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AMERICA IN HAWAII




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I




I








Copyright l898, 1899
By Small, Maynard & Company
All Rights Reserved
Press of Geo. H. Ellis
Boston, U.S.A.




America in Hawaii


A History of United States Influence in the
Hawaiian Islands ^i'.W.-.
By         -
Edmund Janes Carpenter
*S3?


Boston
Small, Maynard & Company
I899




I




TO ALL MY HAWAIIAN FRIENDS
ALOHA




PREFACE.


After the lapse of more than a century,
during which the attention of the American
people has been more and more closely drawn
to the Hawaiian Islands, this archipelago has
become American soil. It has been the aim
of the author to trace, in as simple a manner
as possible, the growth of American influence
and sentiment in these Islands from their
earliest beginnings to their culmination in
annexation to the United States.  While the
author does not care to conceal from the
reader in this brief introduction his thorough
sympathy with the movement, in the Islands
and in this country, which ended in annexation, he has endeavored, in the narration, to
eliminate from it, as far as possible, any sentiment of partisanship, and to tell the story
plainly, as the records have told it to him.
For the facts of Hawaiian history, as contained in the earlier portion of the work, the
author must acknowledge his indebtedness to
the "History of the Hawaiian or Sandwich
Islands," by James Jackson Jarves (Boston,
I843), a book long out of print, and to ",A
vii




PREFACE
Brief History of the Hawaiian People," by
Professor W. D. Alexander, of Honolulu.
The first-mentioned of these authors, by a
long residence in the Islands, became familiar
with many of the traditions of the native
people, and was a careful observer of their
habits and customs.   The last-named work,
prepared at the request of the Hawaiian
board of education, was written by one who
had constant and unrestricted access to the
princzial existing collections of Hawaiian
manuscripts and to the earlier and later archives of that government.
It gives the author pleasure, also, to acknowledge his indebtedness to the Hon. Gorham D. Gilman, of Boston, Hawaiian Consul-general for New   England, whose fund
of information, gathered in a residence of
twenty years in the Islands, front 184I to
I86I, is rich aud valuable, and has been
placedfreely at his disposal; to Mr. Edward
M. Brewer, of Messrs. Charles Brewer &
Co., of Boston, for many facts of interest
touching the early commercial relations of the
United States and the Hawaiian      Islands.
To him, also, the publishers are indebted for
viii




PREFACE
the excellent portrait of his father, Mr.
Charles Brewer, one of the pioneers in the
Hawaiian trade.
The later chapters, which deal with the
diplomatic and political phases of the "Hawaiian Question,"-a question with which
this country has been concerned for the better
portion of half a century,- have been drawn
from published public documents of the two
governments. For very many Hawaiian documents of the greatest value the author is
indebted to the Hon. Henry E. Cooper, of
Honolulu, late Minister of Foreign Affairs;
and the cheerfulness with which the Hon.
Henry Cabot Lodge, a senator of the United
States for Massachusetts, has met his requests
for copies of similar documents published at
Washington, has made it a pleasure even to
apply to him for them.
To the trustees of the Boston Athceneum
both author and publishers are indebted for
permission to reproduce from the original
painting in their possession the portrait of
Kamehameha I which adorns the volume.


ix




I




CONTENTS.
CHAPTER                             PAGE
I. PRIMITIVE HAWAII.......   I
II. THE COMING OF THE MISSIONARIES  20
III. HAWAIIAN COMMERCE...         29
IV. DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BEGUN..53
V. THE PAULET EPISODE.....71
VI. FOREIGN AGGRESSIONS.... 86
VII. LOOKING TOWARD ANNEXATION..o6
VIII. RISE OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY.   120
IX. THE KALAKAUA RIGIME..      133
X. CESSION OF PEARL HARBOR... I46
XI. ACCESSION OF LILIUOKALANI..  158
XII. THE REVOLUTION OF 1893.... I73
XIII. THE FRUIT RIPENS.......      92
XIV. ATTEMPT AT RESTORATION..  206
XV. ANNEXATION......... 225


xi




a




CHAPTER I.
PRIMITIVE HAWAII.
THE long period of relations between the
government of the United States and that of
the Hawaiian Islands, culminating in the
summer of the year I898 in the political
union of the two nations, is as unique as it is
one of the most remarkable episodes in our
American history.
The origin of the brown-skinned Polynesian
race, the original inhabitants of the Hawaiian
Islands, has not been satisfactorily traced by
ethnologists. The time of the settlement of
the Islands by these people is not fixed by the
traditions, but it is believed to date as early
as the year 500 A.D. When, on the I8th of
January, I 778, Captain James Cook, the English navigator, having set sail from Bolabola,
one of the Society Islands, came in sight of
the island of Oahu, he found this group of
islands thickly inhabited by this gentle yet
warlike people. This event must be regarded
as the turning-point in the history of the
Hawaiian Islands; for now for the first time
the people came in contact with the white
race.
i




AMERICA IN HAWAII
The discovery of these Islands by Captain
Cook, however, was, in reality, a rediscovery;
for, doubtless, the first white person ever seen
by the simple Hawaiians was the captain of
a vessel -presumably Spanish - which was
wrecked on the south coast of the Island
Hawaii, probably at some period in the sixthteenth century. The sister of the captain,
who was accompanying him on his voyage,
was likewise, so says the tradition, saved from
the wreck. The two strangers were received
kindly by the natives, who set food before
them, and cared for their wants, so that in
the process of time they became reconciled
to their lot, and intermarried among the
people of the Islands. Well-known families
of chiefs are said to have sprung from these
unions.
In the year 1542, the Spanish navigator,
Juan Gaetano, voyaging in the Pacific Ocean
as pilot for Ruy Lopez de Villalobo, had discovered the Caroline Islands. A few years
later, so say unpublished Spanish archives, on
a second voyage Gaetano discovered a group
which, on an ancient Spanish manuscript
chart preserved at Madrid, is laid down at




PRIMITIVE HAWAII
a point near that where modem geographers
place the Hawaiian Islands upon their maps.
It is, therefore, believed that in the year
1555 Juan Gaetano was the first true discoverer of the Islands. Contenting himself
with giving fanciful names to the various
members of the group, Gaetano apparently
made no effort to reap any benefit from his
discovery; and the natives remained in undisturbed possession of their country until the
arrival of Captain Cook off their coasts, with
his fleet of two armed vessels, Resolution
and Discovery. He found, as has been
intimated, a simple people, having no written
language, and living under a form of government and social order primitive to a degree.
The traditions of their origin were extremely
vague. The most definite of these traditions
appears to be one of an original migration
from some far-off place, but further than
this the original settlement of this island
group is wrapped in mystery. The presence
on the Islands of prehistoric works would
point to an early occupation by a people
somewhat advanced, but this is but conjecture.
3




AMERICA IN HAWAII
Captain Cook named the group the "t Sandwich Islands," after his patron, the fourth Earl
of Sandwich.* He estimated the number of
inhabitants at four hundred thousand. The
accuracy of this estimate cannot be determined, but it is beyond question that the
native people were vastly more numerous
then than at the present day.. Their system
was a feudalism, much resembling that of
Europe in the former days.        The people
were divided into three classes: the nobles,
alii, in which class were included the kings
and the chiefs of various grades; the priests,
or kahunas, who were believed to possess
the spirit of divination; and the common
people, or makaainana.      The chiefs were
believed to be of divine origin, and were regarded with the greatest awe by the common
people. The king was the sole proprietor of
the soil, and owned all that grew upon it,
as well as the fish in the sea and the time
and labor of the common people.         Lands
were held by the high chiefs, by sufferance
*The name "Hawaiian Islands" has been used throughout in this
volume in preference to that given by Captain Cook, both as being
associated with the earlier name of' the islanders and as being finally
authorized in official and popular use.
4




PRIMITIVE HAWAII
of the kings, in fief, in return for military
service and tribute. Each of the great chiefs
divided up the lands controlled by him among
the lower chiefs who owed him vassalage;
and they, in turn, subdivided the lands
among the common people, who cultivated
the soil. These were mere tenants at will,
and might be dispossessed at any time. It
was possible, also, for a serf to transfer his
allegiance to another chief, and thus transfer
also his tenancy.  At the death of a chief
the estates in his keeping reverted to the
king, and were redistributed. At the death
of a king, also, and the accession of another
it was the custom to make a redistribution of
all the lands of his island; and this redistribution not infrequently was the cause of civil
war.
Such was the political condition of the
people of the Hawaiian Islands at the time
of their discovery by Captain Cook. Their
social relations were indefinite. A plurality
of wives was common, and polyandry was
practised to some extent.  There was an
elaborate system of tabus, which were not
simply laws, but religious and sacred ordi5




AMERICA IN HAWAII
nances as well.  The violation of a tabu
would, it was believed, bring upon the tranlsgressor the vengeance of the gods. It was
tabu for men and women to eat together.
Some kinds of food were tabu to women, as,
for example, pork, bananas, cocoanuts, turtles,
and certain varieties of fish.  At certain
times it was forbidden to light a fire; at
others, to utter any sound for the space of
twenty-four hours. In the operation of this
tabu, not only was all noise forbidden to the
people, but dogs were muzzled, and even
fowls were confined in calabashes, that the
darkness might prevent even the crowing of
a cock. Human sacrifices were common, the
illness of a chief or the violation of a tabu
being often the occasion.
Among such people, thus bound by superstition and tradition, Captain Cook and his
followers found themselves.  To the vast
majority of the people a white man was an
object never before seen. They recognized
his superiority over themselves; and they believed him to be a god, and offered him their
obeisance. It was in the midst of one of the
civil wars with which the Islands were fre6




PRIMITIVE HAWAII
quently convulsed that Captain Cook made
his first visit. It was in this war that the
young prince Kamehameha, of the island
Hawaii, distinguished himself as a brave and
skilful warrior. He it was who a few years
later conquered the entire archipelago, uniting all of the Islands under his sway, and
founding a powerful dynasty of Hawaiian
monarchs.
Captain Cook, as already said, was, on his
arrival, regarded as a god, and was, to some
extent, worshipped by the people. His first
stay at the Islands was short, but he soon returned for the purpose of passing the winter.
This second time he and his men were not
welcomed so joyfully as on their first appearance. Depredations had been committed on
shore by some of the crew, and thefts by
some of the natives of some articles of little
value had been punished by Cook and his
men with great severity. The discovery on
the part of the'natives that the white men
partook of food, added to the knowledge of
the death of one of the crew, raised a suspicion among the Hawaiians that these sailors
were men, like themselves. Violations of the
7




AMERICA IN HAWAII
tabus by the white men created first a dislike
and then an enmity toward their visitors in
the minds of the natives. This feeling was
intensified by the loose conduct of members
of the crew on shore leave. But there was
yet no open hostility; and early in February,
I779, Captain Cook again sailed awaty from
the Islands. In a few days, however, he returned for the purpose of making some needed
repairs to one of his ships, which had encountered damage in a severe gale. An altercation almost immediately occurred between the
natives and members of the crew, the subject
of the contention being a stolen boat. The
altercation ripened into a quarrel, the quarrel
into a m&l6e, and this resulted in the death of
Cook at the hands of one of the natives. In
revenge for his death the village of Napoopoo
was cannonaded; and on the twenty-fifth
day of February, I779, Captain Cook's vessels took their final leave of the Islands, leaving upon the minds of the islanders an impression of the white race far from agreeable.
It is interesting to know that the island
natives of the present day have preserved the
memory of the first white discoverer of their
8




PRIMITIVE HAWAII
islands in the erection of a marble monument
upon the spot where he met his death. This
monument is a conspicuous landmark upon
the shore of the island Hawaii, at Kealakekua
Bay.
The story of the death of Cook was caried to Europe by the returning ships, and,
as might be expected, was told by the ship's
crew in a manner best suited to their own
advantage. The impression of the character
of the islanders thus produced upon the
people of Europe sufficed to keep enterprising voyagers away from those coasts for fully
seven years. During this period the Islands
were rent by civil feuds. Prince Kamehameha gathered to himself a considerable military following, and made unsuccessful war
against the two allied chiefs of the Islands.
He also made a fruitless attempt to invade
the island of Maui.  But, although beaten
back in those expeditions, he was not
discouraged.
In May, I786, the English ships King
George,, commanded by Captain Portlock,
and Queen Charlotte, under command of
Captain Dixon, arrived off the coast of Ha9




AMERICA IN HAWAII
waii. They touched at Kealakekua Bay; but
the natives here, who had not forgotten their
experiences with Cook and his men, did not
give the new-comers a hearty welcome. The
commanders of the vessels were doubtless
recognized by the villagers, for both had been
with Cook's party. They touched at other
points in the Islands, however, purchasing
supplies of fresh water, paying therefor in
sixpenny nails, at the rate of one nail for a
two-gallon calabash of water. At another
spot on the coast they bought yams, and
then sailed away. In the autumn of the same
year they were again among the Islands, purchasing supplies of the natives, and paying
therefor with nails, beads, and pieces of hoopiron. In the following year, also, these navigators paid a brief visit on their way to
China.
In May, I1786, the French explorer La
PNrouse, with two frigates, touched at the
Islands; but his stay was but for a day. The
experiences of these expeditions encouraged
others to make the Hawaiian Islands a place
of call; and during the next few years many
vessels engaged in the fur-trade with the
10




PRIMITIVE HAWAII
coasts at the northward stopped here, especially in the winter season. One of these
birds of passage, the Nootka, Captain Meares,
took one of the great chiefs, Kaiana, as a
passenger to China, where he obtained firearms. 
In the latter part of the year I789 the
first recorded connection of America with the
Hawaiian Islands was made; and this, unhappily, is an incident which the people of
the United States might well be glad to forget. An armed trading vessel, or "snow,"a rig now obsolete, called the Eleanor,
commanded by Captain Metcalf, an American fur-trader, visited the Islands on a voyage
to China. The Eleanor was accompanied
by a smaller vessel called the Fair American, commanded by the son of Captain Metcalf, a youth of eighteen. While the Eleanor, which had been separated from her
consort, was lying at anchor off the coast of
Maui, a boat was stolen by natives, and
broken up for the sake of its nails and iron.
Captain Metcalf planned a fearful revenge for
this depredation. A few days later, when
the water about the vessel was full of canoes,
It




AMERICA IN HAWAII
crowded with natives who had come off for
the purpose of trade, suddenly a broadside of
cannon and musketry was fired from the
ship. The water was instantly covered with
dead and dying men and women, mingled
with broken fragments of their canoes. More
than one hundred innocent persons were
killed in this wanton massacre; and many
more than that number were wounded.
After the perpetration of this act of gross
cruelty, Captain Metcalf sailed away, and
dropped anchor at Kealakekua Bay. Here
he awaited the coming of his consort, which
in the mean time had been detained by
Spaniards at Nootka Sound.    The  Fair
Amenican, however, was surprised and captured by the natives, in revenge for the
massacre; and the captain and all but one
of the crew were killed. The mate, Isaac
Dawis, was captured and detained on shore,
together with the boatswain of the Eleanor, John Young, who happened to be on
board the smaller ship.  These two men
were retained in captivity, but were treated
with great kindness, and at length became
contented with their lot. They were raised
12




PRIMITIVE HAWAII
to the rank of chiefs, took to themselves
native wives, and became exceedingly useful
to the people by teaching them many of the
arts of civilization. Their memories are
still cherished by the Hawaiians.
lThe natives were now in possession of a
small cannon captured with the Fair American, and a similar piece presented to Prince
Kamehameha by Captain Douglas, of the
British  ship Iphigenia, which touched at
the Islands in December, I788. They owned
a number of small arms, some of which had
been brought from China by Kaiana, and
others  doubtless taken  from  the Fair
American. They learned the use of these
weapons from Davis and Young, and a
trained body of troops was formed.
Kamehameha, accordingly, resolved to
renew his attempt to conquer the island
Maui, and raised a large force of warriors for
that purpose. He crossed the channel from
Hawaii in the summer of 1 79o, and advanced
upon the villages of Maui. He was met by
a great force of brave warriors, but their
primitive weapons were no match for his own
cannon and muskets and the trained forces
13




AMERICA IN HAWAII
led by Davis and Young. The defeated were
driven mercilessly through the valleys and
over the lofty precipices of the island, great
numbers being slain.
Kamehameha returned to Hawaii, to quell
an uprising of the rival chiefs of that island
which had occurred during his absence.
After several hard-fought battles, this was
accomplished; and he became master of the
great island Hawaii, the first step in the
consolidation of the group under one government. He then began and carred to successful completion the conquest of the remaining islands.  His great armada is said
to have consisted of hundreds of canoes,
sufficient to stretch along a beach for the
distance of four miles. The great battle of
Nuanuu Valley, upon the island Oahu, was
the decisive engagement of his war of conquest. Kamehameha, who was assisted by
his brother Nahiolea, landed upon the shore
of this island with a large army, and marched
up Nuanuu Valley. Here he was met by a
force under the command of Kalanikupule
and Kaiana. A desperate battle ensued, his
opponents making a brave resistance against
14




PRIMITIVE HAWAII
the invaders, until Kaiana was killed by a
cannon-ball.  They then  broke and fled,
closely pursued by Kamehameha.     Some
escaped by clambering up the steep heights
on either side of the valley. Others were
driven to the extremity of the valley, and
there forced in hundreds over the Nuanuu
pali, or precipice, to perish miserably at its
foot. It is said that at this beautiful spot,
which is at no great distance from the present city of Honolulu, bones of the victims
of this historic battle are even now occasionally turned up by the spade.
The effect of this battle, which was fought
in April, 1795, was to bring the entire archipelago practically under the sway of Kamehameha. It was not until the year I81o,
however, that the islands of Kauai and Niihau, which were under the control of King
Kaumualii, acknowledged the rule of Kamehameha I, the first of the line of Hawaiian
monarchs.  Thenceforward the white men
who visited these Islands found them under
a single government, with which alone they
could treat.
For manyyears after the capture of the
Is




AMERICA IN HAWAII
Fair American and the affair of the Eleanor
the Islands received occasional visits from
English or American vessels, but no serious
attempt was made toward a white settlement of the Islands. In October, I79I, the
sloop Lady Washington, of Boston, under
command of Captain Kendrick, touched at
Kauai, and left on shore three sailors to
gather sandalwood, which once grew in the
Islands in great abundance. This marked
the beginning of the sandalwood trade with
China.
In 1792 Captain George Vancouver arrived, in command of the armed British vessels Discovery and Chatham.   He came
again in I 793, and still a third time in
1794. On each of these visits Vancouver
gave the island people orange-trees, grapevines, and other plants and seeds, but resolutely refused to give them the fire-arms
which they so greatly coveted. He also presented Kamehameha with a bull and cow,
and a number of sheep, the first animals of
the kind ever seen on the Islands.
These visits of Vancouver are of great significance and importance.  It was he who
x6




PRIMITIVE HAWAII
first imparted to Kamehameha some idea of
civilized society and of the Christian religion.
On the 21st of February, I794, in a grand
council of chiefs, called by the king, on board
the Discovery, 'the Islands were formally
placed under the protectorate of Great Britain; and the British flag was raised and saluted.  The cession was never ratified by
the British government; and a promise made
by Vancouver to send out to them missionaries and artisans, to instruct them in religion
and the arts of civilization, was never fulfilled.
This work was left to be performed by the
new republic of the west.
In I 809, Barinoff, the Russian governor of
Alaska, is said to have entertained some idea
of forming a colony at the Islands; and several Russian vessels between the years i809
and i 8I 5 touched here for brief periods. At
Honolulu the crew of one of these vessels
built a block-house, mounted a few guns, and
hoisted the Russian flag. A fort of considerable size was also built at Waimea, and the
Russian flag displayed.  Negotiations were
opened for the lease of the whole island, but
these were never consummated.
I7




AMERICA IN HAWAII
By the advice of John Young a native fort
was built at Honolulu, to command the harbor. It was constructed of coral rock, and
cannon were mounted. When this was completed, Kamehameha requested the Russians
to withdraw from his dominion; and the request was complied with. The aggression
was afterward disavowed by the Russian government.
The death of Kamehameha I occurred in
May, I8I9, at the age of eighty-two years.
Before his death he forbade the sacrifice of
human victims,- a ceremony believed to prolong life.  The slight civilizing influences
which contact with a few whites had brought
during his reign had led to the feeling that
a better system of religion somewhere existed.
But, although the king was willing to make
the concession noted, he could not separate
himself from the traditions of his fathers in
which he had been brought up, and in which
he had lived so long a life. His queen, Kaa-,.
humanu, however, had a greater breadth of
vision. Having been appointed by the dying
king to be the guardian of the young Prince
Liholiho, soon to be King Kamehameha II,
i8




PRIMITIVE HAWAII
and also to be premier, to exercise equal
authority with the king,'she almost immediately, upon coming to power, proposed that
the tabus should no longer be recognized.
Through her influence they were soon formally broken, Liholiho and his chiefs, both
men and women, participating in a feast together, thus disregarding the most sacred of
the tabus. By its open violation by the king
and chiefs the entire elaborate system of
tabus fell to the ground, and with it the system  of idol-worship.  The idols and their
temples were burned, the high-priest himself
setting the fire.
The deeply rooted custom could not, however, be easily eradicated; and an armed insurrection against the king occurred. This
was soon quelled, and the new order established; but Hawaii exhibited the remarkable
spectacle of a nation without a religion,
waiting for some far-distant, unknown people
to bring to them that for which they longed,
but concerning which their ideas were but
vague and uncertain. The annals of Christian civilization have few more remarkable
passages.
19




CHAPTER II.
THE COMING OF THE MISSIONARIES.
SUCH was the social and political condition
of the Hawaiian Islands at the time of their
discovery, and for some years thereafter. The
brief visits of trading or merchant vessels to
some part of the coast brought the natives in
only occasional contact with white civilization;
and these experiences, as already seen, scarcely
served to give to these simple people an impression of admiration and respect for the
white man. They had now no written language, no system of hieroglyphics or pictographs. They had, it is true, a vast number
of traditions, which had been transmitted from
generation to generation doubtless for centuries. Many of their religious and semi-religious rites and ceremonies were shocking to
the civilized eye, in what seemed their immorality and indecency.  The rise of the
whale-fishery served to increase the number
of the visiting vessels, the whale-ships employing the Islands as places of rendezvous
for fresh supplies and water. The personal
morality of the people was in no manner improved by these visits. A vessel in the offing
20




REV. PETER J. GULICK
MISSIONARY TO THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
1828-1874
From the Missionary
Herald, June, 1879




I
I
I
I




THE COMING OF THE MISSIONARIES
was at once surrounded by the canoes of the
natives, who offered the products of the
Islands for barter. But, even more swift than
the canoes were the native women, who swam
out to the vessel, and climbed to the deck
by the fore chains. Deeper and deeper, then,
were these people sinking into degeneracy.
The baseness of their religious ceremonies
was in no whit lessened by contact with such
of the whites as they had seen, and the foulest of diseases speedily fastened themselves
upon these unhappy people.
But the day of their deliverance from this
evil influence was at hand. The story opens
with the discovery of a young lad, in the year
I 809, upon the steps of Yale College at
New Haven. He was weeping. His face
was of a brown hue, unlike that of any of the
well-known races; his hair was straight and
black; his eyes, dark and lustrous. Who was
this boy, and why was he here? He could
speak a broken English; and, when questioned as to the cause of his grief, he declared that he was weeping at the thought of
his ignorance and of that of his people.
The mysterious boy, then fourteen years
2I




AMERICA IN HAWAII
of age, was Obookiah, a Hawaiian, who later
was given the name of Henry. During one
of the civil wars with which his island home
was often convulsed, his father and mother
had been slain before his eyes. Taking his
little brother upon his back, the boy endeavored to save himself and the child. But the
little one was slain with a spear cast by an
enemy, and alone the lad fled to the mountains. An American vessel, commanded by
Captain Brintnell, lay in the offing; and the
lad escaped, with two native companions,
from an almost certain death to the protection of our flag. He was brought to New
Haven, and there came in contact with educational influences. He was taken as a pupil
by the Rev. Edwin W. Dwight. To him and
to others the boy told of the condition of his
people, then so far away, and said that he
longed to get instruction, in order that he
might some day return to his native islands
and convey to them what he had learned.
This dream was not to be realized, for his life
soon closed. But the work which he had
begun was continued by the two Hawaiian
youths, the companions of his escape. Their
22




THE COMING OF THE MISSIONARIES
names were Tamoree and Hopu, names which
are cherished, together with that of Obookiah,
as the true founders of Hawaiian missions and
their concomitant, Hawaiian civilization.
In the year 1819 a missionary band, intended for Hawaii, was organized in Boston;
and in Park Street Church in Boston, in
October, I819, its members were formed
into a church. Seventeen persons comprised
this little company of religious adventurers, among them Hiram Bingham and Asa
Thurston, then recent graduates of Andover
Theological Seminary; Thomas Holman, a
physician; Daniel Chamberlain, a farmer;
Samuel Whitney, a mechanic; Samuel Ruggles, a teacher; and Elisha Loomis, a printer.
These brave men were all accompanied by
their wives, and Mr. and Mrs. Chamberlain
took with them their family of five children.
The remaining members were three Hawaiian
young men, Tamoree and Hopu, and another
who had since joined them, John Honoree.
Solemn and interesting religious services
were held at the Park Street Church on the
eve of their departure to a far-off, unknown
land, upon what seemed an almost hopeless
errand.            23




AMERICA IN HAWAII
The brig Thaddeus set sail from Long
Wharf in Boston, conveying this party, on
Saturday, the twenty-third day of October,
I819,- a point of time, it will be noted, almost identical with the death of Kamehameha
I, the breaking of the tabus, and the fall of
idolatry.
At one o'clock on a moonlight night in
March, I820, Mr. Ruggles, who was sleeping
in his bunk on shipboard, was awakened by a
touch upon his shoulder. It was Hopu who
stood there, and silently he beckoned his
friend to arise and go on deck with him.
There before them lay the peaks of Hawaii,
their cold white summits glittering in the
moonlight. A few hours later, as they drew
near to the shore, Hopu was able to point out
to his friends gathered on deck the valley in
the familiar landscape where he was born.
He was all impatience, and begged to be set
on shore, that he might learn some tidings of
his people. His wish was granted, and in a
small boat Hopu set his face toward the land.
Before reaching the shore, he encountered a
native boat, with fishermen on board, out for
an early catch. The party upon the deck
24




THE COMING OF THE MISSIONARIES
watched the colloquy, and then saw that the
ship's boat was returning. A little nearer as
it approached, they could see that Hopu was
standing in the boat and waving his hat, as if
to convey joyful tidings.  When he came
nearer, he shouted to his friends the wonderful story, which we already know,- that the
idols of Hawaii had been burned, the tabus
broken, and the people Were waiting for their
coming.
The company was received with a joyful
welcome. Mr. Bingham, Mr. Loomis, Mr.
Chamberlain, and Honoree at once began
work on Oahu. Mr. Ruggles and Mr. Whitney with Tamoree went to Kauai, of which
island the father of Tamoree was the subject
king. The king received his boy with open
arms, and adopted Mr. Ruggles as his son,
giving him the rank of chief. A school-house
and a chapel soon arose, and the king of
Kauai and the chiefs with their families were
the first pupils.  The strange, mellifluous
language of the natives was soon reduced to
writing; and Mr. Loomis, with his little printing-press, printed the first spelling-books for
these simple people, eager to learn.
25




AMERICA IN HAWAII
Several accessions to the number of this
heroic band from Massachusetts came a little
later, and the work of civilizing the Hawaiian
people progressed rapidly. Five years after
the landing of the American missionaries the
principal chiefs had agreed to recognize Sunday as a holy day, and had adopted the Ten
Commandments as the basis of government.
A law was passed forbidding women to visit
ships for immoral purposes. Crews of British
and American vessels attempted to obstruct
the work of the. missionaries, and the house
of one of their number was assailed upon two
occasions by ruffians from the British whaling-ship Daniel. The life of the same man
was once threatened by a similar mob. This
was in i 826. Their murderous intentions
were foiled by the natives, who thronged
about the threatened missionary, and protected him from harm. Still, again the same
man was attacked by a gang of sailors, who
attempted his life, as before, on account of
his firmness in protecting the virtue of the
native women. Upon this occasion it is related that the Chiefess Kapiolani, a woman
of gigantic stature, herself alone drove back
26




THE COMING OF THE MISSIONARIES
the mob, threatening to have them all put in
irons if they did not obey her..
Eight years after the landing of the missionaries they saw abundant fruits of their
labors. Four hundred and forty native teachers were aiding them in their work, and the
spread of civilization was rapid. In. I836 so
encouraging were the reports sent back to
the United States that a strong re-enforcement, consisting of thirty-two missionaries,
was sent out. To follow in detail the labors
of the missionaries in evangelizing these
Islands is no part of the plan of this work.
The design is to show the operation of this
missionary work in promoting American civilization in the Hawaiian Islands. It must
suffice to note that, so successful was the
work and so completely had this group of
islands in the mid-Pacific come to be recognized as a civilized nation so early as
i840, the care of the public schools, which
had been established by the missionaries, was
assumed by the government.
A constitutional monarchy had arisen upon
the 'ruins of the ancient pagan despotism.
The city of Honolulu, once a wretched vil27




AMERICA IN HAWAII
lage of grass huts, was now a beautiful miand
prosperous city. A race of naked savages
had become a people who wore the clothing
of civilization, recognized the institution of
Christian marriage, had reformed their licentious habits, and had dotted every hillside
throughout the Islands with churches, schoolhouses, and comfortable dwellings. A legislature and courts of justice were established;
and in the process of time higher institutions
of learning were founded, and suitable buildings erected for their occupancy. On the fifteenth day of January, i842, died Tamoree,
the last survivor of the little company of
Hawaiian youths whose influence had been so
potent in the establishment of the Hawaiian
missions and in the redemption of Hawaii.
He was born in a simple grass hut: he died
in the beautifully appointed Queen's Hospital
at Honolulu. In his sixty-six years of life he
had seen his people rise from a condition of
seemingly hopeless savagery to one of enlightenment, and had the satisfaction in his
last hours of knowing that he had been employed as a main instrument in the accomplishment of these marvellous results.
28




CHAPTER III.
HAWAIIAN COMMERCE.
LET US now consider the history of the
commercial relations of the United States
with the Hawaiian Islands,- a history which
extends backward for well over a hundred
years.  In the year i786 the attention of
Joseph Barrell, a merchant of Boston, was
called to the narration of the voyages of Captain Cook; and the spirit of commerce and
adventure was aroused. He conceived the
idea that profit might be made by visiting
the coasts and islands which had been the
scenes of Cook's adventures, and collecting
from the natives, by barter, the furs of the
Alaskan and Oregon coast and the sandalwood, cocoanut oil, and other products of the
newly discovered Pacific islands. He interested a number of merchants in his project
and a stock company was formed, with a capital of fifty thousand dollars. The members
of this company were Joseph Barrell, Charles
Bulfinch, and Samuel Brown, of Boston; John
Derby, of Salem; Captain Crowell Hatch, of
Cambridge; and John Marden Pintard, of
New York.    They purchased two vessels
29




AMERICA IN HAWAII
for their proposed expedition. These were
the ship Columbia, commanded by Captain
John Kendrick, of Wareham, Mass., and
the sloop Lady Washington, commanded by
Captain Robert Gray, of Boston. The ship
was, of course, the chief vessel of the expedition; while the sloop, being of light draught,
was designed for the purpose of skirting along
shores and running into little bays and inlets
for the purpose of trade, conveying its purchases later to the ship.
The two vessels set sail from Boston in the
year I787, amid the farewells of the people
of the city, who took a deep interest in the
enterprise. After visiting the Oregon coast
and discovering a great river, which received
the name of the ship, the Columbia, the vessels proceeded to the Hawaiian and other
islands of the Pacific.
In the summer of i790 the expedition returned to Boston, and was received with
acclaim. Cannon were fired in salute, and
the cheers of the people greeted the returning voyagers. Governor John Hancock gave
an entertainment in honor of the officers and
owners. A procession escorted the returned
3~




HAWAIIAN COMMERCE
adventurers about the streets, Captain Gray
walking arm-in-arm with a Hawaiian chief
who had accompanied the party to this country, and who was the first of his race to be
seen in the streets of Boston. The chief
is described as wearing one of the famous
cloaks with accompanying helmet, formed of
yellow and scarlet feathers, the badge of
royalty.
At an early period in the intercourse 
of the natives with white men the traffic
in sandalwood assumed a great importance.
The chiefs perceived the great value which
the white man placed upon this wood, and
claimed for themselves exclusive rights in
the whole traffic. They despatched parties
of men from time to time with instructions
to penetrate into the interior in search of
trees. The labor was arduous, and the
periods of absence from the villages and from
their families were long and exceedingly irksome to the men who were so unfortunate as
to be included in these expeditions. But the
rewards to the chiefs were great; for they
received, by way of barter, quite often the
two things which they most greatly coveted,
31




AMERICA IN HAWAII
-fire-arms and ammunition,- and, in many
cases, intoxicants.
So earnestly was the trade in sandalwood
prosecuted and so vigorously was the search
for it continued that not many years elapsed
before the supply began to be exhausted;
and at the present day the sandalwood tree
is popularly believed to be extinct in the
Islands. It has been said that the native
common people, to whom the search for sandalwood was, as already said, exceedingly
burdensome, in their determination to do
away with their enforced labor, were accustomed, during their expeditions, to destroy
all the young trees which chanced to come
in their way. Scientists, it should be added,
however, who are familiar with the appearance and habits of this tree, are authority for
the statement that some fine specimens of
the sandalwood tree are still to be found in
the remote parts of the Islands; and it is not
wholly impossible that with proper government supervision this valuable wood may yet
again become an important article of Hawallan commerce.
China being the chief country for the
32




HAWAIIAN COMMERCE
consumption of sandalwood, the American
sandalwood traders, having obtained a cargo,
were accustomed to convey it thither for a
market, afterward investing the proceeds of
their sales in teas, silks, and other products
of the Orient. It is curious to note that for
many years the greater number of American
trading vessels which frequented the Hawaiian Islands were from  Boston.  Island
people of this period were accustomed to
speak of America as Boston and of Americans as Bostonians.
On January 23, 1803, the first horse which
the natives of the Islands had ever seen was
brought in a vessel from Boston. Its beauty
and power created mingled admiration and
terror, and then a desire for more of these
strange and useful animals. Several horses
from the California coast (then a Spanish province) arrived in a vessel not long
after; and thus the Islands speedily became
stocked, and the natives rapidly became expert horsemen.
To the trade in sandalwood was soon
added that in pearls and pearl-shell, and it
was chiefly by his traffic in these commodi33




AMERICA IN HAWAII
ties that King Kamehameha acquired his
wealth. In addition to the articles already
mentioned the natives received as barter,
cloths of American and English manufacture,
in which they greatly delighted, and especially articles of iron. It will be remembered that the islanders at the coming of
the white men were tempted by the nails and
other small articles of iron which they saw
about the ships, to commit theft and even
murder in order to possess them. A boat
belonging to a visiting vessel was stolen and
broken up upon the beach solely for the sake
of its nails and iron. Hardware in all its
forms, therefore, became a frequent object of
barter in return for articles far more desirable to the whites, but the commercial value
of which the natives did not comprehend.
It is narrated, for example, that King Kamehameha I was anxious to possess an anvil
which he saw on board of a visiting ship.
Desirous, probably, of having a little sport
at the expense of the king and his people,
the captain told him that it would be given
to him upon condition that his divers should
engage to bring it up from a depth of ten
34




HAWAIIAN COMMERCE
fathoms of water. To this the king eagerly
assented; but, after the anvil had been rolled
overboard, the divers discovered that the
weight was so great that they were not able
to bring it to the surface. The natives, however, were not to be foiled in their effort to
secure so valuable a prize. A party of expert divers, occasionally coming to the surface for breath, succeeded in rolling the
anvil along the sandy bottom for the distance
of half a mile, where they finally brought it
safe to shore.
The whale-fisheries of the United States
which in the earlier part of this century
formed an important part of the business of
New England seaports, maintained a close
connection with the Hawaiian Islands. The
supply of whales was far greater in the
Pacific than in the Atlantic Ocean; and vessels in great numbers from New Bedford,
Nantucket, Provincetown, Edgartown, and
other New England ports, frequently found it
necessary to touch at the Islands for repairs
or for fresh provisions and other supplies.
As early as the year 1823 it was not uncommon to find from forty to sixty American
35




AMERICA IN HAWAII
whale-ships at anchor at one time in the harbor of Honolulu. From January i, 1836, to
the end of 184I, a period of six years, no
fewer than three hundred and fifty-eight vessels hailing from American ports touched at
this port. Of this number, fully four-fifths
were whale-ships, the average expenditure of
which on shore is said to have been not far
from seven hundred dollars each. Durming
this same time the English vessels arriving
in port numbered eighty-two, and the French
seven. These numbers are all exclusive of
vessels of war. At Lahaina, Maui, the average number of American whale-ships annually in the same period was from thirty to
fifty; and at other island ports, from twelve
to twenty.
During the period mentioned the importations from the United States amounted to
nearly, if not quite, one million dollars. The
exports from  the Islands during the same
period were upward of five hundred thousand dollars in value. Large as the figures
seem, even the enterprise of the Boston merchants who established, and for so long
chiefly maintained, the commerce between
36




HAWAIIAN COMMERCE
the United States and the Hawaiian Islands,
could hardly have foreseen what magnitude
it would attain in our own day.
In February, 1823, a Boston-owned vessel,
the Paragon, set sail for a voyage to the
Islands. The owner of the ship was Josiah
Marshall, and the commander Captain William Cole. Two names were upon the passenger list: Thomas Crocker, who was going
out as United States consul for the Hawaiian Islands, and Robert Elwell, the consular clerk.  The  Paragon   carried  the
frames of two schooners which were put together and launched at Honolulu. When
finished, they were used for coasting among
the Islands and gathering sandalwood. The
second officer of the Paragon was John
Dominis, a family name destined in years to
come to attain prominence in the political
affairs of the island kingdom. The son of
John Dominis, John 0. Dominis, in later
years became the husband of a native princess, Lydia, who later in life ascended the
throne under the name of Liliuokalani.
Another of the crew of the Paragon was
Charles Brewer, a young man of Boston,
37




AMERICA IN HAWAII
who later became one of the most prominent
of the resident Hawaiian merchants and
whose name is inseparably connected with
Hawaiian history. He early became master
of a vessel employed in the Hawaiian trade,
and for many years was thus engaged, commanding at various times the brig Becket
of Salem, the ship Rasselas of Boston, the
brig Laura, and other craft. Becoming thus
familiar with the commercial possibilities
of the Islands, Mr. Brewer, in connection
with Mr. Henry A. Pierce-who afterward
occupied the position of United States minister to the Hawaiian Islands- and Mr. James
Hunnewell, both of Boston, established a
commercial house at the Islands, and engaged
actively in trade with ports of the United
States.  This house, under the name of
Charles Brewer & Co., is still (I898) well
known in Boston and in Honolulu.
The importation of neat cattle into the
Islands by Vancouver has been noted. These
increased with great rapidity, large numbers
of them, in a few years, being found to be
running wild throughout the mountains and
the vast unsettled regions. Large flocks of
38




...
PN WI'-ime w    7"me
FUND i  I g g g | | I  I  i  -  
ss~~~Cq~~:"i' iWA   B k"  bbiaist
ir l l l-ir,,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
At~~~~~~~~~~~~
B~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-p~
m                      |~~~~~~~~~~~~,;2
I~ E
Wxrg~~  ~~~ ll 3~ic "FL~l. B
aeser0L iiiri ~ri




I
I
I




HAWAIIAN COMMERCE
wild goats were also to be found; and the
flocks of sheep, the progeny of a few pairs
imported soon after the arrival of the cattle,
were found to yield an excellent quality of
wool. The value of the cocoanut-trees, with
which the shores of the Islands were fringed,
especially for their yield of oil, was also early
recognized. The commercial utility of the
wild flocks and herds and of the vegetable
products of the Islands was perceived by
scattering white men, who, cast ashore from
wrecked vessels or deserting from ships in the
harbors, had settled here and there throughout the Islands. From these men, mainly,
were purchased wool, hides, goat-skins, tallow, and cocoanut oil, which were loaded
upon the waiting ships and conveyed to market at American ports.
The promoters of the American whale-fisheries soon discovered that time and money
might be saved by unloading their oil at
Honolulu and there depositing it for transshipment in merchant vessels for home ports.
The whale-ships were thus enabled to return
to the fishing-grounds, avoiding a long and
at times dangerous voyage homeward with
39




AMERICA IN HAWAII
their cargoes. Honolulu thus, until the decline of the whale-fisheries,- which marked
their highest point in the year 1854, —became an important point toward which the
eyes of hundreds of New England people
were eagerly turned. The ship-owner awaited
news from that port of the safe arrival of his
vessels from the fishing-grounds, and from
thence received the cargoes of oil which had
there received temporary storage. The families of the seamen, who had been left at
home, eagerly watched the newspapers for
announcements of arrivals from Honolulu;
for such announcements brought with them
a feeling of hope, if not certainty, that letters
from the absent ones would soon come to
their hand.
The adaptability of the soil and climate of
the Islands to the raising of sugar-cane was
discovered at an early day, and some of the
first white settlers engaged in its culture.
As early as i853 nearly three thousand acres
of cane were under cultivation, and the acreage has rapidly increased until the cultivation
and exportation of sugar has become the
chief industry of the Islands. In the year
40




HAWAIIAN COMMERCE
1897 nearly two hundred and fifty thousand
tons of sugar were exported, the entire
amount being sent to the United States.
In the year 1855 a treaty of reciprocity
was concluded between the United States
and the king of the Hawaiian Islands, Hon.
William L. Marcy, Secretary of State, acting
in behalf of this country, and Judge Lee,
the king's commissioner, in behalf of the
native government. This treaty appears to
have been approved by the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs; but, on submission
to the vote of the Senate, the required twothirds majority was not obtained, and the
treaty failed of ratification.
In the year i864, during the progress of
the Civil War, the subject of a revival of this
treaty was broached; but on account of the
probable effect of such a measure on the
public revenue, at a time when the financial
resources of the country were strained to the
last degree, it was not deemed advisable that
the subject should then be revived. A few
years later another attempt was made, though
f   with no better success. On the first day of, February, I867, Hon. Edward McCook, then
41




AMERICA IN HAWAII
minister of the United States at Honolulu,
was instructed by Hon. William H. Seward,
then at the head of the Department of State,
to the effect that the United States would
look favorably upon a plan for a revival of
the reciprocity treaty of i855, but upon
terms more liberal to the United States.
Acting upon this suggestion, a new treaty
was framed and concluded by Mr. McCook,
on the part of the United States, and Hon.
C. C. Harris, Hawaiian minister at Washington, acting as a commissioner representing
the Hawaiian king. This convention was
concluded at San Francisco in May, I867,
and received the approval of President
Johnson; but it, too, met the fate of its
predecessors, failing of ratification in the
Senate. Pending the Senate's discussion, Mr.
McCook, in a private note addressed to Secretary Seward, asked for leave to visit Washington at about the time of the assembling
of Congress, to communicate his views to
the senators.
"Should the treaty be ratified," writes Mr.
McCook in confidence to the Secretary of
State, " I shall feel that I have accomplished
42




HAWAIIAN COMMERCE
all I can accomplish in my present position,
and shall probably wish to return to my
home in Colorado, unless you should favor the
absolute acquisition of the Hawaiian Islands,
in which event I would like to conduct the
negotiations. I think their sovereignty could
be purchased from the present king [Kamehameha V, Prince Lot], and feel sure that
the people of the United States would receive
such a purchase with universal acclamation."
Mr. Seward, in a confidential note in reply
to this communication, granted the leave of
absence asked for, and also gave permission
to sound the proper authority "Ion the large
subject mentioned" in his note, and confidentially receive overtures.
Although it failed in the Senate, the treaty
was, after some delay, ratified by the Hawaiian government July 30, i867. There
was at this time an undoubted feeling in the
Islands strongly favorable to annexation to the
United States; and this feeling was, to some
extent, reciprocated in Washington. In Sep) tember, I867, Mr. Seward wrote to Mr. McCook, pending the assembling of Congress,
that " a strong interest, based upon a desire
43




AMERICA IN HAWAII
for annexation of the Sandwich Islands, will
be active in opposing a ratification of the
Hawaiian treaty. It will be argued," he continued, "that the reciprocity will tend to hinder and defeat an early annexation, to which
the people of the Sandwich Islands are supposed to be now strongly inclined.... It is
proper that you should know, for your own
information, that a lawful and peaceful annexation of the Islands to the United States,
with the consent of the people of the Sandwich Islands, is deemed desirable by this
government, and that, if the policy of annexation should really conflict with the policy of
reciprocity, annexation is in every case to be
preferred."
In accordance with advice received in this
letter, Mr. McCook, after all, did not visit
Washington.   In the annual message of
President Johnson to the Fortieth Congress,
presented December 9, I868, the President
urged attention to the treaty still pending, in
these words:I am aware that upon the question of further extending our possessions it is apprehended by some
that our political system cannot successfully be ap44




HAWAIIAN COMMERCE
plied to an area more extended than our continent;
but the conviction is rapidly gaining ground in the
American mind that, with the increased facilities for
intercommunication between all portions of the earth,
the principles of free government — as embraced in
our Constitution, if faithfully maintained and carried
out-would prove of sufficient strength and breadth
to comprehend within their sphere and influence the
civilized nations of the world.
The attention of the Senate and of Congress is
again respectfully invited to the treaty for the establishment of commercial reciprocity with the Hawaiian
kingdom, entered into last year, and already ratified
by that government.  The attitude of the United
States toward these Islands is not very different from
that in which they stand toward the West Indies.
It is known and felt by the Hawaiian government
and people that their government and institutions are
feeble and precarious, that the United States, being
so near a neighbor, would be unwilling to see the
Islands pass under foreign control. Their prosperity
is continually disturbed by expectations and alarms
of unfriendly political proceedings as well from the
United States as from  other foreign powers.  A
reciprocity treaty, while it could not materially diminish the revenues of the United States, would be
a guarantee of the good will and forbearance of all
nations until the people of the Islands shall of themselves, at no distant day, voluntarily apply for admission into the Union.


45




AMERICA IN HAWAII
The influences which caused the delay in
action upon, and the final rejection of the
convention - -which event did not occur until
June I, I870o, President Johnson having then
been succeeded in office by President Grant
cannot, perhaps, be successfully traced.
Discussions upon the subject of the ratification of treaties are invariably held by the
Senate in executive session. The historical
student, however, will not forget the strong
feeling of opposition which existed in the
Thirty-ninth Congress toward President Johnson, culminating in his impeachment. It is
not wholly impossible that his earnest advocacy of the measure of commercial reciprocity with the Hawaiian Islands may have had
a potent influence in affecting the action of
the Senate in regard to the matter, although
two years had passed, a new Congress had
assembled, and a new President had assumed
control of affairs.
It is remembered that, early in the administration of President Grant, propositions
looking to the acquisition of the Danish
West India Islands and of the island of San
Domingo were brought prominently before
46




HAWAIIAN COMMERCE
Congress, and were finally defeated, mainly
through the earnest opposition of Senator
Sumner.   It is not improbable that this
sentiment of opposition to annexation of insular territory produced its influence upon
the minds of the senators, in the consideration. also of the Hawaiian treaty of reciprocity.
In the autumn of I 874 the movement
toward the establishment of closer commercial relations between the two countries by
the negotiation of a treaty of reciprocity was
again renewed. In this movement King Kalakaua in person assumed an important r6le.
With the purpose of attracting popular attention to and interest in the Hawaiian Islands,
he visited the United States, brought here
by the United States steamship Benicia.
Before leaving Hawaii, the king had appointed Elisha H. Allen and Henry A. P.
Carter as commissioners to negotiate for reciprocity.  In this mission they were successful; and the treaty was signed at Washington January 30, I875. Some of its features, relating to customs dues, required the
ratification of both houses of Congress; but
47




AMERICA IN HAWAII
this was successfully accomplished.  The
treaty was ratified by the President of the
United States May 31, i875, by the King of
Hawaii April 17, i875, and was announced
by formal proclamation June 3, i875.
In this instrument it was agreed that a
certain schedule of products of the Islands,
including unrefined sugars, should be admitted into the United States free of duty:
certain products and manufactured articles
were, in return, to be admitted free of duty
into the Hawaiian Islands from ports of the
United States; and the agreements were
made on the part of the king that he would
not, so long as the treaty should remain in
force, lease or otherwise dispose of or create
a lien upon any port, harbor, or other territory in his dominions, or grant any special
privilege or rights of use therein to any
power, State, or government, nor make any
treaty by which any other nation should obtain the same privileges, relative to the
admission of articles free of duty, thereby
secured to the United States. The treaty
also provided for its continuance for seven
years from the promulgation thereof; and
48




HAWAIIAN COMMERCE
it was added that, after the expiration of
the term of seven years, it might be terminated by either party thereto, twelve months'
notice of a desire to abrogate first being
given, otherwise to continue in force.  All
of the provisions of the treaty having been
fulfilled, it went into final operation on September 9, I875.
Its terms were sufficiently broad to create
practically a free trade between the United
States and the Hawaiian Islands.  On the
part of the former, practically, the entire agricultural product of the Islands was admitted
to our ports free of duty; for by this time
the production of sugar had become by far
the chief industry of the Islands, overshadowing all others.  On the part of the island
government its ports were opened to the admission, from the United States, of nearly
every article of domestic consumption. The
list of articles thus admitted free of duty is
extremely long, and includes all textile fabi rics, and manufactures of iron, copper, wood,
paper, and leather, agricultural implements,
meats, bread-stuffs, naval stores, and lumber.
Protests were at once made by the British
)                     49




AMERICA IN HAWAII
government to the King of the Hawaiian
Islands, the claim being made that the clause
of the treaty by which certain exclusive commercial privileges were granted to the United
States was in contravention of the AngloHawaiian treaty of 1852, which contained the
" most favored nation" clause. This contention continued for several years, the complication resulting at length in the feeling that
Great Britain might resort to coercion to accomplish the desired end. On June 30, i88i,
James G. Blaine, then Secretary of State, in
reply to a despatch of our minister, Hon.
James M. Comly, setting forth in detail the
situation of affairs then existing, showed in
unmistakable language the impossibility of a
grant by the Hawaiian government of any
of the privileges exclusively given to the
United States by the treaty of 1875 without
a violation of that treaty. Mr. Blaine added
these significant words, which served to end
the dispute: -
You will add that, if any other power should deem
it proper to employ undue influence upon the Hawaiian government to persuade or compel action in derogation of this treaty, the government of the United
50o




HAWAIIAN COMMERCE
States will not be unobservant of its rights and interests, and will be neither unwilling nor unprepared to
support the Hawaiian government in the faithful discharge of its treaty obligations.
At the expiration of the seven years' duration of this treaty of reciprocity, negotiations
were opened for another treaty of similar import, so far as its main provisions were concerned. This was effected December 6, I884,
by a convention in which the treaty of I875
was renewed for the further period of seven
years; and, further, the King of the Hawaiian Islands granted to the United States the
exclusive right to enter Pearl River, in the
island of Oahu, and to establish there a coaling and repair station for the use of vessels
of the United States.   The ratification of
this extension of the treaty was strenuously
opposed by the sugar-refining interests of the
United States and by Great Britain, that
government contending that the granting of
exclusive privileges in Pearl Harbor was in
contravention of the Anglo-Hawaiian treaty,
and "would infallibly lead to the loss of the
independence of the Islands."  The opposition from both these sources was at length
5i




AMERICA IN HAWAII
overcome; and the convention was finrally
ratified and proclaimed in November, 1887.
This treaty was allowed to continue as it
stood at the expiration of its term, no
notice, since the close of its seven years of
limitation, having been made looking toward
that end.  In the Fifty-fourth  Congress,
however, an earnest effort was made by a
formidable party, apparently in the interest
of the American sugar refiners, to secure
abrogation; but the effort was unsuccessful,
and the treaty, at the time of the annexation
of the Hawaiian Islands to the territory of
the United States in July, I898, remained in
full force.


32




CHAPTER IV.
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BEGUN.
THE point of time at which the attention
of the government of the United States was
drawn to the Hawaiian Islands, and to the
increasing interests of its citizens there, was
almost exactly coeval with the establishment
in the Islands of the American missions.
The rapidly increasing commerce with the Islands, and the practical establishment there of
a depot for supplies for whale-ships, and for
transshipment of the product of those fisheries to home ports, had served to give
America an important stake in the mid-Pacific, which our government recognized and
prepared itself to preserve. On September
i9, i820, John C. Jones was appointed by
President Monroe to be " Agent of the
United States for Commerce and Seamen"
at the Hawaiian Islands. This office was
practically that of consul, for to the duties
of agent was added a general supervision of! American interests in the Islands. Reports
were made to the Department of State at
Washington, from time to time, of matters
6 touching American interests; and, at irregu-.{;~~~~~~~L




AMERICA IN HAWAII
lar intervals, reports were received from commanders of naval vessels of the United States,
which occasionally touched at the Islands for
fresh supplies and other purposes.
In, the autumn of I823 the king, Liholiho,
determined that he would go forth from his
island kingdom, and see something of the
great world of which he had been told so
much. In October of that year, in company
with his queen, Kamamalu, and attended
by a retinue, he set sail in the English ship
L'Aigle. His view of his native islands as
they faded from his sight beyond the horizon
was his last.
In May, I824, the royal party landed in
England; and their majesties were treated
with great consideration by George IV. A
sudden and severe attack of measles seized
both king and queen, and in July of the same
year the deaths of both occurred.  Their
bodies were enclosed in coffins of lead, encased in wood, and covered with crimson
velvet, and conveyed to their island home in
the frigate Blonde, commanded by Lord
Byron, a cousin of the poet.
The younger brother of Liholiho, named
54




DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BEGUN
Kauikeaouli, then eleven years of age, succeeded to the throne, in accordance with the
will of the late king, prudently executed just
before his departure from home. The executive authority, however, was to rest for a
time in the hands of the dowager queen,
Kaahumanu, second in rank in the kingdom,
and Kalaimoku, otherwise known as "William Pitt," the prime minister. After a few
years, however, Kauikeaouli assumed full authority in the kingdom, under the title of
Kamehameha III. It was during the period
of his guardianship that the first formal visit
was made to these Islands of a naval vessel
flying the American flag. This was the
United States steamship Peacock, Captain
Thomas ap Catesby Jones, which dropped
anchor in the harbor of Honolulu in the year
I826.  This call of the Peacock was in
pursuance of instructions received in May,
i825, by Commodore Hull, then in command? of the Pacific squadron. The instructions
from  Washington, which were received by
him at Callao, Peru, were to the effect that
a naval vessel should proceed to Hono/  lulu on a visit of friendly inspection, to re55




AMERICA IN HAWAII
lieve the native authorities of the annoyance
occasioned by deserters from American vessels in the Islands, and to endeavor to adjust
certain claims of American citizens there residing. The objects of this visit were successfully accomplished; and Captain Jones
negotiated a treaty of friendship, commerce,
and navigation with the king, which was
signed on the twenty-third day of December,
I826. This was the first treaty executed by
the Hawaiians with any foreign power.
The convention was a simple document,
of only seven articles. In it the peace and
friendship existing between the United
States and Kauikeaouli, King of the Hawaiian Islands, and his guardians were declared
to be perpetual; agreement was made to
protect vessels and citizens of the United
States, within the island jurisdiction in time
of war, against all enemies of the United
States; commerce and trade between the
two countries was to be fostered; shipwrecked vessels of the United States, with
their crews and cargoes, were to be properly
cared for; citizens of the United States engaged in trade and commerce in the Islands




DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BEGUN
were to be protected in their lawful pursuits,
and have the privilege of suing in the courts
of the kingdom; all practicable means were
to be taken to prevent desertion at the
Islands from American vessels, and rewards
were agreed upon for the return of such
deserters to their vessels; and the "most
favored nation" clause, as used in treaties,
relating to import duties, was inserted. The
treaty bore the signatures of Captain Jones;
Elisabeta Kaahumanu; Kalaimoku; Boki,
governor of Oahu and personal guardian of
the king; Hoapili, guardian of Nahienaena,
sister of the king; and Lida Namahana, a
dowager queen of Kamehameha I.
This agreement,_ curiously enough, - was,
never ratified by the Senate; but,,its provisions have formed the groundwork of the
friendly relations which have since existed
between our government and that of the
Islands.  The' visits of American trading
vessels to the island ports continued frequent.
In the year 1825, such had been the
/ advancement of the island people in civilization and Christian morals, an official edict
of the chiefs was promulgated (as referred
/                      57




AMERICA IN HAWAII
to in a previous chapter), forbidding women
to visit vessels in harbors, for immoral
purposes.  It is a sad commentary upon
human character that this attempt of a
people who were struggling forward toward
the light of civilization should have met with
serious opposition from those who were supposed to have received all the blessings of
enlightenment. Attacks were made by crews
of vessels upon the dwellings of missionaries,
and the strongest influence was brought to
bear upon the chiefs to induce them to rescind this edict. At this juncture, in January, I826, the United States schooner
Dolphin, commanded by Lieutenant John
Percival, entered the harbor, and remained for
some weeks. In February, members of the
crew of the Dolphin, armed with clubs,
made an assault upon the house of a native
chief during the progress there of divine
worship. Demanding the abrogation of the
regulation, they threatened the destruction of
the house, if compliance was not made with
their wishes. A m0l6e ensued, in which
some of the combatants were injured. Lieutenant Percival himself espoused the cause of




DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BEGUN
his men, and by threats induced the chiefs to
recede from their position.
In the year 1 829 the United States
steamship Vincennes, Captain Finch, paid an
official visit to the Islands. Captain Finch
was the bearer of a number of costly gifts
to the king, queen, and chiefs, and of a letter
from President Jackson's Secretary of the
Navy. In this letter the desire of the government of the United States to maintain
friendly relations with the Islands was expressed in these words -
The President anxiously hopes that peace and
kindness and justice will prevail between your people
and those citizens of the United States who visit
your Islands, and that the regulations of your government will be such as to enforce them upon all. Our
citizens who violate your laws, or interfere with your
regulations, violate at the same time their duty to
their own government and country, and merit censure
and punishment.
In the words last quoted it would appear
evident that information of the act of Lieutenant Percival had reached the ear of the
President, and that he desired to disavow it.
The instructions to Captain Finch were to
59




AMERICA IN HAWAII
"remain from two to three weeks, or as long
as shall be thought expedient for careful cultivation of the most friendly relations, and to
procure from our consular and commercial
agent, or from other sources, every information respecting our commercial and other relations that may be practicable."
Two years later than this, in the year
I83I, an episode in Hawaiian history occurred which required, for the first time, the
friendly intervention of United States naval
representatives in its affairs. This is an episode which, in its relation, is liable to misconstruction and misconception, and in which
both of the parties to the controversy were
doubtless open to more or less criticism.
The occasion was a breaking forth afresh of
ancient antagonism of religious sects. The
appointment of a commercial agent of the
United States at the Hawaiian Islands had
been closely followed by the appointment by
the British crown of Richard Charleton to
the position of consul-general to Hawaii and
the Society Islands.  Almost immediately
upon his arrival. Charleton manifested anl
open antagonism to the American mission6o




DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BEGUN
aries and their work, although this opposition would appear to have been extended not
so much against their religious as against
their civil influence in the Islands.  "He
foresaw that American missionaries, if successful, would introduce republican principles,
and the tone of the people would tend toward
that nation. English influence would gradually be absorbed, and in time the Islands
become an appendage to the Great Republic.
American commerce and settlers were by far
the most numerous, and both yearly increasing. To a mind like his, no more powerful
motive for an attempt to frustrate their growing prosperity could have existed. Availing
himself of the discordant elements about him,
he managed, by exciting their cupidity, sensualism, and fear of religious intoleration,
to combine into one party the classes opposed to missionary endeavor.... Failing
in defeating the progress of the American
mission, at this period, he proclaimed it his
intention to divide the nation, and create a
rival religion, by the introduction of English
Roman Catholic priests. Such was the state
of affairs at the visit of Captain Jones." *,  Jarves, 269.
6
'I




AMERICA IN HAWAII
This threat of Charleton was to be made
good in a manner which he himself had lot
expected nor planned. There was in the
Islands a Frenchman of uncertain antecedents and doubtful character, called John
Rives. This man had been constant in his
opposition to the work of the missionaries,
and was known to be trying to influence the
chiefs against them with the object of lessening and, if possible, destroying their influence. He had " occupied the offices of cook,
bootblack, secretary, and boon companion, as
the inclination of the king permitted." *
While the preparations were in progress
for the departure of the king and his suite
for their journey to Europe, Rives earnestly
besought his master for permission to accompany the royal party. Liholiho, being well
aware of the character of the man, refused
his consent; but Rives, whether or not by
connivance with the captain, contrived to
secrete himself on board the vessel which
was to convey the royal party. After the
vessel was well away at sea, the graceless
stowaway made his presence known; and the
#Jarves, 221.
62




DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BEGUN
king had no choice but to allow him to
accompany the party. The result was disastrous.  During the voyage, by the influence of Rives, the king suffered a relapse
into habits of gambling and intoxication
which had formerly beset him. On the arrival of L 'Aigle at Portsmouth the cashchest of the king, which was known to
have contained the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars at the beginning of the voyage,
was forwarded to the Bank of England, and
there opened. It was discovered that only
ten thousand dollars remained. Of the balance no account was made, save a bill of
three thousand dollars presented by Captain Starbuck of L'Aigle, alleged to cover
certain expenses incurred during a brief stop
at Rio Janeiro. Rives, who was acquainted
with the Hawaiian language as well as with
English, was for a time utilized as interpreter on the king's tour; but he was
soon dismissed, various acts of ill-behavior,
which reflected seriously upon the character
of the party, being alleged against him.
This dismissal, the death of the king and
queen which followed soon after, and the
63




AMERICA IN HAWAII
departure of the party upon the return voyage combined to sever the connections of
Rives with the royal train. He at once went
to France, his native country, and there attracted attention by his stories of adventures
in foreign parts, his intimate relations with
the late king of the scarcely known islands
of the Pacific, and his descriptions of the fabulous riches and boundless resources of that
country.  He obtained on credit a large
quantity of goods for shipment to the Islands,
for the purpose* of trade; and he advertised
for artisans and priests to go out under his
patronage to instruct the natives in the use
ful arts and industries and in the precepts of
religion.
In July, I826, Rev. John Alexius Bachelot, a Jesuit priest, was appointed by Pope
Leo XII to be apostolic prefect of the
Islands.  In company with a number of
artisans and seven priests, Father Bachelot
set sail for his place of labor. Church ornaments to the value of several thousand dollars, which had been purchased by Rives
himself, were sent in the same ship, the
dealers from whom they were purchased
64




DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BEGUN
being promised payment upon the arrival of
the vessel at Honolulu. Similar promises
were made in regard to the passage money
for conveyance of the priests and artisans.
These promises were not fulfilled; for Rives,
taking passage in another ship, did not return to the Islands, and his fate is not
known.
There is no record of the events which
followed which in any manner reflect upon
the personal character or the sincerity of
Father Bachelot and his coadjutors in the
effort to propagate the faith of the Roman
Catholic Church among the people of the
Islands.  They were quite as earnest and
sincere in their devotion to what they regarded as duty as were the Protestant
missionaries.  The latter, however, remembered that they had been the pioneers and
had been laboring in the field for eight
years.  They thought, too, that the new
arrivals might rather have turned their atten) tion to many islands of the South Seas where
) no attempt had yet been made to carry the
Christian faith.  It would not be entirely
unnatural, then, that the Protestant mission65




AMERICA IN HAWAII
aries should regard the Jesuits somewhat in
the light of interlopers in a field which they
had fairly pre-empted.  The Protestants,
however, so far from openly opposing the
coming of the Romanists and hindering their
work, supplied them with copies of the books
which they themselves had    prepared.in
Hawaiian, that the new-comers might become
acquainted with the language.
The new element, however, was, as might
be expected, productive of discord.  New
Englanders at that time had not learned all
the lessons of tolerance.  Had the Jesuit
missionaries entered upon a wholly new field,
they would, without doubt, have found comparatively little difficulty in planting their
faith in a virgin soil; but the natives themselves, and especially many of the chiefs, resented the attempt to introduce a second new
religion, and acrimonious controversy ensued.
The government of the Islands was arrayed
upon the side of the Protestant missionaries,
whom the chiefs regarded as their first and
their firmest friends. At length, in April,
i83 I, a decree of banishment of the Jesuits
was made; but it was not until December of
66




DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BEGUN
that year that they were actually deported,
and they went to join the Spanish priests of
San Gabriel Mission, in Southern California.
By the removal of the priests the effects
of their teachings were not eradicated. A
considerable influence had been exerted by
them among the common people of the native population, some of whom had embraced
the faith which the priests had taught. In
the minds of the chiefs, who were, of course,
as yet but slightly educated, and with imperfect mental training, there was little difference between the images and pictures which
the Roman priests had displayed as representations of sacred things and those images
which they themselves had once regarded as
gods.  The distinction  between the prescribed fasts of the Church and the now discarded system of tabus was beyond their
comprehension. The Protestant missionaries
-if, indeed, they themselves considered the
matter with sufficient candor to perceive the
distinction - were probably not altogether
unwilling that their pupils should regard
the matter in the manner best suited to their
intellects.
67




AMERICA IN HAWAII
However these things may be, the visit of
the United States frigate Potomac, Commodore Downes, in August, 1832, served, to
some extent, to lessen the severity of what,
just at that time, was bordering closely upon
religious persecution. The attitude of the
Hawaiian government toward those professing the Roman faith was not fully relaxed,
however, until July, 1839. At that time a
convention, securing to those people entire
freedom for Roman Catholic worship in the
Islands, and allowing the return of the priests
of that faith, was forced from the king,
Kamehameha III, under the guns of the
French frigate Artdmise, commanded by
Captain Laplace. A second treaty was concluded at the same time, under the same
circumstances, and after a threat of hostilities in case of the refusal of the signature
of the king.  Under the provisions of this
treaty the introduction of intoxicating liquors
into the Islands was allowed. During these
negotiations the American consul was formally notified by Captain Laplace that the
American Protestant clergy would be regarded as a part of the native population,
68




DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BEGUN
should hostilities be begun, as the result of a
refusal of the king to accede to his demands.
Three years previous to this dramatic
visit of L'Artdmise the British consul,
Mr. Charleton, whose attitude toward Americans and American influence in the. Islands
has been noted,* by his representations to
his home government had procured a visit to
the Islands from  the British ship Actaeon,
under command of Lord Edward Russel.
In November, 1836, while the guns of the
Actceon were commanding the town of
Honolulu, the king was induced to conclude
a treaty with her commander in behalf of the
British government. This treaty contained
no objectionable features, and was, in its
terms, merely for the protection of the persons and property of British subjects residing in the Islands. At about the time of
the intervention of L'Arttmise and Captain
Laplace, Mr. Charleton left the Islands, it
is quite fair to believe, for the purpose of
informing his government of the condition of
affairs, both as touching the growing American influence in the Islands and the attitude
*Ante, page 60.
69




AMERICA IN HAWAII
assumed by Louis Philippe. That this convention forced from the king by Lord Edward
Russel was to be regarded as the initial
movement preparatory to serious aggressions
against the sovereignty of the Islands is
made probable almost to a certainty from
the occurrence of a few years later.


7o




CHAPTER V.
THE PAULET EPISODE.
IT was in February, I843, that an incident
occurred in the history of the Hawaiian Islands which gave occasion for the first open
and official declaration of paramount American interest and influence. This was the unannounced arrival, in the harbor of Honolulu,
of the British frigate Carysfort, commanded
by Captain Lord George Paulet, and the remarkable proceedings which followed.   A
few weeks previous to this occurrence two
commissioners despatched by King Kamehameha III had arrived at Washington.
These were Timoteo Haalilio and William
Richards, the first a member of the King's
suite, the latter a clergyman. Mr. Richards
had previously, in the year 1836, been sent to.this country as an envoy, to secure, if possible, some American versed in statecraft, as, adviser and instructor to the king in the
duties of his position.  This mission had
been unsuccessful. The two had now come,
as appears by a letter addressed to Daniel
Webster, Secretary of State, under date of
December 14, i842, for the purpose of call71




AMERICA IN HAWAII
ing the attention of that official, and through
him of the government of the United States,
to the relations then existing between the
two countries, and to suggest a more definite
recognition of the Hawaiian government as
an independent civilized power.  In this
letter is set forth, in interesting detail, the
story of the rise of the Hawaiian people from
a state of barbarism and degradation to one
deserving of the respect and recognition of
the civilized nations of the world.
"Twenty-three years ago," this letter
states, "the nation had no written language
and no character in which to write it. The
language had never been systematized nor
reduced to any kind of form. The people
had no acquaintance with Christianity, nor
with the valuable institutions or usages of
civilized life. The nation had no fixed form
or regulations of government, except as they
were dictated by those in authority or might
by any means acquire power. The right of
property was not acknowledged, and was,
therefore, but partially enjoyed. There were
no courts of justice, and the will of the
chieftains was absolute.  The property of
72




THE PAULET EPISODE
foreigners had no protection except in the
kind disposition of individuals. But, under
the fostering influence, patronage, and care
of His Majesty and of his predecessors, the
language has been reduced to visible and
systematized form, and is now written by a
large and respectable portion of the people.
Schools have been established throughout his
dominions and are supported principally by
the government; and there are but few,
among the younger people, who are unable
to read. They have now, in their own language, a library embracing a considerable variety of books on a variety of subjects, including the Holy Scriptures, works on natural
history, civil history, church history, geography, political economy, mathematics, and
statute law, besides a number of elementary
books. A  regular monarchical government
f    has been organized, of a limited and representative character.... It has, moreover,
been the uniform practice of consuls and
)    commercial agents, resident in His Majesty's
dominions, to demand all that protection,
both of persons and property, which is demanded of sovereign and independent States;
73




AMERICA IN HAWAII
and this, His Majesty believes, has been duly
and efficiently extended. While, therefore,
all is demanded of his government, and all is
rendered by it which is demanded of or rendered by the governments of sovereign and
independent States, he feels that he has a
right to expect his State to be acknowledged
as such, and thus be formally received into
the general compact of sovereign nations."
Continuing, the commissioners call attention to the situation of the Hawaiian Islands,
and to the frequency with which whaling and
merchant vessels call at their ports for the
purpose of obtaining supplies and of trading;
and declare that at the time of writing no
fewer than fourteen hundred American citizens are resident at the Islands, representing
property valued at not less than three or four
million dollars.
This letter was made the subject of a spe..
cial message to Congress by President Tyler,
in which he said:"It cannot but be in conformity with the
interest and wishes of the government and
the people of the United States that this
community, thus existing in the midst of a
74




THE PAULET EPISODE
vast expanse of ocean, should be respected,
and all its rights strictly and conscientiously
regarded. And this must also be the true
interest of all other commercial States. Far
remote from the dominions of European
powers, its growth and prosperity as an independent State may yet be in a high degree
useful to all whose trade is extended to those
regions; while its near approach to this continent, and the intercourse which American
vessels have with it,- such vessels constituting five-sixths of all which annually visit it,could not but create dissatisfaction on the
part of the United States at any attempt
by another power, should such attempt be
threatened or feared, to take possession of
the Islands, colonize them, and subvert the
native government. Considering, therefore,
that the United States possesses so very large
a share of the intercourse with those Islands,
it is deemed not unfit to make the declaration that their government seeks nevertheless no peculiar advantages, no exclusive
control, over the Hawaiian government, but
is content with its independent existence,
and anxiously wishes for its security and
75




AMERICA IN HAWAII
prosperity. Its forbearance in this respect,
under the circumstances of the very large
intercourse of their citizens with the Islands,
would justify the government, should events
hereafter arise to require it, in making a decided remonstrance against the adoption of
an opposite policy by any other power."
Secretary of State Webster, in replying to
the letter of the commissioners, said that
" the United States are more interested in the
fate of the Islands and of their government
than any nation can be; and this consideration induces the President to be quite willing
to declare as the sense of the government of
the United States that the government of
the Sandwich Islands ought to be respected,
that no power ought either to take possession
of the Islands as a conquest or for the purpose of colonization, and that no power ought
to seek for any undue control over the existing government or any exclusive privileges
or preferences in matters of commerce."
The implied promise thus made, to protect
the government of the Islands against the
aggressions of any foreign power, was very
soon to be put to the test, in the Lord
76




THE PAULET EPISODE
George Paulet incident, to which allusion has
been made. The somewhat sudden departure from the Islands of the British consul,
Mr. Charlton, has already been mentioned.
It appears that his relations with members
of the Hawaiian government had for a long
time been far from cordial. In a law-suit,
certain lands, the title to which was in his
name, had been attached. In this suit Charlton was worsted. No effort was made, however, to take out execution against the lands
attached, the government fearing that such
a process might be construed into an infringement on the privileges claimed by official representatives of foreign powers. Mr.
Charlton had not, therefore, suffered any pecuniary loss, the sheriff having merely given
public notice that no transfer of the title to
the lands might be made. It was the claim
that the right of a British subject had been
infringed, which caused this unfriendly visit
of the Carysfort.
On the eleventh day of February, i843,
Lord George Paulet, having dropped anchor
in the harbor, sent a peremptory message to
Kekuanoa, governor of the island Oahu, on
77




AMERICA IN HAWAII
which is the city of Honolulu, demanding an
audience with the king in person, and claiming that British subjects had received repeated insults from the government. Five
days later the king, having come to Honolulu
from his estate on the island Maui, was addressed in person by Paulet, again demanding an interview. The king sent to him his
representative, Dr. George P. Judd; but the
envoy was refused, in almost insulting terms,
and written demands were made upon the
king, coupled with a threat of coercive measures in case compliance should be refused.
This threat was in these terms: -
Sir,- I have the honor to notify you that Her
Britannic Majesty's ship, Carysfort, under my command, will be prepared to make an immediate attack
upon this town at 4 P.M. to-morrow (Saturday) in the
event of the demands now forwarded by me to the
King of these Islands not being complied with by
this time.
I have the honor to be, etc.,
GEORGE PAULET,
Captain.
The demands thus peremptorily made included the removal of the attachment from
78




THE PAULET EPISODE
the land of Mr. Charlton and reparation to
that gentleman for his alleged loss; the acknowledgment of one Alexander Simpson as
acting consul, a man who had been appointed to that position by Charlton on his
own withdrawal from the Islands, and whose
appointment the king  had  not acknowledged; a.guarantee that no British subject
should in future be put in irons, unless accused of a crime which by the laws of England would be regarded as a felony; the
granting of a new trial to one Henry Skinner, a British subject, who also had complained of unfair treatment at the hands of
the courts of the kingdom; the trial of all
causes involving British subjects by juries,
one-half of which to be British subjects approved by the consul.
The injustice of the most of these de/
mands is manifest, and the threat with
which they were accompanied cannot be justified. The king was plunged into perplexities and difficulties from which he saw no
ready or honorable way of escape. He had
no means of successful defence from   the
armed assault which was threatened, and he
79




AMERICA IN HAWAII
had no reason to believe that the threat
would not be carried into execution. A large
number of American lives and much American property were placed in jeopardy, and
were liable to destruction. A cession of his
dominions to Great Britain, therefore, appeared to the king to be his only escape.
Such a cession was accordingly executed,
but with the reservation that it should be
subject to any arrangement that might be entered into by commissioners to be appointed
to lay the matter before Her Majesty's government.
Lord George Paulet accepted the cession,
and appointed a commission for the government of the Islands in which the king or his
representative was to have a seat. The remaining members were, of course, British
subjects. The British flag was,raised over
the Islands. The king soon withdrew from
this commission by reason of acts adopted
of which he disapproved, and the remaining
members continued the exercise of sovereignty. Among their acts was the creation
of a regiment of troops, to which was given
the name of the "Queen's Own," which were
8o




THE PAULET EPISODE
armed and equipped at the expense of the
Hawaiian treasury.  The officers were required to take an oath of allegiance to the
queen.
This condition of affairs could not long
continue. The king at once, upon executing
the forced cession of his dominions, addressed
a communication to President Tyler, setting
forth in detail the acts of the British naval
captain, protesting against their injustice, and
begging that he would "interpose the high
influence of the United States with the
Court of England," to the end that an impartial hearing might be granted, and that
Her British Majesty might withdraw from
the sovereignty of the Islands.
This appeal was not in vain; and, indeed,
after the assurances so recently given, President Tyler could not refuse so reasonable a
request. The matter was at once laid before
the British government, not only by commissioners despatched to London by the king,
but also by Hon. Edward Everett, minister
of the United States to Great Britain. At
about the same time that the Carysfort entered the harboir of Honolulu, bearing the de8i




AMERICA IN HAWAII
mands of Lord George Paulet, Mr. Webster,
in view of the recent French aggressions in
the Islands and the reports concerning the
attitude of Charlton, had addressed to Mr.
Everett a note, calling his attention to the
acknowledgment of the independence of the
Islands in the President's message to Congress, already quoted, and stating that the
President " would exceedingly regret that
suspicion of a sinister purpose of any kind on
the part of the United States should prevent
England and France from adopting the same
pacific, just, and conservative course toward
the government and people of this remote
but interesting group of Islands." In reply
to this Mr. Everett had informed Mr. Webster that Lord Aberdeen had signified in behalf of the British government that the independence of the Islands would be distinctly
recognized, and that the intimation had been
made to the French ambassador at London
that England could not agree to any encroachments on the Sandwich Islands. To
this the ambassador had replied that none
were contemplated by France.
The intelligence that these Islands had
82




THE PAULET EPISODE
been seized by Lord George Paulet, in behalf
of the British crown, was, in view of these
recent assertions and assurances, received in
London with no little consternation. It had
placed Great Britain in the position of having
acted in apparent bad faith, and the matter
was at once given the serious attention of the
government. The act of Lord George Paulet
was distinctly disavowed, both to the Hawaiian commissioners, who had by this time arrived at London and presented their protest,
and to Mr. Everett. Some hesitation was
at first felt by the British government in
promptly disclaiming sovereignty over the
Islands, for the reason that France had
recently made a seizure of and established a
sovereignty over the Marquesas group of
islands; and it was feared that similar movements were contemplated against the Hawaiian Islands. Indeed, it was reported that a
French squadron was on its way to the
Islands, for the purpose of making a seizure
of them, at the very time when the Carysfort
entered the harbor of Honolulu. On the
twenty-eighth day of November, 1843, a convention was entered into between the Queen
83




AMERICA IN HAWAII
of Great Britain and the King of France, inl
which the two nations mutually agreed "to
consider the Sandwich Islands as an independent State, and never to take possession,
either directly or under the title of protectorate, or under any other form, of any part of
the territory of which they are composed."
Unaware of the proceedings at London,
and desirous of preserving the interests of the
United States in the Islands, Commodore
Kearney, U.S.N., who reached the Islands
on the United States frigate Constellation,
July I I, I 843, made a formal protest against
the king's deed of cession. This prudent
and patriotic act was, however; needless, as
was soon after proved. On the twenty-sixth
day of July the British ship Dublin, conveying Rear-Admiral Thomas of the British
Navy, entered the harbor. This officer
brought the agreeable news that the act of
Lord George Paulet had been disavowed, and
the deed of cession repudiated; and by open
declaration he announced that "he does not
accept of the provisional cession of the
Hawaiian Islands, made on the twenty-fifth
day of February, i843, but that he considers
84




THE PAULET EPISODE
His Majesty Kamehameha III the legitimate
king of those Islands; and he assures His
Majesty that the sentiments of his sovereign
toward him are those of unvarying friendship
and esteem, that Her Majesty sincerely
desires King Kamehameha to be treated as
an independent sovereign, leaving the administration of justice in his own hands, the
faithful discharge of which will promote his
happiness and the prosperity of his dominions."
The flag of the Hawaiian monarchy was
then restored to its place, the British flag
removed, and the episode ended, the most
momentous in its political bearings of those in
which the young nation in the Pacific had
yet been involved.


85




CHAPTER VI.
FOREIGN AGGRESSIONS
Tle message of President Tyler, conceding
the independence of the island government,
contained also a recommendation to Congress
"to provide for a moderate allowance to be
made out of the Treasury to the consul
residing there, that in a government so new
and a country so remote American citizens
may have respectable authority to which to
apply for redress in case of injury to their
persons and property, and to whom the government of the country may also make known
any acts committed by American citizens of
which it may think it has a right to complain. This recommendation was adopted and
provision made for the compensation of a diplomatic officer; and on March 3, I843, Mr.
George Brown, of Massachusetts, was appointed commissioner. In the following October Mr. Brown arrived at his post, and presented his credentials to the king in a formal
address, no doubt the first ceremony of the
kind in which the Hawaiian king had ever
taken part; for, although the government
of the United States had been represented
86




FOREIGN AGGRESSIONS
there by an "agent for commerce and seamen" as early as the year i820, it is not
probable that he assumed any diplomatic
functions or that he was formally presented
to the king. Mr. Brown, in addressing the
king, assured him that it was the wish of the
government to which he was accredited that
the independence of the Hawaiian territory
should be scrupulously maintained, and that
the friendly relations existing between the
two governments should be even more closely
cemented. "You may assure your government," said His Majesty in reply, "that I
shall always consider the citizens of the
United States as entitled to equal privileges
with those of the most favored nation."
The significance of this utterance, in view
of the absence of any formal treaty relations
between the two countries, is important; and
it was not forgotten when, a brief period
i later, the sincerity of the king in making it
was put to a serious test. An American
citizen, one John Wiley, who had been
arrested upon charge of some crime or misdemeanor, and to whom a trial by a jury
of foreign residents was denied by the local
87




AMERICA IN HAWAII
governor, appealed to Mr. Brown for redress.  The Laplace treaty had provided
that "no Frenchman accused of any crime
whatever shall be judged otherwise than by a
jury composed of foreign residents, proposed
by the consul of France, and accepted by
the government of the Sandwich Islands."
Wiley submitted to his trial by a jury composed half of Hawaiian natives and half of
foreigners, as the statute law required, but
took an appeal from the judgment of the
court which was averse to him. While the
appeal was pending, on the twelfth day of February, 1 844, a treaty was concluded between
the government of the Hawaiian Islands and
that of Great Britain, in which was embodied
a provision identical with that of the French
treaty just quoted. On the day set for the
hearing of the Wiley case, on appeal, Mr.
William Hooper, who was the acting consular agent, appeared in court, and claimed for
Wiley the same privilege as that granted by
treaty to British subjects charged with crime.
This protest was denied upon the ground that
no treaty provisions to that effect were in
existence with the government of the United
88




FOREIGN AGGRESSIONS
States. The position taken by Mr. Brown
was approved by President Tyler; but,
nevertheless, strained relations were created
by the incident, which were intensified by a
protest made by Mr. Brown against the
terms of the British treaty as discriminating
against the United States. The king, therefore, asked the recall of Mr. Brown, with
which request the government of the United
States complied; and Mr. A. Ten Eyck was
appointed in his place.
This gentleman, unfortunately, did not succeed in making himself thoroughly acceptable to the Hawaiian government throughout
his term of service. In March, i846, new
treaties were concluded between the Hawaiian government and those of Great Britain
and France. These were similar in terms,
but were, in some respects, modifications of
the former treaties. In these conventions
the stipulation as to the admission of French
wines and brandies was modified; and, more
important than this, from a political point of
view, the stipulation regarding the composition of juries in trials of British and French
residents were essentially changed. By the
89




AMERICA IN HAWAII
new agreements thus entered into, citizens
of these countries might be tried by mixed
juries of natives and of foreign residents proposed by the consul and accepted by the
Hawaiian government. The instructions to
Mr. Ten Eyck had included a charge to negotiate a treaty, upon the basis of the British
treaty existing at the time of his appointment. Notwithstanding the recent modifications of this treaty, Mr. Ten Eyck insisted
upon the construction of an Hawaiian-American treaty upon the former basis. Notwithstanding that the unwisdom of this contention was pointed out to him by James Buchanan, then Secretary of State, Mr. Ten
Eyck appears to have insisted upon his point,
until the relations of the Hawaiian government toward his own were upon the point of
rupture.  Fortunately, Mr. Ten Eyck resigned his office in September, 1848. He
wrote a caustic letter, in which the administration of President Polk was roundly scored
for its alleged neglect and abuse of him, and
Mr. Buchanan was charged with having sacrificed the writer "in the vain hope of advancing his own political interests with the
o90




FOREIGN AGGRESSIONS
American Board of Foreign Missions, and of
securing himself from the just charge of
neglect and inattention to his public duties
in connection with this legation."
Although Mr. Ten Eyck resigned his
office in September, I848, he appears to have
lingered at the Islands a full year, awaiting
the arrival of his successor. In the mean
time the government at Washington appears
to have ignored Mr. Ten Eyck. The consul,
Mr. J. Turrill, seems to have been the officially recognized representative of the United
States at Honolulu in this interim; and the
formal correspondence with the Department
of State was conducted by him. On the
third of September, i849, the letter attacking President Polk's administration, and, in
particular, Mr. Buchanan, was forwarded by
Mr. Ten Eyck, and with it a letter written
August 3I, containing a piece of startling
and important information.  At the same
time a similar communication was forwarded
to the Department of State by Consul Turrill.
These communications conveyed to the
government the news that on the thirteenth
9I




AMERICA IN HAWAII
day of August the French frigate La Poursuivante had entered the harbor of Honolulu,
followed, a day later, by the French steamer
Gassendi, and that a few days later a series
of peremptory demands had been made upon
the Hawaiian government by the French
Rear-Admiral Tromelin on the pretext that
provisions of the Franco-Hawaiian treaty had
been wantonly broken. These demands
were coupled with threats of coercive measures, if the demands were not conceded by
the king.
The consul of the United States was formally notified by the French admiral of these
proceedings, with the assurance that the
French republic neither looked to an occupation nor a protectorate of the Hawaiian archipelago, but only to a reparation of grievances. He added that, in the event of actual
hostilities becoming necessary, the property
of Americans would be respected.
Consul Turrill, in reply to this note, made
a formal protest against the proceedings; and
in this protest he was joined by the consuls
of Great Britain and of the lesser powers
officially represented in the Islands. Not92




FOREIGN AGGRESSIONS
withstanding these protests, Admiral Tromelin, the king having failed to comply with his
*demands, on the twenty-fifth of August,
landed a force of French marines, and took
forcible possession of the fort, the customhouse, and another government building, as
well as of a considerable amount of shipping
flying the Hawaiian flag, including a schooner
belonging to the government: The French
forces retained possession of the seized buildings and property for five days, and meantime destroyed public property to a considerable amount. They refrained, however,
from lowering the Hawaiian colors or raising
those of France, the admiral being doubtless
deterred from this step by his knowledge of
the existence of the Anglo-French convention
of November, 1843.
The king offered no resistance to this
forcible occupation, but through Consul
Turrill informed the government of the
United States of this fresh aggression and
the demands made upon him by the French
Republic, and for the second time invoked
the good offices of the Great Republic in the
maintenance of his sovereignty. His Majesty
93




AMERICA IN HAWAII
appointed James Jackson Jarves a special
commissioner to procure the friendly mediation of the President of the United States
with the government of France. Should the
President accept the mediation and be accepted by the French government in that
capacity, the king engaged to be bound by
his decision or by that of the British government, the two acting singly or jointly.
President Fillmore, wishing to maintain
the bond of sympathy which existed between
the two countries, readily agreed to employ
his good offices. George R. Judd was later
associated with Mr. Jarves as an additional
commissioner to procure the friendly intervention of the United States and Great Britain,
and to urge the adoption of treaties by England and France, similar in their terms to
that which had, just at this juncture, been
negotiated between the United States and
Hawaii.
In a communication to the minister of the
United States at Paris, Hon. William C.
Rives, the Secretary of State, Hon. John M.
Clayton, wrote  -
"The Department will be slow to believe
94




FOREIGN AGGRESSIONS
that the French have any intention to adopt,
with reference to the Sandwich Islands, the
same policy which they have pursued in
regard to Tahiti. If, however, in your
judgment it should be warranted by circumstances, you may take a proper opportunity
to intimate to the minister for foreign affairs
of France that the situation of the Sandwich
Islands, in respect to our possessions on the
Pacific, and the bonds commercial and of
other descriptions between them and the
United States, are such that we could never,
with indifference, allow them to pass under
the dominion or exclusive control of any
other power."
The negotiations thus begun halted in the
execution; and early in the year I85I, the
attitude of France continuing hostile, the
Hawaiian king resolved upon extreme measures to maintain the integrity of his kingdom,
or, at all events, to make it certain that it
should not fall into the hands of a European
power. Mr. Luther Severance now represented the United States at the Hawaiian
Islands. His communications to the Department of State at Washington, Daniel Web95




AMERICA IN HAWAII
ster being Secretary, are full of interest as
touching the attitude of the French at this
time and their evident desire to commit overt
acts of aggression, if the slightest pretext
could be found.   It is evident that, having
seized the Society Islands eight years before,
the sovereignty of which France retains to
the present day, it was the intention of that
government, despite its joint agreement with
England, to extend its control to this archipelago also. On the eleventh dfay of March,
while all was uncertainty as to the intentions
of the French naval forces at Honolulu, but
while the worst was feared by the native, the
American, and the English residents, Mr.
Severance thus wrote to Mr. Webster: -
I wrote you yesterday, and sent the letter by mail
in a vessel which sails Wednesday, in relation to the
negotiations with M. Perrin, the French consuI-gen-  t
eral, and that there was little probability of an ami- 
cable conclusion. What will follow we cannot tell;  \
but, in case of another hostile attack from the French,
the king, with the approbation of his chiefs, and, I
believe, nearly all the principal officers of the government, have it in contemplation to take down the
Hawaiian flag and run up that of the United States.
They contemplate annexation to our Republic, and
96




FOREIGN AGGRESSIONS
have already consulted me about it. They would
prefer a guarantee of protection from England and
the United States, and have consulted with General
Miller, the British consul-general here. He gives
them no satisfaction, having written to his government on the same topic before and received no reply..... If the action of the French should precipitate
a movement here, I shall be called upon, perhaps, to
protect the American flag. I was indeed requested
to go and see the king on Monday night, and in the
presence of the council to give him assurance of
protection, should he raise the American flag instead
of his own; but I preferred to keep away so as to
avoid all appearance of intrigue to bring about a
result which, however desirable, and as many believe
ultimately inevitable, must still be attended with difficulties and embarrassments.... I am in the highest degree anxious to have your instructions how
far I may go in protecting the American flag if it
shall be raised here.  There will be no lack of
volunteers to defend it on shore, and a host will
soon rush here from California to uphold the stars
and stripes. But then, if the French should fire upon
the town from the corvette, might not Captain Gardiner [commander of United States steamship Vandalia] interpose to protect American property, which
is to be found on both sides of every street in town
and all along the wharves? Under the circumstances,
I am strongly inclined to this opinion; but it requires
very serious reflection. I hope no outbreak may
change the present state of things till I can hear
97




AMERICA IN HAWAII
from you, and know how far I can be justified in
calling upon a volunteer force. or any of our vessels of
war to defend the American flag, should it be raised
here by the consent or desire of the existing government.
The Sdrieuse may now go away without committing
any act of hostility, but the difficulties are not settled.
The French may return with a larger force. They
have more ships of war in the Pacific,- one frigate
and a brig, I believe. The natives look upon them
as enemies; and, if they come again on a like erraud,
we shall be again appealed to for protection, and the
subject of annexation will come up again with added
force.
On the next day Mr. Severance continued
his note to Mr. Webster, showing that the
fear of a French attack upon the town was
even greater than he had apprehended. Evidently, events moved with great rapidity at
this critical time, a space of a day materially
altering the status of affairs.  He wrote:The tone of the California newspapers just received will quicken these jealousies and apprehensions. But what is most important for you to know
is that a paper has actually been drawn up and
executed, transferring the sovereign authority of the
Islands to the United States, with the design of
having the flag of the United States above the Ha98




FOREIGN AGGRESSIONS
waiian. This is only to be used in case df hostilities
by the French, otherwise to be a dead letter. I
am not committed to this proceeding by any writing;
nor have I been present, but have myinformation
from one who was present. The most I have said
in private conversation is that, if the king cedes the
Islands to the United States and puts up the American flag, I will do what I can to protect it for the
time being, until the pleasure of my government
shall be known. Leaning upon us as they do, and
sympathizing with them under aggravated wrongs
and repeated insults, I could not tell them we should
reject their proffered allegiance, and stand passive
while they, with the American flag in their hands,
should be trampled under foot by the French. If in
this I have said too much, I am willing to be sacrificed, if I can be the means of bringing about ultimate favorable results.
A little later in the day officers of the
king paid a visit to Mr. Severance in his
office, and delivered to him a document which
they allowed him    to read.    It was then
placed in a sealed packet, upon which was
this indorsement in the Hawaiian language:
The King requests the Commissioner of the
United States, in case the flag of the United States
is raised above the Hawaiian, that he will open the
enclosed, and act accordingly.
99
*M  e ~    v 




AMERICA IN HAWAII
Although by the words of this indorsement it appears that it was contemplated by
the king and his counsellors, of their own
motion, to raise the American flag "above
the Hawaiian," it is quite certain that an
afterthought led them to prepare a flag to be
hoisted in case of French hostilities, which
would declare a sovereignty over the Islands
shared equally by the governments of the
United States and of Hawaii. This flag,
which was actually prepared by the hands of
a loyal and enthusiastic Hawaiian woman,
was unique in its character. The colors of
the two nations were carefully stitched together, one flag upon the other, so that, when
raised upon the staff, one side would reveal
the colors of the Hawaiian kingdom and the
other the American ensign.
The remarkable document which was, at
this exciting time, thus prepared and placed
under seal in the hands of the commissioner
of the United States, was brief. In distinct
terms it ceded the sovereignty of the Islands
to the United States, but provisionally in the
event that a complete settlement of the
French misunderstanding could not be
reached. The document follows:I00
i.'i"" @.@       oo
'c z an, 




FOREIGN AGGRESSIONS
We, Kamehameha III, by the grace of God, of
the Hawaiian Islands, King: by and with the advice
of our Kuhina nui and counsellors of native chiefs,
finding our relations with France so oppressive to my
kingdom, so inconsistent with its rights as an independent State, and so obstructive of all our endeavors
to administer the government of our Islands with
equal justice with all nations, and equal independence
of all foreign control, and despairing of equity and
justice from France, hereby proclaim as our royal
will and pleasure that all our Islands, and all our
rights as sovereign over them, are, from the date
hereof, placed under the protection and safeguard of
the United States of America until some arrangement
can be made to place our said relations with France
upon a footing compatible with my rights as an independent sovereign under the laws of nations, and
compatible with my treaty engagements with other
foreign nations; or, if such arrangements be found
impracticable, then is our wish and pleasure that the
protection aforesaid under the United States of
America be perpetual.
And we further proclaim, as aforesaid, that from
the date of publication hereof the flag of the United
States of America shall be hoisted above the national
ensign on all our forts and places and vessels navigating with Hawaiian registers.
Done at Honolulu this tenth day of March, A.D.
i85s i, and in the twenty-sixth year of our reign.
KAMEHAMEHA.
KEONI ANA.
10I




AMERICA IN     HAWAII
This provisional cession made by the king,
with the advice of his counsellors, was ratified
by a joint resolution adopted by both houses
of the Hawaiian Parliament, June 2I, i85I.
In the mean time Mr. Severance had reported
the condition of affairs to the Department of
State, and under date of July I4, i85I,
received instructions from Mr. Webster, advising the utmost caution lest serious complications should arise between the United
States and France. Especially was he warned
not to allow the naval forces of the United
States to interfere directly with any demonstration which might be made by the French
forces against the defences of the Islands, the
making of war being solely a prerogative of
Congress. He was also instructed to return
to the king the document which he had received from him. These were Mr. Severance's
private instructions. An official communication was at the same time enclosed, in which
Mr. Webster said -
It is too plain to be denied or doubted that demands were made upon the Hawaiian government by
the French commissioner wholly inconsistent with its
character as an independent State,- demands which,
102
vi




FOREIGN AGGRESSIONS
if submitted to in this case, would be sure to be followed by other demands equally derogatory, not only
from the same quarter, but probably also from other
States; and this could only end in rendering the
Islands and their government a prey to the stronger
commercial nations of the world. It cannot be expected that the government of the United States
could look on a course of things leading to such a
result with indifference. The Hawaiian Islands are
ten times nearer to the United States than to any of
the powers of Europe. Five-sixths of all their commercial intercourse is with the United States; and
these considerations, together with others of a more
general character, have fixed the course which the
government of the United States will pursue in regard
to them. The annunciation of this policy will not
surprise the governments of Europe, nor be thought
to be unreasonable by the nations of the civilized
world; and that policy is that, while the government
of the United States, itself faithful to its original
assurance, scrupulously regards the independence of
the Hawaiian Islands, it can never consent to see
those Islands taken possession of by either of the
great commercial powers of Europe, nor can it consent that demands, manifestly unjust and derogatory
and inconsistent with a bona fide independence, shall
be enforced against that government....
The Navy Department will receive instructions to
place and to keep the naval armament of the United
States in the Pacific Ocean in such a state of strength
and preparation as shall be requisite for the preser103




AMERICA IN HAWAII
vation of the honor and dignity of the United States
and the safety of the government of the Hawaiian
Islands.
Copies of this letter were placed in the
hands of the French minister at Washington
and of the American minister at Paris, and
Mr. Severance was instructed to place a copy
also in the hands of the French consul at
Honolulu.  These words, the meaning    of
which was unmistakable, served to check the
aggressive movement of France toward the
Hawaiian Islands; and, although the French
government expressed a "surprise" at the
attitude assumed by the United States, it
hastened to disclaim any intention of unduly
interfering with the government of the Hawaiian Islands, and especially disclaimed any
thought of attempting to assume sovereignty.
With this letter the incident may be said
to have been closed; yet in the correspondence of the Department of State with the
minister of the United States at Paris, a year
or two later, it is seen that France, and Great
Britain as well, cherished a feeling of jealousy
at the increasing influence of the United
States in the Hawaiian Islands, and were ap104




FOREIGN AGGRESSIONS
prehensive lest there might be an undercurrent of feeling, both in this country and in
Hawaii, looking toward annexation.  That
these European governments were not deceived is apparent from the tenor of this correspondence.


o105




CHAPTER VII.
LOOKING TOWARD ANNEXATION.
THE narrative has left Mr. Commissioner
Ten Eyck anxiously awaiting at Honolulu the
arrival of his successor in office, and chafing
at what he regarded as an ignoring of his
authority and dignity by Mr. Consul Turrill.
In January, I849, Charles Earnes was appointed commissioner of the United States at
the Hawaiian Islands, but does not appear to
have set out for his post until several months
later. On his arrival in San Francisco, Mr.
Eames had the good fortune to meet Mr.
Judd, the king's commissioner, who was on
his way to Washington.   Mr. Earnes's instructions had included a charge to negotiate, if practicable, a treaty of friendship,
commerce, and navigation with the island
government. There could be no more convenient opportunity to effect this desirable
end; and the two representatives, at San
Francisco, framed a treaty which, it was believed, would be acceptable to both governments. In the mean time, however, the king
had appointed Mr. Judd's coadjutor, James
Jackson Jarves, who was then in this country;
io6




LOOKING TOWARD ANNEXATION
and he, without the knowledge of Mr. Judd,rapid communication between distant points
being at that time impossible, had proceeded
to Washington, and there negotiated a similar
treaty, the Secretary of State, Mr. Clayton,
acting in behalf of the United States. This
treaty was concluded on the twentieth day of
December, I849, was ratified by the Senate
February 4, I85o, exchanged on the twentyfourth of the following August, and proclaimed
by President Fillmore on the ninth day of
November, I85o. This was the first fully
completed treaty between the United States
and the Hawaiian Islands, that of I82I, negotiated by Captain Thomas ap Catesby Jones,
having, it will be remembered, failed of ratification by the United States. This convention
was, in substance, similar to those negotiated
by our government with other nations for similar purposes, and still remained in force at
the final annexation of the Islands to the
domain of the United States, except so far as
modified by later conventions.
It has been already seen that the governments of Great Britain and of France, as early
as the year 1853, were apprehensive that an
107




AMERICA IN HAWAII
undercurrent of feeling existed, both in the
United States and in Hawaii, looking toward
the ultimate annexation of the Islands. In
December of that year Hon. W. L. Marcy,
Secretary of State, wrote confidentially to
Hon. John Mason, our minister at Paris, instructing him "to ascertain, if possible, without making it a matter of direct discussion,
what would probably be the course of France
in case of an attempt on the part of the
United States to add these Islands to our Territorial possessions by negotiation or other
peaceable means. I do not think," continued
Mr. Marcy, "the present Hawaiian government can long remain in the hands of the
present rulers, or under the control of the
native inhabitants of these Islands, and both
England and France are apprised of our determination not to allow them to be owned
by, or to fall under the protection of, either
of these powers or of any other European
nation. It seems to be inevitable that they
must come under the control of this government; and it would be but reasonable and fair
that these powers should acquiesce in such a
disposition of them, provided the transference
was effected by fair means."
ios8




LOOKING TOWARD ANNEXATION
It was just at this time that the American
whale-fisheries were at their highest point.
Fully six hundred and fifty American vessels,
with a tonnage of more than two hundred
thousand, were at that time engaged in this
industry. By far the greater portion of these
vessels were operating in the Pacific. In the
early years of whaling it was the custom for a
vessel to remain at sea until it had obtained a
full cargo of oil, when the homeward voyage
would be begun. One of the most picturesque features of the old whaling ports on
the New England seaboard, notably Nantucket, is the "look-out" perched upon the
house-top, whence the waiting families at
home might watch for the return of longexpected vessels. In the most active years
of the whale-fishery,- an industry now but
little followed,- it was found to be preferable,
when even a partial cargo had been obtained,
to run in at the Hawaiian Islands, deposit the
oil obtained for transshipment in merchant
vessels, replenish provisions, water, and other
needed articles, and return to the fishing
grounds.  Americans were rapidly settling
in the Islands for the purpose of trade.
lO9




AMERICA IN HAWAII
Hence the interests of the United States in
the Islands were paramount; and the jealousy, especially of Great Britain and France,
expanded rapidly. In corresponding degree
grew the determination at Washington that
no European power should be allowed to
intermeddle in the Islands; and, as was
natural, as a certain preventive of this, the
sentiment for annexation in some form to the
United States grew rapidly.
The United States, despite the jealous
attitude of England, had extended its borders
to the Pacific coast; and in I847 California
had been added. In the year I850 it was
admitted to Statehood, though separated
from  other States by a wide expanse of
almost impassable mountain and plain. Only
one year previous to this - in I849 - the
controversy with Great Britain concerning
the Oregon boundary had been settled, and
the line had been fixed at the forty-ninth
degree of north latitude; and California had
scarcely become accustomed to its new position
as a member of the sisterhood of States,
when the admission of Oregon also - an
event consummated in 1 856 - egan to be a
IiO




LOOKING TOWARD ANNEXATION
mooted question of the day. The discovery
of gold in California, and the adjustment
of the Oregon boundary question, together
served to turn a vast tide of settlement toward
the Pacific coast; and the boundless possibilities of this vast region began to be evident.
It was little wonder, then, that, with the
rapidly increasing American interests in the
Islands, the expanse of sea which lay between
the Pacific coast and Hawaii - a sea whitened
by the sails of hundreds of American shipsdid not then seem an insuperable obstacle to
the annexation of these Islands to our domain.
Early in the year i854, in the administration of President Pierce, the attention of
Congress was turned to this subject; and the
interest of the members was excited to such
a degree that the President was, by resolution
of the Senate, requested, "if not incompatible
with the public interest," to communicate to
that body copies of all correspondence between the governments of Great Britain and
of the United States relative to the Hawaiian
Islands. This correspondence called for was
that relating to the seizure of the Islands by
II I




AMERICA IN HAWAII
Lord George Paulet, some ten years before.
The significance of this request lay, beyond
doubt, in the fact that, even at that time,
negotiations were in progress with King
Kamehameha III, looking toward an absolute
cession of his kingdom to the Republic.
While for twenty years previously the government of the United States had at various
times, in its correspondence with its accredited representatives at Honolulu, expressed its
intention to maintain the independence of the
Islands from European control, and had disclaimed any intent to absorb the Islands, the
greatest care had always been observed, in
our diplomatic intercourse with other nations,
to insist only that no European aggressions
against the sovereignty of the Islands should
be made, and without making any similar
promises for ourselves. To alter our policy,
therefore, in our private instructions to our
own diplomatic representatives, so far as to
entertain the idea of a compact of annexation
with the King of Hawaii, would be, in no
sense, a breaking of faith with any nation
with whom we held diplomatic relations.
David L. Gregg was now the commissioner
I I2




LOOKING TOWARD ANNEXATION
of the United States to the Hawaiian Islands.
In February, 1854, a despatch was received
by the Department of State from him, intimating that the king had become convinced
of his inability to sustain his government
longer as an independent State, and that an
offer of the sovereignty of the Islands to the
United States was an event by no means improbable. Mr. Marcy's reply, dated April 4,
I854, empowered Mr. Gregg to proceed, if
the emergency hinted at should arise, to negotiate a treaty whereby the Islands would
be transferred to the United States.  "A
protectorate," wrote Mr. Marcy, " tendered
to and accepted by the United States,
would not change the sovereignty of
the country. In that case this government
would take upon itself heavy and responsible
duties for which it could hardly expect compensating advantages. I understand that the
measure proposed by the people, and that in
which the present rulers are disposed to
concur, is annexation as distinguished from
protection, and that it is their intention that
these Islands shall become a part of our
Territories and be under the control of this
" 3




AMERICA IN HAWAII
government as fully as any other of its Territorial possessions."
Proceeding in his suggestions for the details of the proposed treaty of annexation,
Mr. Marcy called attention to the entire extinction of the sovereign rights of the island
rulers and chiefs, as a necessary result of
annexation, and admitted that these chiefs
would be entitled to some compensation for
such losses. This remuneration, he declared,
must of course be pecuniary in its nature; and
he suggested that the United States would
manifest toward them a liberal spirit, and
would agree to the distribution among them
of annuities to the amount of one hundred
thousand dollars, to be secured to them by
the treaty.
Events in the Islands, at this point, moved
rapidly. The movement toward annexation
had undoubtedly emanated from the Islands.
The strong commercial interests favored such
a step. The king had become wearied by the
constant demands made upon him by European powers, and by the frequent threats with
which these demands were accompanied.
The native population had, in the few years
I 14




LOOKING TOWARD ANNEXATION
just passed, shown a fearful decrease in numbers, and the order of chiefs had become
almost extinct. The dynasty itself was in danger of failure,-an event which, some years
later, actually occurred.  Other perils, too,
beset this feeble nation. Rumors of coming
uprisings against the constituted authorities
were frequent; and, more than all, a formidable expedition of filibusters was said to be
fitting out on the Pacific coast to seize the
Islands and establish a new government under
its leaders.
The British and French consuls presented
to the king a joint protest against the annexation of the Islands to the United States; for
the subject was so much the topic of conversation that the rumor could not fail to reach
their ears.  This protest was offset by a
shower of petitions to the king, urging the
consummation of the project. At this juncture a combined British and French squadron,
comprising eight vessels of war, appeared in
the harbor, having been ordered thither in
all haste from Callao, Peru. This squadron
made but a brief stay in port'; but it was sufficiently long for the two admirals to pay a
115




AMERICA IN HAWAII
formal visit to the king, and to express to
him the hope that he entertained no thought
of alienating the sovereignty of the kingdom,
as such an act would lead to difficulty, and
perhaps war, with England and France.
To this unconcealed threat the king prudently made no reply, and the negotiations
for annexation proceeded. Mr. Gregg, however, speedily discovered that the island government was not disposed to be contented
with the paltry sum of one hundred thousand
dollars proposed as annuities to the king
and chiefs. Thrice this sum was demanded,
and no less would be accepted. Mr. Gregg,
with a wry face, was obliged to agree upon
this sum, but with the reservation that the
agreement must be submitted to his government for ratification. There were other demands as well, which were difficult of acceptance. The Islands wished to be admitted
to the Union as a State, and the demand included also an annual payment for ten years
of seventy-five thousand dollars, to be devoted to the cause of education. These provisions were finally incorporated into the
draft of a treaty of annexation. The negoj x6




LOOKING TOWARD ANNEXATION
tiations were continued during the autumn
of I854, some, although not serious, opposition being made to its execution by the heir
apparent to the throne. In October the British consul, General Miller, obtained an audience with the king, and, in a speech of upwards of an hour in duration, endeavored to
dissuade the king from the final execution of
the treaty.  His attack upon the United
States was violent, the king being assured
that one of the worst evils which could befall
his country and his countrymen would be to
fall under the control of American institutions, corrupting in their tendency and inadequate in security.
The king heard him patiently to the end,
but his reply to this harangue was non-committal in terms and in spirit; and the intimation was strongly made that, in the future,
communications of importance should be made
in writing. The feeling of good will borne
by the government toward the United States
was shown by a royal invitation to a reception, extended to the officers of the American
war vessels then in port. The actual execution of the treaty was delayed, however, notII7




AMERICA IN HAWAII
withstanding the urgent advice of Mr. Gregg;
and, while negotiations were still pending, the
king fell ill. He rapidly grew worse; and on
the fifteenth day of December, 1854, he died.
His death was followed by the accession to
the throne of his adopted son and heir, Prince
Alexander Liholiho, under the title of Kamehameha IV. On the eleventh day of January, I855, he took the oath to support the
constitution, and assumed the reins of government. He was then nearly twenty-one years
of age, and a young man of excellent promise.
A little more than a year later the king married Emma Rooke, an adopted daughter of
an English physician, Dr. Rooke, and a granddaughter of the early English sailor-settler,
John Young, whose arrival in the Islands has
been recorded. Young had married a native
woman, and his descendants were well known
among the people of the Islands. The name
of Queen Emma will appear again as an important feature at a future period in the
narrative.
Although Prince Alexander had, before the
death of the late king, given his formal consent to the negotiations, so far as they had pro118




LOOKING TOWARD ANNEXATION
ceeded, and had countersigned, with the ministers of the kingdom, the protocols and the
draft of the treaty, he betrayed after his accession a decided aversion to completing the
treaty.  When it is remembered that his
future wife was of partial English descent,
and that she had been reared in the home of
an English settler, it is not difficult to comprehend the influence which, aside from his
own natural desire to reign, persuaded him to
this course. A letter from Mr. Marcy to
Mr. Gregg, written before the intelligence of
the king's death had reached Washington,
indicates that the provision of the treaty
by which the Islands were to be admitted
as a State in the Union would not, probably,
have received the approval of the United
States government.  But at this point the
negotiations ceased, and it was fully a decade before the subject of annexation was
again made the subject of serious discussion
in either country.


II9




CHAPTER VIII.
RISE OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY.
THE American whale-fisheries had reached
their maximum in the year I854, the same
year in which that treaty of annexation was
negotiated by Kamehameha III which later
Kamehameha IV failed to complete.    At
the beginning of the sixth decade of the
century the whaling industry already showed
a perceptible decline, and by its close the
number of whaling vessels flying the American flag had lessened fully one-half. The
cause of this remarkable decline of a once
flourishing industry has been variously ascribed to the growing scarcity of whales; the
discovery of large supplies of petroleum in
our own country and its increasing use; and
the substitution of steel for whalebone in the
manufacture of clothing, umbrellas, and in
other uses. It is probable that the first of
these is the true cause, that the discovery
of the oil wells of Pennsylvania was merely a
remarkable coincidence, and that the substitution of steel for whalebone was the resort
to which manufacturers were of necessity
forced.
120




RISE OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY
The decline of the whale-fisheries, however,
did not serve to produce a corresponding
decline of American interests in the Hawaiian
Islands. The early influences of the American missionaries were not easily effaced.
Although, through the influence of Queen
Emma, British interests were somewhat
strengthened, and a see of the English
Church was established in the Islands, yet
the American missionary strength was in
no whit lessened among the people. Then,
too, a new and still more important American
industry had taken root in the Islands, and
was flourishing with even greater vigor than
had at any time the whale-fisheries. If a
few Americans, who had engaged in the
formerly prosperous business of ship-supplies,
had now returned, discouraged, to their homes,
their places had soon been taken by other
enterprising Americans, who had recognized
the value of the island soil and climate in the
cultivation of the sugar-cane. And so upon
the ruins of one American industry rose
another, far more lucrative and important,
and one destined to aid in cementing the
commercial interests of the two countries.
12I1




AMERICA IN HAWAII
It was during this period that, as has already
been told, the attention of the country was
called to the rapidly growing commercial
interests of our citizens in the Islands; and
the subject of a treaty of commercial reciprocity was agitated and finally consummated.
In the year 1863 the rank of the American
diplomatic office at Honolulu was raised to
that of minister resident, and James McBride,
of Oregon, was appointed by President
Lincoln to that position. During the Civil
War the attention of the government was
devoted mainly to the conduct of military
operations at home; and the subject of
treaties, either of reciprocity or of annexation
with the Hawaiian State, were necessarily
left in abeyance. This was the period of
high tide of English influence in the Islands.
The British and the Southern elements there
were united in their feelings against the
United States. The sentiments of the king
and queen were favorable to Great Britain.
Writing to Secretary of State Seward, in
October, i863, Minister McBride said:
"t The king is strongly predisposed in favor
of the British in preference to Americans or
122




RISE OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY
those of any other nationality. English policy, English etiquette, and English grandeur
seem to captivate and control him.  His
familiar associates are Englishmen; and where
an office becomes vacated by death, resignation, or otherwise, it is filled by the appointment of an Englishman. In a word, English
diplomacy here has been so adroit and saga.
cious as to win the esteem and confidence of
His Majesty and the royal family, while
American diplomacy has been a complete
failure in this respect. It is plainly to be
seen that the British government places a
high estimate on the future value of the Islands, believing, no doubt, that the Pacific and
other railroads will be built, and that these
Islands will become very important as a ' halfway house' between Europe and America on
one side and China and Japan on the other,
and also in their capacity for growing the
sugar-cane, coffee, rice, and cotton, which, no
doubt, will be very great when fairly and fully
developed. The salubrity and peculiar pleasantness of the climate must also add much to
the intrinsic worth and importance of this
country."
123




AMERICA IN HAWAII
Notwithstanding this preponderance of proBritish sentiment in high official circles, the
commercial interests of American citizens
were not lessened. A second extract from
the same letter shows this: "I beg leave
further to say that American interests greatly
predominate here over all others combined,
and not less than four-fifths of the commerce
connected with these Islands is American.
The merchants, traders, dealers of all kinds,
and planters are principally Americans. The
English have no commerce here worthy of
the name, and but one or two retail stores;
the Germans about the same amount of business as the English. Many American merchants here are doing quite a large business,
and would extend their business still more but
for the danger of British rule over this group,
which, if it should become the dominant or
governing power, American interests would
be crushed out with eagerness and despatch.
Such is the universal belief of all American
citizens with whom I have conversed, and
such is my own opinion.... Some merchants
and planters are contracting their business, so that they may not suffer so heavy a
124




RISE OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY
loss in the event of the change which seems
probable at no very distant day."
Mr. McBride further reports that a deputation sent by the British government had examined the Islands with especial reference to
their capacity for cotton-growing.  The result of this examination, and of experiments
in the same line, were of the most encouraging nature.
It is not impossible that Mr. McBride, in
characterizing thus strongly the attitude of
Kamehameha IV, may have misapprehended,
to some extent, the true feelings of the king.
The English sympathies of Queen Emma
were undoubted, and it was largely through
her influence that the English Church was
planted in the Islands. And yet, although
the royal sympathies were turned, to a large
extent, in this direction, it remains true that
very many of the personal friends and associates of the king were drawn from among
the American residents.  While his sympathies were strongly English, he can scarcely
be accused of actual anti-American tendencies.
Mr. McBride was succeeded by Mr. Ed125




AMERICA IN HAWAII
ward M. McCook. In the mean time the
king, whose health had long been precarious,
died, in his twenty-ninth year, and after a
reign of about nine years. His death was
preceded by that of his only son, the little
Prince of Hawaii, so that he left no direct
heir. His elder brother, Prince Lot, the
next in succession, ascended the throne on
the thirtieth day of November, 1863.
This monarch soon showed a tendency
toward the former royal absolutism.  He
refused to subscribe to the constitution which
had been adopted in the reign of Kamehameha III, declared its abrogation, and proclaimed a new one which he himself had
caused to be prepared. The character of
Kamehameha V led him to such a conduct
of public affairs as would redound chiefly to
his own glory; but he cannot be accused
of marked sympathies toward either the
American or the English factions in his
kingdom.
It was during the ministry of Mr. McCook
that the steps were taken, already mentioned,
toward a treaty of reciprocity between the
two nations,- a movement which was defeated
i26




RISE OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY
mainly through the earnest opposition of
Senator Sumner. A private note to Secretary Seward, already quoted,* shows that
Kamehameha V was not wholly averse to a
renewal of the propositions for annexation
which had been brought to a sudden close by
the death of Kamehameha III. It will be
remembered that Mr. McCook had been
authorized to sound the Hawaiian authorities
on the,large subject" broached by him, and
had been also assured that the government at
Washington would make similar cautious
inquiries of the Hawaiian minister at Washington.
It is undoubtedly true that, although the
king earnestly favored the proposed treaty of
reciprocity, certain of his ministers, whose
antagonism to. American influence in the
Islands was unconcealed, were as earnestly
opposed to it. At the same time an opposition to ratification was developed in Washington, but from quite a different cause.
This was nothing less than a feeling, which
Secretary Seward seems to have shared, that
the execution of such a treaty would tend to
* A nte, p 42.
127




AMERICA IN HAWAII
hinder, if not wholly to defeat, annexation.
",A lawful and peaceful annexation of the
Islands to the United States, with the consent of the people of the Sandwich Islands,"
wrote Secretary Seward to Mr. McCook, "is
deemed desirable by this government; and,
if the policy of annexation should really conflict with the policy of reciprocity, annexation
is in every case to be preferred."
In July, i868, while the question of the
ratification of the reciprocity treaty was still
pending in the Senate of the United States,
the subject of the annexation of the Islands
was discussed in Honolulu; and it is unquestionable that a strong sentiment grew up in
the Islands favorable to such an act. As
earnestly, however, as such a settlement of
the long existent Hawaiian question was desired by Secretary Seward, it was not deemed
prudent, for political and financial reasons,
that the issue should be raised at that time.
" The public attention," wrote Secretary
Seward, in confidence, to Mr. Z. S. Spalding
at Honolulu, "sensibly continues to be fastened upon the domestic questions which have
grown out of the late Civil War. The pub.
128




RISE OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY
lic mind refuses to dismiss these questions
even so far as to entertain the higher but
more remote questions of national extension
and  aggrandizement.... How  long sentiments of this sort may control the proceedings of the government is uncertain; but in
the mean time it will be well for you not to
allow extravagant expectations of sympathy
between the United States and the friends
of annexation in the Islands to influence your
own conduct."
Notwithstanding the feeling of prudent apathy upon this subject which prevailed in
Washington, an increasing sentiment favorable to a political union with the American
Republic was rapidly growing in Honolulu.
This was especially strong immediately after
the beginning of President Grant's administration. The agitation of the subject was renewed
at the Islands; and many men of influence, who
had theretofore carefully refrained from expressing their sentiments upon this important
topic, became outspoken in their advocacy of
annexation. As time passed and the hopes
of Americans in Hawaii for the final ratification of the reciprocity treaty began rapidly to
129




AMERICA IN HAWAII
recede, the sentiment for annexation began
proportionally to expand. There were those
who went so far as to suggest among themselves the feasibility of a seizure of the
Islands by the forces of the United States;
but such a movement was not, probably, discussed at all by the government at Washington. Some slight apprehension in the mind
of the king that such an act might be contemplated was allayed by the minister resident, who took occasion, in the course of an
informal conversation with him, to remark
that "(the United States had never yet acquired a foot of territory by conquest," and
that the additions to her boundaries had all
been made by purchase. Continuing, Mr.
McCook broadly intimated that the United
States might be disposed to enter into a similar transaction with His Majesty, suggesting
that money was a great power, particularly
with a needy population, and that a good
naval depot between the Pacific coast and
China was increasingly desired by his government.
The king, although receiving the suggestions in an excellent spirit, was perplexed in
13O




RISE OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY
his endeavor to solve satisfactorily the problem thus presented, inasmuch as the coasts of
his kingdom afforded but two available ports,
Honolulu and Hilo, and both of these were
situated upon important islands of the group.
He might, he thought, be willing to part with
one of the lesser islands; but these, he felt
sure, would be of no value to the United
States on account of the lack of a port.
At this time there occurred a slight friction between the two governments, which,
although of no considerable importance in itself, served in some degree to intensify the feeling of the anti-American faction. The United
States steamship Lackawanna was in Hawaiian
waters, having been sent thither as an evidence of the good will of the government of the
United States toward the island kingdom.
The commander, Captain Reynolds, had been
in past times a resident of the Islands, and
was known to hold some political sentiments
at variance with those of certain of the king's
political advisers. These ministers - whether
really or pretendedly does not appear -were
apprehensive lest the presence of the Lackawanna betokened a possible forcible aggres13I




AMERICA IN HAWAII
sion upon the sovereignty of the island
government.   The king's minister for foreign affairs, M. de Varigny, was especially
vigorous, almost violent, in his insistence that
the Lackawanna must withdraw from    Hawaiian waters. It was doubtless to allay any
apprehensions of this sort which might be in
the king's mind that Mr. McCook took occasion to give His Majesty the assurances above
related. This conversation appears to have
served to remove all fears of any overt act on
the part of the United States, and the incident was regarded as closed.


132




CHAPTER IX.
THE KALAKAUA R~EGIJME.
THE administration of President Grant saw,
besides a fresh movement for the annexation
of the Hawaiian Islands, also, still another
change of government in those Islands occasioned by the death of the king. The health
of the king had long been feeble, and the
possibility of his early death was hinted at in
a despatch of our minister to the Department
of State as early as February, I871. Under
Grant's administration the Hon. Hamilton
Fish had become Secretary of State. Mr.
Henry A. Pierce, long an American merchant resident at Honolulu, and one thoroughly conversant with the political, commercial, and social life of the Islands, was appointed minister to the Islands. Mr. Pierce's
communication, in addition to the intimation
of the possibly approaching death of the
king, included a suggestion that the time for
a closer political union of the Islands with
this country was close at hand. This letter
was regarded by President Grant as of sufficient importance to be sent to the Senate,
under the seal of secrecy.  No action was
133




AMERICA IN HAWAII
at that time taken upon this suggestion. In
December, I872, the death of the king occurred. He left no personal heirs; and he had
neglected to take advantage of his constitutional prerogative of appointing his successor.
From that act he had been deterred, it is
said, through a superstition, in which he had
been encouraged by a native sorceress, that
his own death would follow closely upon such
an act.  With his death the Hawaiian dynasty, which had been established sixty years
before, now became extinct. The right of
succession of Lunalilo, by birth the highest
in the line of chiefs, was universally conceded. A few days after the death of the
king this prince issued an address to the
Hawaiian people, calling for a popular vote of
instructions to the legislature on the election
of a king. Almost without a dissenting vote,
instructions were given for Lunalilo; and he
was elected without opposition.
The reign of Lunalilo was short, for he
died scarcely more than a year after he ascended the throne. It was during this brief
reign, however, that still another step was
taken in the direction of annexation. In
'34




THE KALAKAUJA RtGIME
March, i873, Secretary Fish, in a letter of
instructions of considerable length and interest, addressed to Minister Pierce, advised him
in these words:"There seems to be a strong desire on
the part of many persons in the Islands,
representing large interests and great wealth,
to become annexed to the United States.
And, while there are many and influential
persons in this country who question the
policy of any insular acquisitions, perhaps
even of any extension of territorial limits,
there are also those of influence and wise
foresight who see a future that must extend
the jurisdiction and the limits of this nation,
and that will require a resting spot in the
mid-ocean, between the Pacific coast and the
vast domains of Asia, which are now opening
to commerce and Christian civilization...
Should occasion offer, you will, without
committing the government to any line of
policy, not discourage the feeling that may
exist in favor of annexation to the United
States; and you will cautiously and prudently avail of any opportunity that may
present of ascertaining the views of the
135




AMERICA IN HAWAII
Hawaiian authorities on this question, and, if
there be any idea entertained in that direction among those in official position, you
will endeavor to sound them, and ascertain
their views as to the manner and the terms
and conditions on which such project could be
carried into execution."
The early death of King Lunalilo and the
events which followed served again to put an
end, for the time being, to this discussion.
As at the death of Kamehameha V, so now
the throne was left without a natural or appointed heir. That the king had omitted the
wise precaution of selecting his successor was
not due to any neglect, upon his part, of his
royal duty and prerogative. As he became
conscious that death was approaching, he
summoned to his room the Princess Bernice
Pauahi, a princess of the royal line, who had
married a wealthy American banker resident
in the Islands, Mr. Charles R. Bishop. To
her the king offered the succession to the
throne, as, indeed, his predecessor, Kamehameha V, had also done. In the first instance
the honor had been declined, Mrs. Bishop
believing that the claims of Prince Lunalilo
136




THE KALAKAUA RtGIME
to the throne were paramount to hers. When
again the offer of the throne came to her,
from the hands of King Lunalilo, she begged
for delay until the next morning, that she
might consider the proposition and consult
with her husband, who was temporarily absent. The delay was fatal to her succession;
for, before the morning, death had come to
the king, and the throne was left without a
constitutional successor.
Nine days after the king's death, in February, I874, the Hawaiian legislature was
convened for the important purpose of electing a king. For the first time since the establishment of the monarchy a violent dispute
arose as to the succession to the throne.
Two factions at once appeared. The first of
these was composed of the adherents of
Queen Emma, the dowager queen of Kamehameha IV. To this faction the English residents in the Islands, and all those of English
sympathies, instantly rallied. The other faction was headed by David Kalakaua, a descendant of one of the minor chiefs of the
Islands. The canvass was one of much bitterness. It was urged that Queen Emma
I37




AMERICA IN HAWAII
was of a subsidiary line of the Kamehamehas,
and hence entitled by right of descent to the
succession.  Kalakaua, on the other hand,
was a man of much political influence in the
Islands and an adept in political intrigue.
The legislature met for the conduct of its
important office; and the partisans.of Queen
Emma, evidently understanding that the proceedings within the legislative chamber were
already a foregone conclusion, formed an immense, excited, clamoring mob without. The
doors of the executive building were assailed,
the rooms sacked, and some of the representatives fiercely assaulted. The police of the
city were unable to quell the riot; and the
Hawaiian troops could not be relied upon for
its dispersion, many of them being personally
in sympathy with the rioters.
At this serious juncture the force of the
United States was called upon, for the first
time in the history of the Island monarchy,
to interpose in the interest of peace and
order.  The United   States ships of war
Tuscarora, Commander Belknap, and Portsmouth, Commander Skerrett, lay in the harbor; and from them, at the request of the
138




THE KALAKAUA RItGIME
Hawaiian authorities, a force of one hundred
and fifty armed men was sent on shore to restore order and protect the property of American citizens. This force went to the courthouse, dispersed the mob, and placed the
building under military control.
Scarcely had this been accomplished when
a force of sailors and marines, from the British war vessel Tenedos, was landed, without
a request from the authorities.  It is said,
indeed, that they were landed without orders
from the officers of the ship. They at once
marched to the residence of Queen Emma,
dispersed a lawless crowd which surrounded
it, and thence marched to the barracks, where
they remained for eight days.  It is said,
however, that this action was afterward legalized by an antedated note of the Hawaiian
authorities requesting such action.
The mob which had attacked the legislative
assembly, for the undoubted purpose of preventing the election of Kalakaua, having
been dispersed by American bayonets, the
election proceeded with the anticipated result.
The election of Kalakaua as king being
139




AMERICA IN HAWAII
fully declared, and he having been recognized
as the rightful sovereign by the American,
British, and French representatives, Minister
Pierce, in his capacity of minister resident of
the United States, paid a visit to Queen
Emma. To her he conveyed the intelligence
of the election and recognition of King Kalakaua, and advised her also to recognize him as
such, and to call upon her followers to accept
the situation Without further disorder. This
advice of the American minister was received
with respect and followed without question,
amicable relations, through this mediation,
being at once established and ever after
maintained.
During the reign of Kalakaua the relations
of the United States to the Islands grew rapidly closer. The government at Washington
did not, perhaps, feel a sense of responsibility
for the island government, from the fact that
Kalakaua might not have reached the throne
but for the interposition of the American
forces. The demand, however, for a treaty
of reciprocity in both countries grew stronger,
as their commercial relations grew more and
more intimate and important. The final conI40




THE KALAKAUA R{~GIME
summation of this long-considered project,
in the year I875, has been considered in a
previous chapter. The vigorous words of
Secretary Blaine, before quoted,* served beyond question to impress firmly upon the
minds of European statesmen, and especially
of the English, that any interference upon
their part with the Hawaiian Islands, in their
relations to this country, would be steadily
and sharply resented.
The jealousy of the British government at
the rapidly increasing intimacy between the
United States and Hawaii soon became more
apparent. In the autumn of the year 1874
it was determined by King Kalakaua that he
would pay a formal visit to the United States
for the purpose of meeting the American
people and studying our institutions. This
purpose he carried into effect, although the
British and French commissioners remonstrated against the plan, alleging the political
condition of the Islands as their pretext for
interference. " I am of the belief," wrote
Minister Pierce, " that they are not actuated therein by a real regard for the welfare
At e, p. o50.
141




AMERICA IN HAWAII
of this nation, but by a desire to throw obstacles in the way of, and prevent, if possible,
closer relations taking place between Hawaii
and the United States."
The king was conveyed to San Francisco
on the United States steamship Benicia; and
after a tour in this country, of several weeks,
he returned to his kingdom, being conveyed
thither on board the United States steamship
Pensacola.
The execution of the treaty of reciprocity,
which followed closely after the return of the
king to his home, must be regarded as having
received a large impetus from his visit
to this country. The attitude of Great
Britain toward Hawaii, approaching hostility,
which succeeded the promulgation of this
treaty, has already been discussed, together
with Mr. Blaine's vigorous attitude.
The position taken by the government at
Washington, while it served to check any
forcible movement which might have been
contemplated by the British government to
attain its ends, did not wholly allay irritation.
Long-continued diplomatic correspondence,
including the interchange of commissioners
142




THE KALAKAUA REiGIME
between Great Britain and Hawaii, was followed by equally vigorous discussion of other
issues. In all of these controversies, Minister Wodehouse was an earnest participant,
never failing to display a strong personal
prejudice against the United States and
everything American. The subject of coolie
immigration into the Islands from British
India, and a revival of the half-forgotten
Lackawanna incident, served to keep alive
the embers of British jealousy. This feeling
at length became so apparent that Mr.
Blaine, now President Arthur's Secretary of
State, in December, i88i, took occasion to
write -
It [ this government ] firmly believes that the position of the Hawaiian Islands, as the key to the dominion of the American Pacific, demands their benevolent neutrality, to which end it will earnestly co-operate with the native government. And if, through
any cause, the maintenance of such a position of
benevolent neutrality should be found by Hawaii to
be impracticable, this government would then unhesitatingly meet the altered situation by seeking an
avowedly American solution for the grave issues
presented.


143




AMERICA IN HAWAII
In December of the same year Mr. Blame
addressed a confidential communication to
Hon. James M. Comly, then minister of the
United States at Honolulu, in which that
official was instructed, in view of the commercial and agricultural possibilities of the Islands, to give close attention to the subject,
with an especial view to a possible future annexation of the Islands. He also suggested
that a Hawaiian homestead act, for the benefit of actual American settlers, might be in
turn supplemented in the United States by
voluntarily organized emigration schemes and
co-operative aid to bona-fide settlers.
Two years later than this Mr. Frelinghuysen -who had succeeded Mr. Blaine at the
head of the State Department in President
Arthur's cabinet -received an appeal from
the Hawaiian government to join with the
king in a protest of grave import. Great
Britain and France had been showing great
activity in extending their possessions in Polynesia, various groups of islands having been
seized and absorbed by one or the other of
these powers. It was in protesting against
these territorial extensions that King Kala144




THE KALAKAUA ReGIME
kaua desired the co-operation of the United
States. The position assumed by the government at Washington in this matter is significant as showing its exceptional attitude
toward its relations to the Hawaiian Islands,
while keeping aloof from all appearance of
interference in other and more remote regions
of Oceanica. "While we could not," wrote
Mr. Frelinghuysen, in declining to join in the
protest, "view with complacency any movement tending to the extinction of the national
life of the intimately connected commonwealths of the Northern Pacific, the attitude
of this government toward the distant outlying groups of Polynesia is necessarily different."


I45




CHAPTER X.
CESSION OF PEARL HARBOR.
THE provisional cession by the Hawaiian
government to the United States of Pearl
Harbor, by the convention of i 887, was the
first step which gave to the latter any rights
territorial in the Islands. The importance of
this can scarcely be overestimated; and yet,
admirably as is this harbor adapted for naval
and commercial purposes, various influences
at Washington, from year to year, intervened
to prevent any actual occupation of it.  In
fact, the flag was never raised over this valuable cession, nor any steps taken to utilize
its immense advantages.
Pearl Harbor is a magnificent harbor, completely land-locked, and capable in extent and
in depth of water of affording anchorage to
as large a fleet as is ever collected in one
place. In its geographical formation it closely
resembles many of the former Spanish harbors in the West Indies. The approach is
by a somewhat narrow channel, capable of
impregnable fortifications. The harbor is peculiar in that it is not composed of a single
open roadstead, but of three distinct portions,
146




CESSION OF PEARL HARBOR
or locks, divided by islands, or by jutting
tongues of land. These three locks offer a
combined water frontage of about thirty
miles. In many places the land formation is
of coral; and so abrupt is the coral line that
vessels can find natural wharves, a single
gang-plank stretching from deck to shore.
Especially is this true of Rabbit Island, the
chief of the islets. The shores fringing this
harbor are very beautiful with their sub-tropical foliage. At one point a fine shelving
beach is strewn thickly with fragments of
pearl shell,- a circumstance which serves to
give the name to the place.
Pearl Harbor is situated at a distance of
seven miles from Honolulu, and in some respects is superior to the harbor of that city.
In its vicinity is the famous Ewa sugar plantation, the most productive of the plantations
of the Islands. A line of railway, which partially encircles the island of Oahu, connects
the harbor with the city of Honolulu. So
many and so distinct are the advantages
which this harbor displays, especially in its
absolute security to vessels in time of storm,
that it is not improbable that, but for one cirI47




AMERICA IN HAWAII
cumstance, the city of Honolulu would have
been built here. This circumstance is the
discovery of the presence of a coral-reef bar
across the entrance to the harbor. This reef
is believed completely to encircle the island,
save at the mouth of the harbor of Honolulu.
So long ago as the year i873 the United
States steamship California paid a visit to
the Islands, conveying thither a military commission, consisting of Major-general J. M.
Schofield and Brevet Brigadier-general B. S.
Alexander, a lieutenant colonel of United
States Engineers.  This commission proceeded, under secret instructions from the
Secretary of War, to examine the different
ports of the Hawaiian Islands with reference
to their defensive capabilities and their commercial facilities. Its report was that the
harbor of Honolulu was the only good commercial harbor in the group, and that even this,
from its peculiar formation, is useless as a
harbor of refuge for war vessels in time of war.
The commission found in the unused Pearl
Harbor, however, all that is essential for the
desired purpose. An examination of the harbor bar - not so thorough as could have been
148




CESSION OF PEARL HARBOR
wished -revealed the fact that it was composed of " dead" coral,- that is, of coral in
which growth had ceased; that it was somewhat less than three hundred yards in width,
and was covered by a depth of water, at low
tide, of from two to three fathoms.  The
sides of the reef were found to be vertical, or
nearly so, and steeper upon the outer, or sea,
side than on the inner, or shore, side. The
shores, the commission reported, are admirably adapted for the erection of buildings necessary for a naval depot. It was thought by
the commission that an entrance might easily
be cut through the bar sufficient to open a
channel two hundred yards in width, and with
a sufficient depth of water at low tide, for the
sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars.  Subsequent careful surveys, made
twenty years after, developed the remarkable fact that a natural channel exists through
the reef, at the entrance to the harbor, filled
only by an accumulation of what is known as
soft coral, or coral sand. This, it was claimed,
might easily be removed; and thus the harbor
made accessible to the largest vessels at a
comparatively small expense.
'49




AMERICA IN HAWAII
The report of this commission, which included the information that the mind of the
king was favorably inclined toward a cession
of Pearl Harbor, in return for the advantages
to be gained by the Islands by a treaty of
reciprocity, produced a profound impression
upon the government at Washington. This
was intensified by the subsequent appearance
of General Schofield before a committee of
the House of Representatives to urge the
importance, chiefly from a military point of
view, of the adoption of some measure through
which the control of the Islands might pass
to the United States.  It was at this time
that the sentiment favorable to annexation
to the United States was more ardent and
more general among the people of the
Islands than at any other period; and the
cession of Pearl Harbor as a preliminary act
to such a sequence would, no doubt, have
been heartily approved among the Hawaiians.
It was during the height of this feeling, in
which King Lunalilo shared, that the death
of that sovereign occurred and the accession
of Kalakaua.   However, the  reciprocity
treaty, which was, perhaps, the most impor15o




CESSION OF PEARL HARBOR
tant act of his reign, as originally executed
and ratified, did not include a cession of
Pearl Harbor. This act was reserved, doubtless by mutual consent, until after the expiration of the stipulated seven years' duration of
the treaty, and its extension by convention
for the further term of seven years. This
new convention was not framed precisely at
the expiration of the stipulated term, the
treaty being allowed to stand, under the provision requiring either party to give one
year's notice of a desire to abrogate it.
It was not then until December, I 884, a
month after the election of President Cleveland to his first term of office, that this new
convention, conveying the cession of this
important harbor, was concluded. It was not
until January, i887, that the ratification of
this convention was adopted by the Senate;
and nearly a year more was allowed to pass
before it received the signature of the President.
That the renewal of the treaty of reciprocity was ardently desired by President Cleveland is shown in a passage in his message to
the forty-ninth Congress at the opening of its
I5'I




AMERICA IN HAWAII
second session in December, i886. "I express my unhesitating conviction," said Mr.
Cleveland, "that the intimacy of our relations
with Hawaii should be emphasized. As a
result of the reciprocity treaty of I875, those
Islands, on the highway of Oriental and Australasian traffic, are virtually an outpost of
American commerce and a stepping-stone to
the growing trade of the Pacific. The Polynesian island groups have been so absorbed by
other and more powerful governments that
the Hawaiian Islands are left almost alone in
the enjoyment of their autonomy, which it is
important for us should be preserved. Our
treaty is now terminable on one year's notice;
but propositions to abrogate it would be, in
my judgment, most ill-advised. The paramount influence we have there acquired, once
relinquished, could only with difficulty be
regained, and a valuable ground of vantage
for ourselves might be converted into a
stronghold for our commercial competitors.
I earnestly recommend that the existing
treaty stipulations be extended for a further
term  of seven years.  A recently signed
treaty to this end is now before the Senate.
I152




CESSION OF PEARL HARBOR
The importance of telegraphic communications between those Islands and the United
States should not be overlooked."
The cession of Pearl Harbor being one of
the provisions of a treaty, limited in its term
and capable of being abrogated by either of
the high contracting parties at one year's
notice, it was regarded by many as in its
terms provisional. It was the contention of
these that the expiration of the treaty of limitation, or its abrogation by act of either party
to the contract, would act as a withdrawal of
the cession of rights in Pearl Harbor. Others
contended, on the other hand, that the cession of the Pearl Harbor rights was absolute,
and that such rights could not be forfeited
in the event of the cessation of other stipulations of the treaty. It is, perhaps, fortunate
that this delicate international question was
never actually precipitated, although a serious
movement was made in the year I897, in
Congress, looking toward an abrogation of
the treaty. It is said that this movement
was instigated by the sugar-refining interests
in this country. Fortunately, it was unsuccessful.
'53




AMERICA IN HAWAII
The conclusion and ratification of this supplementary convention, including, as it did,
the cession of exclusive rights in Pearl Harbor, was the signal for another exhibition of
the jealous spirit of Great Britain.  The
treaty had scarcely been proclaimed when a
note was handed to Secretary of State Bayard by the British ambassador at Washington,
from Lord Salisbury, British prime minister.
In this the attention of the United States
government was called to the Franco-English
compact of I843, by which those two nations
agreed never to take possession of the Hawaiian Islands, either directly or under the
title of a protectorate, and suggesting a
triple compact, in which the United States
should join, guaranteeing the neutrality and
equal accessibility of the Islands and their
harbors to the ships of all nations without
preference.
Simultaneously with the delivery of this
note a formal protest was made to the Hawaiian government, by the British commissioner at Honolulu, against a grant to the
United States of the exclusive use of Pearl
Harbor as a coaling and repair station. This
154




CESSION OF PEARL HARBOR
protest was based upon an article of the existing Anglo-Hawaiian treaty, which granted
to British vessels of war liberty of entry to
all harbors to which such ships of other nations " are or may be permitted to come."
Mr. Bayard replied to the note of the British premier by reiterating what had evidently
been already orally conveyed to the British
ambassador, to the effect that in the Pearl
Harbor cession there was nothing to impair
the political sovereignty of Hawaii. But that
the British government saw in this cession an
indication of a coming passage of the sovereignty of the Islands to the United States is
evident from this reply of Mr. Bayard, and it
is made absolutely certain from the tone of
the protest of the British commissioner made
to the Hawaiian government. " Under instructions from Her Majesty's government," wrote
the commissioner, " I have already pointed
out to the government of His Hawaiian Majesty that the acquisition by a foreign power
of a harbor or preferential concession in the
Hawaiian Islands would infallibly lead to the
loss of the independence of the Islands."
The object of the British government in
'55




AMERICA IN HAWAII
making this protest was, of course, twofold.
It desired to prevent, if possible, the acquisition by the United States of a naval station
of such great strategic importance as that at
Pearl Harbor; and it desired at the same
time to prevent the comsummation of an act
which, in the eyes of skilful diplomats, appeared to be the first step toward an absorption of the sovereignty of the Islands by the
Great Republic. It had long been the policy
of Great Britain to prevent, by all the means
in its power, the acquirement by the United
States of points which might have a naval or
military value.
This effort failed; for the Hawaiian minister for foreign affairs, in an able consideration of the case, replied to the arguments of
the British commissioner in a way which
served to silence further cavil. The cession
of Pearl Harbor, therefore, continued in force
so long as the sovereignty of the Hawaiian
Islands continued; but beyond the making of
careful surveys of the bar, and of estimates
for its removal, no steps were taken by the
United States toward the improvement and
utilization of its acquired rights.
i56




CESSION OF PEARL HARBOR
While the question of the ratification of the
supplementary convention was pending in the
Senate, the people of the United States were
interested and gratified by the coming of
Queen Kapiolani to the United States for an
extended tour. The queen, who thus made
her first visit to a foreign land, was accompanied by Princess Liliuokalani and a suite of
attendants.  The royal ladies were everywhere received with marked respect, and were
made sincerely welcome. While this visit of
the queen and the princess, the heir-apparent,
had, perhaps, no important political significance, yet it served to disclose the sincere
good will of the American people toward the
Hawaiians, and to join still more closely the
relations between the two nations.


157




CHAPTER XI.
ACCESSION OF LILIUOKALANI.
IN the summer of I889, for the second
time since the establishment of the Hawaiian
monarchy, the forces of the United States
were called upon to intervene, in a time of
popular uprising, for the protection of the
lives and property of Americans. On the
thirtieth day of July, in that year, an insurrection against the government broke out in
the city of Honolulu. It was led by Robert
W. Wilcox and Robert Boyd, two half-caste
Hawaiians, who had gathered a body of
about one hundred adherents.   Although
these two men were the actual leaders of the
attempted revolt, it is asserted that their act
was instigated by a person of high social and
political distinction. It should be explained
that in the year 1877, three years after the
accession of Kalakaua, Prince Leleiohoku,
the heir apparent to the throne, suddenly
sickened and died. Upon the prince's death
the king, exercising his constitutional privilege, appointed his own sister, Lydia Kamakaeha Liliuokalani, to the succession.
The year 1887 was prolific of incidents of
58




ACCESSION OF LILIUOKALANI
moment in the history of the Islands. In
that year the substantial people, tired of the
king's many acts subversive of popular
liberty, and gross in their venality, rose in
their righteous wrath and indignation. A
mass meeting of the people was called, at
which demands were made which the king
dared not refuse.  Evidently, he felt his
throne tottering; and to the new constitution
which was framed he gave his ready assent.
The preamble of this constitution recited
that the "constitution of this kingdom heretofore in force contains many provisions subversive of civil rights, and incompatible with
enlightened constitutional government," and
that it had become imperative, "in order to
restore order and tranquillity and the confidence necessary to a further maintenance of
the present government, that a new constitution should be at once promulgated." This
new constitution, as may be inferred from this
preamble, contained many liberal provisions,
and gave good satisfaction to the people.
The heir apparent to the throne, however,
made no secret of her implacable hostility to
the idea of a liberal government. She is
159




AMERICA IN HAWAII
said to have openly upbraided her brother for
his lack of vigor in failing to assert his royal
prerogatives, and to have longed for a return,
so far as possible, to that ancient absolutism
of the sovereign which prevailed before the
white man imported the idea of a constitutional government.
Such being her attitude, it may be true,
as was openly charged, that the Wilcox-Boyd
rebellion was incited by her, in the hope of
dethroning, by this means, her brother, and
placing herself in absolute power.
At an early hour on the day of the insurrection a messenger from the king hurried to
the house of the minister resident of the
United States. He brought the intelligence
that the palace grounds and the government
building and offices were in the hands of insurgents.  The representatives of foreign
governments in the city were hastily consulted; and an attempt was made to communicate with the leader of the insurgents,
in orderto ascertain what were his demands.
This effort failed, and soon the sound of
rifles and of cannon at the government building came to the ears of all in the city. The
i6o




ACCESSION OF LILIUOKALANI
tops of the surrounding buildings were occupied by government sharpshooters, whose
rapid and accurate fire soon disconcerted the
enemy.
At this exciting juncture the sound of the
drum and fife was heard approaching in the
streets, and an armed force of marines from
the United States steamship Adams appeared. A retreat was made by the insurgents to the king's "bungalow," or private
residence, adjoining the palace grounds.
This building they succeeded in holding
throughout the day. As night approached,
and as more and perhaps really severe fighting was expected in order to dislodge the insurgents, it was deemed prudent to land the
remaining forces on board the Adams. This
having been done, soon after the insurgents
-disheartened, and seeing themselves surrounded by the government forces and all
escape cut off - decided to surrender.
In this united action of the American
minister and Commander Woodward, of the
Adams, strict neutrality was maintained; and
not the slightest movement was made by the
force of marines which could be construed as
i6I




AMERICA IN HAWAII
giving military aid either to the government
forces, or to the insurgents.  The sole
motive in landing these troops was that they
might be held in readiness to protect the
lives of Americans, should they be menaced,
and to prevent the destruction of American
property.  In acting thus prudently, the
commander of the forces of the United
States followed the general custom adopted in
such crises by all civilized nations, to protect
its citizens and their property in foreign lands.
In the spring of the year i890 the International American Conference was convened
in Washington. At the suggestion of President Harrison, and in pursuance of a resolution of Congress, an invitation was extended
to the Hawaiian king to send a delegate;
and, although the delegate thus sent failed to
reach Washington until after the close of the
Conference, the incident is significant, as
showing not only the good feeling which existed between the two governments, but also
the sentiment at Washington, which regarded
the Hawaiian Islands as essentially a member
of the family of American nations.
In December of the same year, King KalaI62




ACCESSION OF LILIUOKALANI
kaua determined to pay a second visit to the
United States. It is not recorded that this
time the European powers repeated their protest against the plan. His Majesty was received at San Francisco with the honors due
his rank. But almost immediately after his
arrival he was stricken with mortal illness;
and on the twentieth day of January, I89I,
he died at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco. The body of the king was returned to
Honolulu, on board the United States steamship Charleston, and reached that port nine
days after his death.
Hawaii now had reached a crisis in its
history. The character and desires of the
heir apparent had been disclosed in the revolt
of I889, when she had sought to elevate herself to absolute power at the expense of her
brother's sovereignty. Almost immediately
upon the reception of the news of the king's
death she was proclaimed queen, January,
I891, under the title of Liliuokalani. On
ascending the throne the princess took the
oath to support and maintain the existing
constitution of the country. But yet there
were many who, aware of her decided views
i63




AMERICA IN HAWAII
in regard to royal sovereignty, felt that this
oath had been taken with a mental reservation. That this is true, or that the queen
disregarded her official oath, is shown by the
occurrences which followed.
Scarcely had the crown become settled
securely upon her head, when the queen
began to show those sentiments of absolutism of which she formerly had been suspected. Under the constitution of I887 the
queen's ministers could be removed only by
impeachment or by vote of the legislature.
It became evident that it was the endeavor
of the queen to force the resignation of her
ministers, for the purpose, it was largely believed, of filling their places with men who
would be more pliant to her will. In less
than a month after her accession, John L.
Stevens- then minister resident of the
United States at the Hawaiian Islands
wrote to Mr. Blaine, President Harrison's
Secretary of State, in terms which showed
the intensity of popular feeling., The present ministry has been but a few
months in office," wrote Minister Stevens;
"and the best men of the Islands, including
i64




ACCESSION OF LILIUOKALANI
nearly all the principal business men, wish the
present ministry to remain, who by the present constitution are chiefly independent of the
crown, and cannot be removed except by impeachment or by the votes of the legislature.
Under her extreme notions of sovereignty
and the influence of her bad advisers the
queen is trying to force the resignation of the
ministers, and to get a cabinet composed of
her tools. So far the ministers have refused
to resign, and the best public opinion increases in their support.  Should the Su
preme Court sustain the right of the ministers, which is very clearly and strongly
intrenched in the constitution, the ministers
will be supported by such a united determination of the business men and other better
citizens of the Islands as will force the
queen to yield. If she should still persist,
and attempt to form a ministry of her own
without the consent of the legislature, she
will surely imperil her throne."
The opinion of Mr. Stevens was not, however, sustained by that of the Supreme Court.
A decision was rendered which declared the
positions of the cabinet ministers to have




AMERICA IN HAWAII
been vacated at the king's death. Pleased
with her victory, the queen planned for an
unlimited exercise of power, but bided her
time until matters appeared to be ripe.
Her sympathies were still largely inclined
toward the American element in the Islands,
by reason of her marriage to John 0. Dominis, a native of Boston, and a man thoroughly
imbued with the sentiment of his nationality.
But in less than a year after the accession of
his wife to the throne, General Dominis died.
From that time the queen's love for the
American people seems to have waned, and
in its place appeared a growing sentiment
toward the English element.
Soon after she began to reign, Queen Liliuokalani had appointed her niece, the Princess Victoria Kaiulani, the heir to the throne.
This princess, then a girl in her teens, 'was a
daughter of a deceased sister of the queen,
her father being an Englishman of wealth
and of excellent reputation, the Hon. A. S.
Cleghorn. At this time the young princess
was obtaining her education in England,
and was believed to be thoroughly imbued
with English sympathies. From this period
i66




ACCESSION OF LILIUOKALANI
onward the history of American influence
in the Islands is of necessity inextricably
blended with the political history of the
island government itself. So rapid were the
various movements which go to make up the
island history, and so closely were they
watched by the government at Washington
through its representative at Honolulu, that
to trace the exact effect of American influences is almost impossible.
As the months passed, the design of the
queen to return, so far as possible, to the
ancient absolutism, rapidly developed. Her
dissatisfaction with the liberal provisions of
the constitution of i887 became more and
more apparent. The marshal of the kingdom, a half-caste Tahitian named Wilson, was
a confidential adviser of the queen,-a circumstance which served to create some popular dissatisfaction. By character and education Wilson was deemed by many to be unfit
to fill the important position of principal adviser to the queen. Nominally, this man, as
already stated, occupied the office of marshal
of the kingdom. Really, he was by many regarded as possessing an influence equal to that
i67




AMERICA IN HAWAII
of prime minister. Mutterings, first low, then
loud, were heard,- mutterings of discontent
which bade fair to culminate in open rebellion. This dissatisfaction pervaded the legislature, and in the early autumn of the year
1892 a vote of "want of confidence" in the
queen's ministry precipitated an open conflict between the legislative and the executive branches of the government.  "4 My
present impression is," wrote Minister Stevens in October, "that the queen and her
faction will have to yield. Otherwise the entire overthrow of the monarchy could not be
long delayed."
Convinced that a crisis was near at hand,
Mr. Stevens in November, i892, again wrote
to the Department of State:"One of two courses seems to me absolutely necessary to be followed,- either bold
and vigorous measures for annexation or a
'customs union,' an ocean cable from  the
Californian coast to Honolulu, Pearl Harbor
perpetually ceded to the United States, with
an implied but not necessarily stipulated
American protectorate over the Islands."
This suggestion by Minister Stevens of the
i68




Rib           i -
BI~
11194-1:89




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I
II
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I
I
q
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i




ACCESSION OF LILIUOKALANI
approaching necessity of an ocean cable connecting the United States with the Hawaiian
Islands was not the first occasion upon which
such an undertaking had been officially commended. The desirability of such a measure
had more than once been brought to the attention of Congress. The brief allusion of
President Cleveland, in his message to the
Forty-ninth Congress, to its desirability has
already been quoted.* Two years later, in his
message to the Fiftieth Congress at the
opening of its second session, in December,
I888, Mr. Cleveland urged attention to this
important project in these words -
"In the vast field of Oriental commerce
now unfolded from our Pacific borders, no
feature presents stronger recommendations
for Congressional action than the establishment of communication by submarine telegraph with Honolulu. The geographical position of the Hawaiian group, in relation to
our Pacific States, creates a natural interdependency and mutuality of interest, which
our present treaties were intended to foster,
and which make close communication a logical and commercial necessity."
*Anfte, p. 152.
I69
" '.....
~ ele:'  *




AMERICA IN HAWAII
Mr. Harrison, who succeeded Mr. Cleveland in the Presidential chair, was equally
gracious in his attitude toward Hawaii. Early
in his administration he took occasion to
recommend that the rank of the representative of the government of the United States
at Honolulu be raised to that of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary,- a recommendation which was adopted.
In his message to the Fifty-second Congress in its first session, in December, 189I,
President Harrison informed- Congress that
surveys for the much-needed submarine cable,
from the Pacific coast to Honolulu, were in
progress, and urged that "this enterprise
should have the suitable promotion of the
two governments.'? At the same time he
recommended that provision be made for the
improvement of the harbor of Pearl River
and for equipping it as a naval station. Again,
at the opening of the second session of the
Fifty-second Congress, in December, I892,
President Harrison called attention to the
pressing need of the submarine cable.
" Our relations with Hawaii," said Mr. Harrison, "have been such as to attract an increased
170.,....




ACCESSION OF LILIUJOKALANI
interest, and must continue to do so. I deem it
of great importance that the projected submarine cable, a survey for which has been
made, should be promoted. Both for naval
and commercial uses, we should have quick
communication with Honolulu. We should
before this have availed ourselves of the concession made many years ago to this government for a harbor and naval station at Pearl
River. Many evidences of the friendliness of
the Hawaiian government have been given in
the past, and it is gratifying to believe that
the advantage and necessity of a continuance
of very close relations is appreciated."
It is a peculiarity of our American disposition that the presence of an immediate and
urgent necessity is often necessary to vigorous action. When necessity confronts us,
our people never fail to meet it with enthusi-,
asm; but we are apt to move with the utmost
caution in the performance of radical measures, when impelled only by the possibility
of a future condition. Hence the urgent
recommendation of more than one chief executive failed to arouse Congress to a full
realization of the commercial and naval ne17I




AMERICA IN HAWAII
cessity of an American-Hawaiian cable, and
applications for aid from promoters of the
project met with but a cold reception.
Equally somnolent was Congress in availing
itself of the advantages of the Pearl Harbor
cession.


172




CHAPTER XII.
THE REVOLUTION OF i893.
THE crisis in Hawaiian political affairs was
now rapidly approaching.  The correspondence of Minister Stevens with the Department of State, in the autumn of i892, shows
that an antagonism between the queen and
the white residents was rising and acquiring
strength. That she was desirous of assuming the power of an absolute monarch now
seemed to them   evident.  The English
party in the Islands perceived that the antagonism of the queen was directed mainly
toward the American interests.  A large
proportion of the landed property in the city
of Honolulu was now either owned absolutely or controlled in leaseholds by Americans. The agricultural interests throughout
the Islands, now grown to large proportions,
were also chiefly in the hands of Americans.
The Princess Kaiulani was still at school in
England; but in this autumn of I892 her
guardian, a wealthy Englishman, arrived in
Honolulu. This gentleman, Mr. T. H. Davies,
after accumulating a fortune through the
operation of the sugar provisions of the treaty
173




AMERICA IN HAWAII
of reciprocity, had returned to England.
He now came back to the Islands, partially,
it was presumed, to watch over the political
interests of his ward, and partially in the
capacity of agent for the Canadian Pacific
Railroad, whose connecting steamers make
Honolulu a port of call on their way to Australia and the Orient. These interests, added
to the influence of Bishop Willis, the bishop
of the Anglican Church in Honolulu, were all
naturally opposed, not only to the steadily
growing American sentiment, but to any
movement that might point to a possible
political union of the two countries. The
tendency of the queen toward an assumption
of absolute power was therefore encouraged
by this state of affairs, as it was aimed more
especially at the extinction of the influence
of the United States.
In November, i892, a heated and prolonged contest began between the queen and
the legislature.  As we have already seen,
the cabinet of the late king was vacated by
decision of the Supreme Court of the Islands.
Determined, apparently, to carry her designs
into effect, the queen sent to the legislature
I74




THE REVOLUTION OF i893
the names of those whom she had selected
to compose her new cabinet. Opposition was
instantly aroused, for some of these names
were of men held to be unfit for the positions
to which they were nominated. Confirmation
was refused by a decisive vote.  A long
struggle ensued, in which the legislature was
finally victorious.  List after list of names
was rejected, until at last, wearied, perhaps,
with her fruitless attempt, the queen submitted a list of names with which the majority of both opponents and adherents of the
queen were satisfied.  This ministry has
been known since in the local political circles
in the Islands as the Wilcox-Jones cabinet.
The settlement was regarded as a triumph
of the better elements among the citizens
over the worse, and was especially considered
to be a conquest of Americanism over the
anti-American sentiment.
Notwithstanding this temporary victory for
American influences, it was evident to all
that the crisis was not over. So vigorous
and so persistent was the queen in her
efforts that intelligent people in the Islands,
who were watching the trend of affairs, could
I75




AMERICA IN HAWAII
not fail to see that the conditions then present could not long prevail. That it was the
intent of the queen to create a new constitution, in which should be embodied the most
extreme of her political views, soon began to
be openly asserted.
At this juncture, new plots and plans
appeared.  The infamous Louisiana lottery
company, which had been driven out of the
United States by the force of public sentiment, on the expiration of its charter, was
seeking a foothold in Hawaii, whence it might
still continue to flood the 'United States with
its alluring circulars, and gather victims.
At the same time the machinations of an extensive opium ring became apparent, one that
had branches in Vancouver, San Francisco,
Honolulu, and Hong Kong. These schemes
were managed in a shrewd, unprincipled
manner. Shares of stock in the lottery company were distributed to those members of
the legislature who were deemed approachable; and an enormous annual gratuity was
promised to be paid to the Hawaiian government, should a foothold be given to the company in the Islands. Large bribes were also
176




THE REVOLUTION OF x893
offered by the opium ring, which sought an
exclusive franchise.
The sentiment of the more respectable
element throughout the city was strongly
antagonistic to the granting of these franchises; and personal influence of the strongest character was brought to induce the
queen to oppose them, but all in vain. Her
influence was firmly in favor of the projects,
and no expostulations served to deter her
from her purpose. The opium and the lottery bills were passed, and received her signature.
And now was precipitated the crisis which
for months had been rumored. It looked as
if, as a compensation for her sympathy and
co-operation with the promoters of the lottery
and opium franchises, the queen was to be
abetted in her long-cherished project of
promulgating a new constitution. This instrument, as afterward was disclosed, would
have placed American influence and the
property of American citizens wholly at the
mercy of the queen and her personal adherents.  The time for this coup was well
chosen. The United States cruiser Boston,
177




AMERICA IN HAWAII
which was stationed at the Hawaiian Islands
to guard American interests, had left its anchorage in the harbor of Honolulu early
in January, I893, for a practice cruise, and
also to pay a visit at the port of Hilo, in the
island Hawaii. Minister Stevens had gone as
a passenger on the Boston for a brief absence.
At this juncture the queen announced her
intention of abrogating the constitution of
i887, which she had sworn to uphold, and of
establishing in its place another, cast by herself and framed to suit her most extreme
views.
According to this proposed constitution
the members of the house of nobles and of
the council of State were to be appointed by
the queen at will; and all white men, unless
married to native women, were to be absolutely debarred from suffrage.
The city was instantly in a turmoil of excitement; and vigorous protests, both personal and political, were made against the
proposed act. The queen had awakened in
her native subjects an unwonted interest in
affairs political by the assurance that the
power was to be taken wholly from the
178




THE REVOLUTION       OF i893
whites, and placed in the hands of herself and
her native advisers. For the first time in
the history of the Islands a race antagonism
was created. Among the natives an enthusiasm was aroused for a return to the ancient
native rule of the country. The queen was
vigorously insisting that her ministry should
unite with her in announcing the new constitution. They, however, shrank from the
step, well knowing that it would with certainty precipitate revolt and perhaps bloodshed; and they warned her that to persist in
her undertaking would be to imperil her sovereignty.  But these remonstrances were
of no avail, and the queen even resorted to
threats to induce her ministers to yield.
The white population, alarmed at the persistence of the queen, and seeing that their
liberties, their property, and perhaps their
lives were imperilled, were on the verge of
rebellion. Public meetings were held, and the
situation was thoroughly discussed amid the
wildest excitement.
At this alarming juncture the Boston reentered the harbor, and Minister Stevens
returned to his post. The queen, delayed in
179




AMERICA IN HAWAII
her purpose by the reluctance of her ministers, was making an impassioned speech
from the balcony of the palace to the crowd
below.  She denounced her ministers because, by their refusal to comply with her
demands, they were crushing out the true
spirit of the Hawaiian people. She was followed by two native adherents, who still
more sought to inflame the passions of the
native people, and who urged them to rise
against their oppressors and slay them.
This outburst of the queen and her supporters was accompanied by a display of
arms. The entire military force of the kingdom, augmented by the police of the city, was
paraded through the streets, armed with repeating rifles and fully supplied with ammunition. Additional armed men, to the number of more than five hundred, were assembled at the police station and at the barracks,
in readiness to carry into effect the queen's
commands.
This was on Saturday afternoon, the I4th
of January. A mass meeting of citizens was
called, to convene on the afternoon of Monday, the I6th. Sunday was passed in outISO




THE REVOLUTION OF I893
ward calm, but with inward apprehensions.
All Honolulu felt that it was slumbering
above a volcano upon the verge of action.
On Monday a large number of citizens assembled; and vigorous protests against the
proposed action of the queen were made, and
were received by the assemblage with every
evidence of approval.  A  "Committee of
Public Safety"' was appointed, of which the
Hon. Henry E. Cooper, a Massachusetts man
by birth and education, was named chairman.
Other members of this committee were
Andrew Brown, J. A. McCandless, Theodore
F. Lansing, John Emmeluth, C. Bolte, Ed.
Suhr, Henry Waterhouse, W. C. Wilder,
F. W. McChesney, Lorrin A. Thurston, and
William O. Smith. The meeting then adjourned amid great enthusiasm, every person
present seeming determined to resist to the
utmost the attempted aggressions upon their
liberties.
At this juncture the queen, evidently
alarmed at the opposition with which the
disclosure of her plans was met, caused it to
be announced that she woultl no longer insist
upon the immediate promulgation of the new
181




AMERICA IN HAWAII
constitution, but would defer it until her
ministers could be induced to act in harmony
with her. A proclamation addressed to her
native subjects in their own language was
posted in the streets, in which document the
queen asserted that she had been unable to
give them the proposed constitution, through
the recalcitrance of her ministers, admonishing them to be patient, and assuring them
that she would soon give them a constitution
which should fulfil all their desires.
This proclamation served to neutralize any
effect which the protestations of the queen
might otherwise have had. The declaration
of the queen of her intention to disregard
the constitution which she had sworn to support was claimed to be equivalent to an abdication of her sovereignty. The Committee
of Public Safety called upon the heads of departments in the government, and demanded
their resignations. These were given without question, and the archives and government buildings and offices were surrendered
to the representatives of the committee.
Thus far the revolution - for the movement
had assumed this phase- had proceeded
i8s




THE REVOLUTION OF 1893
peacefully; but it was feared that it could not
end without riot and consequent bloodshed
and incendiarism. The police station, with
its civil force, was still nominally under the
queen's control. Still, no effort was made by
her to employ this power either to protect
the city or to maintain her authority. Night
was now coming, and incendiarism was beginning.  In various quarters of the city
were heard the rattle of the fire-engines and
the shouts of the firemen. The condition
was now almost one of anarchy. The queen
had abandoned the palace, and had retired,
with a few adherents, to her private residence
in Washington Place. A general state of
terror prevailed; and many of the white residents, with their wives and children, were
hastening toward the mountains, which form
the background of the city. No one could
predict the extent to which this condition of
affairs would spread. Fearing the destruction
of the city, many appeals were made by
anxious men and women, to the Committee
of Public Safety, for the protection of the
naval force of the United States. The queen
had apparently abandoned all attempt to
I83




AMERICA IN HAWAII
maintain tranquillity, and to the Committfee
of Safety alone could the citizens look for protection. To it alone, under the circumstances
then existing, with the archives and property
of the kingdom in its control, could the representatives of foreign governments in Hawaii look, as the de facto ruler. The committee felt that the moment had arrived when
it might properly call upon the power of the
United States to protect the property and
lives of its citizens, undoubtedly in jeopardy.
Twice already, in the history of the Islands,
in times of public disturbance had the naval
force of the United States been called upon
for this same puirpose. Up to this time the
minister of the United States - although,
doubtless, watching the proceedings with
painful anxiety- had refrained from interference, either actively or even with the offer
of advice. The Committee of Public Safety
now turned to him, as the representative of
its nearest friend in the family of nations, and
formally asked his aid in preventing riot and
in protecting life &nd property.
Minister Stevens willingly responded, and
sent a note to Captain G. C. Wiltse, com184




THE REVOLUTION OF i893 
manding the Boston, requesting him to land
a force of marines and sailors from his ship
to protect the United States legation and
consulate, and to secure the safety of American citizens and their property.
The request of the' American minister was
complied with; and a force, divided into three
squads, was landed from the Boston.  The
legation and the consulate were guarded by
two of these; while the third was lodged in
a public hall, near the centre of the city,
whence it might easily reach any point where
its services might be needed. Care was taken,
in disposing these guards, to use as little
ostentation as possible.  At Arion Hall,
where was posted the third squad, the men
were enjoined to keep in the building, a single
sentry at the door being the sole evidence of
their presence.
The landing of the troops produced a
quieting effect upon the streets and homes of
Honolulu. The fear of riot and possible loss
of life was removed, and the people slept in
security.
The following day, Tuesday, January I 7,
in the presence of a great crowd, which filled
I85




AMERICA IN HAWAII
the space about the government building, the
chairman of the Committee on Public Safety,
Henry E. Cooper, formally proclaimed the
abrogation of the ancient Hawaiian monarchy,
and the establishment of a provisional government "for the control and management
of public affairs and the protection of the
public peace,... to exist until terms of union
with the United States of America" should
be negotiated and agreed upon.
The police station and the civil forces of
the kingdom were now peaceably surrendered, upon the demand of the Committee
of Public Safety; and the queen's household
guards surrendered their arms.
The revolution had been accomplished without the loss of a life, the monarchy had fallen,
and the first active step toward the annexation
of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States
had been taken.  Queen Liluokalani registered her protest against her dethronement,
charging also that she had been deprived of
her sovereignty through the employment by
the American minister of the armed forces
of the United States. "Now, to avoid any
collision of armed forces, and perhaps loss of
i86




THE REVOLUTION OF I893
life," the queen's protest concluded, "I do,
under this protest, and impelled by said force,
yield my authority until such time as the
government of the United States shall, upon
the facts being presented to it, undo the
action of its representative, and reinstate me
in the authority which I claim, as the constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands."
The queen, having thus provisionally abdicated her throne, and the Provisional Government being now in full control of the
buildings, archives, treasury, and military and
civil forces of the late kingdom, the new government was formally recognized by the representatives in Honolulu of the United
States, Germany, Austro-Hungary, Italy,
Russia, Spain, the Netherlands, Denmark,
Belgium, Mexico, Chile, Peru, and China. The
recognition of the new government by the
British and French representatives was delayed for a considerable space of time, but
was at last given.
The Provisional Government thus constituted despatched a commission by special
steamer to San Francisco, and thence to Washington, with full powers to negotiate a treaty
187




AMERICA IN HAWAII
of annexation with the United States. This
commission was composed of Lorrin A.
Thurston, W. C. Wilder, William R. Castle,
Charles L. Carter, and Joseph Marsden. Its
members proceeded at once to Washington,
and, arriving there on the third day of February, I893, presented their credentials to
President Harrison. In connection with Secretary of State Foster, they began drafting
a treaty of annexation. By the terms of this
treaty, all lands and buildings and other public property of the Hawaiian Islands were
ceded to the United States, the Hawaiian
public debt was assumed by the United
States; the ex-queen was to be paid an annual pension of twenty thousand dollars, and
the heir apparent, the Princess Kaiulani, was
to receive a sum of one hundred and fifty
thousand dollars in satisfaction of her claims
to the throne. These concessions to fallen
royalty were to be made on condition of an
unhesitating and continuous acquiescence in
the abrogation of the monarchy and the annexation of the Islands to the United States.
A commissioner from the ex-queen, Paul
Neumann, had followed the commissioners of
188




THE REVOLUTION OF x893.
the Provisional Government to Washington,
and there had entered the queen's protest
against the proceedings. In disregard of this
protest the act of Mr. Stevens in recognizing the Provisional Government as the de
facto government of the Islands was confirmed.
It was reported and believed by many that
Mr. Neumann's errand at Washington was
chiefly to secure for the ex-queen, in the
event of failing to obtain her restoration,
as large a pecuniary indemnity as possible.
There is authority for the statement that a
full power of attorney was given by Queen
Liliuokalani to Mr. Neumann, by which he
was authorized, in his discretion, to release
all claims in her behalf upon satisfactory settlement being made.
After the departure of the commissioners
for Washington, at the request of the Provisional Government, Minister Stevens performed a radical and, in the estimation of
some, an unwarrantable act. The representatives at Honoluluh of Great Britain and
France, as already stated, delayed the recognition of the new government; and fears
were felt that, in view of the historic jeal189




AMERICA IN HAWAII
ousy of those two nations of American influence, resort might be had to some coup
d'd/at for the reversal of the revolution.
The unsettled political condition of the
country might be made the pretext for such
interference. Hence, to avert such a possibility, the request was made of Minister
Stevens, by the Provisional Government, that
a qualified American protectorate should be
declared. To this Mr. Stevens agreed, but
subject to the final action of the authorities
at Washington. Such a protectorate was accordingly declared, and the flag of the United
States was substituted for that of Hawaii
above the government buildings in Honolulu.
Almost immediately after this the British war
vessel Garnet entered the harbor, and her
stay increased the tension.  Her officers
openly neglected to pay the usual courtesies
to the head of the government, and consorted
with members of the royalist party. Frequent personal encounters occurred between
members of the British and American crews,
in the city streets. It was at length rumored
that an armed force was to be landed from
the Garnet, and the British flag raised above
I9o




THE REVOLUTION OF I893
the palace. The public buildings and grounds
were placed in a state of defence; but no
overt act was committed, although these
events were a long-continued cause of apprehension throughout the city.


I9'




CHAPTER XIII.
THE FRUIT RIPENS.
IT is unquestionably true that the Hon.
Thomas F. Bayard, Secretary of State during
President Cleveland's first administration, had
a warm interest in the Hawaiian Islands, and
looked forward to the day when, by the increase of American commerce with and of
American interest in the Islands, they should,
by a natural process; become absorbed into
the American Republic.   In I887, while
Secretary of State, he advocated prolonging
the life of the treaty of reciprocity. "The
reasons for the treaty of i875," he wrote to
the American minister at Honolulu, "exist
to-day in increased and still growing force....
The safety and welfare of the Hawaiian group
are obviously more interesting and important
to the United States than to any other nation, and for that reason our ties of intercourse and amity should be cherished."
That, in his own mind, Mr. Bayard went even
farther than this official utterance; and that
he was regarding the annexation of the Islands to the United States as a wished-for and
possibly not a far-distant event is shown by a
192




THE FRUIT RIPENS
personal utterance ten years later. In February, I897, after his recall as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the
Court at St. James, Mr. Bayard freely discussed-in an interview   published in the
Philadelphia Ledger-the object and intent
of these treaties.  "It was my idea," said
Mr. Bayard, "that the policy originating in
the Fish treaty of the Grant administration
in I875 should be permitted to work out its
proper results. The obvious course was to
wait quietly and patiently, and let the Islands
fill up with American planters and American
industries, until they should be wholly identified in business interests and political sympathies with the United States. It was simply
a matter of waiting until the apple should
ripen and fall. Unfortunately, nothing was
done by Congress in pursuance of this easy,
legitimate, and perfectly feasible process of
acquisition."
Mr. Bayard, in these remarks, but voiced
the sentiment which, by a study of the preceding narrative, it must be seen, had pervaded our government since the appointment
of Mr. Jones, in the year i820, to reside at
'93




AMERICA IN HAWAII
the Islands in the capacity of "agent of the
United States for commerce and seamen."
It was a sentiment which every administration had recognized and adopted, from President Monroe to President McKinley, save
only that administration in which Mr. Bayard himself had occupied a position.
It is not, perhaps, to be regarded as a
cause of wonderment, then, that Minister
Stevens saw, as he fully believed, a rapidly
approaching fruition after more than seventy
years of careful nurture. He had seen the
long-continued corruption that had centred
about the palace. He had seen the attempts
of the queen to put the reins of power into
hands regarded as unworthy. He had seen
her efforts to force upon the country meas
ures which must, by their results, hold up her
country to the scorn of Christian civilization.
He had seen the dark storm-cloud which was
rapidly gathering about the Hawaiian throne.
As an onlooker, painfully interested in the
outcome, he feared for the effect upon the
interests of his countrymen of the cloud-burst
which he well knew must come. The correspondence of Mr. Stevens, carefully pre'94




THE FRUIT RIPENS
served in the archives of the Department of
State, show that for more than a year he
had foreseen the inevitable result of the
trend of affairs. When, therefore, the crisis
had come and the monarchy had fallen, who
would not have thought that the hour had at
last arrived to which Mr. Bayard and his predecessors in office had looked forward with
such confidence?  "Language can hardly express the enthusiasm," wrote Minister Stevens, in formally notifying the Department of
State of the revolution, "and the profound
feeling of relief at this peaceable and salutary change of government. The underlying
cause of this profound feeling among the
citizens is the hope that the United States
government will allow these Islands to pass
to American control and become American
soil." Again a little later he wrote, employing a simile whose aptness so appealed to exSecretary Bayard that he himself adopted it,
in his remarks already quoted. "The Hawaiian pear," wrote Minister Stevens, "is now
fully ripe; and this is the golden hour for the
United States to pluck it. If annexation does
not take place promptly, and all is held in
'95




AMERICA IN HAWAII
doubt and suspense for six or ten months,
there certainly will be a revulsion to despair;
and these people, by their necessities, might
be forced toward becoming a British colony."
"It has been the policy of the administration," said President Harrison, in transmitting to the Senate the completed treaty of
annexation, "not only to respect, but to encourage the continuance of an independent
government in the Hawaiian Islands, so long
as it afforded suitable guarantees for the protection of life and property, and maintained
a stability and strength that gave adequate
security against the domination of any other
power. The moral support of this government has continually manifested itself in the
most friendly diplomatic relations, and in
many acts of courtesy to the Hawaiian
rulers. The overthrow of the monarchy was
not in any way promoted by this government, but had its origin in what seems to
have been a reactionary and revolutionary
policy on the part of Queen Liliuokalani,
which put in serious peril not only the large
and preponderating interests of the United
States in the Islands, but all foreign interI96




THE FRUIT RIPENS
ests, and, indeed, the decent administration
of civil affairs and the peace of the Islands.
"It is quite evident that the monarchy
had become effete, and the queen's government so weak and inadequate as to be the
prey of designing and unscrupulous persons.
The restoration of Queen Liliuokalani to her
throne is undesirable, if not impossible, and,
unless actively supported by the United
States, would be accompanied by serious disaster and the disorganization of all business
interests. The influence and interest of the
United States in the Islands must be increased, and not diminished.   Only two
courses are now open,- one the establishment of a protectorate by the United States,
and the other annexation full and complete.
I think the latter course, which has been
adopted in the treaty, will be highly promotive of the best interests of the Hawaiian
people, and is the only one that will adequately secure the interests of the United
States. These interests are not wholly selfish. It is essential that none of the other
great powers shall secure these Islands.
Such a possession would not consist with our
safety and with the peace of the world."
'97




AMERICA IN HAWAII
It was on the fifteenth day of February,
I893. that President Harrison submitted the
draft of this treaty to the Senate for ratification. The Provisional Government of the
Hawaiian Islands had then been in full con.
trol of the affairs of the Islands for a month.
But seventeen days remained of the administration of President Harrison, at the expiration of which time President Cleveland, for
the second time, was to assume control.
A few days after the inauguration of President Cleveland, at the opening of his second
term, Minister Stevens forwarded his resignation to Washington. He continued, however, to occupy his official position until
relieved by his successor. On the fifteenth
day of March he wrote to Secretary of State
Gresham, explaining in detail the operation
of the provisional protectorate over the Islands.  In a despatch to Minister Stevens,
transmitted upon receiving notice of the
declaration of the provisional protectorate and
the raising of the flag over the government
building at Honolulu, Secretary Foster had
written: -
"So far as your action amounts to accord198




THt FRUIT RIPENS
ing, at the request of the de facto sovereign
government of the Hawaiian Islands, the
co-operation of the moral and material forces
of the United States, for the protection of life
and property from apprehended disorders,
your action is commended. But, so far as it
may appear to overstep that limit, by setting
the authority and power of the United States
above that of the government of the Hawaiian
Islands, in the capacity of protector, or to
impair in any way the independent sovereignty
of the Hawaiian government by substituting
the flag and power of the United States as
the symbol and manifestation of paramount
authority, it is disavowed."
To this despatch Minister Stevens had
replied in these words: "The raising of the
United States flag over the government building continues to have a pacifying influence.
The qualified United States protectorate,
which has been temporarily assumed at the
request of the Provisional Government, is
being exercised with caution and reservation,
in no way interfering with Hawaiian sovereignty, nor with the administration of Hawaiian public affairs by the duly constituted
'99




AMERICA IN HAWAII
authorities. My understanding of the spirit
and terms of our temporary protectorate is in
entire accord with the spirit and terms of the
Secretary of State's despatch to me."
"There is every reason to believe," wrote
Minister Stevens to Secretary Gresham,
" that, had not the United States flag been
raised over the Hawaiian government building, and American protection thus secured,
it was the intention of, the Japanese commissioner to have demanded and asserted the
right of landing Japanese forces from the 2NVaniwa and the Kongo, and thus to have placed
Japanese officials here on equal footing with
the representatives of the United States,
thus establishing a dual arrangement and
protection in Hawaiian affairs."
Such, then, was the condition of affairs
when~President Harrison closed his term of
office and the reins of power fell into the
hands of President Cleveland. The last hours
of Congress had been so crowded with the
despatch of important business that no opportunity had been found for the full consideration of the Hawaiian treaty of annexation
by the Senate.   Simultaneously with the
200




THE FRUIT RIPENS
inauguration of the new President the Senate was convened in extra session. One of
the first official acts of President Cleveland
was to withdraw the Hawaiian treaty from
its consideration, for his own examination.
Finding a disparity of statement between that
of President Harrison, that "the overthrow
of the monarchy was not in any way promoted by this government," and that of the
ex-queen, who, in 'her protest, had fairly
charged that the throne had been wrested
from her by act of the forces of the United
States, Mr. Cleveland, to employ his own
words, " conceived it to be my [his] duty to
cause an accurate, full, and impartial investigation to be made of the facts attending
the subversion of the constitutional government of Hawaii, and the instalment in its
place of the Provisional Government."
In pursuance of this plan Mr. Cleveland appointed the Hon. James H. Blount, of Georgia,
as a special commissioner of the President, to
report to him concerning the status of affairs
in Hawaii. In Mr. Blount's credentials, addressed to " His Excellency Sanford B. Dole,
president of the executive and advisory coun201I




AMERICA IN HAWAII
cils of the Provisional Government of the
Hawaiian Islands," the special commissioner's
authority "tin all matters affecting relations
with the government of the Hawaiian Islands "
was declared to be "paramount." His instructions issued by the Department of State
declared: "Your authority in all matters
touching the relations of this government to
the existing or other government of the
Islands, and the protection of our citizens
therein, is paramount, and in you alone, acting in co-operation with the commander of
the naval forces, is vested full discretion and
power to determine when such forces should
be landed or withdrawn." He was authorized to avail himself of such aid and information as he might desire from the minister of
the United States, then at Honolulu, who,
Mr. Blount was informed, would continue until
further notice to exercise those functions of
his office not inconsistent with the powers
intrusted to the commissioner.
Mr. Blount's appointment was not submitted to the Senate for its confirmation or rejection, the commissioner being thus sent out
as Mr. Cleveland's personal representative,
202




THE FRUIT RIPENS
although endowed with many of the powers
usually vested in an envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary, the powers of the
actual minister at Honolulu being correspondingly subordinated.
The special commissioner thus sent out arrived at Honolulu on the twenty-ninth day
of March, I893. On the second day after
his arrival he made use of the power invested
in him to issue an order to Rear-Admiral
J. S. Skerrett, commanding the Pacific squadron, " to haul down the United States ensign from the government building and to
embark the troops on shore to the ships to
which they belong." This was done on the
morning of the next day; and the flag of
the United States, which had floated above
the Islands for more than two months, was
hauled down and the Hawaiian flag restored
to its former place. The incident occurred
with little popular demonstration, either of
approval or of regret.
Commissioner Blount remained at Honolulu for several weeks, engaged in investigating the condition of affairs in the Islands and
in holding interviews with various people.
203




AMERICA IN HAWAII
During this visit the commissioner reported
frequently to the Secretary of State, his published letters being exceedingly voluminous.
Their tone in general was hostile to the Provisional Government, and indicative of sympathy toward the ex-queen. It has been
constantly claimed by the friends of the Provisional Government that Mr. Blount, throughout his investigation, sought information
solely from the adherents of the ex-queen,
and that all offers from friends of the Provisional Government to assist him in his researches were studiously declined.
In his final report, Commissioner Blount
gave a brief but comprehensive rdsum6 of
Hawaiian political history; a statement of the
circumstances attending the revolution of January 1 7, written from a position of antagonism
to the revolutionary party; and a mass of information relating to the population and industries of the Islands.
During Mr. Blount's stay, Minister Stevens
was relieved from duty and Mr. Blount was
appointed to the vacant position. He, however, declined to accept the honor; and, upon
the conclusion of the work to which he was
204




THE FRUIT RIPENS
assigned, he returned to the United States.
The Hon. Albert S. Willis was appointed to
the office of minister in October, I893, and
at once left for his post of duty.


205




CHAPTER XIV.
ATTEMPT AT RESTORATION.
THE publication of the report of Minister
Blount, which closely followed the intelligence that the American ensign had been
hauled down at Honolulu, excited great interest throughout our country, and called
forth much acrimonious discussion. This was
not lessened by a message on December I8,
I893, from President Cleveland to Congress,
in which the matter was thoroughly reviewed
and discussed. In this message there was an
imputation of moral obliquity against Minister
Stevens in the conduct of the affairs of his
office, so far as they related to the overthrow
of the queen and the establishment of the
Provisional Government. "The lawful government of Hawaii," he declared, "was overthrown without the drawing of a sword or
the firing of a shot, by a process every step
of which, it may safely be asserted, is directly
traceable to and dependent for its safety upon
the agency of the United States, acting
through its diplomatic and naval representatives.... Believing, therefore, that the
United States could not, under the circumzo6




ATTEMPT AT RESTORATION
stances disclosed, annex the Islands without
justly incurring the imputation of acquiring
them by unjustifiable methods, I shall not
again submit the treaty of annexation to the
Senate for its consideration."
This attitude assumed by President Cleveland produced a discussion more bitter than
any since the famous electoral contest of i 876.
Instantly the country was divided into two
parties upon the question, the lines drawn
closely following the lines of the two great
political parties. The adherents of President
Cleveland and of his policy applauded warmly
the high moral ground which they felt that he
had assumed.  His opponents as firmly asserted that this assumption was a pretence,
that his true motive was one of jealousy of
his predecessor, and his object to discredit
one of the last and most important acts of
President Harrison and to hold him and his
minister at Honolulu up to public obloquy.
It was also freely asserted that Secretary of
State Gresham, who warmly approved the attitude of his chief, had similar political reasons
for his position.
To attempt to decide the truth in this re207




AMERICA IN HAWAII
markable discussion is no part of the duty of
the present writer.  It must be left to the
historian of half a century hence, while to-day
the record is simply made for his future guidance. This discussion served to create what
was, for the next five years, to be known as
the " Hawaiian Question,"- a question which,
if it did not serve to create a strong dividing
line between political parties, at least did become an important factor in the Presidential
contest of I896.
Mr. Willis arrived at Honolulu on the
4th of November, I893, and three days
later presented his credentials to President
Dole, the chief executive of the Provisional
Government. It was no light task to which
Mr. Willis had been assigned. Personally, a
gentleman of the highest character, he found
himself accredited as minister to a government toward which the government of the
United States nominally bore friendly relations, but yet one which, in the estimation of
the President of the United States, was in
itself a gross usurpation,- a government with
no right of existence, a government which the
new minister was instructed to overthrow, if
possible.
208




ATTEMPT AT RESTORATION
"On your arrival at Honolulu," read Mr.
Gresham's private instructions to Mr. Willis,
"you will take advantage of an early opportunity to inform the queen of this determination [of President Cleveland to withdraw
the treaty of annexation from the consideration of the Senate], making known to her
the President's sincere regret that the reprehensible conduct of the American minister,
and the unauthorized presence on land of a
military force of the United States, obliged
her to surrender her sovereignty for the time
being, and rely on the justice of this government to undo the flagrant wrong. You will,
however, at the same time inform the queen
that, when reinstated, the President expects
that she will pursue a magnanimous course
by granting full amnesty to all who participated in the movement against her, including
persons who are or have been, officially or
otherwise, connected with the Provisional
Government, depriving them of no right or
privilege which they enjoyed before the socalled revolution. All obligations created by
the Provisional Government, in due course of
administration, should be assumed.
209




AMERICA IN HAWAII
"Having secured the queen's agreement to
pursue this wise and humane policy, which it
is believed you will speedily obtain, you will
then advise the executive of the Provisional
Government and his ministers of the President's determination of the question, which
their action and that of the queen devolved
upon him, and that they are expected to
promptly relinquish to her her constitutional
authority."
Nine days after the arrival of Minister
Willis at Honolulu, at his invitation the exqueen, accompanied by her former chamberlain, visited him at the United States legation. The minister received her alone, and
communicated to her the desire of the President, substantially as he was instructed by
the Secretary of State.  There followed a
very remarkable conversation as it is reported
to the government at Washington by Minister
Willis.
" Should you be restored to the throne,"
inquired the American minister, " would you
grant full amnesty as to life and property to
all those persons who have been or who are
now in the Provisional Government, or who
210




ATTEMPT AT RESTORATION
have been instrumental in the overthrow of
your government?"
The ex-queen hesitated a moment, and
then slowly and calmly answered:"There are certain laws of my government by which I shall abide. My decision
would be, as the law directs, that such persons should be beheaded and their property
confiscated to the government."
Minister Willis replied, repeating distinctly
her words, "It is your feeling that these people should be beheaded and their property
confiscated?"
The ex-queen answered, ", It is."
Minister Willis then inquired if she fully
understood all that they both had said, and if,
having understood it, she was still of the same
opinion.
"I have understood and mean all I have
said," she replied, " but I might leave the decision of this to my ministers." But on a
query as to whether she would issue a proclamation of general amnesty, pending the appointment of her ministry, she declared: "I
have no legal right to do that, and I would not
do it. These people," she continued, " were
21I1




AMERICA IN HAWAII
the cause of the revolution and the constitution of 1887. There will never be any peace
while they are here. They must be sent out
of the country and their property confiscated."
The interview here ended, Minister Willis
promising to convey a statement of her attitude to his government and to deliver to her
its reply.
The tension of feeling was now intense in
Honolulu.  It was the popular belief that
Minister Willis had instructions to restore the
queen's authority and to employ the forces
of the United States to accomplish that end.
In the midst of this excitement a letter of
Secretary Gresham, addressed to President
Cleveland, commenting upon the report of
Commissioner Blount, which letter had been
the basis of President Cleveland's message to
Congress, was made public, and reached the
Islands. When this was read, the excitement,
already great, was much increased.  Especially significant were the words of the Secretary of State, in which he inquired of the
President:  " Should not the great wrong
done to a feeble but independent state, by an
212




ATTEMPT AT RESTORATION
abuse of the authority of the United States,
be undone by restoring the legitimate government? Anything short of that I submit,
will not satisfy the demands of justice."
A public meeting was called in the drillshed of Honolulu, at which the action of Secretary Gresham was loudly denounced. A
protest of the American residents, numerously signed, was filed with Minister Willis,
declaring that "any such acts of war or hostility, if taken, attempted, or announced in
the time of profound peace now existing between the United States and the Hawaiian
Islands, or without any full, formal, and timely
announcement thereof, will and would cause
all concerned in authorizing the same to be
held responsible for all the consequences that
may ensue therefrom, not only before Almighty God and in the forum of conscience,
but by all sanctioned rules and observances of
civilized nations in their dealing with each
other, and will and would be in violation of
the rights of the undersigned, secured and
belonging to them as citizens of the United
States of America."
There was great apprehension in the city.
213




AMERICA IN HAWAII
Barricades of sand bags were placed about
the government buildings and offices, and
preparations were made for defence.  All
the available arms in the city were brought
into requisition, and were distributed among
those who were willing to aid in the public
defence. Boys and even women were armed
with revolvers, and private houses as well as
public buildings were securely guarded day
and night. The permission granted by the
Provisional Government to the American warship in the harbor, to land troops for the
purpose of drill, was formally withdrawn. A
note addressed by Mr. Dole to Minister
Willis, calling attention to Secretary Gresham's letter, and inquiring if the government
of the United States designed to employ
force to restore the queen, received only an
evasive reply.
In the mean time Minister Willis was in
frequent communication with the ex-queen,
and her next friend, Mr. J. O. Carter. In
these interviews he endeavored to induce her
to modify the harshness of her intentions in
case of her restoration.  One point after
another was yielded.  The queen first con214




ATTEMPT AT RESTORATION
sented to withdraw her declaration that those
who had been chiefly instrumental in her
overthrow should be beheaded. After granting this, she still insisted that they must be
banished with their families, and that their
property be confiscated. This point was for
some days insisted upon, despite the urgent
representations of the minister that a full
amnesty was the only condition on which the
President would act in her behalf. Next she
yielded the point of banishment, but still
insisted on the confiscation of property.
At length, however, after many more consultations with Minister Willis, on the i8th
of December, I893, the ex-queen addressed
a letter to him in these words ---
"I must not feel vengeful to any of my
people.  If I am restored by the United
States, I must forget myself, and remember
only my dear people and my country.   I
must forgive and forget the past, permitting
no proscription or punishment of any one,
but trusting that all will hereafter work
together, in peace and friendship, for the
good and for the glory of our beautiful and
215




AMERICA IN HAWAII
once happy land. Asking you to bear to the
President and to the government he represents a message of gratitude from me and
from my people, and promising, with God's
grace, to prove worthy of the confidence and
friendship of your people, I am, etc.,
" LILIUOKALANI."
Enclosed in this note to the American
minister was a solemn engagement, signed by
the ex-queen, that, if reinstated as the constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands,
she would at once proclaim, unconditionally
and without reserve, a full pardon and amnesty to all those who had participated in the
revolution of January I7.
The conditions imposed by the President,
as a prerequisite to his good offices, having
now been fully met, Minister Willis proceeded
to the exercise of the extreme power vested
in him. Upon the same day on which exQueen Liliuokalani had signed her agreement, Mr. Dole addressed a note to Minister Willis, stating that he had been informed
that the American minister was in communication with Liliuokalani, the ex-queen, with
216




ATTEMPT AT RESTORATION
a view of re-establishing the monarchy in
the Hawaiian Islands, and demanding whether
the minister was acting in any way hostile to
the government to which he was accredited.
To this note Minister Willis made no
direct reply, and, indeed, no reply whatever
until the following day.  On that day he
forwarded to the Provisional Government a
document, in which the declaration was made
that the President of the United States was
convinced that the overthrow of the queen's
government had been accomplished, "if not
instigated, encouraged and supported by the
representative of" the United States government at Honolulu, and that it was accomplished mainly through the employment of
the forces of the United States. The document ended with a formal demand upon the
Provisional Government, in the name of the
President of the United States, that it should
promptly relinquish to the former queen her
authority as the constitutional sovereign of
the Hawaiian Islands.
At midnight on the twenty-third day of
December, 1893, the reply of the Provisional
Government to this demand was presented.
217




AMERICA IN HAWAII
This reply, after reviewing the political situation which had prevailed in the Islands
for nearly a year past, declared that the matter
in dispute between the Provisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands and the former
sovereign had never been submitted to the
President of the United States for his arbitration, and that no power lay in the President or the government of the United States
to interfere in the domestic affairs of the Hawaiian Islands; furthermore, that, if the fact
existed, which was denied, that the revolution
of January 17 was effected by the assistance
of American arms, that matter was a question
of discipline between the United States and
its officials and employees, and not a question
between it and the defacto government of the
Islands. The reply closed with a respectful
but firm refusal to entertain the proposition
that the Provisional Government should relinquish its authority to the former queen.
Mr. Willis had been instructed by the Secretary of State, in a despatch sent on the
3d of December, that the queen should be
informed that the President of the United
States cannot use force without the authority
218




ATTEMPT AT RESTORATION
of Congress, the inference being that such
authority had not been given. No intimation
of these instructions was conveyed to the
Provisional Government, either in the formal
demand for the surrender of the island sovereignty or in response to letters of inquiry
upon this point addressed by the Provisional
Government to Minister Willis. There was
great apprehension, therefore, throughout the
city when the demand of Minister Willis and
the reply of the Provisional Government became known. Preparations for defence were
redoubled. Many families prepared to remove
with their effects to the mountains; and even
application was made by many of the American residents to the foreign representatives,
for their protection against anticipated invasion by the American forces. The condition
of unrest may be best described by quoting
from a letter from Mr. Dole to Minister Willis, on the twenty-seventh day of December,
I 893, while yet the future course of the
United States remained an uncertainty: -
"In consequence of your attitude in this
behalf," wrote President Dole, " the enemies
of the government, believing in your inten219




AMERICA IN HAWAII
tions to restore the monarchy by force, have
become emboldened. Threats of assassination of the officers of this government have
been made. The police force is frequently
informed of conspiracies to create disorder.
Aged and sick persons, of all nationalities,
have been and are in a state of distress and
anxiety. Children in the schools are agitated
by the fear of political disturbances. The
wives, sisters, and daughters of residents, including many Americans, have been in daily
apprehension of civic disorder, many of them
having even armed themselves in preparation
therefor. Citizens have made preparation in
their homes for defence against assaults,
which may arise directly or indirectly from
such conflict. Persons have begun to pack
their valuables with a view of immediate departure. Large quantities of bandages have
been prepared. Unprotected women have received the promise of asylum from the Jampanese representative, against possible disturbance arising in consequence of American invasion. Rumors of the intended landing of
your forces for offensive purposes have agitated the community for many days. The
220




ATTEMPT AT RESTORATION
situation for weeks has been one of warfare,
without the incident of actual combat. Even
the ex-queen has called upon this government for protection, which was awarded to
her.  Owing to your attitude, the government has been compelled by public apprehension to largely increase its military force,
at great expense.  Its offices have been
placed and still continue in a condition of
defence and preparation for siege, and the
community has been put into a state of mind
bordering on terrorism."
To this forcible protest Minister Willis returned an evasive answer, giving no information about the purpose of his government in
the matter of using force, but demanding that
the charges contained in the protest be set
forth  "with more particularity and certainty."
Finally, this state of terror culminated in a
day when, in the belief of nearly every person in Honolulu, the forces of the United
States were to be landed to carry out the mandates of the President. The United States
revenue cutter Corwin had arrived in the
harbor, bearing despatches to the American
221




AMERICA IN HAWAII
minister. The following day the troops on
board of the United States steamships Philadelhia and Adams, then lying in the harbor,
were beaten to arms. Landing parties were
drawn up on the decks in full view of the
people on the shore. The drums rolled, and
bayonets flashed in the sunlight. The lookouts upon the house-tops, watching the ships
with their glasses, could see distinctly the
movements of the marines, as they loaded
their rifles and adjusted their cartridge belts;
and clear and distinct came across the water
the sharp commands of the officers.  On
shore all was expectancy and resolution.
The regular forces of the Hawaiian government were mustered under arms. The police
force was ready. The citizens armed themselves, each one as he was able. Two Gatling guns were dragged to the wharf, and
trained upon the ships of the United States.
At this juncture an officer's gig was seen
to put out from the ship, rowed by four
sailors. In the stern was seated a junior
officer of the United States navy. Coolly
and calmly, and apparently oblivious of all
the excitement, he headed his boat toward
222




ATTEMPT AT RESTORATION
the shore, landed, made his way through the
throng upon the wharf, and passed along the
crowded streets of the city to the dwelling of
a prominent citizen and one of those most
closely in touch with the interests of the
Provisional Government.
Alone with his host, the officer, to the
surprise of the first, introduced the subject
uppermost in the minds of all, and in allusion
to the situation of the hour remarked:"We have not yet received our final
orders, and we do not know whether or not
we shall receive orders to land and place the
queen on the throne by force. We of the
navy have no desire, of ourselves, to cause
bloodshed.  I perceive that you are well
prepared to resist an attempt on our part to
land. I think that, if such orders shall be
issued to us, and our boats, with armed
marines, shall'put out from the ship, if you
should fire a charge over our heads, we
should be obliged to put back and abandon
our purpose."
The officer then took his leave, and returned to his ship and the host, perceiving
that the warlike preparations of the Philadel223




AMERICA IN HAWAII
phia and Adams were a feint, at once repeated this conversation to President Dole, by
telephone. That official ordered his defensive
forces everywhere to keep their positions and
stand firm. After a short time more the
crisis passed, the troops drawn up on the
decks of the war-ships were quietly dispersed,
and for the first time in many days the
people of Honolulu went to sleep that night
peacefully in their beds.
A few days later came the news that President Cleveland, on learning of the firm refusal
of the Provisional Government to surrender
the sovereignty of the Islands back to the
queen, had abandoned his endeavor, and had
referred the entire matter to Congress.


224




CHAPTER XV.
ANNEXATION.
THE attitude assumed by President Cleveland in the Hawaiian matter did not, upon
the whole, find approval in the United
States. The discussion, in general, was divided upon party lines. There were those, it
is true, in the Republican party, who, being
opposed to any further extension of our territorial boundaries, heartily approved his position, while there were others in his own
party who, without regard to the question of
annexation, as heartily disapproved of the
attempt to abrogate the Provisional Government and restore the fallen queen. Whether
Minister Willis received actual orders from
Washington to attempt to carry his instructions by that display of arms, or whether that
feint was a plan of his own device, no one
will perhaps ever know. A diligent search
of the archives of the State Department
fails to disclose copies of any secret instructions issued to Minister Willis to that effect.
If any such instructions were issued, no
record of them has been preserved.*
# A letter from Assistant Secretary of State Moore to the author
establishes this fact.
225




AMERICA IN HAWAII
It soon now became known that President
Cleveland, before receiving the complete acquiescence of the ex-queen to his conditions,
had commended "this subject to the extended
powers and wide discretion of the Congress."
And from this time on the President appears
to have relinquished all active interest in the
control of the relations between the United
States and the Hawaiian Islands, and contented himself with simply transmitting to
Congress from time to time the routine correspondence between the Secretary of State
and his minister.
The relations of Minister Willis with the
Hawaiian government, naturally, were greatly
strained. In his strictly diplomatic relation,
Mr. Willis had unquestionably engaged in
plots against the government to which he
was accredited. And yet his consultations
with the ex-queen, directly and through her
friend, were not his personal acts, but were
held under specific instructions from his government. This fact, although well known in
the city did not serve to lift from the American minister the popular odium. Beyond
doubt, according to diplomatic usage, the
226




ANNEXATION
Hawaiian government would have been fully
justified in demanding his recall, if not, indeed, in giving him a summary dismissal.
It is probable, however, that it did not wish
to exasperate the government at Washington
by assuming too antagonistic an attitude. It
was also evident that, were a change demanded, there could be no assurance that
any more acceptable man would be sent by
the administration then in power. And, so
far as his personal characteristics were concerned, Minister Willis was perfectly acceptable.
It was, perhaps, unfortunate that Minister
Willis should not have been at greater pains,
now that the crisis was passed, to meet the
members of the Hawaiian government upon
their own ground, and assume the position in
the social life of Honolulu to which his
official position entitled him. In an extended
letter addressed to him by Mr. Dole, in response to his demand for a statement of the
particulars wherein the Provisional Government complained of his course since his arrival, Mr. Dole says:"During your nearly two months' residence
227




AMERICA IN HAWAII
in this city, you and your family have declined
the customary social courtesies usually extended to those occupying your official position, on the specified ground that it was not
deemed best under existing circumstances to
accept such civilities." On the first anniversary of the formation of the Provisional Government, January 17, I894, a formal invitation was sent to the American minister to be
present at the public exercises. This was
somewhat curtly declined. In consequence
of this attitude taken by Mr. Willis, in addition to his open opposition in his official
capacity to the existing government, a certain social ostracism was shown him and his
family. Even after days and months had
passed, and matters social and commercial in
the Islands had once more become normal,
this feeling of coolness but slightly wore
away, and at no time were his relations with
the people among whom he lived thoroughly
cordial. His illness and death, however,
which occurred during his term of office, and
which were undoubtedly hastened by the
weight of the mental burden he carried,
served to smooth away much, if not all, of
228




ANNEXATION
the feeling of personal antagonism toward
him.
To the same degree did the relations of the
Hawaiian minister at Washington, the Hon.
L. A. Thurston, become strained. In this matter the accounts of Minister Thurston and
Secretary Gresham fail to agree. The latter
charged that the Hawaiian minister gave information regarding matters in Hawaii to
the press, not having previously given the information in question to the Department of
State. Mr. Thurston claimed that the information thus made public did not cover matters of diplomatic concern, but were purely
domestic occurrences, in which the government of the United States was in no manner interested. He also claimed that deliberate social slights had been put upon him
by the President and the Secretary of State,
thus venting upon him personally the chagrin
which they felt at the failure of their plans.
Whatever may have been the cause of these
strained relations, their outcome was a demand by President Cleveland for the recall
of the minister. The letter of demand miscarried in the mails, and was sent to Japan
229




AMERICA IN HAWAII
by an error of a postal clerk. In the mean
time the fact that the minister's recall had
been demanded became known at Washing.
ton. Minister Thurston thereupon withdrew
from the legation and returned to Honolulu,
placing his resignation in the hands of his
government before the arrival of the letter in
which his recall had been demanded.
Mr. Thurston almost immediately returned
to Washington in the capacity of an agent of
the Hawaiian government to promote annexation. His successor in the legation, the Hon.
William R. Castle, and later the Hon. Frandis
M. Hatch, were received at Washington with
courtesy; and the latter continued to receive
all the social attentions which were due him
until the accomplishment of annexation discontinued his position.
The Hawaiian people, convinced that annexation to the United States was now not
an event of the immediate future, -formed a
permanent government, and established themselves as firmly as they could as a member
of the family of nations. The republic was
declared on the fourth day of July, 1894, and
continued, though not in uninterrupted felicity, until the annexation.
230




ANNEXATION
Meanwhile the " Hawaiian Question" was
not forgotten at Washington. It is a matter
of some significance that in the summer of
1894 a committee of royalists paid a visit to
Washington, and endeavored to secure the
co-operation of the government in a proposed
uprising against the Hawaiian republic. Being informed that the United States would
not interfere in the domestic affairs of Hawaii, the committee is said to have stated to
Secretary Gresham that, if the United States
war vessels should be recalled from Honolulu,
the overthrow of the existing government
by a sudden assault could be easily accomplished.  The committee, on its return,
bought arms and ammunition on the Pacific
coast, and shipped them to the Islands.
The withdrawal of the naval force of the
United States, by order of President Cleveland, occurred in July, I894, notwithstanding
the fear of Admiral Walker, then in command of the Pacific squadron, that evil results
would follow. The Champion, a British war
vessel, was left in the harbor; and the royalists and their English sympathizers were
elated. The royalist faction openly asserted
23I




AMERICA IN HAWAII
that the withdrawal of the American naval
force was for the purpose of affording a
chance for a revolt.
The revolt came in January, I895, and was
promptly met and suppressed. This revolt,
the trial, the imprisonment in her own apartments of the ex-queen, and her subsequent
abdication, constitute a story of Hawaiian
history, picturesque and vigorous, but not
closely connected with the history of American influence in the Islands.
The action of President Cleveland in the
Hawaiian matter resulted in an exhaustive
investigation by the Senate Committee on
Foreign Affairs, of which Senator Morgan of
Alabama, a member of the President's own
party, was the chairman. The report of this
investigation fills a large volume, and is of
great interest.
As a whole, the report of this committee
absolved President Cleveland from the imputation of having committed any irregularity
or impropriety of conduct, but declared that,
had he intended to compel obedience to his
decision, by using force to assist in the reenthronement of the queen, he would have
232




ANNEXATION
committed an act of war, and one entirely
beyond his power. It discussed the question
of the landing of the troops from the Boston,
and the claim of the queen that it was this
display of force which caused her downfall.
This latter contention was not sustained, the
report deciding that the act of the queen,
two days prior to the landing of the troops,
in declaring her intention of abrogating the
constitution which she had sworn to uphold,
was in itself an act of abdication; that an
interregnum in executive authority existed
when the Boston, conveying the United
States minister, arrived in the harbor; and
that the act of Minister Stevens and Captain
Wiltse of the Boston in directing the landing
of the troops was for the purpose only of
protecting the lives and property of American
citizens until this interregnum should in some
way have ceased to exist.
This report of the majority of the Committee on Foreign Affairs was made public, together with a dissenting minority report.
Thereafter the Hawaiian Question assumed
much of a partisan political aspect.  The
adherents of President Cleveland ignored the
233




AMERICA IN HAWAII
findings of the Committee on Foreign Affairs,
and sturdily insisted to the last that the
downfall of the queen was hastened and
carried into effect by the unlawful acts of
Minister Stevens.  Hence they argued that
annexation, however desirable, should not
occur until an expression of the popular will
in the Islands should be obtained.  Moreover, the opponents of annexation urged the
distance of the Islands from our coast, their
uselessness as a naval strategic point, the
varied nationalities of the inhabitants, the
alleged dislike of the native people to absorption and to the extinction of their nationality,
as reasons why no further steps should be
taken.
On the other hand, the advocates of annexation urged the great preponderance of
American capital, sentiment, and influence in
the Islands, claimed that they were invaluable from a military and naval point of view,
urged that the Hawaiian government had,
under international law, a perfect constitutional right to form a political union with this
or any other country, and showed the vast
commercial advantages which would accrue
234




ANNEXATION
to this country from the possession of an outpost in the mid-Pacific. They quoted the
prophecy of William H. Seward, that the
Pacific, with its coasts and islands, is destined
in the future to become the great theatre of
the world's affairs, and urged that in the
Hawaiian Islands was the commercial key to
the Pacific:
Thus throughout the administration of
President Cleveland the controversy was
waged. The revolt of the adherents of the
ex-queen, in 1895, created great interest
throughout the United States; and the force
of public opinion caused the naval guard,
which had been withdrawn from the harbor
of Honolulu, to be promptly re-established.
A sudden epidemic of cholera, imported into
the Islands from the East, also attracted interest and anxiety; and the vigorous measures
adopted by the government to stamp it out
caused wide admiration, and increased the
confidence of the American people in the
character and ability of the men who held
the control of Hawaiian affairs. The unquestioned interest taken by Great Britain in the
Islands during this period, andher attempt to
235




AMERICA IN     HAWAII
get a foothold upon them for a telegraphic
cable station, also added to the interest in
the Hawaiian Question, and called forth a
resolution in the Senate to the effect that
any interference of a foreign power with
the Hawaiian Islands would be regarded as
an act of unfriendliness toward the United
States. Last of all, an effort on the part of
Japan to gain political control of the Islands
through colonization, and the bold refusal of
the Hawaiian government to allow a large
number of Japanese immigrants to land,
called attention to another phase of the already complicated question, and seemed to
increase in both countries the growing public
sentiment in favor of annexation.
Great Britain's attempt to obtain a military
telegraphic cable station deserves especial attention at this point. Late in the year I894,
when apprehensions of the coming revolt were
felt in Honolulu, a request was presented to
the government of the Hawaiian Islands by
the British minister. This request was that
the British government be allowed to lease
either Neckar Island, French Frigate Shoal,
or Bird Island, for the purpose of establishing
236




ANNEXATION
thereon a station for a submarine telegraphic
cable. The proposed cable was to have its
termini at Vancouver and at some point on
the Australian coast. On account of the
extraordinary distance between these two
points, this mid-ocean station was needed;
and from it it was proposed to lay a connecting spur to Honolulu. The proposition was
tempting to the Hawaiian government, for in
its isolated position there could be no greater
boon than a connection with the world by
submarine cable. But the government was
debarred from granting directly the request
of Great Britain by the terms of the Hawaiian-American treaty.  By this instrument
Hawaii had agreed to allow no nation to land
a telegraphic cable upon its shores without
the previous consent of the United States.
Accordingly, reply was made that the request
would be submitted to the consideration of
the government of the United States; but in
the submission of the matter to the United
States, no expression of opinion as to the desirability of granting the request of Great
Britain was made.
On the 9th of January, i895, President
237




AMERICA IN HAWAII.
Cleveland sent a message to Congress in
these words:"I submit herewith certain despatches from
our minister at Hawaii and the documents
which accompany the same. They disclose
the fact that the Hawaiian government desires to lease to Great Britain one of the
uninhabited islands belonging to Hawaii as a
station for a submarine telegraph cable to be
laid from Canada to Australia, with a connection between the island leased and Honolulu.... I hope the Congress will see fit to grant
the request of the Hawaiian government, and
that our consent to the proposed lease will be
promptly accorded."
The three islands included in this request
lie to the north-west of the inhabited islands
of the Hawaiian group. They are bold, barren rocks, without harbors, and unapproachable except in small boats in the calmest of
weather. Of the three, French Frigate Shoal
and Bird Island have for years been regarded
as Hawaiian territory. The latter is frequently visited by Hawaiians to gather the
eggs of the sea fowl, who come to the island
in myriads. Neckar Island, on the other
238




ANNEXATION
hand, although geographically included in the
archipelago, had never been formally claimed
as Hawaiian soil,- a fact which at this time
was probably unknown to the British government.
The recommendation of President Cleveland did not meet the approval of Congress.
It was pointed out that the documents showed
that the Hawaiian government had not, as
stated by Mr. Cleveland, requested permission to lease an island to Great Britain,
but had merely referred the request of Great
Britain to our government, as in duty bound
under the treaty, without any recommendation or suggestion designed to influence the
action of Congress. It was believed that the
intent of Great Britain was to establish the
proposed cable mainly for military purposes,
the accomplishment of which could but be a
menace to our country. It was pointed out
that England has a naval station at the Bermudas, off our eastern coast, with telegraphic communication with Halifax; that she
has a naval depot at the latter port and another
at Esquimault on the Pacific coast, the two being connected by telegraph and by a well239




AMERICA IN HAWAII
equipped military railroad. With telegraphic
communication between Esquimault and the
Hawaiian Islands, and the possible future addition of a naval station in the Islands, it was
said that she would be in a position of great
superiority over the United States in case of
war. Congress therefore, adopting this view,
promptly declined to grant Mr. Cleveland's
request.
This failure of Great Britain was followed
by an attempt to compass the same result by
a coup de main. As already seen, the Hawaiian government had never formally claimed
Neckar Island, the rock being utterly valueless save for such a purpose as the establishment of a cable station or a light-house. A
few months after the rejection of England's
overtures, two men appeared in Honolulu,
who were, it was afterward believed, emissaries of the British government, charged
with the collection of information in regard
to Neckar Island, its exact status in relation
to the Hawaiian government, and its availability as a cable station. The persistence of
these men in pushing their inquiries attracted
the attention of the Hawaiian government,
240




ANNEXATION
which began to suspect a plan to seize the
island for Great Britain. A counter-plan was
therefore formed. A tablet of stone was prepared with an inscription claiming Neckar
Island as Hawaiian soil. With this and a
Hawaiian flag and pole, a party was sent out
quietly, in a small vessel chartered for the
purpose. It landed upon the island through
the surf, not without difficulty, and, planting
the tablet and the flag, formally laid claim to
Neckar Island as a portion of the territory of
the Hawaiian republic. This act closed the
Neckar Island incident. The government of
Hawaii was anxious to carry out, not merely
the letter, but also the spirit of its treaty
obligations to the United States; and, more
than this, in this incident it displayed its
anxiety to carefor the interests of the United
States, as expressed by Congress, even when
such action was directly antagonistic to the
commercial and personal interests of the
island people.
So far as any formal movement toward annexation is concerned, the Hawaiian Question
lay dormant until after the close of President
Cleveland's term of office. The Republican
241




AMERICA IN HAWAII
Presidential convention which met in Chicago
in the summer of I 896 adopted, as one
" plank" of its platform, a resolution favoring
Hawaiian annexation. A few months later
the ex-Queen Liliuokalani, who had just previously received a full pardon for her complicity in the revolt of i895, suddenly appeared at San Francisco, and after a journey
across the continent, and a brief visit at Boston, took up her residence with her suite at
Washington, in order to oppose the annexation. She made a visit to Mr. Cleveland,
but found the President indisposed to enter
in any formal manner into her plans. Beyond
a pleasant greeting and the cautious expression of hope that her Majesty would be able
to obtain some just recognition of her demands, he gave to his visitor no open sympathy. During the winter the ex-queen held
a series of social receptions, which were attractive, and commanded much attention in
the social life of Washington. At the inauguration of Presiddnt McKinley, she occupied
a prominent position in the diplomatic gallery,
through the courtesy of Secretary of State
John Sherman and other officials. This over,
242




ANNEXATION
but little more was heard by the general public concerning her actions; but active efforts
were maintained during the next fifteen
months, through the employment of a lobby
in her behalf. It has been stated also that
the great sugar-refining interests of our country made similar and more strenuous efforts
to minimize the growing annexation feeling
among the members of both houses of Congress.
Almost immediately upon the return of
the Republican party to power and the accession of President McKinley a new treaty
of annexation was drawn up. This treaty was
similar in many of its features to that treaty
of I893, withdrawn by President Cleveland.
It differed in this particular, however, that in
this one no provision was made for a compensation to the ex-queen or to the Princess Kaiulani. This omission was, beyond doubt, the
result of the futile attempt of the ex-queen, in
i895, to regain her lost power by force. It
should be stated, however, that the Hawaiian
government, some time before, had granted
an annual pension of two thousand dollars to
the Princess Kaiulani.
243




AMERICA IN HAWAII
This treaty was signed by President McKinley, and submitted to the Senate for
ratification. The debate upon this subject
behind closed doors was long, and it is believed to have been not altogether free from
bitterness. It at length became known that,
although the question of the ratification of
the treaty had not been brought to actual
vote, the advocates of the measure were convinced that, while a large majority of the
members of the Senate were favorable to it,
there were yet lacking two or three votes to
constitute the two-thirds majority required by
the Constitution.
It was then decided to introduce a joint
resolution of the Senate and House of Representatives, the passage of such a measure
requiring not more than a majority vote.
This resolution was nearly identical in its
terms with the proposed treaty.
Pending the final decision of the Hawaiian
Question by Congress, hostilities had begun
between the United States and Spain. On
the first day of May, x 898, occurred the
naval battle before Manila, in which the
American Pacific squadron, under command
244




ANNEXATION
of Commodore Dewey, without any loss of life,
utterly destroyed the opposing Spanish fleet,
under the guns of the forts at Cavite. It became necessary at once that a large army of
occupation should be sent to invest the city
of Manila. The great strategic importance of
the Hawaiian Islands now became evident to
all, and many who had theretofore been pronounced opponents of annexation became
converted to an advocacy of the measure.
Military expeditions were speedily fitted out
for the Philippine Islands; and these, sailing
from San Francisco, made a port of call, for
coal and fresh provisions, at Honolulu. The
Hawaiian government — which, under the custom of nations, should have declared neutrality, -at once, upon the beginning of hostilities, declined to take this step. The Spanish
consul at Honolulu, who protested to the
island government against granting to a belligerent nation the use of its harbors, was met
with a declaration that the Hawaiian government regarded the United States as its best
friend, and that the Islands would welcome the
troops in their harbors and on their shores.
This was in effect a declaration of alliance,
although no formal alliance had been made.
245




AMERICA IN HAWAII
The government of the United States accepted this hospitality with gratitude. In
Honolulu the members of the military expeditions, as they passed through, were received
with unbounded enthusiasm, and were lavishly
entertained. The effect upon the people of
the United States was marked, and the
speedy annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to
the United States became a certainty. The
resolution of annexation, after a brief debate
of not more than three or four days, was
adopted in the House of Representatives by
a very large majority, not more than onefourth of the members voting in opposition.
In the Senate far more difficulty was met by
its advocates. "Filibustering" was resorted
to by the opponents of annexation, in order to
gain time and possibly tire out the majority.
It was now the heated term in Washington.
Senators were impatient to return to their
homes; and this impatience became manifest
when it appeared that all other business had
been completed, and that delay upon the
/ Hawaiian resolution alone kept Congress in
session. At length, on the sixth day of July,
I898, the long struggle was ended; and the
246




ANNEXATION
annexation of the Hawaiian Islands, an act
which had been contemplated as a future
probability for half a century, at last became
a reality. The resolution, a day or two later,
received the signature of the President; and
the Hawaiian Question became a thing of the
past.
The news of the final passage of the resolution of annexation, and its signature by
President McKinley, was received in Honolulu and throughout the Islands with the
greatest enthusiasm. Church and school bells
were rung, steam whistles blown, bands
played, the American ensign waved everywhere, and dwellings and other buildings
were covered   with decorations.  In the
streets the throngs of people grew wild with
joy. It was a day toward which many had
looked wistfully for long years, and now it
had at last come.
But one more scene remained to be enacted.
This was the raising of the United States
flag and the formal declaration of the absorption of the Hawaiian Islands by the American Republic.
An American ensign of the largest size
247




AMERICA IN HAWAII
used was made for the purpose at the navy
yard at Mare Island, California.  This was
sent to Honolulu in charge of Admiral Miller,
on the United States steamship Phziladelphia.
Friday, August i2, i898, was the day fixed
on for the formal ceremony. This was simple, but was conducted with an impressive
dignity. The extravagant jubilation which
characterized the reception of the first news
of annexation was wholly absent. And yet
all fully recognized the important nature of
the ceremony, which signalized not only a
great political change in the history of Hawaii, but also an important new departure in
the policy of the United States. At the appointed hour the officials of the Hawaiian government and a large gathering of people assembled in front of the government building.
It was the same place which had witnessed
the uprising in behalf of Queen Emma, the
proclamation of the accession of King Kalakaua, the revolt of Liliuokalani against her
brother, and, later, the proclamation of her
own ascension of the throne. It had heard
the harangue of the queen, when she proposed to the people a new constitution; it
248




ANNEXATION
had heard the proclamation of the abrogation
of the ancient monarchy and the proclamation
of the provisional protectorate of the United
States; and it had seen the lowering of the
American ensign by order of Commissioner
Blount. Here, too, had been proclaimed the
establishment of the Republic of Hawaii; and
here now was to be witnessed its end. It
was not wholly a joyous occasion. Not a few
tears were shed, even by some who had labored long and earnestly for the result which
was now achieved. Beneath the flag now to
be lowered had been born the man who for
five years had stood at the head of affairs, as
President of the Republic. Beneath it had
been born Chief Justice Judd, who was to
administer to him and to others the oath of
allegiance to the United States. It was little
wonder, then, if a feeling of sadness pervaded
the assembly when they saw the flag, which
for so many years had meant so much to
them, sink never to rise again.
Beside the chair of President Dole upon
the platform sat the Hon. Harold M. Sewall,
the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the United States, who had
249




AMERICA IN HAWAII
been charged by President McKinley with the
duty of accepting the sovereignty of the
Islands from the hands of their President.
The ceremony was brief. A certified copy
of the joint resolution of the Congress of the
United States accepting the cession of the
Islands was formally presented to Mr. Dole
by Minister Sewall. The President delivered
in a few words the sovereignty of the Islands
to Mr. Sewall, as the representative of the
United States. A prayer was offered by the
Rev. G. L. Pearson, of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The Hawaiian national anthem,
" Hawaii Ponoi," was played by the Hawaiian
band in the square. There was a flutter of a
white handkerchief; and, as the bugle-call " to
the colors" rang out, the flag of Hawaii fell
slowly on its staff. Then the same buglecall rang out again, and up to the summit of
its staff rose " Old Glory," and spread itself
out in the Pacific breeze. Simultaneously
upon the other public buildings of the city
rose the American flag, and the national
salute thundered from the guns of the American war vessels in the harbor. Upon one
flag-pole was raised again the same flag which
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ANNEXATION
had been hauled down from the same place
by order of Commissioner Blount, and which
had been carefully preserved for this occasion
by Lieutenant Lucien Young, of the United
States steamship Boston.
After the flag-raising the proclamation of
the sovereignty of the United States of
America was made by Minister Sewall, followed by a short address. The oath of allegiance was then administered to President
Dole by Chief Justice Judd, Mr. Dole and the
other officials being authorized by President
McKinley to continue in the administration
of local affairs until some form of government for them should have been adopted by
Congress.  The assemblage then dispersed.
And thus the influence of the United States
in the Hawaiian Islands, which had its inception in the coming of the little shipload of
missionaries from Boston in the year i819,
had had its fitting culmination.


251








INDEX








INDEX.
ABERDEEN, Lord, 82.
ADAMS, United States steamship, I61; lands marines to
quell Wilcox-Boyd insurrection, I6I; troops on beaten
to arms and make feint of landing in force, 222, 224.
ALEXANDER, Brev. Brig. Gen., on military commission to
examine Pearl Harbor, 148.
ALLEN, ELISHA H., 47.
Anglican Church planted in Islands, 121, I25; its bishop
antagonizes American sentiment, 174.
Annexation, Minister McCook suggests, 43; Secretary
Seward considers, 43; preferred by Seward to reciprocity, 44; France apprehensive of, 105; looking
toward, io6 et seq.; treaty of proposed, 114; movement for progressing rapidly, II4; Kamehameha IV
averse to, II9; negotiations for cease, I 9; in abeyance, 122; Kamehameha V not averse to, 127; discussed in Honolulu, 128; sentiment for rapidly growing in Islands, I29; suggested by Minister Pierce,
133; desired in Islands, 135; sentiment for increasing at Islands, 50o; first active step toward taken,
i86; commissioners sent to Washington to negotiate
treaty of, i88; treaty of sent to Senate by President
Harrison, 196; the President urges its ratification,
197; treaty of fails for lack of time, 200; favored in
Republican platform of I896, 242; Liliuokalani establishes a "lobby" at Washington against, 243;
new treaty of drawn, 243; treaty of signed by President McKinley, 244; fails in Senate, 244; joint resolution of introduced in Congress, 244; becomes a
certainty, 246; is consummated, 247; news of received with joy at Islands, 247; formally declared
and flag raised, 247, 248; ceremonies of declaration
of, 248-250.
Annexation, joint resolution of, presented in Congress,
244; passed in House and Senate, 246; signed by
President McKinley, 247.
Arion Hall, troops lodged in, 185.
BACHELOT, Rev. JOHN ALEXIUS, sails for Hawaii, 64;
his arrival, 65; attempts to propagate Romish faith,
65; his sincerity, 65; in conflict with Protestant mis255




AMERICA IN HAWAII
sions, 65, 66; is banished by Hawaiian government,
66.
BARANOFF entertains idea of colonization, 17.
BARRELL, JOSEPH, reads Cook's narrative, 29; forms
commercial company, 29.
BAYARD, Secretary, replies to Lord Salisbury's protest
against Pearl Harbor cession, I55; takes warm interest in Hawaii, 192; advocates prolongation of reciprocity treaty, I92; regards annexation as wishedfor event, 192; his recall from Court of St. James,
'93; interview with published in Philadelphia Ledger,
I93.
BECKET, Brig., 38.
BELKNAP, Commander, arrives on Tuscarora, 138; lands
armed force, 139.
BENICIA, United States steamship, brings Kalakaua to
this country, 47.
BERNICE PAUAHI, Princess, offered throne, I36.
BINGHAM, HIRAM, 23, 25.
Bird Island, Great Britain applies for liberty to lease,
236, 238.
BISHOP, CHARLES R., Mrs., is offered throne by Lunalilo,
136, 137.
BLAINE, JAMES G., Secretary, his vigorous words regarding reciprocity treaty, 50, 51; his letter to Minister
Comly, I43; sends instructions to same, I44; letter
of Stevens to, 164.
BLONDE, frigate, conveys bodies of deceased king and
queen to Hawaii, 54.
BLOUNT, JAMES H., appointed special commissioner to
Hawaii, 20I; his credentials, 20o, 202; his authority
declared to be paramount, 202; his appointment not
submitted to Senate for confirmation, 202; arrives at
Honolulu, 203; orders Admiral Skerrett to haul
down American flag, 203; investigates affairs at the
Islands, 203; reports frequently to State Department,
204; his letters hostile to Provisional Government,
204; his final report, 204; is appointed minister to
Hawaii, 204; declines appointment, 204; returns to
United States, 205; his report and doings call forth
criticism, 206; the same flag which he ordered lowered is raised again, 249.
256




INDEX
BOLTE, C., 181.
BOSTON, United States cruiser, goes on a practice cruise,
178; Minister Stevens a passenger on, 178; returns to
Honolulu, I79; troops landed from, 185.
BOYD, ROBERT, leadsinsurrection against Kalakaua.
BREWER, CHARLES, establishes commercial house at
Islands, 37.
BREWER, CHARLES, & Co., 38.
BRINTNELL, Capt., 22.
BROWN, ANDREW, I81.
BROWN, GEORGE, appointed commissioner at Honolulu,
86; arrives, 86; is presented to king, 86; addresses
his Majesty, 86; the king replies to him, 86; king
asks for his recall, 89; is recalled, 89.
BROWN, SAMUEL, 29.
BULFINCH, CHARLES, 29.
BYRON, Lord, 54.
California annexed to United States, I o; admitted to
Statehood, Io; discovery of gold in, I I.
Caroline Islands, 2.
CARTER, CHARLES L., commissioner to Washington to
negotiate treaty of annexation, i88.
CARTER, HENRY A. P., 47.
CARTER, J. O., adviser of ex-queen, 214.
CARYSFORT, frigate, arrives, 7i, 81, 83.
CASTLE, WILLIAM R., commissioner to Washington to
negotiate treaty of annexation, 188; minister at
Washington, 230.
Cession, Provisional, of Islands to United States, by Kamehameha III, 1o; absolute contemplated, 12.
CHAMBERLAIN, DANIEL, 23, 25.
CHAMPION, British war vessel, remains in Honolulu
harbor, 231.
CHARLESTON, United States steamship, conveys body of
deceased king to Honolulu, i63.
CHARLETON, RICHARD, appointed British consul-general,
60; manifests antagonism to American missionaries,
6I; his fears, 61; threatens to introduce English
Roman Catholic priests, 61; procures visit of ship
Act-on, 69; forces king to conclude treaty with Great
Britain, 69; leaves Islands, 69; worsted in suit at law,
77, 79; appoints a consul to act in his absence, 79.
257




AMERICA IN HAWAII
CHATHAM, ship, arrives, I6.
Cholera, epidemic of attacks Honolulu, 235; is stamped
out, 235.
CLAYTON, JOHN M., Hon., 94; writes to Minister Rives at
Paris, 94; checks French aggressions, 94, 95.
CLEVELAND, President, 151; signs treaty ceding Pearl
Harbor, 15I; desires renewal of reciprocity treaty,
151; hisi "unhesitating conviction," 152; urges necessity of Hawaiian-American cable, x69; his message
to Congress, 169; assumes control at Washington,
198, 200; withdraws Hawaiian annexation treaty, 201;
determines on an investigation, 201; sends a personal
commissioner to Honolulu, 20o; sends special message to Congress, imputing moral obliquity to Minister Stevens, 206; refuses to recommit treaty of
annexation to Senate, 207; his attitude provokes
bitter discussion, 207; his adherents and opponents,
207; urged by Gresham to restore queen by force,
212; learns of firm stand of Provisional Government, 224; refers matter to Congress, 224; his attitude not approved by country, 225; relinquishes
apparent interest in Hawaiian Question, 226; demands
recall of Minister Thurston, 229; orders American
war vessels to be withdrawn from Islands, 231; his
action results in investigation by Senate committee,
232; is absolved from imputation of impropriety of
conduct, 232; findings of Morgan committee ignored
by his partisan adherents, 234; receives Liliuokalani,
242; does not enter into her plans, 242; retires from
office, 242.
Cocoanut-trees, value early recognized, 39.
COLE, Capt. WILLIAM, 37.
COLUMBIA, ship, sent out, 30; visits Oregon coast, 30;
returns, 30.
COMLY, JAMES M., 50.
Commerce, Hawaiian, 29 et seq.
Committee of Public Safety appointed at mass meeting of
people, I8I; Henry E. Cooper is appointed chairman,
I8i; demands resignations of heads of departments,
x82; their demands met, x82; receives appeals for
protection from citizens, I83; appeals to United
States minister for protection, 184; demands surrender of police station and civil forces, r86.
258




INDEX
CONSTELLATION, frigate, reaches Islands, 84.
Constitution, Ziliuokalani's, provisions of, 178.
COOK, Capt. JAMES, discovers Hawaiian Islands, I, 2, 5,
6; worshipped as God, 7; sails from Islands, 8;
returns, 8; is killed by natives, 8; monument to
memory of, 8.
COOPER, HENRY A., chairman of Committee of Public
Safety, i8I; proclaims Hawaiian republic, I86.
CORWIN, United States cutter, arrives with secret despatches, 221.
CROCKER, THOMAS, 37.
DANIEL, ship, ruffians from attack missionaries, 26.
Danish West Indies, acquisition of urged by President
Grant, 46.
DAVIES, T. H., guardian of Kaiulani, I73; returns to
Islands in her interests, 174.
DAVIS, ISAAC, captured by natives, 12; leads force against
Kamehameha, I4.
DERBY, JOHN, 29.
DEWEY, Commodore, destroys Spanish fleet, 245.
Diiplomatic relations begun, 53 et seq.
DISCOVERY, ship, arrives with Cook, 3; arrives with Vancouver, 16; council on board of, I7.
DIXON, Capt., 9.
DOLE, SANFORD B., recognized as President of Provisional Government by President Cleveland, 201, 202;
receives Minister Willis, 208; addressed note of inquiry to Willis, 214; receives evasive reply, 214;
addresses second note of inquiry to Willis, 216, 217;
receives no reply, 217; remonstrates forcibly to
Willis, 219, 220, 221; evasive reply of Willis to, 221;
transfers sovereignty of Islands to United States, 249,
250; takes oath of allegiance to United States, 251.
DOLPHIN, United States schooner, arrives at Honolulu,
58; crew of attacks missionaries, 58.
DOMINIS, JOHN, 37.
DOMINIS, JOHN 0., 37; his marriage to Liliuokalani, 37,
I66; death of, i66.
DOUGLAS, Capt., 13.
DOWNES, Commodore, 68.
DUBLIN, British ship, reaches Islands, 84.
DWIGHT, Rev. EDWIN W., 22.
259




AMERICA IN HAWAII
EAMES, CHARLES, appointed United States commissioner
to Hawaii, io6; meets Judd at San Francisco, xo6;
negotiates a treaty, Io6.
ELEANOR, snow, arrives, II, I6.
ELWELL, ROBERT, 37.
EMMA, Queen, her marriage, I 8; strengthens British
influence, 121; her sympathies with English residents, 125; candidate for throne, 137; her claims
urged, I38; her adherents form mob, 138; her residence protected by British forces, I39; accepts advice of American minister, 140.
EMMELUTH, JOHN, I8I.
EVERETT, EDWARD, 81, 82.
FAIR AMERICAN, ship, arrives, I; captured by natives,
12, I3, I6.
FILLMORE, President, agrees to employ his good offices
in matter of French aggressions, 94.
FINCH, Capt., 59.
FISH, Hon. HAMILTON, Secretary of State, 133; letter of
to Minister Pierce, I35.
Flag of United States is raised permanently at Hawaii,
250.
Foreign aggressions, 86 et seq.
Foreign representatives acknowledge Provisional Government, I87.
FOSTER, JOHN W., Secretary of State, drafts treaty of
annexation, I88; his letter to Minister Stevens, I99;
commends provisional protectorate, 199.
France, treaty with forced from king by Laplace, 68; con.
eludes new treaty with Hawaii, 89; continues hostile, 95; "surprised" at attitude of United States,
104; jealous of increasing United States influence,
I04; protests against annexation of Hawaii to United
States, 115; minister of at Honolulu delays recognition of Provisional Government, I87, I89.
FRELINGHUYSEN, Secretary, protests against possible
French and British aggressions, I45.
French frigate Shoal, Great Britain applies for liberty to
lease, 236, 238.
GAETANO, JUAN, 2, 3.
GARNET, British war vessel, enters harbor of Honolulu,
I90; her presence increases tension, 9go; officers
260




INDEX
neglect.to pay courtesies to Provisional Government,
I90; encounters of crew of with those of American
vessel, I90; fears of interference from, 190.
GASSENDI, French steamer, arrives at Honolulu, 92.
GEORGE IV, 54.
GRANT, President, urges acquisition of Danish West
Indies and San Domingo, 46, 47; sends Minister
Pierce's letter to Senate, I33.
GRAY, ROBERT, Capt., 30, 31.
Great Britain, Vancouver declares protectorate of, I7;
fails to ratify protectorate, 17; protests against reciprocity treaty, 49, 50; objects to Pearl Harbor grant,
5'; concludes treaty with Islands through Lord
Edward Russel, 69; Islands ceded to, 80; in position of having acted in bad faith, 83; disavows act of
Paulet, 83; disclaims sovereignty over Hawaii, 83;
agrees with France for independence of Hawaii, 84;
flag of removed, 85; concludes new treaty with
Hawaii, 89; consul of protests against French aggressions, 92; jealous of increasing American influence
in Hawaii, 104; Oregon controversy with, I Io; correspondence with asked for by Congress, II I; protests
against annexation of Hawaii to United States, 1 5;
influence of in Islands at its height, 122; places high
estimate on value of Islands, 123; examines Islands
with reference to cotton-growing, I23; interchanges
commissioners with Hawaii, I43; protests against
cession of Pearl Harbor, 154; object of in making
protest, 56; failure of effort of, 156; minister of at
Honolulu delays recognition of Provisional Government, I87, I89; takes interest in Islands, 235; attempts to get foothold for submarine cable station,
236; Senate resolution of non-interference of foreign
powers, 236; attempts to secure control of Neckar
Island, 236; applies to Hawaiian government for cession of island, 236; its application referred to the
United States, 237; President Cleveland recommends that request be granted, 238; Congress refuses, 239, 240; plans seizure of Neckar Island, 240.
GREGG, DAVID L., commissioner to Hawaiian Islands,
II3; empowered to negotiate treaty of cession, 113,
i 6.
26I




AMERICA IN HAWAII
GRESHAM, Secretary, letter of Stevens to, I98, 200; his
attitude criticised, 207; instructs Minister Willis to
demand restoration of queen's authority, 210; urges
Cleveland to restore queen by force, 212; his antagonism toward Minister Thurston, 229; causes American
war vessels to be withdrawn from Islands, 231.
HAALILIO, TIMOTEO, 7I.
HANCOCK, JOHN, entertains officers of Hawaiian commercial expedition, 30.
HARRIS, C. C., Hawaiian minister at Washington, 42;
concludes treaty of reciprocity, 42.
HARRISON, BENJAMIN, President of the United States,
170; gracious in attitude toward Hawaii, 170; recommends raising rank of American representative in
Islands, 170; calls attention of Congress to need of
cable, 170; recommends improvement of Pearl Harbor,
170, 171; receives credentials of annexation commissioners, I88; transmits treaty of annexation to Senate,
I96; refers to Liliuokalani, 196; regards her restoration as undesirable, 197; advocates annexation as desirable, 197.
HATCH, Capt. CROWELL, 29.
HATCH, FRANCIS M., minister at Washington, 230.
"Hawaii Ponoi" played at annexation ceremonies, 250.
Hawaiian Islands, settlement of, I; discovery of, I; prehistoric works on, 3, 5; rent by civil feuds, 9; first
visited by American ship, I i; brought under sway of
Kamehameha, 5; importations from, 36; cattle imported into, 38; commerce with increasing, 53; American agent at appointed, 53; first visited by American
naval vessel, 55; whale-fisheries at, rIo; Kamehameha III contemplates cession of to United
States, 112; desire to be admitted as a State, II6;
annexation of in abeyance, 122; annexation of discussed in, 128; seizure of suggested, 130; regarded as
one of American family of nations, I62; invited to
send delegate to International American Conference,
162; reach a crisis in history, I63; revolution of i893,
173 -Hawaiian national anthem  played at annexation ceremonies, 250.
Hawaiian people, origin of, 3; population at time of discovery, 4; social and political system, 4; reject idol262




INDEX
worship, ig; social condition of, 19; religious ceremonies of, 19; their deliverance at hand, 21; first
spelling-books printed for, 25; work of civilizing begun, 26; organized as a civilized nation, 27; first see
a horse, 33; fond of iron, 34; first treaty negotiated
with, 56; President Jackson sends friendly message
to, 59; decreasing rapidly, 15.
Hawaiian Question becomes a political factor, 208; not
forgotten at Washington, 231; assumes partisan political aspect, 233; discussed throughout administration of Cleveland, 235; lies dormant for a time, 241;
is settled, 250.
Hawaiian Republic formed, 230; royalists visit Washington in interest of queen, 231; formally claims Neckar
Island and raises its flag, 241; makes practical alliance with United States in entertaining Philippine
expedition, 245; regards United States as its best
friend, 245; its hospitality accepted, 246.
HOLMAN, THOMAS, 23.
HONOLULU, native fort built at, I8; a beautiful city built,
27, 28; becomes important whaling point, 40; annexation discussed in, 128; harbor of, 148; landed property in owned by Americans, 173; in turmoil of
excitement over attempts of queen to abrogate constitution, I78; slumbers over a volcano, I8I; troops
landed in, i85; quieting effect upon, I85; Blount
arrives at, 203; tension intense in, 212; terror in, 221;
quiet is restored in, 224; attacked by epidemic of
cholera, 235; visited by Philippine expedition, 246.
HONOREE, JOHN, 23, 25.
HOPU assists to organize missionary party at Boston, 23;
descries his native country, 24; announces the fall of
idolatry, 25.
Horses first imported into Islands, 33.
HUNNEWELL, JAMES, establishes commercial house at
Islands, 38.
International American Conference meets at Washington,
162; Hawaiian Islands regarded a member, and invited to send delegate, i62.
Investigation, Senate, of President Cleveland's Hawaiian
attitude, 232; report of Morgan committee, 232, 233;
Minister Stevens exonerated, 232, 233.
263




AMERICA IN HAWAII
IPHIGENIA, ship, arrives, 13.
JACKSON, ANDREW, sends friendly message to Islands, 59.
Japanese, interference of feared, 200; attempt to gain control through colonization, 236; immigrants refused
permission to land, 236.
JARVES, JAMES JACKSON, appointed special commissioner
to United States, 94.
JOHNSON, ANDREW, urges ratification of reciprocity treaty,
44, 45; is succeeded by President Grant, 46.
JONES, JOHN C., appointed agent for United States at
Islands, 53.
JONES, Capt. THOMAS AP CATESBY, visits Islands in
command of Peacock, 55; negotiates treaty of friendship and commerce, 56.
JUDD, Chief Justice, administers oath of allegiance to
United States, 251.
JUDD, GEORGE P., 78; appointed special commissioner to
United States, 94.
KAAHUMANU appointed guardian of Liholiho, I8; proposes to break tabus, I9; guardian of Kauikeaouli, 55.
KAIANA goes to China, Ir; returns with fire-arms, 13;
leads force against Kamehameha, 14; death of, I5.
KAIULANI, Princess, appointed heir apparent, I66; at
school in England, 173; annexation treaty makes provision for, I88; new annexation treaty makes no
provision for, 243; pensioned by Hawaiian government, 243.
KALAIMOKU, guardian of Kauikeaouli, 55.
KALAKAUA offers himself candidate for throne, I37;
adept at political intrigue, 138; is elected king, 139;
is recognized by foreign powers, 140; visits United
States, 47, 141; returns to Islands, 142; insurrection
against, 158; popular wrath at his venality, I59;
grants new constitution, 159; invokes aid of United
States in quelling insurrection, I6o; pays a second
visit to United States, I63; his death in San Francisco, I63; his body returned to Honolulu, I63.
KALANIKUPULE, at battle of Nuanuu Valley, 14.
KAMAMALU, Queen, starts for a tour of Europe, 54;
received by George IV, 54; body of returned to
Islands, 54.
KAMEHAMEHA I, Prince of the island Hawaii, 7; makes
264




INDEX
war on allied chiefs, 9; attempts to invade Maui, 9;
renews the attempt, I3; returns to Hawaii, 14; conquers Hawaii, 14; begins conquest of other islands,
14; fights battle of Nuanuu Valley, 14; conquers
entire archipelago, x5; establishes a dynasty, I5; requests Russians to withdraw, IS; forbids human
sacrifices, I8; death of, I8; is given an anvil, 34.
KAMEHAMEHA II, accession of, I8; starts for a tour of
Europe, 54; received by George IV, 54; death of,
54; body of returned to Islands, 54.
KAMEHAMEHA III ascends throne, 55; despatches commissioners to Washington, 71; perplexed by demands
of Paulet, 79; determines on a cession of Islands to
Great Britain, 80; appeals to President Tyler, 8I;
declared by Great Britain to be legitimate sovereign
of Hawaii, 85; receives Commissioner Brown, 87;
makes significant utterance, 87; appeals to United
States and Great Britain from French aggressions,
93; appoints James Jackson Jarves special commissioner to United States, 94; makes provisional cession
to United States, ioo; text of cession, xoI; contemplates absolute cession to United States, I 2; wearied
by demands of European powers, 114; death of, Ir8.
KAMEHAMEHA IV, accession of, xI8; his marriage, I8;
averse to completing treaty of annexation, x19; captivated by English ideas, I23; his death, I26.
KAMEHAMEHA V, accession of, 126; inclined toward absolutism, 126; refused to subscribe to constitution in
force, 126; prepared and proclaimed a new constitution, 126; his sympathies, 126; inclined to annexation, 127; death of, 133.
KAPIOLANI defends missionaries, 26.
KAPIOLANI, Queen, visits United States, 157.
KAUAI comes under sway of Kamehameha, 15; visited by
sloop Lady Washington, 16; missionaries begin work
on, 25.
KAUIKEAOULI ascends throne as Kamehameha III, 55.
Kealakekua Bay, 9, IO; the Eleanor arrives at, 12.
KEARNEY, Commodore, protests against cession of Islands
to Great Britain, 84.
KENDRICK, Capt. JOHN, I6, 30.
KING GEORGE, ship, arrival of, 9.
265




AMERICA IN HAWAII
LACKAWANNA, United States steamship, arrives, 30o; her
presence creates suspicion, I31.
LADY WASHINGTON, sloop, arrives, I6; leaves Boston, 30.
L'AIGLE, ship, 54, 63.
LANSING, THEODORE F., 181.
LA PJROUSE, explorer, arrives, Io.
LAPLACE, Capt., 68; forces treaty from king by threats,
68.
LA POURSUIVANTE, French frigate, arrives at Honolulu,
92.
L'ARTIMISE, frigate, arrives, 68, 69.
LAURA, brig, 38.
Ledger, Philadelphia, publishes  interview  with Hon.
Thomas F. Bayard, 193.
LELEIOHOKU, Prince, death of, 158.
LIHOLIHO, accession of, under title Kamehameha II, I8;
breaks tabus, 19.
LIHOLIHO, ALEXANDER, accedes to the throne as Kamehameha IV, 118.
LILIUOKALANI, marriage of, 37; visits United States
with Queen Kapiolani, I57; appointed heiress apparent, 158; her hostility to liberal government
under Kalakaua, 159; upbraids her brother for his
liberality, I60; longs for a return to absolutism, 16o;
Wilcox-Boyd insurrection said to have been incited
by her, I6o; accession of, 163; takes oath to support
constitution, 163; shows sentiments of absolutism,
I64; endeavors to force resignation of ministers, i64;
gains her point, 165; death of husband of, 166; her
growing pro-English sentiment, 166; appoints Kaiulani as heir apparent, I66; her designs rapidly develop, I67; dissatisfied with constitution of 1887, 167;
her aspirations encouraged, 174; contest of with
legislature, 174; selects a new cabinet, 174; confirmation is refused, I75; nominates satisfactory cabinet,
175; intends to create a new constitution, 176; influence of favorable to lottery and opium bills, I77;
signs lottery and opium bills, r77; announces intention of abrogating constitution and establishing
another, 178; instigates natives to oppose whites,
178; calls on ministry for support, 179; is refused
support of ministers, 179; makes speech from bal266




INDEX
cony, 18o; denounces her ministers, i80o makes display of arms, I80; partially recedes from her demands,
i8I; issues proclamation to native subjects, I82;
promises new constitution, I82; abandons palace,
i83; abandons attempt to maintain tranquillity, 184;
protests against dethronement, I86; makes charges
against Minister Stevens, I86; text of her protest, i86,
187; provisionally abdicates, I87; provision for pension for, I88; sends commissioner to Washington to
oppose annexation, I88; President Harrison's reference to, I96, 197; her restoration regarded undesirable,
191; invited to confer with Minister Willis, 210, 2II;
demands the lives of the revolutionists, 2II; is
in frequent communication with Minister Willis, 214;
withdraws her utmost demands, 215; her letter to
Minister Willis, 215; engages to proclaim amnesty if
restored, 216; her restoration demanded by Minister
Willis, 217; it is refused by Provisional Government,
217, 218; instigates revolt against republic, 232; is
arrested, tried, and imprisoned, 232; is pardoned, 242;
visits Washington and is received by President Cleveland, 242; he is indisposed to enter into her plans,
242; attends inauguration of President McKinley,
242; a figure in social life in Washington, 242; establishes a "lobby" against annexation, 243; has no
provision for pension in new treaty, 243.
LOOMIS, ELISHA, 23, 25.
LOT, Prince, accession of as Kamehameha V, 126.
Louisiana Lottery Company asks a franchise, I76; bill for
franchise of passes and is signed, 177.
Louis PHILIPPE, 70.
LUNALILO, his right to throne conceded, 134; is elected
king, I34; offers succession to throne to Mrs. Bishop,
136; his death, 137.
MANILA, battle before, 244.
MARCY, W. L., Hon., Secretary of State, IO8; writes to
minister at Paris, to8.
Mare Island, 248.
Marquesas Islands, 83.
MARSDEN, JOSEPH, commissioner to Washington to negotiate treaty of annexation, I88.
MARSHALL, JOSIAH, 37.
267




AMERICA IN HAWAII
MASON, JOHN, o18.
Mass meeting called, Ix8; Secretary Gresham openly denounced at, 213.
Maui, the Eleanor visits, I I; invaded by Kamehameha, 13.
MCBRIDE, JAMES, appointed minister resident, I22; letter
of to Secretary Seward, I22.
MCCANDLESS, J. A., 18I.
MCCHESNEY, F. W., I8I.
McCooK, EDWARD, minister of United States at Honolulu, 41, 42; instructed to favor treaty of reciprocity,
42; frames and concludes new treaty, 42; writes to
Secretary Seward, 42; suggests acquisition of Islands
by United States, 43, 130.
MCKINLEY, President, 194; his accession to power, 243;
signs annexation treaty, 244; signs joint resolution of
annexation, 247.
MEARES, Capt., II.
METCALF, Capt., I; massacres natives, I2.
MILLER, Admiral, carries American flag to Hawaii, 248;
raises American flag, 248-250.
MILLER, Gen., British consul, 117; endeavors to dissuade
the king from  annexation, 117; attacks United
States, 117.
Missionaries, party of organized at Boston, 23; sail from
Boston, 24; arrive at Islands, 25; receive accessions,
26; sailors attempt to obstruct, 26; assailed by ruffians, 26; see fruits of their labors, 27; receive strong
re-enforcements, 27; attacked by crews of vessels,
58; attacked by Dolphin crew, 58; in conflict with
Jesuit priests, 65, 66; supply their rivals with books,
66; their influence still potent, 121.
Missions, Roman Catholic, planted in Hawaii, 65; in
conflict with Protestant missions, 66; banished by
Hawaiian government, 66; are deported, 66; allowed
to be re-established, 68.
NAHIOLEA assists Kamehameha at battle of Nuanuu
Valley, 14.
Napoopoo, village of bombarded, 8.
Neckar Island, Great Britain attempts to secure, 236,
237; is claimed formally by Hawaii, 241.
NEUMANN, PAUL, commissioner of queen to oppose annexation, I88; has queen's power of attorney, 189.
268




INDEX
NViihau comes under sway of Kamehameha, 15.
NOOTKA, ship, arrives, I I.
Nootka Sound, I2.
Nuanuu Valley, battle of, I4.
Oahu, Kamehameha invades, 14.
OBOOKIAH discovered in New Haven, 21; his escape from
Islands, 22; death of, 22.
Officer of navy, remarkable interview with, 222, 223.
Opium ring becomes prominent, 176; bill for franchise
of passes and is signed, 177.
Oregon, boundary settled, I o; admitted to Union, I o.
Oregon coast visited by Columbia, 30.
PARAGON, ship, visits the Islands, 37.
Park Street Church, 23.
Paulet episode, the, 7' et seq.
PAULET, Lord GEORGE, arrives on Carysfort, 71; demands
redress of Charleton's alleged grievance, 78; threatens
attack on town, 78; accepts cession from Kamehameha III, 80, 82, 83; his act disavowed, 84.
PEACOCK, United States steamship, visits Islands, 55.
Pearl Harbor, rights in granted, 5; its importance, 146;
description of, I46, 147; its situation, 147; examined
by military commission, I48; report of same on, 148,
149; impression of report at Washington, 150; cession of concluded, 15I; cession regarded by some as
provisional, 153; Great Britain protests against cession of, 154; cession continues in force, I56; President Harrison recommends improvement of, 170.
Pearls, trade in, 33.
Pearl shell, trade in, 33.
PEARSON, Rev. G. L., chaplain at ceremony of annexation, 250.
PENSACOLA, United States steamship, conveys Kalakaua
home, 142.
PERCIVAL, Lieut. JOHN, 58.
PHILADELPHIA, United States steamship, troops on
beaten to arms and make feint of landing in force,
222, 224.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, American military expedition to,
245; calls at Honolulu, and is entertained by government and people, 245.
PIERCE, HENRY A., establishes commercial house at
269




AMERICA IN HAWAII
Islands, 38; appointed United States minister, 133;
hints possible approaching death of king, i33; suggests annexation, 133.
PIERCE, President, I i; requested by Congress to furnish
correspondence, i i.
PINTARD, JOHN MARDEN, 29.
POLK, President, attacked by Ten Eyck, 9o.
Polynesian race, origin of, i.
PORTLOCK, Capt., 9.
PORTSMOUTH, L'Aigle arrives at, 63.
PORTSMOUTH, United States steamship, arrives, I38.
POTOMAC, United States frigate, arrives, 68.
Provisional Government declared, i86; sends commission
to Washington, 187; is recognized by foreign governments except France and Great Britain, 187, I89;
requests provisional protectorate by United States,
and flag to be raised, 90o; Blount's letters hostile to,
204; prepares for defence, 214; withdraws permission
to American troops to land, 214; Willis demands its
relinquishment of authority and restoration of queen,
217; refuses the demand, 217, 218; reply to Minister
Willis, 218; receives no reply to inquiry as to use of
force, 219; makes preparations for defence, 219, 222.
QUEEN CHARLOTTE, ship, arrival of, 9.
Queen's Hospital founded, 28.
RASSELAS, ship, 38.
RESOLUTION, ship, 3.
Revolution of i893, 173 et seq.
RICHARDS, WILLIAM, 71.
RIvES, JOHN, his opposition to missionary labors, 62;
joins royal party on its journey, 62; seduces the king
into gambling habit, 63; employed as interpreter,
63; dismissed for ill-behavior, 63; leaves royal train,
63; goes to France, 63; tells stories of adventures, 63;
advertises for artisans and priests, 64; violates promises and disappears, 65.
RIVES, WILLIAM C., 94.
ROOKE, EMMA, marries Kamehameha IV, 118.
Royalists visit Washington, 231; suggest revolt against
Hawaiian Republic and solicit aid, 231; suggest withdrawal of American war vessels from Islands, 231;
their suggestion followed, 231; purchases and ships
270




INDEX
arms to Islands, 231; are elated at withdrawal of
American war vessels, 231; claim that withdrawal
was to aid a revolt, 232; make revolt against
Hawaiian government, 232; many of them imprisoned, 232.
RUGGLES, SAMUEL, 23, 24.
RUSSEL, Lord EDWARD, 69, 70.
Russian fag displayed, 17.
Russian government disavows aggressions, 18.
Russian vessels visit Islands, 17.
SALISBURY, Lord, suggests triple compact for protection
of Islands, 154.
Sandalwood trade, beginning of, 16; assumes great importance, 31-33.
San Domingo, acquisition of urged by President Grant, 46.
SANDWICH, Earl of, 4.
Sandwich Islands, 4.
SCHOFIELD, Major-Gen. J. M., head of military commission to examine Pearl Harbor, 148; his report, 148,
I49; appears before a Congressional committee, 50.
SEVERANCE, LUTHER, United States minister to Hawaii,
95; communicates with State Department, 96; letter
to Daniel Webster, 96-99; officers of king offer him
sovereignty of Islands for United States, 99; receives
instructions from Secretary Webster, 102.
SEWALL, HAROLD M., minister of United States at
Hawaii, 249; receives surrender of sovereignty from
President Dole, 250.
SEWARD, WILLIAM H., favors treaty of reciprocity, 42;
receives letter from McCook, 42; replies, 43; considers suggestion of annexation, 43; letter to from
Minister McBride, 122, 123; his prophecy concerning
coming importance of the Pacific, its shores and
islands, 235.
SHERMAN, JOHN, Secretary of State, shows courtesies to
Liliuokalani, 242.
SIMPSON, ALEXANDER, 79.
SKERRETT, Commander, arives on Portsmouth, 138; lands
armed force, I39; ordered by Blount to haul down
American flag, 203; hauls down flag, 203.
SKINNER, HENRY, 79.
SMITH, WILLIAM 0., I8i.
27I




AMERICA. IN HAWAII
Spain, war with United States breaks out, 244; fleet of
destroyed in Manila Bay, 245; consul of protests
against entertainment of American troops, 245.
SPALDING, Z. S., letter of Secretary of State to, 128.
Spanish settlers, early, 2.
STARBUCK, Capt., 63.
STEVENS, JOHN L., United States minister at Islands, 164;
his letter to Secretary Blaine, I64; writes to State Department regarding discontent with queen's plans,
i68, I69; correspondence shows rising discontent,
173; goes as passenger on cruiser Boston, 178; Committee of Public Safety appeals to him for protection,
184; he responds, I84; requests Captain Wiltse to
land troops, 184, I85; charged by queen of assisting
in revolt against her authority, I86; requested to raise
flag of United States for protection against foreign
aggressions, I9o; raises flag of United States, I90;
sees ripening fruition, 194; notifies State Department
of revolution, 195; urges prompt action on annexation, I95; resigns position as minister at Hawaiian
Islands, 198; remains until relieved, I98; writes
Secretary Gresham, I98; Foster's letter to, I98, 199;
his reply to Foster, I99; writes Gresham of impending Japanese aggressions, 200; attacked by Cleveland,
206.
Sugar-cane, adaptability of Islands for discovered, 40; its
cultivation begun, 40, its culture becomes chief industry, 40; 120.
Sugar-refining interests instigate abrogation of reciprocity treaty, 153.
SUHR, ED., I8i.
SUMNER, CHARLES, opposes annexation of San Domingo,
46.
TAMOREE continues missionary work begun by Obookiah,
22; assists to organize a missionary party at Boston,
23; death of, 28.
TENEDOS, British war vessel, lands force of marines, 139.
TEN EYCK, A., appointed United States commissioner,
89; not acceptable, 89; instructed to negotiate treaty,
go; antagonizes Secretary of State Buchanan, go;
his relations with Hawaii strained, go; abuses Polk's
administration, go; attacks Buchanan, o9, 91; re272




INDEX
signs office, 9I; ignored by United States government, 9I.
THADDEUS, brig, sails with missionary party, 24.
THOMAS, Rear-Admiral, visits Honolulu with intelligence
of disavowal of act of Paulet, 84.
THURSTON, ASA, 23.
THURSTON, LORRIN A., member Committee of Public
Safety, 81i; commissioner to Washington to negotiate
treaty of annexation, I88; Hawaiian minister at Washington, 229; Secretary Gresham's antagonism toward,
229; his recall demanded, 229; withdraws, and returns home, 230; returns to Washington as annexation agent, 230.
Treaty of annexation, commission goes to Washington to
negotiate, 188; Liliuokalani sends commissioner to
Washington to oppose, I88, 189; transmitted to
Senate by President Harrison, I96; fails of ratification for lack of time, 200; Cleveland withdraws it
from Senate, 20o; Cleveland refuses to recommit to
Senate, 207; new drawn, 243; President McKinley
signs, 244; debate upon in Senate, 244; it lacks
sufficient votes for ratification, 244.
Treaty of friendship and commerce negotiated by Capt.
Jones, 56; its terms and provisions, 56; not ratified
by Senate, 57; first negotiated at San Francisco and
at Washington, I07; concluded and ratified, 107.
Treaty with France forced by Laplace, 68; new with
France, 89.
Treaty with Great Britain, 89.
Treaty of reciprocity concluded, 41; fails of ratification,
41; its revival suggested without success, 41; its
revival recommended in 1867, 42; new treaty framed
by Minister McCook, 42; concluded at San Francisco
42; approved by President Johnson, 42; fails of ratification, 42; ratified by Hawaiian government, 43;
negotiations for renewed, 47; signed at Washington,
47; ratified and proclaimed, 48; its provisions, 48;
goes into operation, 49; its terms, 49; expires by
limitation, 5I; renewed, 51; sugar interests oppose
renewal, 51; renewal ratified, 52; remains in full
force, 52; its abrogation attempted, 153.
TROMELIN, Rear-Admiral, arrives at Islands, 92; makes
273




AMERICA IN HAWAII
peremptory demands, 92; threatens coercion, 92;
lands military force, 93; seizes public buildings, 93.
TURRILL, J., consul at Honolulu, 9I; acts as diplomatic
representative, 91; gives information to State Department of La Pozrsuivante's incident, 92; replies to
note of French consul, 92; protests against French
aggressions, 92; informs Washington of same, 93.
TUSCARORA, United States steamship, arrives, I38.
TYLER, President, sends special message to Congress, 74;
Kamehameha ILI appeals to, 8i; grants his request,
81; recommends provision for a consul, 86; approves
Commissioner Brown's position in Wiley matter, 89.
VANCOUVER, Capt. GEORGE, arrives, I6; teaches rudiments of civilization, 17; raises British flag, 17;
promises to send missionaries, I7.
VARIGNY, M. DE, I32.
VILLALOBO, RUY LOPEZ DE, 2.
VINCENNES, United States steamship, visits Islands, 59.
Waimea, fort erected at, 17.
WALKER, Rear-Admiral, remonstrates against withdrawal
of American war vessels from Islands, 231.
WATERHOUSE, HENRY, 181.
WEBSTER, DANIEL, Secretary of State, addressed by
Hawaiian commissioners, 71; replies to commissioners, 73; makes implied promise of protection, 76;
instructs Severance in French incident, 102, 103;
checks French aggressions, 104.
Whialefishery, rise of, 20; its connection with the Islands,
35, 36; transshipment of oil at Honolulu, 39, 0o9;
its highest point, 40; its decline, 40, 120.
WHITNEY, SAMUEL, 23.
WILCOX, ROBERT W., leads insurrection against Kalakaua, 158.
WILDER, W. C., member Committee of Public Safety,
181; commissioner to Washington to negotiate treaty
of annexation, i88.
WILEY, JOHN, 87; tried by jury, 88.
WILLIS, ALBERT S., appointed minister to Hawaii, 205;
arrives at post, 208; presents credentials to President
Dole, 208; his personal character, 208; his instructions from Secretary Gresham, 209, 2Io; invites exqueen to confer with him, 2o1; interview with her,
274




INDEX
210, 211; belief in Honolulu that he would employ
force to restore queen, 212; American residents protest to, 13; receives note of inquiry from President
Dole, 214; makes evasive reply, 214; is in frequent
communication with ex-queen and her agent, 214; letter to from ex-queen, 215; makes no reply to Dole's
second letter of inquiry, 217; formally demands that
Provisional Government relinquish authority to exqueen, 217; informed from Washington that he cannot use force, 218; fails so to inform the Provisional
Government, 219; President Dole remonstrates with,
219, 220, 221; makes evasive reply, 221; his relations
with Hawaiian government greatly strained, 226; demand for his recall would have been justifiable, 227;
his unfortunate subsequent attitude, 227; letter of
remonstrance from Mr. Dole to, 227, 228; declines to
attend first anniversary of Provisional Government,
228; his death, 228.
WILLIS, Bishop, opposed to American sentiment in
Islands, 174.
WILSON, C. B., confidential adviser of Liliuokalani, 167.
WILTSE, Capt., commands cruiser Boston, 184; lands
troops to protect Honolulu, 185.
WODEHOUSE, British minister, 143; displays prejudice to
United States, 143.
WOODWARD, Commander, i6i.
Yale College, 21.
YOUNG, JOHN, captured by natives, I2; leads force against
Kamehameha, 14; fort built by his advice, 18; marriage of his grand-daughter, I I8.
YOUNG, Lieut. LUCIEN, preserves the flag which Commissioner Blount ordered hauled down, 251.


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