V I


R G


I


L


AENEID IV
EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES AND
VOCABULARY
BY
C. E. FREEMAN


OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS


1917




7I
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON    EDINBURGH     GLASGOWV   NEW   YORK
TORONTO MGELBOURNE CAPE TOWN BOMBAY
JIUMPH-REYV MILFORT)
lUBIISHER TO THE V(BNIVEISIT N


2,(11(I




PREFACE
THIS edition of the Fourth Book of the Aeneid
is intended chiefly for those who have little knowledge of Virgil. The notes, therefore, are short
and simple, and though they are sufficient, I hope,
to explain everything that can fairly give difficulty,
they contain no discussions of doubtful readings
or interpretations. The Oxford text has been
followed without any alteration.
The only commentary that I have consulted in
writing the notes is that of Prof. Conington, but
I may be under other obligations of which I am
unconscious; with regard to the Introduction my
debt to Prof. Sellar is as obvious as it is great.
My best thanks are due to Mr. M. T. Tatham
for reading and criticizing the Introduction and
Notes.
C. E. FREEMAN.
OXFORD, I916.




CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION...               5
TEXT...23
NOTES...                       51
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES...      77
VOCABULARY.                            80




INTRODUCTION
LIFE OF VIRGIL.
PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARO was born at Andes,
a village or district near Mantua, on the I5th of
October, 70 B. c. The part of Italy that lies north
of the Po did not receive full Roman citizenship
till about twenty years later, and consequently,
like Catullus and Livy and several others famous
in literature, Virgil was not by birth a Roman
citizen. His father, who was a small freeholder,
farmed his land and kept bees and was able to
give Virgil a good education, first at the neighbouring town of Cremona and afterwards at Milan.
In 53 B. c., when he was seventeen, he went to
Rome and studied rhetoric under a teacher named
Epidicus. For the next ten years we hear nothing
about him, but the troubles of the time may have
compelled him to leave Rome and return to his
home. He had been born when the horrors of
the struggle between Marius and Sulla and of the
rising of Spartacus were over, and his youth had
been passed in more quiet times; but as soon as
he was grown up to manhood, the civil war between
Caesar and Pompeius broke out, and a little later
the assassination of Caesar -was followed by the
war of the Triumvirs, Augustus, Antony, and
Lepidus against the party of Brutus and Cassius.




6


INTRODUCTION


After the battle of Philippi, 42 B.C., Virgil's farm
was taken from him in the great confiscation made
to provide land for the disbanded soldiers of the
Triumvirs. He went to Rome again, where he
was introduced to the circle of Maecenas, the
great patron of literature, and became intimate
with Augustus. This association not only saved
him from want, but made him rich. He received
an estate in Campania, a villa at Naples, and
a house in Rome on the Esquiline, a fashionable
quarter of the city.
When Virgil was thirty-two, he published the
Eclogues, a collection of short pastoral poems,
closely modelled on the Idylls of Theocritus,
though with Greek names and Sicilian scenery
there are inconsistently mingled contemporary
incidents and the features of the part of Italy in
which Virgil lived. These poems are far inferior
to those that followed, and they were criticized as
well as praised at the time of their publication,
and have been criticized ever since, but they established Virgil's position as a great poet.
The next seven years were devoted to the
Georgics, a poem which contains four books
having for their subjects tillage, the cultivation of
trees, especially of vines, the animals of the farm,
and bees. It was written, as it is said, at the
suggestion of Augustus and Maecenas to revive
the love of husbandry, which was dying out.
Virgil's early experience specially fitted him for
the task, and he took extraordinary pains in
elaborating and polishing his work. How slowly
and patiently he did this may be judged from the




INTRODUCTION


7


fact that, without any business or public duties to
divert his attention, he produced less than a line
a day on the average.
The remainder of Virgil's life was devoted to
the composition of the Aeneid. When the matchless power and beauty of the Georgics had been
fully recognized, it was felt not only by the literary
society of Rome, but no doubt also by Virgil himself, that he could not refuse the more ambitious
task of writing a great epic poem. Such a work,
according to the taste of the time, must follow the
model of Homer, but it was not enough that it
should be a record of heroic wars and adventures;
the subject must be connected with Rome, and if
it was necessary also to attach it to the person of
Augustus, this was not due merely to flattery of
a great man or to private gratitude; the Emperor,
who had brought peace to Italy so long distracted
by civil war, was regarded as the divine embodiment of the 'Fortune of the City'. Virgil, however, could not choose as the material of his poem
anything out of the more recent and authentic
Roman history. Another poet, Silius Italicus,
was to illustrate a century later the absurdity of
introducing into thewar with Hannibal the Homeric
background of contending gods and goddesses.
Even the story of Romulus, suitable enough in
many respects, was too exclusively Italian for
a Homeric setting. The adventures of Aeneas,
on the other hand, carried Virgil and his readers
at once into the Homeric world, ended with the
foundation of Lavinium, the mother city of Rome,
and by deriving the descent of the Julian family




8


INTRODUCTION


from lulus, son of Aeneas, brought Augustus
himself into the story and gave him an ancestry
that was divine.
Virgil fell ill when he was travelling in Greece,
and after landing at Brundisium died on the 2ist
of September, 19 B. c., being a few weeks under
fifty-one years of age.  His body was taken to
Naples and buried outside the city.  He had
already written the Aeneid, but he had intended
to give three years to its revision. So conscious
was he of its incompleteness that he left written
directions to his friends, Varius and Tucca, to
burn it, but Augustus interfered and ordered the
poem to be published.
'FHE FALL OF TROY AND TH-E WANDERINGS OF
AENEAS.
The siege of Troy had lasted ten years and the
Greeks had almost despaired of taking the city,
when they gained by stratagem what they had
failed to gain by force. They built a huge wooden
horse and filled it with men, and having done this
they sailed away on the pretence of returning
baffled to their homes; but they went only as far
as the island of Tenedos, and there concealed
themselves, waiting till the horse should be taken
into Troy and their men inside should be able to
open the gates.  To bring this about, a Greek
named Sinon allowed himself to fall into the
hands of the Trojans and persuaded them that
the horse was an offering to the goddess Pallas in
expiation of the sacrilege committed by Ulysses
and Diomedes, when they carried away her image




INTRODUCTION


from the citadel of Troy; that the Greeks had
gone home to renew the auspices which this
impiety had cancelled; and that if they took the
horse into the city, they would strike a fatal blow
at their enemies.  Thus deluded, the Trojans
dragged it within the walls, the Greeks inside it
opened the gates to their comrades who had
returned in the night, and Troy was in the hands
of its enemies.
While all this was going on, Aeneas was asleep
in the house of his father Anchises. Hector, whom
Achilles had slain, appeared to him as he slept,
telling him that nothing now could save Troy,
and that his duty was to carry away safely the
gods of the State and the holy fire of Vesta, and to
found a new city for them somewhere beyond the
seas. Roused from sleep by the noise of fighting,
he went out into the night and took part in some
desultory combats; at last, as it seemed useless to
prolong the struggle, he left the city, carrying his
father and leading his son Iulus; his wife, Creusa,
followed them, but was lost on the way. Thus he
reached the shelter of the hills and, joined by
a large number of fugitives, he passed the winter
there till the early summer allowed them to sail
away and seek their new home.
The search was long and arduous, for it lasted
seven years. Aeneas first landed on the neighbouring shore of Thrace and began to build a town
there, but when he was pulling up some shoots of
cornel and myrtle, he was horrified to see blood
dropping from their roots, and was warned by
a voice from the ground that PolyIcxrtlsi son of
~ si~




TO


INTRODUCTION


Priam, was there buried, whom Polymestor, king
of the country around, had murdered for the sake
of his gold. Therefore by the advice of his father
and chief men he sailed to Delos and asked counsel
from Apollo. The god did not name the country
to which he should go, but ordered him and his
followers to seek the old home of their race.
Anchises declared that this was Crete, and thither
they made their way and a second time began to
build a town, when a plague fell upon them and
compelled them to depart. Anchises would have
them return to Delos and consult Apollo again,
but in the night the Penates, the gods of Troy,
appeared to Aeneas, bearing a message from
Apollo that the new home was to be in Italy,
whence Dardanus had come. Therefore, sailing
westward, after much delay they came to Epirus
and found that the Trojan Helenus, now married
to Andromache, once Hector's wife, was king in
the country. Helenus was a prophet, and he
warned Aeneas that he was not to settle, as he
supposed, on the east of Italy, but on the far
western shore, which he must reach by a long
voyage. When he and his people came to Sicily,
they landed in the country of the Cyclopes, the
one-eyed giants, and saw among them Polyphemus,
whom Ulysses and his companions had blinded.
Hurriedly leaving this dangerous shore, they sailed
to Drepanum on the north-west of Sicily, where
Anchises died, and after his burial they started
with high hope, believing that now at last the end
of their wandering was in sight. But Juno, ever
the impJaca-be foe of Troy, knew that the Romans.-,  o




INTRODUCTION


I


were destined to spring from the Trojan stock
and, unless the course of fate could be changed, to
overthrow Carthage, which she loved and protected.  Therefore she persuaded Aeolus, the
keeper of the winds, to let them loose on the ships
of Aeneas; and though Neptune stayed the storm
before it was too late, they were scattered and
driven out of their course and upon the shores of
Africa. Here the Trojans came to the Phoenician
town of Carthage, already growing up under the
sovereignty of Dido, who had fled from Tyre after
the murder of her husband Sychaeus by Pygmalion,
her brother, and had established herself in this
new home.   She received the strangers with
generous hospitality, offering to give them a share
in her city or to send them away in safety. Venus,
however, fearful for Aeneas, her son, and distrusting Carthaginian friendship, sent Cupid to
take the form of lulus and, while he sat on Dido's
knee, to inspire her with love for Aeneas. When
the feast, with its music and song, was done, Aeneas
told the story of the fall of Troy and of his long
wanderings.
Here the fourth book of the Aenezd begins,
having for its subject the love of Dido and Aeneas
and its unhappy end. The eight books that follow
tell of the funeral games for Anchises, celebrated
in Sicily, of the coming to Cumae in Italy and the
descent of Aeneas with the Sibyl to the world
below, of his arrival in Latium and betrothal to
Lavinia, daughter of king Latinus, and of the war
with the Rutuli and Turnus their chieftain, who
claimed Lavinia for himself.:




T2


IN'TRODUCTION


THE AENEID AND THE CHARACTER OF AENEAS.
As a national epic the Aeneid is unrivalled, and
apart from its supreme interest to the Romans,
'the masters of the world', and the legitimate
satisfaction which it gave to their national pride,
the beauty of its language, its rhetorical power,
the wonderful skill of its construction, and the
depth and delicacy of the poet's feeling must
always ensure for it a unique position in literature.
Yet, even if Virgil had not borrowed so much
from the Homeric poems, the Ilhad and the
Odyssey, as well as from other sources, the Aeneid
must have been judged as to some of its features
by comparison with them, and when such comparison is made, the poem necessarily suffers.
The delight in battle and adventure could not in
later time be felt as we see it described by Homer.
The heroes of the Iliad go forth to the fight as if
it were not only the chief business but the chief
joy of their lives.  Ulysses voyages into the
unknown, and he may find there, if he will, all
the wonders of the court of Alcinous, and the
beauty of the island of Calypso, who would have
'made him know not death or age for ever', and
the magic of Circe and the savagery of Polyphemus;
but Virgil wrote at a time when society was peaceful and pleasure-loving, and the joy of battle was
quite artificial; while, on the other hand, the mere
spread of geographical knowledge had made the
travel of Aeneas in familiar seas and lands tame
and uninteresting compared with the romance of
the wander rg3 of Ulysses.




INTRODUCTION


I3


Again, the character of Aeneas has been criticized as wanting in that vigour and resource which
should mark a warrior and leader, and if he is to be
judged on this ground alone, the criticism is just,
as a glance at the events of the first four books of
the Aeneid will show. When the Greeks entered
Troy and he was aroused from sleep, he rushed
out to fight, but desperately and without any
definite purpose, his desire being, as he tells us
more than once, to be killed. Making his way to
Priam's palace, he climbed on to the roof and
assisted in its defence, and he remained there
while the palace was entered by the Greeks and
Priam murdered before his eyes. When he was
going to kill Helen or to do some wild deed, perhaps to kill himself, he was stopped by his mother
Venus and urged to look after his family, now in
great danger from the enemy. Finally, he gave
up all for lost and went out of the city, taking with
him Anchises, his father, by whose authority he
was accustomed to act, and his son Iulus, who was
his heir, but leaving his wife to follow him at
a distance through the darkness and, as the event
proved, to disappear. Next summer he sailed to
Thrace and began to build a town on the coast,
but left it as soon as he learnt, no doubt by
a terrible warning, that Polydorus had been murdered there. After seeking his new home hither
and thither over the sea in obedience to prophecies and oracles, or to his father's interpretation of them, he is caught in a violent storm off
the north coast of Africa. He does nothing to
help or to encourage his men, but trembles and




r4


INTRODUCTION


wails, though it is true that when he has landed,
he professes to be sanguine and resolute. On
all this Aeneas himself supplies the fair comment,
when he meets Venus in the guise of a huntress
and does not tell her in answer to her questions
that he is a warrior renowned in war, but says,
'I am the good Aeneas, who carry in my fleet the
Penates saved from the enemy...; I seek Italy
my country.' Aeneas is under the guidance of
fate, and our interest in him does not primarily
depend on the splendour of his deeds or on any
personal qualities, but on his success or failure in
going forward to the appointed end. He is to
found a city for his gods, whence Rome is to
spring and 'rule the peoples of the world with
her sway', and in Roman eyes, at least, it must
count as a merit if he sacrifices his individual
greatness and abandons himself to the direction of
heaven even at the cost of his glory and good
name.  Fata vi'ald  invenient, says the prophet
Helenus to him. 'Fate', not your valour and
endurance, 'will find a way.'
Never is it more necessary to understand that
Aeneas is not an initiator but an instrument than
when we read the fourth book, in which Virgil
was specially free to develop his story as he liked.
If a poet found himself compelled to represent his
hero as betraying and deserting the woman who
loved and trusted him, it might be expected that
he would suggest any possible palliation of his
conduct, showing that he had been intentionally
deceived or hurried ignorantly into some false
position, and that his victim in reality had brought




INTRODUCTION


I5


her fate upon herself and deserved little sympathy
from the reader. Virgil, however, has not done
this. Dido, in his story, is a brave and energetic
woman, who after the murder of her husband led
a number of her Tyrians to found a new town in
a distant land. When the shipwrecked Trojans
sought her protection, she received them with
kindness and hospitality, saying that she herself
knew what it was to be an exile from home. Her
loyalty to her dead husband had prevented her
from accepting any offers of marriage from native
princes, and her love for him, as we afterwards
hear, stronger than death, endured to be her comfort and support in the world below. When for
a time she was mastered by a passion for Aeneas,
it was because two goddesses, usually opposed to
each other, combined their powers against her;
and her despair and death were the necessary
consequences of her passion.  Aeneas, on the
other hand, fails even in that constancy to his task
which is the most marked feature of his character.
He remains at Carthage, not because he has
definitely abandoned his quest, but because he
yields weakly to pleasure and allows things to
drift. When he receives Jupiter's order to go
away, his one idea is to make his preparations in
secret, see as little of Dido as possible, and avoid
a scene. In answer to her reproaches for his infidelity he coldly replies that he shall always
remember her with pleasure and gratitude, and
insults her by asserting that he never regarded
the union as permanent. It is impossible to excuse
his conduct on the ground that he is now acting




INTRODUCTION


under divine command, for he knew what his duty
was when he came to Carthage. Still less can we
plead his grief at being compelled to leave her
('with many a moan, his soul shaken by mighty
love'), for he tells Dido quite frankly that if he
could do as he wished, he would neither stay with
her nor go to Italy, but return to Troy. It might
seem that Virgil had done all that he could to
exalt Dido in our estimation and to lower Aeneas.
It is needless to say that Virgil did not deliberately aim at this result; he merely accepted it
with indifference. He wished to surround the
fate of Dido with all the pathetic interest that
undeserved suffering could give to it and he was
not much concerned if the character of his hero
suffered in consequence. In this he was quite
consistent, because Aeneas is not in truth a hero
of romance or even a saint, but a man with a great
mission, which it is impious to hinder. Judged
thus, Dido is the temptress from whose snares he
must be freed, and when he escapes them, we
should rejoice even more than when Ulysses, to
face hardship and peril, leaves behind the luxurious
bondage of Calypso's island. For the future of
the world is at stake, and no thought of peace or
love or honour itself may weight the scale against
the inheritance of a boundless destiny.
THE METRE OF THE AENEID.
The Hexameter. The Aencid, like the Eclogues
and the Georgics, is written in Hexameters. This
metre was used by Homer and other Greek epic
poets and, after being adopted by Ennius, was




INTRODUCTION


17


further developed by Lucretius and Catullus.  It
reached its perfection in the hands of Virgil.
The Hexameter verse consists of six metres or
feet. Each of the first four feet is either a dactyl
(- v a), a long syllable followed by two short, or
a spondee (- -), two long syllables. The fifth foot
is normally a dactyl; there are no exceptions to
this rule in the fourth book. The sixth foot is
either a spondee or a trochee (- a), a long syllable
followed by a short one.
The scheme of the Hexameter may be given
thus:
1      2     3      4           6
One long syllable, marked -, is regarded as
equivalent in time to two short syllables, marked
v. A long syllable is one that contains a long
vowel or, though the vowel is short, ends with two
consonants. A short syllable is one that contains
a short vowel, followed by no consonant or by one
only; but when the final syllable of a word contains a short vowel followed by one consonant, it
becomes long if the next word begins with a consonant, e. g.
vulnus all1it vejnis et I caeco carpitur i| gnl |
Here the last syllable of alit, though it is naturally
short, becomes long. because the following word
begins with a consonant, and et is lengthened in
the same way; but the last syllables of vuIlnis and
car-pitl respectively, being naturally short, remain
2010.1             B




INTRODUCTION


so.  On the other hand, the last syllable of
venzs, being naturally long, is independent of the
next word. It is important to understand that
the addition of a consonant to a short syllable
makes the syllable long, but not the vowel. The
long mark over the vowel is a convenient way of
indicating the length of the whole syllable.
Caesura. If a foot is not contained in one word,
we speak of its division as 'caesura' (cutting).
Caesura may occur in any foot, though it is very
uncommon in the sixth, such endings as calnihzz
vis (I32) being rarely found; in the third foot it is
almost necessary, and when we speak of 'the
caesura' of a hexameter, we mean the break thus
made in the third foot or, failing that, in the
fourth(a) post6er I Phoebela 11 liustrabat I lampade I terras.
(b) Annai reafert o | luce 11\ malgls dillecta s6ororl.
The caesura in the third foot is marked by the
double line. In (a) it follows the first syllable of
the foot and in (b) the second. If it follows the
first syllable, the caesura is called strong; if the
second, it is called weak. Both these forms of
caesura are normal, but the strong caesura is
much the more common, partly, no doubt, because
the only possible division of a spondee is after the
first syllable; in the fourth Aeneid the lines with
strong caesura in the third foot are in the proportion of about ten to one compared with those that
have the weak. If the line has the weak caesura
or, much less frequently, no caesura in the third
foot, the strong caesura is almost always found in




INTRODUCTION


19


the fourth. The three following lines are exceptional.
lIina prelmit sua.dentqu6 ca[dentia I siderat s6mn6s (8I).
per c6nubba | nostra per J incepto6s hyme|naeos (316).
spargens I umlda mella s6oporlfe6rirmque papavdr (486).
Elision. If a word ends with a vowel or with
-al;, -enl, -lij, - -or, or -uz, and the next word begins
with a vowel or h, the ending of the first word is
elided, that is, it is slurred so much in pronunciation that it is not counted as any part of a foot, e. g.
Tndullge h6sprtilo caiujsasque inn6cte m6orandl.
The last vowel of indulge and the last vowel of
causasque are omitted in scanning the line.
id cmlnerem ait ma[nis creldis cufrard sipuiltos.
Here the last two letters of cinerem are omitted.
Final tn was scarcely pronounced, and therefore
final am was elided as naturally as final a; and
for a similar reason a word beginning with h was
treated as if it began with a vowel.
Hiatus. Occasionally we find what is called
hiatus, i.e. a final vowel is not elided before
a vowel at the beginning of the next word. There
are two cases in the fourth Aeneid.
quid struit ( aft qua I spe tnimlca in i gente m6oratur
k                    (235).
Here the vowel in spe is not elided. This is
sufficiently explained by the pause necessary after
spe to disconnect it from inimica, an adjective in
the same gender, number and case, which belongs
B 2




20


INTRODUCTION


not to it, but to gente. The caesura of the line,
which follows spe, adds to the pause.
lamenjtis gemT[tfque et I f6mYTn6lo ulullaltu (667).
Here the o at the end of fenineo is not elided.
Stress is laid on this syllable on account of the
unusual pause in the dactyl of the fifth foot. If
this foot is not contained in one word, the caesura
is generally after the second syllable.
Lengthening of short final syllables. There
are three lines in the fourth book in which a final
syllable, naturally short, is lengthened.
(a) pectbrijbus hnhtlans spirantia consulit exta (64).
(b) tuim sic | Mercurium adl6qul]tur ac I talia mandat
(222).
(c) Creteslque Dr6yopesque frelmunt pictique Agathyrsi
(I46).
In (a) and (b) a pause at the caesura is allowed
to lengthen the time taken in pronouncing -bus
and -tur and thus make the short syllable 'long'.
In (c) Virgil, imitating Homer, lengthens the first
-que of a pair. There are many instances of this in
the Aeneid, almost always where -que is followed
by a word beginning with two consonants. The
caesura, however, is again important.  Cre-jtsque
would be impossible.
Hypermetric syllable. If a vowel is the last
letter of a line, it is not usually elided before
a vowel at the beginning of the next, but in a few
cases a hypermetric syllable, as it is called, i.e.
a syllable in excess of the metre, is got rid of by
elision. Thus we find in the fourth book




INTRODUCTION                  21
(a) omnia Mercurio similis volcemqu6 c616oremlque
et crinis flavos                  (558-9).
(b) imprecor arma armis pugnent ipisiqu6 n6lpoteslque
haec ait                          (629-30).
Virgil has about twenty examples; in seventeen
of them the hypermetric syllable is?que.
Incomplete lines. Virgil did not live to revise
the Aeneid and he left a number of incomplete
lines in it. Five of them occur in the fourth book,
44, 361, 400, 503, 516. If it is difficult to finish
them satisfactorily, we need not be surprised, for
Virgil did not find it easy at the moment; and it
is, of course, probable enough that he would not
have attempted to supply the missing part of the
line, but would have altered the whole passage.




I




P. VERGILI MARONIS
AENEIDOS
LIBER    IV
Dido canlnot rest, being- disquieted by her love for Aeneas,
and next dazy she tells aher sister Anna of her passion
and of the scruples which prevent her from yielding
to it.
AT regina gravi iamdudum saucia cura
vulnus alit venis et caeco carpitur igni.
multa viri virtus animo multusque recursat
gentis honos: haerent infixi pectore vultus
verbaque, nec placidam membris dat cura quietem.
postera Phoebea lustrabat lampade terras    6
umentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram,
cum sic mrranimam adloquitur male sana sororem:
'Anna soror, quae me suspensam insomnia terrent!
quis novus hic nostris successit sedibus hospes, io
quem sese ore ferens, quam forti pectore et armis!
credo equidem, nec vana fides, genus esse deorum.
degeneres animos timor arguit. heu, quibus ille
iactatus fatis! quae bella exhausta canebat!
si mihi non animo fixum immotumque sederet 15
ne cui me vinclo vellem sociare iugali,
postquam primus amor deceptam morte fefellit;




24     J). VERGILI MARONIS


si non pertaesum thalarni taedaeque fuisset,
huic uni forsan potui succumbere culpac.
Anna, fatebor enim, miseri post fata. Sychaci 2
coniuigis et sparsos fraterna. caede penatis
solus hic inflexit sensus.animunmque labantem
inipulit. agnosco veteris vestigia flammrae.
sed mil-i vel tellus optem pr~ius ima, dehiscat
vel pater omnipotens abigat me fulmine ad umbras,
pallentis umbras Erebo noctemque profundam, 26
ante, pUC111, quaim te violo aut tua. iura resolvo.
ille meos, prirnus qui me sibi iunxit, amores
abstulit; ille habeat secum servetque sepuicro.'
sic effata. sinum lacrimis implevit obortis.  310
A,unia cowbarts thec scritf/es o~f 1)ido, urgcs /ILe'd (it(17(U-Ocs
(!f (1 ilarriage, (itld begs 11cr to (IC/tri AeneasinU  f
Carl/iage.
Anna refert:'o luce rnagis dilecta sorori,
solane perpetua rnaerens carpere iuvent-a,
nec dulcis natos Veneris nec praemia. noris?
id cinerem ant manis credis curare sepuftos?
esto: aegram, nulli quondam flexere h~a~i
non Libyae, non ante Tyro; despectus larbas
ductoresque alii, quos Africa terra triumphis
dives alit: placitone etiarn pugnabis amori?
*inec vcnit in mentem quorum consederis arvis?
hinc Gaetulae urbes, genus insuperabile bello, 4
et Numidae infreni cingunt et inhospita Syrtis;
hinc deserta siti regio lateque furentes
Bar cac. (juid bella. Tyro surgentia. dicarn
g!Cerma~nique minas?




AENEIDOS IV


25


dis equidem auspicibus reor et Iunone secunda.5
hunc cursum Iliacas vento tenuisse carinas.
quam tu urbem, soror, hanc cernes, quae surgere
regna
coniugio tali! Teucrum comitantibus armis
Punica se quantis attollet gloria rebus!
tu modo posce deos veniani, sacrisque litatis  50
indulge hospitio causasque innecte morandi,
dum pelago desaevit hiems et aquosus Orion,
quassataeque rates, dum non tractabile caelum.'
Dido yields to the p5crsuasions of her sister, and falls
more and more under fhe infZluene of her iassion for
Aeneas.
His dictis impenso animum flammavit amore,
spemque dedit dubiae menti, solvitque pudorem. 55
principio delubra adeunt pacemque per aras
exquirunt; mactant lectas de more bidentis
legiferae Cereri Phoeboque patrique Lyaeo,
Iunoni ante oninis, cui vincla iugalia curae.
ipsa tenens dextra pateram pulcherrima Dido  60
candentis vaccae media inter cornua fundit,
aut ante ora deum pinguis spatiatur ad aras,
instauratque diem donis, pecudumque reclusis
pectoribus inhians spirantia consulit exta.
heu, vatum ignarae mentes! quid vota furentem, 65'
quid delubra iuvant? est mollis flamma medullas
interea et taciturn vivit sub pectore vulnus.
uritur infelix Didototaque vagatur
urbe furens, qualis coniecta cerva sagitta,
quamn procul incautam nemora inter Cresia fixit 70




26    I. VERGILI MARONIS


pastor agens telisiliquitque volatile ferrum
nescius: illa fuga silvas saltusque peragrat
Dictaeos; haeret lateri letalis harundo.
nunc media Aenean secum per moenia ducit
Sidoniasque ostentat opes urbemque paratam; 75
incipit effari mediaque in voce resistit;
nunc eadem labente die convivia quaerit,
Iliacosque iterum demens audire labores
exposcit pendetque iterum narrantis ab ore.
post ubi digressi, lumenque obscura vicissim  So
luna premit suadentque cadentia sidera somnos,
sola domo maeret vacua stratisque relictis
incubat. illum absens absentem auditque videtque,
aut gremio Ascanium genitoris imagine capta
detinet, infandum si fallere possit amorem.  85
non coeptae adsurgunt turres, non arma iuventus
exercet portusve aut propugnacula bello
tuta parant: pendent opera interrupta minaeque
murorum ingentes aequataque machina caelo.
Juno p5ro5oses to Venuts Int A eneas azd Dido shall marry
and unite their ieoples under one rule. Venus agrees
on condition that Jupiter a(pproves.
Quam.simul ac tali persensit peste teneri  90
cara Iovis coniunx nec famam obstare furori,
talibus adgreditur Venerem Saturnia dictis:
' egregiam vero laudem et spolia ampla refertis
tuque puerque tuus (magnum    et memorabile
numen),
una dolo divum si femina victa duorum est.  95




AENEIDOS IV


27


nec me adeo fallit veritam te moenia nostra
suspectas habuisse domos Karthaginis altae.
sed quis erit modus, aut quo nunc certamine tanto?
quin potius pacem aeternam pactosque hymenaeos
exercemus? habes tota quod mente petisti:  100
ardet amans Dido traxitque per ossa furorem.
communem hunc ergo populum paribusque regamus
auspiciis; liceat Phrygio servire marito
dotalisque tuae Tyrios permittere dextrae.'
Olli (sensit enim simulata mente locutam,  105
quo regnum Italiae Libycas averteret oras)
sic contra est ingressa Venus: 'quis talia demens
abnuat aut tecum malit contendere belrR?
si modo quod memoras factum fortuna sequatur.
sed fatis incerta feror, si Iuppiter unam  10
esse velit Tyriis arbem Troiaque profectis,
miscerive probet populos aut foedera iungi.
tu coniunx, tibi fas animum temptare preetido.
perge, sequar.' tur sic excepit regia Iuno:
Juno undertakes to win the consent of Juititer, and explains a Ilan for bringZing Dido and Aeneas together
in a cave, when their hunting party is broken up by
a storm.
'mecum erit iste labor. nunc qua ratione quod
instat                                115
confieri possit, paucis (adverte) docebo.
venatum Aeneas unaque miserrima Dido
in nemus ire parant, ubi primos crastinus ortus




28     P. VERGILI MARONIS


extulerit Titan radiisque retexerit orbem.
his ego nigrantem commixta grandine nimbum, 120
dum trepidant alae saltusque indagine cingunt,
desuper infundam et tonitru caelum omne ciebo.
diffugient comites et nocte tegentur opaca:
speluncam Dido dux et Troianus eandem
devenient. adero et, tuasi mihi certa voluntas, 12,
conubio iungam stabilitpropriamque dicabo.
hic hymenaeus erit.' non adversata petenti
adnuit atque dolis risit Cytherea repertis.
A descriptionz of the hunting flarty.
Oceanum interea surgens Aurora reliquit.
it portis mlare exorto delecta iuventus,  130
retia rara, plagae, lato venabula ferro,
Massylique ruunt equites et odora canum vis.
reginam thalamo cunctantem ad limina primi
Poenorum exspectant, ostroque insignis et auro
stat so   es ac frena ferox spumantia mandit. 135
tandem progreditur magna stipante caterva
Sidoniam picto chlamydem circumdata limbo;
cui pharetra ex auro, crines nodantur in aurum,
aurea purpuream subnectit fibula vestem.
nec non et Phrygii comites et laetus Iulus  I4o
incedunt. ipse ante alios pulcherrimus omnis
infert se socium Aeneas atque agmina iungit.
qualis ubi hibernam I.yciam Xanthique fluenta
deserit ac Delum maternam invisit Apollo,
instauratque choros, mixtique altaria circum  145
Cretesque Drvopesquc: fremnunt pictique Agathyrsi:




AENEIDOS IV                 29
ipse iugis Cynthi graditur mollique fluentem
fronde premit crinem fingens atque implicat auro,
tela sonant umeris: haud illo segnior ibat
Aeneas, tantum egregio decus enitet ore.  150
postquam altos ventum in montis atque invia lustra,
ecce ferae saxi deiectae vertice caprae
decurrere iugis; alia de parte patentis
transmittunt cursu campos atque agmina cervi
pulverulenta fuga glomerant montisque relinquunt.
at puer Ascanius mediis in vallibus acri  156
gaudet equo iamque hos cursu, iam praeterit illos,
spumantemque dari pecora inter inertia votis
optat aprur, aut fulvum descendere monte leonem.
A violent storm drives every one into shelter; Dido and
Aeneas take refug-e in the same cave, and there the
marriage rite is perfiormed.
Intere.a magno misceri murmure caelum  i6o
incipit, insequitur commixta grandine nimbus,
et Tyrii comites passim et Troiana iuventus
Dardaniusque nepos Veneris diversa per agros
tecta metu petiere; ruunt de montibus amnes.
speluncam Dido dux et Troianus eandem    165
deveniunt. prima et Tellus et pronuba Iuno
dant signum; fulsere ignes et conscius aether
conubiis, summoque ulularunt vertice Nymphae.
ille dies primus leti primusque malorum
causa fuit; neque enim specie famave movetur 170
nec iam furtivum Dido meditatur amorem:
coniugium vocat, hoc praetexit nomine culpam.




30     P. VERGILI MARONIS


The tZiwIged monster, /Rumour, goes througth the cities oj
Libya, spreading the tale of the lore of Dido and Aeneas,
and esipecally bringizgo it to the ears of the.loorish
chief larbas, a szuior wzhom Dido has rejected.
Extemplo Libyac magnas it Fama per urbes,
Fama, malum qua non aliud velocius ullum:
mobilitate viget virisque adquirit eundo,  175
parva metu primo, mox sese attollit in auras
ingrediturque solo et caput inter nubila condit.
illam Terra parens ira inritata deorum
extremam, ut perhibent, Coeo Enceladoque sororem
progenuit pedibus celerem et pernicibus alis,  Tso
monstrum horrendum, ingens, cui quot sunt corpore plumae,
tot vigiles oculi subter (mirabile dictu),
tot linguae, totidem ora sonant, tot subrigit auris.
nocte volat caeli medio terraeque per umbram
stridens, nec dulci declinat lumina somno;  I85
luce sedet custos aut summi culmine tecti
turribus aut altis, et magnas territat urbes,
tam ficti pravique tenax quam nuntia veri.
haec turn multiplici populos sermone replebat
gaudens, et pariter facta atque infecta canebat: 190
venisse Aenean Troiano sanguine cretum,
cui se pulchra viro dignetur iungere Dido;
nunc hiemem inter se luxu, quam longa, fovere
regnorum immemores turpique cupidine captos.
haec passim dea foeda virum diffundit in ora. 19
protinus ad regem cursus detorquet Iarban,
incenditque animum dictis atque aggerat iras.




AENEIDOS IV


31


larbas, the son of Jupif/er lamZmon, complains of the
neglect and ingrartitude of his fahler, and of the scorn
with zwhich Dido has treated him.
Hic Hammone satus rapta Garamantide nympha
templa Iovi centum latis immania regnis,
centum aras posuit vigilemque sacraverat ignem,
excubias divum aeternas, pecudumque cruore 201
pingue solum et variis florentia limina sertis.
isque amens animi et rumore accensus amaro
dicitur ante aras media inter numina divum
multa Iovem manibus supplex orasse supinis: 205
' Iuppiter omnipotens, cui nunc Maurusia pictis
gens epulata toris Lenaeum libat honorem,
aspicis haec? an te, genitor, cum fulmina torques
nequiquam horremus, caecique in nubibus ignes
terrificant animos et inania murmura miscent? 210
femina, quae nostris errans in finibus urbem
exiguam pretio posuit, cui litus arandum
cuique loci leges dedimus, conubia nostra
reppulit ac dominum Aenean in regna recepit.
et nunc ille Paris cum semiviro comitatu,  215
Maeonia mentum mitra crinemque madentem
subnexus, rapto potitur: nos munera templis
quippe tuis ferimus famamque fovemus inanem.'
Jupiter sends MJercuy to rebuke A eneas for wasting his
time in Carthfage when lie oughzt to be thinking of his
future kingdom in Italy, and to bid him sail away
at once.
Talibus orantem dictis arasque tenentem
audiit Omnipotens, oculosque ad moenia torsit 220




32        P. VERGILI MARONIS
regia et oblitos famae melioris amantis.
tur sic Mercurium adloquitur ac talia mandat:
'vade age, nate, voca Zephyros et labere pennis,
Dardaniumque ducem, Tyria Karthagine qui nunc
exspectat, fatisque datas non respicit urbes,  232
adloquere et celeris defer mea dicta per auras.
non illum nobis genetrix pulcherrima talem
promisit Graiumque ideo bis vindicat armis;
sed fore qui gravidam imperiis belloque frementem
Italiam regeret, genus alto a sanguine Teucri 230
proderet, ac totum sub leges mitteret orbem.
si nulla accendit tantarum gloria rerum
nec super ipse sua molitur laude laborem,
Ascanione pater Romanas invidet arces?
quid struit? aut qua spe inimica in gente moratur
nec prolemn Ausoniam et Lavinia respicit arva? 236
naviget! haec summa est, hic nostri nuntius esto.'
11ercury, in obedienzce to te cofl ma. nd, pZuts on tie goldenz
sandals and zwizngs his,way towarlds Carthage. Ife
alights on the top of Jfount Atlas and t/hene plun/ges
sfraighzt down to the Lizbyan shore.
Dixerat. ille patris magni parere parabat
imperio: et primum pedibus talaria nectit
aurea, quae sublimem alis sive aequora supra 240
seu terram rapido pariter cum flamine portant.
tur virgam capit: hac animas ille evocat Orco
pallentis, alias sub Tartara tristia mittit,
dat somnos adimitque, et lumina morte resignat.
illa fretus agit ventos et turbida tranat  245




AENEIDOS IV


33


nubila. iamque volans apicem et latera ardua
cernit
Atlantis duri, caelum qui vertice fulcit,
Atlantis, cinctum adsidue cui nubibus atris
piniferum caput et vento pulsatur et imbri,
nix umeros infusa tegit, tur flumina mento  250
praecipitant senis, et glacie riget horrida barba.
hic primum paribus nitens Cyllenius alis
constitit: hinc toto praeceps se corpore ad undas
misit avi similis, quae circum litora, circum
piscosos scopulos humilis volat aequora iuxta. 255
haud aliter terras inter caelumque volabat
litus harenosum ad Libyae, ventosque secabat
materno veniens ab avo Cyllenia proles.
Mercury reaches the suburbs of Carthage and finds
Aeneas busy among the new buildings of the town.
He delivers Jufiiter's message and vanishes.
Vt primum alatis tetigit magalia plantis,
Aenean fundantem arces ac tecta novantem   260
conspicit. atque illi stellatus iaspide fulva
ensis erat, Tyrioque ardebat murice laena
demissa ex umeris, dives quae munera Dido
fecerat, et tenui telas discreverat auro.
continuo invadit: 'tu nunc Karthaginis altae 265
fundamenta locas pulchramque uxorius urbem
exstruis? heu, regni rerumque oblite tuarum!
ipse deum tibi me claro demittit Olympo
regnator, caelum ac terras qui numine torquet:
ipse haec ferre iubet celeris mandata per auras: 270
2010.1              C




34     P. VERGILI MARONIS


quid struis? aut qua spe Libycis teris otia terris?
si te nulla movet tantarum gloria rerum
[nec super ipse tua moliris laude laborem,]
Ascanium surgentem et spes heredis Iuli
respice, cui regnum Italiae Romanaque tellus 275
debetur.' tali Cyllenius ore locutus
mortalis visus medio sermone reliquit
et procul in tenuem ex oculis evanuit auram.
Aeneas makes secret preparations for fJight, and considers
in the mean time the easiest and kindest way of breakinz
the neqws to the queen.
At vero Aeneas aspectu obmutuit amens,
arrectaeque horrore comae et vox faucibus haesit.
ardet abire fuga dulcisque relinquere terras,  281
attonitus tanto monitu imperioque deorum.
heu quid agat? quo nunc reginam ambire furentem
audeat adfatu? quae prima exordia sumat?
atque animum nunc huc celerem nunc dividit illuc
in partisque rapit varias perque omnia versat. 286
haec alternanti potior sententia visa est:
Mnesthea Sergestumque. vocat fortemque Serestum,
classem aptent taciti sociosque ad litora cogant,
arma parent et quae rebus sit causa novandis 290
dissimulent; sese interea, quando optima Dido
nesciat et tantos rumpi non speret amores,
temptaturum aditus et quae mollissima fandi
tempora, quis rebus dexter modus. ocius omnes
imperio laeti parent et iussa facessunt.   295




AENEIDOS IV


35


Dido hears of the intended flight and, after hurrying
wildly about the city like a Bacchanal called to the
festival on Mount Cithaeron, passionately upbraids
Aeneas for his desertion.
At regina dolos (quis fallere possit amantem?)
praesensit, motusque excepit prima futuros,
omnia tuta timens. eadem impia Fama furenti
detulit armari classem cursumque parari.
saevit inops animi totamque incensa per urbem 300
bacchatur, qualis commotis excita sacris
Thyias, ubi audito stimulant trieterica Baccho
orgia, nocturnusque vocat clamore Cithaeron.
tandem his Aenean compellat vocibus ultro:
'dissimulare etiam sperasti, perfide, tantum  30o
posse nefasltacitusque mea decedere terra?
nec te noster amor nec te data dextera quondam
nec moritura tenet crudeli'/unere Dido?
-quin etiam hiberno moliris sidere classem,
et mediis properas Aquilonibus ire per altum,.io
crudelis? quid, si non arva aliena domosque
ignotas peteres, et Troia antiqua maneret,
Troia per undosum peteretur classibus aequor?
mene fugis? per ego has lacrimas dextramque
tuam te
(quando aliud mihi iam miserae nihil ipsa reliqui),
per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos,.i16
si bene quid de te merui, fuit aut tibi quicquam
dulce meum, miserere domus labentis et istam,
oro, si quis adhuc precibus locus, exue mentem.
te propter Libycae gentes Nomadumque tyranni
C2




36    P. VERGILI MARONIS


odere, infensi Tyrii; te propter eundem   3,2
exstinctus pudor et, qua sola sidera adibam,
fama prior. cui me moribundam deseris,-hospes
(hoc solum nomen quoniam de coniuge restat)?
quid moror? an mea Pygmalion dum moenia frater
destruat aut captam ducat Gaetulus Iarbas?  326
saltem si qua mihi de te suscepta fuisset
ante fugam suboles, si quis mihi parvulus aula
luderet Aeneas, qui te tamen ore referret,
non equidem omnino capta ac deserta viderer.' 330
Aeneas defends himself'. 'I recognize your claim on0 my'
gratitude, and I shall always have pSleasant memories
of yozu; but I never bound myself to stay here as your
husband, and mty destiny now compels me to depSart.'
Dixerat. ille Iovis monitis immota tenebat
lumina et obnixus curam sub corde premebat.
tandem pauca refert: 'ego te, quae plurima fando
enumerare vales, numquam, regina, negabo
promeritam, nec me meminisse pigebit Elissae, 33,
dum memor ipse mei, dum spiritus hos regit artus.
pro re pauca loquar. neque ego hanc abscondere
furto
speravi (ne finge) fugam, nec coniugis umquam
praetendi taedas aut haec in foedera veni.
me si fata meis paterentur ducere vitam   340
auspiciis et sponte mea componere curas,
urbem Troianam primum dulcisque meorum
reliquias colerem, Priami tecta alta manerent,
et recidiva manu posuissem Pergama victis.
sed nunc Italiam magnam Gryneus Apollo,   345




AENEIDOS IV


37


Italiam Lyciae iussere capessere sortes;
hic amor, haec patria est. si te Karthaginis arces
Phoenissam Libycaeque aspectus detinet urbis,
quae tandem Ausonia Teucros considere terra
invidia est? et nos fas extera quaerere regna. 350
me patris Anchisae, quotiens umentibus umbris
nox operit terras, quotiens astra ignea surgunt,
admonet in somnis et turbida terret imago;
me puer Ascanius capitisque iniuria cari,
quem regno Hesperiae fraudo et fatalibus arvis. 355
nunc etiam interpres divum love missus ab ipso
(testor utrumque caput) celeris mandata per auras
detulit: ipse deum manifesto in lumine vidi
intrantem muros, vocemque his auribus hausi.
desine meque tuis incendure teque querelis;  360
Italiam non sponte sequoi~
Ike queen, angered beyond endurance, reproaches Aeneas
bitterly for his brutality and ingratitude, and bids him
begone.
Talia dicentem iamdudum aversa tuetur
huc illuc volvens oculos, totumque pererrat
luminibus tacitis et sic accensa profatur:
'nec tibi diva parens generis nec Dardanus auctor,
perfide, sed duris genuit te cautibus horrens  366
Caucasus Hyrcanaeque admorunt ubera tigres.
nam quid dissimulo aut quae me ad maiora reservo?
num fletu ingemuit nostro? num lumina flexit?
num lacrimas victus dedit aut miseratus amantem
est?                                 370
quae quibus anteferam? iam iam nec maxima Iuno




38    P. VERGILI MARONIS


nec Saturnius haec oculis pater aspicit aequis.
nusquam tuta fides. eiectum litore, egentem
excepi et regni demens in parte locavi.
amissam classem, socios a morte reduxi    375
(heu furiis incensa feror!): nunc augur Apollo,
nunc Lyciae sortes, nunc et Iove missus ab ipso
interpres divum fert horrida iussa per auras.
scilicet is superis labor est, ea cura quietos
sollicitat. neque te teneo neque dicta refello: 380
i, sequere Italiam ventis, pete regna per undas.
spero equidem mediis, si quid pia numina possunt,
supplicia hausurum scopulis et nomine Dido
saepe vocaturum. sequar atris ignibus absens,
et, cum frigida mors anima seduxerit artus,  3S;
omnibus umbra locis adero. dabis, improbe, poenas.
audiam, et haec manis veniet mihi fama sub imos.'
Dido leaves him and is carried fainting to her room.
Aeneas goes down to the shore to hasten the jgreparations.
His medium dictis sermonem abrumpit et auras
aegra fugit seque ex oculis avertit et aufert,
linquens multa metu cunctantem et multa parantem                                 390
dicere. suscipiunt famulae conlapsaque membra
marmoreo referunt thalamo stratisque reponunt.
At pius Aeneas, quamquam lenire dolentem
solando cupit et dictis avertere curas,   394
multa gemens magnoque animum labefactus amore,
iussa tamen divum exsequitur classemque revisit.
turn vero Teucri incumbunt et litore celsas




AENEIDOS IV


39


deducunt toto navis. natat uncta carina,
frondentisque ferunt remos et robora silvis
infabricata fugae studio.                  400
migrantis cernas totaque ex urbe ruentis.
ac velut ingentem formicae farris acervum
cum populant hiemis memores tectoque reponunt,
it nigrum campis agmen praedamque per herbas
convectant calle angusto: pars grandia trudunt 405
obnixae frumenta umeris, pars agmina cogunt
castigantque moras, opere omnis semita fervet.
Dido, realizing that Aeneas will soon be lost to her, finds
her hatred mastered by love. She begs Anna to appeal
to him, not indeed to give u2 Italy for her, but to stayl
for a short time till he can sail with safety and she
can learn to bear her grief.
Quis tibi turn, Dido, cernenti talia sensus,
quosve dabas gemitus, cum litora fervere late
prospiceres arce ex summa, totumque videres 410
misceri ante oculos tantis clamoribus aequor!
improbe Amor, quid non mortalia pectora cogis!
ire iterum in lacrimas, iterum temptare precando
cogitur et supplex animos summittere amori,
ne quid inexpertum frustra moritura relinquat. 415
'Anna, vides toto properari litore circum:
undique convenere; vocat iam carbasus auras,
puppibus et laeti nautae imposuere coronas.
hunc ego si potui tantum sperare dolorem,
et perferre, soror, potero. miserac hoc tamen
ununl                                  42o
cxsequere, Anna, mihi; solam nam perfidus ille




40    P. VERGILI MARONIS


te colere, arcanos etiam tibi credere sensus;
sola viri mollis aditus et tempora noras:
i, soror, atque hostem supplex adfare superbum:
non ego cum Danais Troianam exscindere gentem
Aulide iuravi classemve ad Pergama misi,  426
nec patris Anchisae cineres manisve revelli:
cur mea dicta negat duras demittere in auris?
quo ruit? extremum   hoc miserae det munus
amanti:
exspectet facilemque fugam ventosque ferentis. 430
non iam coniugium antiquum, quod prodidit, oro,
nec pulchro ut Latio careat regnumque relinquat:
tempus inane peto, requiem spatiumque furori,
dum mea me victam doceat fortuna dolere.
extremam hanc oro veniam (miserere sororis), 435
quam mihi cum dederit cumulatam morte remittam.'
Aeneas is grieved by this appeal, but remains fixed in
his determination.
Talibus orabat, talisque miserrima fletus
fertque refertque soror. sed nullis ille movetur
fletibus, aut voces ullas tractabilis audit;
fata obstant placidasque viri deus obstruit auris.
ac velut annoso validam cum robore quercum  44I
Alpini Boreae nunc hinc nunc flatibus illinc
eruere inter se certant; it stridor, et altae
consternunt terram concusso stipite frondes;
ipsa haeret scopulis et quantum vertice ad auras
aetherias, tantum radice in Tartara tendit:  446
haud secus adsiduis hinc atque hinc vocibus heros




AENEIDOS IV


4I


tunditur, et magno persentit pectore curas;
mens immota manet, lacrimae volvuntur inanes.
Dido is now desperate and eager for death. Her purpose
is confirmed by porlents and dreams.
'Tur vero infelix fatis exterrita Dido  450
mortem orat; taedet caeli convexa tueri.
quo magis inceptum peragat lucemque relinquat,
vidit, turicremis cum dona imponeret aris
(horrendum dictu), latices nigrescere sacros
fusaque in obscenum se vertere vina cruorem. 455
hoc visum nulli, non ipsi effata sorori.
praeterea fuit in tectis de marmore templum
coniugis antiqui, miro quod honore colebat,
velleribus niveis et festa fronde revinctum:
hinc exaudiri voces et verba vocantis     460
visa viri, nox cum terras obscura teneret;
solaque culminibus ferali carmine bubo
saepe queri et longas in fletum ducere voces;
multaque praeterea vatum praedicta priorum
terribili monitu horrificant. agit ipse furentem 465
in somnis ferus Aeneas; semperque relinqui
sola sibi, semper longam incomitata videtur
ire viam et Tyrios deserta quaerere terra;
Eumenidum veluti demens videt agmina Pentheus
et solem geminum et duplices se ostendere Thebas;
aut Agamemnonius scaenis agitatus Orestes,  471
armatam facibus matrem et serpentibus atris
cum fugit, ultricesque sedent in limine Dirae.




42     P. VERGILI MARONIS


Dido determines to kill herself on a funeral pyre, firetending that by the advice of an African priestess she
is going to burn all the relics of Aeneas and thus free
herself from her passion.
Ergo ubi concepit furias evicta dolore
decrevitque mori, tempus secum ipsa modumque
exigit, et maestam dictis adgressa sororem  476
consilium vultu tegit ac spem fronte serenat:
'inveni, germana, viam (gratare sorori)
quae mihi reddat eum vel eo me solvat amantem.
Oceani finem iuxta solemque cadentem       480
ultimus Aethiopum locus est, ubi maximus Atlas
axem umero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum:
hinc mihi Massylae gentis monstrata sacerdos,
Hesperidum templi custos, epulasque draconi
quae dabat et sacros servabat in arbore ramos, 4s,
spargens umida mella soporiferumque papavel.
haec se carminibus promittit solvere mentes
quas velit, ast aliis duras immittere curas;
sistere aquam fluviis et vertere sidera re:ro,
nocturnosque movet manis; mugire videbis   490
sub pedibus terram et descendere montibus ornos.
testor, cara, deos et te, germana, tuumque
dulce caput, magicis invitam accingier artis.
tu secreta pyram tecto interiore sub auras
erige, et arma viri thalamo quae fixa reliquit  495
impius exuviasque omnis lectumque iugalem,
quo perii, superimponas: abolere nefandi
cun cta viri nonimenta iuvat, monstratque sacerdos.'
haec effata silet, pallor simul occupat ora.
non tamen Anna novis praetexere funera sacris 5oo




AENEIDOS IV


43


germanam credit, nec tantos mente furores
concipit, aut graviora timet quam morte Sychaei.
ergo iussa parat.
The pyre is built and the relics are laid upon it. The
priestess performs her magic rites and Dido appieals to
the gods.
At regina, pyra penetrali in sede sub auras
erecta ingenti taedis atque ilice secta,    o05
intenditque locum sertis et fronde coronat
funerea; super exuvias ensemque relictum
effigiemque toro locat haud ignara futuri.
stant arae circum et crinis effusa sacerdos  509
ter centum tonat ore deos, Erebumque Chaosque
tergeminamque Hecaten, tria virginis ora Dianae.
sparserat et latices simulatos fontis Averni,
falcibus et messae ad lunam quaeruntur ainis
pubentes herbae nigri cum lacte veneni;
quaeritur et nascentis equi de fronte revulsus 515
et matri praereptus amor.
ipsa mola manibusque piis altaria iuxta
unum exuta pedem vinclis, in veste recincta,
testatur moritura deos et conscia fati
sidera; tum, si quod non aequo foedere amantis 520
curae numen habet iustumque memorque, precatur.
Though all the world is at rest, Dido cannot sleep. ' What
am I about?' she exclaims. 'Shall I yield to some
lover whom 1 have scorned? or ask the Trojans to
take me away with them? BPetter to d(ie and have done
wczith all ny trouble.'
Nox erat et placidum carpebant fessa soporem
corpora per terras, silvaeque et saeva quierant




44        P. VERGILI MARONIS
aequora, cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu,  524
cum tacet omnls ager, pecudes.pictaeque volucres,
quaeque lacus late liquidos quaeque aspera dumls
rura tenent, somno positae sub nocte silenfi.
[lenibant curas et corda oblita laborum.]
at non infelix animi Phoenissa neque umquam
solvitur in somnos oculisve aut pectore noctem 53o
accipit: ingeminant curae rursusque resurgens
saevit amor magnoque irarum fluctuat aestu.
sic adeo insistit secumque ita corde volutat:
'en, quid ago? rursusne procos inrisa priores
experiar, Nomadumque petar conubia supplex, 53;
quos ego sim totiens iam dedignata maritos?
Iliacas igitur classis atque ultima Teucrum
iussa sequar? quiane auxilio iuvat ante levatos
et bene apud memores veteris stat gratia facti?
quis me autem, fac velle, sinet ratibusque superbis
invisam accipiet? nescis heu, perdita, necdum 54i
Laomedonteae sentis periuria gentis?
quid turn? sola fuga nautas comitabor ovantis?
an Tyriis omnique manu stipata meorum
inferar et, quos Sidonia vix urbe revelli,  545
rursus agam pelago et ventis dare vela iubebo?
quin morere ut merita es, ferroque averte dolorem.
tu lacrimis evicta meis, tu prima furentem
his, germana, malis oneras atque obicis hosti.
non licuit thalami expertem sine crimine vitam 55o
degere more ferae, talis ncc tangere curas;
non servata fides cineri promissa Sychaeo.'




AENEIDOS IV


45


Aeneas is sleepin g in his shlip, when Mercury appears
and warns him of the dangers that threaten, bidding
him st se ail at once, while he has a fair wind.
Tantos illa suo rumpebat pectore questus:
Aeneas celsa in puppi iam certus eundi
carpebat somnos rebus iam rite paratis.    55
huic se forma dei vultu redeuntis eodem
obtulit in somnis rursusque ita visa monere est,
omnia Mercurio similis, vocemque coloremque
et crinis flavos et membra decora iuventae:
'iate dea, potes hoc sub casu ducere somnos, 560
nec quae te circum stent deinde pericula cernis,
demens, nec Zephyros audis spirare secundos?
illa dolos dirumque nefas in pectore versat
certa mori, variosque irarum concitat aestus.
non fugis hinc praeceps, dum praecipitare potestas?
iam mare turbari trabibus saevasque videbis  566
conlucere faces, iam fervere litora flammis,
si te his attigerit terris Aurora morantem.
heia age, rumpe moras. varium et mutabile semper
femina.' sic fatus nocti se immiscuit atrae.  570
Aeneas awakes and rputs to sea.
Tur vero Aeneas subitis exterritus umbris
corripit e somno corpus sociosque fatigat
praecipitis: 'vigilate, viri, et considite transtris;
solvite vela citi. deus aethere missus ab alto
festinare fugam tortosque incidere funis   575
ecce iterum instimulat. sequimur te, sancte deorum,




46    P. VERGILI MARONIS


quisquis es, imperioque iterum paremus ovantes.
adsis o placidusque iuves et sidera caelo
dextra feras.' dixit vaginaque eripit ensem
fulmineum strictoque ferit retinacula ferro.  580
idem omnis simul ardor habet, rapiuntque ruuntque;
litora deseruere, latet sub classibus aequor,
adnixi torquent spumas et caerula verrunt.
As soon as it is lzghlt, Dido sees the fleet far from the
shore, and after useless orders to her people to pursue,
she breaks out into a wi/l drenlnciation of Aeneas.
Et iam prima novo spargebat lumine terras
Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile.    58
regina e speculis ut primam albescere lucem
vidit et aequatis classem procedere velis,
litoraque et vacuos sensit sine remige portus,
terque quaterque manu pectus percussa decorum
flaventisque abscissa comas 'pro Iuppiter! ibit
hic,' ait 'et nostris inluserit advena regnis?;9
non arma expedient totaque ex urbe sequentur,
deripientque rates alii navalibus? ite,
ferte citi flammas, date tela, impellite remos!
quid loquor? aut ubi sum? quae mentem insania
mutat?                                595
infelix Dido, nunc te facta impia tangunt?
tum decuit, cum sceptra dabas. en dextra fidesque,
quem secum patrios aiunt portare penatis,
quem subiisse umeris confectum aetate parentem!
non potui abreptum divellere corpus et undis 600
spargere? non socios, non ipsum absumere ferro




AENEIDOS IV


47


Ascanium patriisque epulandum ponere mensis?
verum anceps pugnae fuerat fortuna.-fuisset:
quem metui moritura? faces in castra tulissem
implessemque foros flammis natumque patremque
cum genere exstinxem, memet super ipsa dedissem.                               606
Sol, qui terrarum flammis opera omnia lustras,
tuque harum interpres curarum et conscia Iuno,
nocturnisque Hecate triviis ululata per urbes,
et Dirae ultrices, et di morientis Elissae,  6io
accipite haec, meritumque malis advertite numen,
et nostras audite preces. si tangere portus
infandum caput ac terris adnare necesse est,
et sic fata Iovis poscunt, hic terminus haeret:
at bello audacis populi vexatus et armis,  6r,5
finibus extorris, complexu avulsus Iuli
auxilium imploret videatque indigna suorum
funera; nec, cum se sub leges pacis iniquae
tradiderit, regno aut optata luce fruatur,
sed cadat ante diem mediaque inhumatus harena.
haec precor, hanc vocem extremam cum sanguine
fundo.                                621
tum vos, o Tyrii, stirpem et genus omne futurum
exercete odiis, cinerique haec mittite nostro
munera. nullus amor populis nec foedera sunto.
exoriare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor  625
qui face Dardanios ferroque sequare colonos,
nunc, olim, quocumque dabunt se tempore vires.
litora litoribus contraria, fluctibus undas
imprecor, arma armis: pugnent ipsique nepotesque.'




48        P. VERGILI MARONIS
Dido sends the nurse Barce to fetch Anna on the pbretext
that she wTishes to compzlete the magic rites.
Haec ait, et partis animum versabat in omnis, 630
invisam quaerens quam primum abrumpere lucem.
turn breviter Barcen nutricem adfata Sychaei,
namque suam patria antiqua cinis ater habebat:
'Annam, cara mihi nutrix, huc siste sororem:
dic corpus properet fluviali spargere lympha,  635
et pecudes secum et monstrata piacula ducat.
sic veniat, tuque ipsa pia tege tempora vitta.
sacra Iovi Stygio, quae rite incepta paravi,
perficere est animus finemque imponere curis,
Dardaniique rogum capitis permittere flammae.'
sic ait. illa gradum studio celebrabat anili.  64 r
In the absence of the nurse Dido mounts the funeral pyre
and, after some words of farewell, stabs herself with
the sword of Aeneas.
At trepida et coeptis immanibus effera Dido
sanguineam volvens aciem, maculisque trementis
interfusa genas et pallida morte futura,
interiora domus inrumpit limina et altos   64.
conscendit furibunda gradus ensemque recludit
Dardanium, non hos quaesitum munus in usus.
hic, postquam Iliacas vestis notumque cubile
conspexit, paulum lacrimis et mente morata
incubuitque toro dixitque novissima verba:  65o
'dulces exuviae, dum fata deusque sinebat,
accipite hanc animam meque his exsolvite curis.
vixi et quem dederat cursum fortuna peregi,




AENEIDOS IV


49


et nunc magna mei sub terras ibit imago.
urbem praeclaram statui, mea moenia vidi,  655
ulta virum poenas inimico a fratre recepi,
felix, heu nimium felix, si litora tantum
numquam Dardaniae tetigissent nostra carinae.'
dixit, et os impressa toro 'moriemur inultae,
sed moriamur' ait. 'sic, sic iuvat ire sub umbras.
hauriat hunc oculis ignem crudelis ab alto  66i
Dardanus, et nostrae secum ferat omina mortis.'
The attendants, who have seen too late what is hapfiening,
raise the alarm. Alnna hurries zup, wildly reproaching
her sister, and tries to stanch the wound.
Dixerat, atque illam media inter talia ferro
conlapsam aspiciunt comites, ensemque cruore
spumantem sparsasque manus. it clamor ad alta
atria: concussam bacchatur Fama per urbem. 666
lamentis gemituque et femineo ululatu
tecta fremunt, resonat magnis plangoribus aether,
non aliter quam si immissis ruat hostibus omnis
Karthago aut antiqua Tyros, flammaeque furentes
culmina perque hominum volvantur perque deorum.
audiit exanimis trepidoque exterrita cursu  672
unguibus ora soror foedans et pectora pugnis
per medios ruit, ac morientem nomine clamat:
'hoc illud, germana, fuit? me fraude petebas? 675
hoc rogus iste mihi, hoc ignes araeque parabant?
quid primum deserta querar? comitemne sororem
sprevisti moriens? eadem me ad fata vocasses:
idem ambas ferro dolor atque eadem hora tulisset.
his etiam struxi manibus patriosque vocavi  680
2010o 1            D




50    VERGILI AENEIDOS IV


voce deos, sic te ut posita, crudelis, abessem?
exstinxti te meque, soror, populumque patresque
Sidonios urbemque tuam. date, vulnera lymphis
abluam et, extremus si quis super halitus errat,
ore legam.' sic fata gradus evaserat altos,  685
semianimemque sinu germanam amplexa fovebat
cum gemitu atque atros siccabat veste cruores.
illa gravis oculos conata attollere rursus
deficit; infixum stridit sub pectore vulnus.
ter sese attollens cubitoque adnixa levavit,  690
ter revoluta toro est oculisque errantibus alto
quaesivit caelo lucem ingemuitque reperta.
Juno sends Iris to release Dido from her szffering and
allow her to die.
Turn Iuno omnipotens longum miserata dolorem
difficilisque obitus Irim demisit Olympo,
quae luctantem animam nexosque resolveret artus.
nam quia nec fato merita nec morte peribat,  696
sed misera ante diem subitoque accensa furore,
nondum illi flavum Proserpina vertice crinem
abstulerat Stygioque caput damnaverat Orco.
ergo Iris croceis per caelum roscida pennis  70o
mille trahens varios adverso sole colores
devolat et supra caput astitit. ' hunc ego Diti
sacrum iussa fero teque isto corpore solvo.'
sic ait et dextra crinem secat: omnis et una
dilapsus calor atque in ventos vita recessit.  70o




NOTES
I. At, 'but', contrasts the restlessness of the queen
with the repose of Aeneas, of which we have heard in
the last line of the preceding Book. cura: this word is
often used of the 'pain' or 'pang' of love; similarly
vudzus and ignis in the next line, and cura again in 5.
See 608 note.
2. venis, 'with her life-blood ', not ' in her veins'.
3. multa... multus: adjectives agreeing with virtus
and /onos respectively, but in sense adverbs qualifying
recursat, ' again and again'.
4. haerent infixi pectore, 'cleave fast in her heart':
notwithstanding the order of the words, fectore follows
haerent more naturally than infxi.
6, 7. postera... Aurora, ' the morrow's dawn'; subject
to lustrabat and dimoverat. aurora, the dawn, is often
personified as a goddess.
8. adloquitur: note the present tense, though it is
connected by cuizi with an imperf. and pluperf. Notwithstanding cumz it would be in the indic. even if it
were in the past tense, for in sense adloquitur is the
principal verb and the preceding verbs mark the time.
male sana, ' distraught '; equivalent to insana. If male
is attached to an adj., it often negatives the sense; e.g.
male fidus means ' unfaithful ' or ' unsafe'.
Io. quis novus hic... hospes, 'who is this new
guest that...?'
II. quem sese ore ferens, lit. 'how (of what sort)
bearing himself in respect of face', i.e. 'how noble in
mien!'  quam forti pectore et armis, 'what valiant
heart and arms '   pectore, armis: ablatives of quality
with hospes.  armis: prob. abl. of arma. It is tempting
to take it as coming from armuis, 'a shoulder'. This
D2




52                   NOTES
suits pectore very well and is illustrated by Aen. i. 589,
where Aeneas is described as os umerosque dleo similis,
' in face and shoulders like a god': but armus is very
rarely used of the shoulder of a human being, and the one
instance in Virgil (Aen. xi. 644) is really against such an
interpretation here.
12. nec vana fides, 'nor is my belief groundless'.
genus esse deorum, 'that his lineage is of (from) gods'.
13. degeneres animos timor arguit, 'fear is a proof
of ignoble spirit', i. e. fear necessarily accompanies such
a spirit. Dido argues that, since Aeneas is not a coward,
as is shown by his sufferings and combats, consequently
he is not ignoble, and therefore may well be of that divine
descent which his looks suggest.
14. canebat: ordinarily used of the utterances of poets
and prophets; here it is equivalent to a grander form of
lnarrazbat.
I5. sederet: impersonal, the next line serving as
subject to it.
I6. cui: indirect object after sociare.
17. deceptam morte fefellit, 'cheated me by death
and played me false'. The premature death of Sychaeus,
the ' first love', is regarded as treachery to his wife.
I9. potui, 'well were I able'. This use of an indic.
in the apodosis of a conditional sentence, when the verb
of the protasis is in the subjunct., is not uncommon in
poetry to give vividness, i.e. to show how nearly the
statement is true without qualification; but the indic. of
possum is often used in the apodosis, in prose as well as
in poetry, when the subjunct. might be expected. So too
we find the indic. of debeo, of some impers. verbs or
expressions, and of sum in combination with the fut.
partic. or the gerundive.  culpae,'weakness', i.e. of being
unfaithful to the memory of Sychaeus by marrying again.
21. sparsos fraterna caede penatis, 'the sprinkling
of my home with a brother's blood', i.e. of Sychaeus,
brother-in-law to his murderer, Pygmalion; but the words
may mean, 'with the blood that my brother shed'.
22. inflexit sensus, ' touched my heart'.  labantem,




LINES    11-42


53


'till it totters'; the partic. is used ' proleptically', i.e.
by anticipation; for her resolution did not totter till the
shock was felt.
24. optem, 'I would pray'; a potential subjunct., as
velirz often.  ima, 'to its depths'.  dehiscat: after
oftem; this verb may be followed by iat with the subj. or
by the subj. alone.
26. Erebo, 'in Erebus'; but possibly Erebi should
be read.
27. ante: repeating prius in 24, and here joined with
quarm.  pudor, ' my honour'.
3I. dilecta sorori, 'loved by your sister', i. e. by me.
sorori is dat. just as if it followed cara (dear) or some
such adj.
32. solane, etc., 'wilt thou pine away in lonely grief
all through the flower of thy life?'  carpere: 2nd sing.
fut. indic. pass.  perpetua, 'unbroken', 'continuous'.
So by perpelcuae mensae Virgil means tables that run the
whole length of a room.
34. id: very emphatic, referring to the refusal of the
'sweetness of children' and the 'bounty of love '. manis
sepultos: this means to Virgil and his readers no more
than the 'ghost of the buried man '; but the language is
explained by the old Roman belief that the spirit did not
dwell apart in Hades, but remained with the body in the
tomb. So Aen. iii. 67 animniamqie sep5Zucro condimZts,' and
we lay the spirit to rest in its grave '.
35. esto, 'be it so'; explained by the lines that follow.
mariti, 'wooers'.
36. Libyae: gen. or perhaps locative, though it is the
name of a country.  Tyro: abl., 'in Tyre'.
37, 38. triumphis dives, 'rich in triumphs', i.e. full
of warriors likely to win triumphs.  pugnabis, 'struggle
against'; often followed by dat. in this sense.
39. venit: the subject is quorztu... arzris.
42. deserta siti regio: a 'waterless desert' might
be regarded as a protection rather than a danger, but
Virgil may be thinking of the 'wild raiders 'from Barca
on its borders. The geography is vague.




54


NOTES


43. Tyro, 'from Tyre'.
44. germani: Pygmalion, whose treasure Dido had
carried away with her from Tyre. For the unfinished line
see Introduction, p. 21.
45. dis... auspicibus... et Iunone secunda, ' under
the guidance of the gods and by the favour of Juno';
ablatives abs. As the leader of any enterprise was bound
to take the auispicia, azuspex often means simply 'leader'
and ausficia 'authority', as in 103, 341.
46. hunc cursum: equivalent in sense to hzit
cursuilm.
47. quam, 'how changed'.    surgere: with regzna
only, not with urbem.
48. coniugio tali, 'on such a marriage'; abl. of circumstance.
49. rebus, ' power '.
52. aquosus Orion: a second subject to (lesaei/t.
Storms were associated with both the rising and setting
of the constellation Orion.
53. quassatae, ' still shattered', as Ilioneus had
described them to the queen, Aen. i. 55 1.  non tractabile,
'forbids the voyage'.
54. his dictis: abl. of circumstance, connected with
the whole of the two following lines.  amore: closely
with fiammavit.
55. pudorem, 'honour', as in 27.
56. per aras, 'from altar to altar'.
59. cui vincla iugalia curae, 'whose charge is the
marriage bond'.  curae: a predicative dative expressing
consequence.
6I. media inter cornua: a mixture of inter cornua
and mediis in cornibus. fundit, 'empties it'.
63. instauratque diem donis, 'and renews the day
with gifts', i. e. makes a fresh sacrifice each day.
64. pectoribus: for the lengthening of the final syllable
see Introduction, p. 20.
66. est: from edo.  mollis: probably 'subtle ', with
flamma; possibly acc. plur. with medullas.
67. vulnus: as in 2.




LINES 43-90


55


69. cooiecta... sagitta, ' stricken by an arrow'; lit.
'with an arrow shot' (to its mark).
7. agens telis, 'chasing with his shafts'. Notice
four words in this passage, all meaning 'arrow': sagitta,
te/is,ferrumz, harundo.
74. moenia, 'town', the    more  common   use in
Virgil.
75. paratam, 'ready', as opposed to a city which he
would have to build in a distant land.
77. eadem, 'a renewal of'.
78. audire: object after exrposcit.
So. digressi: supply suint.
8I. cadentia, 'setting', not 'falling'. Dido and her
court seem to have kept late hours. Indeed, in Book II
Aeneas does not begin his long narrative till 'setting stars
invite slumber'.
82. relictis: i. e. by Aeneas. She throws herself on the
couch where he lately reclined.
83. absens absentem: the word is repeated unnecessarily but very emphatically. Latin has an advantage over
English in expressions of this sort, because it is more
easy in Latin to bring the words together.
85. si.. possit, 'in the hope that she may be able'.
This expression here and elsewhere in Virgil implies that
the hope is faint.  fallere, 'to beguile', i. e. to forget
her love for Aeneas while she is fondling Ascanius.
86, 87. arma... exercet, 'practises arms ', i.e. armed
exercises.  bello: dat.
88, 89. minae.... murorum, 'frowning walls', or
' battlements of walls'.  machina: any sort of engine,
cranes, scaffolding, &c.
go. Juno attempted (Book I) to prevent the foundation
of Rome and the consequent overthrow of Carthage
by destroying the Trojans. As this attempt has failed,
she proposes to keep the Trojans from Italy by uniting
them to the Carthaginians. The love of Dido for Aeneas
gives her the opportunity.
tali... peste teneri, 'was the slave of such infatuation '.  pestis is a very strong word for armor.




56                   NOTES
91. famam, ' (the thought *f) her good nalmt '.
92. Saturnia: repeating I';: i-s ozii'unx from the preceding line.
93. refertis, 'win'; here re- has the same force as in
zvictoriam refortare.
94. magnum   et memorabile numen, ' mighty and
glorious is your power'. If nomen is read, it is another
object after refertis.
96. nec me adeo fallit, 'nor does it escape me so
much', or 'nor am  I so blind to the fact'.   fallit
is impers., the subject being te... a.buisse. Venus had,
as Juno says, employed Cupid to inspire Dido with
passion for Aeneas (Aen. i. 657, &c.), because she 'held
in suspicion the hospitality (domos) of Carthage '.
98. quo, 'what need is there?' equivalent to quid of0us
est, and, like opus, followed by the abl.
99, Ioo. quin... exercemus, 'let us establish', lit.
'why do we not establish?' This use of quin with the
indic. is common. As it implies a command, the imperat. was often substituted for the indic., the meaning of
quin being neglected. Cf. 547.
o10. traxitque per ossa furorem, 'and has felt the
passion creep (lit. ' has drawn the passion') through her
bones', or 'through and through her'.
I02, Io3. paribus... auspiciis, 'with equal sovereignty'. See on 45. The abl. is coupled by que to
commzunem, which is in sense an adverb, 'jointly'.
I05. simulata mente, 'with pretended purpose', i. e.
merely for the sake of peace and friendship. The next
line indicates Juno's real purpose.
io6. quo: neut. abl. referring to the phrase simulata
mente loculam.  Libycas oras: note the omission of in.
107. contra, 'in answer'.
Io9. si modo, etc., 'if only success should attend the
result that you propose ', i. e. if the proposed union of
Dido and Aeneas is followed by the union of their
peoples; the point being that all depends on the will
of Jupiter.
IIo. fatis incerta, 'uncertain of destiny'.  fatis




LINES 91-141


57


abl. instead of the usual gen.  feror: see on 376.
si: for the usual num, introducing an indirect question.
III. Troiaque profectis, 'and the wanderers from
Troy'.
I I2. probet, 'approves'; the place of a noun as
object being taken by misceri 5o5Zuos andfoerera iunzgi.
I 6. paucis, 'in a few words'.
I 17. una: notice the length of the final vowel.
II9. Titan, 'the Sun', according to the older legend
the son of the Titan Hyperion; the identification of the
Sun-god with Apollo was later.  orbem, 'the world'.
12I. alae, 'the beaters'. The mounted men on the
wings of a Roman army were called alae, and it is not
clear whether the beaters were so called because they
were mounted, or because they worked from right and
left, driving the game in front of the hunters.
123. nocte tegentur opaca, 'shall be hidden from
them in the thick darkness'.
I25. devenient: this verb is followed elsewhere also
by an acc. without in.  certa, 'is assured'.
126. iungam, 'I will join her to him'.
127. hymenaeus, ' the god of marriage', probably; he
is to be present in person.
128. dolis... repertis, 'at the detection of her guile '.
By 'guile' is meant Juno's concealed plan to prevent the
foundation of a Trojan kingdom in Italy.
I30. iubare, ' the day star'.
I32. canum vis, 'strong hounds', or, perhaps, 'pack
of hounds'; vis being often used of quantity.
133. ad limina, 'at the entrance '.
I37. chlamydem circumdata, 'dressed in a mantle';
an acc. following a perf. partic. pass. with a middle sense,
as is very common in Latin poetry.   picto limbo,
'with embroidered border'; abl. qualifying chlamydeim.
I38. crines nodantur in aurum: her hair is gathered
into a knot and fastened with a golden pin.
141. ante alios pulcherrimus omnis: a combination
of pulcherrimius and dulcher ante alios omnis, a doubled
and emphatic superlative.




58


NOTES


142. agmina iungit, unites their train to himself',
i.e. supply sibi. This seems to be established by other
passages, but the words might be taken 'he unites his
train to theirs'. Beware of translating 'he joins their
train '.
I43, I44. qualis ubi hibernam Lyciam.. deserit... Apollo,' like as Apollo when he leaves wintry Lycia ',
i. e. he leaves Lycia in the cold winter and goes to Delos.
This seems the natural meaning, as Delos would be
warmer than Lycia in winter; but there is also ground
for taking the words, ' he leaves Lycia, his winter home',
and goes to IDelos in the spring.  maternam, 'his
mother's isle'. Apollo was born in Delos.
146. Cretesque, etc.: people who come from all parts
to be present at Apollo's festival.  picti, 'tattooed'.
For the scansion of this line see Introduction. p. 20.
147. iugis, 'along the ridges'.
148. premit..   fingens, 'trains and confines'.
fronde: the bay, sacred to Apollo.
5 I. ventum, 'they came '. Supply est.
154, 155. agmina... pulverulenta fuga glomerant,
'gather their dusty herds in flight', i. e. they race away
amid clouds of dust.
158, 159. votis optat, ' wishes and prays', votis being
ablative; but it may be dat. after dari.
I60. magno misceri murmure, ' to be troubled and
thunder loud ', lit. 'to be in turmoil with loud thunder',
though the thunder is not the cause of the darkened sky
but the natural accompaniment of it. So (Aen. i. I24) the
same words are used of the sea, which 'is vexed and
loudly roars '.
I64. tecta, ' shelter'.
166. prima, 'eldest of the gods ', and therefore ' mother
of all'. As such, Earth is naturally present at the union.
Juno acts as pronuba or 'bride-woman', whose duty
it was to conduct the bride to the marriage-bed. She
is the goddess 'whose charge is the marriage bond'
(59) and, moreover, she had specially promised to be
there (125).




LINES 142-183


59


167. dant signum, 'give the signal' of the event,
which is accompanied by lightning flashes, representing
the torch-light procession in the marriage of real life, and
by the cry of the Nymphs to take the place of the nuptial
song.   fulsere ignes et... aether, 'the lightning
flashed and the sky flashed', i. e. the lightning flashed in
the sky.   conscius, 'witnessing'.
I68. c6onubiis: dat. after consciuzs; to be scanned as
a trisyllable.   ulularunt: used here of a joyful, not,
as usual, of a sorrowful cry.
I69. primus.. primus: we should rather have expected prima.. prima in agreement with causa; but
the first priuzzs is close to dies and separated from causa.
Translate, not 'was the first cause', but 'was first the
cause'.   leti: her self-inflicted death was brought
about by this union because it was openly acknowledged,
as is stated just below; and consequently the desertion of
Aeneas drove her to despair.
170. specie,' appearance' of her conduct to the public
eye.
171. nec iam, ' and no longer'.
172. hoc praetexit nomine culpam, ' with this word
she veils her sin ', a variety for hoc notmen praetexit culfpae.
174. malum, 'pest'.
176. parva metu primo, 'at first dwarfed by fear',
i. e. fear of being proved false, which is more likely if she
is big.  primo: it is difficult to say whether this is an
adv. or an adj. agreeing with zmetu. In either case the
sense is the same.
178. ira... deorum, ' by anger against the gods';
objective genitive, not subjective, 'by the anger of the
gods '.
I80. pernicibus alis, 'swift of wing', lit. 'with swift
wings'; abl. of quality. Being in sense an adjective, it is
joined by et to celerelm.
181, 182. cui quot sunt, etc., ' who for every feather on
its body has a watchful eye beneath'.
183. subrigit: an abrupt change of construction, for
instead of cui we must supply a subject quod.




60o


NOTES


184. caeli medio terraeque, 'between sky and land'.
medio: noun.
I86. luce, 'by day'.
I90. canebat, 'was trumpeting forth '.
I92. viro, 'as her husband '.
I93. nunc hiemem, etc., 'now they were passing all
the winter's length in dalliance with each other'. With
quam longa supply sif. So Aen. viii. 86 qguam longa
esf, nzole.
I95. virum diffundit in ora, ' spreads everywhere in
the mouths of men', i. e. makes every one talk.
I98. Hammone: abl. of origin after satus.  rapta..nympha: abl. abs.
201. excubias divum aeternas,' the unsleeping sentry
of the gods'; the fire is spoken of as keeping watch over
the statues of the gods, the nutm1ina mentioned just below.
202. pingue solum.. florentia limina: it is most
simple to supply erat and erant; but these words may be
additional objects after sacraverat.
203. animi: locative.
204. media inter numina: 'amid the presences'.
For the form of the phrase see 6I note.
206. nunc: emphatic.   Iarbas had introduced the
worship.
207. honorem, 'offering '.
210. inania murmura miscent, ' are their muttered
thunders unmeaning?' lit. 'do they stir unmeaning
thunders?' inania is the emphatic word, as caeci just
before.
212. pretio, 'by paying for it'.  litus, 'a strip of
shore'.
213. loci leges, 'sovereignty over the spot', or 'laws
of settlement', i.e. conditions on which the grant was
made.
214. dominum, ' as her lord'.  in regna, 'to share
her throne'.
215. ille Paris: because he has carried off Dido
(according to Iarbas), as Paris carried off Helen.
216. mentum... crinem: see on I37.  madentem:




LINES     I84-242               6I
i.e. with perfumes, 'essenced'. The hardy Moor speaks with
contempt of the effeminate Asiatic as he regards Aeneas.
217. rapto, ' his spoil'; neut. partic. used as a noun.
218. quippe tuis, 'thine indeed', 'reputed thine';
said in bitter irony, for the story that Jupiter is a god and
controls the affairs of men is evidently afanma inanis.
219-237. We are told how the plan of Juno is upset.
She had undertaken (I15) to gain the compliance of
Jupiter, but nothing more has been said of this.
220. moenia: as in 74.
222. adloquitur: for the lengthening of the final
syllable, see p. 20.
223. pennis, 'on thy wings', i.e. the wings of his
golden sandals. See 239-241.
225. exspectat, ' loiters': here used without an object
of any sort.
227. illum.. talem: supplyfore from 229, in which
line promzisit must be supplied.
228. ideo, 'in the faith of this'.  vindicat: pres.
for the sake of vividness.
229. gravidam imperiis belloque frementem, 'pregnant with unborn empires and loud with war'.
232. nulla, 'not at all'; a forcible non.
233. super... sua.. laude, 'on behalf of his own
honour'.   ipse: inserted, as elsewhere, between prep.
and case to give emphasis.
234. Ascanione pater: note the position of these
words. We might translate 'his own Ascanius'.
235. spe: for the hiatus see introduction, p. 9.  inimica in gente: Jupiter can foresee the hostility of Rome
and Carthage. When Mercury delivers the message (271),
he omits these words, as Aeneas would not understand them.
237. hie: i.e. izzdus rei.  nostri: gen. plur. of ego
for the usual noster.
240. sublimem alis, 'borne high by their wings'.
242. virgam: the cadtcezus or herald's wand, used
specially of the staff of Mercury as messenger of the gods.
The lines from hac to resiznat describe his ordinary use
of it; the narrative begins again at 245.




62                   NOTES
244. lumina morte resignat, 'unseals eyes in death'.
The eyes of a man were closed when he died, and opened
again when he was laid on the funeral pile, so that he
might be able to follow the guidance of Mercury to Hades.
Thus morle does not mean 'at the moment of death',
but 'during death' or 'for the dead '.
245. agit ventos, 'he drives the winds before him', ' he
chases the winds', cf. 71.
247. Atlantis duri, 'of toiling Atlas', this exceptional
meaning of diurus being suggested by the words that
follow. Atlas, the grandfather of Mercury, was a giant
changed into a mountain, and Virgil, in describing him,
uses words that might apply to the various parts of a man.
The description of the mountain, as such, is not true to
nature. Pines do not grow above the snow line.
250. nix... infusa, 'a mantle of snow'.
252. paribus nitens..   alis, 'resting on poised
wings '.
257. ad Libyae: the acc. lit/s follows adr, Libyae being
in sense an adj. that qualifies it.
259. magalia, 'the huts', on the outskirts of the
settlement, not yet rebuilt.
260. tecta novantem, 'rebuilding houses ', i. e. turning
these huts into substantial dwellings.
263. quae munera: though plural, referring only to
/aena.
264. tenui telas discreverat auro, 'had seamed the
warp with thin threads of gold', i.e. she had woven the
sztbfeJmzen or woof, in this case a thread of gold, into the
threads running lengthwise in the loom, which are called
the warp.
271. teris otia, 'waste time'.
274. spes, 'promise'. Ascanius and Iulus are, of
course, the same person. Omit et in translation.
277. medio sermone, 'ere his speech was done'. As
Mercury delivered his whole message, these words can
mean no more than that he vanished as he finished it;
but it is possible to translate 'in the midst of their discourse', i. e. without allowing Aeneas time for reply, cf. 388.




LINES 244-309


63


283, 284. agat... audeat... sumat: dubitative or
deliberative subjunctives.  quae prima exordia sumat,
'what preface is he to choose?'
285. atque animum, etc., 'this way and that dividing
the swift mind' (Tennyson, ' Passing of Arthur').
286. per omnia, 'from plan to plan'.
289-29I. aptent... cogant... parent... dissimulent: subjunctives in oblique command, following vocat;
in 291 the construction changes to oblique statement.
290. quae rebus sit causa novandis, 'the cause of all
this stir', lit. ' the cause for changing things'.
292. speret, 'imagines'.
293. temptaturum: the objects are an ace. case and
two clauses, 'essay approach to her, essay the gentlest
moments for speech, the fair way for handling circumstance'. Aeneas does not show much remorse at deserting
Dido; his chief aim is to avoid a scene.
297. prima, 'in time', i.e. 'first' in the sense that she
caught scent of the coming movement before it took
place.
298. omnia tuta timens, 'fearing all that was safe',
and therefore, in her agitation, fearing everything.
301. At the festival of Bacchus on Mount Cithaeron in
Boeotia a statue of the god was carried by worshippers,
beating kettle-drums and crying lo Bacche; and women,
seized with frenzy at the sound, hurried out to join the procession, dressed in faun skins and holding the thyrsus
or staff wreathed with ivy and vine leaves.  commotis.. sacris, ' when the holy emblems are shaken'.
302. Thyias: scanned as a disyllable.  audito...
Baccho, 'with the cry of lo Baccihe'.  stimulant:
supply 'her', as after vocal.
303. nocturnus... Cithaeron, ' Cithaeron by night',
i. e. the crowd on it.
305. etiam: i.e. not only to desert me, but to do so
secretly.
307. data dextera, 'the right hand that you gave me'
as a pledge.
309. hiberno... sidere, 'under winter's star' or ' sky'.




64                   NOTES
The constellations visible in the sky mark the season of
winter.
311. quid, ' why'.
314. mene fugis, 'is it from me that you flee?' The
position of me, with -ne attached to it, gives it great
emphasis.   per ego has lacrimas: the insertion of
a word between prep. and case is common in oaths and
adjurations, to show excitement, cf. 233 note.
315. ipsa, 'by my own act'
316. per conubia nostra, etc., 'by our union, by the
nuptial rites that should follow'. Dido speaks of the
conmbia as a preface to the full rites, which in this sense
were 'begun'. We must not press too far Juno's words
(I27), hic hymenaeus eril.
317, 318. quicquam... meum, 'aught of mine'.
321. infensi, 'estranged'.  eundem, ' too'.
322. qua sola sidera adibam, 'by which alone I was
rising to the stars', i. e. my sole title to immortal glory.
323. fama prior, 'my old good name'; i. e. of fidelity
to the memory of Sychaeus.
324. de coniuge, 'from that of husband'.
325. quid moror, 'why do I delay?' to die. She has
spoken of herself as mzoritzra (308) and moribundlam (323).
327, 328. si qua mihi de te suscepta fuisset...
suboles, 'if I had borne a child of thine'. The father
acknowledged a new-born child by taking it up in his
arms; hence suscipere acquired the meaning of 'to be the
father of', and is sometimes applied to the mother, as here.
329. tamen, 'in spite of all'.
331-350. Here again Aeneas seems quite unconscious
that he has wronged Dido. Notice the cold politeness of
335 and the insult contained in 338-9.
332. obnixus, 'resolutely'.
333, 334. quae plurima fando enumerare vales, 'all
the many things that you can recount in speech', or 'all
the gratitude that you can claim'.
335. Elissae: Virg. uses Dido only in nom. and voc.
For the other cases he uses those of Elissa.
337. pro re, 'as the case admits'.




LINES 309-76


65


338, 339. ne finge, 'think it not'. ne with imperat.
is Virgil's most common form of negative comma-id.
nee coniugis umquam    praetendi taedas, 'nor dic
I ever hold out the marriage torch', i. e. 'I never made
pretence of being your husband'. The words must not
be pressed strictly, for the husband did not carry a torch
in the nuptial procession.
34I. auspiciis: see 45 note.
343. colerem: the word means 'dwell in' before urbenm
and 'honour' or 'tend' before reliqdias; this combination
of meanings in one verb is called 'zeugma'. Trans.
' I should dwell in Troy with the remnant.'  manerent,
' should abide'.
346. Lyciae... sortes, ' Lycian oracles', given by
Apollo at Patara in Lycia, where he had a temple. There
has been no mention of any consultation of his oracle
either at Patara or Grynia.
349, 350. quae... invidia est, 'what jealousyis there?'
i. e. 'why be jealous that?' invidia is coupled by est to
Teucros considere.  tandem, 'I pray'.
354. me: following some similar verb to be supplied
from admonet.    capitis... cari, 'that dear one'.
caput is often equivalent to 'person'.
357. testor utrumque caput, 'I call to witness your
head and mine'.
367. admorunt ubera, 'gave thee suck'.    admorunt: syncopated for admoverzilt.,368. quid dissimulo: not 'what do I conceal?' but
' why do I conceal (this)?' i. e. my sense of your brutality.
quae... ad maiora, 'for what greater wrong?', 369. fletu: abl. of cause.  ingemuit: notice the third
person. Dido begins here to talk not to Aeneas, but at
him.
37I. quae quibus anteferam, 'what am I to say first,
what last?' lit. 'what am I to put before what?'
373. nusquam tuta fides, 'nowhere can honour be
trusted '.  litore, ' on the shore', not, of course, ' on to'.
376. feror, I am whirled away '. The context suggests
a violent meaning; in I I it is merely 'go', 'move'.


2010.1


E




66


NOTES


379. ea cura, ' care for that', i. e. for getting you safely
away from me.
382, 383. mediis... scopulis, not 'in the middle of
the rocks' but 'in the rocks midway'.  Dido: vocative,
not accusative (as it is used by Ovid). See 335 note.
384. sequar... absens, 'though far away, I will follow
you'; i. e. the thought of my wrongs will pursue you, while
I am alive; after my death my spectre (386) will haunt you.
386. improbe, 'tyrant': cf. 412. injrobus is used to
mean 'excessive', 'beyond measure', in various ways;
e. g. impfrobuzs anser, 'voracious goose', labor imfirobts,
'relentless toil'.
387. sub, ' down among '.
388. medium... sermonem: see 277 note.
390. multa metu cunctantem, 'with many a doubt
and misgiving', lit. 'hesitating much through fear'. He
wanted to say something, but he was afraid of making
matters worse.
392. thalamo: dat. in the sense of in thalzanium.
397. turn vero, 'then indeed', introducing a climax, as
these words always do, cf. 450, 57I. The appearance of
Aeneas is the signal for renewed exertion.
399. frondentis... remos, 'oars having leaves', i. e.
leafy boughs for oars.  robora, 'timber'.
401. cernas: potential subjunctive.
402. This 'simile', or comparison of the Trojans with
ants at work, is introduced by the usual ac veZlit. In
translation ac may be omitted. The construction of the
sentence is velid cum formica.e.. 5o..  iuant.. tectoque
rejonunt, followed by six principal verbs, of which the
first is it.
405. calle angusto, 'a narrow track', to which the
ants confine themselves, as their habit is; called semlita
below.
409. fervere: though we have had fei'r^et in 407.
late, 'all the breadth of'.
41 I. misceri, 'stirred': cf. 60o.
412. quid: cognate acc. added to acc. of object,
mortalia fec tora.




LINES 379-443


67


413. ire... in lacrimas, 'stoop to tears'.
4I5. frustra moritura, 'about to die needlessly' or
'and die to no purpose', as she would do if she died
while it was possible to keep Aeneas with her.
416. properari, 'the bustle'; impers. passive, translated, as often, by a noun.
419. si, 'as'.  sperare, ' anticipate', 'foresee'.
422. colere, 'pay regard to'; historic infin., as is
credere.
423. mollis aditus et tempora, 'the gentle moment
of approach', an instance of hendiadys, as aditus et
temzpora is equivalent to tempora adeunzdi.
426. Aulide: the place where the Greek fleet assembled
before it sailed to Troy.  iuravi, 'conspired', followed
by pres. infin.
427. cineres manisve: see 34 note. The poets nowhere mention any desecration of the tomb of Anchises.
43I. antiquum, 'former', as in 458.   quod prodidit, 'to which he has been false'.
433. requiem spatiumque furori, 'a rest and respite
for my passion'.
434. me... doceat... dolere, 'teach me how to
grieve', i. e. how to submit to my grief. So Shakespeare,
Richard LI, Act IV, Sc. I:
Give sorrow leave a while to tutor me
To this submission.
436. cumulatam morte remittam, ' I will give it back
in fuller measure by my death '; i. e. my death will be welcome to him as a release from his entanglement with me.
437. fletus, 'tearful appeal'.
438. refert, 'bears again', not 'bears back'. Aeneas
says nothing.
440. placidas, 'unmoved', the adj. being used proleptically (see 22 note), since it indicates the result of
obstruit; but the meaning may be 'gentle', as his ears
would be naturally, if the god allowed.
441. annoso robore: abl. qualifying validam.
443. inter se certant, ' strive emulously'.   it
stridor, 'the boughs groan'.
E2




68


NOTES


447. adsiduis... vocibus, 'with a storm  of entreaties '.
449. lacrimae: of Aeneas or Dido; it is hard to say
which is more natural.
450. fatis exterrita, 'driven wild by destiny', i.e. by
the consciousness that it is too strong for her.
452. peragat... relinquat: final subjunctives, as if
these portents appeared to her with the purpose of making
her ' fulfil her intent'.
454. latices: the wine mentioned in the next line.
458. antiqui: cf. 431.  miro quod honore colebat,
'which she kept in special honour'.
460, 461. voces... verba vocantis visa viri: notice
the alliteration, or repetition of words beginning with the
same letter.
463. queri... ducere: probably historic infinitives;
they may, however, follow  visa.    longas ducere,
'prolong'.
467. sibi: after vrideztr.
468. viam: cognate acc.
469, 470. Pentheus, king of Thebes, tried to stop the
worship of Bacchus (30I note), and was driven mad by
the god. He saw, as a drunken man might, 'a double
sun and twofold Thebes'.   Eumenidum... agmina:
both these words suggest a difficulty. The Furies have
no place in the story of Pentheus, and, as Virgil seems to
recognize three only, 'bands' is not the right word,
unless, indeed, the king's disordered vision multiplied
them also. It has been ingeniously suggested that Virgil
really wrote Euiadum  'of the Bacchanals', the female
worshippers of Bacchus.
471. scaenis agitatus, 'chased across the stage'.
Orestes had killed his mother, Clytemnestra, and was
persecuted by the Furies for his crime. He is represented
here as being pursued by his mother, who has joined the
Furies, and, like them, is armed with serpents. The
'Dread Sisters' or Furies (Dirae 473) sit watching at the
entrance to prevent his escape. The madness of Orestes
was a favourite subject with the Greek Tragedians.




LINES 447-94


69


474. concepit, ' caught', like a disease.
476. exigit, 'determines '.
477. spem fronte serenat, 'she wears calm hope on
her brow', lit. 'she calms hope on her brow'.
479. eum... eo: the oblique cases of is are rare in
poetry. The occurrence of two instances in one line is
noticeable and meant to be noticed. Dido refers to her
false lover in the vaguest way possible.
481. ultimus Aethiopum locus, 'the Ethiopian land,
furthest of all'. The Ethiopians are not merely the people
south of Egypt; the name is applied to all the races of
inner Africa, stretching from the Red Sea to the Atlantic.
482. axem, ' vault '.  torquet, ' wheels '.
484. Hesperidum  templi custos, 'the guardian of
the temple of the Hesperides', i.e. of the garden with its
golden apples. The original meaning of telilphim is an
enclosure.
486. spargens: i.e. on the food.   soporiferum:
one of the ' stock' epithets often attached to particular
nouns by the Latin poets, though there is nothing in the
context to suggest them; e. g. Virgil calls bees in general
'Hyblaean', because Mount Hybla in Sicily was famous
for bees. Here 'sleep-giving' is even unfortunate, the
sole duty of the dragon being to keep awake.
488. duras... curas, ' cruel pains' of love.
489. fluviis: dat.
490. videbis: applied to the rumbling of the ground
as well as to the movements of trees.
492, 493. te... tuumque dulce caput, 'thy own
sweet self'. The two expressions may be taken together.
accingier: a form of the pres. infin. pass. not uncommon
in poets. The pass. here has a mid. sense, 'gird on
myself', i.e. 'employ'.,me must be supplied as subject
to accidn"giev-.
494. secreta,' removed from view', ' secretly'.  sub
auras, 'up to the light'. Perhaps Virgil thinks of the
tecltum interiies as the Roman atlitln which had an opening to the sky; but the phrase may mean here no more
than 'high '.




70


NOTES


497. quo peril, ' which was my ruin'.
498. iuvat: impers.
500. praetexere funera sacris: a variety for praetexere
fizineribus sacra. Cf. 172 note.
50I, 502. mente... concipit, 'grasps', i. e. ' realizes '.
quam morte Sychaei, 'than at the death of Sychaeus'.
505. ingenti taedis, 'piled up with faggots of pine'.
506. intendit, 'lays on'; thus inztendit loci;m sertis,
'she hangs the place with garlands', is a variety for
intendit loco serta. Cf. 500, &c.
508. effigiem: Dido had not mentioned this, but we
hear elsewhere of restoring love by burning an effigy of
the false lover.
509. crinis effusa: cf. 137 note.
510. ter: with centum.
511. tergeminamque, etc., 'and tri-form Hecate, the
three faces of maiden Diana'. Hecate, Luna, and Diana
were supposed to be the same goddess in different manifestations; thus the two expressions in this line are two
ways of describing Hecate; she was sometimes represented with three heads.
512. simulatos,' pretended ', i. e. ordinary water representing by a fiction the water of Avernus, which was
necessary for these magic rites, but which could not
be got.
5I6. amor: this love-charm was a tumour said to be
found on the forehead of a foal at its birth. To prevent
the dam from biting it off, it was necessary to take it
away at once. Hence matri praereptus.
517. mola manibusque piis, 'with salt cake and
pure hands': ablatives of manner qualifying testa/rli-.
She breaks this sacrificial cake and throws it into the
fire.
518. unum  exuta pedem    vinclis, 'with one foot
unshod'; lit. 'having bared one foot from the sandal'.
pedem: accus. as criuzis 509.
520, 52I. turn, si quod, etc., 'next, if any deity.
cares for lovers ill-requited, she prays to it ', or 'next she
prays to any deity that', &c. Virgil does not mean pairs




LINES 497-546


71


of lovers ill allied, but all lovers whose love is unrequited.
curae: predicative dat.
523. quierant: syncopated for quieverazt.
525. If 528 is omitted, as seems best, pecudes, etc.,
continues the previous clauses, cuA tlacent being supplied;
'when all the land is silent, and silent too are', &c.
529. at non, 'but not so'; supply facet.  animi:
locative: cf. 203.
530. solvitur, 'sinks'.
533. sic adeo insistit, 'it is thus that she begins'.
534. inrisa: by Aeneas.
536. quos ego sim... dedignata, 'though I have
rejected them'. Concessive subj.  maritos, 'as husbands '.
537, 538. ultima. iussa,' the uttermost commands ',
i. e. any commands of any sort.  sequar: in two slightly
different senses, 'follow' the fleet, and 'submit to ' the
commands.   For this ' zeugma' cf. 343 note.  quiane,
etc., '(shall I follow them) because they are glad to have
been formerly raised up by my help?' i. e. 'because i may
fairly claim their gratitude', a claim which (541-2) it
is absurd to suppose that they will recognize.  levatos:
supply esse.
539. This line repeats the sense of the preceding one.
bene: withfacti, so as to make one word.
540. fac velle, 'grant that I would'.
542. Laomedonteae... gentis: Laomedon cheated
Hercules and Apollo out of their reward for building the
walls of Troy. His falseness is supposed to be inherited
by his people.
543. quid turn? 'then again'. Though Dido has just
said that it is impossible to go with the Trojans, she takes
up the idea once more, asking herself whether she shall go
alone with them or attempt the task of carrying off all her
people in a second emigration.
545. inferar,' advance', 'embark', not' attack'. It is
true that Mercury speaks below of an attack as imminent,
but he says merely what he believes to be probable.
546. pelago, ' over the sea '.




72                   NOTES
547. quin morere: see 99 note.
549. oneras... obicis: present, because past action
is now bearing fruit.
550. thalami expertem, 'unwedded'.
551. more ferae, ' like a wild thing', i. e. in loneliness,
far from civilization, undisturbed by love and its troubles
(Zras).
552. Sychaeo: adj.
556. forma dei, 'the shape of the god', not the god
himself as Aeneas had seen him (358).
558. omnia, etc., accusatives of respect.  colorem,
'hue'.    que: for this hypermetric syllable see Introduction, p. 20.
56o. ducere somnos, 'sleep on'.
56X. quae te circum stent deinde pericula, 'the
imminent dangers that surround you '; lit. 'what dangers
next', &c.
564. certa mori, 'determined to die', and therefore
reckless.
565. potestas, 'it is possible'. Supply est.
566. turbari trabibus, 'crowded with ships', i.e. the
Carthaginian ships, ready to fall upon the Trojans.
569. varium et mutabile semper, 'ever a thing of
moods and changes '. Notice the gender.
572. corpus, ' himself'.
573. praecipitis, 'to haste'; proleptic; see 22 note.
576. sancte deorum, 'blest power of heaven ', a vague
form of address that naturally suggests 'whoever thou
art'. This is no more than a religious formula. Aeneas
is not in any real doubt about the god.  deorum:
partitive gen.
578, 579. sidera caelo dextra feras, ' guide the stars
in our favour through the sky'; i. e. ' give us constellations that bring good weather': cf. 309.
58I. rapiuntque ruuntque, 'they seize, they speed';
i. e. they prepare to get everything under way as soon a.s;
possible.
586. speculis, 'her watch-tower', any commanding
place, as the arx siuinJma of 410.




LINES 547-608


73


588. vacuos... sine remige, 'deserted of the oarsmen', lit.' empty without an oarsman'; the second part
of the phrase repeats the first more precisely.
591. inluserit: notice the fut perf. after the fut. simple
ibit. He will get away after having flouted her realm.
592. expedient: supply alii as subject.
596. nune te facta impia tangunt, 'now thy wicked
deeds come home to thee'; i. e. now, too late, you
realize your treachery to the memory of Sychaeus.
597. tur decuit, cum sceptra dabas, 'it was fitting
(that they should come home to thee) then when thou
wast giving him the crown.'  The gift of the crown
to Aeneas involved marriage with him; consequently she
would not have given him the crown if she had realized
that such a union was a 'wicked deed'.
598. quem, ' of him who'.
602. patriisque, etc. Virgil is thinking of Tereus and
Thyestes, whose sons were ' served to them for meat'.
603. verum  anceps pugnae fuerat fortuna, 'but
(if I had fought) the chance of battle would have been
doubtful', a supposed objection, which Dido proceeds to
answer. fieral, as /let/ti in the next line, for pluperf.
subj. See 19 note.   fuisset, 'grant that it had been'.
605. implessem: syncopated for i~q/ilevissem, as exstinxem for exstinxissem.
606. memet super ipsa dedissem, 'I should have
flung myself upon them.'
608. tuque harum, etc., 'and thou, Juno, that didst
unite and witness these our troubled loves'. Juno, 'whose
charge is the marriage bond' (59), is invoked as the 'gobetween' of lovers, who knows the false from the true.
curarum: this word is used here as in 488, 551, 639,
with the meaning of painful, anxious, or troubled love;
but while here the idea of love is most prominent, in the
other passages more stress is laid on the pain or trouble.
In I and 5 cura (singular) is used for the pain or pang of
love, but Virgil seems there to be thinking rather of the
'secret poison' (Aen. i. 688) of Cupid and his shafts that
wound and burn, an image which he develops in the de



74


NOTES


scription of the stricken hind wandering through the Cretan
woodland, 69-73.
6Io. Dirae ultrices: cf. 473.  di, 'spirit'. The
plur. is used because the spirit was believed to be double.
So too manes. Epitaphs often have 'is manlib/Ls.
6I 1. meritumque malis advertite numen, 'bring on
ill deeds the wrath that they deserve.'  numen: power
employed for punishment.
613. infandum caput, 'the accursed one'. Here, as
in 640, caput/ is used contemptuously. It has been used
differently 354, 493.
6I 5. audacis populi: the Rutulians, with whom Aeneas
is to fight in Italy. Virgil gives the epithet aitdax to them
and their chieftain, Turnus.
617. indigna, 'untimely', 'cruel'.
619. luce, 'life'.
620. inhumatus: coupled to ante diem, but implying
a second verb, 'let him lie'.
625. aliquis, 'unknown'. Virgil has Hannibal in his
mind.
627. dabunt se, ' shall be given', i. e. to the avenger and
his people.
629. imprecor is followed by an acc. of the evil which
is invoked and a dat. of that against which it is invoked.
Here there are three pairs of direct and indirect objects.
The datives might also be explained as following contraria.
que: hypermetric; see Introduction, p. 20.
633. namque suam, etc., ' for her own was lying, a heap
of dark ashes, in her old country'; lit. 6 dark ashes contained ', &c.  suam is to be noticed, as it does not refer
to the subject of the sentence.
635. properet: oblique command.
636. monstrata, 'enjoined' by the priestess.
639. curis, 'pains'.
640. Dardanii... capitis, 'the Dardanian', as in 613.
645. interiora.. limina, 'the inner entrance', i.e.
the entrance of the court within the palace, where the
pyre had been built.
647. non hos quaesitum munus in usus, 'a gift sought




LINES 608-92


75


for no such purpose'. The sword must have been given
by Aeneas to I)ido; but we have heard twice (495, 507)
that it had been 'left behind' by him.
649. paulum  lacrimis et mente morata, 'having
stayed a little for tears and remembrance'; the ablatives
being either of cause or manner. The sight of the clothes
and the bed carries her thought back to the happy past
for a few moments.
651. sinebat: sing. becausefata detsqu( e mlakes a single
notion.
654. magna, 'in majesty'.  mei: cf. /zostri 237.
657. felix: supply esse;r.
660. sic, sic: these words mark each stroke.
663. ferro, 'on the sword'; for inferrum.
667. femine6o uiliulatu: for the hiatus see Introduction, p. 20.
669. non aliter quam: supply resontl aet/eer.  ruat,
'should fall', not ' were falling', which would be the imperf.
As Virgil knew what really did happen, he speaks of the
'fall' of Carthage as a possibility in the future.
671. culmina: acc. after per.
675. hoc illud, etc., 'was this your purpose, my sister?
was this a plot against me?' The meaning of petere is 'to
attack'.   me fraude: both emphatic.
678. vocasses, 'you should have called me'; an
apodosis, like the ordinary potential subjunctive, with a
protasis, 'if 1 had had my will', implied.
682. exstinxti: syncopated for exstinxisti: cf. 606.
683, 684. date, vulnera lymphis abluam, 'give me
water to bathe her wounds'; lit. 'give me (water), let me
bathe her wounds with water'; equivalent to date lymychas,
quibus vuZlnera abluam. In some editions the stopping is
different, date vzlnera lymwhis, abliamn, 'give her wounds
to the water, I will bathe them'.  super, 'above her'.
689. infixum, 'deep', applied to vulnus, though in its
strict meaning, ' thrust in', applicable rather to the sword
by which the wound was made.
690. sese: after attollens and levavit.
692. reperta: supply itce; abl. abs.




76                   NOTES
695. nexosque... artus, 'and the limbs bound to it',
'from the body that clung to it'.
696, 697. If she had died in the ordinary course of
destiny (fato) or by a deserved death (i.e. inflicted deliberately) her end would have been foreseen; but as she
died before her due time and in a fit of frenzy, it was not
foreseen, and consequently Proserpine was not ready.
Thus Iris was sent to perform her task.
699. damnaverat, 'had dedicated' her to the gods
below by cutting off the lock, as the hair was cut from the
forehead of a victim before the sacrifice. When this had
been done she was fit to die, as a victim was fit to be
sacrificed.
701. Though Iris is personified as the messenger of the
gods, she has the attributes of the rainbow.
702. Diti: after sacrumz.




INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
This index does not contain all the proper names
occurring in Book IV; those about which information
is either unnecessary or supplied in the notes are
omitted.
Final i and o are long. All other long single vowels are
marked, unless they are followed by two consonants, in
which case the syllable is necessarily long.


Africus, -a, -um, African.
Agamemnonius, -a, -um,
springing from Agamemnon, king ofM ycenae,who
led the Greeks to Troy;
used of his son, Orestes.
Agathyrsi,'-6rum, a people
of Sarmatia in Transylvania.
Alpinus, -a, -um, Alpine,
from the Alps.
Aquilo, -onis, mi. the north
wind.
Aulis, -idis, f. a town in
Boeotia, where the Greek
fleet assembled for the
expedition against Troy.
Ausonius, -a, -um, Italian.
Avernus, -a, -um, of
Avernus, of the lower
world.
Bacchus, -i, the Greek
god of wine, identified
by the Romans with their
god, Liber.
Barcaeus, -a, -um, of
Barce, a town on the


north coast of Africa,
east of the Syrtis.
Boreas, -ae, fm. the north
wind.
Caucasus, -i,. a mountain range between the
Black  Sea   and  the
Caspian.
Ceres, -eris, the goddess
of corn, identified by the
Romans with the Greek
Demeter,   who    was
honoured also for introducing law and civilization.
Chaos, n. empty space,
darkness; personified as
a god of the lower world
and father of Erebus.
Coeus, -i, a Titan, son of
Earth.
Cres, -etis, a Cretan.
Cresius, -a, -um, Cretan.
Cyllenius, -a, -ur, of
Cyllene, a mountain in
Arcadia, where Mercury
was born.




78  INDEX OF PROPER NAMES


Cynthus, -i, rn. a mountain
in Delos.
Cyther6a, -ae, Venus, the
goddess of Cythera, an
island celebrated for her
worship.
Danai, -6rum, Greeks.
Dardanus,   -i, son   of
Jupiter, ancestor of the
Trojan kings. Dardanius, -a, -um, Trojan.
Dl1os or D1lus, -i,. one
of the islands called
Cyclades, the birthplace
of Apollo and Diana.
Diana, -ae, the maiden
goddess of the chase;
also identified with Luna
and Hecate.
Dictaeus, -a, -um, Cretan
(from Dicte, a mountain
in Crete).
Dryopes, -um, a people of
Epirus.
Enceladus, -i, a giant, son
of Earth.
Erebus, -i, the god of darkness, son of Chaos; the
lower world.
Eumenides, -um, f. the
Furies.
Gaetilus, -a, -um, Gaetulian, Moorish.
Garamantis, -idis, ferz.
adj. of the Garamantes,
a tribe in the interior of
Africa.
Graius, -a, -um, Greek
(genz. pfir. Graium).
Gryneus, -a, -um, of
Grynia, a town in Aeolis,
where there was an oracle
of Apollo.


Hammon, -6nis, a Libyan
god, identified by the
Romans with Jupiter.
Hesperia, -ae, f. the
Western Land, Italy.
Hesperides, -um, daughters of Hesperus (the
guardians of the golden
apples).
Hyrcanus, -a, -um, Hyrcanian, of the Hyrcanians, a people near the
Caspian.
Iliacus, -a, -um, Ilian,
Trojan.
Ifno, -6nis, the goddess
Juno, daughter of Saturn,
wife of Jupiter.
Laomedont6us, -a, -um,
of Laomedon, king of
Troy.
Latium, -i, z. the district
in Italy where Rome was
founded.
Lavinius, -a, -um, of
Lavinium, a   city  of
Latium,  founded   by
Aeneas.
Lenaeus, -a,-um, Bacchic,
of wine (lit. belonging
to the wine-press).
Libya, -ae,f. the north of
Africa.  Libycus, -a,
-um, of Libya.
Lyaeus, -i, Bacchus (lit.
the deliverer from care).
Lycia, -ae, f. a country in
Asia M inor. Lycius, -a,
-um, Lycian.
Maeonius, -a, -um, Lydian, of Lydia, a country
of Asia Minor.
Massylus, -a, -um, of the




INDEX OF PROPER NAMES  79


Massyli, an African people.
Maurfsius,    -a,  -um,
Moorish.
Mnestheus, acc.    Mnesthea, a companion of
Aeneas.
Nomades, -um, Nomads
(wandering pastoral people), Numidians.
Numida, -ae, Numidian.
Oceanus, -i, m. Ocean, a
sea  supposed  to  encompass the world.
Olympus, -i, il. a high
mountain on the border
of Thessaly, where the
gods were supposed to
dwell; often used for
sky, heaven.
Orcus, -i, in. the lower
world, Hades.
Pergama, -orum, n. plur.
the citadel of Troy, Troy.
Phoeb6us, -a, -um, of
Phoebus (the sun-god).
Phoenissus,   -a,  -um,
Phoenician, from Phoenicia, a country of Syria,
the principal cities of
which were Tyre and
Sidon.
Phrygius, -a, -um, Phrygian; used for Trojan.
Poeni, -6rum, Phoenicians; used for Carthaginians, who came from
Phoenicia.


Punicus, -a, -um, Carthaginian.
Saturnius, -a, -um, of
Saturn  used of Jupiter,
son of Saturn, or of Juno,
daughter of Saturn.
Sidonius, -a, -um, of
Sidon, a Phoenician city.
Stygius, -a, -um, Stygian,
belonging to the Styx,
a river in Hades.
Sychaeus, -i, husband of
Dido, murdered by Pygmalion. Sychaeus, -a,
-um, adj. of Sychaeus.
Syrtis, -is,f. a great sandbank on the north coast
of Africa.
Tartarus, -i, in. and filur.
Tartara, -orum, n. Tartarus, the infernal regions.
Teucer, -cri, a king of
Troy.
Teucri, -orum, Trojans.
Th6bae, -arum,f Thebes,
the chief town in Boeotia.
Thyias, -adis, a Bacchanal
or female follower of
Bacchus.
Tith6nus, -i, the husband
of Aurora.
Tyrus, -i,/. Tyre, a Phoenician city. Tyrius, -a,
-um, Tyrian.
Venus, -eris, the goddess
of love, mother of Aeneas.
Zephyrus, -i, m2. the west
wind.




VOCABULARY
Final i and o are long, if they are not marked. All
other long single vowels are marked, unless they are
followed by two consonants, in which case the syllable is
necessarily long.
Perfects and supines of all verbs of the third conjugation
are given. Under other verbs they are not given, unless
they are irregular.
An asterisk (*) prefixed to a word indicates that the
word itself is not found.


a, ab, prel5. c. abl. from, by.
ab-eo, -ii, -itum, -ire,
intr. go away.
ab-igo, '-gi, -actum      (3),
tr. drive away, hurl down.
ab-luo, -ui, -utum  (3), fr.
wash, bathe.
ab-nuo, -ui, - (3), tr. refuse, reject.
ab-oleo, -evi, -itum (2),
ft. wipe out, destroy.
ab-ripio, -ripui, -reptum
(3), tr. snatch away.
ab-rumpo, -rfipi, -ruptum
(3), tr. break off.
ab-scindo, -scidi, -scissum  (3), fr. tear, rend.
abs-condo,     -condi    or
-condidi, -conditum (3),
tr. hide.
absens,    -ntis,   absent,
distant.
ab-sum,    a-fui, ab-esse,
intr. am absent.
ab-sfumo, -mpsi, -mptum
(3), tt. destroy, kill.
ac or atque, conj. and,
and so.


ac-cendo,-cendi, -censum
(3), tr. kindle, burn,
anger.
ac-cingo, -nxi, -nctum
(3), ft. gird on.
ac-cipio, -cepi, -ceptum
(3), /r. receive.
acer, -cris, -cre, spirited,
fiery.
acervus, -i, nt. heap.
acies, -ei,f. edge, eye.
ad, prep.. cacC. to.
ad-eo, -ii, -itum, -ire, fr.
go to, approach.
adeo, adtv. so, so much,
indeed.
*ad-for  (I), tr. address,
accost.
ad-gredior, -gressus sum
(3), It. approach, address.
adhuc, adv. hitherto, as
yet.
ad-imo, -emi, -emptum
(3), tr. take away.
aditus, -fs, im. approach.
ad-loquor, -locutus sum
(3), tr. speak to, address.




VOCABULARY


ad-moneo (2), tr. warn.
ad-moveo, -m6vi, -rrotum (2), tr. bring to.
ad-nitor, -nixus sum (3),
intr. lean upon, make an
effort.
ad-no (I), tr. and intr. swim
to, float to.
ad-nuo, -nui, -    (3), tr.
and zntr. nod to, assent,
promise.
adsidue, adv. constantly,
continuously.
adsiduus, -a, -um, constant, continuous.
ad-sum, -fui, -esse, intr.
am present.
ad-surgo, -surrexi, -surrectum (3), intr. rise.
advena, -ae, c. stranger.
ad-versor (I), intr. o')pose.
ad-verto, -ti, -sum (3),
tr. turn to, attend (with
animum szi5flied); adversus, -a, -um, turned
towards, opposite.
aeger, -gra, -grum, sick,
sick at heart, sorrowing.
aenus, -a, -lum, of bronze.
aequo (I), /r. make equal,
make level with; aequatus, -a, -um, squared
(of sails).
aequor, -oris, n. sea.
aecuus, -a, -um, equal.just.
aestus, -us, m. tide.
aetas, -atis, f. age.
aeternus, -a, -um, perpetual, lasting.
aether, -eris, acc. -era, m.
air, sky.
aetherius, -a, -urn, of the
sky.
ager, -gri, mz. field, land,
country.
aggero (), tr. pile up, swell.
2010.1


agito (I), tr. drive, chase.
agmen, -inis, n. throng,
herd.
agnosco      (ad-gnosco),
-n6vi, -nitum (3), t/-.
recognize.
ago, egi, actum    (3), t.
drive, chase, do; imifSerat. age, come.
aio, ais, ait, defect. say.
ala, -ae, f wing.
a'atus, -a, -um, winged.
albesco, -, -    (3), intr.
grow white.
alienus, -a, -um, strange.
alicui, -qua, -quod, indef.
adj. some.
aliquis, -quid, indef. ron.
someone, something.
aliter, adv. otherwise.
alius, -a, -ud, other.
alo, alui, altum (3), tD.
feed, nourish.
altaria, -ium, n. Pliur. altar.
alterno  I), intr. hesitate.
altus, -a, -um, high, stately,
deep; altum, -i, n. the
sea.
amans, -ntis, c. lover.
amarus, -a, -um, bitter.
ambio (4), tr, surround,
approach, strive to gain.
ambo, -ae, -o, both.
amens,    -ntis,  frenzied,
distraught.
a-mitto, -misi, -missum
(3), tr. lose.
amnis, -is, m. river.
amo (I), fr. love.
amor, -6ris, vi. love.
amplector, -plexus sum
(3), tr. embrace.
amplus, -a, -um, great,
magnificent.
an, conj. or (only in disjunctive questions).
F




82


XV( C\CABULARYNI'


anceps, -cipitis, doubtful.
angustus, -a, -ur, narrow.
anilis, -e, of an old woman.
anima, -ae, f. spirit, life.
animus, -i, mi. mind.
ann6sus, -a, -um, aged.
ante, adt/7. and prep. c..acc.
before; ante... quam,
conj. before.
ante-fero, -tuli, -latum,
-ferre, tr. put before, say
before.
antiquus, -a, -ur, old,
former.
aper, -pri, m. wild boar.
apex, -icis, m. peak.
apto (I), tr. fit, get ready.
aptus, -a, -ur, fastened
with. studded with.
apud, prep   c..acc. near,
among, with.
aqua, -ae,f. water.
aquosus, -a, -um, rainy.
&ra, -ae,f. altar.
arbor, -oris,f. tree.
arcanus, -a, -um, secret.
ardeo, arsi, arsum     (2),
inifr. burn, blaze, am
eager.
ardor,   -oris, m. heat,
eagerness, zeal.
arduus, -a, -um, steep.
arguo, -ui, -futum  (3), fr.
prove.
arma, -orum, /.. /utr.
arms.
armo (1), tr. arm, fit out.
aro (I), tr. plough.
arrigo, -rexi, -rectum (3),
tr. raise up, stiffen.
ars,-rtis,f. art, device.
artus, -is, wn. limb; Zus/ally lnSP/ltr. limbs, fr ame,
body.
arvum, -i, aI. field; pjl/r.
lands.


arx, arcis,f. tower, height.
aspectus, -is, i. sight,
vision.
asper, -era, -erum, rough.
aspicio (ad-spicio), -exi,
-ectum   (3), /r. see, behold.
ast, conj. but,
asto (ad-sto), -stiti,- (i),
intr. stop, alight.
astrum, -i, ni. star.
at, conj. but.
ater, -tra, -trum, black,
dark (ssrict/l dull black).
atque, con/. and.
atrium, -i, J. hall, court;
oftle in jIur.
at-tingo, -tigi, -tactum
(3), tr. reach, find.
at-tollo,   --     (3), ) r.
raise, exalt.
attonitus, -a, -um, frightened, scared.
auctor, -oris, in. founder.
audax, -acis, bold, gallant.
audeo, ausus sum (2). /-.
andf intr. dare.
audio (4), f-. hear.
au-fero, abstuli, ablatum, auferre, tr. carry
away.
aula, -ae,f. hall.
aura, -ae,f. air, sky.
aureus, -a, -um, golden.
auris, -is,f. ear.
aurora, -ae,f. dawn; of/en.
ptersonZZied as a g-oddess.
auspex, -icis, mn. diviner,
leader.
auspicium, -i, n. augury,
divination,  omen;     in
slur. guidance, authority.
aut, conj. or; aut... aut,
either... or.
autem, conj. but.




\' CABULARY


83


auxilium, -i, 7n. help.
a-vello, -velli or -vulsi,
-vulsum (3), tr. tear
away.
aversus, -a, -um, turned
away, askance.
a-verto, -ti, -sum (3), tr.
turn away.
avis, -is, f bird.
avus, -i, m. grandfather.
axis, -is, in. wheel, vault.
bacchor (I), inir. rush
wildly, reel.
barba, -ae, f. beard.
bellum, -i, n. war.
bene, adz,. well.
bidens, -ntis,f. sheep.
bis, adv. twice.
breviter, adt'. shortly, in
few words.
bufbo, -onis, c. owl.
cado, cecidi, casum (3),
infr. fall.
caecus, -a, -um, blind,
unseen.
caedes, -is, f bloodshed,
blood.
caelum, -i, n. sky, weather.
caeruleus or caerulus,
-a, -um, blue; -i. ptur.
caerula, -6rum, the blue
sea.
callis, -is, In. path, track.
campus, -i, izi. plain.
candeo, -ui, -   (2), iztr.
am vwhite.
canis, -is, c. dog, hound.
cano, cecini, cantum (3),
tr. and iztr. sing, chant,
recount.
capesso, -ivi, -itum (3), t-.
strive to reach, make for.
capio, cepi, captum   (3),
tr. take, catch, enslave.
F q


capra, -ae,f2 she-goat.
caput, -itis, Yn. head, life.
carbasus, -i, f. linen;;z.
/aIr. carbasa, -rum,
sails.
careo (2), iltr. c. abl. am
without, forgo, give up.
carina, -ae, f keel.
carmen, -inis, 1i. song,
spell.
carpo, -psi, -ptum (3), tr.
pluck, wear away, hurry
over, enjoy.
carus, -a, -um, dear.
castigo (I), tr. punish.
castra, -6rum, i. pla3r.
camp.
casus, -ius, il. fall, chance,
danger.
caterva, -ae,f. troop, train.
causa, -ae,f. cause, origin.
cautes, -is,f. crag, rock.
celebro (I), tr. frequent,
practise, repeat.
celer, -eris, -ere, swift,
quick.
celsus, -a, -um, high, lofty.
centum, ilzTec/. izinl. hundred.
cerno, crevi, cretum (3),
Ir. see, descry.
certamen, -inis, Iz. struggle, conflict.
certo (I), inir. strive.
certus, -a, -um, certain.
assured.
cerva, -ae,f. hind.
cervus, -i, in. stag.
chlanrys, -ydis, f mantle.
chorus, -i, in. dance.
cieo, civi, citum (2), tr.
shake, stir.
cingo, -nxi, -nctum (3),
t;. surround.
cinis, -eris, im. ashes; of/ten
of the dead.




84


VOCABULA, Y


circum, adv. and firep5. c.
acc. around, about.
circum-do, -dedi, -datum
(I), tr. put round, put
on.
citus, -a, -um, quick.
clamo (I), fr. and intr. cry
out, call upon.
clamor, -oris, m. shout,
cry.
clarus, -a, -urn, bright,
famous.
classis, -is,f. fleet.
coeptumn, -i, t. purpose.
coeptus, -a, -um (peef.
pass. partic. of coepi),
begun.
cogo, co-egi, co-actum
(3), /r. compel, master.
colo, colui, cultum (3),
tr. inhabit, cherish, honour.
colonus, -i, vi. settler.
color, -6ris, in. colour, hue.
coma, -ae, f. hair.
comes, -itis,c. companion.
comitatus, -fs, mi. train.
comitor (I), Ir. accompany.
com-misceo,      -miscui,
-mixtum   (2), tr. mix,
mingle.
com-moveo, -movi, -motum (2), tr. move, shake.
commufinis, -e, common,
joint.
com-pello (I), tr. address,
accost.
complexus, -fus, 11. embrace.
com-pono, -posui, -positum (3), tr. lay to rest,
calm.
con-cipio, -cepi, -ceptum
(3), tr. take in, grasp (in'
the zmind).


con-cito (i), fr. arouse,
stir.
con-cutio, -cussi, -cussum   (3), tr. shake.
con-do, -didi, -ditum (3),
tr. hide.
con-ficio, -feci, -fectum
(3), tr. finish, exhaust,
manage    (fries.  infin.
fpass. confieri, II6).
con-icio, -ieci, -lectum
(3), tr. hurl, shoot.
coniugium, -i, in. marriage.
coniunx, -iugis, c. husband, wife.
con-labor, -lapsus sum
(3), intr. fall down, sink
down, faint.
con-luceo, -luxi, -    (2),
intr. gleam.
c6nor (i), inrf. try.
con-scendo, -di, -sum (3),
fr. mount, climb up.
conscius, -a, -um, knowing. witnessing.
con-sido, -sedi, -sessum
(3), intr. settle.
consilium, -i, iz. purpose.
con-sisto, -stiti, -stitum
(3), intr. stop, halt.
con-spicio, -spexi, -spectur  (3), Ir. see.
con-sterno, -stravi,-stratum (3), tr. strew.
con-sulo, -sului, -sultum
(3), tr. consult.
con-tendo, -di, -tumr (3),
intr. strive, struggle.
continuo, advr. straightway, at once.
contra, adv. on the other
hand, in reply.
contrarius, -a, -urm, opposing.
c6nfbium, -i, n. marriage.




VIOCk"A BU LA RY  8


85


con-vecto -(i), /r. carry
together.
con-venio, -vbni, -yen-v
turn (4), init-. come together, gather.
convexus, -a, -urn, rounded,   arched;    II. izr
convexa, -6rurn, vault.
conviviurn, -i, Ii. banquet,
feast.
cor, cordis, ii. heart; of/eli
ini P15/r.
cornti, -fie, it. horn.
cor5na, -ae, f. wreath,
garland.
corpus, -oris, it. body.
cor-ripio,.ripui, -repturn
(3), Ir. snatch up, wake
up.
crastinus, -a, -urn, of tomorrow.
Ir. and inir. believe,
trust.
cribtus, -a, -urn, sprung
(from), born (from).
crirnen, -inis, ii. charge,
reproach.
crinis, -is, fii. hair; (f/eiz
in jiluer.
croceus, -a, -urn, saffron.
crfid~lis, -e, cruel.
cruor, -6ris, in. blood.
Cubile, -is,;i. couch, bed.
cubiturn, -i, ii. elbow.
cuirnen, -inis, n. roof, top.
culpa, -ae, f, fault, sin,
weakness.
cum,firep. c. abi. with.
curn, conti. when, since.
curnulo (i), /r. heap up,
increase.
cunctor (i), 111/. delay.
cupido, -inis,f. desire.
cupio, -iVi or -ii, -iturn
(3), fr wish, desire.


citr, adv. why.
fi~ra, -ae, f. care, sorrow,
trouble, pain (f love).
c-Oiro (1), Ir..are for, re-,gard.
cursus, -fis, in. running,
speed, voyage.
cust6s, -6diis, c. wvatcher,
guardian.
damno (i), /r. doom, dedicate.
d6, Aire!. c. all, from, concerning, according to.
d~beo (2) /7. oweC.
d6-c~do, -cessi, -cessurn
(3), 111/7. wvithdraw, depart.
d6-cerno, -cr~vi, -crdturn
(3), /r. aind in/7. resolve.
decet (2), injiers. it is
fitting.
d6-cipio, -c~pi, -cepturn
(I),/. deceive.
db-clino (i), /r. droop,
close.
dec6rus, -a, -urn, beautiful,,graceful.
d6-curro, -cucurri or
-curri,-cursurn (3), intr.
run down.
decus, -oris, n. beauty.
d6-dignor (i), /r. slight,
scorn.
dC —dfiwo, -cluxi, -ducturn
(3j, /r. bring down, haul
down.
-ferre (3), /r. carry down,
report.
d6-ficio, -foci, -fecturn (3),
Mi/r. fail, swoon.
d~gener, -eris, ignoble,
mean.
d6go, dfgi, -       (3), /r.
spend, pass.




86


VOCAB ULARY


de-hisco, -hivi, -     (3)
intr.  'wn, gape.
de-icio, -i'ci, -iectum (3),
tr. drive  wvn.
deinde, adi,. thereafter,
then, afterwards.
dcle-ligo, -legi, -lecturm (3 l,
I-. choose.
delubrum, -i, ni. shrine.
demens, -ntis, mad.
dcle-mitto, -misi, -missuni
(3), tr. send down, hang
down.
de-ripio, -ripui, -reptum
(3), tr. pull down, launch.
de-saevio, -ii, - (4), iz;tr.
rage to the full.
de-scendo, -di, -sum (3),
intr. go down.
de-sero, -serui, -sertum
(3), ti. desert, abandon.
de-sino,  -sivi or    -sii,
situm (3), inztr. cease.
de-spicio, -spexi, -spectum  (3), fr. look down
upon, despise.
de-struo, -struxi, -structum   (3), tr. destroy,
overthrow.
desuper, ahdv. from above.
de-tineo, -tinui, -tentum
(2), tr. hold, detain.
de-torqueo, -si, -tum (2),
tr. turn aside.
deus, -i, I/i. god.
de-venio, -veni, -ventum
(4), tr. anld ltr. come
down   to, reach, take
refuge in.
de-volo    (I),  it/r.  fly
down.
dexter, -tra or-tera,-trum
or -terum, on the right,
favourable.
dextera or dextra, -ae, f
right hand. pledge.


dice (I), t-. dedicate.
dice, -xi, -ctum    (3), It'.
aizi inztr. say, tell, report.
dictum, -i, n. word.
dies, -ei, c. (p/u. nt/i(SC.),
day.
difficilis, -e, difficult, lingering.
dif-fugio, -fugi,         3),
intrl. fly in different directions, scatter.
dif-fundo, -fitdi, -ffsum
(3), /r. spread abroad.
dignor (I), Ir. a/zd inzt-.
think worthy of, deign.
di-gredior, -gressus sum
(3), infr. part, disperse.
di-labor, -lapsus sum
(3), inf/:. fall apart, melt
away.
di-ligo, -lexi,-lectum (3),
/fi. love.
di-moveo,     -movi, -moturn (2), //-. remove, roll
away.
dirus, -a, -um, fearful. awful.   Dirae, the Dread
Sisters, the Furies.
dis-cerno, -cervi,-cretum
(3), tr. divide, interweave.
dis-simulo (I), tr. conceal.
di-vello, -velli or -vulsi,
-vulsum   (3), fr. tear in
pieces.
diversus, -a, -um, in different places.
dives, -itis, rich.
di-vido, -visi, -visum (3),
i'. divide.
divus, -i, nZ. god.
do, dedi, datum      (i), I-.
give.
doceo, -cui, -ctum (2), t'.
teach.
doleo (2), intr. grieve.




VO(ABi R LA RY'


87, r, -6ris, mv. grief, sorwow.
dolus, -i, v. craft, guile.
dominus, -i, vi. lord, master.
domus, -us,f. house.
d6num, -i, z. gift.
d6talis,-e, dotal, as a
dowry.
draco, -onis, m. dragon.
dubius, -a, -ur, doubtful, wavering.
duco, -xi, -ctum (3), /ft.
lead, marry, prolong.
ductor, -6ris, m. leader,
chieftain.
dulcis, -e, sweet.
dunm, conj. while, as long
as, until.
dfumus, -i, It. bramble,
thicket.
du6, -ae, -6, two.
duplex,   -icis,  twofold,
double.
dux, duels, c. leader.
6, ex, fiprc. c. abl. out of,
of, from.
ecce, interj. lo, behold.
edo, 6di, esum    (3), ir.
eat.
ef-fero, extuli, elatum,
efferre (3), tr. bring out,
display.
efferus,  -a, -urn, wild,
maddened.
effigies, -ei,f. image.
*ef-for (I), tr. speak.
ef-fundo, -fudi, -fusum
(3), tr. pour out, loosen,
undo.
egeo, -ui, - (2), intr. am in
want.
eg6, mei, I.
egregius, -a, -um, eminent,
noble.


e-icio, -ieci, -iectum (3),
tr. cast off, shipwreck.
enim, conlj. for.
e-niteo, -ui, - (2), intr.
shine forth.
ensis, -is, vi. sword.
6-numero (I), tr. count up.
eo, ivi or ii, itum, ire,
int-. go.
epulae,-arum,f. plur. banquet, feast.
epulor (I), If. and intr.
banquet, feast on, eat.
eques, -itis, m;. horseman.
equidem, atdv. very, indeed.
equus, -i, vz. horse.
ergo, conj. therefore.
e-rigo, -rexi, -rectum (3),
tr. raise.
e-ripio, -ripui, -reptum
(3), Ir. snatch out, draw.
erro   (I), inrt. wander,
flicker.
e-ruo, -ui, -utum (3), tr.
uproot.
et, conj. andt adv. and, also,
even. et...et, both...
and.
etiam, conj. and adv. also,
even.
e-vado,-si, -sum (3), ft. and
itzlr. pass beyond, mount.
e-vanesco, -vanui, - (3),
intr. vanish, disappear.
e-vinco, -vici, -victum (3),
tr. vanquish, overcome.
e-voco   (I), tr. summon
forth.
exanimis, -e, lifeless, fainting, dismayed.
ex-audio (4), tr. hear.
ex-cio, -ivi or -ii, -itum
(4), tr. arouse, call forth.
ex-cipio, -cepi, -ceptum
(3), tr. catcl, follow, rejoin (in conversation).




88


VOC ABU LARY


excubiae, -arum, 3 75/'.r.
sentry.
ex-erceo (2), tr. practise,
establish.
ex-haurio, -hausi, -haustum  (4), tr. empty out,
undergo.
ex-igo, -egi, -actum (3),
tr. settle, determine.
exiguus, -a, -um, small.
exordium, -i, i. beginning,
preface.
ex-orior, -ortus sum (4),
in/r. arise.
ex-pedio (4), tr. set free,
fetch out.
ex-perior, -pertus    sum
(4), tr. make trial of.
expers, -rtis, having no
part in, free from.
ex-posco, -poposci, - (3),
tr. demand.
ex-quiro, -quisivi, -quisitum (3), tr. ask for.
ex-scindo, -scidi, -scissum (3), tr. destroy.
ex-sequor, -secutus sum
(3), tr. carry out.
ex-solvo, -solvi,-soluftum
(3), ir. release.
ex-specto ( i, tr.:and inr.
await.
ex-stinguo,       - stinxi,
-stinctum (3), Ir. quench,
put out, destroy.
ex-struo, -xi, -ctum (3),
tr. build.
exta, -orum, in. p/ur. the
inwards   (heart, lungs,
liver), entrails.
extemplo, adv. forthwith.
ex-terreo (2), tr. dismay,
drive wild.
exterus, -a, -urn, foreign.
extorris, -e, driven out of
the country, banished.


extremus, -a, -um, las.
furthest.
ex-uo, -ui, -ftum   (3), tr.
put off, bare.
exuviae, -arum, f, flur.
clothing, apparel.
facesso, -i, -itum  (3), tr.
perform eagerly.
facilis, -e, easy.
facio, feci, factum  (3), ir.
do, make.
factum, -i, ni. deed.
fallo, fefelli, falsum (3),
tr. deceive, play false.
falx, falcis,f. sickle.
fama, -ae, f. rumour, report, reputation.
famula, -ae, f attendant.
far, farris, n. spelt, corn.
fas, n. indecl. divine law,
right.
fatalis, -e, destined.
fateor, fassus sum (2), ir.
confess.
fatigo (I), tr. weary, rouse,
set to work.
fatum, -i, ni. fate.
fauces, -ium,f.plur. throat.
fax, facis, f torch.
felix, -icis,fortunate,happy.
ferina, -ae,f. woman.
femineus, -a, -um, of a
woman.
fera, -ae,f wild beast.
feralis, -e. funereal.
feLio, -, - (4), tr. strike.
fero, tuli, latum, ferre,
tr. bear, carry, drive.
ferox, -63is, bold, spirited.
ferrum, -i, n. iron, steel.
ferus, -a, -um, wild, uncivilized.
ferveo, ferbui, - (2), inir.
am hot, glow, am busy;
infin. fervbre, 409.




VTOCAB' J LAR


89


fessus, -a, -um, weary.
festino   (i), tr. and intr.
hasten.
festus, -a, -um, festal.
fibula, -ae,f. buckle.
fides, -ei, f. faith, trust,
honour.
figo, fixi, fixum (3), tr. fix.
fingo, finxi, fictum (3), tr.
mould, train.
finis, -is, mi. end; in phlr.
boundaries, lands.
flamen, -inis, n. blast.
flamma, -ae,f flame.
flammo (I),tr. fire, inflame.
flatus, -fs, mi. blast.
flaveo, -, - - (2), intr. am
yellow.
flavus, -a, -um, yellow.
flecto, -exi, -exum (3), Ir.
bend, turn, soften.
fletus, -us, m//. weeping,
tears.
fl6reo, -ui, -    (2), itlr.
bloom, am bright.
fluctuo (I), intr. move like
a wave, swell, toss.
fluctus,   -us, in. billow,
wave.
fluentum, -i, n. stream.
flumen, -inis, n. river.
fluo, -xi, -xum    (3), intr.
flow.
fluvialis, -e, of a river.
fluvius, -i, m. river.
foedo (I), tr. disfigure, mar.
foedus, -eris, z. league,
alliance, compact.
foedus, -a, -um, foul,
pestilent.
fons, -ntis, in. spring.
*for ( ), tr. and intr. say,
speak.
form a, -ae,f. shape.
forsan, adv. perhaps.
fortis, -e, strong, brave.


fortrina, -ae,jf fortune.
torus, -i, im. gangway.
foveo, f6vi, fotum (2), tr.
cherish, pass, spend.
frater, -tris, m. brother.
fraternus, -a, -um, of a
brother, wrought by a
brother.
fraudo (I), tr. rob.
fraus, fraudis, f    deceit,
treachery.
fremo, -ui, -     (3), inr.
shout.
frenum, -i, n. bit.
fretus, -a, -um, relying on.
frigidus, -a, -um, cold.
frondeo, -,    -(2), intr.
am in leaf, bear leaves.
frons, -ndis,f. foliage.
frons, -ntis,f. brow.
frfmentum, -i, n. corn,
grain.
fruor, fruitus or fructus
sum (3), intr. c. abl. enjoy.
frustra, adv. in vain, to no
purpose.
fuga, -ae,f. flight.
fugio, ffgi, -  (3), tr. and
intr. flee, flee from.
fulcio, -si, -turn (4), tr.
support.
fulgeo,   -si, -  (2), intr.
glitter, flash.
fulmen, -inis, n. thunderbolt, lightning.
fulmineus, -a, -um, lightning-like, flashing.
fulvus, -a, -um, tawny.
fundamentum, -i, n. foundation.
fundo (I), tr. found.
fundo, fudi, fufsum     (3),
tr. pour, empty.
ffunereus, -a, -um, belonging   to  funeral   rites,
funeral.




9~


0,'OC, ULARY


funis, -is, fi. rope, cable.
ffinus, -eris, /i. funeral,
death.
furiae, -arum, f. pi/lr.
madness, passion.
fuiibundus, -a, -um, mad,
fi enzied.
furo, -, — (3), z'/-. rage,
rave, am mad.
furor, -6ris, in. frenzy,
passion.
furtivus, -a, -um, secret.
furtum, -i, in. stealth.
gaudeo, gavisus sum (2),
intr. rejoice, am glad.
geminus, -a, -um, double.
gemitus, -us, I//. groan.
gemo, -ui, — (3), iltr. groan,
sigh.
genae, -arum, f. pl/:r.
cheeks.
genitor, -6ris, x/. father.
genitrix, -icis, f mother.
gens, -ntis,f. race, family,
line.
genus,   -eris, ui.  race,
lineage, people.
germana, -ae, /. sister.
germanus, -i, Iz. brother.
gigno, genui, genitum
(3), Ir. bear, beget.
glacis, -ei, f. ice.
glomero   (I), t[. gather,
mass together.
gloria, -ae, f. glory, renown.
gradior, gressus sum (3),
inzr. walk, move.
gradus, -is, mz. step.
grandis, -e, large.
grando, -inis,f/ hail.
gratia, -ae, f     favour,
gratitude.
grator (I), i/tr'. c. dal. rejoice with, congratulate.


gravidus, -a, -ur, laden,
teeming.
gravis, -e, heavy, cruel.
gremium, -i, iz. bosom, lap.
habeo (2), /t. have, hold.
haereo,haesi,haesum (2),
intr. cleave.
halitus, -us, in. breath.
harena, -ae,f. sand.
haren6sus,-a, -ur, sandy.
harundo, -inis,f. reed.
haud, (atir. not.
haurio, hausi, haustum
(4), /r. drain, drink in
(rilt/ t/ze eyes).
heia, interj. ho!
herba, -ae,f. grass.
heros, -ois, in. demigod,
hero.
heu, zi;nerj. alas.
hibernus, -a, -um, wintry.
hic, haec, h6c, this.
hic, Zad. here.
hiems, -emis, f. winter,
storm.
hinc, aha,. hence. hinc...
hinc, on the one side... on the other.
hom6, -inis, c. human being, man.
honos or honor, -6ris, zi.
honour, glory, sacrifice.
h6ra, -ae,f. hour.
horrendus, -a, -um, goerzzdirve  of   horreo,
rough, dreadful.
horreo, -ui, - (2), tr. and
intr. bristle, am  rough,
shudder,  shudder   at,
dread.
horridus, -a, -um, rough,
rude, grim.
horror, -oris, iz. shudder.
hospes, -itis, ni. stranger,
guest.




VOCAB t LARY


91


hospitium,-i,n. hospitality.
welcome.
hostis, -is, c. enemy.
huic, adv. hither.
humilis, -e, low.
hymenaeus, -i, m. god of
marriage, marriage (zusially in up/r.).
iacto (I), tr. toss, drive.
iam, adv. already, now.
iamdfidum, long since.
iaspis, -idis,f. jasper.
idem, eadem, idem, same.
ideo, adv. for this reason.
igitur, therefore.
ignarus, -a, -um, ignorant.
igneus, -a, -urn, fiery.
ignis, -is, m. fire (oftewn of
love), lightning.
ign6tus, -a, -urn, unknown.
ilex, -icis,f. holm-oak.
ille, -a, -ud, that; he, she,
it.
illinc, adv. thence. hinc.. illinc, on this side... on that.
illuc, adv. thither.
imago, -inis, f. image,
phantom.
imber, -bris, /i. rain.
immanis, -e, great, huge,
vast.
immemor, -oris, forgetful.
im-misceo, -miscui, -mixturn (2), tr. mingle with.
im-mitto, -misi, -missum
(I), tr. send in, bring on.
imm6tus, -a, -um, unmoved, immovable.
im-pello, -puli, -pulsum
(3), tr. drive, shake.
impensus, -a, -um, great,
vast.
imperium, -i, /z. rule, empire.


impius, -a, -um, wicked,
accursed.
im-pleo, -plevi, -pletum
(2), tr. fill.
im-plico,-ui or -avi, -itum
or atum   (i), tr. enfold,
bind.
im-pl6ro (i), tr. beg.
im-p6no,-posui,-positum
(3), tr. place on, lay on.
im-precor (I), tr. invoke.
im-primo, -pressi, -pressum (3), tr. press on, lay
onl.
improbus, -a, -um, monstrous, cruel, tyrannical.
imus, -a, -um, lowest.
in, pfref. c. acc. into, on to;
c. abl. in, on, among.
inanis, -e, empty, unmeaning.
incautus, -a, -um, heedless.
in-cedo, -cessi, -cessum
(3), inIr. go on, move on.
in-cendo, -di, -sum (3),
burn, kindle, inflame.
inceptum, -i, n. purpose.
incertus, -a, -um, uncertain.
in-cido, -di, -sum (3), tr.
cut.
in-cipio, -cepi, -ceptum
(3), ir. and intr. begin.
incomitatus, -a, -um, unaccompanied, alone.
in-cumbo, -cubui, -cubitum   (3), intr. lie on (c.
dat.), apply myself, set to
work.
indago, -inis,f. net, toil.
indignus, -a, -um, unworthy, cruel, untimely.
indulgeo, -si, -tun    (2),
i;tr. c. dat. indulge, give
free course to.




92


VO()CABULARY


iners, -rtis, inactive, spiritless,
inexpertus, -a, -urn, untried.
infabricatus, -a, -um, unfashioned, unhewn.
infandus, -a, -um, unutterable.
infectus, -a, -um, undone,
untrue.
infelix, -icis, unfortunate,
hapless.
infensus, -a, -um, hostile,
estranged.
in-fero,  -tuli,  -latum,
-ferre, /'. bring on, bring
forward.
in-figo, -fixi, -fixum (3),
tr. fix in, plunge in, set fast.
in-flecto, -exi, -exum (3),
tr. bend, move.
infrenus, -a, -um, without
bridle.
in-fundo, -ffidi, -fiisum
(3), tr. pour on.
in-gemino (I), tr. and ilYtr.
redouble.
in-gemo, -ui, - (3), intr.
groan, sigh.
ingens, -ntis, huge.
in-gredior, -gressus sum
(3), iztr. move forward,
pace, begin.
in-hio (I), intr. c. dat. gape
at, gaze eagerly on.
inhospitus, -a, -um, inhospitable, dangerous.
inhumatus, -a, -um, unburied.
inimicus, -a, -um, hostile,
cruel.
iniquus, -a, -um, unfair,
harsh, galling.
iniuria, -ae, f wrong.
in-lfdo, -si, -sum (3), intr.
c. daf. mock at, flout.


in-necto, -nexui, -nexum
(3), tr. weave, contrive.
inops, -pis, helpless, impotent, destitute of (c.,enz.).
in-rideo, -si, -sum  (2), /'.
scorn.
in-rito (l), tr. provoke, anger.
in-rumpo, -rupi, -ruptum
(3), tr. andintr. burst into.
insania, -ae,f madness.
in-sequor, -secutus sum
(3), tr. and intr. follow.
insignis, -e, glorious, splendid.
in-sisto, -stiti, - (3), ilt/-.
begin.
insomnium, -i, JI. dream.
in-stauro (i), tr. renew.
in-stimulo (I), tr. goad on,
urge on.
in-sto, -stiti, -statum  (I),
itr.i come next, impend.
insuperabilis, -e, unconquerable.
in-tendo, -di, -turn (), tr.
stretch upon, lay upon.
inter, fprep.. c. ace. between,
amid.
interea, adv. meantime.
inter-fundo, -fUdi, -fusum
(3), tr. pour between.
interfusus,   -a,   -um,
stained, marked.
interior, -us, inner.
interpres, -etis, c. interpreter, messenger.
inter-rumpo, -rupi, -ruptum (3), tr. break off.
intro (I), tr. andintr. enter.
inultus, -a, -um, unavenged.
in-vado, -si, -sum (3), Ir.
anzd intr. come in, advance,    assail   (with
words).




VOCA BL ARY


93


in-venio, -v6ni, -ventum
(4), tr. find.
in-video, -vidi,-visum (2),
intr. c. dat. grudge.
invidia, -ae,f. jealousy.
in-viso, -si, -sum (3), fr.
visit.
invisus, -a, -um, hated.
invitus, -a, -um, unwilling.
invius, -a, -um, pathless.
ipse, -a, -um, myself, thyself, himself, herself.
ira, -ae,f. anger.
is, ea, id, that; he, she,
it.
iste, -a, -ud, that of yours,
that of which you speak.
ita, adv. thus.
iterum,adT7. again, a second
time.
iubar, -aris, n. brightness,
the day star.
iubeo, iussi, iussum (2),
tr. order.
iugalis, -e, nuptial.
iugum, -i, n. yoke, ridge.
iungo, -nxi, -nctum (3),
tr. join, unite.
iuro (I), tr. and inr. swear.
ius, iuris, n. law.
iussum, -i, n. command.
iustus, -a, -um, just.
iuventa, -ae, f. time of
youth, youth, youthful
vigour.
iuventfis, -tis,f. body of
youths, youths.
iuvo, ixuvi, iutum   (I), t/r.
help; ifiepers. it pleases.
iuxta, adz,. and prep. c. acc.
near, close to.
labefacio, -feci, -factum
(3), tr. shake.
labo (i), intr. totter.
labor, -6ris, in. toil, agony.


labor, lapsus sum (3),intr.
glide, fall, wane.
lac, lactis, n. milk, sap.
lacrima, -ae,f. tear.
lacus, -us, Mn. lake.
laena, -ae,f. cloak.
laetus, -a, -um, joyful, exultant.
lamentum, -i, n. wailing.
lampas, -adis,f. torch.
lapsus, -is, mz. gliding,
course.
late, adv. widely.
lateo, -ui, -   (2), intr. lie
hid, be hidden.
latex,-icis,mz. liquid,liquor.
latus, -eris, n. side.
latus, -a, -um, broad.
laus, laudis,f praise, fame.
lectus, -i, mi. bed.
legifer, -era, -erum, lawgiving.
lego, legi, lectum   (3), fr.
gather, choose, catch.
lenio (4), tr. soothe.
leo, -onis, mz. lion.
letalis, -e, deadly.
letum, -i, n. death.
levo (I). tr. raise up, help.
lex, legis,f. law.
libo (I), /r. pour (as an
licet, licuit and licitum
est, iripers. (2), intr. it is
allowed.
limbus, -i, m. border.
limen, -inis, n. threshold,
entrance.
lingua, -ae,f. tongue.
linquo,liqui,- (3),tr.leave.
liquidus, -a, -um, liquid,
clear.
lito (I), tr. and intr. offer
acceptably; sacra litare,
to offer favourable sacrifice.




94


VOCAB c LARY


litus, -oris, 9?. shore.
loco (I), tr. place.
locus, -i, m. (/:it'r. loci orloca), place, settlement.
longus, -a, -um, long.
loquor, locutus sum (3),
tr. and in/r. speak.
luctor (I), iz/-. struggle.
ludo, -si, -sum  (3), inlt-.
play.
lumen, -inis, n. light; fil/r.
eyes.
luna, -ae,f. moon.
lustra, -6rum, n9. yl/ur.
coverts.
lustro (I), t/. traverse.
lux, lucis, f. light, daylight; luce, by day.
luxus, -us, m?. luxury, ease,
dalliance.
lympha, -ae, f. water.
machina, -ae, /. engine.
macto (I), ft. sacrifice.
macula, -ae,f. spot.
madeo, -ui, -— (2), /i;/-.
am wet, am moist, drip.
maereo, -—, -   (2), il'.
mourn.
maestus, -a, -um, sad.
magalia,-ium,^z.fi/r. huts.
magicus, -a, -um, magic,
magical.
magis, adv. more.
magnus, -a, -um, great.
male, adit,. badly, wrongly.
malo, -ui, -, malle, tr.
and i9nt/. prefer.
malus, -a, -um, evil; malum, -i, n. evil thing, woe.
mandatum, -i, 9z. command.
mando ( ), f/. charge, entrust, command.
mando, -di, -sum   (3), tr.
chew, champ.


maneo, mansi, mansum
(2), /Izl;. remain, abide.
rmanes, -iumn, m. pillr.
spirits ((f tje dead).
manifestus, -a, -um, clear,
evident.
manus, -us,f. hand.
maritus, -i, Im. husband,
wooer.
marmor, -oris, /. marble.
marmoreus, -a, -umr, of
marble.
mater, -tris, f. mother.
maternus, -a, -um, of a
mother.
meditor (i), tr. purpose,
intend, practise.
medius, -a, -um, middle;
medium, -i, n. the middle, the midst.
medulla, -ae, f. marrow;
often z' fiplIur.
mel, mellis, n. honey;
oj/ct, inl pfitr.
membruih, -i, 9n. limb:
pflt-. body.
memini (defect. peS;f.), t-.
antd(llt it. c.g en. remember.
memor, -oris, mindful, remembering.
memorabilis, -e, memorable, glorious.
memoro (i), h/'. mention,
name.
mens, -ntis,f. mind.
mentum, -i, n. chin.
mereo (2), anzd mereor (2),
f-. and intr. deserve.
meto, messui, messum
(3), /;. reap.
metus, -us, 9m. fear.
meus, -a, -tim, my.
migro   (I), intr. depart,
move away.
mille, izndecl. znumn. adj.
thousand.




VOCABU.,ARY


95


minae, -arum, f. p/lr.
threats.
mirabilis, -e, wonderful.
mirus, -a, -urn, wonderful.
misceo, miscui, mixtum
(2),/r. mingle,confuse,stir.
miser, -era, -erum, unhappy, hapless.
misereor (2), initr. g. en.
pity.
miseror (I), I-. pity.
mitra, -ae, f. cap.
mitto, misi, missum (3),
tr. send, speed.
m6bilitas, -atis, f. movement, restlessness.
mod6, adv. only.
modus, -i, mi. limit, end,
measure, method.
moenia, -ium, n.. y  /Gr. City
walls, city.
mola, -ae, f. salted cake
(Zsed in sacrifice).
molior (4), Ir. set about,
undertake.
raollis, -e, soft, penetrating.
moneo (2), tr. warn.
monimentum, -i, n. memorial.
monitum, -i, n. warning.
monitus, -is, in. warning.
mons, -ntis, m. mountain,
hill.
monstro (I), tr.point, show,
enjoin.
monstrum, -i, n. portent,
wonder.
moribundus, -a, -um, dying.
morior, mortuus sum (3),
iltr. die.
moror (I), Ir. (and hiftr.
linger, delay.
mortalis, -e, mortal.
mos, moris, im. custom,
usage.


motus, -us, mi. movement.
moveo, movi, motum (2),
tr. move, incite.
mox, adIv. soon.
mugio (4), intr. rumble.
multiplex, -icis, manifold.
multus, -a, -um, much,
many.
munus, -eris, nz. gift.
murex, -icis, m. the purplefish, purple dye.
murmur, -uris, ni. noise,
roar.
murus, -i, i. wall.
muftabilis, -e, changeable.
muto (i), tr. change.
nam   or namque, conJ.
for.
narro (i), tr. relate, tell.
nascor, natus sum (3),
iitr. am born.
nato (I), inZtr. swim, float.
natus, -i, in. son; p/Lur.
children.
nauta, -ae, m. sailor.
navalia, -ium,    Z1. p5lr.
dockyard.
navigo (i), intr. sail.
navis, -is,f. ship.
ne, coij. lest; adv. not (in
conzmmands).
-ne, encli/ic, interrogative
partlicle; in indirect questzons, whether, or.
nec or neque, conj. and
not, nor; nec (neque)...
nec (neque), neither...
nor. nec n6n, and, and
also.
necesse, indecl. adj. necessary.
necto, nexui, nexum (3),
ir. bind.
nefandus, -a, -um, impious, accursed.




96


96     VOCABULARY


nefAs, i,,idec/. 99. sin, crime,
wrongcr.
nego i), Ir. anein 9/r. dcny,
refuse.
nernus, -oris, ni. wood.
nep6s, -6tis, in. grandson.
neciue, see n~ec.
n~quiouarn, (ldr/. in vain,
needlessly.
nesci6', -ivi or- -ii, -   ()
Ir. anil 7/hr. am ignorant, do not know of.
nescius, -a, -urn, ignorant,
umnwitting.j
niger, -gra, -grum, black,
dark.
nigresco, -grui, -- (3'),
i//fr grow black, grow
daik.
nigro (i), bifr. am- black.
nihil, i//dec!. /9. nothing.
nimbus, -i, /11. rain-cloud.
nimium, oak'z. too much.
nitor., nisus or nixus
sum (3), i//fr. c. aiV.rest on, lean on.
niveus, -a, -um, snowwvhite.
nix, nivis, f. snow.
nocturnus,     -a,    -uma,
nightly, by night.
n6do (i), f/r. knot.
In~men, -ins, 9/. name.
n6n, aa'v. not.
nondu. r, adv. not yet.
nosco, n6vi, -ni~tum (3),
fr.  learn;in.   5erfect,
know; Pastfiarrf/c. P5ass.
n~tus, -a, -urn, known,
faminliar.
noster, -tra, -trurn, our.
novo (i), Ir. make new,
rcnew, change.
novus, -a, -urn, new,
srrange;    novissimus.
-a, -urn, last.


nox, noctis,f, nighr, darkness.
nf~bas, -is,f cloud.
nfibilal, -orum, 9/. fullr.
clouds.
nullus, -a, -urn, no, none.
num,//f//O      tt7eyaf
i C e.
ni~meni, -inis, 9/. nod,
power, deity.
nurnquam, eiC/v. never.
nunc, adv. now.
nuntius, -i,;/9. or nuntia,
-ae,f. messenger.
nusquaim, ad-,. nowhere.
nymnpha, -ae,j nymph.
0, 1//fterI. oh.
ob-fero, -tuli, -laturn,
-ferre, f/r. present.
Ir. throw before, expose.
obitus, -fis, setting, death.
obliviscor., oblitus sum
(3'~, fr- or- i/f c.
forget.
ob-rnfitesco, -mni~tui,(9). 79/fr. become speechless.
ob-nifor, -nisus or nixus
sum (39, inifr. strive,
make an effort.
ob-orior, -ortus sum (49,
7/f.rise, swell up.
obsc6nus, -a, -urn, illomened.
obsciirus, -a, -urn, dim,
darkened.
ob-sto, -stiti, - (i) i//fr.
c. da/. hinder, stop.
ob-struo, -struxi, -structum (3), fr. block.
oc-cupo (t), tr. seize, overspread.
6cius, co//j ar. addv. more




VOCABULARY


97


quickly, or sinmply quickly.
oculus, -i, m. eye.
odium, -i, n. hatred.
od6rus, -, - -um, keenscented,
olim, adv. at that time
(fast orfuture), formerly,
hereafter.
olle, archaic form of ille.
omen, -inis, n. token, presage.
omnino, adv. altogether.
omnipotens,    -ntis,  almighty, all-powerful.
omnis, -e, all.
onero (i), tr. load, burden.
opacus, -a, -um, shady,
dark.
opem   (acc.), -is, f. power,
aid; in plur. wealth.
operio, -ui, -tur  (4), tr.
cover.
opto (i), tr. choose, wish.
opus, -eris, n. work.
6ra, -ae,f. coast.
orbis, -is, m. world.
orgia, -6rum, n. plur.
festival.
ornus, -i,f. mountain-ash.
oro (I), tr. beg, pray for.
ortus, -us, m. rising.
6s, oris, n. mouth, face;
often in plur.
os, ossis, n. bone.
ostendo, -di, -turn (), tr.
show.
ostento (I), tr. display.
ostrum, -i, n. purple.
6tium, -i, n. rest, leisure;
often Plur. in poetry.
ovo (i) intr. triumph, exalt.
palleo, -ui, -   (2), intr.
am pale.
pallidus, -a, -um, pale.


pallor, -6ris, m. paleness.
pango, pepigi, pactum
(3), tr. fix, settle, covenant.
papaver, -eris, n. poppy.
par, paris, equal.
parens, -ntis, c. parent.
pareo, -ui, - (2), intr. c.
dat. obey.
pariter,  adv.    equally,
alike.
paro (I), Ir. prepare, make
ready.
pars, partis, f. part, direction.
parvulus, -a, -um (dim.),
small, tiny.
parvus, -a, -um, small.
passim, adv. in every direction.
pastor, -oris, m. shepherd.
pateo, -ui, -   (2), intr.
lie open.
pater, -tris, m. father.
patera, -ae,f. bowl.
patior, passus sum (3),
tr. suffer, allow.
patria, -ae,f. country.
patrius, -a, -um, of a
father, ancestral.
pauci,   -ae,  -a,  ilur.
few.
paulum, adv. a little.
pax, pacis,f peace, grace,
favour.
pectus, -oris, n. breast.
pecus, -udis,f. beast.
pecus, -oris, n. herd, flock.
pelagus, -i, n. sea, ocean.
penates, -ium, m. fpur.
gods of the household or
of the state.
pendeo, pependi, - (2),
intr. hang, am idle.
penetralis, -e, inner, inmost.


2010.1


G




i
t


98


VOCABULARY


penna, -ae,f. wing.
per, prep. c. acc. through,
along.
perago, -egi, -aotum (3),
ir. complete, fulfil.
per-agro (I), tr. wander
through.
per-outio, -oussi, -oussum (3), tr. strike, smite.
per-do, -didi, -ditum (3),
tr. lose, ruin.
per-eo, -ivi or -ii, -itum,
-ire, inzr. perish, die.
per-erro (I), tr. wander
through, scan, survey.
per-fero, -tuli, -latum,
-ferre, tr. bear to the
end, endure.
per-fioio, -feoi, -feotum
(3), tr. finish.
perfidus, -a, -um, treacherous.
pergo, per-rexi, per-rectum (3), intr. go on,
proceed.
per-hibeo (2), tr. andintr.
say, report.
perioulum, -i, n. danger.
periurium, -i, n. false
oath, perjury.
per-mitto, -misi, -missum (3), tr. hand over.
pernix, -icis, fleet, nimble.
perpetuus, -a, -um, unending, continuous.
per-sentio, -sensi, -sensum   (4), tr. perceive,
see.
per-taedet, -taesum est,
im;pers. (2), fr. it wearies,
it sickens.
pes, pedis, m. foot.
pestis, -is,f. plague, curse,
frenzy.
pete, -ivi or -ii, -itum (3),
Ir. seek, attack.


pharetra, -ae,/. quiver.
piaoulum, -i, n. offering
for atonement.
piget, piguit or pigitum
est, imfers. (2), tr. it
vexes, it troubles.
pingo, pinxi, piotum (3),
tr. paint, embroider.
pinguis, -e, fat, rich, richly laden.
pinifer, -era, -erum, pinebearing.
piscosus,-a, -um, haunted
by fish.
pius, -a, -um, good, dutiful.
placidus, -a, -um, quiet,
gentle, unmoved.
placitus, -a, -um, approved, welcome.
plaga, -ae,f. snare, toil.
plangor, -oris, m. lament.
planta, -ae, f. sole of the
foot, foot.
pluma, -ae, f feather.
poena, -ae, f. penalty.
poenas dare, pay the
penalty.
polus, -i, m. sky.
pono, posui, positum (3),
tr. place, build.
populo (I), tr. plunder.
populus, -i, m. people.
porta, -ae,f. gate.
porto (i), tr. carry
portus, -us, m. harbour.
posco, poposci, - (3),
tr. demand; followed by
acc. of thing demanded,
and sometimes also by
ace. ofperson.
possum, potui, posse,
intr. am able.
post, adv.   afterwards;
pfrep. c. ace. after.




VOCABULARY


99


posterus, -a, -um, next,
following.
postquam,    conj.  after,
when, since.
potestas, -atis,f. power.
potior (4), intr. c. abl. take
possession  of.  (Some
formSs usually follow the
third conjugation, e. g.
potitur, 217.)
potior, -us, comnpfar. of
potis, better; potius,
adv. rather.
praeceps, -cipitis, headlong.
praecipito (I), intr. fall,
flee headlong.
praeclarus, -a, -um, renowned.
praeda, - ae, f. booty,
spoil.
praedictum, -i, n. prophecy.
praemium, -i, n. reward,
price, bounty.
prae-ripio, -ripui, -reptum (3), tr. snatch
away (before another).
prae-sentio, -sensi, -sensum   (4), tr. perceive
beforehand, foreknow.
prae-tendo, -di,-tum (4),
tr. hold in front, hold
out.
praeterea, adv. besides,
moreover.
| raeter-eo, -ivi or -ii,
-itum, -ire, tr. pass by.
I prae-texo, -texui, -textum (3), tr. weave before, cover.
rravus, -a, -um, perverse.
)rece (ab.), f. prayer;
nmore frequent in pfur.
)recor (i), tr. and intr.
pray.


premo, pressi, pressum
(3), tr. press, quench.
pretium, -i, n. payment.
primus, -a, -um, first;
primo, adv. at first;
primum, adv. first, for
the first time.
principium, -i, n. beginning; principio, firstly.
prior, -us, former, of old
time.
prius, adv. sooner; priusquam, conj. before.
pro, interj. oh.
pro, prep. c. abl. on behalf
of, according to.
probo (i), tr. approve.
pr6-cedo, -cessi, -cessum
(3), intr. advance.
procul, adv. far off, afar.
procus, -i, m. suitor,
wooer.
pr6-do, -didi, -ditum (3),
tr. transmit, hand down,
betray.
pro-ficiscor, -fectus sum
(3), intr.  set   forth,
journey.
*pro-for (I), tr. and intr.
speak, speak out, say.
profundus, -a, -um, deep.
pro-gigno, -genui, -genitum (3), tr. give birth
to.
pr6-gredior,     -gressus
sum   (3), intr.  come
forth.
pr6ols, -is,f. family, posterity.
pro-mereor (2), tr. deserve.
pr6-mitto, -misi, -missum   (3), fr. andt intr.
promise.
pr6-nuba, -ae, f. bridewoman.


G2




I00


VOCABULARY


propero (I), tr. and inir.
hurry, bustle.
proprius, -a, -um, own.
propter, prep. c. acc. on
account of.
propugnaculum, -i, n.
bulwark, rampart.
pro-spioio, -spexi, -spectum (3), tr. see in the
distance.
protinus, adv. straightway.
pufbens,   -ntis,  juicy,
downy.
pudor, -oris, mz. honour.
puer, -eri, m. boy, son.
pugno    (I), intr. fight,
struggle with (dat.).
pugnus, -i, m. fist.
pulcher, -chra, -chrum,
beautiful, fair.
pulso (I), tr. lash.
pulverulentus, -a, -um,
dusty.
puppis, -is,f. stern.
purpureus, -a, -um, purple.
pyra, -ae,f. funeral pile.
quaero, quaesivi, quaesitum (3), tr. seek.
qualis, -e, interrog. of
what kind?    relative,
such as.
quam, adv. and conj. how,
as, than; used to emnphasize suverlatives, e. g.
quam primum, 63I.
quamquam,      conj.  although.
quando, conj. when, since.
quantus, -a, -um, interrog.
how great? relative, as
great as;    quantum,
adv. as far as.


quasso (r), Ir. shatter,
batter.
quater, adv. four times.
-que, conj. and; que...
que, both... and.
quercus, -is,f. oak.
querela,  -ae, f. complaint.
queror, questus sum (3),
tr. and intr. complain,
lament.
qui, quae, quod, rel. pron.
who, which.
qui, quae, quod, interrog.
adj. which? what?
qui, quae or qua, quod,
indef. adj. any.
quia, conj. because.
quicumque,    quaeoumque, quodcumque, who —
soever, whatsoever.
quies, -etis,f. rest, sleep.
quiesco, quievi, quietum
(3), intr. rest, repose.
quietus, -a, -um, tranquil,
serene.
quin, adv. and conj. why'
not? quin etiam, more -
over, nay more.
quippe, adv. really, truly.
quis, quid, interrog.pron.
who? what? quid, why?
(quis is adj. 98.)
quis, quid, indef. pro,!'.
any   one, any   thing.
(quis is adj. 319, 328.)
quisquam,quicquam, any
one, any thing   (aftr
negatives or si).
quisquis, quicquid, whoever, whatever.
quondam, adv. formerly,
of old.
quoniam, conj. since.
quot, indecl. adj. how
many? as many as.




VOCABULARY


]OI


quotiens, adv. and conj.
how often, as often as.
radius, -i, rm. ray.
radix, -icis,f root.
ramus, -i, I. bough.
rapidus, -a, -ur, swift.
rapio, -ui, -tur (3), tr.
seize.
rarus, -a, -um, scattered,
of loose texture, widemeshed.
ratio, -6nis,f. means.
ratis, -is,f. ship.
re-cedo, -cessi, -cessum
(3), inir. retire.
recidivus, -a, -um, restored.
re-cingo, -, -nctum (3),
fr.  ungird,   let  flow
loose.
re-cipio, -cepi, -ceptum
(3), tr. get back, exact.
re-cludo, -si, -sum (3), fr.
open, unsheathe.
re-curso (I), intr. come
back.
red-do, -didi, -ditum (3),
tr. give back, restore.
red-eo, -ii, -itum, -ire,
intr. go back, return.
re-duco, -xi, -ctum    (3),
lead back, save.
re-fello, -felli, - (3), tr.
refute.
re-fero, rettuli, relatum,
referre, tr. carry again,
bring back, win, reply,
represent, resemble.
regina, -ae,f. queen.
regio, -6nis, f. district,
land.
regius, -a, -um, kingly,
queenly.
regnator, -oris, in. ruler.
regnum, -i, n. kingdom.


rego, -xi, -ctum (3), tr.
rule.
re-linquo, -liqui, -lictum
(3), tr. leave.
reliquiae, -arum,f. remnant.
remex, -igis, m. oarsman,
rower..re-mitto, -misi, -missum
(3), tr. send back.
remus, -i, in. oar.
re-pello, reppuli, repulsum (3), tr. drive back,
reject.
re-perio, repperi, repertum (4), tr. find, discover.
re-pleo, -evi, -6tum (2),
fr. fill.
re-pono, -posui, -positum (3), tr. replace, lay.
requies, -etis,f. rest.
res, rei, f. thing, fortune,
power.
re-servo (i), Ir. keep back,
reserve.
re-signo   (i), tr. unseal,
open.
re-sisto, -stiti, - (3), intr.
stop, break off.
re-solvo, -solvi, -solhtum
(3), tr. loose, break,
free.
re-sono, -avi, -, (I), intr.
resound.
re-spicio, -spexi, -spectum   (3), tr. look back
on, regard.
re-sto, -stiti, - (I), zntr.
remain.
re-surgo, -surrexi, surrectum (3), intr. rise
again.
rete, -is, n. net.
re-tego, -xi, -ctum (3),
tr. uncover, unveil.




102


VOCABULARY


retinaculum, -i, n. cable,
hawser; only i pi lur.
retro, adv. back.
re-vello, -velli, -vulsum
(3), tt. tear away, disentomb.
re-vincio, -nxi, -nctum
(4), tr. bind, wreathe.
re-viso,-,-     (3), tr. revisit.
re-volvo, -volvi, -volutum (3), tr. roll back.
rex, regis, iw. king.
rideo, -si, -sum  (2), int'.
laugh.
rigeo, -,     (2), intr. am
stiff.
rite, adv. duly.
r6bur, -oris, i. oak, oak
timber, strength.
rogus, -i, m. pyre, funeral
pile.
roscidus, -a, -ur, dewy.
rumor, -6ris, 7m. report,
tidings.
rumpo, riipi, ruptum (3),
tr. break, give vent to,
utter.
ruo, -ui, -utum (3), int'.
rush, hurry,
rursus, adv. again.
rus, rfuris, n. country;
filur land, fields.
sacer, -era, -crum, sacred.
sacra, -6rum, n. pilur.
rites, sacrifice.
sacerdos, -otis, c. priest,
priestess.
sacro (i), tr. consecrate.
saepe, adv. often.
saevio   (4), intr. rage,
storm.
sagitta, -ae,f. arrow.
salter, adv. at least.
saltus, -us, im. lawn (in a


forest), woodland pasture.
sanctus, -a, -um, holy.
sanguineus,   -a,  -um,
bloody, bloodshot.
sanguis, -inis, mi. blood,
family, descent.
s&nus,, -, -um, sound in
mind, sensible.
satus, see sero.
saucius, -a, -um, wounded, stricken.
saxum, -i, n. rock, crag.
ssena, -ae, f. stage.
sceptrum, -i, nt. sceptre;
fplr. power.
scilicet, adv(. really, to be
sure.
scopulus, -i, mi. rock.
se or sese, sui, himself,
herself, itself, themselves.
secretus, -a,-um, retired,
apart.
secundus, -a, -um, following; hence (I) second,
(2) favourable.
secus, adv. otherwise.
sedeo, sedi, sessum (2),
intr. sit; sedet, imzpers.
it is determined.
sedes, -is,f. seat, dwelling.
se-dfco, -xi, -ctum (3), tr.
separate.
segnis, -e, slow, sluggish.
semianimis,- e, half-alive.
dying.
semita, -ae, path, track.
semivir, -iri, adj. halfman, unmanly.
semper, adv. always.
senex, senis, m. old man.
sensus, -uts, i. feeling.
sententia, -ae, f judgement, decision.
sentio, sensi, sensum (4),
tr. feel, perceive.




VOCABULARY


xo3


sepelio, sepelivi, sepulturn (4), tr. bury.
sepulcrum, -i, i. tomb.
sequor, secutus sum (3),
tr. and intr. follow.
serno (i), tr. calm.
sermo, -6nis, m. talk, converse, speech.
sero, sevi, satum (3), tr.
sow, plant;    satus, -a,
-um, descended     from,
sprung from.
serpens, -ntis, c. snake.
sertum, -i, n. wreath, garland.
servio (4), intr. c. dat. am
a slave to.
servo (i), keep, guard.
si, conj. if.
sic, adv. so, thus.
sicco (I), tr. dry, stanch.
sidus, -eris, i. star, constellation.
signum, -i, n. sign, signal.
sileo, -ui, -  (2), intr. am
silent.
silva, -ae,f. wood, forest.
similis, -e, like.
simul, adv. at the same
time; simul ac, conj. as
soon as, when.
simulo (I), tr. feign, pretend.
sino, sivi, situm (3), tr.
allow, let.
sinus, -us, mn. bosom (prop5erly the fold of the robe
hanging over the breast).
sisto, stiti, statum (3), tr.
stop, stay.
sitis, -is,f. thirst, drought.
sive (seu), conj. or if; sive... sive, whether... or.
socio (i), tr. unite.
soCius, -i, mZ. companion,
comrade.


sol, solis, in. sun.
sollicito (i), tr. trouble,
vex.
solor (I), tr. console.
solur, -i, n. ground.
solus,  -a,  -um,    alone,
only.
solvo, solvi, solutum (3),
tr. loosen, unloose.
somnus, -i, im. sleep.
sonipes, -pedis, 9m. horse,
palfrey.
sono, -ui, -itum  (I), int'.
sound, ring.
sopor, -6ris, i. sleep.
soporifer,  -era, -erum,
sleep-bringing.
soror, -6ris,f. sister.
sors, sortis,f. lot, oracle.
spargo, sparsi, sparsum
(3), tr. scatter, sprinkle,
spatter.
spatior (I), intr. go, move
along.
spatium, -i, n. interval,
respite.
species, -ei,f. appearance.
specula,   ae, f. watchtower.
spelunca, -ae,f. cave.
sperno, sprevi, spretum
(3), tr. despise, disdain.
spero (I), tr. hope, expect.
spas, -ei,f. hope.
spiritus, -ius, i. breath.
spiro (i), intr. breathe,
quiver.
spolia, -orum, in. fplur.
spoils.
sponte   (abl.), f. of fiee
will, willingly, without
restraint.
spuma, -ae,f. foam.
spumo (i), intr. foam.
stabilis, -e, firm, sure,
lasting.




104


VOCABULARY


statue, -ui, -utum  (3), tr.
build.
stella, -ae,f. star.
stellatus, -a, -um, twinkling.
sterno, stravi, stratum
(3), tr. spread out; stratum, -i, n. or strata,
-orum, n. plur. bed,
couch.
stimulo (i), ir. goad, urge
to frenzy.
stipes, -itis, m. trunk.
stipo (I), tr. crowd round,
throng.
stirps, -pis, f. stock, race,
descendants.
sto, steti, statum (i), intr.
stand.
strideo (2) and strido (3),
-di, -, intr.     shriek,
shrill, hiss, gurgle.
stridor, -*ris, i. creaking,
groaning.
stringo,   strinxi,   strictum (3), tr. bind, graze,
draw (a sword).
struo, -xi, -ctum (3), tr.
build, contrive, devise.
studium, -i, n. desire,
eagerness, zeal.
su&deo, suasi, su&sum(2),
intr. c dat. urge, invite.
sub, trep. c. ace. under,
close to, down to, down
in; c. abl. under, deep in.
sub-eo, -ii, -itum, -ire, tr.
and intr. go under, carry.
subitus, -a, -um, sudden.
sublimis,    -e,   uplifted,
borne aloft.
sub-mitto, -misi, -missum (3), tr. submit.
sub-necto, -nexui, -nexum   (3), tr. clasp  up,
swathe.


subols, -is, f. offspring,
child.
sub-rigo, -rexi, -rectum
(3), tr. form of surgo,
raise up, prick up.
subter, adv. below.
suc-c-do, -cessi, -cessum
(3), intr. c. daf. go under,
enter.
suc-cumbo, -cubui, -cubitum (3), intr. c. dat.
yield to.
sum, fui, esse, am.
summa, -ae, f.     sum,
whole.
summus,. -a, -um, sitierl.
of superus, highest, top
of.
suimo, -mpsi, -mptum
(3), tr. take.
super, adv. above, besides;
prep. c. acc. above; c.
abl. concerning.
superbus, -a, -u, proud.
superi, -6rum, i. fhtr.
gods above.
super-im-p6no,   -posui,
-positum (3), tr. place
above.
supinus, -a, -um, upturned, uplifted.
supplex, -icis, suppliant,
humble.
supplicium, -i, n. punishment.
supra, adv, above; prep.
c. acc. above, over.
surgo, surrexi, surrectum (3), intr. rise.
sus-cipio, -cpi, -ceptum
(3), tr. take up, acknowledge (by a father), beget, bear.
suspectus, -a, -um, suspected.
suspensus, -a, -um, iast




VOCABULARY


o05


partic. pass. ofsuspendo,
anxious.
suus, -a, -urn, his, her, its,
their.
taceo (2), intr. am  silent,
am hushed.
tacitus, -a,  -urn, silent,
unperceived.
taeda -ae, f pine, faggot of
pine, torch (specially of
marriage).
taedet, taeduit or taesum
est (2), impers. tr. it
wearies, it sickens.
talaria, -ium, n. pflur.
winged sandals.
talis, -e, such.
tam, adv. so.    tam...
quam, as... as.
tamen, adv. notwithstanding, yet, still.
tandem, adzv. at last; in
questions, pray.
tango, tetigi, tactum (3),
tr. touch, reach.
tantus, -a, -urn, so great;
tantum, adv. thus much,
so far, only.
tectum, -i, n. roof, dwelling, shelter.
tego, texi, tectum (3), tr.
cover, conceal.
tela, -ae,f. warp.
tellus, -uris,f. earth.
telum, -i, n. shaft.
templum, -i, n. temple.
tempto (i), tr. try, prove.
tempus, -oris, n. time; in
fpilr. temples (of the
head).
tendo, tetendi, tentum
or tensum (3), intr.
stretch, extend.
teneo, -ui, -  (2), tr. hold,
keep back.


tenuis, -e, thin.
ter, adv. thrice.
tergeminus, -a, -um, triform.
terminus, -i, m. bound,end.
tero, trivi, tritum (3), tr.
rub, waste, spend.
terra, -ae,f. land, earth.
terreo (2), tr. frighten.
terribilis, -e, fearful, awful.
terrifico (I), tr. frighten,
appal.
territo (I), tr. frighten,
scare.
testor (i), tr. call to witness.
thalamus, -i, m. bridal
chamber.
tigris, -is or -idis, c. tiger.
timeo, -ui, -(2), tr. fear.
timor, -6ris, m. fear.
tonitrus, -us, mi. thunder.
tonoi,-ui, -      (), intr.
thunder.
torus, -i, zm. cushion, couch.
tot, indecl. adj. so many.
totidem, indecl. adj. so
many.
totiens, adv. so often.
totus, -a, -ur, whole.
trabs, trabis, f. beam,
timber, ship.
tractabilis, -e,manageable.
tr&-do, -didi, -ditum (3),
tr. hand over, yield.
traho, traxi, tractum (3),
tr. draw.
tra-no (I), tr. and intr. swim
through.
trans-mitto, -misi, -missum (3), tr. cross, scour
over.
transtrum, -i, n. rowingbench, thwart.
tremo, -ui, - (3), inti.
tremble.
trepido (I), intr. hurry.




io6


VOCABULARY


trepidus, -a, -urn, restless,
fluttered.
tres, tria, three.
triet6ricus, -a, -um, triennial.
tristis, -e, sad.
triumphus, -i, mi. triumph.
trivium, -i, n. crossway.
trudo, -si, -sum    (3), tr.
push.
tueor (2), tr. protect, behold.
tur, adv. then.
tundo, tutudi, tunsum or
tusum     (3),  tr. beat,
buffet.
turbidus, -a, -um, thick,
murky.
turbo (i), tr. confuse, disorder.
turicremus, -a, -um, incense-burning.
turpis, -e, base, disgraceful.
turris, -is, f. tower.
tutus, -a, -um, safe.
tuus, -a, -um, thy, your.
tyrannus,    -i, m. king,
chieftain.
uber, -eris, n. pap, breast.
ubl, adzv. and conj. where,
when.
ulciscor, ultus sum (3), tr.
avenge.
ullus, -a, -um, any.
ultimus, -a, -um, furthest,
last, extreme.
ultor, -oris, mi. avenger.
ultrix, -icis, avenging.
ultro, adv. spontaneously,
unasked, unaddressed.
ululatus, -us, /i. wailing,
shrieking.
ululo (I), intr. cry, shout;
fr. hail with shouts.


umbra, -ae,f. shade, darkness, ghost.
umeo, -, -(2), intr. am
damp, am wet.
umerus, -i, im. shoulder.
umidus, -a, -um, moist,
damp.
umquam, adv. ever.
fna, adv. together, at the
same time.
unanimus, -a, -um, of one
mind, sympathetic.
unda, -ae,f wave, billow.
undique, adz. from    all
sides.
und6sus, -a, -um, billowy,
stormy.
unguis, -is, mi. nail.
unguo, unxi, unctum (3),
tr. anoint, oil.
unus, -a, -um, one.
urbs, urbis,f. city.
uro, ussi, ustum (3), ft-.
burn.
Usus, -us, It. need, purpose.
ut, conj. so that, as.
uterque, utraque, utrumque, each.
uxorius, -a -um, uxorious,
slave to a wife.
vacca, -ae,f. cow.
vacuus, -a, -um, empty.
vado, -, -- (3), intr. go.
vagina, -ae,f. scabbard.
vagor (i), tr. wander.
valeo (2), intr. am strong,
am able.
validus, -a, -un, stout,
stubborn.
valles or vallis, -is, f
valley.
vanus, -a, -um, empty,
groundless.
varius, -a, -um, varied,
different.




VOCABULARY


107


vates, -is, c. seer, prophet.
vel, conj. or; adv. even;
vel... vel, either.. or.
vellus, -eris, n. fleece.
velox, -6ois, swift.
velum, -i, n. sail.
velut, adv. even as, as.
vena, -ae,f. vein.
venabulum, -i, n. huntingspear.
venenum, -i, n. poison.
venia, -ae,f. pardon, grace,
favour.
venio, veni, ventum (4),
intr. come.
venor (I), inlr. hunt.
ventus, -i, m. wind.
verbum, -i, n. word.
vereor (2), tr. and intr.
fear.
vero, adv. truly.
verro, -, versum    (3), ft.
sweep.
verso (i), tr. turn, ponder,
meditate.
vertex, -icis, mi. crown of
the head, head.
verto, -ti, -sum (3), /f.
turn.
verum, adv. truly, but in
truth.
verus, -a, -um, true.
vestigium, -i, n. track,
trace.
vestis, -is, f. robe.
vetus, -eris, old, former.
vexo (I), tr. harass, distress.
vicissim, adv. in turn.
video, vidi, visum (2), tr.
see.  videor, am   seen,
seem.
vigeo, -ui, -  (2), inzlr. am
strong, thrive.
vigil, -ilis, watchful.


vigilo   (i), in/r. watch,
wake.
vinco, vici, victur (3),
tr. conquer.
vinculum or vinclum, -i,
in. fastening, fetter; in
plhr. sandal.
vindico (I), tr. rescue.
vinum, -i, n. wine.
violo (I), tr. outrage, sully.
vir, viri, m. man, husband.
virga, -ae,f. staff, rod.
virgo, -inis,f. maiden.
virtus,   -ftis, f. worth,
valour.
vis, acc. vim, abl. vi, f.
force, power, quantity;
in f/lur. vires, -ium,
strength.
visum, -i, n. thing seen,
sight.
visus, -us, m. sight.
vita, -ae,f. life.
vitta, -ae,f. band, chaplet.
vivo, vixi, victum (3),
intr. live.
vix, adv. scarcely, hardly.
voco (I), fr. call, call upon,
summon.
volatilis, -e, flying.
volo (I), intr. fly.
volo, volui, velle, tr. and
intr. wish.
volucris, -is,f. bird.
voluntas, -atis,f. will.
voluto   (i), tr. revolve,
ponder.
volvo, volvi, volftum (3),
fr. roll.
votum, -i, n. vow.
vox, vocis,f. voice, speech.
vulnus, -eris, n. wound.
vultus, -is, m. expression,
features, looks, face.




PRINTED IN ENGLAND
AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS