mnatter of being bribed by money or not.  7o is dat. respect. - 6 cWvo'uevos,
the bidder.- tb Ka"T EiJ'  the logic is clear: by two means Philip conquered, sc. arms and bribery.  But with arms I had nothing to do, and as
to bribery, I proved myself incorruptible; ergo, the defeat of the city is
chargeable to me neither in this nor in that.
IV. ~~ 248-290. DEMOSTHENES DEFENDS HIS POLICY AGAINST THE
CHARGE OF BEING IJNFORITUNATE; COMPARPES THE FORTUNE OF ATHENS
WITH THAT OF OTHER STATES, AND HIS OWN FORTUNE WITH TIIAT OF
AsSCIHINES; AND FINALLY APPEALS FOR VINDICATION OF HIS POLICY TO
THE INDORSEMENT OF THE PEOPLE AFTER THE BATTLE OF CHfERONEA.
"A  ai~v: relat. clause precedes for the sake of emphasis. -Toirov: Ctesiphon.
raoCta: wh. have been enumerated.- fviets, sc. zrapeixecaOe eis ri, K. T. C.
- Tr-lV  oi&Xlv: of Chmronea. - OaccLarTO-bV Iv, when it would not have been
at all surlrising, if the nuZlltituCde had become disaffected towards me.  For
OavuaoarTv 5v cf. note on E'irpKet, ~ 196.- Trp$CTov IyV: fearing an immediate
attack fr. Philip, the Athenians placed their city in a state of defence w.
all possible speed.  Read the graphic account given by Lycurgus in his
speech against Leocrates, ~~ 39 - 44, of the state of feeling at Athens in consequence of the defeat at Chneronea. -- irvO'...SLO T('v  LAV J+.: an inexcusable exaggeration. The proposal to place the Peirneus in a state of
defence, to make the Metics citizens, to set free a portion of the slaves, to
restore to citizenship those who had lost their political rights, to bring the
women and children to the Peirneus for safety, was made by Hyperides the
orator. -   T'r EILS Ta TdCXq XP.: the hasty and tumultuous preparations of
defence described by Lycurg. 1. c. are meant, for wh. a special contribution
seems to have been made. Cf. ~~ 171, 312.- roLT'vqlV, yrain commissioner.
Special commissions were appointed in time of war and of unusual scarcity
to procure an extra importation of grain.
~ 249. ieT& CraiTa: when the excitement had died away, and Philip had
announced through Demades his friendly intentions. - crv-urTv'v ~v: without the art. to make it indefinite. - ypacO s, se. rapav6,uwv, as appears fr.
vnJo/ua yp6a~eLv in ~ 250. - eViOvas, complaints for maladministration. -
Edoayye~ass: cf. note ~ 13. - -d ye  rpcTrov, at first; the emphasis of ye
indicates that they did later.  The leaders of the Macedonian faction had
to move cautiously, as there was still strong sympathy w. Dem. among the
people. -'Kpplvod'rjv, I was brought to trial. - 7.o-rLKXEouV: nothing further
than what is here mentioned is known of him nor of MEXavros. -   [LXoKp6'.Movs: not the same person as the one mentioned in ~ 21, but of Eleusis.
— AL&vSov: cf. ~ 222. -'rovvv resumes the thought interrupted by the
15




226                             NOTES.
long parenthesis.- -OrTO, i. e. i-o &bKaiwos Ci,e wO1jvao. — yv:v'rov Td. i EiopKa,
gave a verdict in, accordance with their oath.
~ 250. Tb Itpos: cf. ~ 103. -    iwErcacvEo-0E, you were indorsing; lit.
setting the seal rtpon, spoken of the logist..  The force of the impf. in all
these verbs must not be overlooked. - ovX a...'TLejEVOV, not that (nalne)
which he caw the people afixing. - Sfov... $.SLKCOS...LXiiaELa: correspond
in their order to the different kinds of trial referred to by Dem. above;
thus, the eioayyeXia was tried before the demus, the ypa b l rapav6bcwv before
the dicasts, and the eb06vrl before the logistoe where the trial was an issue
of fact.
~ 251. TO9 KEkeXov: a statesman who flourished at the time of the
restoration of the democracy under Thrasybulus.  He was instrumental in
uniting Thebes and Athens during the Corinthian war. - Tb'...4>edyELV, but
it was the honor of Celphalus that he was never indicted. -   &kiXXov, sc. ta&
roero: the sense is: why should a cmasn who has never been convicted, blt
often been tried, on this account be held in, reproach more justly thce, the mnan
who has never been on trial? -.irpds ye TOqTOv, as far as this man, (AIsch.)
is concerned. - iypwla&Tro... 8owgE: the former verb denotes the act of bringing in the bill, the latter that of carrying it through the court. - IqShv,
st. oveUv, because it is as the acknowledgment of IEsch. (not as the absolute
fact) that he is in no respect a worse citizen.
~ 252. Ey ~...pyogqa)L...'T;po: this sentence passed into a proverb, and is
found in the Florilegium  of Stobneus. -  lv yp: the relat. precedes the
antecedent ra6rnjs.  By beginning the transl. w. wrCs Xpb, K. r. e., the student will make a clearer Engl. sentence. - XpTaQL T, X6yco: cf. ~ 233. -
&vOporrLV6TEpo v  V: the sense is with a more j7.st notion of human life.
~ 253. AwSwvaetov: the oracle of Zeus at Dodona was the most venerable
of all the Greek oracles, although long ago superseded in influence by that
of Apollo at Delphi.  It may be that the orator purposely passes the Delphic oracle by from a suspicion of its truthfulness and patriotism, -a suspicion attributed to him  by /Esch. in the words  tXt~r7r'i   e  rv rv IIUO'av
dexKWv. - q vyv Er4EXEL, which now prevails. — TCs ydp...7rrEriEpaaTML: at this
time Thebes was in ruins, the recent uprising against Macedon in the
Peloponnesus had been quelled by Antipater, and Alexander was in the
midst of his conquests in Asia.
~ 254. Tbo...&dpELvoV  pTp&T'TELV, and to fare better than. - 8L6tEtv in the
oratio recta would be &dcaova-tv. Regularly, what mode would be found
here? —Ts  &ya0es TvXns: partit. genit.  Athens, though under the
Macedonian yoke w. the rest of the Greek states, preserved its independence in affairs of home government much better than those Peloponnesian
states (r7Cv oi106ev'rwv...&d8eLv) that had stood aloof fr. the struggle against




NOTES.                                 227
Philip. - -tb ok iporKpooo-al, and that there were reve' ses; the sentence
is the obj. of /eretX70E'Vat wh., like /e-ra6is&ow   and  TereXcw, may be followed by the accus. as well as by the partit. genit. - Tb  iE'pos: in appos.
w. the preceding infinitives; as that portion, of the fortune of the rest of
mnankcind which has been allotted to uts.
~ 255.  8$Lav... v TotS SttoLS, pcrsonal...in persornel Tffairs; not in public matters. This is in reply to the charge of XEsch. that the misfortunes
of the state were partly due to the ill-starred fortune of Dem. - Sirxv, sc.
80KEi' fr. &OKCj. Inferior MSS. add ovUPoKe'v. -  0  S, in contrast w.?-yu we'.
KVpLorE'paV, paramount to; i. e. more effective for weal or woe.
~ 256. rr&vTos, altogether, at atny rate; modifies the idea of 7rpoatpe?
eerTd4eCv. -  Lov irpbo  ALbs: the same order is found in ~ 199. -    Xp$Tr7qa, folly, Lord B.; bad taste, Kenn.; coldiness, indifference, L. and Sc.;
ungenerous feeling is the excellent rendering  of Holmes, who explains
the word as denoting "a lack of that human warmth of heart and sympathy which would naturally'produce great tenderness of word and deed
towards the unfortunate." -  rpowqrXaKLteL: cf. rpo7rw7XaetyaoXv,, ~ 12. -
&vcLyKto aLL: the orator makes the same excuse in ~ 126. -  $K TrJv EvovTov, sunder the existing circumstancees; lit. out of the things possible, i. e. as
material.
~ 257. Tr  rpo/lKovTra  LSacoKXata, it was my lot to attend respectable
schools when? I was a boy; in distinction fr. the schools attended by his
rival.  A Greek School education, as described by Plato Protag., p. 325,
consisted of (1) -ypda/a-ra - language spoken and writte n; (2) literatutre, or
the study of authors; (3) mnusic, including rhythm; (4) eVKo'-UIa = good
principles and proper behavior.  Before ri  rpoo-'KOV7ra all MSS. except Z
and L. have  e'v O6rt eot-rv eis = to attend upon; this reading may have
arisen fr. the desire to obviate the harshness of the constr. that joins b7rsipxev first w. a subst. and then w. an infin. (gXetv). -  5o... vGELav: the
father of Dem. left property to the value of'14 talents. How dishonestly
this estate was administered by the guardians of Dem., so that but a small
fraction of it fell to him as inheritance, we learn fr. his speech against
Aphobus, I., ~~ 4-11. - tEX60v'TL, i. e. when he became an  01Eqbos. -   KOXovOma -rour'oLs, ini keeping with these (my) circuemstances. - XoP1Yitdv, to act
as chorgzgus.  See Diet. Antiq.  Dem. is known to have been choragus in
350 B. c., when the difficulty w. Midias occurred.  Cf. Orat. c. CMid., ~ 13.
- TpLqpapXEtv: cf. note ~ 102. The duties of trierarch were performed by
Dem. several times: once in the Eubcean war (357 B. c.); cf. ~ 99.  His
guardians had him  enrolled in the first class, and he was for 10 years
i7YEAUCw  ouVtLuoplaC.  Cf. ~~ 102, 103. - EtL(op+ELV, to contribuete.  Notumn est
dici de tributo extraordinario ad belli necessitates.  Diss. - +LXo[trLLas,




228                           NOTES.
acts of liberality, Kenn.; Freigebigkeit, Jacobs. Two such acts of generosity
are alluded to in ~ 268. - irpbs rd KOLVd = upon public life. - iroX&KLS
crEreavvjrOaL: cf. ~~ 83, 120, 222. - KaXC y', honorable at least; however
disastrous the result may have been. " Dem. never forgets his leading distinctions." LARNED.
~ 258. 1&v gXov = -av Xol'u: cf. note ~ 96.  The partic. w. concessive
force occurs without iv in ~~ 138, 264. -  vXaTT61EvoS -TOb Xvuroa~L = -vX.
/ij Xvr7-caw.  Cf. G. ~ 46, N. 8 b. - o'EJvvvoaL: here used w. iv, but in
~ 259 w. ewrl. The antec. of ohs may be understood as TroS rpa-iyao. -
Gr~eIUVO}LEvo Os: this word is repeated w. a certain degree of bitterness. -
woLM TrLvl, what sort of a; the addition of Ttr adds to the indefiniteness of
the question.  W. remarks that this entire passage now following, as well
as that contained in ~ 129, is to be regarded as the revenge of Dem. for his
rival's similar attack upon him.  (Cf. JEsch., ~ 171 ff.)  We could wish
that the orator's revenge had been, instead of this, a dignified and contemptuous silence. - TpLPov: the ink was probably prepared, like our
India ink, by rubbing from a cake. - oKi&ov, K. T. L, having the rank of
a menial, not of a gentleman's son.
~ 259. TEXoVir-, engaged ire the rites of initiation.  The allusion is to the
celebration of Orphic-Bacchic mysteries of Phrygian origin, wh., though
under the public ban, had gained at that time considerable foothold in
Greece, owing to the prevalent taste for semi-religious excesses.  The deity
who was worshipped in these rites was Sabazius or Sabadius, the son of
Rhea or Cybele, who in later times was identified w. Dionysus Sabazius.
Cf. Aristoph. Av., 875. - CLPXous: Plato RIepubl., II. 7, speaks of the
large number and extensive influence of soothsayers and priests, who carried about with them volumes of oracular sayings and formulh  of consecration, wh. they pretended came fiom  Orpheus and Musnus. - veppLtov,
wrapping ina fawn-skins (sc. the novitiates). -  KpanlqpCtv  is defined by
Phot. Lex. as otvov diro- Kpar-popw v l' roie.vo'r-Tplot o'-r6&8Wv. - &7oLJT'rTrcV
is explained by Wyttenbach (ad Plut. de Superstit., p. 166) as follows:
"Lustrationis pars erat ut corpus lustrandum  circumlineretur et quasi
circumpinseretur imprimis luto [irz-Xop], tum  abstergeretur [7rtr-potS], quorum  illud est 7reptarTTertv hoc droLtdrreCv, sed utrumnque promiscue de tota
lustratione dicitur. - &vLo-r&s: the candidate seems to have been in.a lying
or sitting posture during the process of purification.  Cf. Aristoph. Nub.,
255. - 9Ivyov, K. T.'.: a formula wh. signified that one had passed into a
new life.  It was used also in certain nuptial ceremonies.
~ 260.  0~yyEoa0aL ipi-ya: ~Esch. seems to have had good lungs and a fine
voice, wh., if we may credit Dem. (cf. ~~ 280, 285, 313), he used not without ostentation. - KaXoiVs: ironical. - TC  IMpp0(a  C Kal'T XEQKn: the




NOTES.                              229
fennel plant possessed the property of charming serpents; the white poplar
was believed to grow in Hades, and served as a symbol of life and death.
Harpocr. Lex. says that those initiated in the Bacchic mysteries were
crowned w. the white poplar, because Dionysus was a Oebs X06itos. - -ois
wapedzs, squeezing the puffy-cheeked stnakes; so called fr. their large puffy
cheeks (irapeia); they were thought to be harmless.  Cf. E]tym. Magn.,
653; Aristoph. Plut., 690., The use of serpents in the Bacchic services is
alluded to also by Eurip. Beacch., 697. - E1ot o-apot, Eitoi Saboi! a Bacchic exclamation, whose origin grammarians give variously: eboZ fr. eb o,
ei trot, eb ol ([tvrhat), de vli'; C~a[oi fr. Cra/g3 (=   PdKxoS) = one who has been
initiated into the mystery of Zapc4tos, the Phrygian a3iKxos. -  iis dorrqs,
Hycs Attes!  iV]S is generally taken as simply an exclamation w. dTTrrS, and
diTTrS as an equivalent of Zacpciatos. The name'"A-rrn is found in Pausan.,
VII. 17, ~ 5. The whole is supposed to be the opening or the refrain of a
Bacchic street chorus, that was accompanied by dances and contortions of
the body. -'lapXos, leader of the choir, chorister. - Wrpolyyq2v, leader of
the procession,, Marshal. - KLTT'O6pOS, adorned with ivy; Attic for KIatoopbpos.  The ivy was sacred to Dionysus.  This is the MSS. reading; but
Reiske, Bekk., Taylor, and others follow Harpocr., Suid., Phot., and read
Kcaroq0pos = bearer of the chest (wh. contained the sacred utensils).  V. contends that it is improbable that the same person should be both KLto-ro0pos and XItKwOvpOe if they mean different things, and that both words
should be used if they mean the same thing. -  vOpvwrrt, sops; ace. to
Photius they were bits of bread sopped in wine and sprinkled over w.
pulse. - o-rpErroi's, twists (orrd0w). - vEijXaQa   were, ace. to Harpocr.,
fresh-ground barley-cakes dipped in honey and studded w. raisins and
chick-peas.
~ 261. 6wrrwoaSirroTE = quocumque modo; implying that it was in a way
anything but creditable.  Cf. note ~ 130.  The enrolment in the register
of citizens was made at the expiration of the 17th year of one's age. -
ypati.%Ter.ev: cf. ~~ 162, 209. - -ots &PaX8CotLs, the petty oicials. -   rqtlXXCyl~s: by the choice of this word he wishes to imply that it was a hard
and disagreeable service to wh. iEsch. had been bound. - -r...- 1,  by
your subsequent career.
~ 262. tots papvo'rVoLS, nicknamed the groaners; probably fr. their ridiculous overacting of the pathetic. - XL16iXq: Demochares in Vita AzEsch.,
p. 246, mentions the fact that Esch. wandered w. these strolling players
through the land and appeared on "the provincial boards " in the celebration of the rural Dionysia.-,p4TatyovCo~-rcs: cf. ~ 129. - o-vXXy/ov, gather? ing from the orchards of others, just as a fruit-huckster. The country Dionysia occurred at the time of the vintage. Esch. is represented here, ace. to




230                             NOTES.
one view, as going about the country gathering up fruit, either as a thief or as
a beggar; ace. to another view, as picking up fr. the stage the fruit w. wh.
the audience pelted him  and his associates for their poor acting.  If the
latter view is correct, it is difficult to see what eK 7TJv faXXorp. X. refers to,
since it is wholly superfluous w. 0rcopow/vjs. -  rketXo Xa[l&vOv': the sense
is obscure.  Most critics understand these words to mean that AEsch. liarvest of fruit was greater than his earnings as an actor, TrJWv &Tyvwv referring
to the dramatic contests in which you (the actors) were engaged at the peril
qf your life.  By taking acywvou  to refer to contests between the spectators
and the actors the gloss rpa/.a-ra after 70TrorT, wh. is omitted by Z alone,
crept into the text. Others understand the allusion to be to the blows
received by him as a vagrant in the orchards.  But Dem. would not say:
"you received more blows from  this calling than from your acting," when
lie states immediately afterward that they acted at the peril of their life.
Professor Tyler seems to combine the two interpretations, as if the orator
used an intentional ambiguity: " the result was that they got more (both
kicks and coffers) in this way, than from acting in the plays." - &owrovsos
Kal &K1IpVKIOS: in explanation of 7repi rTs  uvX~s.  The war was without
trucce, i. e. unceasing; and wCit7Zout herald, i. e. imnplcacable. Cf. Xen. Anab.,
III. 3. 5. -- pa$1a*r' alludes to the showers of stones, fruit, and other
missiles sent by the audience for his wretched acting. This is more fully
described by Dem. in de F. L., ~ 337: ore ekv To Ovo'0irou KaI r7v & rl Tpont
KK w& /ywvi'e-ro, fecepXXere avrov KaL eCUvp'TTreTe EK T(YP OeCiTpWV  Kal p6vov o05
KXTEXE reTe OViTC0S &TE* TEXeurTV7ra T0 ro  7pt)aprayWrvtoe? aroooTrlat. -  WIS SELXois: with reference to the reproach of cowardice that AEsch. brings repeatedly against him.
~ 263. &XX& yap: cf. ~ 211 and note.- -rpos aT&...KaTnyopqlmaaC, I
sh: ll proceed to consider step by step the actual charges against your character. -  rOTE, at last; " continuing the taunt that JEsch. was long excluded fr.
political life by his low origin and occupations."  HOLMES. - Xa~y& Pgov
nIs, you led the life of a hare; a proverbial expression for a life of
~anxious fear and timidity.
~ 264. XLXL'v...&7roOavov'Tv: Lycurg. c. Leocr., ~ 142, and Diod., XVI.
88, state that a thousand Athenians fell in the battle of Cheronea, and that
two thousand were taken prisoners. —?'v tw'VTov   contains an implied
contrast to adroeavP6,bv-. - liv GE(LatcL: potent. optat.; cf. note on atv Xot,
~ 16. - eU$Xpcs, recklessly. - 6ora... E'rLv: how diff. fr. bora & Mp?  Cf. G.
~ 61. 1; H. 761; C. 651, 641 e.
~ 265. rTdL (ot K&1Ot PEPLWLE'Va, lit. the things lived by yous and by me.
Cf. ~ 130. - (S8~aorKS-....wrarpLos: this passage was regarded by the ancient
rhetoricians as a model of antithesis.  But Demetrius de -Elocut., ~ 250, finds




NOTES.                                231
fault w. the number of balanced sentences; he thinks the effect of the contrast is weakened by so many antithetic parts, and the entire passage shows
more artifice than earnestness.  In sharp and severe outline Dem. sums up
the career of his rival in its five leading points: (1) as assistant to a pedagogue (~ 258); (2) as helper in the initiations (~~ 259, 260); (3) as clerk
(~ 261); (4) as actor (~ 262); (5) as statesman (~ 263).  Most Editt. have
eX6peves, -yw' 8' Exop'iyovv after EreXoViuv; but this sentence is found neither
in Z, L., nor in the oldest rhetoricians. -;E'XELS...EEXo~ljJlv: the antithesis
becomes clear when we understand JrTXeLS of the disreputable Sabazian mysteries and lreXoeU-7v of the sacred Eleusinian mysteries.  Kenn. quotes fr.
Milton's Apology for Srnectynniuus the following imitation: " Speaking of
the young divines and students at college, whom he had so often seen upon
the stage acting before courtiers and court ladies, he (Milton) prloceeds thus:'There while they acted and overacted, among other young scholars I was
a spectator; they thought themselves gallant men, and I thought them
fools; they made sport, and I laughed; they mispronounced, and I mimicked; and, to make up the Atticism, they were out, and I hissed.' "
~ 266. so- &... &vo ioXy/rlt., cand it has been, admitted that I have done
no wrong whatever. To ad&lKev is the accus. retained w. the pass. constr.
-VKoa'VTl': for the constr. cf. note on rotOerotS, ~ 128. - KLVSVVEELS, K. T. i.,
and yout are in danger either of being obliged to continue to do this (i. e. act
the part of slanderer, since Aisch. to be consistent must play his rdle to the
end, must not stop, therefore, with gaining this suit) or of being forthwith
silencecl, by losing this suit.  Thus, the orator means to say, AEsch. must
be in either case the loser. -T-rb Ir4JE1rOV: cf. note ~ 103. - &ye- ye:
notice the ironical force of ye. - o4X bp s: cf. ~ 232. —,s it }s: the
comm. reading a(lds W's OaAXs, wh., as Voem. justly remarks, weakens the
force of the sentence, for no one r7X?7S KaTryope? WS dyaaOrs.
~ 267.'Tv XEt-rovpyLo/v: such as are enumerated in ~ 257. - &vayvo, let
me read, although below he says XiEye; but it is well known that what one
orders another to do, he may be said to do himnself. -  lJoL = Ipray thee;
the ethical dat.  Cf. note ~ 178. - ikXaC(vov, used to mtcrder.  Cf. ~ 180.
WVe speak of mnurdering the king's English. —JK...,rvXas: the beginning of
the Hecuba of Euripides.  2Esch. had personated in this play the shade of
Polydorus as tritagonist. -  KCaLKLyEXEZV is an  irrat Xe'y6uevYov.  This iambic
verse is from an unknown tragedy. -  KaKOV KCaKS: an instance of paronomasia; cf. ~ 11, and the Latin malos male perdere.  The close resemblance
of this sentence to the trimeter KaKOV KaK0WS aO' yiroXE'eetav ol Oeol, wh.
occurs in Athen. IV., p. 150 c, was recognized by Meineke.
~ 268. TOLOiTOS, SC. e yCS. -  KOLVOS, SC. eci'u, I acgn peblic-spirited.  A
similar omission of the first pers. of this verb occurs in Dem. Lept., ~ 55,




232                            NOTES.
where Jo*/iv is to be supplied. - EXvacr-aqv: Dem., ace. to de F. L., ~ 169 if.,
ransomed a number of Athenians who had been taken prisoners in the
Olynthian war. - crVVgE'8oKa, joined with any (se. the poorer of the citizens) in portioning their dcaughters.  Every bride must bring her husband
a marriage dower; the poor obtained it by the generous contributions of
their richer friends. - OT5'E...O'SEV, join wi. &v eti'rol.  In this category
might be placed contributions to defray burial expenses, and to buy military
outfits for the poor.
~ 269. y~...~ 6vetSi'eLv: the same just sentiment is given by Cic. de
A1micit., XX. 71, as follows: "Odiosum sane genus hominum officia expro.
bantium, qum meminisse debet is in quem collata sunt, non commnemorare
qui contulit." -  roLc'ravaa, sc. eb, wh. is found in most MSS. -,byv li.v
means rOv e' rra6v-ra; rov 8U refers to 70 7roteoiavra7. - }JLKpOV...VESLL'ti LV,
is almost like reproaching one. - rrpoaXOl'rofa, sc.. -  girws wro0',
K. T. i., but in whatever way I have bee7n regarded as respects these things,
I am content.
~~ 270, 271. a7ra/XXayEs, having escaped from; as if from some unpleasant thing.  Cf. da7r7XXa'yrs,   ~ 261. - Vr,ro' Tov T rbv OV  LOV, i. e. the world
of the Greeks. - &LOos, runscathed by.- viv, i. e. in the year 331 - 330 B. C.
Cf. note ~ 253. -'Tv  fi!V... o0XEL:    a similar turn of expression is found
in ~ 20.-'rriVTrov atL'av: alriav is not found in 2, and is, therefore, rejected by V. and W. But this word seems necessary to the sense. Deln. is
refuting the notion, so persistently declared by his rival, that his personal
fortune was answerable for the misfortunes of the country, and his argument
runs thus: you cannot name any one who has not been injured by Philip
or Alexander; but among those who have been thus injiured there are
many who have never seen me nor heard my voice. Can I be' the cause of
their misfortunes? How much more just, then, is it to say that our misfortunes and theirs are attributable to a common cause (sc. -rb  &a7rdvrwov,Opcbrwv TUxip KaI rkopy  tlva rpay warwv XaXerriv), than to call my fortune
the cause of all, i. e. of all the evil that has come upon the Greeks and
Barbarians.  Voem. and West. render: I concede that mny fortune, whether
you please to call it good or ill, has become the fortune of all (men). But how
that follows fr. the supposition el /ev 3yap 9XCeL, K. 7. i., I do not see. - qopav
TLVCw...oZX oiCwv 98EL, a certain irresistible and deplorable tide of troables.
Some take oopav here in the sense of crop or harvest, as in ~ 61.
~ 272. wrap& ToVurOL&L, among these; i. e. my fellow-citizens, as distinguished fr. 7roXXoei TaWv bu7)emrro0r' i6PvTWC, K. r. C., above. -  Kat {L  i,
even f nlot. - caO-roKp&'op, e. g. like Philip.  Cf. ~ 235.
~ 273. &.I.... rporTLOELt rK'oEtv, and at all times the city proffered the opportunity in commoni (sc. to all) to consider her adlvantage.-wr&tL.....PXTLOV:




NOTES.                                233
this taunt is not fair.  iEsch. and his party were outvoted and had to submit to what they could not prevent; their approbation they did not give.
-  aVT': the measures proposed by Dem. - oZi  y/p We' EZvoCL, K.'-.., for
it was not out of good-will, certainly, that you relinquished to me, etc.; i. e.
you did not give up these in order that I might have them.-  X7rCdowv,
hopes, prospects of reward. -    -FTi.Evos, because you were compelled.XMyELV kEXTCW: cf. eireYv Pe'Xrtov above. This change of tense and number
gives variety.  Which of these forms of expression has more reference to
the nature and contents of the action? -  vGv 4yKA6VS...TO'T' OUK EXES:
how and where has the orator made this point before? Cf. ~~ 188, 196,
217. It is the characteristic of a good orator to impress an important point
by frequent yet ever-varying repetition.
~ 274. {y/y', I for my part see; however oblivious of these principles
my opponent may be. - wros Td'ToLaVOra, such principles as these somehow
defined and laid down. -- tSLKEt tLS EKdV: former examples of this hypothetical form of statement are found in ~~ 117, 198. -  opy/lv KaI TLjopaL'...uMyyVd. Tv, sc. twpio'tiams dpcS. --  oi;T' &SLKc6V T-LS  K. T..: transl. in this
order: irs...boS...o KarTrp0woo e.. OM...o'T. The parties. d&KwPV, edapapTrdvwv are placed at the beginning so as to connect this third category more
closely w. the two preceding. -  or KardTp0oo-E, failed in common with all.
On the distinction between dTirvx Tara, &uaprjara, d&&lK',aara, cf. Aristot.
Rhet., I. 13. -  rC TOLOTC?: the addition of the art. makes the reference
more specific = such ant onle as this.
~ 275. srots vo',oLS, froi'0  the laws.  The distinction between v6,uot and
Yv,eSgUot may be stated thus:,'/uos = a positive, definite law or ordinance,
generally written; voupxuos = a principle or rule that is founded upon custom or upon the moral sense of every human being. Cf. Soph. Anttig.,
451: ot robS Jv asvOpcwioto-tLv iptav,v6,Covs. ov6 atrOe'vew rorovroVTV ouv, Tar& T&
Kqp6'y/xara's ir-d  dypawra Kal doOaXwa    Oefiv v6/u/uxa.  Cf. also Plato Legg.,
VII., p. 793; Dem. c. 4ristocr., ~ 70. -  oErto-: cf. note ~ 114. — &,vXqplUTWv: misfortunes he imputes to me as crimes.
~ 276. 67r)s fJ/ 1rapMcKpOvo'ocL: for the mode cf. G. ~ 46, N. 2; H. 743a;
Cu. ~ 533, Obs.; C. 624 b. -   ELVbv, skilful as a speaker, hence eloquent.
So  etvir-q7ra below = eloquence.   Esch. had named Dem. KaKoOpyov ooq5toaTv *-7V TO5V j7-a Kal faXavr10or6Tov Kai 8ta7-eTluK5Tra Tr7v rToXTreav'   6etvos
yLtoevpTys XU6yvw,. -  Ws 4v... o.OVTcS gXovTra  as though when, etc.,... then
these statements must also be trlte.  For the constr. cf. ~ 122.
~ 277. Trhv...SELvodrTc: another instance of aposiopesis; cf. ~~ 3, 22.
The thought thus interrupted is resumed w. the words el n' o v... ee7repla
rota6Tr7. - g-rTW y&p, nay, be it so.  Let it pass that I am an orator; this
imputation is, after all, a kind of proof that I am  in sympathy w. the




2 34                             NOTES.
public; &cs Y&p...*roUCd0e,, K. K. e. --    rE 7XEtoov, for the most part, generally.  Some MSS. insert tudpos. - s ya&p...&CroS T7qrOE, for, according as
yJO  may receive andfeel kindly towards each. For the subj. w. iv cf. G. ~ 62;
H. 757; Cu. ~ 554; C. 641. — 8oge: why the aor.?  Cf. G. ~ 30; H. 707;
Cu. ~ 494; C. 606. This sentiment, that the audience controls the speaker,
not the speaker tile audience, is stated negatively in the de F. L., ~ 340:
" Other powers are tolerably independent, buct that of speaking is reduced to
nothing when you who hear are opp2osed."  The same important truth has
been dwelt upon by all rhetoricians fr. Aristotle to Whately. -  rrap'  ol:
cf. ~ 110: 7rap' &KaCdorq rb ovvet(os,irdpXew vgot. - 058''LC%, not even for my
personal interest. -'roVlVTL'tov, s. ECbp-o-e-e              TTera~'oiv v.-'ro'rOov: to be
referred back to the collective rts, as in ~ 99.
~ 278. Etdr XAlXv06'as, sc. ra  &Kar — pa. -  &Ltofv arT 4-PE1pLto Ov, to require to secure to himself; i. e. by condemning his opponent. - EorLE'vaL
nor ought he to come before you, as a prosecutor. -- rpCoas...9XELV, to have
them  (i. e. these feelings) mildly and moderately disposed. -TOrbv  roXLTEVU.EVO OV...TiV PTiopa: the former is one that takes an active part in
public affairs, the latter more distinctively a speaker and advocate in the
public assemblies.  For the repetition of the art. (rb,) cf. note ~ 212.iv ols...Trc 8Ip, et in qLuibus populo res est cumr adversariis.  The full expression in Greek would be Eiv ToTOeS a TrpbO, K, T. i. Cf. rpbos bO iv iqY  v  O
dayw'v, ~ 235; Isocr. Panegyr., ~ 12: ezoi b' obis 7irpbo roovrous... o-Tiv.
~ 279. IjqSevbs 8&  &StLKi'fJLro... SCK-qV: here Dem. briefly reiterates the
points more fully treated in ~~ 12-16. -  JqKELV: subj. of Ei-ri  r/L —qeov. The
art. (rb) is used w. this infin. below. -   -ouvEcKEUacr'-vov, OV  having concocted.
-  oSEvobs: neuter. -'   iTo'rbv, more emphatic than euavro6v, me vmyse7f.
-      Tw'dv8', i. e. Ctesiphon.-  KaL wrao-av'XEL KCLKav, involves even the
sum  of all baseness.  Most MSS. omit Kai, and then vvO...KaKiav forms a
pentameter.
~ 280. Xyoiyov...'TLLwpcaav: for the same topic cf. ~ 226. -  gova'rKCas:
AEsch. practice in elocution and his fine voice are derided also in ~ 308.
And in de F. L., ~ 336, Dem. says: e7rapei riTjv 0qwv'y Ktal rwe0wvao-Tc-qKxs  o-rat.
All this is by way of retort upon EAsch., who in de Ff. L., ~ 157, speaks of
Dem. voice as odIeav Kal daba-ov.  Yet how much pains Dem. took to cultivate his voice and delivery, Quintilian mentions, Orat. Instit., XI., Chap.
III., ~~ 53, 130. - povX41Evos: as incdicating the motive. — T'LL~OV, the
thing to be valued. - Torvos (TEcir), the pitch of the voice.  Cf. ir-cpas  riv
0uoviv, ~ 291. -  &v i iTarpts, sc.,u- KCaL'X?.
~ 281.  rr' ewvolC, based upon, good-will. - -Esrl Ts aurqs, sc. ay/KBpas, he
is not vmoored by the samne anlch.or as the multitude.  A common metaphor,
So  R  6vov p' pyev- = to have separate interests. - oiKoovv, K. r. E.: completes




NOTES.                               235
the thought of the metaphor. - Z~tpETov...8SLOV, nothing separate (from the
public) nor' personal (as opposed to public interests).
~ 282. E0owsS... rropE6ouV  ilmmediately after the battle of Chleronea an
embassy went fr. Athens to Philip, to treat for the release of the prisoners
of war.  At the head of this embassy was Demades (cf. ~ 285).  His associates were AEsch. and Phocion.  Cf. Grote, Chap. XC.; Plut. Phoc., 16.
-s refers to Philip. - -r6.vra' Xp6vov: taken literally, this is an exaggeration, since  Eisch. went on two embassies concerning the peace of Philocrates; he is to be understood, therefore (and doubtless he was so understood by his audience), as meaning all the former time since 346 B. c. -
rTClrrjTv.TV XpECav, althouy4g he refused this service (i. e. of going on an
embassy to Philip). - KCaaparaL: at the opening of each Assembly it was
customary for the crier or herald to imprecate curses on the enemies of the
state, and more particularly on those who plotted to overthrow the democracy and were bribed to betray their country into the hands of foreign
foes.  Cf. Schis. de Comit. Athevt., p. 92.  Cf. ~ 130. - oiVos-  TOLOTroS,
wh. is the reading of many MSS.
~ 283. or eJqv.rO-a:~   whv not AX? Cf. H. 837 b; Cu. ~ 617, Obs. 1, 2;
C. 686 c. -- v *~ woMXpw: in contrast with  et'er& riv AaCX-v, ~ 282. - vTv
aLTLcLv ci'ur-llv, this charge, se. of holding friendly relations with Philip.
~ 284. urpor-eroLo..6vlOPT?: cf. ~~ 51, 52.  " The repetitions, the enforcement again and again of the same point, are a distinguishing feature
of Demosth., and formed also one of the characteristics of Mr. Fox's great
eloquence." Lord. B. -T-rvTavLoTpL''s: the ceremonies described in ~ 259
were accompanied with the beating of drums and cymbals. -- -Ivos...  CXos...yvxpLos: the thought is presented in the form  of a climax, as each of
these terms expresses less than the one next preceding: guest-friend, friend,
acquaintance. - EX[p4ivos...yEyovc&S, Clthough youC yodurself have been thus
openly apprehended as a traitor,'and although you have become, etc. - ctl
TrotZs &Vu-bal: cf. note ~ 197. - faXXov, sc. X i/el, as is easily understood
fr. the connection. Many MSS. add these words; an addition that, coming
after so many long syllables, would mar the rhythm of the sentence.
~ 285. IIoXXk...ilvllqo6vqo'Ev: the connection between this sentence and
what immediately precedes is so loose, as to lead Dobrmus to strike out this
and to connect o-rygelov 4e' directly w. the last sentence of ~ 284, making the
sense: or-Lyeov & 7oD tC   E t'eye TV KacKwV alrtov ersau.  But the connection
as it stands, though not very close, seems clear enough: " I was not the
author of the evil he charges upon me, but of much good; and here is the
proof that the people so regarded me." - XELpOTOVoV...poUT: the custom.
of pronouncing eulogies upon those who fell in battle was a later addition
to the public funeral rites with wh. they.were honored (cf. Thuc,, II. 35),




236                               NOTES.
dating probably fr. the close of the Persian wars.   Cf. Diod., XI. 33.
Specimens of such funeral orations are the famous one of Pericles, given by
Thuc., II. 35 - 46; that found in Plato's McenexenuSs; the lerrdcptlos ro? Koptv0Lwov  pos0ois, attributed to Lysias; and an ErTrdaiLos, attributed to Dem.
The choice of an orator was made by the people, the Senate having only the
right to nominate (srpo[XqO0e'vra). -  Aqi8trlv: an orator of consummate.
ability, regarded by some as a match for Dem. himself (cf. Quint., Instit.
Orat., II. Chap. 17, ~~ 12, 13; Pint. Derm., 8, 10).  He was also a man
without principle and a notorious partisan of Philip, described by Plut.
Phoc., I., as vavdytov  7rs roXews.  As prisoner of war at the battle of Chbronea he secured the favor of Philip, and became the agent of the peace
(aprt 7rEre7oL7tcra -rjv elpvpu7v) that bears his name.  Cf. Diod., XVI. 87. -'Hyil-ova: a member of the Macedonian party and a self-educated orator.
lEsch. c. Ctes., ~ 25, mentions him  as the author of a law  w. reference to
the Theoric fund enacted soon after the battle of Chneronea.  Hegemon and
Pythocles were put to death together w. Phocion, five years after the death
of Alexander the Great. -  HIIv0KXdovS: at first a friend of Denl., he became
later the hireling of Philip. Cf. de F. L., ~~ 225, 314. -  if' &FLELVOV, etiain
luculentius et steudiosues. Diss.
~ 286. arVTO, i. e. o 6~jeos (~ 285). —... TCriT': a common inversion of
the order of relat. and antec. clause. -  cjloXoy~o'aaE, this yoa acknowledged
in the misforteunes of the state; referring to their sympathy and friendship
w. Philip, as at the beginning of ~ 284. -  oev, accordingly; as the natural
illference fr. such conduct. -  iv OpSvovv... &oELOv, they (the people) had the
opinion, thact those who fouencd in the public disasters security for the free
Utterance of their sentiiments (lit. freedom from  fear onl account of what they
thoutght, or, as some think, on account of whcat they puzrposed) had been their
enenmies long ago, but at that nowment h7ad become such manifestly.
~ 287. ELta KalI 7rporAKILV, in, the stext place to be fitting also. -  nroXkacLp.VOV'ES...TroTro  8'  &poV: an anacoluthon, 64 being used as if a verb
st. partic. preceded.  So in Xen. Anab., VI. 4. 16: XaXerorv, ec oi/eIvoc
Is r' EXX'&c Kal eraLPvo   Kal TCrtus Tre5eaOat, dvTl 6  r0 TO6T& ov 6' g0toto
rocs aIXXot eSo-6eEOa.  Inferior MSS. change into breXate/avov. -  Oltopdo'Lov...- po'irov8ov: deriv.?  Should scot have sat  cender the same roof or at the
same table wit/c. Kenn.  Pabst renders by Itaus- end [Tisch/qeaosse. -4 KEi:
at the court of Philip. -  KtoL&ELV cal raLovLtELv: Dem. de F. L., ~ 128,
says: oiros (se. Ai-Xivss) eCs 7aTlrVtIKCa TW-iV rpa-yteaThW   Kal TU roOXoekOu, &
Oato  Kaot al  AiXtcrros 9Ovo,, erleraro iXeOv Kac clrow&nv lte'reeXC Kal eeXv, as
e7  rois r-t, avatacX'  rc3, V /4erpwaV  reIXetc  Kal Xycpac Kal B7rXots doroXwoarcv
eCXCero EKEvos, Kac'umVrTqamvo0uro Kacl uvierautdme (tcXiArrw  Kal a    t\orscia
7rpo'7rtev.  Theopompus, as cited by Athenceus, X. 435, states that after




NOTES.                                237
the battle of Chmronea Philip invited the Athenian envoys to dine with
him.  Cf. note ~ 282.- Tn cWv j  c8KpiELV: the idea is that he assumed a
pathetic tone. -  V7rroKpLvoiivo VS, acting a part.  Cf. ~ 15.  The plur.. is
used so as to include in the allusion Demades, Hegenion, and Pythocles,
besides AEsch.  b5/yv, bgas below have the same reference.
~ 288. o'... apE0kvTEs:  an attributive clause, hence the repetition of the
article. -    skrl T&s TaCr s: an abridged expression = e&rl Triv Tv raowv rTapaKcevel; so ~ 312, etis T-iv ErrTLLLtav = eits rlv TS  cinrtrLas a&dXwI'ftv.  The
relatives of the deceased formed a sort of committee of arrangement for the
funeral ceremonies, the closing act of wh. was the 7repibeLTrvov or VEKp6eerevov.  Cf. Dict. Antiq. sub Funus.-  &XXws iros: supply a verb like
~erolvo'ay, as w. ob'rws above. -  &s Irap' OiKELOT&CA: cf. ~ 246. -  iaoirEp
&kXX' E'tgwe, i. e. to make the funeral feast at the house of the nearest
relative.  Cf. Lucian de Lnctu., C. 24. - KOLVl: as opposed to ydeet. The
sense is this: the statesman who labors for the welfare of all the citizens
stands more nearly related to all than any other individual citizen; each
individual mourns over his own kin, but his grief is for all alike. -  3... LEpev'EV: ataqepetv is used here like the Latin interesse w. the dative. - & piu,roT' hbeXov, sc. 7raOe': what kind of a wish? Cf. G. ~ 83. 1, 2; H. 721 b;
Cu. ~ 515; C. 63S g.
~ 289. EIIIrPAMMA: the monument erected over the ashes of those
who fell at Chlronea is mentioned by Pausanias, I. 29. 13, as situated in
the outer Cerameicus, on the road to the Academy.  Such monuments bore
inscriptions (7rt/ypd.uuaara) wh. contained, besides the names of those buried,
some poetic commemoration of their bravery and patriotism.  The inscription before us is of unknown origin, is not found in ~ and several other MSS.,
contains many irregularities of diction, and is altogether so unsatisfactory,
that almost all critics believe it to be of later composition. -  Jis 8ptv
i0EVTO 67rXa, piut their arms into the conflict; an unusual expression; OoaOat
orXa = generally to stack arms, to lay down, arms. -   frrEO-KeSao-av: a poetical exaggeration as regards the result of the battle. So Lycurg. c. Leocr.,
~ 49, says: Ei &  Me r7rapaciaozo, yv  ewire6,~ adXJ0s 6e', VLKwV7Tes d7re'aCvov.JLapvcLAEVoL 8' aprETs KCat SE(aT.os: so read the MSS.  Voemel, in an Excursus, gives at least 15 different interpretations of this distich, of wh. the
more ilmportant may be stated under these four heads: (1) Many recent
Editt. accept Valckenaar's conjecture of XijuaTos for &4etaTros, and join both
genitives w. teapv. as genit. cause or price: contending with bravery and
coutrage; or, retaining &eUaaros, understand it w. the Schol. as = q60Bov ob
etxov lrep rTs 7rarpiLos; or change the reading to dper-   X 3i el/aXrom =3
virtute intrepida; or read dperTY KaTa baet/aro  =- virtuzte contra commenzzen
terrorem.  (2) Join dpeTrs KrI XM75gaTos w. eoawoa-, = they did not preserve




238                                NOTES.
their lives as the price of bravery acnd courage  or read  la&&  eiyjfaTros    = they
did not, etc., through a display of bravery.  (3) Take,perTis Kai Xqjxuarog as
an exclamation    0 O vaclor and courage! or change to diper~s b 6e1,yguaros0 display of valor!   (4) Join dperfs  Kai 6eigaTros w. [pa3/, the negat.
clause o'JI...v..  xdS being parenthetic and requiring the   XX\a following.
The regular order would be: gapv. o' (ox eiC-adCav  /uvxcs, cdXX') dape-ri s  Kal
e'iAaros... p paO5. A similar transposition in the order (called Hyeperbac1to?) is
found in Xen. Hell., VII. 3. 7: baues roVs 7rep'ApXtav Kal'Tr-cirsv (ov0 r'iov  aveiteivare, CdXX&) aware 7rpWTOV eCbvvdaO7Tre irTLcwpoja'aoe.  Ace. to this
view the sense is: these by their deathl proved w~hat they were, whether brave
men or cowards; brave men, of course, for they all chose Hacdes as their conmmnon arbite'r. V. cites Lycurg. c. Lcocr., ~ 49, in support of this interpretation. - OViVEK'EXXhvov must be taken closely w. the idea of dcrrOaovy that is contained in- OVK   dwoaasav tvvXds. -  tryobv a.XE'VL evrEs: this is
properly said of victors who impose the yoke upon the vanquished.   Diss.
renders it by se subjicie~ntes.  The idea would be more properly expressed
by vb7rb'vybv aXivsa e     TE O&. -  o-rMjaTa =  the bones, for the bodies were
burned upon the field of battle. - ij$e  KpC-LS: referring to what follows.
-   q&Sv &iCap'eTv...g7ropev: this distich has been variously understood.
The two main interpretations are given   (1) The transl. acc. to the punctuation here adopted, wh. is that of Bekk., is: to fitil i W nothig is of the
gods, and to succeed inl all things in, life  btt from  destiny no escape is allotted.  The sense of the entire passage then is thiss: these sacrificed their
lives for the freedom  of their country; in that they lost their lives they
met their txo?pa, fr. wh. there is no escape anyway; in that they failed of
success they were not at fault, for success (7rrara KcaropOoOv, wh. is the
positive side of gyqEv as&apreiv) is the gift of the gods.  Oedv is possess.
genit., it belongs to the gods, hence is theirs to bestow. So iEschyl. Septem.,
625: OeoO oe 8&posv o7'ty eU'rvxeis pporo0 s.  Notice how well this interpretation harmonizes w. the sentiment: r Olev y&ap 7ripas, K. r. e., ~~ 192, 193.
It also agrees, as we shall see, w. the application Dem. makes in ~ 290.
(2) But Z., W., Dind., not to mention many more, punctuate after KavropOoOv, join ev 13iorq'  w. what follows, and read thus: to fail inl nothing and to
succecd inl all things is the prerogative of the gods; but in mortal life (i. e. to
mortals) it is decreed in no uwise to escape destiny. Here the condition of the
gods and of men is contrasted, and we should expect some such application
as this: it must, therefore, occasion no surprise, if we mortals fail in our
undertakings.  But how different is the application wh. the oratbr malkes
below  in ov re3 avOuupo3x, K. T. e., we shall presently see.  To tbe many
poetic translations already published of this epitaph, all of which follow
in the last distich the second interpretation-just given, I venture to add
the following: -




NOTES.                                   239
Thtese for their coeuntry rushed into the fray,
And bravely kcept the boastftl foe at bay;
SpIared not their lives, but p9rizing honor's name,
Ch/ose Hales judge of glory or of shame;
For Hellas' salce, that far removed might be
Forevermore the curse of slavery.
And ntow gszarcds well their sleep the fatherland,
Since this decree from  Zeus shcll ever stanld:'T is of the gods when all life's plans succeed,
Biut no esccpe from fate to mortals is decreed.
~ 290. Is Tro i 8Ev, K. T. T., you hear,  also in this very thinzg (epitaph),
that the statement...attributes not to the statesrmacen but to the gods the power
of macinzqg those w7ho contend susccessfeel.  How the second interpretation of
the last distich, the gods alone are successfiel, can be made to harmonize w.
this application, it is difficult to see. - zr6vTaM Kacropoov: most Editt.
place a colon after the words, and thus make a harsh asyndeton in oul rK
ovu,.poeXc, K. r. e. - -rpeL+Ecw: a true optative.   Cf. G. ~ 82; H. 721;
Cu. ~ 514; C. 638.
V. ~~ 291-323.  CONCLTuSION.  (a) ~~ 291-293.  TnE FEELINGS EXIIIBITED  BY IESCHINFES ON ACCOUNT OF THE CALAMITIES OF HIS COUNTRY.  W's &v, se. XoL: a similar ellipsis occurs w.  p7rep b' &v, ~ 197; &%rep
ev -rpUTavr, ~ 298. - Xapuyy~lv, lit. straining his larynx, i. e. vociferating.
— Tros... v0lrpots, in the distressful events that occurred.  Cf. bvuaoevae,iwv
TOES KOCVOCS a'yaOos, ~ 217.
~ 292. Tris rTOX LTEdAs, the constitUtion. -  OUTO5, se.  aCioKEt.  tEsch. professed in his speech  great solicitude for the preservation of the ancient
laws. -  KC  EtL: cf. note ~ 272. -  TeT(XOatL,to range himself. -  irp&y~/a,,
trosubles. Dem. purposely uses a mild term; but _Eisch., ~ 57, more strongly
says: TjV he hrvxll7coTHv  7rarTwPv A-qtoo-e06'Ov atrtov -ye-yezv'Le'vov. -  &rro:
denotes the point of departure; not before but only fiom  the adoption of
my policy.
~ 293. TrpaCOTToiV-: Schaef. renarlks that the departure fr. the regular
order, rj  -rp. apXV, throws the emphasis upon dpXq.   Similar are -r&...
PXaaps7,ulas eipr-lpevas, ~ 126; r7'v...6jA-v...b7rcpXovroav, ~ 98.  On the contrary, the  regular attributive  position  of the partic. is found  in rdv
ecipyaouEdvwv.. icac&v, ~ 142, where the emphasis falls on eipyyalcEvwv. -
iTots tkXXots means the rest of the statesmen who may have. received public
rewards. -  ~, olS'  -tiL: cf. note ~ 171. -  gpXaTrrE: this he did by asserting
that any single individual could make any such arrogant claim.
(b) ~~ 294-296.  2ESCHINES IS CONSPICuous AMONG TRAITORS.  T..




240                            NOTES.
LrLvrtIcO, But why do I rebklce hiinfor this, when, etc. — LXLktrLrto-0jv: Lord
B. comnpares "Jacobinism."  Cf. ~ 176.  The orator has probably in mind
the passage fr. AEsch. cited on p. 100. — w' &X,1qOEas: cf. note ~ 17. -AvEX6vras iK jAo-ov, taking out of the midst, i. e. leaving out of view.  The partic.
is purposely left indefinite, agreeing w. the implied subject of aKo7-eorcOa.
Below he becomes more specific by the use of eipOLT'. -- As &XiqOs, really.
Cf. C's TEPWSo, ~ 85. This W's is the same as that used w. expressions of comparison and the superlative, but is usually not translated before adverbs.
~ 295. TroVs ir6wpXovTras wroxCraS, cives suse factionis. Schaef.  Cf. note
~ 174.  The historian Polybius, Vol. XVII. 14, criticises the unfairness of
Dem. for including in the category of traitors all those public men who did
not sympathize w. his policy of resistance to Philip; and he defends the
persons here named on the ground that they availed themselves of the aid
of Philip only for the benefit of their respective countries, not for their own
aggrandizement.  Most of these names are mentioned by Harpocration and
Athenaeus, who quote fr. the lost history of Theopompus, and in Plutarch's
Lives of Dem., Alex., Phocion and Timoleon.  Cicero has imitated this passage in his oration against Verres.
~ 296.  cLapot, K. T. i.: Kenn. renders these epithets by profligates, parasites, miscreants. -   KpoTqptaLo-IEVOt... 7rpowt7rwKOTES.. JLETpOVTCES: Longinus praises the cumulative force of these metaphors.,}Kp. = having crippled. Lord B. translates rrpor., having toasted away. 7rporwlvev = to drink
to sometlhing; e. g. qbXirry qOtXorqrolas rrpoti7rtev, de F. L., ~ 128.  But fi.
the custom of bestowing the drinking-cup as a gift upon the person whose
health was pledged (cf. de F. L., ~ 139; Xen. Cyr., VIII. 3. 35), this word
came to signify to give eup recklessly. So in Olynth., III., ~ 22: 7rpoCreworat
wTS 7rapaVT1Kca XdtPros r  ra Ts ro6Xews 7rpdyarTa.- T'rO  qSeva...a.rov - independence. - Acrav: the plural by the attraction of the predicate nouns.
— &VaErpa6CLC Es:a later form, the correctness of wh. is disputed by some
who prefer avarerpobJkres.
(c) ~~ 297 - 305. RECAPITULATION OF HIS OWN MERITS AND SERVICES,
AS CONTRASTED WITH THE CONDUCT OF THESE TRAITORS.  O-rVTa'OEcS...KaLKas...7rposocrLas depend on civaiaTos. -    8E SEt  h Xrk1pEv, if one ought
not to trifle; i. e. if one ought in all earnestness to call things by their right
names. - 8Lamc0ap'e'vT'v: gen. absol. - &papFevv   owb o' 0, lit. beginning
from yosu, i. e. with yo~u at the head.
~ 298. eb: the emphatic position at the head of the sentence should not
escape notice. -  LXkavOpwrrLa Xoywv, blanda verba. Diss. - oRoCws iltv:
Dem. compares his opponents to the tongue of a balance, wh. readily turns
to the side of the scale in wh. personal interests are laid as outweighing
the interests of the state. - ci"rre? w&v: cf. W's  &h, ~ 291. Dem. employs the




NOTES.                                241
same figure in his Orat. de Pace, ~ 12. -  Ka...,v  i&ve0pwrov'poor&as, and
standing at the head of the very weightiest interests of the nen of ~lmy time,
or, of weightier interests thant any of my contemporaries.  -rzv'vu pwwrcwv is
partit. genit. w. the attributive superlative, though the genit. belongs in
idea to the subj. of the verb rewroXtIievuat.  Similar are ardcTrwv l&,oOrTaTa,
~ 65; Wy...KpdaTwLTa, ~ 320. — 8& riut': this claim is as just as it is eloquent.  The honesty of Dem. stands unquestioned, in spite of the aspersions of his enemies.
~ 299. 8iv...SLEvp's: for the language of }Esch. see the citation on
pp. 125, 126. -  Fovu: for this genit. cf. note ~ 28. -  rroppo ivTOL, K. T. E.,
perhaps, however, Iplace these far below nmy political nmeasures. - o' XM0oLs,
K. r..: to bring out the rhetorical emphasis, follow the Greek order in
translating. -  o$S' -rr'L -ro$roLs...pov&, nor of my transactions do I pride
myself most ulpon these. -  7rXELS...'T06rous...XlevcLs: in ~~ 230, 237, Dem.
enumerates these allied states, friendly territories and harbors. - rroXXovis is
bracketed by some Editt. as an interpolation, and placed by others just
before r0os irerp.  With V. we may take it as belonging to both'irr7rovs and
ro)bs...c/kUvioue6'ovS (=  e'vous), since, in ~ 237, Dem. speaks of a large accession
gained by himself of both cavalry and mercenary troops. -?TOTov, the
Athenians. — ToUs...vo&pvo0vous: taken substantively. With the sentiment
of this passage may be compared the apothegm of Lycurgus found in Plut.
Lycuer., I. 9: OUK aV etld &rEiXL7,ros Tr6Xts -rts abiipdat Kal O5 rXMvOots lo-reqbdvWC-at. Wh. cites in illustration the well-known ode of Sir W. Jones, comniencing: " What constitutes a state?"
~ 300. wrpb, in, front of, as a defence.   IIELpaLLs... o.      & wo-T.oS: these
were enclosed by ramparts and fortifications of stone and wood, as contrasted w. -rn, Xdpav, wh. was not protected in this way.  ia-reaws is the
rarer Attic for a&reos. -  rots XoyLoILots, iL? tactics; dat. of respect. Notice
the emphasis of Eiyd  as contrasted w. rbtX7r7rov. -,rT VrX3-: and yet, ace.
to Diod., XVI. 88, the Athenians, after the battle of Charonea, condemned
Lysicles, their own general, to death, on the accusation of Lycurgus.
~ 301. o          aiK...rrpopaEa-aL: the orator, having spoken of the general aim
of his measures, now proceeds to particulars.  The topics here presented
have been treated before in ~~ 230, 240, 241. -  EK eXOakTTq s: cf. note
~ 230. -'rojis!d'pous, sc. Megara, Corinth, Achaia. - Thiv oLTOWOlWCrav:
cf. note ~ 87. For a similar anticipation in the construction cf. Demn. c.
C'onon, ~ 17: rais dcvacycaCias rpocpo'ea  6rws gIi ALeei'ovs yT~yLi'wrat 7rpoeibovro.
-  Trapa r&Elrav LX)LCav, sc. Xjpav, along a territory thirolughout friendly.
~ 302. -r&  ev...'r.   8', soume...othzers. -  brapXd'vrov, and to preserve some
of those belonging to our side; cf. note on O'rwpXovtras, ~ 295. -  rotabva,
such things, i. e. as would preserve these allies.  IIpoKovvrjrov: this island
16




242                            NOTES.
was in alliance w. Athens in 362, when it applied to the Athenians for aid
against Cyzicus. - XEpp6vrlJ-ov: cf. ~ 80. - T&vESov: this island was inmportant as commanding the entrance to the Hellespont. - m& 8': obj. of
vrpatat and subj. of,)nrdcpfei; ill apposition w. it are the names following.
B1UVtLovV: cf. ~ 87. -"A uv8ov: Abydos was, ace. to Dem. c. Aristocr.,
~ 158, in constant enmity w. Athens. - EimoLav: the genuineness of this
word has been suspected, because Euboea has just before been mentioned
as a part of the Attic fortifications. Here, however, Dem. is speaking of
alliance. Cf. ~ 79; A. Schaer., II. 396 if., 457 if. -'v 8' EViXELrE - & OUX,7rspXe.  Diss.  The verb is impersonal.
~ 303. KO'L...Kal, both...cald.  "The Kal emphasizes the connection of
plancb and exccuztion, for both of which the orator claims equal approval."
HOLMES. - lrapterEvTac: Dem. disclaims any crime of szegligeuce, of igaosrance, of treachery. -  kXuvaCvET'o... &vpE'p+Iv: the injury is represented as
repeated or continued, the final act of destruction as momentary. The plural in advirpeiaV represents the various agencies named as operating individually, as well as collectively..
~ 304. 11o'vov, only. - ( -TTCLaX..E...'ApKa.8: for the attitude of these
states towards Athens cf. notes ~~ 63, 64. -:KE'XpiT' iv, woucld have experienced.  Z and L. read Ke'Xp'qV7r 6y, wh. V. and W. follow, changing
ofUeli to o'Eses to correspond.
~ 305. Oiv OvTES: the av gives a contingent force to the whole sentence,
but is to be joined directly w. q.0ovv. -,Civ is added to these pronouns to
give them  a more definite reference: so many and such, blessings as these
just menztioned. The boast that Dem. here makes was really well founded,
and seems to be justified by the following sentiment, wh. is said to have
been inscribed upon the pedestal of a statue erected to his memory at
Athens:
Eitrep omi' Wv'pqPyvcip, Aqymr 0ezeS,, ees,
Or7roer','EXXS cowV Opevy "Aprs iMaIKeCbv.
-  roXXk...EX'kTrooL XP9I"aL, that I make use of statements falling far short
of the facts. - XEy..l. iavayvoOL: a similar coupling of these words is
found in ~ 28, where see note. - TraLurr: the reference is uncertain, owing to
the confused cbndition of the text.  The Editt. of Z. reject the addition
bov dptOA0b' -rv  [3om POe1 wV KCarai efLd p-lmolctuara, wh. is found in most of the
MiSS., and understand ravTi to refer to certain q/i/xaurat.  Z has for the
title of the omitted document or documents: APIOMOC  BOHOEIfQN
KATA  TA  EMA  4HNICMATA; but all the other MSS. (quod sciam)
have APIOMOM  BOHOEIfSN.  From the connection we infer that Dem.
calls for the reading of such documents as would shoxv how much Athens
had done to assist other states in their efforts to retain their freedom against
the machinations of Plhilip.




NOTES.                                 243
(d) ~~ 306 - 313.  DEM. PLACES  THE  COWVARDLY  AND  UINPATRIOTIC
CONDUCT OF  ElSCH. IN  CONTRAST WITH  HIS OWN.  Set: some critics
conjecture eBcc ill exact response to the question put in ~ 301: Ti Xpgv...
7roteV. - -V KarTOPOOV}L.EVo, K. V. 4., in the event of the success of which, we.should beyondl a doubt have been pre-enincntly g ret, and justly so, too. For
the genit. absol. used in place of condit. clause cf. note ~ 30. -!1eyo'rToLS
agrees w. the implied indirect obj. (,uciv) of b7rvpXeY.  With b7rWrpXev and
7rpoLOv many MSS. have aiv, wh., however, is not essential in such expressions; cf. note on e~75pKeL, ~ 196.  With Tb &:Kaiws supply Iceyio'Tovs  evac
as subj. of 7rpoo-Y. -  cs iipws: a euphemism  for adversely.  Cf. ~~ 85,
212. - o'V}lpWv'rTov: genit. absol., denoting concession. - -rEpLETL: whatever we may have lost, there is saved and left over to us from our loss reputaetion~ and honor.
~ 307. ovi II& AL' o0K: thus should the patriotic citizen act, and not, by
Zeus, no, not, etc. - T'r...wVroo'rTVT'r is obj. of 3aacrcat etv, and has depending on it Xe4yet, ypadfetv, Eyeetu.  broor7jy'ac = to put one's shoulders under
the burden in contrast w. d7'roo-Trvat above. - 1LeveLv rrl TOV'TWcV, lit. to remain  (restilg) 2upon these; i. e. to abide by these.  Cf. note ~ 17. - V{Urovkov,
insidious.'What is the metaphor? - ovSe y', and certainly  wot.  The emphasis of ye' falls upon 4irUvXiav as that of wh. he is to speak further. - 8,
ca thingy which.
~ 308. &'knXos, openlly, honlestly; as opposed to VrovXop above. -  Le'r7oT
Troe...XyoVTos,  sated of the man who speaks incessantly.  It seems that this
was possible even in an Athenian Assembly! Dem. refers here to himself,
as in those times he must have been unusually active in the debates. -
smo'KOXov, hcarassin g; euphemistic, like rlepws, ~ 306. - -roXXkk   8E T'&vOpILva, and gany are the casucalties of humacn life. Kenn. -  L;cr'rep wrvep.',
suddenly, like a gale cafter ca calm, he comes ouet from his silence as a speaker.
Tyler's edition remarks justly that hsvXtas  must be taken in close connection w. 7rvejua, the EK being transitional, as in rvoX0s tic beKopK60oS, Soph.
O. T., 454.  edavmq  is the gnomic aor., the tense expressing the sueddenness
of the appearance. -'reWovacrK'lKc!s, withl well-trained voice. -  (ouvEpeL, he
strings these together clearly and witiholct taking breath.  Cf. notes ~ 280. -
TrI  rvXoVTL: to some one or other of his fellow-citizens.
~ 309. i4jropLov KaUrTaoKEV'V, arrangements for conmmerce; by obtaining
foreign markets and entrepots for Athens. -  &orrOSeLX0to-Ltv, undisgeised.
~ 310.  -oT(rov... tTCao-Ls: the sense is, all this served as the test for
patriotic conduct. -  T'os &vew XPOVOLS means the earlier times of the Republic, in contrast w. 6 rrapeXOuuv XpSvos, the period just past. -  &',roSeLt[s, opportunities to prove one's self. --  v ols, i. e. ev CVbpct KaX\Ot Kciya oios, from
the collective sense of cvbpl before. - av4trEL yeyovIs, you will m1zcanifestly




244                            NOTES.
have been.  By the use of the future the speaker places himself in advance
of his own time, and expresses the verdict that posterity will pronounce
upon the character of IEsch. - 6orocrToo-v, lit. the any-eth whatever. The
part. obv corresponds to the Latin -cunque. -  wrrc y ois, K. T. i., certainly
not then connected with wheat advanced the interests of our country.
~ 311. oLKCetov: all the departments of public service are named here:
domestic, Grecian, foreign.   4 inrrqvWpO0ToL, has been improved.  The addition of &da a- in the Z. edition is wanting in the best MSS., weakens the
sentence, and is superfluous in connection w. eireor-qs and  oO rrpadavros.
wroiaL has a sarcastic force: what sort of?  As predicate in all these questions we. readily supply -yeyhvao-t uoO wrp6avTroS fr. the first sentence.
A similar passage is found in Dinarch. c. Dem., ~ 96.  On its rhetorical
power Dissen remarks: " Est autemr  magna et insignis vis in hac singularuin
rerum enumeratione et toties repetita interrogatione. " — CS...3O o0LM XP-q'
p.Tcov, what financial help of a political and public nature have you ever
give~n either to the wealthy or to the poor?  "The poor were benefited by
the alterations wh. Dem. effected in the regulations for the trierarchy;
the rich by improvements in the administration of the revenues."  Wh.
~ 312. c Tav = & X'.ire; Tav is probably an old dialectic vocative of Tr
or Tr6vY  = c- with vY CeEXKVucTK6 added. Dem. puts the following rejoinder
in the mouth of his opponent: well, bat if I performed nothing of all this,
yet I manifested the riqht spirit, did I not? —'ApLo-6VLKOS: the same one
mentioned in ~ 83. - eLs Trv  WrLTLLL'cL = et's rbv riS  rLrtrttlas'dvdiX-Wtv.
Cf. note ~ 288. It appears that Aristonicus had fallen through insolvency
into drttlta, that to enable him to regain his lost rights of citizenship his
friends made a collection for him, but that he expended for the benefit of
the state the money thus contributed. - -Tv CDLXovos...Xpd&T~rcv, the property of Philo, your brother-in-law. -  TrXELdwovv, sc. tr7vy: some MSS. and
many Editt. read sr-Yre rae Xvr-owv; then Xp-quL6rwv is taken as a partit.
genit. (more than five talents of the property, etc.), and it is to be inferred
that Philo left an estate of extraordinary value. -  gpavov Sope&v, a present
made by a joint contribution. - Trv i~yqjLVOV: cf. ~ 103. - 4' ots Xkupdvco, for the damage you did to the law of the Trierarchy.  Just in what
way, and when AEsch., as advocate of the wealthiest class, crippled this law,
we have no data fr. wh. to determine.
~ 313. Xkyov (K Xdyov, by speakinig of one thing after another.-4KK~poOcro,
lit. beat or drive myself out of the present (opportunity).  This he says with
respect to the shortness of the time still left him for the remainder of his
speech. - TOrToLs ots: masc., meaning the Macedonians. - vwavtas, vigoro0s.  "Youth as the type of (1) vigor or (2) violence appears in the uses of
veavias and all its derivations, as the Lexica abundantly testify."  TYLER.




NOTES.                                245
-- Xarpo's, brilliant.  When did you condescend to shine?  The epithet
may, however, be more directly applied to his voice, as below in XaaLrpo9cvo6raros. - -VCK' &v....SE, SC. wrpdrrew': many MSS. read elrrer  either
after av or after rTO6T&. - OEOKpCVlS, ace. to Harpocr., was a  VUKOqbVTipS.
Diss. explains the allusion thus: like this notorious informer and slanderer, JEsch. pretends to commiserate the fate of those who fell victims to
his own intrigues; as e. g. when he deplores the fate of Thebes and of
Phocis.
(e) ~~ 314-320.  DEM. COMPARES HI1MSELF AND  ASCH. WITH  THE
PUBLIC MEN OF THE PRESENT AND OF FORMER TIMES.  pe[LVcqc~L: in
addition to the citations fr. AEsch. given below, see also those given in connection w. ~ 208. — qv... EvoLmav  wrropXovuorav: for the position of the part.
cf. note ~ 293. -  rpoXapo6vra, taking advantage of, turning to his ownl account.
~ 315. VirwerIt, there is a certain lhrkitng (ubr6). -  Tois TrEOveTa S: the
sentiment " Nil mortuis nisi bonun" finds abundant illustration in all
literature.  So Thuc., II. 45: rv -y&p 0oK o6ra &rag el'Oev e7raveOV. 006vod
Ty&p Tros'ot rpbs Tb ciri7r-aXo,, rb be  T 1 zAwro6d'ov   davvrarycovrl'rq euVola rertly-rat. - KpLVO}LtL: what use of the mood?  Cf. G. ~ 88; H. 720 c; Cu.
~ 511; C. 647.
~ 316. ov' iv....IXciKa, nay, then, one might not say just how great; se.
these good services of former times were. - T&s hr.... &yELv, to subject those
that are coletrred upon the present generation to thanklessness and contempt.
A/yeWv implies that he would thus bring these good deeds out of their true,
into a false light.  For the prep. i7ri Schaef. conjectures repi, but others
defend the use of irti in the sense- of intended for, coming to.  (Cf. Funkhaenel in Fleckeisen Ann. Phil., 1858, p. 320.) - TOi'70V is understood by
some to refer to the Athenians (= wrapa TOrcv',, as it is written in all but
two MSS.); by others as neuter referring to the collective ri, and objective
genitive, thus: the honorable recognition and kindly feeling manifested for
this.
~ 317.  pae: slightly ironical, as if what he is about to say was already
clearly enough understood. - -airvT& pouXojuvll,  aiming  at the same objects.
-'rits, sc. 7o0Xrela KSati rpoatpdaez. -  KT' iKEYOUS: cf. ~ 17.  Some MSS.
add 7obs XpovovU. -  ot $MzoipovTS....... Lrvovv: for this irregularity of
construction cf. note on brroXa3acivovres.. roVro' JLopwv, ~ 287.  This anacoluthon doubtless caused the reading of teuvpov uev found in many MSS.
and adopted by Dind., Bekk., and others.  The antithesis in the idea is
brought out more forcibly by the inversion of the order of subj. and obj.
~ 318. i48Akbs: ~Esch. had two brothers, Philochares, who was distinguished for military service (iEsch. de F. L., ~ 149), and Aphobetus (Dein.




246                            NOTES.
de F. L., ~ 237), who was a somewhat prominent politician.  Diss. thinks
the orator refers here to the former, but W. thinks to the latter. -'va...
E'iwrco, i. e. than Xp7raTe.  In the same vein of sarcasm  he calls the entire
Macedonian party in ~ 89 of XprIoTOL. - Tro~S  KC0' a6lO'v, those of his own
age.  The reflexive refers back to the object rO' -S&vra.
~ 319. b 4LXiuLaLOv...&vryopev6Eoo: see Introduction, p. xv, for the
singular anticipation of tfiis point by Esch. in the extract given below.
Philammon, ace. to Harpocration, was a famous Athenian boxer and athlete, who was evidently well known to the orator's audience. - rXaKciKou:
Glaucus flourished about 670 B. c., and is said to have gained the prize for
boxing twice in the Pythian, eight times in the Nemean, and as often in the
Isthmian games.  Cf. Pausan., VI. 10. 3. -- &crOEvE-VEpOS   v...rs cL...
Lpo'TrCLra ifaXo...Co'EbTvoDTO: the thought by being presented in this twofold way, first negatively and then positively, is made very clear and emphatic. - oviSeva, I shrink from no one; i. e. from a comparison7 with no one.
So Kivueov icwKTvac = to shrink from danger.  Cf. Dem. Lept., ~ 10.  But
eitorauat ovlevl, wh. is the reading of many editt., = I yield to no one. Cf.
Soph. Philoct., 1042: ~Vb &, ol y'y EKiv eKoY kraTlouaC. - &v: partit. genitive.
Cf. note ~ 298.
~ 320. 4ackpXovW: deriv.?  When loyalty to the fatherland lay open for
competition in commot to all. - KpCLTLrT  = @ptara here,; some MSS. read
eX-rtaTa. - Kao... Ka... KaC... Kc, and... not onlly, but also...c and. - TrOVTolS
i. e. the Athenians.-....ieXe: cf. note ~ 288. - -'TEov, another, i. e. a
foreigner, meaning Philip.  So in ~ 323 irTpwv refers to the Macedonians,
and tTepoS to Alexander. - E&raoCLS, sc.': here ei~raros does not mean
trial, test, as in ~ 310, but rather an inqueiry for, demand for; as if the
Macedonian party at Athens were mustering into their ranks the best men
they could find for leaders. - iv T"iEL... yays, all of you were in occtpoatio?5
grand people, with splendid equipages. Kenn.  "In a rocky country with a
poor soil like Attica, horse-keeping was a sign of wealth.  In fact it was so
expensive in Athens, that in the tinle of Aristophanes it was a ready road
to ruin for moderate incomes." Wh.  Hence W. thinks that in the use of
Ci-rroirp60oS there lies an allusion to Esch. expensive style of living at that
timle.
(f) ~~ 321-323.  THE CONDUCT OF EACH  ORATOR AS A PATRIOTIC
CITIZEN  FINALLY  CONTRASTED.  rbV  1CO'E(L }JIETpLOV: Lor( B. renders by
the citizen of ordinary worthz.   edrptov seems to be used here, as in ~ 10, to
avoid giving offence, and - respectable fair.  Vspes seems to be used in the
sense of naturally, i. e. what is in the capacity of human naturee, as opposed
to the superhuman and the supernatural. So also Professor Tylelr interprets
it.  The phrase tlien means the reasonably good citizen,  6raveL limiting




NOTES.                                247
drTptcov.  "This seems to accord better with tile signification of the nwor(ds
and the demands of the context, than the well-disposed citizen, wh. is the
reading of Kenn. and Wh., but which is too nearly identical w. evota,,. one
of the things that the citizen must possess." TYLER. - OVE-TrL[OV OCv'aOrV,
least invidious. -.v...acats Iovo-LaLLs, when in authority.  So Aristot. Ethic.,
II. 3. 3: oi lv Tras Tovuatis =- those who are in supreme authority. -- riV...
IrpoaltpEo-v SLAbvX&T1-EL~V, to maintaint for the state her pur'suit of what is
magnanimous andl what promotes her precedence. - T'V EVOLCLV, the spirit of
loyalty, sc. 3taUXaqTrretv. - TO'UTov = TOO eCvoedv. A man has it in his own
control whether he will be patriotic or not; but whether he can increase
the power of his country, this often lies beyond his control.- aau'r.qv
T- V evrotav.
~ 322. 4(aLLou'lEvos: cf. note on 4erTo6/Sv,,    ~ 41. -'AiLKTVoLK&S SCKas: the insertion of els in I before these words gives the unusual constr. of
erdi-yeC, Tva eCl b&asKs. The precise nature of these Amphictyonic suits is not
clear. From the statement of Pausanias, VII. 10. 10, it appears that to the
Amphictyonic council was given jurisdiction over any cases of active opposition against Philip, in violation of the articles of agreement made at the
Congress of Corinth.  A. Schaef., III. 198, understands Dem. to refer to
attempts that were made to bring him to trial before this council on a charge
of active co-operation in the Spartan revolt, 330 B. c.  Dissen thinks Denm.
refers to the time when Philip was Amphictyonic general and he (Dem.)
was cllarged with being his open antagonist. - Jacobs understands the allusion to be to the same time that Alexander demanded the surrender of
Dem. just referred to by 4acrot6Lueos. - OVK ETratyyEXXopvo v, not when they
made overtures; alluding to attempts to gain him  over by bribes.  Most
texts have OUtK lrrEtXoVr7TwV  before o/rK ear., but this, besides being omitted fr.
Z, violates the exact correspondence of these clauses.-'rrpoorp-aXX'dvov,
not whene they set these accursed wretches lice wild beasts upon Ime. -  0pe0v...
SLKaCav are in the predicate position and must be rendered accordingly. -
OEparEv;ELV is in explanation of ibis, and accus. in apposition with it.
~ 323. oihK rId.iv...Trcv SE: the force of the negative extends over both
parts of the sentence.  Cf. o/.../is&,      carat...e/ i', ~ 13.- y~ySlO)S.. r'EpLspo[laL...TrpoTTcov v: what a graphic picture of a man who goes about exulting and congratulating partisans over some piece of good news just received;
and how vividly the. terms 7reqptK&es, o-rlsvv, Ksrrowv represent an opposite
state of mind  - 4KEto-e, thither, i. e. to Macedon. -  gtow 8&  PXXrouvoL, and
look abroad, with longing hopes of personal preferment at the hands of
foreigners. -  Ev oLS... rEPpos: notice the double antithesis in this brief
sentence.
~ 324. PEROIRATION.  c rC.VTrES e0oc: the oration closes, as it began, w.




248                           NOTES.
an invocation to the gods. - -  XELS KCa lrpo&XELS: et gives the idea of
utterly, rpi of speedily, i. e. before they have accomplished our ruin.  This
expression is a standing form of imprecation.  So de F. L., ~ 172: e&SXqg
a7roXoi1)vP Kai 7rpocbXVs, and elsewhere.  BPy no means, 0 ye gods, one and
all, by no mean s sanctiont this conduct; but above all implant iwithin these
men a better mind and purpose! But if they are indeed incorrigible, cause
setter and swift destruction by land and sea to come upon them, and them
alone; and grant to the rest of us a viost speedy deliverance from our impenzding terrors, and an unshaken security!  The impressive and simple
beauty of this peroration has won the admiration of all critics.  "The
music of the closing passage," says Lord B., "is almost as fine as the sense
is impressive and grand, and the manner dignified and calm."  In marked
contrast with most of this criticism  is the peroration of JEsch., which
alone by itself justifies the famous comparison of iEsch. style with that of
Dem. given by Quintilian: "Plenior AEschines, et magis fusus, et grandiori
similis, quominus strictus est; carnis tamen plus habet, minus lacertorum."




APPENDIX.








ABSTRACT OF THE ORATION OF ESCHINES.
ExORDIuM. (~~ 1 -8.) AEschines complains of the frequent
disregard of the ancient regulations concerning the conduct of
affairs in the popular Assembly and in the courts, and warns
the jurors to maintain well the institution of the ypa,:s r'apavotOwv as the safeguard of popular government, and to remember
in this trial that the liberties of all the citizens are committed
to their care.
I. CTESIPHON HAS VIOLATED THE LAW IN PROPOSING TO CROWN
DEMOSTHENES WHILE HE WAS STILL ACCOUNTABLE FOR HIS OFFICES
AS COMMISSIONER OF WALLS AND TREASURER OF THE THEORIC
FUND.  (~~9-31.)
~~ 9- 12. The law of accountability provides that no public
officer shall be honored with crowns or declarations of praise
until he shall have passed the legal examination at the expiration of his term of office. This law was aimed at those who,
previous to this examination, managed to have preliminary
votes of praise or public honors proclaimed for them. It was
sometimes evaded by a proposal made prior to the examination,
to crown a public official "when his accounts shall have been
approved."  But Ctesiphon manifests his utter contempt of law
in that he proposes to crown Demosthenes without adding any
such proviso.
~~ 13 - 16. But there is another evasion of the law to which
the defence will have recourse.  The offices to which Demosthenes was appointed, they will claim, are simply commissions




252                  ABSTRACT OF
or agencies, not magistracies; and the law applies only to magistracies properly so called. But the law declares that all offices
whatsoever shall be accounted magistracies; hence this claim is
a wretched piece of sophistry.
~~ 17-24. The argument upon which Demosthenes relies as
unanswerable is, that. he made donations of his own means to
the public, and that he cannot be held to an account, unless one
is to be made responsible for his benefactions.  But the law exempts from giving account no one who has the smallest part in
the affairs of the state. This is shown in the case of different
officials. The law also forbids the man who has not passed the
accounts to dedicate any part of his effects to religious purposes,
or in any way to alienate his property.  If Demosthenes's claim
of having made a donation to the state in the expenditure of
money upon the fortifications is valid, why did he not give the
customary opportunity of scrutinizing his accounts. It is proved
that Demosthenes was actually in office at the time that this
decree was proposed.
~~ 25 - 27. While the laws expressly forbid the crowning of
one in any office, even of the smallest consequence, before his
accounts have been approved, Ctesiphon presumes to confer this
honor on Demosthenes when, by virtue of his offices, he was
responsible for every kind of public magistracy.
~~ 28 - 31. By defining the various kinds of magistracies, it
is shown that those officials also who are appointed by the tribes
come within the intent of the law. Demosthenes was appointed
by his tribe; and therefore this case is clearly a violation of the
law.
II. CTESIPHON HAS VIOLATED THE LAW IN ORDERING THE CROWN
TO BE PROCLAIMED IN THE THEATRE AT THE GREAT DIONYSIA.,
(~~ 32- 48.)
~~ 32-40. The law of proclamation provides that a crown
granted by the people shall be proclaimed in the Pnyx at the




THE  ORATION  OF  zESCHINES.               253
meeting of the Ecclesia, never in any other place. But the
defence will quote the so-called Dionysiac law, which permits
the proclamation of such a crown in the theatre when the new
tragedies are exhibited, provided the people so determine by vote.
On this law, the defence will plead, Ctesiphon has founded his
decree.  But this is directly contradictory to the former law;
and with our regulations for inspecting laws, two that are contradictory cannot coexist.
~~ 41-45. The purpose of this Dibonysiac law was to do
away with the abuse of proclaiming in the theatre crowns that
were conferred.by a tribe or by a deme, and also of announcing
the manumission of slaves. But this law provides that crowns
conferred upon Athenian citizens by foreign states may be proclaimed in the theatre, after first obtaining the consent of the
Athenian Assembly. The Dionysiac law, therefore, has nothing
to do with the law of proclamation in the case of crowns conferred by the Athenian people.
~~ 46- 48. That this interpretation of the Dionysiac law is
correct, is confirmed by the distinction made between the crown
proclaimed in the theatre and that proclaimed in the Assembly,
since the former must be dedicated to Athena, while the latter
may be retained by the possessor as a memorial for his family.
III. CTESIPHON HAS VIOLATED THE LAW IN PROPOSING TO
CROWN DEMOSTHENES ON THE GROUND THAT HE AIMS CONSTANTLY
IN ALL HIS WORDS AND DEEDS AT THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE
STATE, BECAUSE THIS GROUND IS FALSE, AND IT IS CONTRARY TO
THE LAWS TO INSERT FALSE STATEMENTS IN THE PUBLIC DECREES.
EXAMINATION OF THE CHARACTER AND CAREER OF DEMOSTHENES.
(~~ 49- 176.)
A. ~~ 51- 53. INSINUATIONS AGAINST THE PERSONAL CHARACTER OF DEMOSTHENES.
B. ~~ 54-176. THE PUBLIC CAREER OF DEMOSTHENES EXAM3INED AND CONDEMNED.




254                 ABSTRACT OF
(a.) FIRST PERIOD OF DEMOSTHENES'S CAREER, FROM THE WAR
ABOUT AMPHIPOLIS, 358 B. C., TO THE PEACE OF PHIILOCRATES,
346 B.c.  (~~ 58-78.)
~~ 58-61. Demosthenes is responsible for the peace  of
Philocrates. By precipitating the negotiations connected with
this peace, without waiting for the return of our deputies, he
prevented the allies of Athens from being parties to the peace,
and betrayed Cersobleptes, king of Thrace, the friend and ally
of this state, into the hands of Philip.
~~ 62- 74. A more particular description of the manner and
means by which these results were secured, through the cooperation of Demosthenes with Philocrates.
~~ 75-78. The conduct of Demosthenes is disgraceful in
flattering the envoys of Philip; is shameless in pretending that
the death of Philip was foretold him by a divine vision; is heartless in so speedily forgetting his grief for the loss of a child.
(b.) EXAMINATION OF THE SECOND PERIOD OF THE CAREER OF
DEMOSTHENES, FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE PEACE OF PHILOCRATES, 346 B. C., UNTIL ITS END, 340 B. c. (~~ 79 - 105.)
~~ 79 - 83. The disastrous results of the peace of Philocrates
are chargeable to Demosthenes, since he and Philocrates were
the first movers and supporters of the peace. In order to free
himself from this charge, he inveighs against his colleagues in
the embassy and against Philip, thus procuring the condemnation of Philocrates, and gaining for himself the reputation of
being a patriot.
Demosthenes is disposed to cavil about small points.
~~ 84 - 105. Examination of the boast of Demosthenes, that
in gaining the Euboeans and Thebans as allies he surrounded the
city as with walls of adamant. First, as to the alliance with the
Eubceans. The generous conduct of Athens in freeing Euboea
from the occupation of the Thebans was basely requited by the
inhabitants of Chalcis in attempting tc destroy the Athenian




THE ORATION OF ~ESCHINES.    255
forces that came to assist Plutarch, the tyrant of Eretria. This
attempt was headed by Callias (whose praises Demosthenes is
bribed to sing), and was a failure.  Callias, with whom  we
became reconciled again, afterwards contrives (by lavishing gold
on Demosthenes) to obtain an alliance for Chalcis with Athens,
by which Athens was obliged to take up arms on every occasion
in defence of the Chalcidians. Callias and Demosthenes contrive to defraud the state of the contributions from Oreus and
from Eretria, amounting to ten talents. This fraud was perpetrated under pretence that great preparations were in progress
for a general attack of all the Peloponnesian states upon
Philip, and that these Eubcean cities should use the tribute
ordinarily paid to Athens to equip themselves for participation
in this attack.  Bribes influenced Demosthenes to aid these
schemes of Callias.
(c.) THIRD PERIOD OF THE CAREER OF DEMOSTHENES EXAMINED,
FROM THE CLOSE OF THE PEACE, 340 B. C., TO THE BATTLE OF
CHIERONEA, 338 B. c.  (~~ 106-158.)
~~ 106- 136. The offence of Demosthenes against the sanctuary of Delphi in the affair of the Locrians of Amphissa.
(1.) The account of the destruction of the port of Cirrha and of
the consecration of the Cirrhmean plain. (2.) The Locrians of Amphissa restore the harbor and cultivate this district, in violation
of the mandate of the god. Demosthenes is bribed by the Amphissians to defend their impiety before the Amphictyonic Council. (3.) In this Council the Amphissians charge Athens with
sacrilege in depositing certain shields in a new temple at Delphi
before it was finished. JEschines, as the Athenian deputy, defends the city, and in turn charges the Am.phissians with sacrilege. (4.) The Amphictyonic Council resolves on the spot to
punish the Amphissians. A conflict between them ensues, in
which the latter come off victorious. A resolution is passed by
the Council calling a special session to provide means for pun



256                 ABSTRACT OF
ishing them.  (5.) Demosthenes contrived to have a decree
passed by which the Athenian deputies were forbidden to meet
with the Amphictyons at this extraordinary session. (6.) In
this session it was resolved to undertake a war against the
Amphissians. A fine was imposed upon them; but since it was
not paid, a second expedition was made, when Philip was on his
return from the Scythian campaign. Of the leadership in this
holy war Athens was deprived by the corruption of Demosthenes.  (7.) Demosthenes has involved the state in numerous
calamities. Since he first assumed the administration of affairs,
Thebes has been destroyed, the Lacedaemonians brought under
the subjection of Alexander, and Athens, once the common
refuge of the Greeks, forced to contend for her existence.
~~ 137-158. The alliance with Thebes considered.  (1.) It
was not Demosthenes, but the common danger from the proximity of Philip, that united Athens and Thebes.  (2.) In the
negotiations for this alliance  DIemosthenes committed three
capital offences against the state: First, he made Athens assist
in placing all Bceotia in the power of Thebes, caused Athens to bear two thirds of the expenses of the war conjointly
waged, gave the command of the land force entirely to Thebes,
and divided the control of the fleet.  His second offence consists in taking away the proper authority of our Assembly
and Senate, by giving the magistrates of Bmeotia a share in
all councils. His third and most heinous offence is that, by
opposing the Theban magistrates in their desire to conclude a
peace with Philip, to which the latter was also himself inclined,
he is responsible for the disastrous results of the battle of
Ch-eronea.  In crowning Demosthenes you crown the author
of this slaughter, you perpetuate your own disgrace, and you
recall to mind the misfortunes and sufferings of the wretched
Thebans.
(d.) FOURTH PERIOD OF THE CAREER OF DEiOSTHENES EXAM



THE ORATION OF AESCHINES.    257
INED, FROM CHAERONEA, 338 B. C., DOWN TO THE PRESENT MOMENT, 330 B. C. (~~ 159-176.)
~~ 159 - 167. After the battle Demosthenes fled from the city,
under pretence of collecting taxes.  Upon his return he was full
of fear. While he was not allowed by you to append his own
name to any decree, he procured through others the passage
of decrees honoring the murderer of Philip. He ridiculed Alexander, when at a distance; but when sent on an embassy to
him, while he was investing Thebes, afraid to proceed farther
than Mount Cithaeron, he ran back to Athens.  And finally he
sold himself to Alexander, as is shown from  his neglect to
improve three occasions for opposing him.
~~ 168 - 176. Demosthenes is shown to be neither a friend
of free government nor a patriot, when the proper tests are applied to his life and character.
IV. CONSIDERATIONS DRAWN FROM PRECEDENTS WITH REFERENCE TO THE CROWNING AND TO THE MODE OF CONDUCTING THIS
TRIAL. (~~ 177-214.)
~~ 177 -190. In the most illustrious period of the republic,
when the citizens displayed the greatest merit, public honors
were sparingly bestowed. To confer honors frequently is to
make them cheap.
~~ 191 - 214. In former times there was much greater reverence paid the laws, and much greater severity in trying indictments for illegal decrees. Precedents were not cited by way
of justifying violations of law. Even friends brought prosecutions against friends, in every case in which the state was
injured.  The question how far a citizen may honestly and
regularly plead for an offender is considered.
A law should be passed forbidding the employment of advocates
in suits for illegality, as the merits of such suits are not vague.
The jurors are cautioned against any attempt on the part of
Ctesiphon to evade the real issue. ZEschines reviews the order




258                 ABSTRACT  OF
he has pursued in his speech, and charges the jurors to oblige
Demosthenes to follow the same method in his defence, and to
hold him rigidly to the points in question.  Demosthenes will
wail, revile, and swear, and all for the sake of a crown and
proclamation. Ctesiphon and Demosthenes, while pretending to
have no concern for themselves, express grave apprehensions for
each other, and ought therefore not to be acquitted by their
common judges.
V. ANTICIPATIONS OF CERTAIN CHARGES ABOUT TO BE MADE
BY HIS OPPONENT. (~~ 215-229.)
Demosthenes will charge me with criminal silence, and with
bringing a prosecution against his whole administration at this
late day, after having neglected to impeach him at the time of
his misdeeds. lM~y silence has been owing to my life of abstinence, while, on the contrary, his speaking has been prompted by
a desire for money to expend upon his extravagant indulgences.
Besides, to speak occasionally is a proof that a man engages in
public life as necessity requires; but to harangue from day to
day shows that he makes debating a trade. As to the second
charge, he cannot have forgotten how publicly I convicted him of
impious conduct with respect to the Amphissians, and of corrupt
practices in the affairs of Euboea; and we can never forget how,
as was shown by me at the time, he defrauded the city of sixtyfive ships, when the armament of three hundred had been intrusted to him. His comparing me with the Sirens would come
with better grace from a man whose only instrument is not his
tongue.
VI. RECAPITULATION OF THE MAIN POINTS OF THE ARGUMENT.
(~~ 230 - 259.)
(1.) ~~ 230 - 235. The illegality of the decree, the character
of Demosthenes, the reputation of the judges for consistency
and honesty, and the safety of the republic, demand the conviction of the defendant.




THE ORATION OF 1ESCHINES.    259
(2.) ~~ 236 - 240. Neither the clause that he surrounded the
city with excellent fortifications, nor the general statement of his
merits as a statesman, furnishes good reason for crowning him.
For in building the fortifications he did the city no genuine
service, since it was he who made them  necessary.  And the
general statement is untrue; of which fact new proof is furnished by his diverting the seventy talents sent by Persia from
the public service into his own coffers.
(3.) ~~ 241-254. Demosthenes should not be suffered to
speak his own praises.  To crown him would be to disgrace the
brave men of old who were crowned for their valor, and the
memory of those who fell in battle; and would corrupt the
youth by setting a pernicious example before them.  Men who
are so ready to lay claim to loyalty and patriotism  must be
required to produce evidence of their merit.  The republic is
endangered by the pretensions of these men, which serve them
as a cloak for their schemes.
(4.) ~~ 255 -259. The judges are exhorted to confer their
honors with a scrupulous delicacy, and not to be influenced by
the arrogant pretensions of Demosthenes.  Solon, Aristides,
Themistocles, and the heroes of Marathon and Plataa, are
appealed to as arrayed against the villany of Demosthenes
and of his associates.
VII. PERORATION.  (~ 260.)
If I have not spoken as I wished, I have spoken as I could.
Do ye decide what is just and beneficial to the state, not only
from what has been said, but also from what has been left
unsaid.
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