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LIBERTY STATUE.   ELL13 ISLAND.


\ORTH RIVER.


EAST RIVER.


BROOKLYN.


BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF NEW YORK CITY.
SHOWING CONTEMPLATED BRIDGES ACROSS EAST AND NORTH RIVERS AND IMPORTANT BUILDINGS PLANNED OR IN PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION IN 1894.




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PREFATORY        NOTE.      i                            -'
Many residents of New York learned of  of its text to give a general idea of
its true greatness only through "King's  the magnitude of New York. The story
Handbook of New York City,' which w as    is in large part the work of M. F. SWEETSER.
the first publication to bring together compre-  "King's Handbook of New York City" is inhensive descriptions of all notable features and  deed a superb volume of 1,008 pages, with 1,029
illustrate them with more than 1,000 fine photographic  original illustrations, which every New Yorker, and
illustrations. The present publication is mainly an  anyone interested in New York, can well afford to own.
extract from that book of a few of its pictures to show  It is sold by any bookseller in the world at $2 a copy.
some of the more recent structures, and a resum6 of some                  MosES KING, Editor and Publisher..               KI:...
COPYRIGHT, 1892, BY HEINS & LA FARGE.
CATHEDRAL OF ST. JOHN THE DIVINE. (PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL.)
MORNINGSIDE PARK.




NEW YORK CITY OF TO-DAY:
THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.
THE PEER OF ANY CITY, ANCIENT OR MODERN.
A RESUME OF "KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK CITY," 1,008 PAGES, 1,029 ILLUSTRATIONS.
COPYRIGHT, 1893 AND 1894, BY MOSES KING.


T HE CIVILIZED NATIONS have their cathedral
towns, their fortress cities, their art capitals, and
other distinctive centers of enlightenment or activity.
There is yet another group, to each member of which
should be applied the term of COSMOPOLIS, or "World


City." Among these are London, the metropolis of the
far-extended British Empire; Paris, the crown of the civilization of Continental Europe; and New York, the paramount city of the Western World, and the center of its
commercial and financial activity.
In fortresses, cathedrals and artschools she indeed out-classes all the
New-World cities, but these are only
minor attributes of her greatness, which
i             inheres in her unrivaled facilities and
i            opportunities for trade. That is to say,
l i           she is not mediaeval in any point or
|    Kaspiration, but of the nineteenth cen^             tury, the twentieth century, the gloriu A       ~   ous, peaceful, prolific, comfort-bearing.tfi.   ~modern life. Her batteries are hidden
iaway on distant islands; her ecclesiass~.  tical temples are but a single phase of
11f      A ^  her many-sided life; and her schools of
art and literature, great though they
have grown, are almost local in influence
lt       H _        and effort. The. Middle Ages, in their
S1  fmilitarism, clericalism, or scholasticism,
_      have no predominant voice with this
|  X         giant of the West.
Here, then, at the mouth of the
ilordly Hudson River, is the great
mother-city of money.        Those who
have the least practical and personal
knowledge of this useful commodity
inveigh most against it, as the root of
all evil, very much as the legendary
5             fox despised the inaccessible grapes.
And yet it has doubtless its uses and
9             its consolations. Thle amassing of vast
1g            fortunes here has been attended with
a marvelous stimulation of heroism,
of enterprise, of reasoning power, of
high sense of honor. Nor has it been
merely a piling up of idle gold in
iiS          guarded coffers, but rather a wise conm             centration of inexhaustible resources,
e             held for development and advance.
_                 A myriad projects of value and
E~i           usefulness, from Alaska to Chile, have
S             been carried forward by drafts on the
HH            merchants and bankers of Manhattan.
l             Millions of men have been employed
H  p    i     in these enterprises, and the results
have appeared in the development of,             new States, new homes for civilization,


*0 aO. HABOINGS 0000H. AbyCH~TtOTS.
POSTAL TELEGRAPH-CABLE COMPANY'S BUILDING.BROADWAY AND MURRAY STREET, FACING CITY HALL PARK.


4r




NEW YORK: TIHE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


3


new agencies of activity or enlightenment. The fructifying warmth of New York's financial favor has started into
life many of the most important industries and institutions
in America, and has nourished them until they became
important factors in the well-being of the Republic.
Two elements have powerfully contributed to the preeminent rank of New York, its geographical position and
its cosmopolitan attraction. In the first place, it stands on
the shore of a magnificent and land-locked bay, at the
mouth of a deep and navigable stream. The Hudson
River, and its tributary, the Mohawk,
afford an open path-way to the only
practicable break in the Alleghany
Mountains between Gaspe and Alabama.   The commerce of the great
West must cross this mountain-barrier,
on its way to the seaboard and to
Europe, and New York commands the
main strategic avenue.   When the
West was still almost uninhabited, and
as resourceless as Saskatchewan is today, New York dared to seize this possible opportunity for future trade, and
constructed the Erie Canal, joining the
uppermost lakes to the Atlantic by a
silvery band of navigable water, 364
miles long. The canal cost over $50,000,000, but in a single year the saving
on the cost of the freight moved over
it exceeded $250,000,000. This grand
achievement won for its warder city
the control of the enormous inland
traffic, and contributed largely to fix
the lines of transportation for a century ahead. The construction of railways claimed not less of creative
energy in the fast-growing city, which
united herself to the Lakes by line
after line of first-class routes, culminating in the wonderful four-track system
of the New-York Central line, extending to Buffalo.  Down these great
modern avenues, canal and river and
railways, came the teeming products
of half a continent; and in the harbor
of New York immense fleets, inbound
with foreign goods, waited to receive
and trans-ship them. Enjoying natural advantages exceeding those of
Tyre, or Venice, or Liverpool, the Empire City improved her opportunities
to the utmost, and became greater than
any of her maritime sisters, a position
she proudly maintains to this day.
The first settlement on this lone    MERCANTILE NATIONAL
islet of the New World, while yet the             v
red Indians roamed about its wooded


hills, was made entirely for the purposes of a trading-post;
and upon its site now rises the foremost trading-post
of the world. The pursuit of commerce has always been
the main purpose of the city, from the days when beaverskins were the chief commodity down to the present, when
the traffic includes everything known to commerce and in
quantities which almost stagger belief. The first settlers
were of the illustrious Dutch nation, the leading merchants
of Europe in their time; and here, in easy-going fur-trading, flour-milling, and the export of various goods home

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EESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH COMPANYS BUILDING.
BROADWAY AND DEY STREET.




4


4NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.




I M "n'!
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GRAND CENTRAL STATION, 42o STREET AND FOURTH AVENUE.
METROPOLITAN TERMINUS OF THE NEW-YORK CENTRAL & HUDSON-RIVER R. R.


ward and to other colonies, the good burghers found substantial gains, and developed a notable maritime enterprise.
During the century of British domain here, many NewEnglanders came in, and mingled amicably with the
French Huguenots, the Scots, the Walloons and other
nationalities in the town. The result was a singularly cosmopolitan and harmonious community, undisturbed by
religious dissensions or political animosities. Salem might
kill her witches, Boston persecute her Quakers, Virginia
hunt her governors, and the Carolinas raid Spanish Florida, but New York found her best interest in sending out
well-laden ships to foreign ports. The immigrations of
the present century have added many important foreign
colonies to the city, until not only the greater nations, but
the Greeks- and Portuguese, the Swiss and Belgians, are
represented by organized societies, and even the Arabs, the
Chinese and the Japanese have their special and exclusive
clubs and other unions, and their own trading and importing houses. 'The immigration from Ireland has been enormous, and from its crowded ranks the city has largely
been governed, not always to the best advantage. Latterly great numbers of Slavic peasants from Russia and
her borders have settled here, and hope is entertained that
even these semi-barbarian invaders may in some way
favorably impress the city of the future. Thus the com

munity has attained an unusual degree of cosmopolitan
spirit and breadth, and has avoided certain perils as to
narrowness and exclusion which are found in other prominent cities. It is a metropolis of tolerance, sympathy and
brotherhood, and its energies are devoted intensely to
growth on the most modern lines, and to the effective pursuit of the highest success.
The rapid advance of New York to a paramount position in commerce has been incalculably helped by the
benefits of steam navigation and telegraphy, both of which
were first invented and applied by her own citizens. The
city has the two greatest and most perfectly equipped
telegraph buildings in existence - one, the substantial
headquarters of the Western Union Telegraph Company,
at Broadway and Dey Street, and the other the Postal
Telegraph-Cable Company's imposing structure at Broadway and Murray Street.
The electric telegraph was born at New York, and now
covers the world with its wonderful systems of instantaneous communication. The experiments of Prof. S. F.
B. Morse, which led to the inauguration of this marvelous
discovery, were made in the old University of the City of
New York. The telegraph from the metropolis to Philadelphia was opened in 1845; that to Boston in 1846; and
that to Albany in 1847. Since those dates, what remote




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


5


and almost inaccessible parts of the earth have been
reached by the talking wires -what far islands, hidden in
the sea; what distant communities in the heart of America,
of Europe, of Asia.
The cable was also born here, for it was a citizen of
New York, from one of its most honored families, who
conceived the idea of a line of telegraph under the ocean,
from the New World to the Old World. Scoffers said that
the electric current could not traverse such a vast distance
under the heavy pressure of the sea; that the cable could
not be laid, because storms would drive the telegraph
ships out of their course; that if it should be laid, it would
quickly be chafed to pieces on submarine ledges, or cut by
anchors, or broken by great fishes or other monsters of the
deep. To all those objections Cyrus W. Field had but
one answer: "The cable must be laid." He compelled
the attention of both capital and science, and then won
over the two national governments, so that finally the
U. S. steamship Niagara and H. B. M. frigate Agamemnon
met in the middle of the sea, and thence steamed away,
one toward America, the other toward the British Isles,
paying out the cable over their sterns. When their work
was done, the two continents spoke to each other in
friendly salutation under a thousand leagues of raging billows; and New York even burnt off the top of her City


Hall in the transports of celebrating her amazing victory
over Neptune.
The community which thus first conquered the lightning, and harnessed it with wires as a willing servant of
humanity, and then taught it to annihilate time and distance, has always kept in the forefront of electrical
science, theoretical and practical.
The Western Union Telegraph Company, whose headquarters are in New York, has by far the largest system
in the world, with 21,000 offices and 750,000 miles of wire. ~
It has the largest operating department in America and
one of the most perfectly equipped telegraph offices in
existence. It might be termed the sensitive nerve of the
Great Republic. Seven first-class Atlantic cables, besides
other submarine lines, connect this nerve center with every
country of the whole earth, sending and bringing instant
tidings of important events, national, financial, industrial,
military, diplomatic, and all others. The Western Union
Building was the first of the great office buildings in New
York, and for a score of years has been one of the conspicuous features of lower Broadway.
The Postal Telegraph Company -the only formidable
and successful rival of the Western Union Company -
covers a vast area of the American continent with its excellently served system, including the South, Southwest, the


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AMERICAN    LINE;-THE     "NEW   YORK" AND "PARIS," TWIN-SCREW         STEAMSHIPS.
INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION COMPANY. NEW PIERS 14 AND 156, N. R. OFFICES, 6 BOWLING GREEN.
S




6


NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


Northwest, the Maritime Provinces and the whole length
of the Pacific Coast.
The Commercial Cable Company, organized by John
W. Mackay of California and James Gordon Bennett of
New York, owns and operates two complete lines of
ocean cable between Europe and America. A third cable
of superior construction and great speed is now in course
of manufacture, and will be submerged between Ireland
and Nova Scotia during the summer of 1894. This great
company will then have 9,000 miles of the best type of
submarine cable in operation, connecting the systems of
the Postal Telegraphs in the United States and the Cana

upper stories, as well as the ground floor, are occupied by
the telegraph and cable companies, and the other stories
are devoted to offices. It is not possible in this sketch
even to refer to the ingenious devices which are now part
of a modern building, but here has been introduced a
passenger elevator system on an entirely new plan in its
application of electricity to mechanics, and the result
shows equal, if not superior, speed, control, safety and
capacity with much less space occupied and far less cost
to operate than in the usual hydraulic system.   It is
peculiarly appropriate that this pioneer plant of six
Sprague-Pratt Electric elevators, which are the prototype


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EAST RIVER, OR NEW-YORK AND BROOKLYN, BRIDGE.
ACROSS THE EAST RIVER FROM NEW YORK TO BROOKLYN.


dian Pacific of Canada with the Government Telegraphs
and Public Companies of Europe, Asia, Africa and South
America.  Its executive offices are in the splendid new
Postal Telegraph Building at 253 Broadway, and its main
operating office, where cablegrams are received from all Old
World places by ocean cable continued underground, is at
No. 1 Broad Street.
The Postal Telegraph-Cable Building, just erected at
Broadway and Murray Street, is a wonderful fourteen-story
structure, 175 feet high, and constructed of Indiana limestone and gray brick. In modern equipment and appliances it is unsurpassed by any in the world. Several of the


of a new industry in which electricity anew demonstrates
its marvelous powers, should be first put into practical
use in the great Postal Telegraph Building, which is itself
a monumental result of the utility of electricity. These
elevators were put in by Frank J. Sprague, the originator
of the trolley system of street cars. By an ingenious electric device, the Herzog Multiple Call, a would-be passenger definitely indicates to all four elevators the floor he is
on and the direction he wishes to go, and the first elevator
coming his way responds, thereby quickening the service
and reducing the operating cost by avoiding useless trips
and stops.




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GUBTAV LINDENTHAL,


CHIEF ENGINEER.                         7,800 FEET LONG.  8,100 FEET SPAN.                        COPYRIG
THE NORTH RIVER BRIDGE.
FROM WEST TWENTY-SECOND STREET, NEW YORK CITY, TO HOBOKEN, NEW JERSEY, ACROSS THE NORTH OR HUDSON RIVER.


HT, 1694, BY MOSES KING.




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THE WASHINGTON BRIDGE, ACROSS THE HARLEM RIVER.
FROM 1818T STREET AND TENTH AVENUE TO AQUEDUCT AVENUE.


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HIGH BRIDGE (OR "CROTON AQUEDUCT BRIDGE"), ACROSS THE HARLEM RIVER.
AT 176TH STREET AND TENTH AVENUE.




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


9


The telephone exchanges of the Metropolitan Telephone
& Telegraph Company are pronounced to be without
any equals in the world, and serve 9,000 subscribers, with
800 employees and 30,000 miles of underground wire. By
this amazing net-work the New-York patrons can talk
easily and audibly over a single line with more than 80,000
outside subscribers, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River. The telephone, which is one of the most
marvelous inventions of any age, was created in America
by Alexander Graham Bell, and here in New York it has
attained its highest development and its most extended
s e r v i c e. This peculiarly American
invention is now in incessant use in
every civilized country on the globe.
The several telephone exchanges of
the Metropolitan Company are very
fine and costly buildings, of a special
type, filled with delicate mechanism.
The building at 18 Cortlandt Street
alone receives from the subways 16,000
wires; and has the largest switchboard in the world, constructed at a
cost of $400,000.
Electric lighting is largely carried
on by six companies, prominent among
which is the Edison Electric Illuminating Company, whose Elm-street station is the largest and most efficiently
equipped establishment of the kind.
It will ble remembered that Thomas A.
Edison, the wizard of electrical discovery, has his laboratories in a suburb
of the Empire City, and that from his
continuous and patient researches, conducted in the white light of Manhattan
genius, new marvels are being devel-             -
oped, and will probably continue to be,
developed and applied. The Edison,!
Electric Illuminating Company was;
the first in the world to supply elec-  '
tricity for incandescent lighting, on a I
commercial basis, and is the largest -
and most powerful corporation of the
kind in existence. In New York alone
it has 500 miles of conductors, supplying current for an equivalent of 200,000
incandescent lamps.
Steam railways have made New
York one of their greatest convergent
points, because this is the central point
of travel between the Northl and South,
and between the West and Europe.
The passenger trains entering and leaving New York include many of the
most perfect railway conveyances in
the world, and far exceed anything of
the kind in Europe. So great is the        MADISON SQUARE


attraction of this focal point that several important lines
have found it expedient to prolong their routes from their
natural ports to the great harbor of New York.
Foremost among the grand roads terminating at New
York is the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad
-" America's Greatest Railroad "- which over the greater
part of its course maintains the only four-track route in
the world. This line cost $165,000,000 for construction
and equipment, and controls 5,000 miles of steel rails, over
which it yearly transports about 25,000,000 passengers.
The Vanderbilts are the largest owners of its stock, and


MADISON-SQUARE GARDEN.
'E, MADISON AND FOURTH AVENUES, AND WEST 26TH AND WEST 27TH STREETS.




10


NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


This train in its entire outfit is one of
the most perfect in the world.
As of old "all roads led to Rome,"
so now "all roads in America lead to
New York," and thousands of miles of
trunk-lines of the best-constructed railways find their terminals here.
The science of steam  navigation
was born at New York, and has since
revolutionized the commerce of the
world. Other seaports had before
made passing experiments with this
new-found power, but they had come
to nothing. It was reserved for the
Empire City first thoroughly to apply
these principles to commercial uses,
and to evolve the ingenious methods
which have since been sovereign in all
seas, from the Arctic and Indian Oceans
to the Great Salt Lake and Lake Victoria Nyanza. In 1807 Robert Fulton
sent the primitive steamboat, the Clermont, up the Hudson River; and in the
same year the first sea-going steamer,
the Phoenix, was launched in New York
harbor. Here also was built the first
steam  frigate in the world, the precursor of the vast battle-ships and
cruisers of to-day.
The enormous importance of New
York from a commercial point of view
is best illustrated by a few statistics.
The foreign trade of the United States
amounts to about $2,000,000,000 a
year, and the great ports of the Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific coasts contest for
the prizes of this traffic. Nevertheless,
New York controls more than half of
the entire amount, her exports being
two fifths of those of the entire Republic, and her imports two thirds. The
foreign trade of New Orleans, Baltimore, Boston, Philadelphia and San
i:'.          Francisco reach imposing figures, but
they are trivial in comparison with
those of this world-renowned port.
More than 2,000 steamships sail thence yearly, laden with
grain, which can be put on shipboard by the local elevators at the rate of 500,000 bushels an hour.  Besides
the score of regular lines, there is a tramp steamship leaving the port nearly every secular day, laden with heavy
cargoes for distant shores. Hence run fleets of tank-steamers, laden with petroleum for Old-World use, or bringing
in huge reservoirs of molasses from tropical countries.
This world-mart has regular lines of steamships to dozens
of British, Continental and Mediterranean ports; to the
Far East; to the coast cities of Venezuela, Brazil and


THE BERKELEY SCHOOL.
NO. 20 WEST 44TH STREET, NEAR FIFTH AVENUE.
the Hon. Chauncey M. Depew -one of the world's most
admired orators -is the president of the company.
The main terminal point is the Grand Central Station,
an enormous and commodious edifice, which, although
built a quarter of a century ago, is yet one of the monumental evidences of the marvelous enterprise of the
Vanderbilts. It over-arches 19 tracks, over which daily
depart 245 trains of 800 cars.  Among these trains is
the Empire-State Express, the fastest train in the world,
which makes the daily run between New York and Buffalo, a distance of 440 miles, in 8 hours and 40 minutes.




AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.
CENTRAL PARK WEST, BETWEEN WEST 77TH AND WEST 81ST STREETS.


METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART.
CENTRAL PARK, NEAR FIFTH AVENUE AND 820 STREET.




NORMAL COLLEGE.
PARK AND LEXINGTON AVENUES, EAST 68TH AND EAST 69TH STREETS.


p  i' -; *         a  7'       "s **.


METROPOLITAN OPERA-HOUSE.
BROADWAY, SEVENTH AVENUE, 39TH AND 40TH STREETS.




N-EW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


13


Argentina; to the West Indies, the Spanish Main,
Central America; and to points all along the Ameri,
coast, from Galveston and New Orleans on the south,
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland on the north. On lot
South Street may be seen immense sailing ships of st(
each of them competent to carry a cargo of 6,000 tc
and destined for the ports of the remote Antipodes,
South Africa and the Spice Islands, for Bombay and (
cutta and Singapore, for the far-away harbors of Austn
and New Zealand.
Into no port in the world do larger ocean steamsh
regularly enter than into the port of New York. This
the all-important terminus of such great international li
as the American, Cunard, North-German Lloyds, Fren
White Star, Red Star, Anchor, Hamburg-American, Netl
lands-American, and many other lines, which are regula
operating between New York and other cities some of
noblest ships that have ever traversed the ocean, includ
the New York, Paris, Saint Louis, Lucania, Campa7
Majestic, Teutonic, Fuerst Bismarck, Kaiser WVilhelm.
Lahn, Spree, La Touraine, La Lorraine, and others.
It is with the utmost pride all Americans point to
world-famous American Line, long known as the Inn
Line. This is the line that in 1893 raised the Ameri
flag on the palatial record-breakers - the New York:
Paris-and is now building in this country the ste:
ships the Saint Louis and the Saint Paul, to be in ev
respect equal to their present ships, which are the pride
all the seas. This is incomparably the finest commer
fleet under the Stars and Stripes, and is entitled to all
credit for giving such an impetus to American shipping
will soon result in building up an American fleet of stei
ships that will rank equal to those of any nation.
American Line has just built in New York the largest:
most commodious ocean steamship piers in the world.
In 1893 it adopted Southampton as
its terminus in England, a change of  -
great importance readily appreciated
by trans-Atlantic travelers, owing to
its proximity to London and the exceptional facilities for landing and embarking passengers.  American Line
steamers start and finish directly at the:.
Company's piers. There are no tidal.
delays and no transfers by tenders.    ^
Special steamer trains between London
and Southampton make the journey in
one hour and 45 minutes, and convey    T
passengers to and from alongside of
the steamers. This relieves passengers
from  every expense and annoyance
connected with tran s f e r s between
steamer and trains.
At the World's Fair in 1893 the
highest award in the Transportation
Building was accorded to the American Line.


The Cunard Line has always been among the foremost
favorites, and in its more than half a century's incessant
operation it has fairly won the commendation of the world.
Its great fleet of wonderful steamships includes two, the
Luc ania and
Campania, which
are the largest
and most powerful ocean steamships afloat in
any waters, and
have made t h e
shortest time to..X
and from Liver-,
pool and New
York. These
huge ships have
each a tonnage
of 13,000, with.:
25,000  horsepower and a         _  -
length   of 625
feet. All that is
possible in these
days of marvelous maritime service has been introduced on the
magnificent
steamships   o f
the Cunard Line.
Its  steamships
run to Boston as
well as to New
York.             COLLEGIATE CHURCH, 5TH AVENUE AND WEST 48TH STREET.


COLLEGIATE REFORMED CHURCH, AT WEST-END AVENUE AND 77TH STREET.




14


NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


The North-German Lloyd Steamship Company is the
largest steamship corporation in the world; and has run
steamships to and from New York ever since 1857, enjoying its full share of the best American patronage. Besides
its Bremen-Southampton-New York service it operates
lines from New York to the Mediterranean, from Bremen to
Australia, China, Japan, New Guinea, South America, and
virtually covers both continents. Its tonnage is 250,567;
its number of vessels 84; and to the close of 1893 it had
carried upwards of three million passengers. In equipment and service there is no superior line at home or abroad.
The North-German Lloyd steamers stop
at Southampton to accommodate paes-   Z
sengers from and to London and Paris.
Its Mediterranean service has been an
increasing success from its inception.
The French Line, known as the
Compagnie Generale Transatlantique,.
which has for 40 years done a great?!.
part of America's international traffic,
maintains a fleet of 77 steamers, with a
tonnage of 175,000 and a horse-power
of 176,500.  These steamships carry
each year over 300,000 passengers, 950,000 tons of freight, and upwards of    ~
15,000,000 parcels of merchandise.
Into and out of the port of New York             )|
the French Line sends a fleet of grand.. '
ocean steamships that in elegance, management and speed are the equal of any
steamships on the Atlantic. Its steam-. -
ships have made the fastest time between New York and the Continent,
outward in 6 days and 12 hours; and?:
inward, 6 days 8 hours. Its line includes: 4
the famous "La Touraine," "La Cham-i
pagne," "La Bretagne," "La Gascogne,"  >:
"La Bourgogne," "La Navarre" and     H,        ^
will soon be reenforced by " La Lor-   '
raine," and " L'Alsace," now building.  i<>
Scores of regular packet lines connect this preeminent distributing point
with the New England and Middle
States coast towns, facilitating the concentration of their local products, and
the dispersal of incoming   foreign
goods. Among these are the magnificent vessels of the lines on Long Island
Sound and the Hudson River, which
have no rivals in all the world for
beauty, comfort, size and safety.
The upward growth of the city,
made necessary by its rapid commercial
enlargement, was furthermore favored
by the devising of a new method of
urban transportation. Here that almost
universal vehicle, the horse-car, was


invented by John Stephenson, and put to practical use,
when in 1832 the Fourth Avenue line began its trips from
Prince Street to the then remote suburb of Murray Hill.
These primitive cars were built like English railway carriages, with compartments opening at the sides, and the
driver perched high up on the roof. The car hung on
leather springs, and the brake was put on by the feet of
the driver. From this eccentric vehicle was developed the
vast street railway system of New York, with its hundreds
of miles of track, its thousands of horses, its electric systems,
and its ingenious cable lines, transporting every year an
-,,-,-;-.-,...,  almost incalculable numb: her of passengers..*    A still later evolution, in this direction has been.  '   the  wonderful elevated.               railway, one of the most. -...     distinctive  features  of.  ~,:.       ]New York, built at a cost; -.           of nearly $80,000,000, and
traversing the island on
several lines, north and
south. High up on their
B:  ~        iron trestles the elevated
i   -~ ~                  trains perpetually fly up
l and down the island, at
an exhilarating rate of
speed, and joining the Battery to the Harlem River
y:  *.:     SK            by a short and easy transit.
*                            The Londoners pass from.^': H H: one part of their huge
world-metropolis to
MEi  *'': i'          r      another in realms of


IT. PATRICK'S CATHEDRAL, ROMAN CATHOLIC.
FIFTH AVENUE, 50rH AND 517T STREETS.




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


15


subterranean darkness and sulphurous smoke; the Bostonians grow old and weary in congested blockades of surface
transit; but the New Yorkers fly through the clear air and
sunshine from one end to another of their proud island
home. Already through the main arteries dash the cable
cars, and now matured plans are being considered for
well lighted and adequate tunnels under Broadway. Even
these facilities are no longer deemed sufficient, and the
brightest minds in the city are devising new methods of
transportation, capable of handling greater crowds of
passengers, and with more of comfort in every way.
Whatever is to be the motive
power of the future, in improved
electric or cable propulsion, or concentrated  solar power, or some
other yet unthought-of medium,
its first large practical use will
probably be in the streets of the                   |
Empire City.
The necessity of local transportation to adjacent cities and suburban villages separated by the environing rivers has caused the building of some of the most wonderful
bridges in the world, and the projection of several others of still
greater magnitude.
The  East-River or Brooklyn
Bridge has no rival in the world
for utility, beauty, cost, and daring
conception. It is beyond all comparison the most glorious suspension
bridge ever constructed. It connects


New York and Brooklyn, 135 feet above high-water
mark, and was built between 1870 and 1884, at a cost of
$15,000,000.  It is 14 miles long and 85 feet wide, with a
promenade, carriage-ways, and railway tracks, and carries
60,000,000 passengers a year. It was conceived and constructed by the Roebling family, who gained universal
fame for their engineering and structural skill.
The Washington Bridge, completed across the HarlemRiver Valley in 1889, cost $2,700,000, and has two grand
central arches of the unprecedented span of 510 feet each.
Several other bridges are notable for their grand scale of
achievement.
High Bridge spans the Harlem
River, and serves to carry the old Croton aqueduct across the valley. It is a
huge pile of masonry, 1,460 feet long,.~           supported on 13 solid granite piers.
The projected North-River Bridge
is designed to cost $21,000,000, and to
have a length of 7,340 feet. Its location will be at the foot of 22d Street in
New York, across to Hoboken, with a
height of 155 feet above the river.
The main towers are to be 180 x 340
feet in area at their bases, and of the
vast height of 550 feet. The center
span is to be 3,000 feet, without a pier
in the river. This gigantic bridge will
have eight tracks for the twelve railroads now terminating in Jersey City,
and for the connection of the electric
railroads in Jersey City with the street
railroads of New York City. The terminal station will be at 26th Street and
Sixth Avenue, above the streets, on a
level with the elevated railroads, with
which connections are to be made.
The North River Bridge Company
was chartered by Congress in 1890 to
construct this bridge.  The location
and the plans have been approved by
the War Department.   The offices of
the company are at 45 Cedar Street,
New York.    The Chief Engineer is
Gustav Lindenthal of Pittsburgh, Pa.,
an engineer of great experience in
bridge construction. This is the boldest
bridge enterprise ever begun on either
continent. It is, moreover, a necessity
to the metropolis, and its practicability has been fully demonstrated.
There are also other bridges contemplated across the East and North
Rivers, and the probabilities are that
the new century will find New York
tied east and west by several masterpieces of engineering.


GRACE CHURCH- PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL
BROADWAY, NEAR 10TH STREET, AT THE HEAD OF LOWER BROADWAY.




16


6NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


To cross over to New Jersey under the Nort]
has long been planned, and a large part of the w
already been accomplished. When it is finished
rank as one of the greatest pieces of tunneling exti
General education is one of the corner-stones of
can security and prosperity; and in this broad diff
knowledge New York has borne and is bearing its
part. The crown of this system is Columbia
probably the most richly endowed school in the '
World, and with its departments of law, medicine,
architecture and philosophy fulfilling the idea of
modern university. It was chartered in 1754, th,
bishop of Canterbury being one of the goverm
grew up under the protection and endowment of
Church.   After the Revolution the chartered
King's College was changed to that of Columbia I
and the institution remained in its quaint old bu
not far from the City Hall, until about the middlE
present century, when it migrated to its present i
site, near St. Patrick's Cathedral. Nearly a score
of land have lately been purchased on Bloon
Heights, between Central Park and the Hudson Ri
are being laid out by McKim, Haight and Hunt,
spacious site of the Columbia of the future, not f
the Cathedral of St. John the Divine.  The coll
about 225 professors and officers, and almost 2, 000 si
with immense libraries and precious scientific colle
The University of the City of New York, fou
1831 as an undenominational offset to Episcopali
conservative Columbia, has for sixty years been h(
a picturesque stone building on Washington Squa
several of its main departments are about to be trai
to new homes, a majestic group of buildings on Un
Heights, overlooking the Harlem River, where tl
tution has secured thirty acres of
land. The University has 100 professors and 1,000 students, with schools of
arts and science, civil engineering,..
pedagogy, law and medicine.   Part        '
remain at Washington Square./.Nw
Two of the greatest divinity schools
in America are established in New
York. The General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church
was founded here in 1817, and has educated thirty-four bishops and more than
1,200 clergymen. This foremost school
of Anglican theology in the Western
world has a corps of eminent instructors and a goodly number of students,
and occupies spacious buildings and
grounds on Chelsea Square.     The
Union Theological Seminary is one of
the great Presbyterian schools, founded
in 1836, and occupying    handsome
buildings on the elevated ground of
Park Avenue.     It has nearly 200


students; and among its recent instructors have been
Briggs and Vincent, Schaff and Shedd. The Jews have
their school of divinity in this city; the chief missionary
training college is here; and the Catholic institutions,
headed by the venerable St. John's College at Fordham,
are numerous and efficient.
Manhattan is not less celebrated for its great medical
schools, with their laboratories, clinics and other perfected
resources. The University Medical College and the Bellevue Hospital Medical College have graduated nearly
12,000 physicians. The College of Physicians and Surg e o n s, founded
practically in                     -
1767, and   connected with Co-                  - i
lumbia, has 50 instructors and 600
students. There      "
are  also  well

TRINITY CHURCH -PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL.
BROADWAY, BEIWEEN RECTOR AND THAMES STREETS, AT THE HEAD OF WALL STREET.




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


17


domestic animals, with two thriving veterinary colleges,
connected with spacious veterinary hospitals. The lawschools of the two universities furnish instruction to 600
students at one time, and the New-York Law School in the
Equitable Building is a flourishing institution.
The fine arts have found their supreme American
development in the metropolitan city, with its vast wealth
and growing culture; and the schools of the National
Academy, the American Fine Arts Society, the Metropolitan Museum, the Cooper Union, and other institutions have
thousands of loyal students, with eminent artists as their
guides and instructors. There are also several creditable


colleges and conservatories of music. Much should be
said of the special educational institutions, like the noble
trade-schools founded by Col. Auchmuty, the palatial
Webb's Academy and Home for Ship-builders, Peter
Cooper's great foundation of schools and libraries, and
Packard's renowned business college.  Nor should the
student forget the many schools for physical culture,
riding, fencing, dancing, cooking, and other useful accomplishments.
The private educational institutions, like the Berkeley
School, the Collegiate Grammar School, the Brearley
School, the Columbia Grammar School, the Barnard,
Cutler and Harvard schools, the Sachs Institute, the De La
Salle Institute, the Weingart School, and others numbered
by hundreds, take rank among the most thorough and
best-equipped in the country.
The Berkeley School, whose head master and founder
is John S. White, LL. D., is one of the most notable schools
of this time, and sends 25 boys each year to Harvard,
Yale, Columbia and Princeton. It has the most perfectly
equipped and costliest building in the world for the purposes of a private school,- a handsome Ionic structure, of
gray limestone and Roman brick, with most ingenious and
efficient arrangements for heating and ventilation, commodious school and class rooms, a spacious armory and
gymnasium, and large athletic grounds. The Berkeley
has 28 masters and instructors and nearly 300 pupils.
The school play grounds, known as the Berkeley Oval, at
Morris Heights (186th Street), comprise ten acres perfectly
equipped for general athletic grounds. A new stone cottage has been erected at the Oval, which makes an ideal
home for 20 boarding pupils. The exhibits representing
this school at the World's Fairs in Paris and Chicago were
awarded the highest honors.
The free public schools are found..           everywhere, and have won honorable
distinction for their efficiency. Their
cost is in the vicinity of $5,000,000 a
year; and there are 4,200 teachers and
240,000 pupils.  Some of the newer
buildings are fine specimens of architecture, and are equipped with many
of the best modern devices for the
welfare of the pupils.
Under such favorable circumstances
New York presents itself as the foremost educational center of America,
and draws to itself every year larger
numbers of earnest scholars, who find
in the intense activities of the me~*:   ~     tropolis many incentives to energetic
work not to be found in the quiet
cloisters of rural colleges.
The libraries are among the most
notable in America, and are some of
the finest in the world endowed by private generosity. The Astor Library


TEMPLE BETH-EL, HEBREW, FIFTH AVENUE AND 76TH STREET, OPPOSITE


I


TEMPLE EMANU-EL, HEBREW, FIFTH AVENUE AND 48D STREET.




MUTUAL LIFE-INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW YORK.
NASSAU, LIBERTY AND CEDAR STREETS.


NEW-YORK LIFE-INSURANCE COMPANY.
BROADWAY, SOUTHEAST CORNER OF LEONARD STREET, EXTENDING THROUGH TO ELM STREET..4




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


19


owes its erection and maintenance to the Astor family, who
have given it nearly $2,000,000, beginning in 1849. This
ideal library of reference contains in its noble halls 250,000
volumes, and is visited yearly by 60,000 readers. In Egyptology and Orientalia, and Mexican and South-American
history, this is the foremost library in America. The Lenox
Library, occupying a solid, spacious and graceful white
stone building fronting on Central Park, contains 70,000
volumes, and hundreds of original paintings by the old
masters. This exceptionally interesting and valuable collection, and its architecturally beautiful home, were presented to the people by James Lenox,
a wealthy bibliophile, who had spent  /:
fortunes in buying its rare old missals,:,,-,,
books, manuscripts, incunabula and   ':%',' f
precious first editions. The Mercantile,
Library was founded by merchants'.....
clerks, in 1820, and now  contains
250,000 volumes, which are freely used
for reference and circulation. The, ''
New-York Society Library dates from:   "
the year 1700, and contains nearly; I
100,000 volumes, in a very handsome
and appropriate house. The Free Li-;
brary of the General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen has 100,000
books; the New-York Historical Society, 110,000; the Y. M. C. A., 45,000;
the Cooper Union, 36,000; and the
Free  Circulating  Library,  70,000.
There are also very extensive and valuable special collections of books about
theology, law, medicine, natural his-,
tory, numismatics, genealogy, geography and other subjects, connected
with the great institutions and societies
which have those topics in view.
Another rich public library is soon to
be founded as the result of a magnani-         '
mous bequest of Samuel J. Tilden.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art,
in Central Park, is by far the most |J          '
prominent institution of the kind in the
New World, and has but few superiors
in any country. This vast and precious repository of varied beauties is
visited yearly by about 800,000 persons, one third of whom come on Sundays, when it is opened to all without
charge. Nowhere else on either hemisphere is there such an extensive and
valuable collection of the antiquities of
Cyprus; and the array of articles of  "
glass is the most precious and complete to be found anywhere. Here also      '      '
are astonishing  collections of rare        THE EQUI
articles in gold and silver, lace and


tapestry, bronze and ivory; and groups of gems, musical instruments, Japanese swords, Assyrian tablets, and
many other rarities, for whose possession European connoisseurs would beggar themselves. Among the hundreds
of choice paintings hung in the superb halls are many
very celebrated works, including the veritable masterpieces of Meissonier and Rosa Bonheur.  The collections
and exhibitions of the National Academy of Design and
the American Fine-Arts Society are of great value and
interest, and attract thousands of visitors.  The private
art-collections of New York represent a value of above


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TABLE LIFE-ASSURANCE SOCIETY OF THE UNITED STATES.
BROADWAY, BETWEEN PINE AND CEDAR STREETS.




20


NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


France must be a very delightful place, —.....-..: |:                          to live in. The classic individualism
" -of Boston, the English solidity of Phila-. delphia, the pure Americanism                of.....                                             Chicago, are easily contrasted with cer-...,                       tain obvious Gallican traits of the metropolis. To an extent unusual among
Anglo-American municipalities, the ins                   habitants are joyous, mercurial and
pleasure-loving.  The high tension of
business and industrial life forces a reaction to abundant and brilliant forms
of relaxation, wherewith to counteract
'X.                the attrition of the daily duties. The
|,-..         ',i,  New-Yorker takes his business very
-'       ":earnestly, and his pleasure very happily. For this reason hle is served by
'" ~l/the finest theaters in America, and the
foremost playwrights and actors cater. _,         to his taste. The receipts of the fifty
local theaters are more than $5,000,000
a year. The first dramatic performance
in America occurred here in 1732; and
the first American playhouse was
"                ~.,                opened on Nassau Street in 1750, with
the drama of Richard II. President
Washington frequently attended the
John-Street Theater; and at the old,::;, |  * iPark Theater, built on Park Row in. '..*       1798, Wallack and Booth, Forrest and
ll*:?  Fanny Ellsler, the Keans and Kembles
and Ravels were the stars. The old
_, Hfort called Castle Clinton, still standing
on Battery Park, served from 1822 to
1855 as a concert garden and theater,,'cy  o. B -,   and re-echoed with the melodies of
Jenny Lind and other famous singers.
#ome: oEven now one reads with interest of
thei  '  cMalibran and Charlotte Cushman at
the Bowery Theater; of Christy's Minstrels and their merry quips; of Barnum's Museum, the "Moral Lecture
Room"'; of the Astor-Place Opera
House, the scene of the bloody ForrestTHE MANHATTAN LIFE-INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW YORK.             Macready riots; of Tripler Hall, and
SAND 06 BROADWAY (NOW BUILDING), BETWEEN WALL STREET AND EXCHANGE PLACE.  Franconi's Hippodrome, and the Crys$8,000,000; and there are 4,000 professional artists in the  tal Palace, and Laura Keene's Varieties, and the triumphs
city.                                                  of Booth and Wallack, Fechter and Davenport, Southern
The American Museum of Natural History fronts on    and Boucicault. Under contemporaneous managers such
Central Park, and is an immense stone and brick building,  as Palmer, Frohman, French, Daly, and Abbey, the theaterected for the people, and partly maintained by the city.  rical attractions of our own days are of unrivaled excelSome of its rich and noteworthy collections are unique in  lence and charm.
their excellence; and the halls and study-rooms are assum-  The most magnificent and spacious temple of amusebig the character of a continental university of natural  ment in the world is the Madison Square Garden, erected
science.                                               at a cost of $3,000,000, and occupying an entire city
New   York has often been called   "the Paris of    block, fronting on Madison Square.  Among its many
America." and if the title is justifiable, the capital of  divisions are an immense amphitheater, a richly equipped




XEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


21


theater, concert hall, dining room,
cafe, and roof-garden. The entire edifice is dominated by a wonderfully
beautiful tower, more than 300 feet
high, and a landmark for leagues.
The Metropolitan Opera House is an
immense Italian Renaissance edifice on
upper Broadway, erected at a cost of.
$1,500,000, and opened in 1883.  It
was partly burnt in 1892, and re-built
and re-opened grander than ever in
1893.  This is the foremost opera
house on the continent, and has witnessed the performance of the best
works of the German, French and
Italian composers, in a style of the utmost splendor. Although the house
is very spacious, and has large attendances, the magnificence of its operas  4 s'
is such that there is a yearly deficit of
over $100,000, which is contributed by, ^
the wealthy stockholders.   Several
new play-houses, the American, the?Empire, the Fifth Avenue, Abbey's,
the Casino, the Broadway, are among
the best in the world, with every resource of modern luxury and safety.
Palmer's Theater has been made illustrious by the triumphs of the Wallacks, Mary Anderson and Jane Hading, Mansfield, Willard and Salvini.
Daly's is famed for its admirable stock
company.    The Fifth Avenue, the
Madison Square, the Lyceum, the
Union Square, the Star, and other theaters, have their special lines of attraotion. Abbey's opened with Irving and
Terry, and they were followed by
Mounet-Sully. At the Casino, comic
opera is heard; at the Bijou, farce
comedy; at IHarrigan's, droll Irish
comedies; at the Herald Square, varieties; at the Fourteenth Street, melodramas; at Niblo's, brilliant spectacles;
at Koster & Bial's, the Lexington
Opera, and the Imperial, vaudevilles.         METROPOUT
There are also German and Hebrew playhouses, and many
other special and peculiar haunts of evening pleasure.
The famous old Academy of Music, built in 1854 and rebuilt in 1866, and for many years the fashionable opera
house of the city, has since 1887 been the home of Denman
Thompson's " The Old Homestead," "The Black Crook,"
Charles T. Dazey's "In Old Kentucky," and other highly
popular plays. Another once famous theater is the Grand
Opera House, an immense auditorium, opened in 1868, and
now given up to medium-priced entertainments. From the
magnificent and aristocratic first-class playhouses in the


METROPOLITAN LIFE-INSURANCE COMPANY.
AN LIFE BUILDING: MADISON SQUARE, 23D STREET AND MADISON AVENUE.
theater district there is a long gradation downward, through
easy stages of descent in price and art, until one reaches the
foot of the ladder, in the boisterous variety shows and concert saloons of the Bowery and the East side. In the wide
range of attributes between Abbey's and Daly's and the
dime museums and beer concert-halls, every variety of
taste may be suited, and all classes of pleasure-seekers,
from the millionaires to the mill-hands, and the guileless
suburban and Yankee and Southern visitors, can find congenial entertainment, classic or piquant, blood-curdling or
funny.




S2


NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.....   which in France or Germany is regarded as a duty of the government.
R S.^'+^     ~Every concert singer, every pianist or
musician of note, regards their career
~. ~ <::   as incomplete unless crowned by the
applause of a New York audience, their
1..       eagerness in this respect being augmented by the fact that no city in the
~    world is so willing and able to reward
artistic excellence. Orchestral music
+..   is also cultivated with energy, and the
work of the New-York Philharmonic,.'            Symphony and Oratorio societies in this
field is renowned, conductors and
musicians of world-wide fame being
engaged to render classical and modern music of the loftiest character.
There are many halls in the city at::',,::.         which concerts, vocal and instrumen-;.    tal, are constantly being given in be-:<; <  wildering variety; but the chief home
of melody in New York is the magnificent Music Hall, a noble Venetian Re-..,                naissance structure at Seventh Avenue.. ~ -.  and 57th Street, erected in 1891, by
Andrew Carnegie, virtually as a gift to
the music lovers of the Metropolis.
Here the finished work of great composers, singers and  conductors, is
heard in an auditorium of unsurpassed
acoustic properties.  The German
singing societies are an important feature of New York.    The Deutscher
Liederkranz with its 1,500 members,
and the Arion Society,-the principal
ones - are essentially large clubs, owning magnificent houses, and cultivating the social enjoyment of their members as well as the art of choral song.
The taste of a portion of the public
for lighter music is gratified by vocal
and instrumental concerts at numerous
places of amusement, while comic.. S-TREA8.   opera is always on the boards at from
ORK.               one to a half-dozen theaters. Grand
concerts of famous orchestra bands
from various parts of the world are often heard at Madison
Square Garden and elsewhere. Hotels and restaurants vie
with each other in adding to their attractiveness, by furnishing exquisite music to meet the taste of their patrons.
The open-air band-concerts given on holidays and evenings
from spring to autumn, in Central Park, or in the various
public squares, at the expense of the municipality, are enjoyed by enormous assemblages of the city's population.
The ecclesiastical annals of the metropolitan district
contain many interesting and profitable chapters.  The
churches of New York City number 600, valued at


THE GERMANIA LIFE-INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW Y
NASSAU STREET, EAST SIDE, BETWEEN CEDAR AND PINE STREETS


Music is the form of art in the cultivation of which
New York is preeminent. It is justly claimed that in no
city of Europe is a higher type of music so popular or so
generally appreciated. The large German element in the
population unquestionably influences public taste in this
direction. All classes, and all nationalities among New
York's citizens are, however, noted for their devotion to
what may be termed the distinctively modern art. The
great singers of the world are heard every winter at the
Metropolitan Opera House, and "society" (as already, mentioned) performs its part by supplying the subsidy,




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.         23


$75,000,000, and are maintained at a  *~,,:
cost of $5,000,000 yearly. They afford:
sittings for 500,000 persons. In mat-  '   '"~
ters pertaining to religion New York
has always held a prominent and.,e a
praiseworthy place, and its annals,  v. " <
have been singularly free from  the....
persecutions so common in the other.
American colonies. For nearly a cen-;;.
tury the only place of worship was
that pertaining to the Reformed Dutch
Church. which was then the national
church of Iolland, and naturally came
westward with her little fur-trading
colony. There are now about thirty
churches and chapels in the city, connected with this denomination. The
foremost is the Collegiate Church,
founded in 1628, and now forming a
parish of 2,500 communicants, with
four handsome churches and several
chapels and missions, and a body of
devoted clergy.  One of the most
beautiful churches in the city is the
one pertaining to this parish, at the
corner of Fifth Avenue and 48th
Street, with its noble decorated Gothic
architecture of the 14th century. One
of the quaintest is the new shrine on
West End Avenue, in which the very
interesting Flemish architecture is reproduced with great spirit and accuracy, so that it looks like some venerable guild-hall in the Low Countries.
The next religious sect to gain a
footing here was the Church of England, which now enjoys a position of
remarkable power and influence, and
has been prolific in benefits to all
classes of the population. The earliest
services were held in St. Nicholas', the
little old Dutch church in Fort Amsterdam, in 1664, after the British capture
of the town. In 1693 the Colonial Assembly authorized the organization of
Trinity Parish, which was endowed
with a Royal Charter four years later. In 1705 this
parish received from the royal bounty the tract called
Queen's Farm, now in the center of the business par'
the city, between Christopher Street and Vesey Str
This vast property is valued at over $9,000,000, and
revenues have been devoted to the upbuilding of relik
and charity. Trinity Church, the mother shrine, is on
the finest churches in America, and occupies a noble i
tion on Broadway, at the head of Wall Street.  It is
impressive piece of Gothic architecture, and was finishe
1846. The splendid bronze doors and reredos presented


BROOKLYN LIFE-INSURANCE COMPANY.
LIBERTY STREET, NORTH SIDE, BETWEEN NASSAU AND WILLIAM STREETS.
new   the Astor family, the many historic monuments in and
the   about the church, the exquisite ornate spire, the famous
t of  chime of bells, and the stately cathedral service celebrated:eet.  here, combine to give Trinity special distinction.  Surits  rounding the historic structure is a venerable churchyard
rion  like a green oasis in the midst of the financial section of
e of  the city. The ancient gravestones commemorate the dead
)osi-  of over a century ago, while of special interest are the
an   tombs of Alexander Hamilton and Captain Lawrence of
d in  the Chesapeake. Among the numerous chapels governed
I by  and supported by Trinity are St. Paul's, built on lower




fap   PLAC


POSTAL TELEGRAPH BUILDING. HOME LIFE B'LD'G. SHOE AND LEATHER BANK MUTUAL RESERVE BUILDING.  STEWART BUILING.
BROADWAY, LOOKING NORTH FROM THE POST-OFFICE.
WEST SIDE OF CITY HALL SQUARE.


ATLANTIC MUTUAL INSURANCE CO.                         UNITED STATES TRUST CO.
ATLANTIC MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW YORK.
VIEW OF WALL STREET, SHOWING SOUTH SIDE FROM WILLIAM STREET TO TRINITY CHURCH ON BROADWAY.


TRINITY CHURCH.




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


25


Broadway before the Revolution, beneath the portico of
which is the tomb of General Montgomery; St. John's, a
venerable edifice, on Varick Street; and St. Agnes', away
up near the Boulevard, erected in 1890-92, at a cost of
$800,000, and richly exemplifying the Romanesque style,
with mosaics, frescoes and colored marbles. Grace Church,
in a conspicuous place at the great bend of Broadway, is a
beautiful decorated Gothic structure of white stone, dating
from 1844, and adorned with many artistic treasures.
Among other conspicuous Episcopal churches are St.
George's, long ministered to by the elder Tyng; St. Mark's
in the Bowery, an ancient colonial
shrine enclosing the tomb of Petrus
Stuyvesant, the last of the Dutch governors; St. Thomas', on Fifth Avenue,;
enriched by the artistic skill of St.::
Gaudens, LaFarge and Upjohn; the     /3. -
Transfiguration, beloved by  actors
under the name of "The Little Church
Around the Corner "; and St. Barthol-!!.
omew's, with its Lombardo-Gothic..
campanile, and one of the wealthiest of..'
congregations. The Episcopal Church
has 90 churches in New York, with
more than 35,000 communicants, and.
an all-embracing system of charities;.
and philanthropies. It is now erect-  |
ing, on the heights over Morningsidec  f,
Park, the Cathedral of St. John the'
Divine, which is to cost over $6,000, -
000, perhaps $10,000,000, and will
fairly rival the famous cathedrals of;
the Age of Faith in Europe.
Presbyterianism  began its organized work in New York in 1706, and
ten years later its adherents formed the
First Presbyterian Church, which now
worships in a handsome Gothic building on Fifth Avenue. Under the leadership of Howard Crosby, Gardiner
Spring, Sliedd, Van Dyke and Stoddard, this denomination has enjoyed
a grand development. It has 30,000
members in the city. The Fifth Avenue Church, which is ministered to by
Dr. John Hall, is one of the largest and
handsomest shrines of Protestant worship in the world, and has a very de- -
voted and generous congregation.
Methodism  entered this municipality in 1766, when the sainted Philip
Embury formed the first Methodist
society in America, with five members.
The site of the first Wesley Chapel is
now occupied by the John-Street Methodist Episcopal Church, a venerable
building far down town, and entitled


"The Cradle of American Methodism." The denomination now has 60 churches and 15,000 communicants in
Manhattan.
The Baptists held their first meetings in a rigging loft
on William Street, about a score of years before the Revolutionary War. From this little grain of seed has sprung
a great metropolitan power, with nearly 50 churches and
15,000 members, led by such men as MacArthur, Judson
and Potter. The First Baptist Society has made several
up-town migrations, until it occupied its new and quaint
church on the Boulevard. An attractive temple is the


MUTUAL RESERVE FUND LIFE ASSOCIATION.
E8ERVE BUILDING, BROADWAY, NORTHWEST CORNER OF DUANE STREET.


MUTUAL RM




26


NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


Judson Memorial Baptist Church, whose Romanesque
buildings, with their tall campanile, dominate the region
of Washington Square.
The activity and power of the Catholic Church on Manhattan Island, and the solidity and splendor of its institutions, are of vast importance as elements in the complex
life of the metropolis. Although the first church was
founded as recently as 1785, there are now 90 churches in
the city, with 400,000 adherents, and a perfect organization in efficiency. The seat of this impressive power is
St. Patrick's Cathedral, the costliest and most magnificent


ale.  +1~;.?..
A~.t'..-\,s.


ecclesiastical building in the United States. It was built
in 1858-1879, at a cost exceeding $2,000,000, and, with its
connected buildings, occupies an entire square on the
highest part of Fifth Avenue. The material of this vast
structure is white marble, richly and elaborately carved,
Its twin spires are 330 feet high. The interior is profusely
adorned with French stained glass, masterly sculptures,
altars of alabaster and bronze, and other treasures of art.
Hardly second to the Cathedral in interest is the immense
Church of St. Paul the Apostle, characterized by simplicity,
dignity, massiveness, and vast size, and with a seating
capacity of 5,000. This is the headAM     quarters of the famous order of the
Paulist Fathers. The Catholics have
scores of other temples in New York,
t:: in some of which there are several ser-::?     vices daily, to different congregations.
'         The Jews appeared among the first
comers to Manhattan, and were for
some time held under repression by
the colonial authorities.  But, with:~     - '8*!i-  the growing tolerance of modern life,
'    ~,' i: this ancient people has here developed
amazingly, until now they have 50
synagogues and temples, and many
learned and devoted rabbis.   The
magnificent Temple Emanu-El, on
Fifth Avenue, is one of the best
examples of Moorish architecture in
America, with a brilliant and elaborate interior. Farther up the avenue,
with its golden-ribbed dome flashing
across Central Park, is the great
Temple Beth-El, which has cost nearly
$800,000. The Rodoph Sholom, Shaaray Tefila, Ahavath Chesed, Sichron
Ephraim, and other synagogues display great affluence of decoration, and
most of them illustrate the Oriental
origin of their worship by their Saracenic or Byzantine architecture, so
exotic in this country.
The Lutherans have several fine
churches in the city, for Americans,
Germans and Swedes.     The great
Broadway Tabernacle, famous for the
labors of Thompson and Taylor, is the
chief shrine of the New-England Congregationalists. The Unitarians of All
Souls' Church still remember the
noble pastorate of Henry W. Bellows;
their brethren of the Church of the
Messiah derive spiritual grace from
the preaching of Robert Collyer; and
VA                the present generation in upper New
York admire the work of Merle St.
Croix Wright.   The city has three


GERMAN-AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY.
N08. 115 AND 117 BROADWAY.




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


27


societies of Swedenborgians, three of Disciples, two of
the Catholic Apostolic communion, and two of Friends.
Nearly every other sect known to American Christianity
has its representatives in this great cosmopolis. Of the
more ancient and foreign communions, the Greek Church
is adequately represented by an archimandrite and a
devout congregation.
Of religions other than those common to Americans
the citizens of New York have some opportunity to form
opinions. The chief propaganda of Mohammedanism in
the Western World is established here; the Chinese residents have a Joss House for their peculiar forms of worship; and the First
Society of Spiritualists endeavors to
join Manhattan to the Summer Land
by frequent seances.
Hardly less important than the
churches are the great headquarters
of the various denominations and religious orders. Here stands the Bible; ':?
House, the home of the American Bible    '    '", '/;
Society, which, in the past 78 years,
has distributed 60,000,000 Bibles at a; "i
cost of above $20,000,000. The mag-    - ".
nificent new Church Missions House,.         - a
on Fourth Avenue and 22d Street, is.<....
the home of the Domestic and Foreign; ":   2
Missionary Society of the Protestant
Episcopal Church in the United States:;..:    M
of America, with its noble army of      -^.';::
bishops and missionaries in all parts of         -
the earth.  The Methodist Mission
House, on Fifth Avenue and 20th
Street, is one of the finest buildings
of the kind in the world, and also contains the headquarters of the Methodist
Book Concern, now more than a century old. The building was erected
in 1889, and, with land, cost $1,000,000. The Presbyterian House, the old
Lenox mansion on Fifth Avenue, is
the home of the Boards of Foreign
and Domestic Missions of the Presbyterian Church, controlling an army of
4,000 missionaries, and spending over
$2,000,000 a year. Work has already
begun on one of the great tall buildings in modern style, so that Presby-!   i
terianism will soon show its vitality in
substantial and conspicuous form on
Fifth Avenue. The American Tract          |l: d
Society, which for nearly three quarters: -:
of a century has been publishing and   3
disseminating religious literature, in
many languages, to a great extent of
the smaller kind, is now erecting in          THE L
Printing-House Square one of the most   LAWYERS' TITLE E


gigantic office buildings in the world. Full twenty stories,
with an observatory roof, -virtually twenty-two stories
high- will be built above the street level. It will stand at
the corner of Nassau and Spruce streets, at opposite corners to the Tribune and Times buildings, which will appear
as dwarfs by its side. It will afford a glorious opportunity
to those religiously inclined to meet in the upper stories or
on the observatory roof and sing most effectually "Nearer
My God to Thee." The illustration in this book gives an
idea of the combinations which the architect, R. H. Robertson, has introduced to render so lofty a structure pleasing


AWYERS' TITLE INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW YORK.
IUILDING, MAIDEN LANE, SOUTH SIDE, BETWEEN NASSAU AND WILUAM STREETS.




28


2NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


to the eye while providing for the essentials of construction. The Reformed Church in America has its headquarters in a spacious building, from which it directs
the work of 500 missionaries, and other allied agencies
for disseminating the light of the Gospel. Many other
religious bodies have here their chief centers of influence, for distributing tracts, for promoting Sunday observance, for aiding seamen, and for evangelizing the city.
The local Young Men's Christian Association has 7,000
members and 14 branches, with their libraries and readingrooms, classes and entertainments, gymnasiums and other


nr7;r '' ~ 
r~,
',
~V: ~''P ~
* )
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-a;: ~-~.- ,,~;~"I,,~~2:.:~'':P'4`-.: r: f:

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5:` ~*' l(fr.r r\d?`"'
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L3..~~.~
J '" ~=;" "~
"~G '2-d..:ih;J
'"~~"'b' —~
5 4:.1_.1.epartments. The Railroad Men's Christian Association
as a noteworthy club-house on Madison Avenue.  The
Young Women's Christian Association owns a noble and
ommodious building near Fifth Avenue, and has charge
f the beautiful Margaret Louisa Home, an angelic gift
f Mrs. Elliott F. Shepard, the granddaughter of Cornelius
Vanderbilt.
The construction and maintenance of this immense
rray of churches and other religious institutions have
rawn incalculable sums from the Christian people of
Sew York. They have always been more than generous,
not only with money, but also with
that which is of far greater value, the
energy of earnest personal work; and
the gradual concentring here of the
evangelistic agencies of America attests the profound respect which the
New York character, hearty, practical,
generous, direct, has won from the
people of other sections.  They are. '        certainly "diligent in business, and
fervent in spirit," and to an extent
rarely equaled in any community; and
many of their number are "serving
the Lord."  No other municipality in
*..      the world's history has had unloaded
upon it such myriads of ruined immi-.:     grant humanity; and yet by many
-          earnest and fortunate agencies, managed with consummate consecration
and business skill, these unhappy visit';t>: i     ations have been turned to the advan-::          tage at once of the great city and of
i,:..'   its incoming children from over the
New York is preeminent in the
number, variety and efficiency of its;    charities, and numbers more than 700
institutions devoted to this noble purpose. The central point of the chief
private organizations is the United
t Charities Building, a gift by John S.
Kennedy, a magnificent seven-story
fire-proof edifice, erected in 1891-93,
at a cost of $700,000. Here is the headquarters of the Charity Organization
Society, which carefully districts the
city, to secure concurrent action; the
Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, which has passed its
fiftieth year of varied usefulness; the
Children's Aid Society, which has several great buildings, and cares for
35,000 children yearly; and the NewYork City Mission and Tract Society,
maintaining 60 missionaries in the
city below 14th Street.  Fifteen other


FIDELITY AND CA8UALTY COMPANY OF NEW YORK.
CEDAR STREET FROM TEMPLE TO CHURCH STREET.


4.




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


29


benevolent societies in varied lines of philanthropy have
their offices in the same building. The New-York Society
for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children was the first of
its kind in the world, and has a substantial stone edifice
adjoining the United Charities Building. The American
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was first
organized in 1866 in New York, where its headquarters
remain. It has prosecuted 17,000 cruel men, and relieved
over 100,000 animals from suffering. It is impossible to
give more than a glance at the charities of the great city,
for they include almost every class in
need of help.                           t  7 -Tile Jews have several noble insti-; -.'
tutions leagued in the United Hebrew
Charities; and other benevolent socie-.
ties have been organized by the Irish,...
English, Scotch, Welch, French, Ital-;
ian, Belgian, Swiss, Spanish, German,: "    f
Norwegian, Hungarian, Polish and. -.'?
Greek residents, and for the negroes.
and Chinamen. The public charities          *-''',
cost $2,000,000 a year, and the private   ^
charities expend a much greater sum,.:.:.   i:
until the most careless observer is corn-  '
pelled to wonder as to whence come
these fabulous amounts of money,
freely contributed by the citizens, year..f:;.;::
after year, to solace the sorrows of the;     f.
distressed and unfortunate. Gotham      -
is a town of money-making, but its
golden treasures are not allowed to
accumulate in idleness while anyone
within its borders is sick, or hungry,
or ignorant. The pessimistic readers
of criminal and depravity annals are at:^:M~
times wont to believe the whole world.    -:a
is bad, but the optimistic observer of
the generosity and philanthropy of the R/1.
people of New York, and likewise of
all great cities, knows that the far  iX       i
greater majority of the people are constantly doing or striving to do the utmost possible good within their power
for their fellow-creatures.
The local hospitals have no supe-.
riors in the world, and are celebrated
for complete appointments, excellent
management, and skillful medical service. Besides its 50 infirmaries the.
city has 70 hospitals, treating yearly  ^
100,000 patients, three fourths of them
without pay, and losing only eight per
cent. by death.  Bellevue Hospital,
with its 800 beds, is one of the largest
in existence, and receives gratuitously
the sick  poor.  The city's insane
asylums accommodate 6,000 patients


yearly, at a cost of $700,000. The New-York Hospital,
projected in 1770, is an admirably equipped proprietary
institution, which has received upwards of 700,000
patients. The Roosevelt Hospital, which has been called
the most perfect of medical charities was endowed in
1863 by James H. Roosevelt, with $1,000,000, and opened
in 1871. It occupies a noble group of buildings near
Central Park. The Presbyterian Hospital, dating from
1872, cost $1,200,000, and receives nearly 4,000 patients
yearly. The Mount-Sinai Hospital was founded in 1852,


AMERICAN SURETY COMPANY OF NEW YORK.
BROADWAY, SOUTHEAST CORNER OF PINE STREET.




80


NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


by benevolent Jews, and cares for 3,000 sick persons
every year. St. Luke's Hospital, planned by Episcopalians in 1846, and opened in 1854, accommodates 2,000
yearly, at a cost of $100,000. It is about to be removed
to new and splendid buildings on the heights near the
inchoate Cathedral of St. John
the Divine. The Cancer Hospital is one of the unique medical institutions of the country.
It has a conspicuously attractive group of buildings, and
promises to. become one of the                 B
most famous special hospitals            i
of the world.   Beside these
great institutions the city has
well-supported  hospitals for
women, children, maternity
cases, and convalescents; for
homeopathic treatment; for
Catholics, Italians, Germans,
Jews and Frenchmen; and for
sufferers from  consumption,
ruptures, skin diseases, and
affections of the eyes, ears or
throat.
While Americans in general, and New Yorkers in particular, do their full share
toward helping the unfortunate, they deserve far greater
credit for their incessant endeavor to provide for those dependent on them for support.
All kinds of benevolent, semibenevolent and philanthropic
organizations are productive of
wholesome results. But chief
of all these are the numerous
life insurance companies- the
most practical kind of philanthropy-which have reached
the greatest magnitude in this
city that has yet been attained
anywhere in Christendom.
Three of these all-powerful
beneficial institutions have each
greater assets than those of the
Bank of England -the Mutual
Life, the Equitable Life and
the New York Life.    These
vast sums mean so much money             MERCHANTS' r
40 AND 42 WALL STREET, BETWE
laid aside by frugal and farsighted people who are providing for loved ones who
may be deprived of those upon whom they depend for
support; or else so much set aside to provide for oneself
in advanced age. Beside their benevolent work, these life
corporations have been among the prime causes of the


city's architectural growth, for the life insurance buildings
of New York surpass the office structures of any city in
the world. Life insurance is indeed one of the vital
features of modern life, in which New York City alone
leads any nation on the face of the earth. Thirty-two
companies transact business
here, with over $971,000,000 in
assets, a surplus of $116,000,000, yearly receipts of about
$236,000,000, and yearly disbursements of $166,000,000.
Their costs of operation and
dividends reach $52,000,000 a
year. Financial operations so
gigantic as these compel the
attention of the world, and
give to the Empire City a
proud primacy over all others.
The Mutual Life Insurance
Company, founded in 1842,
owns the most exquisite and
most costly office building in
the world, and when carried to
completion it will also be the
largest.  It is of granite and
Indiana stone, and stands on
the site of the Middle Dutch
Church, on Nassau Street. The
triumphant advance of the iMutual Life seems like a fairy tale,
until now it is not only the
largest life insurance company,
but also the greatest financial
institution of any kind in the
world, far larger than even
the Bank of England.  It has
received from premiums and
interest $640,000,000; has paid
to its members, $380,000,000;
holds assets of $185,000,000;
and in 1894 has $800,000,000 of
insurance issued on 273,000
policies. These figures arc so
vast as to be astounding, and
almost incomprehensible.
The Equitable Life Assurance Society has 278,435 policies in force, covering $932,532, 577 in insurance. Its gross
assets reach the colossal sum of
MTIONAL BANK.            $166,000,000, including a sur1 NA88AU AND WILLIAM STREETS.
plus of nearly $30,000,000. It
has paid to policy-holders nearly $175,000,000 in cash. Its
large granite building on Broadway, between Pine and
Cedar streets, is said, with land and' equipment, to have
cost perhaps $15,000,000; and 1,500 persons find their occupations therein. It is one of the architectural wonders.


NA
EEN.4




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


31


The New-York Life Insurance Company's handsonm
white marble building on Broadway and Leonard Stree
is one of the architectural features of New York, as th
company itself is one of the financial marvels of th
country. A purely mutual company, without capita
stock, and less than half a century old, it holds in trus
nearly $150,000,000 for a quarter of a million members
Its business is world wide,and its "Accumulation Policy'
is a world-wide contract, being entirely without restric
tions, and containing many privileges which help to keel
the policy in force when others would be forfeited. Thi
company owns fire-proof office buildings in Kansas City, Omaha, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Montreal, Paris, Ber-  |?i,-',
lin and Vienna, and during 1893 did
the largest new business ever done in a
year by any life company in the world.
The Germania Life Insurance Company of New York is an American institution, managed by representative
German-Americans, and does an extensive business in Europe.  It has
gross assets of almost $19,000,000, including a surplus of over $1,200,000.
It has in force about 39,000 policies,
covering more than $69,500,000.  It
owns its office building in the financial district of New York, and also in
the business center of Berlin. It has
been in active business ever since 1860,
and is one of the soundest institutions
in the State.
The Washington Life Insurance
Company, organized    in  1860, has
accumulated  gross assets of over
$12,500,000, over 84% of which are
loans secured by first liens on real
estate,- the largest proportion of assets so held by any life insurance company in this country. The company
has striven for solidity rather than
magnitude; and yet it has nearly
$50,000,000 of insurance in force, is-.
sued under almost 25,000 policies..   i     =
The Washington is a conservative,
progressive institution, and has its
ramifications throughout the United
States.
The Manhattan    Life Insurance
Company's Building on lower Broadway is the tallest office or business
building  in the world, and ranks
among the tall structures of any kind.
It reaches the unprecedented height of
347 feet on Broadway and 360 feet on
New Street. St. Paul's, in London, is
but 366 feet; Trinity is 287 feet;


St. Patrick's Cathedral, 328 feet; Madison Square Tower,
332 feet; The World, 309 feet, and in Chicago the Masonic
Temple is 303 feet. Besides its monumental height, it is a
cosmopolitan wonder in architectural construction. Such
a structure was not a known possibility until within a few
years. Ancients may be given all praise for their styles
and manners of architecture, and so may the Middle Ages,
but to Americans must be given the laurel for having so
revolutionized old forms, or rather created new ones, by
which such buildings as the Manhattan Life are made possible. Here on a lot of 67 feet front is erected a practical


MECHANICS' NATIONAL BANK.
31 AND 83 WALL STREET, BETWEEN BROAD AND WILLIAM STREETS.




82


NEW YORE: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


company the Manhattan is one of the
most esteemed institutions in the city.
It has assets of nearly $14,000,000; it
has paid policy-holders $37,500,000,
and has more thlan $64,000,000 insurance in force.
The Metropolitan Life Insurance
Company., beside enjoying the distinction of being the preominent industrial
life insurance company of the world,
S             owns and occupies on Madison Square
_Ol           one of tlheC most beautiful buildings
extant. Its assets exceed $19,000,000,
and it has 3,000,000 policies in force. It
has 8,000 people in its service, and
pays 150 death-claims daily. It provides insurance mainly for the working classes, for small weekly payments
collected by its agents. It is one of
the most praiseworthy of all the life
insurance companies, for it protects
the class in greatest need of protection.
-  9Its chaste and beautiful building is of
_H            white marble, in delicate Italian ReI ~           naissance architecture, and cost about
_             $3,000,000. No other office structure
on either continent receives such universal praise. It is palatial.
The Home Life Insurance Company
is one of New York's fiduciary institutions of the highest name. For over
30 years it has been distinguished for
its conservatism, solidity and prosperity. The new Home Life Building
on Broadway, opposite the City Hall,
is one of the arclhitectural beauties of
this country.  It is an immense and
lofty structure of white marble, in
l             Italian  Renaissance, sixteen stories
high. It is absolutely fire-proof, and
equipped with all the appliances and
devices that nowadays make a place
of business indeed a palace compared
with what it was some years ago.
This colossal and admirable edifice
typifies the wealth, enterprise, sagacity
and taste of the Home Life Insurance Company.
The Provident Savings Life Assurance Society is the
successful embodiment of a plan of Sheppard Homans, its
president, who has had a life-long experience as an actuary.
The company offers much lower rates than are usual, for
there is but little money asked of policy-holders above
what it costs to carry the insurance from year to year. It
furnishes safe life insurance without large reserve accumulations.  It is a regular "old line" company of high
repute for financial strength and honest, conservative
management. It has in force 24,533 policies, covering


THE BANK OF AMERICA.
WALL 8TREET, NORTHWEST CORNER OF WILLIAM STREET.
business structure twenty stories high, with walls of comparatively insignificant thickness, and yet as substantial
and durable as by old forms which would have required
walls several feet in thickness. While there are differences
of opinion as to the desirability of such tall buildings,
there is no question as to the great achievements in construction. The Herald lhas utilized similar construction in
its two-story structure; and so also has the Sun in its plans
for a thirty-two-story building, which might now have
been on its way to Sol's realms had not the panic of 1893
interfered with financial matters. As a life insurance.4




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


33


$83,101,434, all of which has been accumulated since 1875.  companies have begun and ended their careers, anda numThe Brooklyn Life Insurance Company is known as     ber survive the drain made by the tremendous losses by
"the company for policy-holders," insomuch as it is a  fires and conflagrations.  The companies of most civilized
quietly conducted, economically and conservatively man-  nations have establisled branches in New York, as have
agdc institution, that for thirty years has aimed to make  also nearly all of the larger companies of this country.
the smallest cost possible in life insurance for its policy-  These offices, with the New-York companies, give to the
holders. It has recently.,_-.. -.community protection against
bought the corner property                                                      losses from conflagrations of
adjoining its Liberty Street  a                                                 any magnitude.
building, the corner being                                                         There are 39 fire insurance
one of the most valuable in       i    k                                        companies' organized under
the financial quarter of New.                           New-York   State laws, 64
York.                                                                           from  other States, and 24
The  Mutual Reserve                                                          from other countries, authorFund Life Association,                                                          ized to do business in New
whose president is E. B. tua                                                    York City, all together havIlarper, is the largest of all       I;                                         ing assets of $220,008,883.
purely mutual natural-pre- I_                                                   Besides this vast sum for promnium companies in this or:                                           tection against losses by fire,
any other country.  It has.     q,:                                         there are many mutual com83,000 members, with $272,-          ii                                         panies and Lloyds associa000,000 of insurance in force,;                                          tions.
assets of $4,000,000, and a                                                        The German-American Inc;ash reserve fund of $3,500,-                                        i         surance Company has main000. It furnishes life insur-                              U' st[.?    "al       tained a rapidly and conance at cost, in incontestable.                           stantly successful career from
and unrestricted policies, by                                                   its beginning, and to-day
wise, economical and self-                                                      keeps up that energy which
regulating ma n a g e m e n t.                                                  predominates in progressive
The grand new building at                       l                               American institutions. With
Broadway and Duane Street                            I                          a cash capital of $1,000,000,
is one of the architectural                                                     it has accumulated assets apmasterpieces of the metrop-                                                     proaching $6,000,000, includolis. Its architect was Wm.                                                     ing a net surplus of about
II. flume. It will not only                                                     $2,000,000, over and above its
afford a fitting home for the                                                   re-insurance fund of $2,500,association, but also make                                                      000, and all liabilities. Repgreat returns from the rental                                                   resentatives of the Germanof its many excellent offices.                                                 American   Insurance  ComnMarine insurance began                                                       pany are to be found in every
here as early as 1759, and                                                      town and city of the whole
now has as its great exem-                                                      country.
plar the Atlantic Mutual In-                                                       This community also has
surance Company, which has                                                      powerful companies for the
paid out more than $100,000,-                                                   insurance of glass, boilers,
000 for losses, and now has                                                     elevators, real estate titles,
assets of $12,000,000.  It                                                -     and mercantile credits, to prostands easily at the head and                                                   tect against unfaithful emfront of all the marine insur-                                                  ployees, and to insure against
aice companies on this con-               GALLATIN NATIONAL BANK.               accidents.
atien. Ipesont t isng  86 WALL ST., BETWEEN NASSAU AND WILLIAM STS., ADJOINING ASSAY OFFICE.
tinent. Its present building                                                       The Preferred Accident
at the time of its erection was the finest business struc-  Insurance Company of New York had $301,063,000 of
ture on Wall Street, but now stands in marked contrast  accident insurance in force December 31, 1893, the largest
with the scores of lofty buildings, and plainly marks the  uamount outstanding in any company in the world. The
recent development of the city.                       company began business eight years ago, and, by confinThe first local fire insurance company was organized in  ing itself solely to the least hazardous class, and, by
1787, in a very small way. Since then a long line of local  economical management, it has accumulated its vast busi



THE CITY HALL.
IN CITY-HALL PARK, OPPOSITE MURRAY STREET, BETWEEN BROADWAY AND PARK ROW.


UNION DIME SAVINGS INSTITUTION.
GREELEY SQUARE, JUNCTION OF BROADWAY, SIXTH AVENUE AND 32o STREET.




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


35


ness. It has made steady progress from the start, and now
has 33,166 policy-holders, and gross assets of $344,755,
after paying claims of $800,000.
The Lawyers' Title Insurance Company is the first
institution of its class to build its own grand office building
in this city. It looms up in quaint, historic and crooked
Maiden Lane, with height and ornateness to attract general attention. This institution examines titles to real
estate and guarantees them. The examinations are conducted by expert lawyers, who make this phase of law
their specialty, and the guarantee of the company has the
substantial backing of its own cash
capital and surplus of $1,500,000 and            ' 7
its guarantee fund of $750,000.
The Fidelity and Casualty Building, now in course of construction,
promises to be one of the handsomest
in the city. It is to be eleven stories
high.  The property faces on three
streets, Cedar, Temple and Church,
and has a total frontage of 200 feet.             /
The extent of the frontages, as compared with the height of the building,.
has enabled the architect to present a       /
design with architectural proportions
and features not usually found in such       l
structures. It will be occupied by the
company, and a considerable part will               i
be available for tenants. The cornpany has grown rapidly since its or-               l
ganization in 1876.  It received last
year about $2,225,000 in premiums,.
which is said to be the largest income
enjoyed by any insurance company at                  E
home or abroad engaged in its lines
of business. These lines are Fidelity
Bonds, Accident, Employers'Liability,
Steam Boiler and Plate Glass.  The U
president is George F. Seward, formerly United States Minister in China.
The American Surety Company
provides securities and bonds, where
individuals were formerly required.    _    1
This character of insurance is now furnished by several companies, but the
foremost of these in this country is
the American Surety Company of _;
New York. Its capital is $2,000,000,     _      e
the largest of any company in this              a
branch of insurance.  This corpora- _1
tion is now erecting another of those
great office ed(lifices for which this city
stands unrivaled. It will be a majes- 1
tic structure, twenty stories high in
fact, for all the stories will be full size
and entirely available for rental purposes. Its location is on Broadway at            MERC


the southeast corner of Pine Street. The price paid for
a part of the real estate was the largest sum which has
ever been paid for a lot of its size in this country. The
new building will be one of the tallest, most graceful and
finest office structures in the world.
Another great resource of the social and philanthropic
New Yorker is the clubs, of which, high and low, the
city has legion. The old-time clubs were little coteries of
kindred minds who met at the Pewter Mug Tavern, or the
Bank Coffee House, or the Bread and Cheese Club's reunions, and chatted merrily over their pipes and ale.


HANTS' EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK OF NEW                YORK.
WEST SIDE, BETWEEN MURRAY AND WARREN STREETS, OPPOSITE CITY-HALL PARK.


-t. -, "UUW~




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


From such slender beginnings have developed the 300
social clubs of to-day; and this city stands second only to
imperial London in the number and importance of its
joyous brotherhoods. The magnitude of their operations
is worthy of attention, and may be illustrated by the fact
that the combined yearly revenues of the Union League
and the Manhattan Club, from dues, meals, lodgings and
billiards, exceed $1,000,000. The entrance fee at each of
the larger clubs is about $300; the yearly dues are from
$75 to $100. The oldest is the Union Club, which dates its
origin from 1836, and has a very handsome brown stone


house on Fifth Avenue. There are 1,500 members, with a
long and weary waiting list. Farther up the avenue is
the picturesque Queen-Anne house of the Union League
Club, built at a cost of $400,000, and giving most luxurious
accommodations to 1,500 members. This organization was
founded during the Civil War, to forward the cause of
American loyalty and patriotism; and has had among its
presidents, Choate, Evarts, Fish and Depew. Within five
minutes' walk, and also on Fifth Avenue, is the costly
marble palace built by the late A. T. Stewart for a residence, and now owned and occupied by the Manhattan
Club, composed of a thousand gentlemen, mainly of those who are interested in the advance of the Democratic
party. Among other interesting associations are the Metropolitan, which
has a splendid new marble house
fronting on Central Park, and is also
known as "The Millionaires' Club";
the New York, founded in 1845, on
Chambers Street, and now on upper
Fifth Avenue; the Knickerbocker and
Calumet which both    recruit their
membership among the younger element in fashionable society; the St.
Nicholas, mainly composed of members of old colonial families; the Century, charmingly housed in an Italian
Renaissance palace, and largely made
up of devotees of literature and the
fine arts; the University, whose college-graduate members unite to advance literature, art and mirth; the
Harvard, with its masterpiece of clubhouse architecture, just west of Fifth
Avenue, on 44th Street, providing
sumptuous surroundings for the president and fellows; the famous Lotos
Club, with an elegant house on Fifth
Avenue; and the Colonial, one of the
newest and most beautifully housed
of the clubs, which has arranged to
allow the ladies of the members' families some of its privileges. But these
arc merely a few of the general clubs.
The Germans have several fine and
costly club-houses, especially those
belonging to the Harmonie, and Progress, and  Fidelio clubs, and the
Deutscher-Verein. The Catholic Club
with a superb club-house on 59th
Street, opposite Central Park; and the
Xavier Club in 16th Street, draw their
constituencies from the Catholics, and
the Church Club and the Clergy Club
have an Episcopalian tendency. Artists unite in the Salmagundi; actors,


NATIONAL BANK OF THE REPUBLIC.
UNITED BANK BUILDING, WALL STREET AND BROADWAY.




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


37


in The Players and The Lambs; Christian scholars, in the
Quill Club; bibliophiles, in the Grolier Club; writers and
makers of books, in the Aldine and in the Authors; and
newspaper men, in the Press Club. There are a dozen or
more Greek-letter fraternities, each perpetuating the memories of college-days in a snug club-house.  There are
clubs, with convenient homes, for clergymen, merchants,
lawyers, engineers, electricians, importers, doctors, and
the members of other professions, where matters of common interest may be discussed amid pleasant surroundings.
Military men convene in the United Service Club, the Old
Guard rooms, the Loyal Legion, and
the Seventh Regiment Veteran Club;
and the 55 local posts of the G. A. R.
also have their halls and camp-fires.
Politicians find their affiliations at the
Sagamore, Lincoln, City, Republican,
Reform, Democratic, and a score of
other capital clubs, and at the headquarters of the Tammany Society, the
most powerful and invincible organization of its kind in the world. Now,
there are many people who heartily
dislike the methods and achievements
of Tammany; but amid all dissent,
this fact is certain: that for many
years the great metropolis, with all its
wealth and cultivation, has been absolutely ruled by this particular organization of general and election district
committees, and the claws of the tiger
have destroyed many mighty opponents.
Myriads of the citizens take a profound interest in athletic sports, and
many of the foremost professional and
amateur athletes have been developed
among these easy metropolitans. The
New York Athletic Club, with its
3,000 members, has a grand club-house
on Sixth Avenue, with rooms for
swimming, boxing, running, and a
vast variety of gymnastic practices,
besides owning an island near New
Rochelle, with a fine country clubhouse. The Manhattan Athletic Club
had a membership of 3,000, and
erected the most complete club-house
for athletic sports in the world. The
Racquet and Tennis Club, with its
beautiful Romanesque house on 43d
Street, is the oldest association of the
kind in the United States, and has a
large and enthusiastic membership.
The New York Turn-Verein includes
a great number of German devotees
of active sports, and dates its origin  WILIAM STREET, NORTH


from 1849. The Central Turn-Verein built and for a time
occupied an $800,000 turn-halle.  There are scores of
clubs for rowing, cycling, shooting, canoeing and fencing,
and for the careful development of fine breeds of horses,
dogs and cattle.
In yachting, New York is far to the fore, as becomes a
great sea-port, and the seat of almost illimitable wealth
and enterprise. The New York Yacht Club, founded
away back in 1844, has 300 vessels, and its city house is
on Madison Avenue. It has the custody of the famous
America cup; and it was a yacht of this club, the gallant


CORN EXCHANGE BANK OF NEW            YORK.
IWE8T CORNER OF BEAVER STREET, BETWEEN THE COTTON AND PRODUCE EXOHANGE$.




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS........ ~;  and conservative men that before an-.   other century has far advanced, here
will be the money capital of the world.
Already the accumulated wealth and:   banking capital at this point has
*   created  heretofore unheard-of cor'   porate powers, has marvelously stim-?   ulated speculative activity, and has
organized credit on a scientific basis.
At first, Philadelphia took the lead,
and established the earliest American
bank. That city was called by a traveler of the early part of the century,
l           "the London of America," while he
gave to New York the provincial title
of " the Liverpool of America." Subsequently, with the vigorous develop-.____-__  ment of commerce and manufactures,
the city on the Hudson slowly but
- <-     very surely moved ahead of the city
_       retirement of the Bank of the United....:   States. The annals of Wall Street, for
the past half century, have been varied.i:        by many exciting episodes, such as the
suspension of specie payments in 1857,,;~- X the magnificent rally of the banks in...^..  aid of the Government during the Rebellion, the tragedy of Black Friday,
-|j      and the preservation of the interior
|      banks in 1873, 1884, 1890, and (luring
the so-called silver panic of 1893, by
the issue of vast amounts in Clearing
House certificates. The National Banking Act of 1865 practically constituted
New York the depository of the banking reserves of the entire Republic.
In the neighborhood of $575,000,000
are held in deposit by the metropolitan
banks, and nearly half of this amount
is money of country banks. Another
grand factor is represented by the
private banking houses, whose dealings in foreign exchange alone amount
to from fifteen to twenty billions of
dollars a year.  The local money;, furnishing the value and supply of capital
lost the entire Union, includes among its agencies
Is of 50 National banks and about 50 State banks,
aggregated resources approximating $650,000,000,
ized at nearly $70,000,000, and with surpluses of
),000.
by-four of these are united in the Clearing House
Ltion, the most important piece of financial mechanthie world, whose transactions have already exceeded,lion dollars. This colossal institution is primarily
um for the prompt settlement of bank exchanges,


THE NATIONAL PARK BANK OF NEW YOR(.
214 BROADWAY, BETWEEN FULTON AND ANN STREETS, OPPOSITE ST. PAUL'S CHAPEL.
Vigilant, which defended this trophy against the British  market
yacht Valkyrie, in 1893, beating her in three straight  for aln
races, thus sustaining the supremacy of American yachts  upwan
which this country has maintained for more than forty   with a
years.  The American Yacht Club, the      Seawanhaka    capital
Corinthian Yacht Club, and other great organizations of  $75,00(
this class, make the waters around New York lively during  Sixl
the long and pleasant summers, and preserve the spirit of  Associf
maritime adventure in thousands of bright young men.    ism in I
The financial center of the United States has long been  one tril
established at New York, and it is predicted by sagacious  a medi.4




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


39


b)ut it also stands as the formal and
efficient organization by which the
banks may act in unison in times of        S
emergency.   The Clearing House is
domiciled at Nassau and Pine streets,
but the Association is erecting on
Cedar Street, between Nassau Street
and Broadway, one of the most beau-          J
tiful structures on the continent. It
was designed by Robert W. Gibson,
and will tend to encourage a higher
artistic treatment of business buildings, and be a fitting and permanent
home for the chief organization of the
American financial world. The Government is represented in the Clearing
H ouse Association by the Assistant
Treasurer, whose office, in the beautiful classic Sub-Treasury building on
Wall Street, conducts two thirds of
the direct money dealings of the
United States with the public. During a single year, the fiscal movement through this agency has reachedl
nearly three billion dollars, and at one
time its vaults contained $235,000,000
in cash.
Next door to the Sub-Treasury is
the United States Assay office, which
occupies the former building of the
Bank of thle United States. The Assay   B
office is a department of the Mint. Its
function is to refine precious metals,
and during its existence the office has
treated over $1,000,000,000 in gold and
silver bullion.
The Stock Exchange is the third
member of the trio of which the SubTreasury and the banks are the other
components.  In popular estimation,
the market for securities, indeed, is the
most conspicuous feature of Wall
Street life. The New-York Stock Exchange is an integral part of the country's financial system, its influence and
fame, in fact, extending throughout
the world. It supplies the market for the imr
amounts of stocks and bonds of the railroad and indu
corporations which develop the national resources.
total par value of such securities admitted to its ":
and open to dealings on the Board is some ten I
dollars.  The Exchange originated in 1792. It I
membership of 1,100, the value of its "seats," N
have sold as high as $32,000, being now about $2
each. Its marble building, in Renaissance style, fac
Broad Street, extending through to New Street, and
tains the great Board room in which its sessions are


NINTH NATIONAL BANK OF NEW YORK.
407, 409 AND 411 BROADWAY, BETWEEN WALKER AND L8ISPENARD STREETS.
nense   daily from 10 to 3 o'clock, and where the transactions of
strial  its members are conducted. In exciting times of speculaThe    tion the dealings of a single day have been known to
lists"  exceed 1,000,000 shares of various stocks, while in a year
illion  the par value of the securities traded in have reached the
las a   enormous sum    of seven billion dollars.  During   the
vhich   sessions the public are admitted to a gallery, from which
'0,000  they can view the surging crowds of brokers, and behold
es on   the busy scene where the great transactions which made
I con-  Gould and Vanderbilt and other financiers famous were
held   carried out.




FIFTH   AVENUE  BANK.                   FIFTH   AVENUE     C
FIFTH AVENUE BANK OF NEW YORK.
VIEW OF FIFTH AVENUE, LOOKING NORTH FROM FORTY-FOURTH STREET.


CATHEDRAL.  WINDSOR HOTEL.         HEAVENLY REST CHURCH.


~~:~.:~~ pl —.~-*r~l:
': ~u
I;
1~ ~..~'~r.,~ d~~~ ~,.':~~~ ~~.~


L I-L
x*.* ) I".
u.:?.."' uc
~'5 '~
ii:
r.: ~Q-.
-ru


LORD & TAYLOR'S DRY GOODS ESTABLISHMENT,
EROADWAY, SOUTHWEST CORNER OF 20TH STREET, VIEW LOOKING SOUTH ON BROADWAY AND WEST ON 20TM STREET..4




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


41


Tile Consolidated Stock and Petroleum Exchange,
2,000 members, has a handsome building on lower Bi
way, and transacts a varied business in bonds, mi
stocks and oil certificates. The New-York Produce
change limits its membership to 3,000, and handles
greater part of the farm products exported from the Ui
States, its average daily business being $15,000,000.
occupies a magnificent Italian Renaissance structure,
Bowling Green, erected at a cost of over $3,000,000,
adorned with a noble, detached tower, 225 feet high.
stands as the peer of any kindred building in any l
The New-York Cotton Exchange has
a million-dollar building on Hanover  J...
Square.  The New-York Coffee Ex-..
change and likewise the New-York.
Wool Exchange are at present erecting imposing buildings adapted to
their constituencies. The city also has
busy exchanges for the handling of
fruit, butter and cheese, real estate,
building materials, dry goods, lumber
and other commodities which seek this
great commercial center for a market.
The three oldest banks are the
Bank of New York, founded by Alexander Hamilton in 1784; the Manhattan Company, chartered through
Aaron Burr's influence, in 1799, as a
water-works corporation; and the Merchants' National Bank, established in
1803, by leading merchants who desired a bank free from the complications of political influence. The conservative management of the Merchants' has safely encountered and
weathered many financial storms; and
the institution still occupies the same   l
site which it took up in the dawn of
the century.  Its stockholders have
included many of the foremost men of
New York, and under such influences
the policy of the institution has been
careful, straightforward and efficient.
These three grand old institutions, the
Merchants' National, the Manhattan
and the Bank of New York have always stood as three great monetary
fortresses of the country. The magnificent building of the Merchants'
Bank, erected conjointly with the
Manhattan Company, is one of the
most costly in Wall Street.
The Mechanics' National Bank is
the fourth oldest of the New-York
city banks.  For eighty-five years,
ever since 1810, it has transacted     TRINITY CHURCH.
business on the same spot, Nos. 31


and 33 Wall Street. Its own building on this site is one
of the finest and most graceful buildings on Wall Street.
Besides its eminence by reason of its age, its historical
associations, its long occupancy of a single site, it ranks
as one of the strongest and soundest financial institutions,
having gross assets of over $20,000,000, including a capital
of $2,000,000, and a surplus of over $2,000,000. The
Mechanics' Bank Building immediately faces the United
States Sub-Treasury.
The Bank of America, the greatest State bank in the
Republic, founded in 1812, has for over eighty years


NEW-YORK LIFE-INSURANCE & IKUST CO.
NEW-YORK LIFE-INSURANCE & TRUST CO.
52 WALL STREET, NORTH 81DE, THREE DOORS EAST OF WILLIAM STREET.




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS..         and this $5,000,000, or more, is the
substantial margin of security for the
depositors, whose  balances exceed. <          $20,000,000.
v:               The Merchants' Exchange National
Bank has just taken possession of its
elegant and capacious banking quarters opposite the City Hall Square.
Its old building, which the bank had
built and occupied for thirty years,
has been replaced by one of the tallest
and most beautiful office buildings in
New York. It is sixteen stories high,
with white marble facade delicately
ornamented, and the bank's quarters
are on the street floor.  The Merchants' Exchange has gross assets of
more than $6,250,000, and its business
is scattered throughout the Union. It
was organized in 1829.
The National Bank of Commerce
enjoys the distinction of being, with
but a single exception, the only bank
in the United States having a capital of
$5,000,000.  In addition to this immense capital it has surplus and profits
exceeding $3,500,000, - making the
largest combined capital and surplus
of any bank in this counltry.,Just now
its deposits exceed $28,000,000.  It
has bought the lot adjoining its bank
building on Nassau Street, thus making, with its present site, a fine corner
- 100 feet on eachl street - on whichl
will le erected a handsome structure.
The new Clearing House adjoins this
property on Cedar Street.
The Gallatin National Bank commemorates the name of Albert Gallatin, the illustrious financier and statesman, who was the bank's first presi(lent, and whose successor was his son,
James Gallatin, who served thirty....^^.'     years. The bank, since its organizac             tion in 1829, has had but one other
STREETS.          president, Frederick D. Tappen, who
was chosen in 1868, and who is eminent among the
financiers of the day.  Its stately nine-story redstone
edifice is one of the finest buildings in Wall Street, and
is on partly the same site occupied by the bank from the
start. The bank's capital is $1,000,000, and its surplus
exceeds $1,500,000.
The Mercantile National Bank, under its present vigorous and efficient management, takes rank with the
soundest and most progressive banks of these times.
President St. John, by his frequent public discussions, is
regarded as an authority on financial topics. The capital


ROBCAT W. GIBSON, ARCHITECT.
UNITED-STATES TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK
45 AND 47 WALL STREET, SOUTH SIDE, BETWEEN BROAD AND WILLIAM I


occupied the site at Wall and William streets, where it now
has a lofty and admirable granite building. Its first directors and stockholders came from the famous Bank of
the United States; and its first president was Oliver Wolcott, ex-Secretary of the Treasury. From 1854 to 1888 it
was the depository of the Associated Banks, and at one
time held $50,000,000 in gold coin. The Bank of America
has never, during its history, failed to pay its circulating
notes in gold, even in the turmoils of general financial
panics. Its capital of $3,000,000 is substantially fortified
by a surplus and undivided profits of more than $2,000,000,




NEW YORK:


THE AMERICA.N COSMOPOLIS.


43


and surplus are over $2,000,000, and..
the deposits range between $10,000,000
and $12,000,000, according to conditions in the money market. Its connections are co-extensive with the
borders of this country.
The National Park Bank of New
York has the remarkable distinction
of being absolutely the largest bank
in the United States, in deposits,
resources and business.  It occupies
a rich and ornate fire-proof building of marble, opposite St. Paul's
Chapel.  In and about its beautiful
white and gold rotunda 125 officials
are employed; and the impregnable
treasure-vault contains from $10,000,-        '.
000 to $15,000,000 in specie and notes.
Here also is a great safe-deposit vault,
where hundreds of wealthy persons
and corporations keep their millions of
treasure. The total resources of the  -
Park Bank vary from $35,000,000 to
$40,000,000, and its ramifications are
world-wide.
The National Bank of the Republic
of New York is the owner of one undivided half of the conspicuous United
Bank Building, located at the corner
of Broadway and Wall Street, the
most valuable piece of land in the
three Americas, and immediately opposite Trinity Church.  Within the
last ten years the bank has largely
increased its business.  Its deposits
have risen from below $5,000,000 to
over $15,000,000, and assets of $7,000, -
000 to $18,000,000. The capital of the
bank, $1,500,000, is retnforced by surplus and profits exceeding a million
of dollars, and many strong names are
represented on the board of directors.
The bank has a world-wide business
as correspondent of financial institutions, and hence enjoys a general international fame.                             80 BROADWAY,
The Hanover National Bank is recognized as one of
the ablest and most energetically managed financial institutions in this country. Its transactions cover the whole
Union, and its competent management is commended
widely. It has gross assets of about $30,000,000, including
its capital of $1,000,000; surplus and profits of $1,910,000,
deposits of almost $27,000,000, and net deposits of about
$23,000,000. It is one of the most prosperous banks in the
city, and the volume of its yearly transactions is enormous.
The Corn Exchange Bank, founded in 1853, was the
first financial institution to lend money on warehouse


x/  ~ zW   4~.,: i'2o~:' EA..:
*,,C3;s.A,"'I
yT S2^^
^'*^.?^^!


UNION TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK.
OPPOSITE RECTOR STREET, BETWEEN WALL STREET AND EXCHANGE PLACE.
receipts; and it has always been closely connected with the
grain and provision, cotton and coffee trades.  Its primacy in these departments has given it a successful and
steady career, until now it has resources amounting to
$12,000,000.  Its new  exquisite eleven-story fire-proof
building, of red granite and Indiana stone, for its home
and for a general office building, is one of the architectural
features of the great city, and attracts the attention of
everybody in lower New York.
The Second National Bank is a remarkable uptown institution, and is located on what is probably the most




44


4NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


frequented corner in the whole city. Its banking room
on the ground floor of the Fifth Avenue Hotel, in Mad
Square, at the junction of Fifth Avenue, Broadway
23d Street. This was the pioneer bank of any import
that began above 23d Street, and since its organizatio
1863 the city has so greatly developed that insteal
being at the extremity, it is at the very heart of the r
business center. Its present cashier, Joseph S. Case,
the first banker to create for the accommodation of wo
a special "women's department," which is becomin,
essential feature in deposit banks throughout the cour
The bank's deposits exceed $6,000,000.
The Ninth National Bank owns an   [       v.
imposing marble building, with spacious and admirably arranged quarters, on Broadway just below Canal
Street, where it is favorably situated
for its connections with the dry goods
and allied trades. Its capital is $750,000, its surplus and profits nearly
$400,000, and its deposits approach
$6,000,000. It was organized in 1864,
and is one of the thrifty financial insti-    i:
tutions of New York.
The Fifth Avenue Bank is one of
the most notable banks of this country.
The par value of its stock is $100,
while its market price is $2,000 or
more per share.  With a capital of
$100,000 it has a surplus and undivided profits of more than $1,000,000;
and it has a deposit line of about
$7,000,000.  Its location is in one of
the most superb districts on Fifth Ave-??' L
nue, at the corner of 44th Street, and
its clientele includes many of New
York's millionaires.
The trust companies of New York     7
form one of its most interesting features. In this respect our city has no  -
rival in all the world, and not even
London can approach to the vast scope  E
of these fiduciary institutions. Indeed,
the trust company, with its wonderful
powers and opportunities, is purely an
American institution, unparalleled in
Europe.   Much of the wealth of the
whole country is held in the care of
these  organizations, which  afford
vastly greater security and success
than could be expected from individual trustees. Nowhere else, in any
country, are such enormous sums intrusted to the management of organ-   i
ized bodies of men.    They act as
executors and guardians, hold funds
in litigation, do a general banking


business, invest funds, take care of estates, collect rents
and interest, and act as fiscal agents for States, cities,
and great railway and industrial corporations.   There
are some twenty trust companies here, with capitals
aggregating $20,000,000, and gross assets, at times, of
$275,000,000.
The Farmers' Loan & Trust Company was chartered in
1822, to transact fire and life insurance and trust business,
and is therefore the oldest trust company in the United
States. It is one of the most widely known and largest of
the trust companies. It has a capital of $1,000,000, a


FARMERS' LOAN AND TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK.
WILLIAM STREET, NORTHEAST CORNER OF BEAVER STREET.




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


45


surplus exceeding $4,000,000, and deposits of more than
$30,000,000. Its building at the corner of William and
Beaver streets is one of the finest bank buildings in the
city; in it is an elegant. department for the accommodation
of ladies transacting business with the company. The
Farmers' Loan & Trust Company acts in the capacity of
executor and administrator of estates, as guardian of the
estates of minors, as trustee and custodian of the securities of individuals as well as corporations, and in all
capacities of a fiduciary character. Its trusteeship of railroad mortgages is very large.


The New-York Life Insurance and Trust Company,
chartered in 1830, is one of the oldest of these corporations. It was the first life insurance company in NewYork State; but after the rise of the great mutual companies, about half a century ago, it reduced this feature.
This company enjoys the remarkable distinction of being
the foremost corporation in the world in the management
of private trusts, from wills, deeds of trusts and similar
documents, and has also a large business in the funds of
religious and benevolent societies, and in moneys held for
fiduciary agents. It has $27,000,000 in assets, and always
keeps several millions in cash in its
vaults, so as to be above the utmost
reach of panics. The par value of the
stock is $100 a share, but its selling
^:y    I         value is above $600.;        *         The United States Trust Company,
the largest in America, stands in the
'  '    very front rank of the world's fidu-.       ciary institutions, and has $2,000,000; of capital, $8,500,000 of surplus, about
$40,000,000 of deposits, and $50,000,-:: ~.'    000 of gross assets. This almost incal-. culable and unparalleled business is
~.:   conducted in the company's grand
~ A   ' |     Romanesque building, erected in 1888,
'        at 45 and 47 Wall Street. The trus-.Xi-;      tees include many eminent representa-.:         tives of the wealth and stability of
^'::, ': 1  New York; and the company's transactions as trustee, executor, guardian,
registrar, and transfer agent reach
enormous amounts.
The   Union    Trust  Company,
founded in 1864, is one of Christendom's strongest financial pillars, for
it has assets of above $36,000,000, and
a surplus of $4,000,000, on a capital
stock of $1,000,000. Its stock sells at
^iB      $800 a share, and pays twenty per
cent. annual dividends. The home of
the institution is a noble and lofty
modern building on Broadway, overlooking Trinity Churchyard.   It is
one of the choicest specimens of office
architecture on the continent.  The
Union Trust Company has developed
an extensive business as executor,
guardian, administrator or trustee, and
as a depository for trust moneys, a
trustee for corporation mortgages, a
registrar of stocks, etc.
The Central Trust Company of
New York occupies an imposing brick
and granite building on Wall Street,
opposite the Custom House, and has
gross assets exceeding $27,000,000.


CENTRAL TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK.
64 WALL STREET, OPPOSITE THE CUSTOM HOUSE.




<~ -y k-'t
to..
i HA ' TREET.


NASSAU STREET.


SUB-TREASURY.                          ASSAY OFFICE.                 CUSTOM HOUSE.
THE UNITED STATES SUB-TREASURY AND THE UNITED STATES ASSAY OFFICE.
WALL STREET, LOOKING EAST FROM NASSAU AND BROAD STREETS.


IRINITY CHURCH.                                MANHATTAN TRUST CO.                                   U. S. SUe
THE MANHATTAN TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK.
WALL STREET, NORTH SIDE, FROM THE MANHATTAN TRUST CO. AT NASSAU STREET TO TRINITY CHURCH ON BROADWAY.




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


47


Its stock commands a price higher than that of any other
trust company in the world, and represents a prodigious
and increasing business as executor, guardian, trustee,
depository, registrar, transfer agent and bank. Tremendous railroad, corporation and estate transactions are
favored by the perfect facilities of the Central Trust Company, whose influence is felt wherever American capital
is invested.
The Manhattan Trust Company occupies a peculiarly
prominent and valuable site. It is immediately across the
street from the Stock Exchange and likewise the United
States Sub-Treasury with its adjoining
Assay office. It is thus at the strategic       - '
financial heart of the Republic, and in
accord with its active site it is an entirely progressive fiduciary institution,
building up and maintaining important
ramifications at many centers. It trans-            /
acts the entire line of business usual:
to the modern trust company.
The savings banks are to the great...
mass of the people what the trust companies are to the wealthy estates and
corporations.  Those of New-York
City alone have deposits of $350,000,-;          J
000, and surpllus resources of $50,000,-           |.
000 more; and this colossal treasure,.
equal to the ransom of empires, and
representing the hopes and welfares of
over a million working people, is jealously guarded by rigid legislative enactments.
Several of these savings banks have
deposits ranging from $20,000,000 to
$50,000,000 each. Some have erected
bank buildings solely for their ownl
use, and some have erected great office
buildings on valuable sites. Among
these are the Bank for Savings, long
known as the Bleecker Street Savings     '
Bank, now about to move into its
superb structure on Fourth Avenue
and 22d Street; the Bowery Savings
Bank, now erecting a grand building on its long-occupied site in the
Bowery, near Grand Street; the Green-:
wich Savings Bank, with its recently
constructed granite edifice on Sixthl
Avenue and 16th Street, and the Union
Dime Savings Institution, with its con-            I
spicuous building at one of the important junctions in New York City - that..
is, Greeley Square, where Broadway.
and Sixth Avenue cross at 32d Street.
Just in front of the Union Dime         -:
Savings Institution now  stands thie  i
Horace Greeley statue, which is the   DE LEMOS & CORDES, ARCHIT


result of contributions of the printers throughout the
land.
The financial center of the country is the natural headquarters of its capitalists, and of its great enterprises and
corporations. The money and stock markets which New
York affords are controlling factors in many classes of
business.  The necessity of a close connection with the
banks and trust companies of the metropolis, and with the
Stock Exchange, increase in proportion to the importance
and extent of the interests involved in business undertakings. In this way the great city attracts to itself and


A        ".%, -, >  >;  ':;' *ytws^As' - ' f "..     F
I-I
^,,,'?1-%'


27 AND 29


rECTS.
THE LOEB BUILDING: KUHN, LOEB & CO.
PINE STREET, SOUTH SIDE, BETWEEN NASSAU AND WILLIAM STREETS.




48


ANEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


steadily enrolls among its citizens men of influence, success and wealth from all parts of the land, who find it the
most advantageous point from which to supervise their
vast and varied interests. A majority of the large railroad
corporations of the United States have their executive and
financial offices in New York; and the same rule applies
to any industrial concern which aspires to more than local
importance, or in which the capital employed is more than
an individual investment.
Broadway is a great distinctive feature of New York,
for although other cities have splendid parks, abundant


churches, prosperous commerce, and other noteworthy
attributes, the whole world possesses no other thoroughfare to compete with this feature of our Manhattan.
Along this unrivaled route all day long pour the strong
tides of the electric life of the nineteenth century, in a
vivid and exciting cosmorama of humanity. Broad as the
sidewalks are, they are not too ample for the currents and
counter-currents and eddies of people, nervous, active, intense, yet good-natured and accommo(lating.  Wide as
the roadway is, it at times becomes a struggling chliaos of
wagons, cable cars, carriages and other vehicles, from
whose entanglements arise strange
objurgations and words of (lire p)ortent. Thle street is five miles long,
with nearly half its line as straight as
the arrow flies, so that the eye may
look upward from   the quaint little
Bowling Green, near the Battery, to
the graceful stone spire of Grace
Church, almost up to Union Squlare.
A purist in architecture miglit sigh
here for the uniformity of the Parisian
Boulevards or the harmony of Pall
Mall, for the great American avenue
is a kaleidoscope of Gothlic, Romanesque, Saracenic, Renaissance, and all
other styles, in buildings of stone, iron,
brick, and other materials, and rising
to varie(l heights, from one story to
20 stories. This immense and bewildering diversity exempl)lifies thle strong
individualism of the people, and at the
same time gives a succession of surprises to the observer. In the lower
reaches of Broadway one may often
mneet lhundreds of immigrants, j ust
landed from  thle steamships, clad in
the outlandish costumes of Italy, or
Scandinavia, or the Danubian lands,
and bearing withl them  their scanty
and battered luggage. Farther llup, the
bankers and brokers and(l corl)oration
officials and their clerks move swiftly
along the pavement, wvell-cllad and
well-groomed, and electrified with the
keen life of business. Above the City
Hall Park, for over a mile, extends the
wholesale district, an(l niany of the
names displayed here are of unmistakably Jewish origin.  The (Iry goods
trade has its well-defined (listrict; the
publishers were lately grouped near
Astor Place, but are moving up town;
and other lines of industry have thleir
special localities. I)Deflecting from its
ERT W. GIBSON, ARCHITECT.  straight course at Grace Chuirch, this
EET.               wonderful street runs up to Union


ROBI
THE NEW-YORK CLEARING HOUSE.
CEDAR STREET, NORTH SIDE, BETWEEN BROADWAY AND NASSAU STRI






NEW-YORK STOCK EXCHANGE.
BROAD, WALL AND NEW STREETS. INTERIOR OF THE MAIN FLOOR.


NEW-YORK PRODUCE EXCHANGE.
WHITEHALL, BEAVER AND STONE STREETS, FRONTING BOWLING GREEN.




IConu r hAI luAL IDANK.                                                MADISON SQUARE GARDEN.
FIFTH AVENUE HOTEL.-HITCHCOCK, DARLING & CO.
MADISON SQUARE, JUNCTION OF FIFTH AVENUE AND BROADWAY AND 230 AND 24TH STREETS.


THE PLAZA HOTEL —F. A. HAMMOND, Proprietor.
FIFTH AVENUE, WEST SIDE, FROM 58TH STREET TO 59TH STREET, AT FIFTH AVENUE ENTRANCE TO CENTRAL PARK.




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


51


Square and Madison Square and into the region of hotels
and theaters, and of fashionable retail shopping. Nearly
two miles beyond it reaches Central Park, from which,
under the name of the Boulevard, it is prolonged for nine
miles farther, through the pleasant and diversified upper
part of the city, and between the Riverside and Morningside Parks.  It was with reason that Lady Mary Wortley
called this "the lengthy Mississippi of streets." On either
side, crowded and busy transverse thoroughfares run down
to the North River and to the East River, lined by blocks
of lofty commercial buildings, and terminating their vistas with the masts of
the world's shipping. If the incalculable activities carried on within sight
of Broadway should be suspended, the.
nerve of American prosperity would
be cut.
Fifth Avenue, the grand residence.
street of the aristocratic families, is
the outgrowth of Broadway and its
connected trade avenues, for the fortunes made down town are freely spent
in the splendid homes above Madison
Square.  This is the Belgravia, the
Faubourg St. Gernain of America, the
home of the new rich and of the old
patrician families, the longed-for social
heaven of thousands of ambitious men
toiling and scheming in remote parts
of the world. The houses are for the
most part high and narrow, and devoid
of architectural effects; but their interiors are replete with the ingenious devices and comfort of the fin du siecle,
and abound in treasures of art and literature. The most exhilarating and entertaining street scenes in America may
be found on Fifth Avenue, on a pleasant Sunday, when beauty and fashion
throng the pavements, and the driveway is filled with patrician carriages.
No other city in the world can
boast of such a line of splendid hotels
as graces a single thoroughfare in
New York -the long vistas of Fifth
Avenue, among the great churches and
club-houses and the patrician homes.
Nor are there anywhere else houses for
public entertainment which combine
in such a superlative degree the highest luxuries of the most modern civilization.  These immense houses, as
strong as fortresses, as ornate as palaces, and as richly finished as jewel
caskets, are distinguished for spacious  MAE
MARBLE COLLEGIATE CHURCI
public  apartments, infallible  safeg u a r ds against conflagration and


disease, cuisines out-classing those of Paris, freedom from
extortion, and unusual architectural splendor.
As to hotels, therefore, the Empire City acknowledges
no equal among the great cities of Christendom. The first
local inn, erected by the Dutch West India Company, in
1642, was a very quaint stone building near Coenties Slip.
Thirty years later the tavern charges were fixed by the
Director-General as follows: Lodging, four pence a night;
meals, eight pence and one shilling; and rum, three pence
a gill. In later years, the Queen Catharine, Fraunce's


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H.                                        GCO. EDW. HARDING & GOOCH, ARCHITECTIS
HOLLAND HOUSE.-H. M. KINSLEY & BAUMANN.
FIFTH AVENUE, SOUTHWEST CORNER OF 80TH STREET.




52


NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


Tavern, the Bull's Head, Golden Eagle, and other inns
enjoyed their seasons of favor.
The hotels of New York now number about a thousand,
holding $150,000,000 in investment. One hundred of these
houses are of the first class, and they have an enormous
patronage, not only from the transient element, but also
from thousands of metropolitan families who thus avoid
the dreadful servant problem. The favorite district for
hotels is between Madison Square and Central Park, and
Fourth and Seventh avenues, especially near Madison
Square, and along Broadway and Fifth Avenue.


The Hotel Waldorf, at Fifth Avenue and 33d Street, is
the most sumptuous hotel in the world, and also the most
costly, and is said to have cost $5,000,000. It is a vast,
diversified and picturesque building in German Renaissance architecture. Among its special glories are the Empire dining-liall, the Marie Antoinette parlor, the Turkish
smoking-room, the Louis Quatorze ballroom, the superb
state apartments, and the rich interior court.
The Hotel New Netherland (temporarily closed to the
public) is another of the Astor palaces. It faces across
Fifth Avenue upon the trees and lawns of Central Park,
occupies a   position of  unrivaled:    beauty and convenience, and is a huge
e:.r   ' X..  fire-proof structure, crowded with safe#:.?:  *    guards and luxuries. It is the most.  '^.    lofty hotel in the world, its seventeen;:,.stories reaching a height of 234 feet.,:..: ' t In its construction, furnishings and
^...     equipment it is one of the glories of.''":.'  the nineteenth century.
Opposite the main gateway to the. glorious Central Park rise the twelve
stories of the sumptuous and perfect
r:;:N:^:.;  Hotel Savoy, steel-framed, fire-proof
(    throughout, and with suites in the
~   > "English, Greek, Pompeian, RenaisR    sance and First Empire styles, rich in
jasper, colored marbles, satinwood,!-!"    mosaics, sculptures and frescoes, and
-   superbly equipped in every way. All.'A      the resources of art and science have
been freely lavished on this wonderful
structure.
Also, at the main entrance to Central Park is the vast and splendid Plaza
Hotel, built at a cost of over $3,000,000, and opened in 1890. This, too, is: a solid and fire-proof structure, dignified, massive and extensive, with 500
feet of frontage on the three bordering streets, and occupying the whole
of Fifth Avenue from 58th to 59th
Street. The interior is rich withl Mexican onyx, enfoliated bronze columns,
marble mosaics, carved mahogany,
fretted gold, and many fine paintings.
It is an ideal hotel.
Another of the palatial hotels on
Fifth Avenue, in the richest and most
patrician residence-quarter of the New
-  "    World, is Holland House, at the corner
of 30th Street, with finely decorated
street fronts of 250 feet, and a firep1 roof construction. Holland House is.;~..a marvel of delight in a thousand details, culinary and sanitary, as well as
CENTRAL PARK.    artistic and vesthetic. It is unsurpassed


HOTEL NEW NETHERLAND (NOW CLOSED).
FIFTH AVENUE, NORTHEAST CORNER OF 59TH STREET, AT MAIN ENTRANCE TO




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


53


by any hotel on either continent.  Its patrons number
eminent people of both continents. Among its many
unique devices for the accommodation of its guests is the
labor and time saving apparatus known as the Herzog
Teleseme, by means of which a guest by merely moving
the pointer on the dial in the room instantly signifies to the
office just his desires.
The Windsor Hotel is famous the world over as one of
the most admirably conducted hostelries on either continent. Its patrons include eminent families from all parts
of the world. Its location is on glorious Fifth Avenue
amid churches, residences and clubs,
and is one of the choicest in the city.
It is but a few minutes away from the
Grand Central Station. Its facade oc-  {1.',.,':,
cupies the entire block between 46th:''A;
and 47th streets, and its spacious ro-. i;:Y '',;.
tundas, broad corridors, sumptuous      OM
parlors and homelike public rooms are  ''.;.^.
always fascinating to its fastidious  gy'+ <guests, and its cuisine is commended
as unsurpassed by any of the American plan hotels.
The Buckingham    Hotel on Fifth
Avenue, at the corner of 50th Street,          -.
immediately across the street from the..magnificent St. Patrick's Cathedral
and palatial residences of the Vanderbilts, is one of the most select of the
New-York hotels. It is not far distant
from  the Grand Central Station, and
entirely within the choicest residence
district. It is on the European plan,
and is conducted in the most highly
commendable manner and enjoys a
very distinguished patronage.
The Fifth-Avenue Hotel (American
plan) has borne a conspicuous part in
the public life of the metropolis, and
has been identified with the most notable local events of tile generation,
since its opening, in 1859. Both location and management have contributed to its prosperity.  The house
fronts upon Madison Square, the most
charming of the smaller parks of the
city, at the junction of Broadway and
Fifth Avenue, the two great thoroughfares. It is unsurpassed in the number
and spaciousness of its corridors, halls
and public rooms, and the commodious
character of its guest-rooms.  It is
famous the world over for its admirable management and its illustrious
guests.
Among other notable hotels are
the Imperial, an architectural dream,      FIFTH AVENUE, SC


whose realization cost nearly $2,500,000; the Murray Hill,
a costly and elegant structure on Park Avenue; the
Park Avenue, an immense fire-proof house built around
a garden with fountains; the Grand Union, visited by
myriads of inbound travelers from the adjacent Grand
Central Station; the St. Denis, opposite the cathedral-like
Grace Church; the Westminster, close to Union Square,
and a favorite with English tourists; the Broadway
Central, one of the largest in the city, where 1,200
guests have been accommodated at one time, with its
grand old-style rotundas, commodious corridors and


HOTEL SAVOY.
)UTHEA8T CORNER 59TH STREET, OPPOSITE MAIN ENTRANCE TO CENTRAL PARK.






54


NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


thoroughly home-like comforts; the long-famous Metropolitan Hotel on Broadway; and the venerable Astor
House, far down town, nearly opposite the Post-Office.
It is not within the scope of this sketch even to enumerate
all the great, sumptuous and admirably conducted hotels,
not even those so prominent as the Gilsey, Victoria, Hoffman, Langham, Brevoort, Gerlach, Cambridge, Brunswick, Bristol, Normandie, Vendome, Bartholdi, Grand,
St. James, Barrett, Madison Avenue, New Amsterdam,
and scores of others; and not even to note a group of
semi-hotels, and apartment houses which cover a great


g~ ~~~ ~
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c        c             ,r.;Z
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many of the most precious sites in upper New York, like
the San Remo, Dakota, Beresford, Hoffman Arms, Endicott, Renaissance, etc.  One of these apartment houses,
the Osborne, rises to a height of fifteen stories, where the
upper-story tenants are in constant enjoyment of some of
the delights of the skies.
The Central Park Apartment Buildings, sometimes
called the Navarro Flats, probably represent the greatest
value of any such structure in Europe or America. They
are said to have cost $7,000,000, and they form one of the
most interesting group of buildings to be seen on either
continent.  They front on 59th and
'            58t1h streets, and on Seventh Avenue,,           with their main front overlooking the
'          whole of Central Park. They include
eight distinct structures, all united,
^   and all opening into one grand court.
Everything possible in substantial,
wholesome, and artistic construction
was introduced into these apartment
buildings, which are the homes of
many wealthy and refined families.
J. Jennings McComb, one of New York's
millionaire capitalists, is the owner of
this vast and valuable property.
The Hotel Majestic is a most notable undertaking now successfully approaching completion. It is one of the
largest and most capacious family or
apartment hotels in the world.   It
covers an entire block, 200 by 250
feet, and rises twelve stories above the
street. The engraving shows the general character of its exterior, and its
location on the west side of Central
|      Park, extending from   71st to 72d
Street, is one of the most charming
sites in the city. It is a conspicuous
feature of the residence section, and
one of the most costly structures in
upper New York. The building is
planned to afford the utmost possible
light, views, ventilation, etc., and the
interior is most elaborately and exquisitely appointed; the enterprise pertains
chiefly to Jacob Rothschild, a wealthy
New-Yorker.
In tle wide range from these palaces down to the humblest homes for
transients, the student of ethics might
find endless themes for meditation.
The Frenchmen, Spaniards, Italians,
Germans, and other national groups
also have their own hotels, little foreign islands of cuisine and customs, in
the wide sea of Manhattan life. Near
the foot of the scale of public houses,


HOTEL WALDORF.
FIFTH AVENUE, NORTHWEST CORNER OF 833 8TREET.




I...1                                                                     '/L'


THE WINDSOR HOTEL.-HAWK & WETHERBEE
FIFTH AVENUE, EAST SIDE, BETWEEN 46TH AND 47TH STREETS.


8T. PATRICK'S CATMEDI


AL.
THE BUCKINGHAM               HOTEL.-WETHERBEE &          FULLER.
FIFTH AVENUE, EAST SIDE, SOUTHEAST CORNER OF 0OTH STREET, OPPOSITE 8T. PATRICK'8 CATHEDRAL




THE CENTRAL PARK APARTMENT BUILDINGS.
59TH STREET, 53TH STREET AND SEVENTH AVENUE, FRONTING CENTRAL PARK.


THE HOTEL MAJESTIC.
CENTRAL PARK WEST, BETWEEN 718sT AND 720 STREETS.




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


57


come the 116 cheap lodging houses of the Bowery region,
with their poor quarters for 15,000 men on whom Fortune
has forgotten to smile or else has smiled in vain.
Nowhere else is there such variety in restaurants,
whose number is legion, in all regions of the town. Delmonico's has been a name of world-wide repute ever since
1827, when it was founded far down town by John and
Peter of that ilk. Now, beside the magnificent dining
rooms of the European-plan hotels, there are dairy
kitchens, roof restaurants, cafes, dry-goods restaurants,
and table d'hote establishments in endless number and
variety. The French and Italian colonies have their cuisines of Paris and
Florence; and there are specific eating-      ~.:.t'^!;!
places for the Germans and Russians,. t ^.
the Spaniards, the Hebrews, the Chinese, the Japanese, and other unassim-         ',
ilated immigrants. The impecunious.     '
wayfarer can get, for a single cent, at
the St. Andrew's Coffee-Stands, a bowl
of tea or coffee which is at least hot
and clean.  The cup which cheers,
and also inebriates, is offered at 9,000
licensed saloons, from the unrivaled
HIoffman I-louse bar-room down to the
obscure shops where the East Side
Germans drink oceans of lager beer,
or the Latin colonies absorb good or
bad wine, or the Russians pour down
bumpers of vodka, or the Chinamen
seek comfort and oblivion in their
nomadeo shops. Down town there are
numerous buffets or coffee - houses,
patronized chiefly at noon-time by
thousands of business men, rich and
poor, where each one serves himself to  J   '
coffee, sandwiches, cakes, pies, and
other five-cent dishes, and on the way
out pays at the desk for whatever he
has taken.                           ^...st
Bohemia in New York has grown.       \;
very comfortable and refined, and lux-  l
uriates in sumptuous club - houses.   '.
Boston has been the literary capital of  <..  'America for most of the nineteenth
century, but Manhattan will probably            El
wear that distinction in the twentieth
century.
The magazines published in New:^;i:,;;
York are easily the finest in the world
in their literature and art, and in their
enormous circulations. Such periodicals as Harper's and The Century are
so remarkable for steady excellence
and popularity that (besides the mammoth home issues) great editions have        T
to be printed in London every month.


Here, also, are the offices of Scribner's, Tahe Cosmopolitan,
Godey's, Frank Leslie's Popular, ifunsey's, McClure's, St.
Nicholas, The North American Review, The Forum, Current
Literature, and other widely circulated magazines and
reviews of singular excellence.  The stimulus given by
these periodicals to literature, art and general culture is
one of the noblest formative influences, not only of
America, but of the entire Anglo-Saxon world.
In periodicals devoted to humor or caricature, New
York with its score or more of publications rivals the
world. In fact, in Puck alone it has the one publication


ORLD" BUILDING-PARK ROW        AND FRANKFORT STREET.
A8 SEEN FROM BROADWAY, ACROSS CITY-HALL PARK.




58


NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


which is conceded to be facile princeps. The English and
German issues of Puck are marvelous specimens of talent
and artistic ingenuity. The Puck establishment on Houston Street is the largest of its kind in any country, and
the J. Ottmann Lithographing Company with which it is
closely allied is also incomparably the largest lithographic
plant in the world.
As to the publishing of books, New York is the paramount city of the Western world, with Boston as an
earnest second. The Manhattan publishers, Harper, Scribner, Appleton, Putnam and others, have exerted a mighty


~`IIa
Ir


influence in the development of American culture, by
placing before the people, amid a great amount of tentative and transitory stuff, the finest products of literature,
ancient and modern, foreign and American. In schoolbooks, no concern of ancient or modern times is to be
mentioned in comparison with the American Book Company, whose annual output of the best school-books ever
issued runs up into millions of copies.
The newspaper press of New York is famous all the
world over for its enterprise, influence and versatility. It
does not limit its intense activity to the dissemination of
news and the influencing of public
opinion, but boldly enters many fields
of effort which in other lands are reserved for governmental action.  It
sends exploring parties to the Arctic
Sea and to the heart of Africa; it succors regions stricken with famine, fire
or pestilence; it organizes war against
dangerous maladies; it raises the
funds to build memorials to great men;
and in a hundred ways looks after
the safety and comfort of the citizens
of Gotham. And not of these only,
but of the entire Union - for some of
the metropolitan journals are in their
scope nobly national, or even cosmopolitan.  For this reason they have
<             constituencies from  Bangor to San
Diego, and their voices reach all the
States. Many of the brightest, most
original and most hardworking men in
New York devote their lives to journalism, and the result appears in the
remarkable ability of the newspapers,
some of them flamboyant and sensational, others witty and flippant, and
others scholarly and dignified, -but
each of them ably and brilliantly maintaining its own special cult.
The first newspaper here was William Bradford's Newo- York Gazette, published in 1725, as a semi-official organ
of Governor Burnet's administration,
and printed weekly, on foolscap paper.
Nine years later the Journal was
founded, as an opposition organ. From
such trivial beginnings has grown the
present local newspaper business,
which includes 735 dailies and periodicals. Of these, 51 are printed in German, 5 in Bohemian, 4 in French, 4 in
Italian, 2 in Swedisl, and others in
Hungarian, Armenian and other foreign tongues. About 160 papers are devoted to trades, 39 to science, 16 to art,
8 CHURCHYARD.      10 to sporting, and scores to religion.


THE "MAIL AND EXPRESS" BUILDING.
BROADWAY, SOUTHWEST CORNER OF FULTON STREET; OPPOSITE ST. PAUL'




"PUCK."-THE PUCK BUILDING.
EAST HOUSTON STREET, SOUTHWEST CORNER OF MULBERRY STREET.


1,.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -      7.,                            I


" t,  I'll,,,     I         I 1_     11119;l --                  11.(m,., I,     I    I, "; f5    ",,,, "'W         
"I


THE "NEW     YORK HERALD" BUILDING.
BROADWAY, 85TH STREET AND SIXTH AVENUE.




60


NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


Such papers as The Churchman, The Observer, The
Christian Herald, The Examiner, The Evangelist, The Outlook, The Independent, The American, Hebrew, and The
Freeman's Journal, have their denominational constituencies extending all over the continent.
The New York Herald, founded in 1835, by James Gordon Bennett, and the foremost paper for foreign news,
stands at the head and front in American journalism, and
is the peer, if not the superior, of any in any language.
It aims to give the world's news, without trying to interpret them; and prefers diplomatic, military, social and


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political events to prize-fights and burglaries. The Herald has its office in a magnificent new Italian Renaissance
building, recalling the rich architecture of Venice and
Verona, and abounding in marble, polished granite and
terra cotta. It covers the entire square between Broadway and Sixth Avenue, and 35th and 36th streets, and is
occupied solely by the Herald.
The World is probably the greatest of all newspapers
in respect to the amount of reading given. There may be
one or two Parisian papers with larger circulations, but
they are very small when compared with the World as to
volume of space. It was founded in
1860, and in 1883 became the property
of Josel)h Pulitzer, under whose management it has grown to a circulation
of about 400,000 copies daily.  Its
office building, opposite the City Iall,
is a steel-framed structure of twenty
stories, 309 feet high, crowned by an
electric lighted dome, which is a landmark for many mniles.
The NVeo lork Tribltrle, the dignified
and forceful organ of the Republican
party, was founded by Horace Greeley
in 1841, and is edited by Whitelaw
Reid. It is brilliant and earnest, and
has fought many years for humania freedom, American industrial development, and honest finance. The Tribune
Building, on Printing-House Square,
is the greatest newspaper center in the
world, the representatives of more
than 6,000 journals, mostly of the
South and West, having their offices
therein.
The  ioXw  To)rk Evening IPost is
almost a century old, the first number
having been published on November
16, 1801.  The purpose of its establishment was to afford an organ for
the Federalist party, and Alexander
Hamilton and a number of his political friends, were the founders of the
paper.  The editor-in-chief for the
first 20 years was William Coleman,
at one time the law partner of Aaron
Burr. William Cullen Bryant became
one of the editors of the paper in 1826,
an(l assumed full control two years
later. While lie was in Europe, between 1834 and 1836 The Evening Post
was edited by William Leggett.
From 1849 to 1861 John Bigelow was
Mr. Bryant's partner, and acted as
managing editor. When Mr. Bryant
died, in 1878, his son-in-law, Parke
BUILDING.succeeded to the editorship,
Godwin, succeeded to the editorship,


"THE EVENING POST" AND "THE NATION," EVENING POS1
BROADWAY, 80UTHEA8T CORNER OF FULTON STREET.




SUN."  " JOURNAL.."  "TRIBUNE."    ' TIMES."   POTTER BUILOSN.." PRES."
CITY-HALL PARK, FROM BROADWAY TO PARK ROW.
THE DAILY PAPERS AND PROMINENT BUILDINGS OF "NEWSPAPER ROW."


TUPLE COURT.


P -OFFIC.


"THE TMES ''           PARK ROW.  ST  PAUL N CHURCH.             POT-OFFICE.
THE "NEW-YORK TIMES" BUILDING- PARK ROW, NASSAU AND SPRUCE STREETS.
PRINTING-HOUSE SQUARE, CITY-HALL PARK AND THE POST-OFFICE.




62


NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


*... The Aeiw York Times, founded in
1851, is a high-class Democratic newspaper.  Primarily its great success is
founded upon its reputation for presenting the news of the day completely
and accurately, without sensational
display, but with Tlhe Times the news
is not restricte(l to tlie world of affairs
-it includes, as well, the world of
literature and( art, of science, of religion and of social progress. Its discussions in these fields are highly
prized by the pul)lic. In politics The
Times is one of the most aggressive of
newspapers. It is a zealous and enlightening advocate of the reforms of
the time. A reader of The Timnes is
sure to be kept fully informed of the
doings of parties and politicians, and
of political tendencies in local, State
and National affairs. In the financial
world The Times stands high, its page
of financial news being notably full,
excellent and trustworthy, making the
paper a daily manual for investors
and managers of financial institutions.
The Times Building, erected in 1888-89
in Printing House Square, is one of
the "show" buildings of New York.
It is fifteen stories high, of Romanesque architecture, and attracts attention as one of the most beautiful business structures in the city.
The Sun began its career in 1833,
and for the past quarter of a century
has been under the editorship of
Charles A. Dana. It has morning and
evening editions, witli an immense
circulation, an(l is in(lepen(lent in
politics. It is learned, direct, sincere,
fearless, briglit and individual; and
its capital make-up and clear AngloSaxon language make it almost the
ideal paper among journalists. "If
you see it in The Sitn, it's so."  The
owners of the paper are contemplat-.
ing the erection of a thirty-two-story building for its home.
The Mail and Express is a result of Cyrus W. Field's
consolidation (in 1882) of the Evening Express, founded in
1839, and the Evening Mail, founded in 1869. From 1888
until 1893 it was owned, managed and edited by the late
Elliott F. Shepard, who made it an authority as to movements in the religious, benevolent, social and literary
worlds, as well as in general news. It occupies a very
large, new, steel-framed, Indiana limestone building, with
ornate French Renaissance fronts on Broadway and St.
Paul's Churchyard.


POTTER BUILDING.
PARK ROW, NASSAU AND BEEKMAN STREETS.
and retained it until the present proprietors came into possession in 1881.  Since that time the editors have been
E. L. Godkin and Horace White.
In politics The Evening Post is absolutely independent.
Itstands in general for economy in National administration,
tariff reform, civil-service reform, the industrial development of the United States, and unity, reciprocity and
broadening trade with other nations. In its news as well
as in its editorial columns it strives to be dignified, straightforward and accurate, publishing all the news of the day,
but eschewing sensationalism.




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOL1S.


63


The Commercial Advertiser, which; ' - ' >j'
has morning and afternoon issues, en-    ':.?""
joys the distinction of being the oldest;      s.
New York daily extant.   Among the
other daily papers are The Press, with
its hundred thousand Republican constituents; The Recorder, with its own
exclusive establishment and wonderful activity; The Necws, the paper patronized by the working classes, and
thus achieving a tremendous circulation; The Mlorning Journal, furnishing a vivid narrative of the sensations
of the day; and America and The
Mercury, two new-comers into the
field, which were consolidated in 1894.
Besides the newspapers in the
English vernacular, there are daily
issues in several languages, and a
large number of special business
daily publications, each catering to
its own characteristic constituency.
The first Dutch houses in New
Amsterdam   were a cluster of onestory log huts, on the site of No. 45
Broadway. Their chimneys were of
wood, their roofs of straw, their furniture of hewn planks. Forty years
later the town had 120 little houses,
with quaint crow-step gables toward
the street, ends in checker-work of
black and yellow Holland bricks, iron
date figures, weather-cocks, low eaves
and tulip gardens.  Then came the
colonial and later periods, and by the
beginning of this century a few fourstoried houses were erected by daring
innovators.
The remarkable development of
extremely tall buildings is a matter
of the last quarter of a century, and
has been rendered possible by the invention of the passenger elevator,
and the introduction  of fire-proof
materials and steel framing. It is impossible to predict to what extremes
this fashion of tall buildings may go, with the rising
values of land, the increasing skill of architects, and
the continuous concentration of business interests at this
point. Already there are buildings a dozen stories or
more in height on lots only a score or so of feet in width.
There are others from fifteen to twenty stories in height
on lots fifty to seventy-five feet in width. The Sun plans
for a building thirty-two stories on seventy-five feet front.
An architect and civil engineer is planning a structure to
rise 2,640 feet-a full half mile-above the ground, and
thereby reach more than double the height of any


MILLS BUILDING.
BROAD STREET, WALL STREET AND EXCHANGE PLACE.
structure ever designed. Where land is sold at the rate of
nearly $15,000,000 an acre, as it has been in a certain part
of New York, the value of fully utilizing it becomes manifest. No other city, therefore, has such enormous and
costly office buildings, so fully equipped with so many
unique contrivances and such modern conveniences. An
innumerable lot of devices have been created to render
these tall buildings particularly desirable for tenants.
Electricity, steam and gas, plumbing and all kinds of conveniences are provided. On any floor a tenant, by means
of the United States Mail Chute, can personally drop his




64


NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.;e     ' *b  another front on Exchange Place, near
the Custom House. The Mills Build-,  * ~.:  ing is eleven stories high, around a
broad inner court, and has 800 tenants.
The Potter Building, at Park Row
and Nassau and Beekman streets, has
336 feet of street frontages, and is
eleven stories high.  Its four large
passenger elevators give access to 200
offices, occupied by lawyers, publishers and corporations, and other
large concentrated interests.  It is
very substantially constructed, and its
iron work and stone work are protected
against fire by casings of hollow brick.
The building is owned by the estate of
the late Hon. Orlando B. Potter, and is
one of the finest and best located office
buildings in the city.
The Havemeyer Building, extending along Church Street from Dey to
Cortlandt Street, is a conspicuous feature of lower New York, and has
among its tenants many eminent business firms and corporations. It is fif* 'i   teen stories high, and fire-proof in construction, being built of stone and
light-colored brick, with steel frames.
Owing to its position on three streets,
there are no dark or inside rooms, and
all the offices are light, comfortable
and cheery -a great portion of them
commanding superb views of the river
and harbor.  The owner is Theodore
A. Havemeyer, famous in the annals
of the sugar-refining industry.
Pine Street, which runs parallel to
mi        |Wall Street, and is only one block to
the north, has caught the spirit of the
-.   S      recent development and promises to
rival any of the business thoroughfares. At its head stands the Martyr's
Monument in Trinity Churchyard fixing its western limit. At the corner of
Broadway are two of the city's most
N8TABLE & CO.
notable structures - the new American
Surety Company's building, one of the boldest specimens
of the new style of architecture, rising full twenty stories
above ground, and the Equitable Life Building, one of the
most solid and most costly of the former styles of architecture.  Farther east on Pine Street are many attractive
buildings, like the Astor, the Schermerhorn, the Sub-Treasury, the Lancashire, the Loeb, the Northern Assurance, the
Hanover Fire, the Imperial Fire, the Liverpool and London
and Globe, the Merchants' and Manhattan, the Hoyt, the
Commercial Union, the Sun Fire, and others. In fact, it is
the "Insurance Street" to-day, as well as a financial street.


THE CONSTABLE BUILDING.
FIFTH AVENUE, NORTHEAST CORNER OF 18TH 8TREET, ADJOINING ARNOLD, CO
mail into a government protected box, and thus have the
same secrecy and security that would come from carrying
the mail to the post-office. These chutes, interchangeably
called the "Cutler," after the patentees and makers, or the
" United States," are found in almost every modern building of any importance.
The Mills Building is the largest, grandest, and most
costly office building in the world owned by one individual.
The entire structure belongs to D. O. Mills, formerly of
California. It has fronts on Wall Street and Broad Street,
opposite the Sub-Treasury and the Stock Exchange, and




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


65


The Loeb Building, owned by Solomon Loeb of the banking firm of Kuhn,
Loeb & Co., is one of the most conspicuous features of Pine Street.  It is at
Nos. 27 and 29, and is next building
but one to the United States SubTreasury. It is one of the handsomest:,..
and most attractive structures in the
banking district. It is twelve stories;!  '"?4;'
high, fire-proof in construction, elegant
in furnishings and complete in all the:  its,
modern appurtenances.                      '
Just east of William Street, at Nos.
56 and 58 Pine Street, rises one of the  S;:!
most graceful and most exquisitely        "^v
ornate  business  structures in New
York. The Down Town Club adjoins
it on one side and the Sun Fire office
on the other. It rises to the prevailing
height of twelve stories, and makes a
marked contrast with its immediate
neighbors.  Its ornamentation in terra
cotta and carved stone is exceptionally
noteworthy for its delicacy and abundance.  The building extends through
the whole block and has a grand front
at Nos. 26 and 28 Cedar Street. In its
construction and in its equipment it is
the peer of the finest office buildings.
The Washington Building, at the
foot of Broadway, majestically overlooks Battery Park and the harbor, and
is a fire-proof brick structure thirteen
stories high, in pleasing and picturesque architecture. It has 348 offices,
1,500 tenants, and six large elevators..
The building dates from 1884, and was
projected by Cyrus W. Field, who becaine its chief owner. On this beautiful harbor-side site was established a
town market in 1656, a printing-office
in 1693, the mansion of the Earl of
Cassilis in 1745, and the Washington
Hotel about 1858. As seen from the
bay, the Washington Building is one of
the chief features of the great city.
The Constable Building is to-day the tallest and most noticeable building on Fifth Avenue, excepting the churches
and hotels. It is at the corner of 18th Street, adjoining
the wholesale portion, or Fifth Avenue side, of the eminent
wholesale and retail dry-goods establishment of Arnold,
Constable & Company, members of which firm own the
new building. It is to be rented to tenants for offices and
salesrooms or various lines of wholesale and retail trade.
It is a beautiful structure for its uses, and is twelve stories
high. It is of the fire-proof, steel frame construction, the
lower stories of stone, the upper ones of light brick; the


THE McINTYRE BUILDING.
BROADWAY, NORTHEAST CORNER OF 18TH STREET.
general design avoiding necessity of any extensive orna-'
mentation. It is but lately that Fifth Avenue, below 23d
Street, has begun active development, yet already the
Judge Building, the Methodist Book Concern, the Mohawk
Building, the Scribner's Building and others are completed, and the foundations are being laid for the 12 -storied Presbyterian House, all together forming quite an
array of noteworthy buildings.
The McIntyre Building on Broadway, at the corner of
18th Street, is a conspicuous landmark in the fashionable
retail section of New York, midway between Union and




66


NEW YORK: TIE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


Madison squares.   It stands on the site of Dr. Ewen
McIntyre's apothecary store, which has been familiar to
two generations. It is an elegant modern office building,
with all the ingenious devices for the comfort of the
tenants. On the ground floor is the Sherman Bank, while
the upper floors are wholly occupied as offices and for
light retail business.
The Scott & Bowne Building, while largely occupied
by the offices, warerooms and factories of the world-famous
" Scott's Emulsion," is also a fine type of a recently popular
form of building construction. It is built to accommodate


numerous manufacturers, supplying them with electric
ight, steam-power, freight and passenger elevators, porer service, and other desirable accommodations.  This
)uilding, twelve stories high, is substantially fire-proof,.dmirably situated at the junction of three streets, in the
[own town portion of the city, convenient to both rivers,
he Bridge and the business district. It is an exceptionally,ttractive building for its purposes, and is a noticeable.rchitectural feature of lower New York.
The defence of the metropolis against rapine and vioencc has been organized and directed with consummate
skill. In 1624, when it had 270 inhab"'e '   ' itants, the protector of the peace was
the Schout Fiscal, a primitive kind of
sheriff, constable and lawyer. In Director- General Kieft's administration
the Burgher Guard was organized;
*-: and Petrus Stuyvesant established the
Rattle Watch, composed of eight sturdy
Dutchmen.    In 1674 the police force
numbered 16 men, increased the next
year to 28, and reinforced in 1693 by
four bell-men, each dressed " in a coat
of ye city livery." In 1800 there were
76 men on the force; in 1838, 963,
mostly private citizens, on duty alternate nights.  The number of paid
policemen now exceeds 4,000, distributed in 36 precincts. The yearly cost
of the Police Department is more than
$5,000,000, and it is claimed that no
other city in the world of equal size
suffers so little from the depredations
of the criminal classes; while the agencies of law and order each year gain a
more thorough ascendancy over their
hereditary enemies. In certain terrible
emergencies, like the Draft Riots, the
police have behaved with the unquestioning heroism of the bravest of the
brave, and have sealed their devotion
with their lives. The yearly parade of
this great civic guard is an occasion of
popular interest, and shows "One of
the finest" in most attractive and impressive form. A considerable force of
very clever and skilful detectives suplplements the efforts of the department,
and the public grounds are guarded by
300 gray-clad park policemen, many of
whom are mounted.    There are also
several thousand private watchmen,
some of them defending the immense
wealth of certain down-town commercial districts; and others, experienced
and well-armed men, keep guard over
the houses of the up-town millionaires.


THE HAVEMEYER BUILDING.
CHURCH STREET, EAST SIDE, FROM DEY TO CORTLANDT STREETS.




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


67


The unfortunate members of the outlaw classes thus have
their paths of effort hedged with many perils, and find
ceaseless difficulties in the peaceful practice of their professions here.
The New-York Fire Department began its career in
the early Dutch regime, when the apparatus consisted of
leathern buckets and fire-hooks. It was not until the year
1731 that the corporation became possessed of two odd
little fire engines, which were imported from England and
stored in the City Hall. At its present phase of development the department has nearly 300 pieces of apparatus,
and employs 1,400 men, at a yearly cost
of about $2,500,000.  Both men and
horses are splendidly trained for their  ":
work, and the remarkable heroism and  i.'      '"
intelligence of the Manhattan firemen  [  ^;
have to a large extent averted from the..
city the terrible conflagrations which:.:., i;n  "
have so nearly annillLiatd other Amer-,:i:.
ican cities. It shows an efficiency truly
marvelous, that such vast areas of inflammable and lofty buildings, crowded:
with people, have been preserved from
far-reaching disasters to property and
life.
The citizen soldiery of the metropolis forms the First Brigade of the    '..
National Guard of the State of New
York, with two batteries, a cavalry
company, and seven regiments of in-.
fantry, numbering in all more than
5,000 efficient and well-trained troops..  i.
They are enlisted for five years, and       &
have frequent instructive terms of duty  ^.
in the State Camp at Peekskill and else-.
where, beside occasional campaigns     B
against strikers, rioters and other law-  S'
breakers. Their armories, erected with-  <".?.
in the past dozen years, at a cost of  I %,-fv
nearly $5,000,000, are among the most
interesting and impressive buildings in
the city, with their great areas, admirable equipments, and massive castellated architecture. Nowhere else in the
-world are there such noble accommodations for an urban militia; and the
esprit du corps of the brigade is maintained at a high point by this popular
and official approval. Beside their long
services in garrison in the War of 1812,
and their frequent contests with armed
and dangerous mobs, the regiments of
the Empire City have made gallant
campaigns in the open field, when they
were ordered to Pennsylvania and Virginia, during the Secession War. The
Seventh Regiment is the finest body of


troops, volunteer or regular, in America; and when its
thousand picked men march down Broadway, with company fronts extending from sidewalk to sidewalk, perfect
in drill and discipline, the people welcome them as the
Romans welcomed the Tenth Legion, or the Londoners the
Grenadier Guards. The 69th Battalion, made up of Irishmen, was one of the hard-fighting commands in the great
Civil War, wherein also the 9th, 71st, 12th and other regiments won high distinction.
The modern New Yorker enjoys money, power, activity and pleasure, and secures them. But in the annals


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SCOTT & BOWNE BUILDING.
ROSE, PEARL AND NEW CHAMBERS STREETS.




68


NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


of nations there are chords deeper than these to be struck,
in patriotism, valor and self-sacrifice. How has this
Venice of the West, Parisian in its joyousness, like London
in its mercantile conservatism, as practical as Birmingham,
behaved in such supreme hours of National peril? In the
first ten days after the alarm of the Rebellion, in 1861, she
sent southward 8,000 fully equipped and disciplined
soldiers; and during the period of the war this single
municipality contributed to the armies of the Union 116,000 men. On a hundred hard-fought fields, from Gettysburg to the Gulf, the blue standard of New York was


borne alongside the Stars and Stripes into the reddest
heat of battle. Never did the freemen of Athens, the
artisans of Florence, the guilds of Antwerp answer more
promptly to the call of perilous duty, or meet their embattled enemies with more valor and determination.
Let it be remembered, also, that in New-York City were
formed and maintained the two great societies which did so
much to ameliorate the condition of the troops in the field.
These were the United States Sanitary Commission and
the United States Christian Commission, which collected


$50,000,000 in the


loyal cities of the North, and devoted
this vast sum to the material and spiritual welfare of the men on the lines of
battle. The population of the metropolis at that time numbered less than
half what it does now, but the people
responded heartily to every call for new
armies, with a spirit never excelled by
Greek or Tuscan or Scottish communes.
Among its enlistments were several
regiments of Irish volunteers and as
many of Germans; the plaided 79th,
made up of Scotchmen; the red-legged
55th, composed of Frenchmen; and
other semi-National organizations, all of
them vying with the American troops
of the line in camp, march and battle.
It was found that this community of
practical, prosaic, hard-headed business
men and toilers could and did on occasion solemnly throw aside their industries and their money-making, and
abandon themselves to the entire control of an abstract sentiment; and for
the cause of the unity of the Nation
they threw away their dollars and their
lives with absolute carelessness. This
much then must be obvious: that beneath the great city's heroism of enterprise, of endurance, of industry, there
is a latent heroism of chivalry.  And
when the cannon boom off Sandy Hook,
or the Golden Gate, or the mouths of
the Mississippi, they will be answered
by the bugles on Broadway and the
drums on the Manhattan parks, marshaling in this single town an army as
great as Napoleon's and as trusty as
the Old Guard.
Nearly three quarters of the customs duties of the United States are
collected at New York, whose venerable
Quincy granite Custom House has 1,700
employees, and collects in tariff duties
nearly $150,000,000 a year, of which
the Government receives 98 per cent.
after all expenses of collection are paid.


THE AMERICAN TRACT SOCIETY.
NASSAU STREET, SOUTHEAST CORNER OF SPRUCE STREET.




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


69


The appraisers, weighers and other officials have a perpetually busy time, with the 50 lines of foreign steamships
running to this port, beside the great fleets of sailing
vessels.
The New-York Chamber of Commerce, the vigilant
and intelligent guardian of the civic and mercantile interests, not only local but national, was chartered by King
George III. in 1770, and has 1,000 active members. It
investigates and acts upon many very important questions,
and has had a powerful influence upon legislation and
public opinion. The voice of the Chamber of Commerce,
rendered at once bold, conservative
and prompt by its traditions and pre-::':'".-'':""
cedents, is an influential factor in the
life of the Great Republic. This is.
one of numerous organizations for the
public welfare; some of national and.
international scope.:,,
One of the most essential structural
parts of the enormous trade of America
is tile mercantile agency system, which,f.
is without parallel elsewhere. These.
organizations have been carried to a   1,;
wonderful state of development. They              ~ ' ~
study and report the basis that any in-;
dividual, firm or corporation has for a
business credit.  They gather their
facts from a vast number of sources by
means of their ramifications. By their
aid the New-York merchant is enabled         -       <
to transact immediate business with
any established mercantile concern in
any part of the whole realms of the. v
United States or Canada -a territory              >
three thousand miles in length and two
thousand miles in breadth -with as,.
much facility as the London merchant
can do business with his Liverpool correspondents. The foremost type of           i
these organizations - so little known
abroad and so indispensable here -is
The Bradstreet Company, which is       i^~    E
virtually a clearing-house for the gathl-  '
ering, verifying and disseminating of
information  relating  to  mercantile
credit. It possesses a series of records
begun nearly half a century ago, and
incessantly revised, wlhicll show the
past and present status of perhaps
3,000,000 business concerns. It pub-,,
lishes four times a year a huge quarto
volume of nearly 2,500 pages of solidly.,
packed names and symbols, which        N'-;,.
state the character of the business, and
indicate the comparative standing, in
wealth and credit, of about 1,250,000
different business houses.            NORTH SIDE OF PINE ST


Beside its many other distinctions, New York holds a
very prominent place among the half dozen or so of the
great manufacturing centers of the world. She has within
her borders 12,000 factories, with 500,000 operatives, and
a yearly product of $600,000,000. The largest output is
in various forms of clothing; books and papers come next;
and then cigars and tobacco. If we add to the yield of
the municipality the enormous product of Greater New
York, from Newark and Paterson to Long Island City
and Yonkers, the result is amazing. Almost every suburb
has factories with headquarters near Broadway.


BUILDING AT NOS. 56 AND 58 PINE STREET.
'REET, EAST OF WILLIAM STREET. EXTENDS THROUGH TO 28 AND 28 CEDAR STREET.


- —




70


NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


At no time in the long commercial history of the world
have there been such stupendous aggregations of capital
devoted to industrial interests as are now found in New
York. Two of the most conspicuous representatives of
these new-born modern powers are those devoted to the
judicious production and disposal of petroleum and sugar.
The Standard Oil Company is said to be the strongest
and most extended association of capital in the world, for
industrial purposes. With its allied concerns, its investments are over $100,000,000, and it practically controls the
American petroleum industry.


The greatest manufacturing industry in or around
New-York City pertains to the American Sugar-Refining
Company, whose Brooklyn refineries have a daily capacity
of 25,000 barrels, or one half the entire consumption of the
United States. These works employ 4,000 men and a
capital of $75,000,000, and use yearly 1,000,000 tons of
raw sugar, 400,000 tons of coal and 10,000 tons of charcoal.
This company is one of the most colossal industrial corporations in the world, and furnishes to Americans sugar of
a finer quality than any other country has, at a cost of
only a fraction of a cent a pound for refining.
The cable cars are an American
t<^; Fs i    creation, which has its best develop-.  ^:e.-  /.  ment in New-York City. These com^?'-          modious and rapid cars are operated
3 @    *      Dby under-ground cables, thus dispenss  X*~>^l>    ing with horses and their noise and
>: ^! iOfx      dirt.  The great Cable Building at
i.^;;t;  Broadway and Houston Street is one
-.         of the largest and grandest commercial
^   structures on the continent.  It is
'^-;,.' ^    strikingly handsome and dominates:        i    the whole neighborhood. In its base_  =     o. y ment is a 3,000 horse-power plant for
lH,  propelling Broadway cars. This gi^gantic power plant in the basement of
_Houston-street power-house is in du'  plicate in all parts. The machinery is
of the most modern and costly procurable.   The electrical signaling system, which is now very nearly com_      |      pletely installed, affords actual telephonic communication between the
various  power-houses and   almost
every 100 feet of their respective sec_             tions.  The Houston - street powerhouse is one of the several plants
which are now or will be constructed
in the near future by the Metropolitan
_             Street Railway Company for the operation of its system, which has already
become an indispensable institution of
|  the greatest service to the community.
Among the countless interesting
^I            manufacturing  industries of New
H             York there are many which challenge
_             the world's admiration, for the ingenuity of their devices, the great scale
of their works, and the universal diffusion of their products.
The American Bank Note Company carries the fame of this country
into the uttermost parts of the world,
for it holds the unquestioned supremacy in the art of bank-note and postagestamp engraving.   Its plant is near
Trinity Church, and covers ten city


WASHINGTON BUILDING.
BROADWAY, BATTERY PLACE AND BATTERY PARK.




AMERICAN SUGAR-REFINING COMPANY.
THE HAVEMEYER AND BROOKLYN HOUSES.   REFINERIES IN BROOKLYN.  OFFICES, WALL AND SOUTH STREETS, NEW YORK.


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OTIS BROTHERS & CO.'S ELEVATOR WORKS.
MANUFACTORY AT YONKERS. NEW-YORK OFFICES AT 38 PARK ROW. EUROPEAN OFFICES: OTIS ELEVATOR CO. LIMITED, 4 QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, E. C., LONDON




72.NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS..... -         The Otis Elevators, practical in
construction, elegant in finish, simple
and safe in operation, and swift in
motion, are an eminent distinction of
New York, and they are in use in
every city of America and Europe, and
in South America and Australia, and
so on around the world. The factory
is in the suburb of Yonkers, the offices
in the Potter Building. Five hundred
f   operatives are engaged at the works,
besidc 200  in  constructing.  Otis
Brothers & Company built the largest
elevator in the world, at Weehawken;
and also the most lofty and intricate,
in the Eiffel Tower at Paris, and those
5|             in the great buildings of the World's
Fair in Chicago.  Most of the giant
buildings of New York, including the
* |Manhattan Life, the tallest business
building in the world -arc equipped
with the Otis Elevators.  In Europe
the Otis Elevators have gained an extensive foothold. The Otis Elevator
Co., Ltd., of London, a strong corporation, owns the business abroad.
Still another ingenious industry, in
which New York leads the world, is in
the building of almost humanly acting printing presses.  The immense
works of R. Hoe & Company are the
result of their world-wide success in
this line. Their printing presses of all
kinds arc found in every civilized
country. In 1804 Robert Hoe began
manufacturing little wooden presses
in New York; and year by year improvements have been made, until now
the works turn out the Sextuple Newspaper Perfecting Presses, each one
made up of 16,000 pieces and weighing
130,000 pounds, and capable of printing 96,000 six-page papers every hour.
America has its glories in many
TANA E..     ways, but none more than in its ingeSTANOARD OIL BUILDING.
nuity to make a machine to do the work
of the human being. No better type
of this glory need be mentioned than the sewing machine,
the perfecter of which was Isaac Singer. His inventions
have resulted in the gigantic Singer Manufacturing Company, one of the industries whose products cover the globe.
The factories are in several countries, but the main one is
in a neighboring suburb of New-York City, where are also
the executive offices, while agencies and representatives
are to be found in every civilized community. There are
upwards of 50,000 people in the employ of the Singer
Company, and about 200 kinds of sewing machines are


COLUMBIA BULDINe.


BRADY.


TRINITY CHURCH.     MIANHATTAN LIFE BUILDING.
LOWER BROADWAY.
LOOKING NORTH FROM BOWLING GREEN.
lots with its fire-proof seven and nine-story buildings, filled
with the most elaborate and costly machinery. The business was founded in 1795, and has been enriched by the
best genius of artists, inventors and chemists, vast capital
and the resources and safeguards of a century's experience.
The singular architectural transformation of modern
American cities in the past twenty years, by the erection of
buildings of prodigious height, has been rendered possible
by the invention and large application of passenger elevators, essentially an invention of Manhattan men.




R. HOE &    CO. PRINTING-PRESS AND SAW          WORKS.
GRAND, BROOME, COLUMBIA AND SHERIFF STREETS, NEAR EAST RIVER.


ANSONIA CLOCK COMPANY.
FACTORIES IN BROOKLYN.  OFFICER 11 TO 21 CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK.




74


4NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


produced, which do every variety of plain or fancy work
on all kinds of materials, from the most delicate veilings
up to the heavy leather or rubber used in shoes or belting.
Among the important industries near New York is the
Hydraulic Works of Henry R. Worthington, which was
established in
1845. The manufactures consist
of Pumping Engines, Steam
Pumps, Water
Meters and Hydraulic Machinery, in the production of which
about 2,000 operatives are  engaged. Worthington Pumping
Engines are now
in use all over the
world, and furnish the major
part of the water
supply  of the
largest cities. In
t h e Expositions
at Philadelphia
1876, Paris 1889,
and Chicago 1893,
Worthington
Pumping     Engines were used
for the supply of
water.     The
Worthington
Pumping Engines now in use
on water - works
service for the
supply of cities
and towns have
an  aggregate
daily capacity of
over  3,000,000,000 gallons, which
is more than the
daily flow of the
all powerful and
beautiful Hudson                     LIBERTY ENLIGHTE
_v.                            STATUE, BY BARTHOLDI, ON BEDI
River.
The Ansonia Clock Company has in Brooklyn the
largest clock factory in the world, and yearly manufactures
more clocks and a greater variety of clocks than any concern in Europe or America. The ingenuity and artistic
workmanship displayed at this establishment combine the
elegance of the old world and the fertility of the new.


Besides every grade of clock there is an infinite variety of
artistic bronzes made here. Not only throughout the three
Americas but also to European countries are the Ansonia
products sent; for the accommodation of which the company maintains an important establishment in London.


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In cracker or
biscuit-making
New York possesses a plant
which in magnitude and equipment outrivals the
whole world. It
is the great factory of the NewYork    Biscuit
Company, which,
with its capital of
$10,000,000,  its
numerous plants
and its vast output, is the largest
cracker concern in
any country. Its
New-York plant
alone has 40 ovens,
with a capacity of
making up 1,000
barrels of flour a
day into every
conceivable variety of crackers.
These goods are
sold throughout
the United States,
and are exported
to all civilized
countries.
The coal market of New York
is naturally the
largest  in  this
country; in fact,
more coal is consumed here than
is handled all together in any other
market.  Besides


ENI
LOE


t h e  home conING THE WORLD.                     sumption    vast
'8 ISLAND, NEW-YORK HARBOR.
consignments are
made in all the various modes of coal shipment. One corporation, the  Berwind-White  Coal-mining  Company
handles more bituminous steam coal than is handled by
any other concern in the world. The tonnage of the company exceeds 4,000,000. They employ about 5,000 men;
operate some 29 collieries and 300 coke ovens. They have




HENRY R. WORTHIN3TON       HYDRAULIC WORKS, ELIZABETHPORT, N. J.
OFFICES: 86 AND 88 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK.


HENRY R. WORTHINGTON HYDRAULIC WORKS, BROOKLYN.
OFFICES: 86 AND 88 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK.




76


NEW YORK: THE AMERICA N COSMOPOLIS.


shipping piers in numerous cities, and these at New York
(at Harsimus on the North River) are constructed with
facilities for handling thousands of tons of coal daily.
Tiffany has become a world-renowned name, synonymous with exquisite designs in jewelry, silverware, precious
stones and other dainty articles.  The store on Union
Square is without a rival in Christendom, for the value
variety, beauty and extent of its artistic treasures. The firm
employs 1,000 skilled American operatives in its factories.
The Gorham Manufacturing Company, with a whole
building devoted to magnificent salesrooms at Broadway,,  AiI  1


19th Street, is the preeminent house of the whole
Id in designing and making exquisite silverware,
er-plated and ecclesiastical metal ware.
But these are only a few types of the gigantic ingenious
artistic industries in which New-York City stands un)assed. It would require a large volume to unfold the
story of her greatness in these various lines. It is
racticable here to dwell on the retail trade of New
k; for of necessity with an inherent or adjacent popu)n of 4,000,000 resident people, with its never ceasing
riads of strangers, the city must enjoy an enormous
retail trade. In fact, its retail places
of business are not surpassed anywhere, and in many lines are elsewhere
unequaled. There is one little section; -particularly worthy of mention as be-.   '  ing, in all probability, the most valuable strip of land in the world, practically monopolized by retail trade. It.  is the section on Broadway, between
Union Square and Madison Square, or
rather more specifically between 17th.  and 22d streets, where Lord & Taylor's
ornate iron-front establishment would
make the central point.  In these few
blocks there is a group of stores that
pay a greater rental than is derived
from any property in the world of equal
length, where it is mainly occupied by
retail stores. At Lord & Taylor's corner,
*   Broadway and 20th Street, one sees
above and below on both sides of the
thoroughfare a remarkable line of great
and well-stocked buildings, which, with
a few outside of these limits, make up
[j jGthe preeminent retail establishments
i of the city.
Space also fails us to describe the
renowned beauty of the Bay of New
York, overlooked by the Staten Island
hills, the blue Orange Mountains, and
the huge wall of the Palisades; the
grand Croton water-works, whose new
aqueduct, opened in 1890, cost $20,000,000, and has a flowing capacity of
300,000,000 gallons a day; the United
States Navy Yard, at Brooklyn, the
chief naval station of the Republic;
the European migration to this port,
numbering more than 400,000 persons
a year; the rich men of the city, of
whom   there are 363 rated at over
$2,000,000 each; the municipal, charitable and correctional institutions, with
their nearly 15,000 prisoners, paupers
and officials; the most beautiful cemeteries in the world, like Greenwood and


THE STANDARD OIL COMPANY.
STANDARD OIL CO.'8 BUILDING, 26 BROADWAY, OPPOSITE BOWLING GREEN.




NEW-YORK BISCUIT COMPANY.
TENTH AVENUE, FROM 15TH STREET TO 16TH STREET.


THE CABLE BUILDING. METROPOLITAN TRACTION COMPANY'S OFFICES AND POWER PLANT.
BROADWAY, NORTHWEST CORNER OF HOUSTON STREET.




THE BERWIND-WHITE COAL-MINING COMPANY.
COAL PIERS AND BARGES AT JERSEY CITY. OFFICES, 55 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.


THE SINGER MANUFACTURING COMPANY.
SEWING MACHINE FACTORY AT ELIZABETH, N. J. MAIN OFFICES IN NEW YORK.




NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOLIS.


79


Woodlawn; and a thousand other wonders and excellencies
of the proud, brave, hopeful, happy Empire City.
The parks and pleasure grounds of the city are open for
the enjoyment of all classes, and furnish pure delight to
unnumbered millions. Foremost of all these public garden spots is the world-renowned Central Park, constructed
since 1857, at a cost exceeding $20,000,000, and occupying
840 acres, nearly half of which is in woodlands. It is two
and one-half miles long by half a mile wide, on the high
ground near the middle of the island. Here are leagues
upon leagues of drives and rambles, vast areas of emerald
lawns, lakes   winding  among   the
craggy hills, the finest museums on
the continent, spacious grounds for
ball-playing and tennis, lines of interesting statues, cages and pens of wild
animals, and several sumptuous architectural features, like the great Terrace leading to the Bethesda Fountain.
It is estimated that 15,000,000 persons
visit the park every year. The beautiful Riverside Park follows the high
bank of the Hudson River for three
miles, with poetic views of the broad
stream and the lofty Palisades.
In this same region is Morningside
Park, half a mile long, and overlooking
from  its rocky heights Central Park
and the Harlem Valley. In the center
of the city Madison Square extends its
seven acres of walks and lawns, trees
and flowers, statues and fountains, at
the crossing of Broadway and Fifth
Avenue, a choice beauty spot in a
bright and fashion-favored quarter.
Then there are numerous other open
places, more or less improved and            1
ornamented, such as Union Square,
bounded by Broadway, Fourth Avenue,
14th and 17th streets; Greeley Square,
Herald Square, Printing-House Square,
Gramercy Park, Jeannette Park, Five
Points Park, etc. Down town is quaint
old Washington Square, with nine
acres of lawns, in an interesting historic neighborhood favored by Bohemia.   The lower tip of the island is
occupied by Battery Park, whose 21
acres are bounded by sea-walls, and
look out over the busy expanses of the
inner harbor. Above the Harlem River      ii
the city has acquired 4,000 acres of
land, at a cost of $9,000,000, for a
group of six great parks and several
parkways, on Pelham Bay and the Van
Cortlandt Manor, and in the valleys of
-the Bronx and Harlem rivers.          WASHINGTON SQUARE, BE


The statue of Liberty Enlightening the World is one
of the most impressive memorials ever seen in any land,
and the greatest colossus erected in modern times. It was
presented by French citizens to the United States, and with
its pedestal cost nearly $500,000. The statue is of repousse
copper, 151 feet high, and stands on Bedloe's Island, facing
the Narrows and the gateway from Europe. The impressive Washington Memorial Arch, on Washington Square,
was erected in 1889-92, of white marble, at a cost of
$128,000. The Christopher Columbus Monument, near
Central Park, erected in 1892 by Italian-Americans, is a tall


WASHINGTON MEMORIAL ARCH.
EGINNING OF FIFTH AVENUE. JUDSON MEMORIAL CHURCH SHOWS THROUGH THE ARCH.






' 80


NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN COSMOPOL1S.


column adorned with reliefs and crowned with a statue.
The Egyptian Obelisk, a carved monolith of rose-red
granite, 69 feet high, was set up at Heliopolis in Egypt
3,500 years ago, and removed to New York about fifteen
years ago at the expense of William H. Vanderbilt. The
city has about fifty other statues and portrait busts,
including  those of Washington and Lafayette,     j
Webster and Hamilton, Lincoln and Seward, Farragut and Worth, Hughes and Hale, Morse and
Ericsson, Schiller and Goethe, Burns and Scott,
Franklin and Greeley, Bryant and Moore, Dodge
and Watts, Bolivar and Garibaldi, Shakespeare and  /
Irving.
Long after the beginning of the present century,
New York was a quaint little provincial city, covering the lower part of Manhattan Island.  At a
mile distant from the Battery the pavements ceased,
and two or three straggling roads ran thence toward the mainland in Westchester. Along Wall
Street and lower Broadway extended the houses
and gardens of the local aristocracy, the ancestors
of some of the great families of to-day. Many of
these mansions commanded pleasant views of the
bay, and were fanned by the fresh breezes from
the two great rivers, or from the distant Narrows.
The fashionable shopping thoroughfare was Wil- /
liam Street, whose numerous dry-goods and  1 - -,  _
haberdashery stores made a bright show
for those quiet days. Many narrow little  i      _
streets wound their devious ways from    ~ ~i.
river to river, between rows of quaint and
small brick houses, most of which were
provided with steep tiled roofs. Two or
three streets boasted of brick side-walks,
a yard or so wide; the most important
thoroughfares had gutters near their sides;
and occasional stages rumbled up the
la, d k I'aA         fU


island to visit Greenwich, Chelsea and the other Manhattanese villages. Broadway stopped short at Astor Place,
where the wall of the Randall farm crossed its line; and
the site of the Tombs and adjacent squares was occupied
by a broad and pleasant pond called the Collect. Here
kwas a favorite resort for picnics and boating parties in
summer, until the drainage ditch down Canal Street
lowered its waters. It was not until the year 1810
that houses made a systematic invasion of the tillage fields above the City-Hall Park and the municipal engineers laid out streets across the Brevoort,
Spingler, Bayard  and other broad-acred farms.
Soon afterwards came the War of 1812, during most
of which the port was blockaded by noisy British
ships-of-the-line, and garrisoned by 20,000 State
troops. This locking of the harbor by hostile battleships had an exceedingly depressing effect upon the
commerce of the port, but the return of peace gave
a new and hitherto unexampled life to maritime
traffic, and once again the broad waters between
Bay Ridge and the Palisades were whitened by sails.
Then also the great packet lines, the Red Star, the
Black Ball and others began their services, with frequent and regular sailings to Liverpool, London,
Havre and other distant ports. These also were the
precursors of the unprecedented mercantile fleets
of to-day, the floating palaces of the transatlantic passenger lines., ~.~;$:':        At no distant date the Empire City will
have one of the most imposing groups of
municipal structures in existence. Plans
were made for a magnificent City-Hall, to
cost several million dollars.  The present
_        e       venerable City-Hall may be set up in a
distant quarter, for the home of a public
_          | library.   A new Custom House is also
_          1 under contemplation, and noble structures
_          1 for public uses will be erected.  Hardly
more than a century ago, when the British
troops sailed away from the Battery, this
_g            was a ruined and almost deserted little
provincial town. To-day it is the proud
~          [ metropolis of America, and one of the
three great world-cities. A century hence
CENTRAL PARK.  it may be the commercial and financial
^^:       | / and industrial capital of the world, illui~??           minated by a just and unparalleled civic
splendor and pride. Already Greater
New York, including the communes
interlocked with and dependent upon
New York, numbers about 4,000,000
inhabitants, thrilling with manifold and
diverse activities.
It is therefore second only to London, and grows at a relative rate which
B -      may at no remote date place it ahead
of the ancient British capital.


EGYPTIAN OBELIeK,... e,,.............




,,!FAA7


%    -LL.-.                       —. ILL11-  I  WIPMU  ILIA.K.  ANURBIT.ST. THOMAS CHORCO.  DR. HALL' S CHURCH.
FIFTH AVENUE, LOOKING NORTH FROM 51ST STREET.
SHOWING THE VANDERBILT RESIDENCES, AND ST. THOMAS EPISCOPAL AND THE FIFTH-AVENUE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES.


Ki


THE CORNELIUS VANDERBILT MANSION.
FIFTH AVENUE, FROM 57rR TO 5RTH STREETS, AT ENTRANCE TO CENTRAL PARK.




F. A. Ferris & Company.
"AMERICA'S FAVORITE PACKING ESTABLISHMENT."
[A 8KETCH REPRINTED FROM KING'S HANDBOOK OF NEW YORK CITY.]


A. FERRIS & COMPANY, whose name is a household
*- word in the homes of this nation, are conducting a gigantic business that was begun three quarters of a century ago. In
S818, a stout German lad of nineteen years landed from a sailing
vessel, and walked up Broadway without a penny in his pocket.


derful work accomplished by this mechanical system. The
Ferris Building, standing on the back bone of the lower part of
Neiw-York island, has three stories of cellars (excavations having been made thirty feet below the curl) through a Ied of fine
cut sand and gravel), thus adding immensely to the storage
capacity of the firm. It can justly be said that in the preparation of meat-foods this is one of the model estallishments of
the country.  On this page is a view of the Mott-street front
of the packing establishment of F. A. Ferris & Company.
The Ferris fHams and Bacon are especially prized by leading
hotels noted for the excellence of their menus, and by prominent clubs famous for their cuisines.


Industry, integrity and economy soon enabled
this newcomer, John J. Cape, to start a little
provision shop, and so well did he prosper
that when he was fifty years of age he retired
from active business with a comfortable fortune. He took pride, however, in having his
name remain in the succeeding firm of F. A.
Ferris &.Company until the day of his death.
Through all the exciting war times and wonderful commercial changes since that day, the
firm has steadily kept on its way, extending
its business to every part of the world importing fine provisions from the United States,
at all times laying as the-foundation of further
success the crowding of their product towards
absolute perfection.  One of their maxims
which has a popular ring has become known
to all Americans-" A little higher in price,
but!"  Their establishment, 262, 264,
266, 268, 270, 272 NMott Street, a plain but
substantial brick, granite-trimmed business
building without, shows within a most interesting combination of all that science and experiencE have taught concerning the fine curing
and smoking of hams and bacon. The intricate processes of changing the fresh meats by
what is known as "curing" into the smoked
hams and bacon which can stand shipment to
any ordinary climate now depend fundamentally upon the production of cold by artificial
means. One of the most charming machinery
rooms of the country is found in their fireproof building, where they have in duplicate
the Pontifex Refrigerating Plant. The March,
1893, number of Scribner's Magazine, in an
article entitled "Some Notable Food Products," gives a lucid description of the won

THE FERRIS PACKING ESTABLISHMENT.
MOTT STREET, EAST SIDE, BETWEEN HOUSTON AND PRINCE STREETS.




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